page_title: Timeline of Middle Eastern history
section_title: 1st millennium AD
hierarchical_section_title: Timeline of Middle Eastern history / Rise of Islam / 1st millennium AD
caption_attribution_description: Íslenska: Ottóman Heimsveldið English: Ottoman Empire, 1481-1683
context_page_description: This timeline tries to compile dates of important historical events that happened in or that led to the rise of the Middle East. The Middle East is the territory that comprises today's Egypt, the Persian Gulf states, Iran, Iraq, Palestine, Cyprus and Northern Cyprus, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, Gaza Strip, UAE, and Yemen. The Middle East with its particular characteristics was not to emerge until the late second millennium AD. To refer to a concept similar to that of today's Middle East but earlier in time, the term Ancient Near East is used.
  This list is intended as a timeline of the history of the Middle East. See Ancient Near East for ancient history of the Middle East.
context_section_description: 570 – Birth of Muhammad
  601 – Birth of Ali
  614 – Persecution of the Muslims by the Quraish (Migration to Abyssinia)
  616 – Second migration to Abyssinia
  620 – Ascension to the heavens
  622 – Constitution of Medina, establishment of the first Islamic state
  624: Battle of Badr, expulsion of the Bani Qainuqa Jews from Medina
  626 – Siege of Constantinople
  629 to 1050 – Arab–Byzantine wars
  630 – Conquest of Mecca
  632 – Death of Muhammad, Designation of the successor of Muhammad
  632 to 661 – Rashidun Caliphate
  633 to 651 – Muslim conquest of Persia
  634 to 641 – Muslim conquest of the Levant (Syria)
  639 to 642 – Muslim conquest of Egypt
  642 to 799 – Khazar-Arab Wars weaken the Umayyad army and contribute to the eventual fall of the dynasty
  642 to 870 – Islamic conquest of Afghanistan
  656 to 661 – First Fitna (First Islamic Civil War)
  660 – Construction of the Great Mosque of Kufa
  661 to 750 – Umayyad Caliphate
  670 to 742 – Muslim conquest of North Africa
  674 – Siege of Constantinople (674–678) by the Umayyads against the Byzantines
  680 – The Battle of Karbala takes place, martyrdom of Husayn ibn Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad
  680 to 692 – Second Fitna (Second Islamic Civil War)
  711 to 718 – Umayyad conquest of Hispania
  711 to 714 – Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent
  717 to 718 – Siege of Constantinople (717-718)
  719 to 759 – Umayyad invasion of Gaul
  738 – Caliphate campaigns in India
  746 to 750 – Abbasid Revolution
  750 to 1258 – Abbasid Caliphate
  766 to 869 – Habash al-Hasib al-Marwazi, the first mathematician to describe the trigonometric ratios: sine, cosine, tangent and cotangent.
  770 to 840 – Khwarizmi, developed algebra
  800 to 870 – Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Kathir al-Farghani, One of the prominent scientists involved in the calculation of the diameter of the Earth by the measurement of the meridian arc length along others.
  801 to 873 – Al-Kindi, promoter of Greek and Hellenistic philosophy, introduced Indian numerals
  803 – Jabir ibn Hayyan, first to produce sulfuric acid, and other chemicals and instruments
  810 – House of Wisdom set up in Baghdad, where Greek and Indian mathematical and astronomy works were translated into Arabic
  821 to 979 – Iranian Intermezzo
  821 to 873 – Tahirid dynasty in Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan
  827 to 902 – Muslim conquest of Sicily
  836 to 901 – Thabit Ibn Qurra, discovered a theorem which enables pairs of amicable numbers to be found
  847 to 871 – Emirate of Bari
  850 to 934 – Abu Zayd al-Balkhi, pioneer of mental health, [4] medical psychology, cognitive psychology, cognitive therapy, psychophysiology and psychosomatic medicine
  861 to 1003 – Saffarid dynasty, an Iranian Persian empire
  864 to 930 – Al-Razi, advocate of hygiene and patients' psychology, wrote on alkali, caustic soda, soap, glycerine and naphtha in "Book of the Secret of Secrets"
  872 to 950/951 – Al-Farabi (Alpharabius), pioneered social psychology and consciousness studies
  874 to 941 – Minor Occultation of the Mahdi
  875/819 to 999 – Samanid dynasty, an Iranian empire
  895 to 1004 – Hamdanid dynasty Established
  909 – Abdullah al-Mahdi Billah, founded the Fatimid Caliphate
  909 to 1171 – Fatimid Caliphate, originally based in Tunisia, spanned a vast area of the Arab lands, ultimately made Egypt its centre
  928 – Construction of Al-Hakim Mosque
  929 to 1031 – Caliphate of Córdoba, with the Iberian peninsula as an integral province, ruled from Damascus
  934 – Imad al-Dawla rise to power and establishment of the Buyid dynasty
  934 to 1055 – Buyid dynasty in Iran
  936 to 1013 – Al-Zahrawi, pioneer of surgery
  941 – The Major Occultation of the Mahdi starts
  942 to 979 – Sallarid dynasty in Iran, Azerbaijan and Armenia
  945 – Sayf al-Dawla rise to power
  965 to 1091 – Emirate of Sicily
  965 to 1040 – Ibn al-Haytham, Founded experimental psychology, psychophysics, phenomenology and visual perception as well as optics and experimental physics.
  970 – foundation of Al-Azhar University, oldest Islamic institution for higher studies
  980 to 1037 – Avicenna, pioneer of neuropsychiatry, thought experiment, self-aw
caption: Ottoman Empire, 1481–1683
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