Hepatitis C Virus Donor Positive Kidney Transplantation for Hepatitis C Virus Negative Recipients

The development of direct acting anti-virals (DAAs) for the treatment of Hepatitis C virus (HCV) has changed the landscape of HCV therapy dramatically in the last several years with reported sustained virologic response (SVR) rates in excess of 95% for treatment-naïve HCV positive patients including those who have received liver or kidney transplants. Since these new regimens do not include interferon and have already been studied in the post-liver and kidney transplant setting, they now offer a unique opportunity to expand the donor pool and improve the lives of those awaiting renal transplant. The address this gap in knowledge, the investigators hypothesize that pre-emptive treatment with a direct acting anti-viral HCV medication to cure HCV soon after transplant would allow for safe transplantation of HCV positive kidneys in disadvantaged and needy HCV negative kidney recipients with acceptable risks and improved survivals compared with historical cohorts.

Traditionally, HCV+ kidneys are not offered to HCV- patients on the waiting list. The primary concern with offering HCV+ kidneys to HCV- recipients is a risk of viral transmission. Although data about the long-term impact of HCV+ kidney transplantation in to HCV- recipients is unclear, there was a clear suggestion of an increased risk of liver disease in these patients based upon studies performed in the 1990s. Traditional therapy with Interferon could not be offered to these patients as it can lead of rejection if kidney transplant. It was recently reported that nearly 65% (out of a total 6546) of all HCV+ kidneys were discarded between the years 2005-2014. These kidneys were otherwise of excellent quality and could have benefitted more than 4000 patients with 12,000 plus years of graft life.

Since the recent FDA approval of Direct Acting Anti-virals (DAA), these drugs have now been shown to be safe and efficacious even in the setting of kidney transplant. They could offer a unique opportunity to expand the kidney donor pool. For this study, the investigators hypothesize that pre-emptive treatment with a direct acting anti-viral HCV medication to cure HCV soon after transplant would allow for safe transplantation of HCV+ kidneys in disadvantaged and needy HCV- kidney recipients with acceptable risks and improved survivals compared with historical cohorts. This novel study will develop pilot data on the safety and efficacy of utilizing HCV+ kidneys in high-risk HCV- recipients in order to expand the donor pool and reduce the morbidity and mortality of hemodialysis.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* No evidence of HCV infection by HCV PCR (done at the time of the initial consent)
* Age\>60 yrs with an expected waiting time\>2 years; or
* Age\<60 yrs with any one of the following risk factors: Diabetes, coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease and/or cerebrovascular disease
* Willingness to provide informed consent
* Absence of a living donor.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Estimated life expectancy of less than one year based on clinical judgment of the investigator
* Prior liver or renal transplantation
* Pregnant women
* Incarcerated patients
* Medical or social condition which in the opinion of the investigator will interfere with or prevent follow-up per protocol
* Unable or unwilling to return for follow-up visits

Donor Exclusion Criteria:

* HBV sAg positive
* HIV PCR or antibody positive
* HCV RNA negative