page_title: Ming–Hồ War
section_title: Aftermath
hierarchical_section_title: Ming–Hồ War / Aftermath
context_page_description: The Ming–Hồ War was a military campaign by the Ming Empire of China to invade Đại Ngu ruled by the Hồ dynasty. The campaign began with Ming intervention in support of a rival faction to the Hồ, but ended with incorporation of Vietnam into China, marking the start of the Ming province of Jiaozhi.
  A few years earlier, Hồ Quý Ly had usurped the throne of the Trần Dynasty, which ultimately led to the intercession of the Ming government to reestablish the Trần dynasty. However, Hồ forces attacked the Ming convoy escorting a Trần pretender, and all were killed in the attack. After this event, the Yongle Emperor appointed Marquises Zhang Fu and Mu Sheng to prepare and lead the Ming armies for the invasion of Đại Ngu. The war lasted from 1406 to 1407, resulting in the Ming conquest of Đại Ngu and the capture of the members of the Hồ dynasty.
context_section_description: On 5 October 1407, the prisoners were charged with high treason by the Ming imperial court. The Yongle Emperor asked them whether they had killed the former king and had usurped the throne of the Trần royal family, but he received no answer in return. Most of the prisoners were either imprisoned or executed. 
  Hồ Quý Ly and his son Hồ Hán Thương were imprisoned, but there is no known record of their eventual fates thereafter. The oldest son Hồ Nguyên Trừng became weapon engineer near the Chinese capital Beijing. In 1442, he wrote a memoir titled Nam Ông mộng lục (Chinese: 南翁夢錄) about his homeland.
  In June 1407, the Yongle Emperor annexed the conquered region as Jiaozhi (Giao Chỉ) province. Lü Yi (呂毅) was appointed as the military commissioner, Huang Zhong (黃中) as the vice-commissioner, and Huang Fu (黃福) as the provincial administrator and the surveillance commissioner. Jiaozhi province was divided into fifteen prefectures, 41 sub-prefectures, and 210 counties. The first major signs of discontent against Chinese rule would surface when Trần Ngỗi (a former Trần official) revolted in September 1408, but he was captured by Zhang Fu in December 1408. Trần Quý Khoáng (a nephew of Trần Ngỗi) would continue the rebellion until he was captured by Zhang Fu on 30 March 1414, formally ending the rebellion. Uprisings continued throughout the course of the Chinese domination.
  In addition to the annexation of Đại Ngu into Ming territory, the Yongle emperor sought to sinicize the people of Annam by ordering for all books about Annamese history and folk culture to be burned while keeping those of Chinese culture, such as Mahayana Buddhist, Daoist, and Confucian texts.
caption: Jiaozhi (northern Vietnam) when it was under Ming occupation