Language loyalty in the United States: The maintenance and perpetuation of non-English mother tongues by American ethnic and religious groups
by Joshua A. Fishman, Vladimir C. Nahirny, John E. Hofman, Robert G. Hayden, Mary Ellen Warshauer, Heinz Kloss, Herve B. Lemaire, Einar Haugen, Chester Carsel Christian, Jane Christian, Nathan Glazer
Category: Language and languages

This is a study of the self-maintenance efforts, rationales, and accomplishments of non-English speaking immigrants on American shores. It is not a study of the assimilation of American immigrants and of the resultant formation of the supra-ethnic American nation. The two processes--de-ethnization and Americanization, opposite cultural-linguistic self-maintenance--are equally ubiquitous throughout all of American history. As a nation we have paid infinitely more attention to the Americanization process than to the self-maintenance process. This study represents an all too preliminary attempt to redress this imbalance in attention. At the present time, non-English language skills are recognized as scarce and vital commodities in the conduct of our nation's international relations. Is it possible that we have appreciable but as yet unrecognized resources of these scarce commodities? This is an attempt to explore the current extent and status of culture and language maintenance efforts. Varying approaches, topics, and levels of collaboration and cross-fertilization were encouraged. It is hoped that the report produced leaves the field of inquiry somewhat more organized than when this effort began.