The Impact of a Smartphone-based Personalized Intervention on Cognitive and Cerebrovascular Health in CIRCLE-CHINA

This smartphone-based personalized multiple intervention study aims to prevent cognitive impairment and reduce dementia and cerebrovascular events in 45-74 year old persons with high risk of stroke in China. The investigators plan to monitor and manage participants' behavioral and health (vascular risk factors control, sleep quality, mental health and cognitive training) based on self-monitoring and personalized feedback via smartphone app. The short-term primary outcome is 1-year change in global cognitive score measured by a modified National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke and Canadian Stroke Network-Canadian Stroke Network protocol. The investigators hypothesize that the intervention based on self-monitoring and personalized feedback will prevent cognitive decline by the initial 1-year intervention. The long-term primary outcome is the development of dementia and cerebrovascular events during a total of 5 years' follow-up. The investigators hypothesize that the smartphone-based personalized multiple intervention may reduce the 5-year risk of dementia and cerebrovascular events, mainly through the improvement in vascular risk factors control, sleep quality, mental health and cognitive training activities.

Patients with ≥ 3 stroke risk factors (including hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, atrial fibrillation or valvular heart disease, smoking history, obvious overweight or obesity, lack of exercise, family history of stroke), or with transient ischemic attack, are regarded as patients with high risk of stroke. Studies have indicated that these stroke risk factors might be associated with an increased risk of cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) progress, glymphatic dysfunction, cognitive decline, dementia, and cerebrovascular events. However, prevention in these patients is largely unknown and the management of these patients is a very troublesome issue. Previous study has demonstrated that interventions in the feedback and monitoring method could improve exercise adherence in older people compared with other methods including comparison of behavior, social support, natural consequences, identity and goals and planning. Therefore, the investigators plan to monitor and manage vascular risk factors control, sleep quality, mental health and cognitive training based on self-monitoring and personalized feedback on a smartphone app in patients with high risk of stroke. The investigators hypothesize that the intervention based on self-monitoring and personalized feedback will reduce cognitive impairment, glymphatic dysfunction, CSVD progress, depressive symptoms, anxious symptoms, improve sleep quality, and reduce dementia and cerebrovascular events incidence in the study group compared to the control group.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* aged 45-74 years
* high risk of stroke (with ≥ 3 of 8 stroke risk factors, including hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, atrial fibrillation or valvular heart disease, smoking history, obvious overweight or obesity, lack of exercise, family history of stroke, or with transient ischemic attack)

Exclusion Criteria:

* previously diagnosed dementia
* previously diagnosed stroke (both cerebral infarction and hemorrhage)
* suspected dementia after clinical assessment by study physician at screening visit
* disorders affecting safe engagement in the intervention (eg, malignant disease, major depression, symptomatic cardiovascular disease, revascularisation within 1 year previously)
* severe loss of vision, hearing, or communicative ability;
* disorders preventing cooperation as judged by the study physician
* coincident participation in another intervention trial
* any MRI contraindications