Aerobic Exercise in Primary Sjögren's Syndrome

The purpose of this sudy is to investigate the effects of a regular aerobic exercise on aerobic capacity, fatigue, depression, quality of life, perception of symptoms and disease activity in women with pSS.

This study is a randomized controlled trial. 45 women with primary Sjögren's syndrome diagnosed according to the American European Consensus Criteria (VITALI et al, 2002) and age ≤ 65 years-old will be included. Patients, in blocks of four, will be allocated to treatment group (TG) or control group (CG) by simple randomization according to drawing lots.

Treatment group (TG): subjects will be submitted to a supervised walking, 3 times a week for 16 weeks, by one physiotherapist and one physical education student who alternated weekly. The heart rate of the patients will be registered with a pulse watch (Polar® A1, Kempele, Finland) at the beginning, in the intermediate time and at the final of effective walking time. The general exertion was rated on the Borg RPE 0-10 (ratings of perceived exertion) scale in the intermediate time and at the final of effective walking time. Each training session will be preceded by a warm-up period, where patients will be instructed to walk freely and slowly for 5 minutes, followed by 20 to 50 minutes of effective walking when they will be instructed to maintain their paces to achieve the target heart rate and ending by a cold-up period for 5 minutes (similar to warm-up period).

The exercise prescription will be based on the heart rate at the anaerobic threshold determined at the initial assessment according previous studies with patients with fibromyalgia (VALIM et al, 2002; VALIM et al, 2003; ASSIS et al, 2006) and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (CARVALHO et al, 2005), which demonstrated that ventilatory anaerobic threshold oxygen uptake, although used less than VO2max, is also a good physical fitness indicator, and it has the advantage of not being maximum effort dependent. It seems to be more influenced by training than VO2max and represents a safer intensity for exercise, thus decreasing the risk of lesions and constituting an important measure for prescription of exercise. As there is no previous studies using spiroergometric test in pSS and fatigue is very similar to fibromyalgia and lupus patients, we believe pSS performance in treadmill test and training is probably the same. The increment of intensity exercise will be based on time: 30 in the first 2 weeks, adding 5 minutes per week until eighth week, completing 60 minutes, which remains until the end.

Control group (CG): subjects randomized to control group will not participate of the walking exercise initially, but after completing 16 weeks they will be invited to participate of the training group.

Clinical outcomes:

* Fatigue: Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy Fatigue Subscale (FACIT-Fatigue) (WEBSTER et al, 1999; WEBSTER et al, 2003)
* Depression: Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) (BECK et al, 1961; GORESTEIN and ANDRADE, 1996).
* Perception of pSS's symptoms: EULAR Sjögren's Syndrome Patient Reported Index (ESSPRI) (SEROR et al, 2011, PAGANOTTI et al, 2012; PAGANOTTI et al, 2013).
* Disease activity: EULAR Sjögren's Syndrome Disease Activity Index (ESSDAI) (SEROR et al, 2010; SERRANO et al, 2013).
* Quality of life: Medical Outcomes Study 36 (SF-36) (CICONELLI et al, 1999) and World Health Organization Quality of Life Instrument - Abbreviated version (WHOQOL-bref) (The Whoqol Group, 1998; FLERCK et al, 2000).
* All patients will be submitted to interview to evaluate fatigue, depression and perception of pSS's symptoms prior to intervention (T0), after 8 weeks (T1) and after 16 weeks (T2). Quality of life and disease activity will be evaluated prior to intervention (T0) and after 16 weeks (T2). Patient global assessment of response to therapy (PGART) on a 5-point scale (1 _ much better, 2 _ better, 3 _ slightly better, 4 _ no change, and 5 _ worse).

Physical fitness outcomes:

Aerobic capacity will be evaluated by spiroergometric test. A computerized metabolic system is used to analyze the data obtained breath by breath. The following outcomes of physical fitness are obtained: peak oxygen uptake (peak VO2), peak heart rate and maximum heart rate at the anaerobic threshold. Anaerobic threshold are considered the mean value of 2 blinded investigators' independent readings. Considering that patients with pSS do not achieve a maximum effort, the anaerobic threshold is the main measure of aerobic fitness (VALIM et al, 2002; VALIM et al, 2003; ASSIS et al, 2006).

All the patients will be underwent an increasing load protocol on the treadmill, with a maximum duration of 13 minutes (VALIM et al, 2002; FAIRSHTER et al, 1983). Beginning with a warm-up period of 3 minutes at 3 km/h and increasing 1 km/h each minute until 7 km/h, at this moment 2,5% inclination is added until 15% in the 13º minute.

All patients will be evaluated prior to intervention (T0) and after 16 weeks (T2).

Statistics:

An intent-to-treat analysis will be performed, using the last-observation-carried-forward method. A level of significance of P\<0.05 (2-tailed tests) will be accepted for the trial. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test will be used to determine whether data will be normally or non-normally distributed. For normally distributed data, the dependent variables will be analyzed using a 2 per 3 repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). The independent variables in all analyses is group (TG versus CG; between subjects factors) and time (baseline, 8 weeks, and 16 weeks; within subjects factors). Independent sample t-tests will be used in the between-groups comparison of the change scores at midline and treatment completion, when interaction time x group was significant. A 95% confidence interval (95% CI) will be used. Friedman's test will be used for non-normally distributed variables, as an equivalent of ANOVA. Wilcoxon's signed rank test will be used to analyze the difference between times separated by group when the change score was non-normally distributed. Fisher's exact test and chisquare test will be used to determine differences in rates of improvement between the 2 groups. Pearson's and Spearman's correlation coefficients will be used. Multiple linear regression and chi-square tests will be used to analyze the association between the amount of physical fitness improvement and outcome measures. The agreement between heart rate and ratings of perceived exertion during the training will be analyzed by Intraclass Correlation Coefficient.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* female gender and age ≤ 65 years-old
* pSS diagnosed according to the American European Consensus Criteria (VITALI et al, 2002)
* corporal mass index \< 40.

Exclusion Criteria:

* use of beta-blocker therapy;
* severe manifestations on pulmonary, renal, neurologic or musculoskeletal system (from the disease or not);
* limiting or hindering their ability to walking performance
* those who had performed regular physical activity in the 6 weeks before trial.