page_title: Shrub
section_title: Botanical structure
hierarchical_section_title: Shrub / Botanical structure
caption_attribution_description: English: Hydrangea macrophylla in the Vogelsberg Deutsch: Hortensie (Hydrangea macrophylla) im Vogelsberg
context_page_description: A shrub or bush is a small- to medium-sized perennial woody plant. Unlike herbaceous plants, shrubs have persistent woody stems above the ground. Shrub can be deciduous or evergreen. They are distinguished from trees by their multiple stems and shorter height, less than 6 m-10 m tall. Small shrubs, less than 2 m tall are sometimes termed subshrubs.
context_section_description: In botany and ecology, a shrub is more specifically used to describe the particular physical structural or plant life-form of woody plants which are less than 8 metres (26 ft) high and usually have many stems arising at or near the base. For example, a descriptive system widely adopted in Australia is based on structural characteristics based on life-form, plus the height and amount of foliage cover of the tallest layer or dominant species.
  For shrubs 2–8 metres (6.6–26.2 ft) high the following structural forms are categorized:
  dense foliage cover (70–100%) — closed-shrub
  mid-dense foliage cover (30–70%) — open-shrub
  sparse foliage cover (10–30%) — tall shrubland
  very sparse foliage cover (<10%) — tall open shrubland
  For shrubs less than 2 metres (6.6 ft) high the following structural forms are categorized:
  dense foliage cover (70–100%) — closed-heath or closed low shrubland—(North America)
  mid-dense foliage cover (30–70%) — open-heath or mid-dense low shrubland—(North America)
  sparse foliage cover (10–30%) — low shrubland
  very sparse foliage cover (<10%) — low open shrubland
caption: Hydrangea macrophylla
exif: {"Image Make": "SONY", "Image Model": "ILCE-7M2", "Image Orientation": "Horizontal (normal)", "Image XResolution": "46", "Image YResolution": "46", "Image ResolutionUnit": "Pixels/Centimeter", "Image Software": "Adobe Photoshop Lightroom 6.14 (Windows)", "Image DateTime": "2018:07:04 21:51:00", "Image ExifOffset": "204", "Thumbnail Compression": "JPEG (old-style)", "Thumbnail XResolution": "72", "Thumbnail YResolution": "72", "Thumbnail ResolutionUnit": "Pixels/Inch", "Thumbnail JPEGInterchangeFormat": "902", "Thumbnail JPEGInterchangeFormatLength": "23887", "EXIF ExposureTime": "1/60", "EXIF FNumber": "11", "EXIF ExposureProgram": "Aperture Priority", "EXIF ISOSpeedRatings": "800", "EXIF SensitivityType": "Recommended Exposure Index", "EXIF RecommendedExposureIndex": "800", "EXIF ExifVersion": "0230", "EXIF DateTimeOriginal": "2018:07:02 18:12:30", "EXIF DateTimeDigitized": "2018:07:02 18:12:30", "EXIF ShutterSpeedValue": "5906891/1000000", "EXIF ApertureValue": "6918863/1000000", "EXIF BrightnessValue": "3491/640", "EXIF ExposureBiasValue": "1", "EXIF MaxApertureValue": "2", "EXIF MeteringMode": "Spot", "EXIF LightSource": "Unknown", "EXIF Flash": "Flash did not fire, compulsory flash mode", "EXIF FocalLength": "25", "EXIF ColorSpace": "sRGB", "EXIF FocalPlaneXResolution": "27447417/16384", "EXIF FocalPlaneYResolution": "27447417/16384", "EXIF FocalPlaneResolutionUnit": "3", "EXIF FileSource": "Digital Camera", "EXIF SceneType": "Directly Photographed", "EXIF CustomRendered": "Normal", "EXIF ExposureMode": "Auto Exposure", "EXIF WhiteBalance": "Auto", "EXIF DigitalZoomRatio": "1", "EXIF FocalLengthIn35mmFilm": "25", "EXIF SceneCaptureType": "Standard", "EXIF Contrast": "Normal", "EXIF Saturation": "Normal", "EXIF Sharpness": "Normal", "EXIF LensSpecification": "[25, 25, 2, 2]", "EXIF LensModel": "ZEISS Batis 2/25"}