Seizure Activity in Alzheimer's Disease

The main purpose of this research project is to study how seizure-like activity affects the blood flow in the brain of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Changes in blood flow can change memory and thinking ability, as happens in Alzheimer's disease. The investigators are using a study drug called Levetiracetam, which helps control seizure-like activity to see if it can help change the abnormal blood flow in the brain that is seen in some people with Alzheimer's disease.

Subjects will make four separate visits to BIDMC. Subject will come to the Clinical Research Center. All of the visits will take around 5 hours apiece.

If subjects agree to be in this study, subjects will be asked to read and sign the consent form. After subjects sign the consent form, the following things will happen:

1. Screening Procedures: Screening procedures are tests and procedures that will be done to determine if subjects are eligible to take part in the research study. For this research study, the screening procedures include:

   * A thorough medical history. Investigators will ask if subjects have any medical problems. Investigators will ask about subjects Alzheimer's disease and if they have had any seizures.
   * A physical examination. Investigators will take your blood pressure and your heart rate. They will examine your heart and lungs and take your height and weight
   * Investigators will also assess the subject's nervous system. Investigators will examine subject's speech, memory, strength, coordination, and reflexes.
   * Investigators will ask you to take some paper and pencil tests. This will help us to understand your memory and mood
   * Subjects will have a blood test to check how your kidneys are functioning.

   Subjects may have already had some of these tests done by their doctor when they were diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease.

   The information we learned will help to decide whether subjects could join the study. Investigators will explain the reason if they decide subjects should not join the study. Our decision does NOT mean that subjects have a health problem or disorder .
2. Randomization Procedures: Investigators will meet with one of the study doctors if subjects continue in the study. The study doctor will explain to subjects when they are expected to come to the research center for study testing or to take the study drug. Subjects will come to the BIDMC Clinical Research Center for three visits. These visits will occur within one month.

   All study participants will receive the same study drugs over the three (3) visits.
   * Subjects will receive levetiracetam, the study drug, in a low dose, 2.5 milligrams for each kilogram of body weight, at one visit.
   * Subjects will receive levetiracetam, the study drug, in a high dose, 7.5 milligrams for each kilogram of body weight, at one visit.
   * Subjects will receive a placebo at one visit.

   A placebo is an inactive injection that looks like the study drug, but a placebo contains no active medication. In this study, the placebo is a saline (sterile salt water) injection.

   Sometimes study results are truly due to the study medication. Sometimes the study results are not due to the study medication. Investigators are using a placebo to help us understand the reason for the results in this study.

   The order of the above visits will not be the same for all study participants. There are six different orders to receive the study drugs. For example, subjects could receive the placebo at the first visit, the high dose of levetiracetam at the second visit, and the low dose of levetiracetam at the third visit. Another example is that subjects could receive the low dose at the first visit, the placebo at the second visit, and the high dose at the third visit.

   Deciding the order in which you get the study drugs will be done by to a method called "randomization." Randomization means that a computer will assign patients to study drugs in a random manner, like flipping a coin. Another way to say randomization is "by chance." When you flip a coin, you get heads or tails by chance. The chance of getting any dose of study drug or placebo is about equal. After the randomization, Subjects will be assigned to get one study drug or placebo at each visit. Subjects will not be able to choose which study drug you will get at each visit.

   Subjects will not know which study drug dose or placebo will be given at a visit. The study doctor will not know which study drug dose or placebo will be given at a visit. The study doctor can find out this information quickly if there is an emergency.
3. Research Procedures: Subjects will come to the BIDMC Clinical Research Center three times if they continue in this study. A member of the study team will meet subjects when they arrive. Subjects will first have an intravenous catheter (also called an IV) put into a vein. A nurse will check blood pressure and heart rate. Subjects will have a brief physical exam and a nervous system exam by a doctor

   Subjects will then have an electroencephalogram (EEG). An EEG gives investigators information about the nervous system - specifically the brain. Subjects will have their scalp cleaned with alcohol and small discs - called electrodes - placed on the scalp using gel. Then the head will be will be wrapped with gauze to. keep the discs from moving. The discs will be attached by wires to an EEG machine. The EEG machine will be at the bedside and will give investigators information about the electrical activity in the brain. Subjects will need to lie quietly with eyes closed during the one hour that the EEG machine is attached. Investigators will clean the gel from hair and skin when the EEG is over.

   Investigators will give subjects either levetiracetam -- the study drug -- or placebo while subjects are having EEG. Investigators will give subjects the study drug or placebo through the intravenous catheter ("IV") in the arm. This will take around 20 to 30 minutes. The subjects nurse will take the subject's blood pressure and heart rate two times while the study drug is being given to the subject and again after it is finished. The subject will note any side effects they have during this time and after.

   Subjects will then review what will happen during the MRI scan with the Investigator. The MRI study will be conducted at the Magnetic Resonance Imaging Center of the Department of Radiology at the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center.

   The MRI is a method of taking pictures of the brain and of the blood flow in the brain, using a large magnet and radio signals. Subjects will be asked to lie down on a platform that can be slid into the magnet. An MRI imaging coil, which is made from special wires that are covered in plastic, will be placed around the head. Foam pads will be placed around the head to limit head movement during the scan. During the scan, subjects will be asked to lie still on their back for about 45 to 60 minutes. They will hear a loud knocking or hammering noise while the MRI is taking pictures, but the process itself will be painless. They will be given disposable earplugs to use to help lessen the noise. During the procedure, subjects will be in constant contact with the MRI technician through an intercom. If at any time during the scan you feel too uncomfortable to continue, no matter what the reason, the study will be immediately stopped and subjects will be removed from the magnet (MRI Scanner).

   Subjects will return to the Clinical Research Center after the MRI. They will take a few pencil-and-paper tests for about one hour. These tests will tell the investigator about memory and mood. They will also learn about your attention skills. Investigators will also learn about the subjects= language skills and "handedness" (a tendency to favor right or left hand).

   As the medication (levetiracetam) may make the subject drowsy, they will not be able to drive. Someone will need to accompany them to and from the hospital for the three study visits.

   The second and third study visits will have the same sequence of events.

   SUMMARIES

   Here is a summary of the Screening Visit

   Screening visit / informed consent Review your medical history. Brief physical and neurological exam. Paper and pencil tests. Blood drawn to check the functioning of kidneys. Review and sign the informed consent form.

   Here are summaries of the three Study Visits

   Visit One

   :

   Vital signs. 2 minutes Brief physical and neurological exam. 10 minutes An intravenous catheter placed in your arm. 5 minutes EEG. 60 minutes Intravenous dose of the medication, levetiracetam, or placebo. 20 minutes MRI scan. 60 minutes Paper and pencil tests. 60 minutes

   Study Visit Two: (This visit will occur one to two (1-2 )weeks after Study Visit One)

   Vital signs. 2 minutes Brief physical and neurological exam. 10 minutes Intravenous catheter placed in your arm. 5 minutes EEG. 60 minutes Intravenous dose of the medication, levetiracetam, or placebo. 20 minutes MRI scan. 60 minutes Paper and pencil tests. 60 minutes

   Study Visit Three: (This visit will occur one to two (1-2 )weeks after Study Visit Two)

   Vital signs. 2 minutes Physical and neurological exam. 10 minutes Intravenous catheter placed in your arm. 5 minutes EEG. 60 minutes Intravenous dose of the medication, levetiracetam, or placebo. 20 minutes MRI scan. 60 minutes Paper and pencil tests. 60 minutes

   Each visit will take a total of approximately 5 hours. This includes the time for the EEG, MRI imaging and neuropsychological tests. Subjects will be allowed time to rest between activities on a bed if they become tired. The CRC staff will serve lunch.
4. Monitoring/Follow-Up Procedures. Procedures performed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of the research procedures are called "monitoring" or "follow-up" procedures. Subject follow-up procedure will be a phone call from the study doctor one week after the third visit. They will ask if any side effects from the study or study medication occurred

Timing: If subjects are enrolled into the study following the initial screening visit, each of the three study visits will be separated by 2-3 week intervals. Therefore, the entire study will last approximately 6-9 weeks.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Meets the NINCDS-ADRDA criteria for probable Alzheimer's disease
* Mild AD (MMSE ≥ 20)
* Age \>= 50 years
* English as first language

Exclusion Criteria:

* A history of seizures prior to the onset of AD
* Familial Alzheimer's Disease due to known genetic mutations
* Current use of an antiepileptic medication
* Current use of a medication known to lower seizure threshold (e.g. bupropion or a neuroleptic)
* Presence of parkinsonism
* Significant cerebrovascular disease
* Other Central Nervous System disease (e.g. stroke, severe traumatic brain injury)
* Major depression or other psychiatric or behavioral disorders (psychosis, agitation)
* Medical contraindication to MRI (e.g. pacemaker, intraocular or intracranial metallic objects)
* Severe claustrophobia or inability to lie flat for MRI
* Known allergy to levetiracetam, or history of previous adverse reaction to levetiracetam
* Serum creatinine \>= 2
* A score of \>9 on the Geriatric Depression Scale