The ADAPT Study: Use of Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate for Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP)

Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a method of preventing HIV infection through the use of antiretroviral (ARV) medications before exposure to HIV. This study will examine the feasibility of different methods of dosing for a PrEP regimen. Three methods of delivery will be compared: daily, time-based, and event-based.

No single strategy for the prevention of HIV has emerged as consistently used and successful, so multiple strategies have been developed. PrEP involves delivering ARV medications to people before they are exposed to HIV, in order to prevent infection. The optimal method of delivering PrEP has not yet been determined. This study will examine the feasibility of delivering PrEP in three methods. Daily dosing involves receiving ARV medications every day; time-driven dosing involves receiving ARV medications twice weekly plus a post-exposure dose; and event-driven dosing involves receiving ARV medications before and after a potential exposure to HIV. The ARV medication that will be used in this study is a combination pill that contains emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (FTC/TDF). Recent research studies have shown that, if taken consistently, a daily oral dose of FTC/TDF can reduce the risk of HIV infection.

This study will enroll HIV-uninfected men who have sex with men and transgender women (MSM/TGW) and women who have sex with men (WSM). Participation will last 34 weeks. All participants will be given a combination pill that contains FTC/TDF. For the first 5 weeks, all participants will come to the study clinic weekly to receive a single dose of FTC/TDF.

At Week 6, participants will be randomly assigned to one of three groups. In the daily dosing group, participants will take FTC/TDF once a day. In the time-dosing group, participants will take FTC/TDF twice per week and another dose after sexual intercourse (a post-exposure dose). In the event-dosing group, participants will take FTC/TDF before and after sexual intercourse. During this part of the study, participants will be given FTC/TDF to take on their own. Every week, from Week 6 to Week 29, study officials will call to ask questions about how many pills participants have taken and when they have had sexual intercourse. Participants will also complete computer-assisted self-interviews (CASIs).

Study visits will occur at enrollment, once a week for the first 5 weeks, and then once a month until Week 34. Assessment will include recording of medical history, completing an interview about sexual practices and background, and collection of blood, urine, and hair samples. Select study visits will include vaginal practices assessment (including use of lubricants and vaginal cleansing practices), family planning assessments (for women), and sex hormones assessments (for men).

Participants who acquire HIV infection during the study will discontinue study product. These participants will continue to be followed after enrollment at Weeks 4, 6, 10, 14, 18, 22, 26, 30, and every 12 weeks thereafter, as appropriate, until the last study participant completes follow-up at the study site. Participants whose first reactive HIV rapid test is at Week 34 who are later confirmed to be HIV infected will also be followed every 12 weeks after their Week 30 visit until the last study participant completes follow-up at the study site. Participants who acquire HIV infection during the study will undergo select protocol procedures and will receive counseling and referrals for HIV treatment.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Literacy in one of the study languages (Thai, Xhosa, and/or English)
* Able to provide written informed consent
* Able to provide weekly telephonic updates
* Within 70 days of enrollment:

  1. Serum creatinine less than or equal to the upper limit of normal (ULN) and calculated creatinine clearance of at least 70 mL/min by the Cockcroft-Gault formula. More information on this criterion can be found in the protocol.
  2. Serum phosphate greater than or equal to the lower limit of normal (LLN)
  3. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) less than or equal to 2 times ULN
  4. Hemoglobin greater than 10 g/dL
  5. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-negative
  6. Willing and able to provide adequate locator information

Inclusion Criteria for MSM/TGW:

* Male at birth
* Reporting anal intercourse and/or receptive neovaginal intercourse with at least one man or transgender woman in the past 6 months
* One or more of the following risk factors for HIV acquisition in the past 6 months according to self-report: sexual intercourse with more than one man or transgender woman; history of an acute sexually transmitted infection (STI); sex in exchange for money, goods, or favors; condomless intercourse (oral, anal, vaginal, or neovaginal) with a partner known to be HIV-infected or of unknown HIV infection status according to self report

Inclusion Criteria for Women Who Have Sex With Men (WSM):

* Female at birth or self identify as female
* Not pregnant or breastfeeding
* Not able to or not intending to become pregnant during the next year
* If able to become pregnant, self reported use of an effective method of contraception at Enrollment, and intending to use an effective method for the next 34 weeks
* One or more of the following risk factors for HIV acquisition in the past 6 months according to self report: sexual intercourse with more than one man; history of an acute STI; sex in exchange for money, goods or favors; condomless intercourse (oral, anal, or vaginal) with a partner known to be HIV-infected or of unknown HIV infection status

Exclusion Criteria:

* Proteinuria 2+ or greater at screening
* Glucosuria 2+ or greater at screening
* Serious and active medical or mental illness
* One or both HIV rapid tests is reactive at screening or enrollment, regardless of subsequent HIV diagnostic test results
* Signs or symptoms suggestive of acute HIV infection
* Use of hypoglycemic agents for diabetes or agents with known nephrotoxic potential
* Use of ARV therapy (e.g., for post-exposure prophylaxis \[PEP\] or PrEP) in the 90 days prior to study entry
* Serum phosphate level below site laboratory LLN
* Current participation (or participation within 3 months of screening) in any HIV prevention study
* Previous or current participation in the active arm of an HIV vaccine trial
* Acute or chronic hepatitis B (HBV) infection (refers to chronic active HBV infection evidenced by a positive test for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)
* Presence of a psychological or social condition or an addictive disorder that would preclude compliance with the protocol
* Any other reason or condition that in the opinion of the investigator would interfere with participation, complicate interpretation of study outcome data, or otherwise interfere with achieving the study objectives