The Current Status and Clinical Outcomes of Patients With Cardiogenic Shock II

The investigation of patient characteristics and prognostic factors of the patients presented with cardiogenic shock (CS) will guide us to identify the better management strategy for these critically ill patients. Mechanical circulatory support (MCS) may improve the prognosis of some of severe subset of CS patients. The better understanding of the indications of initiation and weaning of MCS will improve the prognosis of critically ill CS patients.

Patients presented with cardiogenic shock (CS) still have a very poor prognosis with high in-hospital mortality even in current era of medical practice. Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) complicated by CS has been associated with is an in-hospital survival of around 50% historically. Recent development of mechanical circulatory support (MCS) showed a better survival in the patients who would have been associated with a very high mortality in conventional medical treatment. Still the most of the management strategy for this critically ill patient subset is empirical and mostly not based on scientific evidence. There have been few randomized controlled trials and well-designed registries have been rare.

Recent randomized controlled trial, IABP SHOCK II trial showed that use of IABP did not improve survival in CS patients complicating AMI. With the FDA approval of Impella in CS patients, a powerful new tool has become available for hemodynamic support. Impella is a transcatheter axial flow pump, delivered percutaneous, with the ability to provide 2.5 to 4.0 liters/minute of forward flow. In some countries where Impella is not available, extracorporeal membrane oxygenator (ECMO) has been widely used in patients with cardiac arrest or CS. ECMO is equipped with an oxygenator and may be more beneficial in the patients with cardiac and pulmonary failure. Impella is a more physiological device that does not compete with native blood flow. However, there is little data available to providers as to the best practice patterns associated with the delivery and use of mechanical circulatory devices in CS patients, furthermore, no data regarding CS patients originated by non-ischemic and post-cardiotomy situation as an etiology of cardiogenic shock.

Around 20 years ago, it is conducted CS registry and then, Cardshock registry launched in 2010 and enrolled only 219 patients. Well-designed large scale registries of CS patients are scarce. Recently, the investigators conducted retrospective and prospective registry of patient with cardiogenic shock (RESCUE I registry) and just finished to enroll 1247 patients from 12 centers in Korea between January 2014 and December 2018. ECMO device was used in 496 patients (40%) and IABP was used in 298 patients (24%). The registry is under analysis to investigate clinical characteristics and predictors of in-hospital mortality. The major weakness of RESCUE I registry are ;1) major proportion of the patients were enroll retrospectively, 2) the etiology of shock was not well defined, and most of enrolled population were of ischemic etiology, 3) the variables in the case record form was not systematically structured. Based on the RESCUE I registry, the investigators would like to launch RESCUE II registry as an prospective registry with well-defined subgroups of ischemic, myocardial, post-cardiotomy etiologies, and more systematically arranged variables based on prospective protocols or guidelines of management based on RESCUE I registry.

The investigators believe that the differences of races, management, and difference types of MCS can influence the outcomes of CS patients, but still there were no evidence. Mayo clinic is one of the top medical centers of excellence with experiences and science in the field of critically ill patients. The collaboration of Mayo Clinic team and RESCUE research team in Korea will be quite synergistic by sharing their knowledge and experience in the management and research in this filed.

The ultimate goal of RESCUE II is to develop the evidence-based medicine for the patients with cardiogenic shock by bringing experienced centers together across the 2 nations who are experts in mechanical circulatory support devices as well as the medical management in critically ill CS patients. The investigators aim to find optimal monitoring strategy, medical management, as well as best protocols for the application of mechanical circulatory support.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* 19 years old or older
* Cardiogenic shock is defined as the presence of the following:

  1. Systolic blood pressure is less than 90mmHg for more than 30 minutes despite the fluid therapy, or the use of pressure boosting agents to maintain the systolic blood pressure more than 90 mmHg.
  2. Peripheral hypoperfusion (cold skin, urine less than 30 cc per hour, impaired consciousness, lactate ≥2.0 mmol/l) or a person with pulmonary edema.
* Causes of cardiogenic shock include ischemic (acute myocardial infarction or ischemic cardiomyopathy, shock during cardiac intervention), myocardial (end-stage heart failure, myocarditis), post-cardiotomy shock, cardiac tamponade, or pulmonary thromboembolism.
* Those voluntarily consenting to the medical records and the data necessary for the study during the entire study period.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Other causes except for cardiogenic shock: septic shock, cardiac arrest by serious ventricular arrhythmia not related to the myocardial ischemia or heart failure
* Shock with unwitnessed cardiac arrest outside the hospital
* Severe non-cardiac morbidity with expected survival less than 6 months (malignancy, respiratory failure)
* Those who refused active treatment