Knee Extensor Muscle Properties in Young Women Symptomatic and Asymptomatic for Anterior Knee Pain

This study aims to compare the knee extensors' mechanical, morphological and myoelectric properties between subjects affected by anterior knee pain and a healthy control group. The investigators hypothesis is that patients with anterior knee pain present a reduction in the knee extensors' mechanical, morphological and myoelectric properties due to chronic muscle inhibition produced by the syndrome. In addition, the study also aims to evaluate whether there are differences in methodology for application of the Interpolated Twitch Technique for evaluation of the quadriceps muscle inhibition by comparing the use of supramaximal electrical stimulation on the femoral nerve (gold standard) with stimulation on the motor point (new methodology) in healthy subjects and individuals affected by anterior knee pain. The investigators hypothesis is that the stimulation on the motor point is less discomfortable than on the femoral nerve and muscle inhibition results are less variable (with lower dispersion) due to such lower discomfort

Participants were divided in two groups (control group, n=16 and anterior knee pain group, n=16). Prior to participation, informed consent was obtained from all subjects. The evaluation was performed at the lower limb with severe symptoms of anterior knee pain in the patients, and at the dominant limb in the control group. Quadriceps Muscle inhibition was estimated using the Interpolated Twitch Technique, which involves applying a single electrical twitch stimulation to the femoral nerve (gold standard) during a maximal isometric knee extensor contraction. Muscle inhibition measurements were obtained with the aid of a Grass S88 (Quincy, MA, USA.) Muscle Stimulator in combination with and isolation unit approved for human use. Isometric and isokinetic knee extensor torques were obtained with a Biodex System 3 dynamometer (Biodex Medical System, Shirley - NY, USA). Electromyographic muscle activity was measured with bipolar surface electrodes (Kendall, Meditrace - 100; Ag/AgCl) that were placed on the muscle bellies of vastus medialis, vastus lateralis and rectus femoris. Muscle architecture was measured with a B-mode ultrasonographic system (SSD; Aloka Inc., Tokyo, Japan) with a linear-array probe (60 mm, 7.5MHz; Aloka). Single Leg Squat was used for clinical evaluation of the lower limb functionality.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Anterior Knee pain group:

  1. Retropatellar or peripatellar knee pain in at least 2 of the following functional activities: stair ascent or descent, running, kneeling, squatting, prolonged sitting, jumping;
  2. Score smaller than 85 points on the Kujala Questionnaire;
  3. Physically active according to the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ - short version)
  4. Body mass index less than 30
* Control group:

  1. Knee pain-free females with no history of lower limb injuries

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Body mass index higher than 30
2. Sedentary subjects
3. Cardiovascular, neurological or cognitive disorders
4. Any cardiorespiratory, neuromuscular, or metabolic disease that could represent an absolute contraindication or a contraindication to the performance of maximum strength tests
5. Previous surgery on lower limb
6. Participation in a strength-training programme or physiotherapy treatment for knee injuries in the past six months
7. Otherwise associated injury in the lower limb joints other than anterior knee pain syndrome
8. Pregnancy