A Comparative Effectiveness Randomised Placebo Controlled Pilot Trial of the Management of Acute Lumbar Radicular Pain

Aim: In subjects with acute sciatica (≤ 4 weeks duration), this is a pilot comparative effectiveness study to evaluate feasibility and to determine final sample size for a future adequately powered randomised controlled trial of (i) CT-guided transforaminal lumbosacral epidural steroid injection, and (ii) oral dexamethasone, in a masked (blinded), randomised, sham injection and oral placebo controlled trial.

Study Design: 60 patients with acute sciatica will randomised 1:1:1:1 to receive either (i) epidural steroid injection \& oral placebo, (ii) epidural normal saline injection \& oral placebo, (iii) oral dexamethasone \& IM sham-injection, (iv) IM sham-injection \& oral placebo.

Outcomes: The primary outcome is reduction of disability at 3 weeks using the Oswestry Disability Index. Secondary outcomes include reduction of disability at 6 and 48 weeks.

Acute sciatica, a major cause of pain and disability, is a common presentation to medical practices and hospitals. Up to 25% of patients do not recover after 12 months. Sciatica refers to radicular pain and radiculopathy from lumbosacral nerve root pathology caused by lumbosacral disc herniation and degenerative lumbosacral spondylosis involving the L2/3 to L5/S1 intervertebral discs and foramina. Selective transforaminal epidural steroid injection and systemic steroids are therapeutic options in patients who do not improve with conservative management. However, there is limited evidence of effectiveness of these treatments in acute sciatica.

This pilot study is designed to evaluate the following feasibility and study conduct issues: type and standardization of interventions and associated sham and placebo control, appropriateness of inclusion and exclusion criteria, rate of recruitment, study conduct including randomisation allocation concealment, successful masking, wait time for delivery of services (allied health, diagnostic imaging, and procedures), and ensuring efficient, appropriate and safe study conduct for recruitment from emergency departments, hospital inpatients, general practitioners and specialists in the community, and radiology departments in hospital and community practices. Study logistics will differ across these settings, and processes to ensure standardization will be evaluated. Other issues explored include co-therapy with analgesics, NSAIDS, pregabalin, physical and manual therapies, and the timing of rescue therapy, including neurosurgery. It is our experience with previous RCTs that piloting all facets and procedures is essential for the successful conduct of a RCT.

Furthermore, results of the categorical and continuous primary and secondary outcomes from this pilot RCT will be used to calculate the sample size of an adequately powered RCT to determine which treatments currently used in the management of acute sciatica/lumbosacral radiculopathy of less than 4 weeks duration, is the most effective in reducing pain and disability in the short-term and prevent progression to persistent or recurrent sciatica/lumbosacral radiculopathy in the long term.

Study Design: 60 patients with acute sciatica will randomised 1:1:1:1

Arm 1: CT - fluoroscopic guided transforaminal lumbar epidural steroid (1 ml) mixed with local anaesthetic (1 ml) (Active Intervention) AND oral placebo taper (Placebo Control) Note: The injectable steroid and local anaesthetic preparation is standardized to replicate current practice: EITHER (i) betamethasone injectable 5.7 (1ml), a particulate corticosteroid with the local anaesthetic bupivacaine 0.5% (1ml) OR (ii) dexamethasone injectable 4mg (1ml) a non-particulate corticosteroid with local anaesthetic lignocaine 1% (1ml).

Arm 2: CT - fluoroscopic guided transforaminal lumbar epidural normal saline (1 ml) mixed with local anaesthetic (1ml) (Active Intervention controlling for pharmacology) AND oral placebo taper (Placebo Control) Note: The Normal Saline is a Normal Saline flush 0.9% injectable solution. The local anaesthetic preparation is standardized to replicate current practice: EITHER (i) bupivacaine 0.5% (1ml) OR (ii) lignocaine 1% (1ml).

Arm 3: Oral dexamethasone taper (Active Intervention) AND sham injection (Sham Control) Oral dexamethasone taper is a 15 day tapered dosing: (i) days 1-5, dexamethasone 4 mg morning and evening, (ii) days 6-10, dexamethasone 2 mg morning and evening, and (iii) days 11-15, dexamethasone 1mg morning and evening. The dexamethasone gelatine capsule is identical to the placebo capsule in appearance. The sham injection is CT/fluoroscopic guided (with parameters set to zero) lumbar sham injection. The needle placement is down to muscle layer but NOT into the epidural space, and there is no injection of any fluid.

Arm 4: Sham injection (Sham Control) AND oral placebo taper (Placebo Control) The sham injection is CT/fluoroscopic guided (with parameters set to zero) lumbar sham injection. The needle placement is down to muscle layer but NOT into the epidural space, and there is no injection of any fluid. The oral placebo is a gelatine capsule with filler. It is identical to the dexamethasone capsule in appearance.

Participants: If eligibility criteria are met then participants will be invited to participate in the RCT. If the participant agrees, then the participant proceeds down study pathway. A log of all potential participants who are referred and screened and who either decline to participate in the RCT or deemed ineligible by the eligibility criteria will be kept. This will ascertain the representativeness of those who consent to be randomized, consistent with CONSORT guidelines. Data collected in the refusal/reject log will include age, gender, reason(s) for ineligibility or refusal, and, if available, pain/disability score and treatment.

Outcomes: The primary outcome is reduction of disability at 3 weeks using the condition-specific Oswestry Disability Index (ODI). Secondary outcomes include reduction of disability at 6 and 48 weeks on (ODI), Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) for leg pain and for back pain respectively, measures of generic function/disability and quality of life (SF-36, EQ-5D), length of hospital stay, medication co-therapy use (simple analgesics, opiate analgesics, pregabalin, and NSAIDs), need for rescue procedures or surgery, time to return to work (if applicable), compliance with treatment, masking success, measures of study conduct and efficiency, and adverse events.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Leg pain of any description with clinical findings consistent with single level radiculopathy
* Minimum symptom duration \> 72hrs
* Maximum symptom duration \< 3 weeks to ensure symptom duration at randomisation is ≤ 4 weeks
* No previous episode of same level radicular pain in the previous 6 months
* Pain intensity at \>30 on the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI)
* Imaging (MRI and/or CT) indicating herniated disc or foraminal stenosis or both, concordant with the level indicated by history and physical examination

Exclusion Criteria:

* Previous transforaminal epidural steroids at any level in the last 12 months
* Previous oral steroids in the last 12 months
* Any lumbar surgery at same level, or above or below the level at any time
* Previous lumbar surgery at any other level to that in (iii) within the last 12 months
* Pregnancy, or lactation/breastfeeding
* Direct indication for neurosurgery (e.g. cauda equina syndrome, or progressive motor loss i.e. less than or equal to 3/5 power)
* Inability to read or understand English
* Any serious medical or psychiatric condition that may interfere with participation or outcome assessment such as: need for uninterrupted anti-coagulation, spinal fracture, active infection or metastatic disease suspected, active cancer, poorly controlled diabetes, or patients with diabetes on any insulin, uncontrolled hypertension (systolic blood pressure \>180 or diastolic blood pressure \>110 within 30 days of randomization date), active peptic ulcer disease, history of intolerance to steroid therapy, previous or current psychiatric history of bipolar disease, or secondary gain such as anticipated or ongoing legal proceedings, history of substance abuse