page_title: Second Vienna Award
section_title: Aftermath
hierarchical_section_title: Second Vienna Award / Aftermath
caption_attribution_description: Magyar: Kézdivásárhely, Gábor Áron tér a magyar csapatok bevonulása idején, szemben a Malom utca. A felvétel 1940. szeptember 13-án készült Location: Romania, Transylvania, Targu Secuiesc Tags: colorful, commercial vehicle, military, Rába-brand Title: Gábor Áron tér a magyar csapatok bevonulása idején, szemben a Malom utca. A felvétel 1940. szeptember 13-án készült
context_page_description: The Second Vienna Award, also known as the Vienna Diktat, was the second of two territorial disputes that were arbitrated by Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. On 30 August 1940, they assigned the territory of Northern Transylvania, including all of Maramureș and part of Crișana, from Romania to Hungary.
context_section_description: The historian Keith Hitchins summarised the situation created by the award in his book "Rumania: 1866-1947 (Oxford History of Modern Europe), Oxford University Press, 1994":
  Far from settling matters, the Vienna Award had exacerbated relations between Romania and Hungary. It did not solve the nationality problem by separating all Magyars from all Romanians. Some 1,150,000 to 1,300,000 Romanians, or 48 per cent to over 50 per cent of the population of the ceded territory, depending upon whose statistics are used, remained north of the new frontier, while about 500,000 Magyars (other Hungarian estimates go as high as 800,000, Romanian as low as 363,000) continued to reside in the south.
  Romania had 14 days to evacuate concerned territories and assign them to Hungary. The Hungarian troops stepped across the Trianon borders on 5 September. The Regent of Hungary, Miklós Horthy, also attended in the entry. The troops reached the pre-Trianon border, completing the recovering process, on 13 September.
  Generally, the ethnic Hungarian population welcomed the troops and regarded the separation from Romania as a liberation. The large ethnic Romanian community that found itself under the Hungarian occupation had nothing to celebrate, as it considered the Second Vienna Award the return to the long time of Hungarian rule. Upon entering the awarded territory, the Hungarian Army committed massacres against the Romanian population such as the following: 
  The Treznea massacre.  On 9 September, in the village of Treznea (Hungarian: Ördögkút), some Hungarian troops made a 4 km detour from the Zalău–Cluj route of the Hungarian Army and started firing at will on locals of all ages, killing many of them and partially destroying the Orthodox church. The official Hungarian sources then recorded that 87 Romanians and 6 Jews were killed, including the local Orthodox priest and the Romanian local teacher with his wife, but some Romanian sources give as many as 263 locals who were killed. Some Hungarian historians claim that the killings came in retaliation after the Hungarian troops were fired upon by inhabitants, allegedly incited by the local Romanian Orthodox priest, but the claims are not supported by the accounts of several witnesses. The motivation of the 4 km detour of the Hungarian troops from the rest of the Hungarian Army is still a point of contention, but most evidence points towards the local noble Ferenc Bay, who lost a large part of his estates to peasants in the 1920s, as most of the violence was directed towards the peasants living on his former estate.
  The Ip massacre. In similar circumstances, 159 local villagers were killed on 13 to 14 September 1940 by Hungarian troops in the village of Ip (Hungarian: Szilágyipp). Again, some Hungarian historians suggest that it was the result of a retaliation to the killing of 4 Hungarian soldiers by a grenade.
  The exact number of casualties is disputed between some historians, but the existence of such events cannot be disputed.
  The retreat of the Romanian army was also not free from incidents, mostly damages to infrastructure and destruction of public documents.
caption: Crowds throw flowers to welcome the Hungarian troops into Kézdivásárhely
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