Multi-Institutional SMASH-Q Validation

The goal of this observational study is to validate a novel patient-reported outcome measure (PROM) for patients suffering maxillofacial trauma: The Survey for Maxillofacial Trauma and Soft Tissue Healing (SMASH-Q). The primary question is:

Are the SMASH-Q modules valid and reliable measures to study quality-of-life (QOL) in patients with maxillofacial trauma?

Patients presenting for routine clinic follow-up for maxillofacial trauma will be invited to complete the SMASH-Q in addition to the 15 Dimension (15D) QOL survey as a control.

Background: Maxillofacial trauma literature is dominated by objective and physician-rated outcomes, leaving a paucity of patient-reported outcome (PRO) research. In fact, no PRO measure (PROM) has ever been validated in this population, posing a tremendous barrier to our understanding of the patient experience. This project will overcome this barrier by validating a novel PROM designed by our research group: The Survey for Maxillofacial Trauma and Soft Tissue Healing (SMASH-Q). The SMASH-Q is the first PROM designed for maxillofacial trauma, providing novel insight into the patient experience. In its current form, it is a 4-module survey instrument: one general module for all patients (SMASH) and 3 modules specific to fractures of the nasal (N-SMASH), orbital (O-SMASH), and/or jaw (J-SMASH) regions. Each module takes 2-5 minutes to complete for a total of 2-20 minutes, depending on the injury.

Objectives: This study will be a multi-institutional field test to determine the validity and reliability of using the SMASH-Q for measuring QOL in patients suffering maxillofacial trauma. The hypothesis is that each SMASH-Q module and subscale will significantly and at least moderately correlate with the 15D, an established general QOL survey instrument.

Methods: Patients with maxillofacial trauma presenting for routine follow-up within one year from their injury will be invited to complete the SMASH-Q and the 15D survey. Patients who completed an initial survey and return within one month will be invited to complete a second follow-up survey. The scores be tested for validity and reliability using multivariable linear regression, Pearson's r, Cronbach alpha, and test-retest reliability. The minimally clinically important difference (MCID) will also be calculated.

impact: Validation of the first PROM for maxillofacial trauma is anticipated to have a significant and lasting impact in the field of maxillofacial trauma. This will allow researchers and clinicians to better understand the patient experience and make management recommendations accordingly. Integrating the SMASH-Q into future studies may revolutionize the field by providing novel evidence for controversial topics such as maxillomandibular fixation techniques, surgical approaches, adjunctive therapies, and more.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

1. Diagnosis of maxillofacial trauma (fracture of any facial bone\[s\] and/or soft tissue injury) within 12 months of recruitment date.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Patients presenting to clinic for reasons not related to maxillofacial trauma.
2. Patients with isolated fractures of the cranium or teeth.
3. Patients who cannot read, write, and/or speak English.
4. Patients who are unable to provide informed consent for themselves (including those who are under 18 years old, incapacitated, intoxicated, or cognitively impaired with a legal guardian)