Abacavir and Lamivudine PK in Children

The purpose of this study is to assess the pharmacokinetic parameters for ABC and 3TC in HIV-infected children younger than 18 years old with body weight ≥ 14 kgs.

Abacavir (ABC) is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) and continues to have good efficacy even in patients who have some resistant mutations to NRTIs. ABC is approved for use in children 3 months old and up. It is a preferred NRTI option for second line treatment in children in the World Health Organization guidelines (WHO). In the US and European guidelines, ABC is also recommended for first line treatment. Published studies support the efficacy and safety of twice and once daily ABC. In HIV-infected children \< 12 years, ABC is licensed twice-daily only. However, ABC is licensed either twice-daily or once-daily for HIV-infected adults and children \>12 years. In addition, ABC can be administered as the fixed dose combination once-daily with lamivudine (3TC), Kivexa, for HIV-infected adults and children \>12 years.

Lamivudine (3TC) is a commonly used NRTI that is well tolerated and approved for young infants and children as a component in the first and second-line regimens in guidelines. Both once-daily and twice-daily 3TC are standard practice in many treatment guidelines although once-daily is US FDA-approved for age \> 12 years only. The Thai Ministry of Health pediatric HIV treatment guideline recommend either once- or twice-daily as treatment options for children. The WHO currently recommends the twice-daily 3TC dosing only and encourages more pharmacokinetic studies of once-daily 3TC in children.

PK of ABC and 3TC in African and European children showed similar PK parameters for both twice daily and once daily dosing. There are no data on PK of ABC in Asian children and few studies on PK of 3TC in Thai children. Vanprapar et al. reported data in 42 Thai children weighing 6-30 kg participated in a cross-over PK study in which they received twice-daily dosing of generic fixed dose combination tablets of stavudine, 3TC, nevirapine or the liquid formulations of these drugs. The 3TC exposure was significantly higher with the tablet formulation but comparable to historical data in western adults and children taking branded tablets. Chokephaibulkit et al. reported higher 3TC exposure in 41 Thai HIV-infected children with 3TC tablets than 3TC solution.

There is strong evidence indicating that Asian patients, particularly Thais, have higher plasma concentrations for several ARVs compared to Westerners. Genetic differences between ethnicities may be the primary cause for altered drug metabolism, and as a result, different PK parameters. Higher drug concentrations in Thai adults have been shown for zidovudine, nevirapine, efavirenz, indinavir, lopinavir, atazanavir and saquinavir. Such high ARV concentrations were also shown in Thai children for nevirapine, indinavir, lopinavir and saquinavir. There are no data in Thai children for ABC. Only two studies evaluated 3TC concentration in Thai children using twice-daily dosing. It is conceivable that Thai children may have different PK profile of ABC and 3TC particularly once-daily dosing and than those reported in African and European children. In addition, using ABC and 3TC will provide an opportunity for Thai children to benefit from its once-daily dosing and good long-term safety particularly the favorable lipodystrophy and lipid profile.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

1. Have a diagnosis of HIV infection using age-appropriate testing
2. Age \< 18 years
3. Body weight ≥ 14 kgs
4. Currently treated with stable HAART within 30 days prior to enrollment
5. HIV RNA \< 50 copies/ml
6. Have negative HLA B5701 or are currently on ABC-containing HAART and tolerating the regimen well
7. Caregivers give written informed consent and children aged 7 years and above who know their HIV status give assent

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Child/Caretaker refuse to participate in this study
2. Has vomiting or diarrhea \> grade 3 (DAIDS Table for Grading the Severity of Adult and Pediatric Adverse Events Version 1.0 - December 2004, clarification dated August 2009) within 30 days prior to enrollment
3. Has the following laboratory toxicities \> grade II according to the division of AIDS table for grading the severity of adult and pediatric adverse events within 30 days prior to enrollment:

   * SGPT
   * Hemoglobin
   * Creatinine
4. Has current active HIV-related infection
5. Has significant medical problem that would compromise the study results in the investigator's opinion
6. Pregnancy
7. Has history of poor adherence to ARV defined by less than 80% by pill count or by history within 30 days prior to enrollment
8. Concomitant treatment with drugs known to influence the PK of ABC (ribavirin, ethanol and methadone)