Physical Activity Drop-out Ratio in Patients Living With Type 2 Diabetes

Physical activity (PA) - understood as any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscular that requires energy expenditure, related to leisure time, for transport to get to and from places, or part of a person's work - is a powerful force for good regarding type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, fewer T2DM patients sustain the lifestyle recommendations suggested by health care professionals (HCP): 40% of patients did not follow-up on general medical recommendations regarding lifestyle changes. Using a socio-ecological approach - that aims to deal with the different levels of PA influences - may be a good solution to integrate the behaviour change techniques in health care professionals' consultations to prescribe PA efficiently.

The investigators' protocol has two aims. The primary aim is to evaluate the effectiveness of theory-driven PA intervention based on SEM among people living with T2DM. A secondary aim is to explore the feasibility and perceptions/experiences on the PA adherence process in T2DM patients while using the socio-ecological approach and to understand the HCP's viewpoint in its applicability in the Spanish Healthcare system. The investigators want to know the how, not the what, related to PA prescription.

Physical activity (PA) - understood as any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that require energy expenditure, related to leisure time, for transport to get to and from places, or part of a person's work - is a powerful force for good regarding type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A recent meta-analysis has confirmed a positive dose-response relationship between markers of glucose control and increasing daily PA (a 20% increase in adherence or two sessions/month was associated with a 0.15% - 2 mmol/mol - decrease in HbA1c). Adhering to regular PA - understood as not dropping out the new PA behaviour adopted - is a way to control T2DM and promote people living with T2DM self-management. Still, fewer T2DM patients sustain the lifestyle recommendations suggested by health care professionals (HCP): 40% of patients did not follow up on general medical recommendations regarding lifestyle changes.

Socioeconomic status and health or social inequity, immediate and non-negotiable patients' needs and adherence skills rarely discussed by HCP, urban planning and political decisions about PA, or physical inactive workplaces may be reasons for these poor results in sustaining PA lifestyle recommendations.

Researchers have proposed aerobic or resistance exercise - understood as PA planned, structured, and realized during the leisure-time - like Nordic walking, high-intensity training, or lifting weights to increase PA levels throughout exercise among T2DM patients. Despite all options having good results in metabolic and patients' health outcomes, it seems that they are only used in well-controlled studies rather than in healthcare: that may be due to the HCP difficulty and lack of time, support, and knowledge to prescribe this type of aerobic and resistance exercise.

As a result, HCP most common prescription is based on walking, as it is easy to recommend and to do it by people living with T2DM without contraindications. However, only doing that recommendation will be not efficient nor effective to improve PA levels among people living with T2DM. For example, the more prevalent of people living with T2DM belongs to the lower-medium class, which usually live in neighborhoods with poor walkability and parks or green spaces. As a result, patients used to drop out in the long run and despite decades of this type of recommendation, PA population levels are still a problem to be faced. With that panorama, HCP may intentionally withdraw from PA prescriptions to protect patients who find it difficult to keep going.

In this context, ineffective primary-care-based PA prescription risks missing out on the health benefits of the powerful factors that manage people living with T2DM health-related outcomes. Moreover, ineffective primary-care-based PA prescription may enhance socioeconomic barriers and health inequity in these patients. Therefore, given the scale and span of these PA biological and social benefits, it remains a Public Health priority to deploy more effective ways to implement day-to-day PA life. Doing so will be helpful for health patients and for both HCP that used to have not enough time to prescribe exercise effectivity and Public Health expenses in T2DM patients.

Knowing the health need of PA, it is necessary to address PA prescription on how, where, when, and with whom to do it. In this sense, different behaviour changes techniques (BCTs) have been used to face the PA adherence issue and reduce the drop-out ratio: goal setting, action planning, problem solving or social support are a few examples of BCTs used. BCTs results seem hopeful; they improve PA adherence both in the short and in the long run.

However, despite these results, BCTs are still generally not used by HCPs to prescribe PA efferently. HCPs' lack of time and lack of institutional support, and also gathering bad patients' results discourage HCPs to keep trying to change people with T2DM behaviour about PA. Even more, BCTs are still focused on individual responsibility, usually forgetting all the sociocultural barriers as social inequity or poor urban planning. In this context, both HCP and people living with T2DM feel powerless in front of complex multi-component sociocultural situations. BTCs need to take into consideration these complex multicomponent socio-cultural situations to be applied efficiently by HCPs in real-world situations.

In this complex multicomponent sociocultural situation, using a socio-ecological approach - that aims to deal with the different levels of PA influences - may be a good solution to integrate the BCTs in HCPs consultations to prescribe PA efficiently. The socio-ecological model (SEM) considers the complex interplay between individual, relationship, community, and societal factors to influence personal behaviour. This approach focuses on integrating these different levels to change the physical and social environments rather than modifying only individual health behaviours. That may involve facing different sociocultural barriers as socioeconomic status and social inequity (e.g. delivering free PA with a specialist), gender and age discrimination (e.g. explaining to patients what PA is important too), or urban planning (e.g. HCPs should be shown to people living with T2DM some green spaces to do PA). Otherwise, the responsibility to deal with PA adherence will rely on powerless people living with T2DM and HCP alike.

Our protocol has two aims. The primary aim is to evaluate the effectiveness of theory-driven PA intervention based on a SEM among people living with T2DM. A secondary aim is to explore the feasibility and perceptions/experiences on the PA adherence process in T2DM patients while using the socio-ecological approach and to understand the HCP's viewpoint in its applicability in the Spanish Healthcare system. The investigators want to know the how, not the what, related to PA prescription.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

1. Patients with T2D
2. Be eligible to be referred by their doctors for PA intervention;
3. Have no major physical limitations prescribed by the doctor or any HCP
4. Physical inactive according to the General Practice Physical Activity Questionnaire - GPPAQ screening tool.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Pregnant patients or have T2D due to gestation
2. Inability to freely consent to take part in the study
3. Inability to understand the study materials or PA intervention
4. T2D patients with complications as neuropathy, retinopathy, and nephropathy
5. Contraindications to do PA
6. Body Mass Index over 34,9