PHARES Study: Management of Resistant Hypertension

The purpose of this study is to assess the efficacy of two different treatment regimens for treating resistant hypertension previously uncontrolled with at least 3 antihypertensive treatments. The study hypothesis is that these two regimens (one based on increasing diuretics and the other based on increasing renin angiotensin system blockage) may not differ in terms of efficacy.

Tested hypothesis: For essential resistant hypertension, a new regimen based on intensive RAS blockage is non inferior to the recommended regimen based on intensive sodium depletion.

Primary objective: To demonstrate non-inferiority (i.e difference between the two regimen less than 5 mmHg for the mean day-time SBP at week 12)

* One treatment arm including irbesartan 300 mg, hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) 12.5mg, amlodipine 5 mg, ramipril 10mg and bisoprolol 10 mg
* One treatment arm including irbesartan 300 mg, HCTZ 12.5mg, amlodipine 5 mg, spironolactone 25 mg, furosemide 40 mg and amiloride 5 mg.

Secondary objectives:

* To assess clinical and biological safety and efficacy of these regimen
* To evaluate predicted factors of controlled or uncontrolled BP
* To evaluate compliance to treatment
* To compare the cost of the different strategies
* To compare the two strategies in terms of endothelial function and left ventricular diastolic filling

Study design:

* Period 1 from week-4 to week 0 : 4-week treatment for all patients with irbesartan 300 mg, HCTZ 12.5mg, amlodipine 5 mg. At the end of this period, an ABPM will be performed: only patients with a mean day time SBP\>135 and/or DBP\>85 mmHg will be randomized for a further 3 months treatment
* Period 2 from week 0 to week 4: patients will be randomized in two groups, the first one receiving spironolactone 25mg and the second one receiving ramipril 5 mg as add-on therapy (on top of the previous tri-therapy).
* Period 3 from week 4 to week 8: Patients with BP controlled at week 4 (i.e mean home blood pressure measurement (HBPM) \<135/85 mmHg at week 4) remain on the same treatment. For those uncontrolled (i.e. mean HBPM \>135/85 mmHg at week 4), furosemide 20 mg will be added in the first group and ramipril will be titrated to 10 mg in the second group
* Period 4 from week 8 to week 10: Patients with BP controlled at week 8 (i.e. mean HBPM \<135/85 mmHg at week 8) remain on the same treatment. For those uncontrolled (i.e. mean HBPM \>135/85 mmHg at week 8), furosemide will be titrated to 40 mg in the first group and bisoprolol 5 mg will be added in the second group.
* Period 5 from week 10 to week 12 (end of the study): Patients with BP controlled at week 10 (i.e mean HBPM \<135/85 mmHg at week 10) remain on the same treatment. For those uncontrolled (i.e mean HBPM \> 135/85 mmHg at week 10), amiloride 5 mg will be added to the previous treatment in the first group and bisoprolol will be titrated to 10 mg in the second group.

Reasons for treatment discontinuation:

* Patient decision
* Informed consent withdrawal
* SBP\>180 mmHg or \<100 mmHg (HBPM) whatever the time during the trial
* Adverse events related to treatment or not

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Primary hypertension
* Resistant hypertension defined by mean day-time SBP \> 135 mmHg and DBP \> 85 mmHg (determined with ABPM device) after a standardized 4-week regimen including irbesartan, amlodipine and HCTZ.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Secondary hypertension
* Unstable angina, history of stroke or coronary heart disease (coronary by-pass or angioplasty) in the previous 3 months
* History of cough with ACEi or gynecomastia with antialdosterones
* Heart failure (New York Heart Association \[NYHA\] III-IV)
* Contraindication to beta blockers because of bronchopathy or auriculoventricular block
* Diabetes mellitus (type 1 or 2) with HbA1C \> 8%
* Renal failure with creatinine clearance \< 40ml/min (COCKROFT evaluation)
* Arm circumference \> 42 cm