Increasing the Thickness of Soft Tissues in the Esthetic Zone Around Implants

This is an interventional prospective randomized clinical trial (RCT) in parallel groups. This study is aimed at detecting a difference in the increase in the thickness of soft tissues of at least 0.3 mm between the two groups (the standard deviation \[SD\] of 0.3 mm and the average value of 1.2 mm was borrowed from an article published by Cairo F et al., 2017). Using SampleSizeCalculator, it was calculated that the number of patients in each group should be 14 (alpha = 0.05; power = 80%). This number was increased by 10%, taking into account possible exceptions from the study. The sample size is 30 patients who will be randomly divided into two groups depending on the surgical intervention used. First group - patients will undergo increasing the thickness of the mucous membrane using free connective tissue graft from tuberosity area of the maxilla or palate. Second group - patients will undergo increasing the thickness of the mucous membrane using collagen matrix "Fibro-Gide" (Geistlich Pharma AG, Bahnhofstrasse 40, 6110 Wolhusen, Switzerland; registration in Russia 19.08.2020 No FSZ-20207/11765). In the postoperative period the value of soft tissue thickness gain, severity of pain syndrome, collateral edema, Doppler flowmetry, probing depth, soft tissue aesthetics, keratinized mucosa width and quality of life will be assessed. In addition, after 3 months simultaneously with installation of gingiva formers biopsy specimens will be sampled with mucotome in the area of the intervention followed by histomorphometric analysis of the obtained biopsies.

The aim of this research is to perform a comparative clinical and histomorphometric analysis of soft tissues in the area of soft tissue graft and collagen matrix transplantation. Thirty patients diagnosed with partial absence of teeth will be examined on the basis of the Department of Surgical Dentistry of the E.V. Borovsky Institute of Dentistry of I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University. Patients have a soft tissue thickness deficiency from the vestibular surface in the area of the planned dental implant placement in the esthetic zone of the maxilla, which is an indication for its increase. All patients will be randomly divided into two groups depending on method of soft tissue augmentation used. In 1 group (n=15) transplantation of a free connective tissue graft (CTG) from tuberosity area of the maxilla or palate is performed. In 2 group (n=15) collagen matrix "Fibro-Gide" will be used. According to gender and age characteristics, both groups will be comparable. Randomization of patients will be carried out at the stage of surgical intervention as follows: after a dental implant placement and preparation of recipient's bed, an envelope with a randomly assigned treatment method (using a connective tissue graft or a collagen matrix) will be opened.

During the operation, incision will be made along the top of the alveolar ridge within the defect; a full-thickness muco-periosteal flap will be elevated. Traditional 2-stage dental implantation is performed according to surgical protocols of dental implant systems Astra Tech (Dentsply Implants Manufacturing GmbH, Germany; registration in Russia 27.12.2019 No FSZ 2015/3214). A free connective tissue graft will be harvested in patients of the first group. Graft will be fixed with a horizontal U-shaped suture to the buccal muco-periosteal flap. In second patients group a fragment of the collagen matrix "Fibro-Gide" will be fixed to the buccal muco-periosteal flap (Geistlich Pharma AG, Bahnhofstrasse 40, 6110 Wolhusen, Switzerland; registration in Russia 19.08.2020 No FSZ - 20207/11765). For patients of all groups mobilization of the muco-periosteal flap conducts followed by suturing the wound tightly without tension with simple interrupted sutures.

Postoperative recommendations will include rinsing with 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash solution (Corsodyl, GlaxoSmithKline 77.99.11.915.Д.005285.07.03) twice a day for a week and receiving antibiotic (Amoxicillin + Clavulanic Acid, 1 g Amoxiclav, LEK, d.d., Slovenia, 22.07.2011, П N012124/01) twice a day for 5 days. To relieve pain, 100 mg of Nimesulide (Nise; Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd., India, 26.05.2009, П N012824/03) will be prescribed. The stage of the implant uncovering with hilling abutments installation is carried out 3 months after the intervention. At this stage, a soft tissue fragment will be taken using a mucotome in the area of the previously performed mucous membrane thickness increasing for subsequent histomorphometric analysis. In the study we will use both conventional light microscopy (microscopy in the light field) and polarizing microscopy - to estimate the content of collagen fibers in preparations stained with picrosirius red. During a morphometric study we will carry out a quantitative assessment of the characteristics of the epithelial layer, the basement membrane relative length (the ratio of the absolute length of the basement membrane to the length of the epithelial layer), the characteristics of the underlying connective tissue.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

1. The presence of written informed consent of the patient to participate in the study;
2. Age from 18 to 45 years;
3. The presence of an included defect in the esthetic zone part of maxilla with a sufficient volume of bone tissue;
4. Soft tissue thickness \<3 mm on the vestibular side;
5. Adjacent teeth without periodontal pathology, the depth of probing should not exceed 3 mm along the entire dentoalveolar furrow;
6. Satisfactory level of oral hygiene;
7. Patients without concomitant pathology or with concomitant pathology in the compensation stage.

Non-inclusion criteria:

1. Age less than 18 and more than 45 years;
2. Heavy smokers (more than 10 cigarettes a day);
3. Patients with somatic diseases in the stage of decompensation or in the stage of exacerbation;
4. Patients with malignant tumors, as well as patients with a history of radiation and chemotherapy over the past 5 years;
5. Taking medications that affect the healing of soft tissues (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, steroid drugs);
6. Pregnancy and breastfeeding;
7. Patients with mental disorders.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Patients with infections either periodontally or periapically, which developed after inclusion in the study;
2. Pregnancy following entrance into the study;
3. Patients having poor oral hygiene or not wanting to carry out oral hygiene measures;
4. Patients who, for one reason or another, could not complete the entire protocol to the end.