Youth-friendly Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare Pilot in Mumbai, India

This study will systematically adapt, pilot test, and evaluate an integrated community/facility intervention to improve the uptake of adolescent-friendly services for married and unmarried adolescent girls and young women (AGYW; ages 15-25) in a low-income area with a population of approximately 700,000 in Mumbai, India

Aim 1: Adapt the health club curriculum and provider/staff sensitization training using Assessment, Decision, Administration, Production, discussion with Topical experts, Integration, Training, and Testing (ADAPT-ITT) Formative mixed methods data will be collected from stakeholders to assess the landscape of adolescent-friendly care and gaps to adapt the intervention. Intervention sessions will be presented to groups of stakeholders to elicit feedback on adaptations.

The formative research entails a mixed methods assessment of the adolescent sexual reproductive health landscape in the study area, and adaptation of the intervention components through interactive sessions, consistent with ADAPT-ITT.

ADAPT-ITT Assessment Phase

Key informant interviews (KIIs) - Qualitative key informant interviews (N=35) will be conducted with both public and private community-based health providers, NGO workers, community health workers (CHWs), and parents of young women. Interviews will also be conducted with government officials at the community and M Ward levels (wards are the smallest administrative unit of governmental ministries). These interviews will focus on qualitative mapping of adolescent health and treatment-seeking pathways and providers in the study area, and factors in the family, community, and elsewhere that influence adolescent girls' and young women's health. The KIIs will also provide insight into aspects of the intervention and evaluation tools requiring modification. KIIs will also be invited to join a community advisory board (CAB) for the duration of the project. This CAB will provide a forum for AGYW to present their learnings from the adolescent club, and serve as a resource should community members have questions or concerns about the intervention.

In-depth interviews with adolescent girls and young women (IDIs) - Qualitative in-depth interviews will be conducted with 20 AGYW (aged 15-25 years old) to understand their experiences with healthcare in the study area, treatment-seeking patterns, and factors in the family, community and elsewhere that influence their health. Young women will also be asked to comment on the proposed intervention's feasibility and acceptability, and provide input on aspects of the intervention and evaluation tools that need modification. Roughly equal numbers of married and unmarried young women will be recruited for participation. Young women will be recruited with assistance from NGO programs, CHWs, and referrals from other participants.

Survey with AGYW on care-seeking patterns and perceptions of healthcare quality and quantitative analysis - A random sample of AGYW seeking care at a set of public (N=3) and private (N=3) healthcare facilities in the study area will be selected and asked to participate in a brief, 20-30 minute survey using validated measures to discuss their patterns of healthcare-seeking (where they go for different problems, and what influences those choices), and their perceptions and experiences with adolescent healthcare. For unmarried participants under the age of 18, consent will be obtained from both a parent and the young woman. The investigators involved in this study have experience obtaining consent from parents, and do not anticipate challenges obtaining consent. About 20-25 AGYW will be surveyed from each facility, with a total N=100-150. Survey data will be entered into R, and bivariate and multivariate analyses will be conducted to understand factors associated with AGYW treatment-seeking that may need to be addressed in the health clubs. Analyses will also explore quality of care to identify elements that may need to be incorporated into the provider sensitization. This survey will the investigators to apply skills gained in Training Aim 1.

Theater testing with key stakeholders for intervention adaptations - Theater testing meetings will be held in which intervention sessions are presented and, in some cases, acted out to the group. Audience members' responses and post-meeting critiques of the material will be recorded and analyzed (see below). During the meetings, both general feedback, as well as whether adolescent health club sessions need to be conducted separately with different age groups or based on marital status (married adolescents, regardless of age could have different needs than unmarried adolescents) will be evaluated. Separate meetings will be held with the following stakeholder groups to present the intervention modules and elicit feedback on revisions or adaptations: 1) AGYW; 2) community members/KIIs; and 3) healthcare providers, CHVs, and NGO staff. Additional meetings may be conducted after modifications are made to ensure agreement

Qualitative data analysis and finalization of intervention modules - Interviews and group discussions will be transcribed and translated (as needed, some KII materials will already be in English) and coded with the qualitative data analysis software, Atlas.ti. Using a framework approach with codes based on key implementation and conceptual model factors of interest, data will be coded and analyzed to identify elements of the intervention needing revision, with additional codes added as novel topics/issues arise.Coding will be conducted by myself and a research assistant, consulting with Dr. Maitra as needed. Using the formative data and the expertise of my mentors, the intervention modules will be adapted to the context, while making sure the key evidence-based elements are not lost. As needed, additional in-depth coding of the formative qualitative data can be conducted once rapid analysis for intervention adaptation has been completed. Once the modules have been finalized, the intervention facilitators will be trained, and the intervention implemented.

Aim 2: Implement a pilot of the intervention and assess implementation outcomes.

The provider and staff component will consist of two groups to facilitate participation and accommodate provider/staff schedules. Four separate groups of AGYW will participate in the adolescent health club component, using a wait-list control group design. Separate groups are needed due to the group nature of the intervention activities which limits the number of people who can participate at one time. Intervention participants will be surveyed pre- and post-intervention to examine acceptability, feasibility, and uptake. Qualitative process data will also be collected and analyzed.

Aim 3: Assess a pilot set of health outcomes for future research. Quantitative pre- and post-tests will also assess pilot effectiveness health and behavioral outcomes.

Intervention (the "Testing" phase of ADAPT-ITT: Research Aims 2 and 3)

The ADAPT-ITT Model - The ADAPT-ITT model was developed by Wingood and DiClemente as a systematic approach for the adaptation of sexual health/HIV-related evidence-based interventions.41 The ADAPT-ITT acronym stands for each of the eight phases of the model (although not all applications of the model use all phases): assessment, decision, administration, production, discussion with topical experts, integration, training, and testing. The assessment phase involves conducting needs assessments with the target population. The decision phase (which for some studies, such as the one proposed here, happens before the assessment) occurs when one chooses the evidence-based intervention(s) to be adapted. Administration involves the use of theater tests or interactive presentations with key stakeholders to determine what adaptations are needed and to ensure the intervention will be designed with end-users in mind. The revised/adapted draft of the intervention is finalized in the production and integration phases with the guidance of topical experts and information from the theater tests. Once the research team is trained in intervention delivery, the intervention can be pilot tested and results analyzed. The model explicitly includes the target population/patients/end-users and other key stakeholders in the process of intervention adaptation, enabling a participatory approach to implementation. Not all frameworks or models of implementation allow for this engagement, which is why the ADAPT-ITT approach was chosen. The ADAPT-ITT model has been used to adapt interventions for sexual and reproductive health substance use,mental and behavioral health, and chronic health issues in both international and domestic settings.

Neither providers/staff or clinics can be randomized, as only a subset of the clinics/providers in the study area see enough AGYW to meet inclusion criteria, and some providers/staff who participate will work in the same clinics. Providers/staff will complete brief pre- and post-training surveys; however, the primary measures of their intervention will be derived from the AGYW's outcomes.

For the adolescent health club component, the pilot study employs a waitlisted control group design. In this modified version of the stepped wedge design, all groups receive the intervention, and participants serve as their own controls. This design utilizes a smaller sample size of AGYW and fewer facilitators, making it more feasible for a K award, while still enabling all participants to participate in the intervention. The waitlisted control design also avoids some of the challenges associated with carryover effect that can occur in other crossover designs, as participants move unidirectionally from control to intervention. The adolescent health club curriculum (which takes approximately 2.5 months to complete) will be sequentially administered to four groups, each with a waitlisted control group. Individuals can be compared to themselves, and the other groups. Sequentially administering the intervention will be more feasible than administering the intervention simultaneously to separate neighborhood clusters, limiting the number of facilitators needed.

Provider Sensitization Component and Evaluation - Providers and clinic staff at the public UHC and health posts, as well as from private clinics known to provide care for adolescents will be screened to determine if they meet eligibility criteria, and if they do, then they will be invited to participate in the sensitization workshop. There will be two workshop groups with 20 participants each. All participants will complete pre/post intervention surveys, primarily focused on feasibility and acceptability of the intervention, using previously validated measures. After each session, the facilitator will complete a log to code activities as implemented fully, implemented partially or modified significantly and describe any changes. The log will also include a section to document any unusual events associated with any of the sessions, and the effect of these events on implementation, acceptability, or feasibility. Every other session will be observed and documented in fieldnotes that will be analyzed to contribute to process evaluation (see analysis details below). The log and observations will enable a qualitative assessment of intervention fidelity. A subset will be selected for exit interviews to contextualize the quantitative measures, and learn about participants' perspectives on feasibility and acceptability.

Adolescent Health Club Component and Evaluation - Households with AGYW ages 15 to 25 will be identified by community health workers from randomly selected block sectors of the study area. Clubs will be conducted in separate neighborhood sectors, to limit contamination. Conducting club meetings near to the lanes adolescent girls live in will make it easier for attendance. To further assess and address potential contamination, individuals will be asked to verify the adolescent health club they attended in the post-intervention survey, whether they attended an additional health club outside the intervention (such as, in school). If any contamination is evident based on this question, it will be modeled in the analysis. AGYW and their mothers (if unmarried and under the age of 18) will be approached by a member of the research team and the adolescent health club intervention will be explained. If consent is obtained, the AGYW will be enrolled, and randomized to either participate or join the wait-list. AGYW will complete the pre-intervention evaluation instrument upon enrollment. In addition to the activities in the "It's All One" Curriculum spread over eight modules, providers from the sensitization component will attend one meeting to discuss services available in the adolescent-friendly clinics, and hear young women's previous experiences accessing care. Similar to the process for the provider sensitization component, the facilitator will complete a log after each session to code activities as implemented fully, implemented partially or modified significantly and describe any changes. The log will also include a section to document any unusual events associated with any of the sessions, and the effect of these events on implementation, acceptability, or feasibility. Every other session will be observed and documented in fieldnotes that will be analyzed to contribute to process evaluation (see analysis details below). As with the provider component, the log and fieldnotes will enable a qualitative assessment of intervention fidelity. When young women complete the curriculum, they will also complete the post-intervention evaluation instrument. A sub-sample of young women (N=15) will be asked to participate in a focus group discussion to reflect on the club's impact and acceptability. Domains measured by previously validated instruments to be covered in the pre- and post-intervention surveys. There are relatively few validated quantitative measures of implementation outcomes, and none in Hindi, thus the measure chosen will have to be translated and back-translated to ensure comprehension.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* AGYW between the ages of 15-25 years old
* Provide consent or assent,
* Living in the study area for one year or more,
* If unmarried and under the age of 18, have parental consent to participate. Married AGYW and/or those age 18 or over will be recruited if they meet inclusion criteria and provide informed consent.

Exclusion Criteria:

* AGYW who are unable to give consent due to psychological or mental limitations,
* If unmarried and under the age of 18 do not have parental consent to participate.