Achromobacter Xylosoxidans (ACHX) Infections

Data extraction from bacteriological laboratory of Martinique University hospital to determine the frequency and the distribution of nosocomial infections due to Achromobacter xylosoxidans (ACHX), an emerging multi-resistant environmental bacteria. The specific tropical environment and climatic conditions in Martinique may favor ACHX development and the investigators suppose that this new opportunistic pathogen can represent a danger for hospitalized patients. The aim of our study is to describe the most affected population and try to identify the main environmental sources of contamination.

In June 2016, a patient who developed a Staphylococcus aureus mediastinitis died of a superinfection by Achromobacter xylosoxidans. This germ is an hydrotelluric bacteria described as emergent and multi-resistant, involved in nosocomial infections. It is known to be responsible for severe nosocomial infections in immunocompromised individuals (endocarditis, bacteriemia, wound infections, pneumonia) associated with high morbidity and mortality but it is also able to infect immunocompetent patients. According to literature, it is capable of developing in antiseptic and disinfectant solutions due to the acquisition of resistance to these products. Moreover it has a great ability to form biofilms, resulting in major eradication difficulties, both on the environmental and clinical level.

Various environmental sources of contamination have been identified, including dental units water lines, dialysis water, nebulizers, reusable boxes of disinfectant wipes, siphons of patient's rooms, vials of heparin...

There is no evidence for the existence of a possible portage in humans, but ACHX has already been isolated from the intestine of a 3-month-old baby who has never received antibiotic treatment. On the other hand, this germ colonizes the respiratory system of patients with cystic fibrosis. The frequency of isolation in sputum of these patients is increasing for a decade for still unknown reasons. ACHX surgical site infections are rare and to our knowledge only two cases of ACHX mediastinitis have been reported in the literature to date, either because cases are indeed rare or because the high mortality rate restricts publications. The clinical case of our CHU caught our attention and the investigators contacted the laboratory of bacteriology to inquire about the existence of other cases of infection with this germ. The investigators have then seen that ACHX seems to evolve in low noise for more than 10 years in our hospital with about 10 cases of infection per year.

Also, the investigators wanted to learn more and propose a study articulated around two axes:

* An epidemiological axis, in which the investigators detail local epidemiology, calculate rates of impact and analyze their evolution over 10 years, identify the most affected units, identify the types of most common infections, identify a population at risk, study profiles of resistance of the isolated strains,
* An environmental axis with identification of potential sources after development of appropriate analytical methods.

The ultimate goal of this study is the protection of patients by the fight against ACHX nosocomial infections and other related germs, by preventive eradication methods of environmental sources once they have been identified. The investigators want to avoid a new fatal infection episode.

A research of ACHX natural reservoirs in Martinique is also conceivable subsequently, the hypothesis being that this germ, particularly greedy of heat and humidity, is very present in a tropical environment.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients hospitalized in Martinique University Hospital, Pierre Zobda Quitman site, from January 2006 to December 2016, with biological sample positive to ACHX

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patient hospitalized in another site...
* Patients hospitalized less than 48h before bacteriological analysis......