Effects of Patient-centered Skin Care in Critical Care

Many critical diseases can damage skin and tissue integrity due to natural immobility, hemodynamic instability, poor tissue perfusion, use of medical devices and many other internal and external factors. Skin damage frequently seen in intensive care units; It can be listed as skin tears and secondary cutaneous infections, especially pressure injuries (PI) and incontinence-associated dermatitis (IAD). In the DecubICU's study, which has the largest sample number ever, published in 2021, the prevalence of pressure ulcers and related factors in 1117 intensive care units from 90 different countries were evaluated; Pressure ulcers were detected in 6747 of 13,254 patients hospitalized in the ICU, and 57% of these wounds were reported to be associated with the intensive care unit.

In addition to pressure injuries, another skin problem that has also been focused on in nursing science in the last 10 years; incontinence-associated dermatitis. IAD, which develops on the skin exposed to urine and faeces, is not only a skin damage that needs to be examined on its own, but also paves the way for the development of pressure sores and can also progress together with pressure injuries. The study which was published in 2018, examined 109 intensive care patients, while the incidence of IAD was determined as 23.6%, while in 2019 another study in which 351 patients were included for 52 weeks, annual prevalence of IAD ranged from 17% and weekly incidences ranged from 0-70%. The findings of three different studies conducted in the intensive care unit are that IAD developed in 6% of 112 patients, 26.2% of 145 patients, and 65.4% of 266 patients, respectively. However, despite the limited literature, the high prevalence rates and the strong relationship between pressure injuries and incontinence associated dermatitis point to the necessity of evaluating these two skin injuries together.

Each existing skin injury reduces the quality of life by causing pain and pain to the individual, and also increases hospitalizations and infection rates, placing a financial burden on the health system and causing loss of workforce. For all these reasons, skin problems are considered as a quality indicator in hospitals and the primary responsibility for maintaining skin integrity is attributed to nurses. Guidelines published by EPUAP, National Pressure Injury Advisory Panel and Pan Pacific Pressure Injury Alliance (PPPIA) in 2019 in the prevention of pressure injuries in intensive care units play a key role in determining nurses' attempts to preserve skin and tissue integrity. In the prevention of incontinence-related dermatitis, the best practices guide published by Dimitri Beckmann in 2015 should be integrated into clinics.

Furthermore, the person-centered approach in skin care has been considered as a concept that should be focused on by the authors in recent years, and in a systematic review published in 2020, clinical applications of the person-centered care approach in wound care were suggested by considering the current evidence. However, the resources in which prevention strategies are focused on individual-centered care are very limited. Therefore, in this study, it was aimed to develop a critical patient-centered skin care protocol and to examine the effects of this protocol on the barrier functions of the skin.

HYPOTHESES AND DETAILED AIMS ARE BELOW.

The primary aim of the study is to examine the effect of critical patient centered skin care on the barrier function of the skin. The hypotheses for the primary purpose of this study are as follows:

* H1a: The mean TEWL is lower in ICU patients receiving patient-centred care than in those receiving standard care.
* H1b: The mean skin pH is more acidic in ICU patients receiving patient-centred care than in those receiving standard care.
* H1c: The PI risk is lower in ICU patients receiving patient-centred care than in those receiving standard care.
* H1d: The incidence of PI is lower in ICU patients receiving patient-centred care than in those receiving standard care.


Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Taking care in the ICU for 24 hours as a stable patient,
* Glasgow coma scale to be at least 10 points,
* Having at least one of the urinary/fecal/mixed incontinence types,
* Being treated in the intensive care unit for at least 7 days,
* Being over 18 years old

Exclusion Criteria:

* Being after cardiopulmonary resuscitation (post CPR),
* Brain death has occurred,
* Having had multiple trauma,
* Being diagnosed with allergic asthma
* Having any skin health problem before ICU admission