Probiotic Prophylaxis for Microbiome Modulation and VAP or Infections Prevention in Multitrauma Patients

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), is a type of pneumonia that develops more than 48 hours after endotracheal intubation, is common in intensive care units (ICUs). It is estimated to be responsible for 27% to 47% of ICU-acquired infections.

The pathogenesis of VAP is complex but typically involves colonization of the aerodigestive tract with pathogenic bacteria, the formation of biofilms, and microaspiration of contaminated secretions. Preventing carriage of potentially pathogenic micro-organisms from the aerodigestive tract is an infection control strategy used to reduce the occurrence of VAP. One novel intervention is the administration of prophylactic probiotics which restore non-pathogenic flora that compete with pathogens, modulate local and systemic immunity, and decrease intestinal permeability and thus can be beneficial in preventing nosocomial infections in critically ill patients. The role of the probiotics in preventing VAP in mechanically ventilated patients is inconclusive. Some evidence indicates that probiotics may reduce the incidence of VAP by inhibiting pathogen adhesion, improving gut mucosal barrier function, reducing bacterial translocation and up-regulating the immune system. Furthermore, guidelines remain inconclusive regarding the role of commensal oropharyngeal flora (COF) as a causative agent in VAP, mainly due to a scarcity of studies in this research field. However, there is evidence that COF may cause pulmonary infection, mostly in immunocompromised patients.

The oropharyngeal swab will be collected on days 1, 3 and 7 after ICU admission and upon the occurrence of VAP or other infection. Nonbronchoscopic bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) using a protected catheter will be collected on day 3 after ICU admission and upon the occurrence of VAP. Whole blood sample and stool sample will be collected on day 1 after ICU admission and upon the occurrence of VAP or other infection for microbiome analysis.

As soon as the first sample of the oropharyngeal swab is collected, patients will be allocated to the "treatment" groups. Each patient will receive two capsules per day for 15 consecutive days post admission. The content of one capsule will be suspended in 100ml tap water and administered by nasogastric tube or through), while the content of the other capsule will be suspended in sterile, water-based surgical lubricant and administered as a slurry to the oropharynx. The administration will be performed by a study nurse who was responsible for ascertaining that the whole prepared volume is given.

The study protocol-mandated baseline data will include demographic information, medical history, and the APACHE II, SAPS II, NISS and SOFA score, and Operative POSSUM score (only cases undergoing surgical treatment).

Additional information collected on a daily basis will include patient's clinical course with special emphasis on clinical signs of VAP or infections, type of chemoprophylaxis, endotracheal or tracheostomy tube cuff pressure, type of nutrition and bowel movement. Furthermore, duration of intubation, tracheostomy day after ICU admission, duration of mechanical ventilation, lengths of stay in the ICU and hospital, adverse events (related and non-related to probiotics administration) and mortality. Data recording will be extended up to 30 days after hospital admission (patient recovered, treated in ICU / department or death).

Central venous line infection will be considered as positive when there is bacteremia with common skin commensal and positive catheter tip culture or exit site culture for the same organism.

An ICU-acquired urinary tract infection will be deemed present if there are at least 103 colony-forming units (cfu)/mL of 1 or 2 micro-organisms identified by urine culture in patients who develop a positive urine culture first identified 48 h or later after ICU admission.

A superficial incisional infection (SSI) must meet the following criterion:

Infection occurs within 30 days after the operative procedure and involves only skin and subcutaneous tissue of the incision and patient has at least 1 of the following:

* purulent drainage from the superficial incision
* organisms isolated from an aseptically obtained culture of fluid or tissue from the superficial incision
* at least 1 of the following signs or symptoms of infection: pain or tenderness, localized swelling, redness, or heat, and superficial incision is deliberately opened by the surgeon and is culture positive or not cultured. A culture-negative finding does not meet this criterion.
* diagnosis of superficial incisional SSI by the surgeon or attending physician.

Intraabdominal trauma infection will be defined by the following:

* Temperature \>38°C or \<36°C
* White blood cell count \>12 000/mm3 or \<4000/mm3 or \>10% immature bands
* Abdominal tenderness during clinical examination
* CT scanning compatible with positive findings for acute intraabdominal infection An antibiotics-related infection will be documented by the detection of toxins produced by C. difficile bacteria in a stool sample.

Bacteremia will be defined as the presence of a recognized Gram(+) or Gram(-) pathogen or Candida spp cultured from one or more blood cultures and organism cultured from blood is not related to an infection at another site Sepsis is defined as life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection.

Organ dysfunction will be identified as an acute change in total SOFA score ≥2 points consequent to the infection.

Patients with septic shock will be identified with a clinical construct of sepsis with persisting hypotension requiring vasopressors to maintain MAP ≥65 mm Hg and having a serum lactate level \>2 mmol/L (18mg/dL) despite adequate volume resuscitation.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* adults \>18 and \< 80 years oldmultitrauma patients with at least two organ-system injury
* intubated immediately after injury
* likelihood that the patient would require mechanical ventilation with an endotracheal tube (or tracheostomy) for \>10 days
* life expectancy \> 15 days

Exclusion Criteria:

* investigators unable to obtain informed written consent from patients' relatives
* administer the first dose of the study drug within 24 hours of intubation
* pregnancy; lactation; immunosuppression; hematologic disease; prosthetic cardiac valve or vascular graft; cardiac trauma; history of rheumatic fever, endocarditis, or congenital cardiac abnormality; oropharyngeal mucosal injury; recent history of sinusitis and respiratory tract infection
* obesity \[BMI \> 40\]
* administration of antibiotics for \> 3 days before recruitment into the study
* administration of probiotics before recruitment into the study
* history of infection from Hepatis B or C and HIV
* administration of \< 90% of the predicted doses of probiotics during the study period