page_title: List of German inventors and discoverers
section_title: S
hierarchical_section_title: List of German inventors and discoverers / S
caption_attribution_description: English: Hand mit Ringen (Hand with Rings): a print of one of the first X-rays by Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) of the left hand of his wife Anna Bertha Ludwig. It was presented to Professor Ludwig Zehnder of the Physik Institut, University of Freiburg, on 1 January 1896.
context_page_description: This is a list of German inventors and discoverers. The following list comprises people from Germany or German-speaking Europe, and also people of predominantly German heritage, in alphabetical order of the surname.
context_section_description: Carl Wilhelm Scheele: Oxygen (although Joseph Priestley published his findings first), identification of molybdenum, tungsten, barium, hydrogen and chlorine
  Arthur Scherbius: Developed the mechanical cipher machine Enigma. Patent granted in 1918.
  Wilhelm Schickard: mechanical calculator in 1623.
  Paul Schlack: Invented Nylon 6.
  Friedrich Albert Moritz Schlick: Was a German philosopher, physicist and the founding father of logical positivism and the Vienna Circle.
  Heinrich Schliemann: One of the fathers of modern archaeology, among other things he discovered Homeric Troy.
  Hugo Schmeisser: Developed the first modern assault rifle StG 44 in 1942.
  Bernhard Schmidt: Developed a photographic telescope with minimal optical errors: the Schmidt camera.
  Paul Schmidt: Developed since 1928 his idea of a new drive, the "pulsating incineration", also used in the V-1 flying bomb (engine was called "Argus-Schmidtrohr"); pulsejet was a development by Schmidt.
  Christian Friedrich Schönbein: Professor Schönbein is credited with four scientific advances: Ozone, Gun cotton, Collodion and Fuel cell
  Johann Lukas Schönlein: Professor of medicine, he discovered among other things the parasitic cause of ringworm or favus (Achorion Schönleinii).
  Otto Schoetensack: Named the Homo heidelbergensis.
  Otto Schott: Inventor of borosilicate glass. Donated his shares in the company Carl Zeiss to form Carl-Zeiss-Stiftung, still in existence today.
  Walter H. Schottky: Played a major early role in developing the theory of electron and ion emission phenomena, invented the screen-grid vacuum tube and the pentode.
  Johannes Heinrich Schultz: developed the desensitization-relaxation technique called Autogenic training.
  Marx Schwab: Silversmith, invented coining with the screw press around 1550.
  Theodor Schwann: Discovery of properties of cells in animals.
  Karl Schwarzschild: astronomer, Schwarzschild metric, Deriving the Schwarzschild solution, Schwarzschild radius
  Alois Senefelder: He invented the printing technique of lithography in 1796.
  Friedrich Sertürner: First to isolate morphine from the opium poppy in 1803/1804, discovering morphine.
  Philipp Franz von Siebold: Physician and naturalist, detailed description and collection of the Japanese flora and fauna. Introduced Western medicine to Japan and opened a medical school.
  Ernst Werner von Siemens: Dynamo, pointer telegraph that used a needle to point to the right letter, first electric elevator, trolleybus.
  Max Skladanowsky: Bioscop, German inventor and early filmmaker.
  Friedrich Soennecken: Invented Hole punch and ring binder.
  Arnold Sommerfeld: Theoretical physicist who pioneered developments in atomic and quantum physics.
  Johannes Stark: Discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields" (the latter is known as the Stark effect).
  Jack Steinberger: German-American-Swiss physicist, co-discovered the muon neutrino, shared 1988 Nobel Prize in Physics.
  Georg Wilhelm Steller: Chief naturalist on Vitus Bering's expedition during which Alaska was discovered (1741) and pioneer of Alaskan Natural History. Steller's sea cow (now extinct) was named after him.
  Otto Stern: Nobel laureate; contributed to the discovery of spin quantization in the Stern–Gerlach experiment with Walther Gerlach in 1922.
  Heinrich Stölzel: Developed the valve for brass instruments which is used today in 1818. Friedrich Blühmel had made a similar development independently at the same time.
  Horst Ludwig Störmer: German-American physicist. Shared the Nobel Prize in 1998 for the discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations.
  Levi Strauss: The German American father of blue jeans.
  Ernst Stromer: Discovery and Describing of Aegyptosaurus, Bahariasaurus, Carcharodontosaurus, and the largest known theropod, Spinosaurus aegyptiacus. Stromer also described the giant crocodilian Stomatosuchus.
  Friedrich Wilhelm "Fritz" Strassmann: German chemist who, with Otto Hahn in early 1939, identified barium in the residue after bombarding uranium with neutrons, results which, when c
caption: Hand mit Ringen: print of Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen's first "medical" x-ray, of his wife's hand, taken on 22 December 1895 and presented to Professor Ludwig Zehnder of the Physik Institut, University of Freiburg, on 1 January 1896