page_title: Anfinsen's dogma
hierarchical_section_title: Anfinsen's dogma
caption_attribution_description: English: Ribbon drawing of ribonuclease A. The 4 disulfide bonds highlighted in yellow. Beta strands are arrows, pale blue on one side of the sheet and pale green on the other, and alpha-helices are pink spirals. Hand-drawn by Jane Richardson, 1980.
context_page_description: Anfinsen's dogma is a postulate in molecular biology that states that, at least for a small globular protein in its standard physiological environment, the native structure is determined only by the protein's amino acid sequence. The dogma was championed by the Nobel Prize Laureate Christian B. Anfinsen from his research on the folding of ribonuclease A. The postulate amounts to saying that, at the environmental conditions at which folding occurs, the native structure is a unique, stable and kinetically accessible minimum of the free energy.
  The three conditions:
  Uniqueness: requires that the sequence does not have any other configuration with a comparable free energy. Hence the free energy minimum must be unchallenged.
  Stability: small changes in the surrounding environment cannot give rise to changes in the minimum configuration. This can be pictured as a free energy surface that looks more like a funnel rather than like a soup plate; the free energy surface around the native state must be rather steep and high, in order to provide stability.
context_section_description: Anfinsen's dogma (also known as the thermodynamic hypothesis) is a postulate in molecular biology that states that, at least for a small globular protein in its standard physiological environment, the native structure is determined only by the protein's amino acid sequence. The dogma was championed by the Nobel Prize Laureate Christian B. Anfinsen from his research on the folding of ribonuclease A. The postulate amounts to saying that, at the environmental conditions (temperature, solvent concentration and composition, etc.) at which folding occurs, the native structure is a unique, stable and kinetically accessible minimum of the free energy.
  The three conditions:
  Uniqueness: requires that the sequence does not have any other configuration with a comparable free energy. Hence the free energy minimum must be unchallenged.
  Stability: small changes in the surrounding environment cannot give rise to changes in the minimum configuration. This can be pictured as a free energy surface that looks more like a funnel (with the native state in the bottom of it) rather than like a soup plate (with several closely related low-energy states); the free energy surface around the native state must be rather steep and high, in order to provide stability.
  Kinetical accessibility: means that the path in the free energy surface from the unfolded to the folded state must be reasonably smooth or, in other words, that the folding of the chain must not involve highly complex changes in the shape (like knots or other high order conformations).
  How the protein reaches this structure is the subject of the field of protein folding, which has a related concept called Levinthal's paradox. The Levinthal paradox states that the number of possible conformations available to a given protein is astronomically large, such that even a small protein of 100 residues would require more time than the universe has existed (10¹⁶ seconds) to explore all possible conformations and choose the appropriate one, it would also arguably make computational prediction of protein structures under the same basis unfeasible if not impossible.
  Also, some proteins need the assistance of another protein called a chaperone protein to fold properly. It has been suggested that this disproves Anfinsen's dogma. Many chaperones do not appear to affect the final state of the protein; they seem to work primarily by preventing aggregation of several protein molecules prior to the final folded state of the protein. However, at least some chaperones are required for the proper folding of their subject proteins.
  Prions are an exception to Anfinsen's dogma. Prions are stable conformations of proteins which differ from the native folding state. In bovine spongiform encephalopathy (Mad Cow Disease), native proteins re-fold into a different stable conformation, which causes fatal amyloid buildup. Other amyloid diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, are also exceptions to Anfinsen's dogma.
caption: Folded, 3-D structure of ribonuclease A
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