TRANSCUTANEOUS ELECTRICAL NERVE STIMULATION VERSUS DISTRACTIVE TECHNIQUES ON ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULA PUNCTURE PAIN IN HEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS

Statement of the problem:

This study will be conducted to answer the following question:

Is there a difference in the efficacy of TENS and distractive techniques when combined with cryotherapy in managing pain due to arteriovenous fistula puncture and improving quality of life in hemodialysis patients ?

Null Hypotheses:

1. TENS has no statistically significant effect on pain management and quality of life in hemodialysis patients undergoing arteriovenous fistula puncture.
2. Distractive techniques have no statistically significant effect on pain management and quality of life in hemodialysis patients undergoing arteriovenous fistula puncture.
3. There is no statistically significant difference between TENS and distractive techniques in managing pain and improving quality of life in hemodialysis patients undergoing arteriovenous fistula puncture.

Subjects' Selection:

The patients will be randomly assigned to 3 groups;

* Group (1) will receive (TENS , cryotherapy and conventional physical therapy program).
* Group (2) will receive (distractive techniques , cryotherapy and conventional physical therapy program).
* Group (3) will receive (cryotherapy and conventional physical therapy program). Patients will be assessed for quality of life before and after treatment and will receive 3 sessions per week consisted of TENS, distractive techniques , Cryotherapy and conventional physical therapy program during AVF Puncture during dialysis for 4 weeks.

  1-Inclusion criteria:
  1. Patient age will range from 20 - 60 years who have chronic renal failure from males and females.
  2. At least one year passed from the installation of AVF and hemodialysis.
  3. Patients are undergoing hemodialysis three sessions per week and each session lasting for 4 hours.
  4. Having no traces of skin abnormalities or analgesia in vessels access point.

  2-Exclusion Criteria:

The following were considered exclusion criteria:

1. Unwillingness to continue with the study.
2. Unsuccessful AVF cannulation at the first try.
3. Patients having radiation injuries, peripheral vascular diseases, Raynauld's disease, connective tissue disorders, diabetic neuropathy, unconsciousness or disorientation.
4. Presence of infection and obstruction of fistula based on the nurse's inspection.
5. The presence of auditory and visual disturbances.
6. history of verbal disturbances; no addiction or drug dependence to pain medications; no history of mental health diseases; being conscious, having not taken painkillers, narcotics or sedatives at least six hours before hemodialysis.
7. Having traces of severe pain in other parts.
8. Having pacemakers. The patients will be randomly assigned to 3 groups; Group(1) will receive TENS , cryotherapy and conventional physical therapy program, Group(2) will receive distractive techniques , cryotherapy and conventional physical therapy program and Group(3) will receive cryotherapy and conventional physical therapy program.

All groups will be assessed for quality of life using Kidney Disease Quality of Life Short Form Scale (KDQOL-SF) before and after treatment.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* 1-Inclusion criteria:

  1. Patient age will range from 20 - 60 years who have chronic renal failure from males and females.
  2. At least one year passed from the installation of AVF and hemodialysis.
  3. Patients are undergoing hemodialysis three sessions per week and each session lasting for 4 hours.
  4. Having no traces of skin abnormalities or analgesia in vessels access point.

Exclusion Criteria:

* 2-Exclusion Criteria:

The following were considered exclusion criteria:

1. Unwillingness to continue with the study.
2. Unsuccessful AVF cannulation at the first try.
3. Patients having radiation injuries, peripheral vascular diseases, Raynauld's disease, connective tissue disorders, diabetic neuropathy, unconsciousness or disorientation.
4. Presence of infection and obstruction of fistula based on the nurse's inspection.
5. The presence of auditory and visual disturbances.
6. history of verbal disturbances; no addiction or drug dependence to pain medications; no history of mental health diseases; being conscious, having not taken painkillers, narcotics or sedatives at least six hours before hemodialysis.
7. Having traces of severe pain in other parts.
8. Having pacemakers