Immunogenicity of Monovalent Type 2 Oral Poliovirus Vaccine

This is an open-label phase IV, randomized controlled trial of mOPV2 alone and mOPV2 along with IPV. This trial will assess the impact on type 2 immunogenicity by reducing the interval between mOPV2 doses. The trial will also evaluate any difference in immunogenicity when the first dose of mOPV2, in a two dose schedule with a four week interval, is administered simultaneously with IPV.

The Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization (SAGE) has recommended a phased cessation of OPVs starting with serotype 2 (OPV2). This is because the last case of type 2 wild poliovirus (WPV2) was reported in 1999 and type 2 vaccine poliovirus is associated with the highest risk of causing paralysis due to reversion to vaccine derived poliovirus (VDPV), in which the reverted virus acquires not only the ability to cause paralysis but also the ability to transmit from person-to-person. Withdrawal of OPV2 will be done through the replacement worldwide of trivalent OPV (tOPV) with bivalent (types 1 and 3) OPV (bOPV) for use in routine immunization and in campaigns.

After the tOPV to bOPV switch, there will be strict biosafety requirements for the use of vaccines containing OPV2. Trivalent OPV will no longer exist and use of monovalent OPV2 (mOPV2) will be limited to responding to a type 2 outbreak. To respond to poliovirus type 2 outbreaks, the Global Polio Eradication Initiative has proposed delivering using mOPV2 in campaigns conducted in the primary zone of the outbreak and IPV in campaigns conducted in areas adjacent to outbreak zone. Therefore, mOPV2 will be a critical component of response to poliovirus type 2 outbreaks.

Typically, polio campaigns are conducted at an interval of 4 weeks. Recently, a clinical trial conducted by icddr,b and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Matlab and Mirpur in Bangladesh demonstrated non-inferiority of type 1 seroconversion after bOPV or mOPV1 at a 2 week interval compared to 4 weeks between doses. Based these findings, the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) concluded that the immune response to "OPV is satisfactory when the interval between doses is shortened to 14 or even 7 days (in case of mOPV1)" and has used short-interval campaigns to deliver mOPV1 and bOPV in areas with security-limited access and for outbreak response. However, there are no data and no current or planned polio clinical trials are assessing the impact on immunogenicity of mOPV2 of a reduction in the interval between mOPV2 doses or of administration of mOPV2 in combination with IPV. Therefore, the findings from the trial proposed in this protocol have a direct and immediate implication on strategies to respond to type 2 polio outbreaks.

Field site: The study will be carried out in urban slums in Mirpur and Mohakahli in Dhaka.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Infants 6 weeks of age (range: 42-48 days).
* Parents that consent for participation in the full length of the study.
* Parents that are able to understand and comply with planned study procedures.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Parents and infants who are unable to participate in the full length of the study.
* Evidence of a chronic medical condition identified during physical exam.
* A diagnosis or suspicion of immunodeficiency disorder either in the infant or in an immediate family member.
* A diagnosis or suspicion of bleeding disorder that would contraindicate parenteral administration of IPV or collection of blood by venipuncture.
* Acute diarrhea, infection or illness at the time of enrollment (6 weeks of age) that would require infant's admission to a hospital or would contraindicate provision of OPV or IPV per country guidelines.
* Acute vomiting and intolerance to liquids within 24 hours before the enrollment visit (6 weeks of age).
* Receipt of any polio vaccine (OPV or IPV) before enrollment based upon documentation or parental recall.
* Known allergy/sensitivity or reaction to polio vaccine or contents of polio vaccine.
* Infants from multiple births. Infants from multiple births will be excluded to reduce the potential for contact transmission of vaccine poliovirus to siblings. The infant(s) from a multiple birth who is/are not enrolled would be likely to receive routine immunization and transmit vaccine poliovirus to the enrolled infant.
* Infants from premature births (\<37 weeks of gestation).