Designing an Implementation Strategy for Delivering Routine Mental Health Screening and Treatment

African Americans living with chronic health conditions are more likely to experience depression and other mental health disorders than their healthy counterparts, and are more likely to experience severe depression than whites, but less likely to be diagnosed or receive treatment. One especially vulnerable group is patients with sickle cell disease (SCD), a genetic blood disorder that primarily affects people of African descent, many of whom live in disadvantaged circumstances and are cared for in under-resourced settings. SCD causes severe acute and chronic pain, end-organ damage, and early mortality. Patients transitioning from adolescence to adulthood (ages16-30) are at high risk for mental health disorders and suicide.

Using mobile technology, the investigators can provide high-quality, evidence-based behavioral mental health treatment that reaches patients in different settings. Digital cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is effective for treating depression and anxiety and can be brought to scale at low cost. Despite the promise of digital CBT, there are barriers to its widespread use, particularly in low-resource settings serving minorities. Qualitative data show that cultural factors-lack of relatability, representation, and perceived stigma regarding mental health treatment-limit engagement with digital CBT programs. Population-and setting-specific adaptations to interventions can lead to their successful implementation and wider use. The investigators will work with a digital CBT program to decrease stigma and make it more relatable and relevant to young adults with SCD, by devising changes to advertising and promotion, and tailoring communication with an integrated health coach, Aim 1: Use implementation science (ImS) and human-centered design methods to define the barriers to delivering routine mental health screening and digital CBT to adolescents and young adults with SCD. Aim 2: Rapidly iterate, test, and evaluate adaptations to the implementation strategy for a coach-enhanced digital mental health service. Aim 3: Demonstrate that a population-specific implementation strategy improves engagement with a digital CBT-based mental health service.

The investigators will capitalize on our mobile technology tools, interdisciplinary expertise, and community-based partnerships to investigate the implementation of digital CBT into low-resource clinics and community-based organizations serving adolescents and adults with sickle cell disease.

African Americans living with chronic medical conditions are at high risk for depression and other mental health disorders yet are less likely to be diagnosed or receive treatment than their white counterparts. Left untreated, depression can increase disease severity and risk for mortality. One especially vulnerable group is patients with sickle cell disease (SCD), a genetic blood disorder that primarily affects people of African descent and disproportionately impacts those living in disadvantaged circumstances. Sickle cell causes severe acute and chronic pain, end-organ damage, and early mortality. In SCD, the transition from adolescence to adulthood is a tumultuous period, characterized by social vulnerability, increased medical complications, and high health care utilization. Young adults in this age group, 16-30, are at high risk for mental health disorders and suicide.

Using mobile technology, the investigators can provide high-quality, evidence-based behavioral mental health treatment that reaches patients in under-resourced settings. Digital cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), also known as computerized CBT, is effective for treating depression and anxiety, and can be easily brought to scale at low cost. Several meta-analyses have found digital CBT effective for treating depression and anxiety in white adults. The investigators' group has shown in a large-scale trial that it is effective for treating these symptoms among African American patients at 22 primary care clinics. In two adult sickle cell clinics, the investigators have shown that routine mental health screening and digital CBT delivered as part of usual care can improve depressive symptoms and daily pain among adults with SCD. The investigators' group has also used this method to treat pain in pediatric SCD patients.

Gap in evidence: Despite the promise of digital CBT, there are barriers to widespread use of this technology, particularly in low-resource settings serving minorities. Studies using digital CBT often suffer from high attrition and poor adherence. In real-world settings, uptake is poor even when the service is offered free of charge. These limitations affect patients living with SCD. The investigators will modify how a digital CBT program for mental health is delivered to these patient sat the patient, provider, and organizational levels, by adding references and content representing SCD, chronic pain, and stressors unique to African Americans. The investigators believe this approach will radically improve the implementation of mental health screening and treatment in low-resource settings such as clinics and community organizations serving adolescents and adults with SCD, and similar communities.

Strategy and goals: Population-and setting-specific adaptations to interventions can lead to their successful implementation and wider use, yet no studies show how much adaptation is needed to effectively implement digital CBT in different settings. Qualitative data from The investigators' group and others show that cultural factors-lack of relatability, representation, and perceived stigma regarding mental health treatment-limit engagement with digital CBT programs. The investigators' proposal will devise changes to advertising, promotion, and health coach communications, that will decrease stigma and make digital CBT more relatable and relevant to young adults with SCD. The investigators hypothesize that low-cost adaptations to a digital CBT program will have better engagement than digital CBT with standard implementation strategy.

Aim 1: Use implementation science (ImS) and human-centered design methods to define the barriers to delivering routine mental health screening and digital CBT to adolescents and young adults with SCD. By leveraging ImS theory, models, and frameworks, The investigators will systematically collect and analyze qualitative data to define and understand the problem, stakeholder needs, and cultural barriers to routine mental health screening and treatment in SCD clinics and the community. Specifically, the investigators will use the Behavior Change Wheel as a validated method for identifying the appropriate behavior change and implementation strategies.

Aim 2: Rapidly iterate, test, and evaluate adaptations to the implementation strategy for a coach-enhanced digital mental health service. Based on findings from Aim 1, the investigators will systematically develop, test, and evaluate changes to how the CBT program is advertised/promoted, and introduced to patients and providers. The investigators will tailor the messages and multimedia content that health coaches send to patients.

Aim 3: Demonstrate that a population-specific implementation strategy improves engagement with a digital CBT-based mental health service. The investigators will recruit 40 adolescents and young adults with SCD (ages 16-30) and comorbid depression and randomize them to either the off-the-shelf digital CBT program and standard implementation strategy that has no content or references to SCD, chronic pain, or the unique challenges facing minority groups, to adapted digital CBT with a SCD-specific implementation approach.

Addressing mental health in SCD is a major step to delivering quality care and improving outcomes for this, and other hard-to-reach, minority populations. This study will generate the necessary data and infrastructure to conduct a large scale, R01-funded, multi-site pragmatic trial to determine how digital CBT can be used as an effective, low-cost, and scalable mental health treatment for adolescents and young adults with SCD.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* have a diagnosis of SCD (any genotype)
* report significant depression or anxiety symptoms (i.e., Patient Health Questionnaire \[PHQ-9\] or Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale \[GAD-7\] \> 4)

Exclusion Criteria:

* Unable to read English or understand the consent process
* Cognitively impaired adults as determined by their treating physician
* Any condition that in the opinion of the investigator would not allow the patient to continue on the study