Can Biotin Supplementation be Used to Mask hCG Abuse?

This sponsor is an anti-doping laboratory tasked with testing athlete samples for prohibited substances by the World Anti-Doping Agency and other agencies.

This study is intended to measure:

1. Urinary/serum hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) and urinary biotin concentrations in both treatment groups before, during, and after hCG intervention using standard immunoassay methods
2. To monitor hCG in both treatment groups before and after diafiltration of urine samples prior to analysis
3. To compare urinary and serum detectability (detection window, sensitivity) of hCG abuse in the hCG-only group compared to the hCG + biotin group

hCG, or human chorionic gonadotropin, is a protein hormone primarily produced in females by trophoblast cells during early pregnancy. hCG belongs to the glycoprotein hormone (GPH) family and exists as a heterodimer with an alpha and beta subunit. Its beta subunit is unique to hCG, however, its alpha subunit is identical to that of other GPH family members, including luteinizing hormone (LH), follicular stimulating hormone (FSH), and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). Due to this similarity to FSH and LH, it can be used as a female fertility treatment, however, hCG can also also stimulate the production of testosterone in the male testes and is sometimes used as a treatment for certain cases of hypogonadism. Unfortunately, this activity has led to hCG abuse by male athletes as a method to increase endogenous testosterone levels despite being listed as a prohibited substance for male athletes by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA).

While most anti-doping testing is conducted using mass spectrometric methods, hCG testing is conducted on immunoassay platforms that utilize biotin-streptavidin binding methods (automated analyzers, ELISA). Biotin interference is a well-known confounding factor in biotin-streptavidin immunoassays. Excess biotin in urine or serum binds to streptavidin molecules lowering the sensitivity of the assay. In certain clinical tests that utilize biotin-streptavidin binding, excess biotin can impact immunoassay results in individuals supplementing with biotin at a dose as low as 5 mg/day. Biotin, or vitamin B7, is a coenzyme involved in metabolic processes related to the breakdown of macronutrients. Biotin supplementation is considered safe and non-toxic even at remarkably high doses (\<300mg/day) and it is readily available over the counter. Knowing that biotin supplementation is readily available and may be widely used, it is presumable that heavy biotin supplementation may mask illicit hCG use by athletes. To overcome this interference in a clinical setting, a method utilizing streptavidin coated microparticles has been developed to deplete biotin from samples, however this method is costly and not suitable for anti-doping applications.

The goal of this study is to understand whether hCG use can be masked by over-the-counter biotin supplementation, and whether the diafiltration method identified by Sobolevsky and Ahrens is a viable protocol for increased accuracy of hCG testing in urine samples. Additionally, we aim to understand how this potential masking effect is observed in serum samples verses urine samples as biotin is primarily excreted in urine so biotin levels are typically lower in the serum when compared to urine. The study will be conducted in male participants and will include two groups: hCG +oral biotin treatment and hCG + oral placebo treatment. Participants will have seven hCG injections and will be taking an over-the-counter biotin (or placebo) supplement daily from the onset of the study until the final day, 32 days after the first injection.

Experimental Design

Study Drug choriogonadotropin alfa Dose: 250 µg (should equate to between 2000-2300 IU), 2X per week, subcutaneously

Dietary Supplement:

Biotin (20mg), 1x per day, p.o.

Placebo Supplement:

Capsules provided by pharmacy, 1x per day, p.o.

Study Design

Subjects will be divided into two treatment groups:

Cohort 1: hCG treatment, oral biotin supplement Cohort 2: hCG treatment, oral placebo supplement As enrollment occurs, participants will be randomized evenly into one of the two cohorts in 'every other' fashion.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Participants must be healthy males aged 18 or older
* Participants must be actively exercising individuals

Exclusion Criteria:

* Individuals below the age of 18 or greater than the age of 55 on the day of enrollment
* Individuals currently enrolled in a registered testing pool for anti-doping purposes
* Individuals unwilling to provide blood or urine samples
* Individuals that are not actively exercising
* Individuals currently using testosterone or undergoing hypogonadism or hypoandrogenism treatment, or have within the previous 3 months
* Individuals at risk for testicular or prostate cancer, as determined by the physician, or with a history of hormone dependent tumors of the reproductive tract and accessory organs (such as prostatic carcinoma, testicular cyst, or breast cancer)
* Individuals that show a high risk of heart attack, blood clots or cardiovascular disease, as defined by the physician, or who are currently using anticoagulant medications
* Individuals with a history of cardiac, renal or hepatic disease, as defined by the physician
* Individuals with a history of prostatic hyperplasia, venous thromboembolism, stroke, edema, or sleep apnea
* Individuals that are diabetic or are currently taking a diabetic medicine
* Individuals with epilepsy
* Individuals with a known allergy to hamster protein or with hypersensitivity to hCG preparations or excipients
* Individuals with a history of aggressive behavior or suicidality