page_title: Forensic DNA analysis
section_title: Combined probability of inclusion/exclusion
hierarchical_section_title: Forensic DNA analysis / Profile rarity / Combined probability of inclusion/exclusion
caption_attribution_description: The vWA locus of a genetic profile typed using Applied Biosystems' Identifiler kit when viewed in GeneMapper ID. The X-axis represents the length of the STR fragments, the Y-axis is the intensity of the signal.
context_page_description: DNA profiling is the determination of a DNA profile for legal and investigative purposes. DNA analysis methods have changed numerous times over the years as technology improves and allows for more information to be determined with less starting material. Modern DNA analysis is based on the statistical calculation of the rarity of the produced profile within a population.
  While most well known as a tool in forensic investigations, DNA profiling can also be used for non-forensic purposes. Paternity testing, and human genealogy research are just two of the non-forensic uses of DNA profiling.
context_section_description: Combined probability of inclusion or exclusion calculates the probability that a random, unrelated, person would be a contributor to a DNA profile or DNA mixture. In this method, statistics for each individual locus is determined using population statistics and then combined to get the total CPI or CPE. These calculations are repeated for all available loci with all available data and then each value is multiplied together to get the total combined probability of inclusion or exclusion. Since the values are multiplied together, extremely small numbers can be achieved using CPI. CPI or CPE is considered an acceptable statistical calculation when a mixture is indicated. https://www.promega.com/-/media/files/resources/conference-proceedings/ishi-15/parentage-and-mixture-statistics-workshop/generalpopulationstats.pdf?la=en
caption: A single source profile showing two allele at the vWA locus.
exif: {"Image Orientation": "Horizontal (normal)", "Image XResolution": "150", "Image YResolution": "150", "Image ResolutionUnit": "Pixels/Inch", "Image Software": "Adobe Photoshop CS2 Windows", "Image DateTime": "2006:03:10 20:13:04", "Image ExifOffset": "164", "Thumbnail Compression": "JPEG (old-style)", "Thumbnail XResolution": "150", "Thumbnail YResolution": "150", "Thumbnail ResolutionUnit": "Pixels/Inch", "Thumbnail JPEGInterchangeFormat": "302", "Thumbnail JPEGInterchangeFormatLength": "2949", "EXIF ColorSpace": "Uncalibrated", "EXIF ExifImageWidth": "1168", "EXIF ExifImageLength": "520"}