Improving Tobacco Treatment Rates for Outpatient Cancer Patients Who Smoke

The main purpose of this research study is to evaluate the effectiveness of "nudges" to clinicians, to patients, or to both in increasing Tobacco Use Treatment Service (TUTS) referral and engagement; and to explore clinician, patient, inner setting (e.g., clinic), and outer setting (e.g., payment structures) mechanisms related to TUTS referral and engagement. The investigators will employ rapid-cycle approaches to optimize the framing of nudges to clinicians and patients prior to initiating the trial and mixed methods to explore contextual factors and mechanisms.

The investigators will conduct a four-arm pragmatic cluster randomize clinical trial to test the effectiveness of nudges to clinicians, nudges to patients, or nudges to both in increasing TUTS referral and engagement in cancer patients who smoke, vs. usual care (UC). The investigators hypothesize that each of the implementation strategy arms will significantly increase TUTS referral and engagement compared to UC and that the combination of nudges to clinicians and to patients will be the most effective.

Continued tobacco smoking negatively impacts survival among patients with cancer. Routinely delivered evidence-based tobacco use treatment (TUT) would minimize cancer-specific and all-cause mortality, reduce treatment-related toxicity, and improve quality of life. About 50% of cancer patients who smoked prior to their diagnosis continue to smoke after diagnosis and during treatment. The National Comprehensive Cancer Network, American Society of Clinical Oncology, and American Association for Cancer Research, call for implementation of TUT within oncology care. In 2015, TUT received an "A" recommendation from the US Preventive Services Task Force, given the high level of certainty of resulting benefit. The approval specifically focused on clinicians asking all adults about smoking, prescribing FDA-approved cessation medications for smokers, and offering appropriate behavioral interventions.

Despite the importance of TUT, only half of cancer centers consistently identify patient tobacco use, and few cancer centers employ systematic mechanisms to refer patients to evidence-based cessation services. Acknowledging this gap, the National Cancer Institute (NCI) launched the Cancer Center Cessation Initiative (C3I) as part of the Moonshot to help centers develop effective ways to identify and engage patients who smoke. Penn ISC3 MPI Dr. Schnoll was a member of the NCI advisory board that developed this initiative, and Penn Medicine's Abramson Cancer Center (ACC) was in the first funded cohort. Because clinician expertise in TUT is a known barrier, the initial strategy used an automatic "default" electronic medical record (EMR) referral to the ACC Tobacco Use Treatment Service (TUTS). Engagement increased, but clinicians turned off the default 60% of the time, implicating additional important barriers to change.

This study aims to produce dramatic change within oncology by refining and testing implementation strategies informed by behavioral economics. The investigators' work has identified specific cognitive biases among clinicians and patients that prevent TUTS referral and engagement, including clinician pessimism regarding the ability to help patients stop using tobacco, misconceptions about patient resistance to treatment, and implicit biases regarding the capacity for patients to volitionally alter the course of illness. These motivators are related to clinician willingness to invest effort in help giving and may prevent acquisition of new knowledge and skills. From the patient perspective, several studies identify unique challenges that individuals with cancer face when engaging in tobacco cessation efforts, including low self-efficacy, low perceived benefits of quitting, and perceived risk of treatment. Thus, this study focuses on addressing these barriers, in a pragmatic and innovative way, to increase TUTS referral and engagement in cancer care.

The investigators' objectives are to evaluate the effectiveness of "nudges" to clinicians, to patients, or to both in increasing in TUTS referral and engagement; and to explore clinician, patient, inner setting (e.g., clinic), and outer setting (e.g., payment structures) mechanisms related to TUTS referral and engagement. The investigators will employ rapid-cycle approaches to optimize the framing of nudges to clinicians and patients prior to initiating the trial and mixed methods to explore contextual factors and mechanisms.

The investigators will conduct this study with at least 100 clinicians and at least 900 smokers across Penn Medicine's ACC (the clinician sample size may increase with additional clinicians joining Penn and the patient sample size may be higher given the pragmatic design and delay between determination of eligibility \[i.e., patient smokes\] and nudge delivery at a subsequent visit). They expect the study to yield essential insights into the effectiveness of nudges as an implementation strategy to speed the uptake of high value evidence-based TUT within cancer care, and to advance the understanding of the multilevel contextual factors that drive response to these strategies. These results will lay the foundation for how cancer care settings can ensure that patients with cancer who smoke are engaged with evidence-based TUT and may lead to a future R01 focused on scaling-up this approach across other cancer centers involved in the C3I.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

Clinician participants must meet the following criteria for inclusion:

1. Currently in practice at an Implementation Lab site (UPHS)
2. Prescribing authority in Pennsylvania (i.e., physician, nurse practitioner, physician assistant)
3. Cared for at least 1 tobacco-using patient in 30 days prior to recruitment
4. English-speaking (messages will be in English)

Patient participants must be diagnosed with cancer and report current tobacco smoking (as assessed by an by any staff collecting vital signs or initially rooming the patients such as nurses, front desk staff, MAs, nursing assistants or technicians during an Index Visit). Patients are considered in the analyzable dataset after their Index Visit and after they have a clinic visit with a clinician in the study at which point a nudge may have been delivered (see steps below).

The process by which patients become eligible for inclusion involves a 3-step algorithm employed in the EMR:

Step 1 - All patients seeking care within the participating Abramson Cancer Center programs are screened for tobacco use status in order to ascertain relevance to the project (i.e., tobacco exposure). This screening encounter need not be a visit with a clinician who is in the cluster randomization.

Step 2 - This step occurs at the first visit with a clinician within the cluster randomization. Note that this might be the same encounter in which screening occurs, but does not have to be. At this visit, all patients identified as current smokers are assigned a hidden (i.e., system) variable, the value of which is based on the clinician they are scheduled to meet during that visit (i.e., cluster membership).

Step 3 - The logic is engaged at the next (third in series) visit, wherein the system variable is used to guide the intervention based on the clinician's cohort. There must be this visit to permit the delivery of the nudges (or not, if in usual care arm). The primary outcome is clinician referral for tobacco cessation through the EHR at this visit. Thus, patients eligible for this study are only those who are screened (and positive for tobacco use) and have completed the two visits in their randomly assigned cluster (clinician clusters are the unit of randomization) during the study period.

Outcomes are assessed at the patient level.