The Kickapoos: Lords of the Middle Border
by Arrell M. Gibson
Category: Social Science

The Kickapoo Indians, members of the Algonquian linguistic community, resisted white settlement for more than three hundred years on a front that extended across half a continent. In turn, France, Great Britain, the United States, Spain, and Mexico sought to placate and exploit this fiercely independent people. Eventually forced to remove from their historic homeland to territory west of the Mississippi River, the Kickapoos carried their battle to the plains of the Southwest. Here not only did they wage active and imaginative war, but certain bands became area merchants, acting as middlemen between the Comanche and Kiowa Indians and the United States government. They developed a flourishing trade in plunder and stolen livestock, but their most lucrative "goods" were the white captives whom they obtained from the Comanches and others. In 1873, after several profitable years of raiding in Texas for the Mexican Republic, the Kickapoos reluctantly settled on a reservation in Indian Territory. Corrupt politicians, land swindlers, gamblers, and whisky peddlers preyed on the tribe, and it was not until the twentieth century that the Kickapoos received just treatment at the hands of the United States government.