A Low-Carb Approach to Treat Type 2 Diabetes in Pediatric Patients

The purpose of this project is to test the effect of a low carb diet compared to standard carb diet among adolescents with T2D over a 24-week period.

Background Type 2 diabetes (T2D) in teenagers is becoming a growing health concern. In the U.S., the number of children and teens diagnosed with T2D nearly doubled between 2002 and 2018. Experts predict that in the next 40 years, the number of young people with T2D could quadruple.

T2D in youth is different from T2D in adults. Teens with T2D have more insulin resistance and their bodies struggle to make enough insulin. Unfortunately, common diabetes medications do not stop the disease from getting worse. Better treatment options for young people with T2D are needed.

T2D happens when the body becomes resistant to insulin and the pancreas struggles to keep up. Diet is a key part of managing T2D, but there are no clear guidelines for the best diet for teens with diabetes.

In adults, low-carbohydrate diets (LCDs) have been shown to:

* Lower blood sugar and improve diabetes control
* Improve insulin function and protect the pancreas
* Reduce the need for diabetes medications
* Help with weight loss, especially in areas of harmful fat like the liver and belly

While LCDs have been well-studied in adults, there is very little research on how they affect adolescents with T2D. A few small studies suggest that reducing carbs may help teens with obesity and fatty liver disease, but we need more evidence to know for sure.

Study Objective This study will test whether a low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) can help improve blood sugar control and insulin function in adolescents with T2D. The investigators will compare it to the standard diet for diabetes care.

How the Study Works

The investigators will conduct a randomized controlled trial (RCT), meaning that participants will be randomly placed into one of two groups:

* Low-Carb Diet (LCD): 50-80 grams of carbohydrates per day
* Standard Diabetes Diet (SCD): A diet based on current guidelines

The study will last 24 weeks (6 months). Participants will keep food records and meet with a dietitian to track their progress.

What The Study Will Measure

The investigators will test whether the low-carb diet helps improve:

* Blood sugar control (measured by HbA1c)
* Insulin function and resistance (measured by an oral glucose tolerance test)
* Weight and fat loss, especially in harmful fat stores
* Triglycerides and cholesterol levels
* Need for diabetes medications

What The Study Expect to Find

The investigators believe that teens who follow a low-carb diet will have:

* Better blood sugar control
* Less insulin resistance
* More weight loss, especially from harmful fat
* Lower triglycerides and better cholesterol levels
* Less need for diabetes medications

This study will help us understand whether reducing carbs is a safe and effective way to improve diabetes in teens.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Age 12-18
* Diabetes diagnosis \>3 months to ensure stable baseline glycemic control
* HbA1C between 6.5- 8.5%
* BMI \>85th percentile
* Negative pancreatic autoantibodies
* Stable dose of anti-diabetic drugs GLP-1, metformin, SGLT-2 inhibitors, for 3 months

Exclusion Criteria:

* Current insulin treatment
* Renal impairment measured as creatinine \> 1 mg/dL
* Hepatic dysfunction measured as AST and ALT \>100 IU/ml