Comparison of HFNO and FMV on Desaturations During Panendoscopy Under General Anesthesia

Panendoscopy is a common procedure that requires deep and short anesthesia. The main challenge is the sharing of the airway between the anesthesia team and the surgical team. There are several methods to ensure oxygenation during this type of procedure: oro-tracheal intubation, jet ventilation, spontaneous ventilation anesthesia, apneic ventilation with intermittent face mask ventilation. There is no consensus regarding the best airway management technique for this procedure. Regardless of the method chosen to ensure oxygenation during this procedure, the risk of hypoxemia during desaturation episodes is significant.

However, the use of HFNO seems to show a prolongation of apnea time without desaturations (\< 90% SpO2) and seems to allow the performance of panendocoscopies.

In the Besançon University Hospital, since 2017, all panendoscopies are performed with HFNO. Before 2017, panendoscopies were performed under face mask ventilation. The main of the study hypothesis is that HFNO brought a gain in terms of safety, especially on the desaturation rate compared to face mask ventilation.

The investigators will carry out a quasi-experimental study comparing two periods. The first period concerns the years 2015-2016. It aims to study patients who had panendoscopies performed under FMV. The second period covers the years 2018-2019. It aims to study patients who had panendoscopies performed under HFNO.

The year 2017 is considered as the washout period necessary to avoid the learning effect of the HFNO introduced during that year.

Currently, there are several strategies to ensure oxygenation during this specific type of ENT management:

* Mechanical ventilation with oro-tracheal intubation (OTI)
* face mask ventilation (FMV)
* Jet ventilation
* HFNO Each of these methods has advantages and disadvantages, which explains why there are no clear recommendations to date on the preferred anesthesia and oxygenation technique. Regardless of the method chosen, the risks remain significant for the patient, particularly the risk of hypoxemia during a desaturation episode.

In 2017, HFNO was introduced for panendoscopies in the Besançon University Hospital. Before 2017, panendoscopies were mainly perfomed with intermittent face mask ventilation.

The objective of the study is to compare the FMV group (patients receiving panendoscopy and ventilated with FMV during 2015-2016) with the HFNO group (patients receiving panendoscopy and oxygenated with HFNO during 2018-2019) with respect to perprocedural hypoxemia (SpO2\<90% for more than 1 minute).

Secondary objectives are to compare complications, use of oro-tracheal intubation, and procedure duration between the two oxygenation methods.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* major patients receiving panendoscopy
* patients ventilated by face mask during the first period,
* patients receiving oxygen by HFNO during the second period

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patients receiving ventilatory strategy other than those selected by time period.
* Patients receiving panendoscopies performed with a method of oxygenation other than those defined in their period.