Prehabilitation in Patients With Cancer and Type 2 Diabetes

Surgical prehabilitation refers to pre-operative interventions aimed at increasing patients' physiological reserve so that they can better cope with the stress of surgery, avoid post-operative complications and have a faster recovery after surgery. Multimodal prehabilitation combines different aspects related to a healthy lifestyle including but not limited to; physical activity, nutritional education, anxiety coping strategies, alcohol moderation and smoking cessation. Although these aspects are well known, having a cancer diagnosis and the likelihood of an incoming operation during the weeks after diagnosis, place patients in a situation where they may be more receptive to adopting lifestyle changes aimed at promoting health. Such changes could be incorporated, not just in the short-term in preparation for surgery, but also in the medium- and long-term, improving patients' wellbeing and potentially reducing the risk of cancer reoccurrence and other diseases.

Although the benefits of prehabilitation before surgery are understood, the effects it may have in non-insulin-dependent Type 2 diabetes patients are unknown.

This project aims to: (i) Analyse the effects of a multimodal prehabilitation programme vs. the current National Health Service (NHS) standard approach, on physical performance in cancer patients with non-insulin-dependent Type 2 diabetes prior to surgery. (ii) Explore the impact of the programme on body composition and metabolic markers. (iii) Analyse the programme adherence, markers of well-being and quality of life during a post-surgery period of up to 12 months as well as its effects on clinical outcomes.

This study will take advantage of already existing infrastructures, by approaching a single National Health Service (NHS) hospital in England that is already run a prehabilitation service for its patients. This study will analyse the effect of the prehabilitation programme on a specific group of patients, those with cancer and Type 2 diabetes who do not require insulin as part of their diabetes treatment and who are waiting for surgery.

Surgical prehabilitation refers to interventions done before surgery to increase the patient's overall health and fitness so that they can better cope with the stress of surgery, avoid complications/reduce, and have a faster recovery after surgery. Multimodal prehabilitation combines different aspects related to a healthy lifestyle, including but not limited to; physical activity, nutritional education, anxiety coping strategies, alcohol moderation and smoking cessation.

Multimodal prehabilitation programmes may use a combination of telehealth and face-to-face delivery to provide flexibility according to the preferences of the patients.

The collaboration between the University of Greenwich and NHS will provide an opportunity to measure the impact of the programme on those participants with Type 2 diabetes, beyond variables like weight and fasting blood glucose (i.e., body composition, glycaemic behaviour, blood insulin concentration, immune system markers...).

The hospital prehabilitation team will identify potential study participants (patients with Type 2 diabetes who do not use insulin awaiting surgery) amongst those referred to their service. The prehabilitation team will present the idea of the study to the potential participants and will ask for consent to share their contact details with the sponsor. If consent is received, the researcher will contact them to briefly present to them the possibility of joining the study. This 1st contact will be overseen by the Chief Investigator.

Those who accept to participate in the study will be allocated into 2 different groups. Patients undergoing prehabilitation will join the prehabilitation group of the study, while those declining prehabilitation will join the control group.

Regardless of the group, all patients will undergo the same number of interactions with the researcher:

1. Interview and consent The candidate will be provided with the patient information sheet and explained what they can expect and what will be expected from them if they decide to participate in the study. Candidates will be able to ask questions and, in case they decide to participate, they will sign the participant consent form.
2. Baseline/initial assessment The participant will undergo a number of tests/measurements/questionnaires to obtain information on their physical performance quality of life, body composition, glycaemic markers and immune system markers.

   This assessment will take place a few weeks before surgery before the patient starts prehabilitation (prehab group) or upon joining the study (control group).
3. Assessment before surgery The participant will undergo a number of tests/measurements/questionnaires to obtain information on their physical performance quality of life, body composition, glycaemic markers and immune system markers.

   This assessment will take place a few days before surgery.
4. Assessment 6 weeks after surgery The participant will undergo a number of tests/measurements/questionnaires to obtain information on their physical performance quality of life, body composition, glycaemic markers and immune system markers.

   This assessment will take place 6 weeks after surgery, a time that generally allows the participant to recover enough to be able to move around comfortably and perform some light physical activity
5. Assessment 6 months after surgery The participant will undergo a number of tests/measurements/questionnaires to obtain information on their physical performance quality of life, body composition, glycaemic markers and immune system markers.

   This assessment will take place 6 months after surgery, a time by which the patient will generally be fully recovered, potentially reaching their pre-surgical status, and will have been able to resume their regular day-to-day activity
6. Assessment 12 months after surgery The participant will undergo a number of tests/measurements/questionnaires to obtain information on their physical performance quality of life, body composition, glycaemic markers and immune system markers.

Both groups (prehabilitation and control) will undergo the same previously described assessments. This will allow us to understand and compare how the measured variables change through time in both groups (prehabilitation vs control).

The investigators hypothesise that prehabilitation will improve patients' physical performance prior to surgery and will provide them with a range of tools to help them recover faster and manage their overall health better (including their diabetes control) for at least one year after surgery.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Capacity to give consent
* Newly diagnosed with cancer
* Non-insulin-dependent Type 2 diabetes
* Awaiting surgery for cancer

Exclusion Criteria:

* Medical contraindication to engage in physical activity