Executive Function Training Intervention for Chronic Traumatic Brain Injury

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is a prevalent disorder developed by military personnel. While some individuals recover function within months after injury, others continue to suffer from cognitive problems months to years later and may not become evident immediately, particularly for the recently transitioned veteran. Chronic TBI cases may include persistent difficulties in cognition that negatively impact employment and personal relationships.

The investigators will test and evaluate software-based interventions aimed at improving cognition in veterans experiencing everyday life cognitive deficits due to TBI. The interventions will be administered on a computer using a tele-health approach. Two conditions will be compared, an active condition challenging memory, inhibitory control and planning, and a context-matched control condition that is lower on these challenge levels.

The investigators will evaluate the improvement of chronic TBI symptoms after interventions. The investigators will evaluate the improvement of chronic mTBI symptoms using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)-based injury markers, cognitive functions, and real-world functioning questionnaires.

The investigators will recruit military veterans with mild-to-moderate chronic TBI (at least 3 months post injury). The investigators will gather neuropsychological, cognitive, and neuroimaging (functional MRI, resting-state functional MRI) measures. The efficacy of the active compared to control intervention will be evaluated in 100 chronic TBI veterans. All participants will be randomized to a group to complete four weeks of intervention over 20 performance sessions. Over the course of training participants will face escalating challenges in each of these domains, thereby improving their overall skills. The software captures response times and accuracy of performance throughout each task. Evaluations of cognition (neuropsychological testing), brain (MRI), real life functional ability (survey data), and real life performance data (multiple errands tasks) will be gathered pre- and post-intervention to evaluate cognitive, brain-based, and real life functional improvements.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* male and female military veteran adults between the ages of 19 to 55 years (served in the military (any branch))
* who have sustained a traumatic brain injury at least 3 months previously
* who can comprehend simple instructions, perform the tests, and take part in the intervention training
* Selection criteria will also include participants who can safely have an MRI, who can tolerate at least 2 hours of intervention sessions at a time, and who can participate in tasks involving motor abilities such as use of at least one arm and hand
* No racial/ethnic groups will be excluded, although the patients must be able to speak, read, and comprehend English well enough to participate in the testing and treatment sessions, since the assessments are not normed or translated in other languages at this time.
* Also, we will screen for possible Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) using the Mississippi PTSD Questionnaire, but it will not be an exclusionary criteria.

Exclusion Criteria:

* someone who is not proficient in reading, comprehending, and speaking English,
* has pre-existing cerebral palsy, mental retardation, autism, epilepsy, schizophrenia, or pervasive developmental disorder.
* Individuals with psychosis, active behavioral disorder, or uncontrolled epilepsy will be excluded.
* Pregnant women will be excluded, since the effects of the treatment or the procedures on a fetus are unknown.