Erigo®Pro Coma Outcome Study - Study on the Effectiveness of a Robotic Tilt Table Device for Recovery of Consciousness

Patients with acquired brain injury (ABI) often suffer from severe disorders of consciousness (DOC), such as coma, unresponsive wakefulness syndrome (UWS), or minimally conscious state (MCS). This study examines the effect, a novel robotic rehabilitation device (the Erigo®Pro system) has on the recovery of consciousness of DOC patients. The device enables patients to be verticalized very early during acute neurorehabilitation and includes robotic leg movement training as well as functional electrical stimulation (FES) of leg nerves. Patients will be randomly allocated to one of three treatment groups: (i) control group with standard physiotherapy without the device, (ii) device treatment without FES, and (iii) device treatment with FES. Time until recovery of consciousness, rehabilitation outcome, and amount of complications will be the outcome variables.

Patients with acquired brain injury (ABI) often suffer from severe disorders of consciousness (DOC), such as coma, unresponsive wakefulness syndrome (UWS), or minimally conscious state (MCS). These DOC can be temporary or persistent. Verticalization and multisensory stimulation are traditionally important therapeutic principles in the neurorehabilitation of such patients. These principles have not yet been tested in randomized controlled trials yet. This trial will therefore evaluate the effect that a 4 week training with a verticalization device (the Erigo®Pro system) with integrated repetitive robotic leg movements and functional electrical stimulation of the leg muscles (FES) has on the clinical course of DOC patients in an inpatient neurorehabilitation setting, following acute ABI. 156 patients will be randomized 1:1:1 to one of the following groups: (i) control group without the Erigo®Pro, (ii) treatment with the Erigo®Pro without FES, and (iii) treatment with the Erigo®Pro and simultaneous FES. There will be 4 training sessions per week for 4 weeks with each session being 60 minutes in length. This will be part of the standard neurorehabilitation program, which in Germany comprises 300 minutes of therapy per day. Patients in the active treatment groups ii) and iii) are required to be verticalized above 60° for at least 35 minutes per treatment session. Patients in the control group will be treated with conventional methods, including verticalization by therapists but without the help of the device. FES will be conducted with the following parameters: 8 channels covering the major ventral and dorsal muscles of the upper and lower, initial current 10 milli ampere (mA), pulse with 250 micro seconds (µs), frequency 25 herz (Hz), ramp 3. Current will be gradually increased to the motor threshold plus 20%.

The investigators will test the following hypotheses:

1. Treatment with the Erigo®Pro system will lead to a quicker recovery of consciousness (increase of at least one diagnostic category of the CRS-R) than conventional therapy,
2. Treatment with the Erigo®Pro system including FES will lead to a quicker recovery of consciousness than using the Erigo®Pro without FES, 3).) Treatment with the Erigo®Pro system will decrease spasticity and complications of neurorehabilitation (pneumonia, pressure ulcers) than conventional therapy, and

4.) Treatment with the Erigo®Pro system will lead to an improved longterm patient outcome (6 months) with regard to independence in the activities of daily living, compared to conventional therapy.

The main outcome variable is the Coma Recovery Scale - revised (CRS-R), secondary variables are the Functional Independence Measure (FIM), the Nociception Coma Scale (NCS), the Modified Ashworth Scale for spasticity, and quantitative HD-EEG measures for brain activity (power, variability, entropy).

Study visits will be prior to first treatment (t0), during the first treatment in vertical position (t1), directly following the first treatment in horizontal patient positioning (t2), 2 weeks after the first treatment (halfway through treatment protocol, t3), at the end of the final treatment after weeks (t4), and final outcome measurement, 6 months after the patient inclusion (t5) within the patients living environment (nursing home or home).

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Informed consent provided by legal representative of patient
* unresponsive wakefulness syndrome (UWS) or minimal conscious state (MCS), defined by CRS-R
* acquired brain injury as reason for disorder of consciousness

Exclusion Criteria:

* pre-existing coma, UWS, or MCS
* permanent sedation and/or analgesia with continuous i.v.-application
* body weight \> 135 kg
* length of leg of less than 75 cm or more than 100 cm
* contractures in leg joints
* unstable fractures
* open wounds / severe skin irritations on the leg
* severe heart failure or unstable arrhythmias
* aggressive / uncooperative behavior
* other medical reasons for strict bed rest
* severe arterial occlusion disease of the legs
* cardiac pacer
* pregnancy