page_title: Communal violence
section_title: History
hierarchical_section_title: Communal violence / History
caption_attribution_description: La topographie, manipulée, est adaptée au désir de montrer ensemble les lieux principaux de cette tragédie. On reconnaît à gauche l'église du couvent des Grands-Augustins (aujourd’hui disparue) où sonna le tocsin qui déclencha les tueries, la Seine et le pont des Meuniers. Au centre à l'arrière-plan, le Louvre et, devant le bâtiment, Catherine de Médicis la veuve noire, principale instigatrice des massacres. Au centre au second plan, l'hôtel particulier dans lequel l’amiral de Coligny, chef du parti protestant, est tué avant d’être défenestré, décapité et émasculé. Réunis autour de son cadavre, les chefs du parti catholique, les ducs de Guise et d’Aumale et le chevalier d’Angoulême. À droite à l'arrière-plan, la porte Saint-Honoré et, sur la colline de La Villette, le gibet de Montfaucon, où le corps de l'amiral sera pendu par les pieds. Rassemblant plus de 150 figures, l’œuvre est un véritable catalogue de la cruauté en période de guerre civile. Femme enceinte éventrée (à droite du tableau au second plan), enfants traînant un nourrisson au bout d’une corde (au second plan au centre, à droite du pont des Meuniers), femme embrochée sur une pique de rôtisseur (juste derrière les enfants traînant le nourrisson), cadavres dénudés et empilés (notamment aux pieds de Catherine de Médicis), maisons pillées (derrière les chefs catholiques). Le roi Charles IX tire à l’arquebuse sur ses propres sujets depuis une fenêtre du Louvre (probablement de la tour de gauche du bâtiment). Ce tableau est tout à fait exceptionnel en raison de la qualité de son exécution, mais aussi parce que les représentations contemporaines des massacres de la Saint-Barthélemy sont très rares. Il porte la signature du peintre François Dubois, protestant d’Amiens réfugié à Genève après les massacres.
context_page_description: Communal violence is a form of violence that is perpetrated across ethnic or communal lines, the violent parties feel solidarity for their respective groups, and victims are chosen based upon group membership. The term includes conflicts, riots and other forms of violence between communities of different religious faith or ethnic origins.
  United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime includes any conflict and form of violence between communities of different religious group, different sects or tribes of same religious group, clans, ethnic origins or national origin as communal violence. However, this excludes conflict between two individuals or two families.
  Communal violence is found in Africa, the Americas, Asia, Europe and Australia.
  The term was constructed by the British colonial authorities as it wrestled to manage violence between religious, ethnic and disparate groups in its colonies, particularly Africa and South Asia, in early 20th century.
  Communal violence, in different parts of the world, is alternatively referred to as ethnic violence, non-State conflict, violent civil unrest, minorities unrest, mass racial violence, inter-communal violence and ethno-religious violence.
context_section_description: Europe
  Human history has experienced numerous episodes of communal violence. For example, in medieval Europe, Protestants clashed with Catholics, Christians clashed with Muslims while both perpetuated violence against Jews and Roma minorities. In 1561, Huguenots in Toulouse took out in a procession through the streets to express their solidarity for Protestant ideas. A few days later, the Catholics hunted down some of the leaders of the procession, beat them and burned them at the stake. In the French town of Pamiers, communal clashes were routine between Protestants and Catholics, such as during holy celebrations where the Catholics took out a procession with a statue of St. Anthony, sang and danced while they carried the statue around town. Local Protestants would year after year disrupt the festivities by throwing stones at the Catholics. In 1566, when the Catholic procession reached a Protestant neighborhood, the Protestants chanted "kill, kill, kill !!" and days of communal violence with numerous fatalities followed. In 1572, thousands of Protestants were killed by Catholics during communal violence in each of the following cities – Paris, Aix, Bordeaux, Bourges, Lyon, Meaux, Orleans, Rouen, Toulouse, and Troyes. In Switzerland, communal violence between the Reformation movement and Catholics marked the 16th century.
  Africa
  The Horn of Africa as well as West African regions have similar history of communal violence. Nigeria has seen centuries of communal violence between different ethnic groups particularly between Christian south and Islamic north. In 1964, after receiving independence from the British colonial rule, there were widespread communal violence in the ethnically diverse state of Zanzibar. The violent groups were Arabs and Africans, that expanded along religious lines, and the communal violence ultimately led to the overthrow of the Sultan of Zanzibar. Local radio announced the death of tens of thousands of "stooges", but later estimates for deaths from Zanzibar communal violence have varied from hundreds to 2,000-4,000 to as many as 20,000. In late 1960s and early 1970s, there were widespread communal violence against Kenyans and Asians in Uganda with waves of theft, physical and sexual violence, followed by expulsions by Idi Amin. Idi Amin mentioned his religion as justification for his actions and the violence. Coptic Christians have suffered communal violence in Egypt for decades, with frequency and magnitude increasing since 1920s.
  Asia
  East, South and Southeast Asia have recorded numerous instances of communal violence. For example, Singapore suffered a wave of communal violence in 20th century between Malays and Chinese. In Indian subcontinent, numerous 18th through 20th century records of the British colonial era mention communal violence between Hindus and Muslims, as well as Sunni and Shia sects of Islam, particularly during processions related to respective religious celebrations.
  The frequency of communal violence in South Asia increased after the first partition of Bengal in 1905, where segregation, unequal political and economic rights were imposed on Hindus and Muslims by Lord Curzon, based on religion. The colonial rule was viewed by each side as favoring the other side, resulting in a wave of communal riots and 1911 reversal of Bengal partition and its re-unification. In 1919, after British General Dyer ordered his soldiers to fire on unarmed protestors inside a compound in Amritsar, killing 380 civilians, communal violence followed in India against British settlements. There were hundreds of incidents of communal violence between 1905 and 1947, many related to religious, political sovereignty questions including partition of India along religious lines into East Pakistan, West Pakistan and India. The 1946 to 1947 period saw some of the worst communal violence of 20th century, where waves of riots and violence killed between 100,000 and a million people, from Hindu, Muslim, Sikh and Jain religions, particularly in cities and towns near the modern borders of India-Pakistan and India-Bangl
caption: A painting by François Dubois depicting the past communal violence in France, called the "Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre". Over two months in 1572, Catholics killed tens of thousands of Huguenots in France.[16][17]
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