Sit Together and Read (STAR): A Pilot Study of Children and Their Kinship Caregivers

Parental substance use is the second leading cause of foster care placement. As a result, nearly 100,000 Ohio grandparents, family, friends, and neighbors are providing kinship care for children. Kinship caregivers are more likely to be of lower socioeconomic status, report less warmth and respect in their parenting attitudes, and exhibit higher levels of caregiver-child conflict, relative to traditional foster parents. These characteristics, in addition to the trauma associated with exposure to parental drug use, contribute to a significant risk for reading difficulties and lower overall academic achievement for affected children. The objective is to pilot an evidence-based reading intervention in a group of kinship caregivers and children affected by parental opioid use. This work is significant because the investigators aim to improve reading outcomes of children who may otherwise experience substantial difficulty with reading development, and to support kinship caregivers who may otherwise have few resources to promote the reading skills of children placed in their care. The approach will use a randomized (1:1) waitlist controlled trial design to examine the effects of a 15-week kinship caregiver-implemented Sit Together and Read (STAR) intervention for 4-5 year old children being raised by kin as a result of parental opioid use.

Parental substance use is the second leading cause of foster care placement, with nearly 50% of cases involving children under age five years. Fifty percent of all Ohio children taken into child protective services experienced parental drug use, with rates higher than 75% in some Ohio counties. Approximately 100,000 Ohio grandparents and relatives are providing kinship care for children affected by parental drug use.

STAR is an evidence-based home-based shared book reading intervention designed to improve the foundational reading skills of preschoolers who are at risk for reading disabilities. The potential for STAR to positively impact the kinship family is multi-faceted. STAR was developed to accelerate the early reading development of vulnerable children, including those in kinship care. The investigators expect STAR to promote positive caregiver-child interactions and improve kinship caregivers' sense of self-efficacy with respect to supporting the child's reading development. The implementation of the STAR intervention is innovative because it will provide tangible and important financial and material resources that have been effective in improving short- and long-term academic outcomes for children living in low SES environments that may not otherwise be available to kinship families.

The overarching goal is to examine the feasibility and effectiveness of an evidence-based reading intervention in a group of kinship caregivers and children affected by parental opioid use. In this pilot implementation, investigators will enroll up to 50 kinship caregivers and the 4 to 5 year old children in their care to determine the feasibility of the STAR intervention in this population (Aim 1). The investigators will determine the extent to which STAR imparts positive and significant effects on children's foundational reading skills (Aim 2). The investigators will examine the extent to which participation in STAR, and the associated training and supports provided, are associated with positive changes in kinship caregivers' self-efficacy with respect to supporting the reading development of the children in their care (Aim 3). Investigators will meet the objectives of this work by using a randomized (1:1) waitlist controlled trial design. The randomization scheme will be prepared prior to any participant enrollment by a statistician not affiliated with the project. Successful implementation of this work will provide financial and material resources to families in need, while simultaneously engaging kinship families in an evidenced-based intervention that is proven effective at improving young children's reading trajectories.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Child 4 years, 0 months to 5 years, 11 months at enrollment
* Child in kinship care
* Child experienced parental opioid use prior to kinship care
* Kinship caregiver willing to attend in-person meetings
* Kinship caregiver willing to read regularly to the child in English for 15 consecutive weeks

Exclusion Criteria:

* NA