The MASTER Study (MAmmary Cancer STatin ER Positive Study)

Given the compelling evidence supporting a protective effect of statins on breast cancer recurrence, calls for prospective clinical trials have been expressed. In this trial - the MASTER trial - we hypothesize that the addition of statin treatment to the current breast cancer treatment will improve the prognosis of women with early breast cancer. This trial is designed as follows: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled comparison of standard (neo)adjuvant therapy plus placebo versus standard (neo)adjuvant therapy plus atorvastatin in patients with early breast cancer.

Cholesterol-lowering drugs such as statins are currently used to lower cholesterol levels and prevent cardiovascular events. Statins have, however, received substantial scientific attention as cancer-inhibiting drugs. Previous findings were recently supported in a large-scaled study again demonstrating the beneficial effects of statins on breast cancer outcome this time nested within a large, international, randomized clinical trial of modern adjuvant cancer therapy. Given the compelling evidence supporting a protective effect of statins on breast cancer recurrence, calls for prospective clinical trials have been expressed. In this trial - the MASTER trial - we hypothesize that the addition of statin treatment to the current breast cancer treatment will improve the prognosis of women with early breast cancer. Thus, the primary objective of the MASTER trial is to determine the clinical efficacy of the statin - atorvastatin - as measured by invasive disease-free survival among patients with primary breast cancer.

The trial is nationwide throughout Denmark and a total of 3,360 women are to be included in the trial. Women eligible for the trial have been diagnosed with an estrogen receptor positive breast cancer and are candidates for systemic cancer therapy, either prior to or following breast surgery. Upon eligibility and signed informed consent, trial participants will be randomized in a 1:1 manner to either standard treatment and atorvastatin 80 mg/day or standard treatment and placebo. The randomization is blinded. The treatment with atorvastatin or placebo will continue for two years unless side effects are experienced and further treatment with atorvastatin or the placebo is deemed inadequate. The standard treatment will of course continue as planned. The trial participants will follow the standard clinical routines in terms of follow-up and in addition they are asked to fill in questionnaires, i.e. regarding potential side effects or new events or diagnoses, up to ten years following inclusion. Potential breast cancer recurrences are hereby identified and a follow-up of at least 61/2 years will be required for the trial the demonstrate the estimated clinical difference between the randomized groups of patients.

Eligibility Criteria:
Patients must meet ALL of the following criteria to be eligible for randomization:

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Women with estrogen receptor positive breast cancer who are candidates for (neo)adjuvant systemic therapy OR have received ≤3 years of adjuvant endocrine therapy.
2. Age \> 18 years.
3. Performance status of ECOG ≤ 2.
4. Prior to patient registration, written informed consent must be given according to ICH/GCP, and national/local regulations.

Patients meeting ANY one of the following criteria are not eligible:

Exclusion Criteria:

1. History of any prior (ipsi- and/or contralateral) invasive breast carcinoma.
2. Ongoing (prevalent) cholesterol-lowering therapy (statins, fibrates, ezetimibe, PCSK9 inhibitors). If so, the patient can be enrolled in the observational arm.
3. Evidence of hepatic dysfunction (alanine aminotransferase level more than three times the upper limit of the normal range) or renal dysfunction (creatinine level more than three times the upper limit of the normal range).
4. Predisposing factors for rhabdomyolysis, including hypothyroidism, reduced renal function, any muscle - or liver disease, or excessive alcohol consumption AND creatine kinase (CK) measured to less than five times the upper limit (CK only measured in case of predisposing factors).
5. No current medication with potent CYP3A4-inhibitors (e.g. ketokonazole, erythromycin) or gemfibrozile, cyclosporin or danazol.
6. Pregnancy or breast-feeding.
7. Psychological, familial, sociological or geographical condition potentially hampering compliance with the study protocol and follow-up schedule; these conditions will be discussed with the patient before registration in the trial.
8. History of allergic reactions attributed to compounds of similar chemical or biological composition to atorvastatin.