Effect of Chokeberry Supplementation on Oxidative Stress and Gut Integrity in Swimmers

This study included 8-weeks supplementation of black chokeberry extract with 18% standardization of the anthocyanins content (dose 2×200 mg per day), or a placebo product that was made from chokeberry fiber. The first date of research completed the group of twenty-four and homogeneous female swimmers, who train swimming intensively and attend the Sports Championship School Complex. The second date of research completed the group of twenty-two selective and homogeneous female swimmers, who train swimming intensively and attend the Sports Championship School Complex.

In this study, the athletes were subjected to intensive swimming tests in breaststroke crawl (800m + 200m + 50m) with 15 minutes of active rest between test sections in the water.

Blood samples took from the cubital vein at three time points: before stress test (pre-exercise), one minute after the end of the test (post-exercise), and after a 3-hour recovery period (3h recovery). Measurements morphology, 4-Hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), 8-isoprostane, cortysol, Intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP), claudin3, lipopolisacharide (LPS), lipopolisacharide binding protein (LBP), levels were determined using ELISA kits (SunRed Biotechnology Company).

This study included 8-weeks supplementation of black chokeberry extract with 18% standardization of the anthocyanins content (dose 2×200 mg per day), or a placebo product that was made from chokeberry fiber. The first date of research completed the group of twenty-four and homogeneous female swimmers, who train swimming intensively and attend the Sports Championship School Complex. The second date of research completed the group of twenty-two selective and homogeneous female swimmers, who train swimming intensively and attend the Sports Championship School Complex.

In this study, the athletes were subjected to intensive swimming tests in breaststroke crawl (800m + 200m + 50m) with 15 minutes of active rest between test sections in the water. Blood samples took from the cubital vein at three time points: before stress test (pre-exercise), one minute after the end of the test (post-exercise), and after a 1-hour recovery period (3h recovery).

Measurement: All determined parameters were measured with the available equipment in the ZWKF laboratory in Gorzów Wielkopolski and using commercial assay kits. Measurements were performed by the project contractors.

1. Polyethylene tubes (2.7ml) containing dipotassium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTAK2) anticoagulant were used for the following tests: (a) complete blood count (7 parameters) determined on the MYTHIC 18 hematology analyzer (Orphee Medical, Geneva, Switzerland). Red blood cell indices: RBC (Red Blood Cells), HGB (Hemoglobin), HCT (Hematocrit), MCV (Mean Corpuscular Volume), MCH (Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin), MCHC (Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration), RDW (Red Blood cells Distribution Width). (b) a manual blood smear was made by placing a drop of blood on a slide and then spreading it with a uniform motion. After drying, it was colored by the May Grunwald-Giemsa method according to the procedure. The stained and fixed smear after drying was viewed under a microscope for quantitative and qualitative assessment.
2. Polyethylene clotting activator tubes (9 ml) was centrifuged to separate the morphotic elements from the serum using a centrifuge (3000 rpm for 10 min). The serum was be pipetted into several Eppendorf tubes, which then were frozen (temp. -80 °C). All the following biochemical parameters was determined from the extracted serum: (a) using the ELISA method by the test manufacturer's instructions. The designations include the flowing parameters:

4-Hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), 8-isoprostane, cortysol, Intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP), claudin3, lipopolisacharide (LPS), lipopolisacharide binding protein (LBP).

(3) The lactate (La) concentration was determined from the capillary blood immediately after collection using a commercially available kit (Dr. Lange, Germany).

The athletes' diets were completely analyzed before each exercise test by a nutritionist. Participants, with the help of a dietician who was available during meals on test days, filled out food diaries. The amount of energy, protein, carbohydrates, fats and fiber were then analyzed using a commercially available program.

The experiment was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The study protocol was approved by the Ethical Committee of the Medical University of Poznan

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* valid medical examination,
* consent of the legal guardian of the underage athlete to participate in the study,
* Training experience a minimum of three years
* Student of a sports championship school team,
* ompletion of the exercise test in the swimming pool - crawl style intensive test (800 m + 200 m + 50 m) on two test deadline

Exclusion Criteria:

* antibiotic therapy,
* supplementation, use of any drugs or oral hormonal contraceptives
* health problems within the last months