Treatment of Masked Hypertension

To date, most observational and all intervention studies have defined hypertension on the basis of clinic blood pressure (BP). Measurement of BP outside the clinic with home or ambulatory BP provides a better estimate of the risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality. Using clinic and ambulatory BPs, patients can be categorized as normotensive (normal clinic and ambulatory BPs), white-coat hypertension (elevated clinic BP with normal ambulatory BP), masked hypertension (normal clinic BP with elevated ambulatory BP), and sustained hypertension (elevated clinic and ambulatory BP). Approximately one third of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) with normal clinic BP have elevated ambulatory BP (masked hypertension). We demonstrated that, among participants from the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) study, low estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and elevated proteinuria are associated with increased odds of masked hypertension. Additionally, participants with masked hypertension had increased risk for target organ damage as assessed by left ventricular mass and pulse wave velocity. These results in participants with CKD are consistent with prior studies in patients with normal renal function that demonstrated a two-fold increased risk for cardiovascular events in patients with masked hypertension compared to patients with normal clinic and ambulatory BP. Despite this elevated risk for adverse outcomes, patients with masked hypertension have been excluded from hypertension trials because of their normal clinic BP. Therefore, it is unknown whether the reduction in target organ damage and adverse cardiovascular outcomes associated with treatment of hypertension extends to patients with masked hypertension. To address this important gap in knowledge, we are planning a randomized, controlled trial to evaluate whether antihypertensive treatment can modify BP patterns in patients with masked hypertension, that is, convert them to controlled clinic and ambulatory BP. We will also evaluate the effect antihypertensive treatment on target organ damage in patients with masked hypertension. The current study is a pilot randomized controlled trial to evaluate the feasibility of the planned trial and the effect of antihypertensive therapy on clinic and ambulatory BP, proteinuria, and target organ damage in patients with masked hypertension.


Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Age 18-75 years
* 30 \< eGFR \< 70 ml/min/1.73m2 within 9 months of the screening visit
* Urine albumin to creatinine ratio \>100mg/gm OR a urinalysis with ≥30mg/dL albuminuria within 9 months of the screening visit
* Most recent clinic systolic BP \>120 and \<140 mmHg within 9 months of the screening visit
* Masked hypertension at the screening and baseline visits
* Clinic systolic BP \<140 mmHg
* 24hr ambulatory systolic BP \> 130 mmHg
* Taking ≤ 2 antihypertensive medications
* No change in antihypertensive medications for the past 6 months

Exclusion Criteria:

* Heart failure
* Lightheaded with standing
* Loss of consciousness in the past 24 months
* Non-English speakers
* History of breast cancer requiring a mastectomy or radiation on the side of the non-dominant arm and unable or refuses to use the dominant arm for ambulatory BP monitoring
* Cardiovascular event or procedure or hospitalization for unstable angina within the last 3 months
* Inability to perform ambulatory BP monitoring due to compliance or other clinical reason