Compliance With AntibIotic TherapY Guidelines in French PICUs

This observational, prospective, multicenter study, conducted in nine French Pediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care Units (ICUs), will assess the antibiotic therapy for a child hospitalized in ICU and receiving systemic antibiotics for an episode of suspected or proven community-acquired or nosocomial bacterial infection. The study will describe the mean duration of antibiotic therapy, as well as compliance with the recommendations concerning the duration of antibiotic therapy, the choice of antibiotics, the daily dosage and the number of doses per 24 hours according to the type of bacterial infection. Patients will be monitored until the end of their hospitalization.

Bacterial infections are widespread in Pediatric and Neonatal ICU, and antibiotic treatments are widely used. The Surviving Sepsis Campaign (SSC) recommends the early administration of empiric broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy in the event of suspected bacterial infection, with de-escalation once the pathogen is identified and sensitivities established. Standard-of-care of antibiotic treatment and duration is determined by the type of infection, microbiological results, and clinical biological evolution (improvement is demonstrated by reduction of fever, pain, and local signs as well as a decrease of the biological inflammatory syndrome \[leukocyte count, C-reactive protein\]) and/or radiological evolution, according to published guidelines: French guidelines (Société de Pathologie Infectieuse de Langue Française \[SPILF\], Groupe de Pathologies Infectieuses en Pédiatrie \[GPIP\], Société Française d'Anesthésie et de Réanimation \[SFAR\], Société de Réanimation de Langue Française \[SRLF\], Haute Autorité de Santé \[HAS\]), European guidelines (European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases \[ESCMID\]), American guidelines (Infectious Diseases Society of America \[IDSA\], American Society of Clinical Oncology \[ASCO\]), and Australian guidelines (Australasian Society for Infectious Diseases). These recommendations are numerous. Compliance with these recommendations has never been evaluated in Pediatric and Neonatal ICU. Long courses of antibiotic treatment increase the duration of hospitalization and are associated with changes in the microbiome, emergence of multidrug resistant organisms, and antibiotic-associated adverse events (toxicity, overdose, allergy). On the other hand, too short antibiotic therapy can expose the patient to a risk of infection recurrence.

The 2020 SSC pediatric guidelines identified the use of procalcitonin to guide antimicrobial therapy and its relationship to patients' outcome as a future research opportunity. However, in order to demonstrate a decrease in the antibiotic course in the PCT-guided antibiotic therapy group compared with the standard-of-care antibiotic therapy group in future interventional studies in critically ill children, calculating the number of subjects required demands knowledge of the mean duration of antibiotic therapy and the standard deviation (SD) in the standard group. These data are unknown in France.

In this context, the study suggest evaluating the mean duration of antibiotic therapy for a child hospitalized in a French Pediatric and Neonatal ICU and receiving systemic antibiotics for an episode of suspected or proven community-acquired or nosocomial bacterial infection, as well as compliance with recommendations concerning the antibiotic duration, the choice of antibiotics, the daily dose and the number of doses per 24 hours according to the type of bacterial infection.

This is a French observational, prospective, multicenter study in Pediatric and Neonatal ICU. All children hospitalized in Pediatric or Neonatal ICU and receiving systemic (intravascular, intramuscular or oral) antibiotic treatment for a suspected or proven community-acquired or nosocomial bacterial infection are eligible. The day of antibiotic therapy initiation at appropriate doses for the suspected or proven bacterial infection corresponds to day 0 (D0). Detailed information about the bacterial infection type (including origin of the infection \[community or nosocomial\], initially infection site(s), final diagnosis for the episode \[no bacterial infection, presumed bacterial infection, or documented bacterial infection\], sepsis severity according to 2005 International Pediatric Sepsis Consensus conference \[IPSC\], infection site(s) ultimately identified, causative bacteria, multidrug-resistant bacteria, bacteremia, presence or absence of toxinic signs/infected thrombophlebitis/infective endocarditis/secondary localization), acute organ dysfunctions (2005 IPSC, Pediatric Logistic Organ Dysfunction-2 \[PELOD-2\], and Pediatric Sequential Organ Failure Assessment \[pSOFA\] scores), antimicrobial, non-infectious associated treatment, and any antibiotics-related adverse effects will be will be prospectively openly recorded by medical study site investigators and reported in a standardized Case Report Form (CRF) every day until cessation of antibiotics in hospital (in ICU and in general department if antibiotic therapy is not completed in the ICU). At the end of hospitalization, a visit will be conducted to collect dates of discharge from the ICU and hospital, patient clinical status on discharge, detailed data from the ambulatory antibiotic therapy for the first episode based on discharge medical prescription (if the patient is discharged from hospital with antibiotic treatment for the first bacterial infection), recurrence of infection occurring in the same hospital stay as for the first episode, detailed antibiotic therapy for infection recurrence according to the patient's medical file for recurrence's antibiotics in hospital and to the medical prescription for recurrence's antibiotics continued in ambulatory care, and any antibiotics-related adverse effects.

For the entire study population, the same pediatric infectious disease expert committee will analyze the gap between treatment and current recommendations (choice of antibiotics, daily dose, number of doses administered per 24 hours and total duration of antibiotic therapy). For each type of infection, the mean duration (SD) of antibiotic treatment administered will be compared with the recommended duration of antibiotic therapy.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Neonates, infants and children hospitalized in Pediatric or Neonatal ICU and receiving systemic (intravascular, intramuscular or oral) antibiotic treatment for less than 24 hours with appropriate dosages for an episode of suspected or proven community-acquired or nosocomial bacterial infection.
* Informed verbal consent obtained from both parents or legal guardians.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Newborns \<72 hours old.
* Neonates \<37 weeks of corrected gestational age.
* Age ≥18 years.
* Antibiotic prophylaxis.
* Children previously included in an interventional study in progress.