Effect of Caffeine Intake in Vestibular Function

Objective: Assess the effect of caffeine in the following vestibular function tests: Cervical Vestibular Evoked Potential (cVEMP), Ocular Vestibular Evoked Potential(oVEMP) and Caloric Test.

Methods: Randomized, prospective triple-blind, placebo controlled clinical trial. All participants underwent otoscopy, tympanometry, responded to the Profile of Mood State (POMS), submitted to the cVEMP, oVEMP and caloric tests. After that they received placebo or caffeine capsule (300mg) and repeated the procedures 45 minutes after.

Trial design

This is a randomized, prospective triple-blind, placebo controlled clinical trial approved by the institutional review board under protocol number 1.399.322/16. Informed consent was obtained after a full explanation of the experimental procedure.

Participants

The sample was made up of medical students who agreed to participate as volunteers and had no hearing and/or vestibular complaints or other health problems that could affect the homeostasis of the vestibular system (problems in the cervical spine, cardiovascular problems, migraine, metabolic disorders, hormonal changes, psychiatric disorders, neurological diseases, use of prescription drugs continuously, smokers, alcoholics, illegal drug users).

Randomization, allocation and Blinding

At baseline, study participants were randomized to receive caffeine or placebo at a 1:1 ratio, by independent statistician. Was used a completely randomized design for two treatments which PLAN procedure (SAS 9.4). The allocation was made for a person outside the study what identified the capsules in identical packages labeled with the name of the participants. The active (caffeine) and placebo (maize starch) capsules were identical in color, size, weight, and packaging.

Interventions

All participants underwent otoscopy and tympanometry, responded to the Profile of Mood State (POMS), submitted to the cVEMP, oVEMP and caloric tests in that order. After that the participants received placebo or caffeine capsule (300mg). After 45 minutes the subjects again responded to the POMS, repeated the cVEMP, oVEMP and caloric test. The tests were performed in a center of rehabilitation of hearing and balance for the same audiologist, with the data collection period was 3 months.

Caffeine consumption

To determine caffeine consumption a questionnaire which sought to investigate eating habits was applied. The participants have to include for each item (coffee, teas, soft drinks, chocolate, powdered chocolate, powdered guarana, food supplements and energy drink) the amount, kind (i.e. espresso, filter coffee) and brand. Based on these data, the consumption was calculated using a preview standardization. From there, the subjects were classified according to consumption: sporadic (less than 100mg), light (100 to 299mg), moderate (300 to 499mg). Those who had higher intakes equal to 500mg / day or more (heavy or very heavy) were excluded.

POMS

Self-administered instrument that consists of 65 items describing feelings; to them should be assigned values from 0 to 4 according to the Likert scale of 5 points (0 -no, 1 - a little, 2 - more or less, 3 - well, 4 - extremely). The POMS aims to evaluate six factors: tension-anxiety (9 items), depression-dejection (15 items), anger-hostility (12 items), vigor-activity (8 items), fatigue-inertia (7 items), confusion-bewilderment (7 items), and a total mood disturbance score (TMD)

cVEMP

VEMP was performed in response to air-conducted stimuli, using alternate 500Hz (Hertz) tone bursts presented at 120 dB (decibel) and rate of 5.1 stimuli per second. Bandpass filter of 10 Hz to 1500 Hz was used, 50ms window and 200 stimulations in each track were standard. Two stimulations were recorded on each side, in order to observe the replicability. The stimuli were presented via insert earphones. A cleaning of the skin with abrasive paste was performed and surface electrodes were affixed using conductive paste. The non inverting electrode was placed in the middle part of the sternocleidomastoid, the ground electrode in lower forehead and the inverting on the upper forehead. The impedance of the electrodes should be less than or equal to 5hms. Subjects were positioned seated and instructed to maintain maximum head turn to the side contralateral to the stimulus throughout stimulation.The latency of P1 and N1 and the P1N1 amplitude were analyzed in each ear and an asymmetry rate was also analyzed. For the last one was used the formula: ǀ amplitude of right ear ǀ - ǀ amplitude of left ear ǀ / ǀ amplitude of right ear ǀ + ǀ amplitude of left ear ǀ x 100. To compare the amplitudes in each ear before and after tests was used the rate of change formula, consisting of: ǀ amplitude of ear before ǀ - ǀ amplitude of ear after ǀ / ǀ amplitude of ear before ǀ + ǀ amplitude of ear after ǀ x 100. The investigators considered normal p13 latencies between 13.9 to 19.2 and from 22.9 to 30.3 n23 and the asymmetry rate and rate of change of up to 28%.

oVEMP

The investigators used the same parameters of stimulation and analysis described in cVEMP. Non inverting electrodes were placed on the face just inferior to each eye (inferior oblique muscle), reference electrode was placed 1-2cm below contralateral to the stimulus and ground electrode in the forehead. The subject was placed in the sitting position and instructed to look upward. The latencies of initial negative (nI) and positive (pI) peak were measured. They considered normal nI latencies from 10.2 to 11.8 and from 14.7 to17.3 pI.

Caloric test

To perform the caloric test the investigators used an air otocalorimeter, and carried out four stimulations of 60 seconds each, with a flow of 8 liters per minute: 50C in the right ear, 50C on the left, 24C on the left ear and 24C in the right ear, in this order. The absolute values and percentages of unilateral weakness or directional preponderance were analyzed for each subject in each test. The subjects were considered normal when they showed absolute values from 3 to 45, a range of 30% or less in directional preponderance and of less than 25% in the unilateral weakness.

Outcomes

The primary outcome was the latency waves for cVEMP and oVEMP and absolute and relative values for caloric tests. These parameters were chosen for analysis of the primary outcome for being these the most well-established parameters for use in clinical practice. The secondary outcomes were asymmetry ratio and ratio of change for cVEMP. There were no secondary outcomes for oVEMP and Caloric test.

Statistical analysis

Non-parametric tests were used seeking statistically describe and compare the two groups - caffeine and no caffeine (Mann-Whitney test), the two time points - before and after in each group (Wilcoxon signed-rank test) and study the statistical effect of caffeine consumption on the other variables (Jonckheere-Terpstra test). It was used a confidence interval of 95%.The spreadsheet MS-Excel was used in your version of MS-Office 2013, for the organization of data, and IBM SPSS (International Business Machines - Statistical Package for Social Sciences), in its version 23.0, to obtain the results.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Medical students volunteers
* Had no hearing and/or vestibular complaints

Exclusion Criteria:

* Problems in the cervical spine
* Cardiovascular problems
* Migraine
* Metabolic disorders
* Hormonal changes
* Psychiatric disorders
* Neurological diseases
* Use of prescription drugs continuously
* Smokers
* Alcoholics
* Illegal drug users