Comparative Study To Determine The Efficacy, Safety, And Tolerability Of Ceftolozane-Tazobactam

The goal of this clinical research study is to learn if the study drug ceftolozane-tazobactam is more effective in controlling febrile neutropenia (fever and low white blood cell counts) than using approved antibiotics in patients with cancer. The safety of ceftolozane-tazobactam will also be studied.

This is an investigational study. Ceftolozane-tazobactam is FDA approved and commercially available to treat certain types of infections. It is not approved for the treatment of febrile neutropenia, either by itself or in combination with other antibiotics. Its use to treat febrile neutropenia is investigational.

All other antibiotics given on this study are FDA approved and commercially available for the treatment of infections. However, only cefepime is specifically FDA approved to treat febrile neutropenia. The study doctor can explain how the study drugs are designed to work.

Up to 100 participants will take part in this study. All will be enrolled at MD Anderson.

Study Groups and Study Drug Administration:

If participant is found to be eligible to take part in this study and participant agrees, participant will be randomly assigned (as in the flip of a coin) to either receive either the study drug (Group 1) or a standard treatment antibiotic (Group 2). This is done because no one knows if one study group is better, the same, or worse than the other group. Both participant and the study doctor will know what participant is receiving.

If participant is in Group 1, participant will receive ceftolozane-tazobactam by vein over 1 hour every 8 hours.

If participant is in Group 2, participant will receive a standard treatment antibiotic. This may include one of the following 3 options:

cefepime by vein over about 30 minutes every 8 hours. meropenem by vein over about 30 minutes every 8 hours. piperacillin/tazobactam by vein over about 1 hour every 6 hours.

Participant will receive the study drugs by vein for at least 3 days. After 3 days, if the study doctor thinks it is in participant's best interest and participant is eligible, participant may switch to receiving a different antibiotic either by mouth or by vein. The study doctor will tell participant more about what antibiotic participant may begin to receive, how it is administered, and its possible risks. If participant begins taking the study drugs by mouth, the study doctor or study staff will tell participant how and when to take each drug.

If the doctor thinks it is needed, participant will be given additional standard drugs to help control the infection. Participant may ask the study staff for information about how the drugs are given and their risks.

Length of Study:

Participant may receive the study drugs for up to 14 days. Participant will no longer be able to receive the study drugs if the disease gets worse, if intolerable side effects occur, if participant needs treatment that is not allowed on this study, or if participant is unable to follow study directions.

Participation on this study will be over after the late follow-up visit.

Study Visits:

Participant will have the following tests/procedures while participant is in the hospital. If participant begins to take the study drugs by mouth, participant will no longer have these study visits.

Each day for up to 2 weeks, if the doctor thinks it is needed, blood (about 1 tablespoon) or urine will be collected for routine tests.

Every 2 days for up to 2 weeks, blood (about 1 tablespoon) will be drawn to check for infection. Participant will stop having these blood draws when there is no longer a sign of infection and participant does not have a fever.

Twice each week for up to 2 weeks, participant will have a physical exam.

Follow-Up:

Within 72 hours (3 days) after participant's last dose of participant's assigned study treatment and before starting the second antibiotic therapy (if applicable):

Participant will have a physical exam. Blood (about 1 tablespoon) and urine will be collected for routine tests. If participant tested positive for infection at the beginning of the study, blood (about 1 tablespoon) will be drawn to check for infection. The study doctor will tell participant if participant will have this blood draw.

About 21-28 days (3-4 weeks) after participant's first dose of study drug, participant will return to MD Anderson for the following tests/procedures:

Participant will have a physical exam. If participant tested positive for infection at the beginning of the study, blood (about 1 tablespoon) will be drawn to check for infection. The study doctor will tell participant if participant will have this blood draw.

If participant can become pregnant, blood (about 1 teaspoon) will be drawn for a pregnancy test.

About 35-42 days (5-6 weeks) after participant's first dose of study drug, a member of the study staff will call participant to ask about any new drugs participant may have started and if participant is having any side effects. If participant is called, it should last about 10 minutes. If the doctor or study staff thinks it is needed, participant will be asked to come back to the clinic for the following tests/procedures:

Participant will have a physical exam. If the doctor thinks it is needed, blood (about 1 tablespoon) will be drawn to check for infection.

At any of these follow-up visits, if participant's doctor thinks it is needed, participant will have a chest x-ray or CT scan to check participant's lungs.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Has provided written informed consent, and has the willingness and ability to comply with all study procedures
* Patients with neutropenic fever who have existing malignancy or have undergone hematopoietic stem cell transplantation; neutropenic fever is defined as the presence of neutropenia defined by: 1) absolute neutrophil count (ANC) \< 500 cells/mm\^3 or has an ANC that is expected to decrease to \< 500 cells/mm\^3 within 48 hours of trial entry and fever defined as: 2) single oral temperature measurement of \> 101 degree Fahrenheit (F) (38.3 degree Celsius \[C\]) or a temperature of \> 100.4 degree F (38.0 degree C) sustained over a 1-hour period
* Requires hospitalization for IV empiric antibiotic therapy
* If female: not breastfeeding; agrees to not attempt to become pregnant during the study; is surgically sterile or at least 2-years postmenopausal, or if of childbearing potential, has negative screening serum pregnancy test (if serum pregnancy test results are not available at the time of enrollment, a negative urine pregnancy test is required within 24 hours.); if of childbearing potential (including being \< 2 years postmenopausal), is willing to practice sexual abstinence or use an effective dual form of contraception with her partner (eg, 2 barrier methods, barrier method plus hormonal method) during treatment and for ≥ 28 days after the last dose of any study therapy (IV or oral)

Exclusion Criteria:

* History of any hypersensitivity or allergic reaction to any cephalosporin antibiotic or tazobactam
* Fever suspected to be caused by a noninfectious cause (eg, fever related to drug or blood product administration)
* Confirmed fungal infection (eg, Pneumocystis jirovecii etiology in patients with pneumonia) that justifies adding additional empiric antimicrobial therapy (eg, antifungals)
* Confirmed viral infection that justifies adding additional empiric antiviral therapy (eg, ganciclovir, foscarnet)
* Known acute viral hepatitis
* Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) or alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level \> 5 times the upper limit of normal (x ULN); patients with values \> 3 x ULN and \< 5 x ULN are eligible if the value is acute and directly related to the infectious process being treated
* Total bilirubin \> 3 x ULN unless isolated hyperbilirubinemia is directly related to the acute infection or due to known Gilbert disease; manifestations of end-stage liver disease, such as ascites or hepatic encephalopathy
* Known to be human immunodeficiency virus positive
* Severely impaired renal function, defined as creatinine clearance (CrCl) =\< 30 mL/min estimated by the Cockcroft-Gault formula
* Expected requirement for hemodialysis while on study therapy
* Received \> 24 hours of IV antibacterial therapy (with study drugs) within 72 hours of the initiation of inpatient IV study drug for treatment of suspected infection; antibiotic prophylaxis and oral antibiotics is allowed; prophylactic use of antiviral or antifungal medication is permitted
* Requirement for any non-study potentially effective concomitant systemic antibacterial therapy
* Past or current history of epilepsy or seizure disorder; exception: well-documented febrile seizure of childhood
* Evidence of immediately life-threatening disease, progressively fatal disease, or life expectancy of 3 months or less (eg, moribund or with shock unresponsive to fluid replacement)
* Unable or unwilling to adhere to the study-specified procedures and restrictions
* Any condition that would make the patient, in the opinion of the investigator, unsuitable for the study (eg, would place a patient at risk or compromise the quality of the data
* Participation in any other ongoing ceftolozane/tazobactam trial