Telephone Support to Improve Adherence to Anti-HIV Medications

This study tested a system of nursing telephone support to determine if it improves adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) in at-risk, treatment-experienced people.

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is only successful in treating HIV when people take all the medications prescribed to them when and how they are instructed. However, a third or more of patients on ART are not able to adhere to their medication regimens. Therefore, making sure that these patients stay healthy involves making sure they are motivated and informed about the importance of adhering to their ART. Nurses can deliver interventions to motivate and inform patients through regularly scheduled phone calls. These calls allow nurses to check in between clinic visits, are convenient to patients, and are cost efficient. This study tested an enhanced telephone support intervention provided by nurses that aimed to improve ART adherence and treatment outcomes.

Follow-up for this study lasted 72 weeks. Participants were randomly assigned to receive either care as usual or the enhanced telephone support intervention plus care as usual. The telephone support intervention involved phone calls made weekly for the first 8 weeks of the study and then every 2 weeks for the next 40 weeks. Nurses made these calls at a time and place participants chose. During the calls, nurses provided information, motivational enhancement, and problem-solving skills.

Study assessments took place at study entry and after 12, 24, 48, and 72 weeks. Assessments measured CD4 cell count, HIV viral load, adherence, and illness events. Adherence was measured through questionnaires and an electronic pill cap.

This study was closed early to both accrual and follow-up due to low recruitment. The study aimed to enroll 296 participants. The actual study accrual at the time of early closing was 59 participants.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Enrollment in an AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG) treatment study that is an approved A5251 parent or coenrolling partner study ("ACTG parent study participant") or not enrolled in one of the ACTG parent studies, but receiving routine HIV patient care at an institution that was also an ACTG-funded site ("ACTG clinic patient participant").
* Virologic failure on combination antiretroviral therapy (ART), with an HIV-1 genotype conducted on or soon after the failure, within 16 weeks prior to entry. Availability of HIV-1 genotype results at entry.
* History of prior nonadherence to ART during the past year documented either by patient self-report or recorded in the patient's medical record
* Most recent HIV-1 RNA value of at least 200 copies/mL, obtained within 90 days prior to study entry and measured using any FDA-approved test for quantifying HIV-1 RNA
* Initiating or restarting an ART regimen with 2 or more active ARV medications within 3 days after randomization. The regimen must have been selected for the participant prior to the time of randomization for A5251. An active ARV medication was defined as a medication to which the participant was expected to be susceptible based on HIV-1 resistance testing, as specified in the ACTG parent study, or determined by the participant's health care provider per standard of care.

Exclusion Criteria:

* No regular access to a phone. Candidates without phones may have elected to participate by calling the HIV nurse specialists using an 800 number, rather than being called by the HIV nurse specialist.
* Coenrollment in another adherence trial, unless approved by the A5251 study chair
* Current incarceration
* Any condition that, in the opinion of the site investigator, would have compromised the candidate's ability to participate in the study