Effects of Music Listening on Pain and Patient Satisfaction Within First 48 Hours After Knee Replacment Surgery

The aim of the present study is to determine if the use of music as an intervention can be utilized, in conjunction with normal pharmacological treatment, in decreasing pain and increasing patient satisfaction, in male and female total knee replacement patients, from the age of 50 and 70, during the first 48 postoperative hours after surgery. It is the hope that this study can add to current research addressing the pain relief needs of orthopedic patients following total knee replacement surgery using music listening as an adjuvant therapy.

Each participant will be randomized into two different groups: the intervention group that will receive music listening along with the standard of care, or the control group, which will receive the standard of care only. Each individual will ambulate twice daily after surgery, and the intervention group will listen to music, with an MP3 player, for 30 minutes before and after each ambulation. Both groups will fill out a Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for pain before and after ambulation, and at the end of the study participants in the intervention group will fill out a 9-item questionnaire to determine patient satisfaction from music listening. Each subject will be assigned an ID#, and asked what type of music they would like to listen to if assigned to the intervention group.

Randomization will be done using a random table of numbers with enough numbers to randomize the ten participants and any individuals that may decide to withdraw from the study. If the participant will be included in the intervention group then the MP3 player will be shown to the participant and instruction given on proper usage. A laminated card with instructions will be included to reinforce instruction. The MP3 player, along with the instructions and VAS forms, will be kept in a colored clipboard by the participant's bedside, easily accessible for listening and documentation. If the participant is not in the study they will be told that they will still be receiving the standard of care, and it will be important to be in study either way so that the information between groups can be compared. Each participant in the study will be told whether they will be in the intervention or control group in the pre-op holding area day of surgery. Those in the intervention group will then be instructed in the proper use of the MP3 player and how to fill out the VAS for pain form. This instruction will be repeated again prior to the patient's first ambulation on post-op day one.

The intervention group will receive music for 30 minutes before and after ambulation on post-op days 1 and 2. This will be contingent on when the participant had surgery the day prior and when they are ready and able to begin ambulating. Participants in the intervention group will do a VAS prior to listening to music and then afterward while those in the control group will do a VAS prior to and after each ambulation. Participants will be ambulating twice a day, in the AM and PM so the intervention will be given twice a day. Both groups will receive the standard of care for pain control, which will be established by the surgeon and implemented by nursing. Finally, the patient satisfaction questionnaire will be given to participants in the intervention group to be filled out prior to discharge.

Nursing and physical therapy will be educated on the research process, intervention, and related forms. This will include the proper way of turning the device on and off, how to adjust the volume, ways of choosing different types of music from the various playlists available, and how to charge or change the batteries. Instruction will be given in when and for how long the device should be used. In addition, nursing will be educated on proper use of the VAS form and patient satisfaction questionnaire.

The intervention is estimated to take two and a half hours, over the first two post operative days, for setting up, listening to, and break down of the MP3 player, as well as 30 minutes to fill out two VAS forms and the patient satisfaction form, for a total of three hours. For those participants in the control group, total time will be approximately 30 minutes to fill out the two VAS forms over the same time period. The staff researcher will be available during this time period to aid in proper use of the MP3 player and in filling out the VAS and patient satisfaction forms so as to minimize time nursing and physical therapy would otherwise need to be involved with the intervention and filling out of forms.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Study participants will consist of a convenient sample of male and female, multicultural, adult patients between 50 and 70 years of age, without obvious hearing impairment, medically cleared, and scheduled for knee replacement surgery.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Non-English speaking and/or individuals with hearing impairment will be excluded.