Caregiver Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) in Pediatric Primary Care

This longitudinal study will evaluate if increased caregiver awareness of their own ACEs through provider-led discussions will lead to improved child health via fewer emergency department, urgent care visits and missed primary care appointments.

This longitudinal study will examine whether screening for caregiver adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and a provider-led discussion of how exposure to ACEs impacts parenting will improve child health outcomes over an 18 month period compared to treatment as usual in a pediatric primary care setting during infant well-child visits. Child health outcomes examined will be rates of emergency department and urgent care visits. Potential protective factors, including parental warmth and resilience will also be examined. The population being studied will include caregivers to infants (ranging 1 week-18 months) receiving care at Mercy Care Clinic (MCC) in Chamblee, Georgia (GA), which primarily serves Hispanic families. Contact will be made by approaching patients present for an infant well-child visit in the clinic. Informed consent will be obtained by a study staff member in the waiting room of the Mercy Care Chamblee Clinic. Electronic or written consent (in English or Spanish based on patient preference) will be obtained. This is not a no-contact study. Data will not be publicly available, but deidentified data will be available upon request beginning 12 months after the study is completed. Only direct study staff will have access to identifying information for participants. Privacy of existing data is not a concern. Interactions will include participant's filling out surveys (or having surveys read aloud to them in their preferred language) and chart review. Those participants who meet with providers randomized to the ACEs discussion will also have a short discussion with their provider about any experienced ACEs and forms of resilience they note on the surveys. Data will be collected in the clinic setting and for follow-up visits by phone or internet based on participant preference.

Topics assessed will include exposure to adverse experiences in childhood, depression and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, resilience, and parenting. Each assessment will take less than one hour to complete. All participants will be given a subject identification (ID) number upon consent and all data will be deidentified and only associated with that ID number for the remainder of the study. Medical records will be examined for appointment confirmation (eligibility) and for infant medical visits over the course of the study (outcome variable) and only study staff will have access to identifiable information.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Caregivers will be eligible to enroll in the study if they bring children to the MCC for either a 4-month, 6-month, 9-month, 15-month, or 18-month WCC. Notably, we anticipate the majority of participants to be of Hispanic origin and many to be exclusively Spanish-speaking. All Research Assistants (RAs) working directly with caregivers will be bilingual according to Emory Spanish fluency testing. We will solicit expert opinion from faculty that work with these communities and the staff of MCC that work with these patients on a regular basis.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Caregivers will be excluded if they are unable to speak and read either English or Spanish. Caregivers will also be excluded if they have already been enrolled in the study protocol via another child or prior WCC. Caregivers who are under the age of 18 years will also be excluded.