Implementation of a Pharmacist-led Pharmacogenomic Clinical Service

Tabula Rasa HealthCare (TRHC), doing business as CareKinesis, is the first national pharmacy that provides science-based medication risk identification and mitigation technologies and services. CareKinesis utilizes medication decision support tools and pharmacists certified in geriatrics to provide pharmacy services for various healthcare organizations including PACE organizations (described above). Presently, CareKinesis services more than 35 PACE organizations, including approximately 100 PACE sites, across the United States. As a national PACE pharmacy provider since 2011, CareKinesis focuses on improving medication regimens to reduce medication-related risks while enhancing economic, clinical and humanistic outcomes. Pharmacist-led PGx clinical services and medication safety reviews are currently being offered to PACE organizations under the direction of licensed healthcare prescribers by TRHC (CareKinesis). Our aim is to extend and meticulously study PGx testing for more PACE patients and conduct a prospective preemptive PGx study to determine feasibility of implementation and effect on outcomes. After mutual agreement, these services may also be extended to other organizations where TRHC provides pharmacy services, and data will be collected with patient consent.

This project aims to include patients enrolled in PACE organizations or other healthcare organizations serviced by TRHC. PGx testing will be performed by a vendor contracted by TRHC (CLIA certified). Genetic testing for CYP450 isoforms like CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP3A5, and transporters like SLCO1B1, ABCB1, and ABCG2 will be conducted, along with other genes in individual vendors' testing panel. The results will be integrated into TRHC's proprietary CDSS (Medication Risk Mitigation Matrix, Tabula Rasa Healthcare, Moorestown, NJ). Phenotypes related to CYP450 isoforms will be used to guide pharmacists to identify drug-drug interactions (DDIs), drug-gene interactions (DGIs), and drug-drug-gene interactions (DDGIs).(16) Clinical pharmacists will translate PGx results combined with a comprehensive DDI review into actionable clinical recommendations. Prescribers will review the pharmacist's recommendation, and based on their clinical assessment will decide whether or not to implement the therapy recommendation. Endpoints like number and type of pharmacist recommendations and uptake by physicians, follow-up drug regimens, and outcomes will be collected for up to 12 months \[baseline (data from the previous year), 3, 6 and 12 months post-PGx intervention\] for each patient to get a longitudinal perspective of implementing PGx into CDSS systems.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients meeting all the following criteria will be included:

  1. Patient is enrolled in a healthcare organization where TRHC provides pharmacy services during the implementation period;
  2. Patient is able to understand, and provide informed consent to participate.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patients with one of the following criteria will be excluded:

  1. Have taken an investigational product in the last 30 days;
  2. Current use of illicit substances;
  3. Any other medical, cognitive or physical abnormality, disease, or disorder that would prohibit the patient from completing study procedures in the judgement of the investigator and/or the prescriber.