The Importance of Albumin Infusion Rate for Plasma Volume Expansion Following Major Abdominal Surgery

To study if plasma volume expansion is influenced by the rate at which a colloidal solution is administered in patients with a systemic inflammatory response induced by major abdominal surgery.

Randomization will be performed postoperatively at the day of surgery with a 1:1 ratio with no stratification and the study drug will be given as a slow (3 hours) or rapid (30 minutes) intravenous infusion.

Major surgery is one of many triggers of a systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), which disrupts the normal regulation of transcapillary fluid exchange with tissue oedema and hypovolemia as a consequence. Hypovolemia will amplify the inflammatory reaction by reducing cardiac output and oxygen delivery, which creates a vicious circle. Fluid therapy is therefore a cornerstone in the perioperative treatment patients subjected to major surgery. However, even if fluid therapy is life saving it is also associated with side effects such as further oedema formation, coagulopathy and further endothelial dysfunction.

From a clinical perspective, it is therefore important that the fluid administered to antagonize hypovolemia as far as possible remains intravascularly. Colloids are macromolecules for which the vessel wall has a low permeability and proponents of colloid containing fluids argues that less volume is required for equal plasma volume compared to crystalloids. However, extravasation of colloids is not only a function of the vessel wall permeability but is also dependent on the volume of fluid to that is filtered across the vascular wall, which in turn depends on the trans-capillary hydrostatic pressure. This means that administration of colloids in a way that minimizes the increase in capillary pressure could be important for the plasma volume expanding effect.

In support of this hypothesis is the experimental result that the plasma volume expansion of a colloidal solution can be affected by the rate of administration (Bark et al., 2013). If this finding proves to be valid also in a clinical setting, it will be very important for how colloidal solutions are prescribed in the clinic and may change current clinical practice in which suspected hypovolemia often is treated with a bolus infusion of fluid. This study intend to investigate whether these findings can be reproduced after a so-called Whipple's operation or after major gynaecological cancer surgery.

Study patients will be studied after these procedures because because they are large and standardized operations that trigger an inflammatory condition with capillary leakage and therefore can be considered as a model for major surgical procedures as well as ICU patients with SIRS triggered by for example sepsis.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

1. The patient is scheduled for non-emergent Whipple operation or major gynaecological cancer surgery.
2. Indication for fluid therapy as judged by the anaesthesiologist in charge and at least one at least one of the following criteria is fulfilled:

   * Positive "leg raising test" (pulse pressure increase \> 9% or stroke volume increase by more than 10% as measured with cardiac ultrasound.
   * Central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO2) \< 70%.
   * Plasma lactate \> 2.0 mmol/l.
   * Urine output \< 0.5 ml / kg for the latest hour.
   * Respiratory variation of the inferior vena cava of more than 15% as measured by ultrasound.
   * Systolic pressure \< 100 mmHg, mean arterial pressure \< 55 mmHg
3. Age 40 and above
4. Written consent by patient to participate in the study

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Hypersensitivity to the active drug/ the tracer.
2. Signs of postoperative bleeding.
3. History of heart failure.
4. The responsible physician considers that there are strong reasons to administrate another fluid or same fluid but in another way or in a different volume than those included in the protocol.
5. Pregnancy
6. Clinical judgment by the investigator or the treating physician that the patient should not participate in of the study for reasons other than described above.