Study to Evaluate Efficacy of LAI When Added to Multi-drug Regimen Compared to Multi-drug Regimen Alone

A study to evaluate the effectiveness of Liposomal Amikacin for Inhalation (LAI) 590 mg administered once daily (QD) when added to multi-drug regimen (MDR) in participants with Nontuberculous Mycobacterial (NTM) lung infection caused by Mycobacterium Avium Complex (MAC) that were refractory to treatment.

Participants were randomized 2:1 to LAI 590 mg administered QD + MDR or MDR alone.

This is a randomized, open-label, multicenter study of LAI in adult participants with NTM lung infections caused by MAC that were refractory to treatment. Participants received either LAI 590 mg administered QD by inhalation plus a multidrug regimen, hereafter referred to as LAI + MDR or a multidrug regimen alone, hereafter referred to as MDR alone for a minimum of 8 months. Participants who demonstrated culture conversion by Month 6 went on to complete a treatment course of 12 months, starting from the first of 3 negative cultures that defined culture conversion.

Sputum culture results were made available to the site after the Month 6 sputum result was known, in time for the Month 8 visit. Prior to the Month 8 visit, the culture results from Baseline to Month 6 inclusively were blinded to the site and Sponsor. The results were blinded to reduce the potential for bias in an open-label study. At Month 8 (-28 to +7 days), after all sputum culture results were made available to the site only, up to and including Month 6, participants were assessed as converters or non-converters.

A converter was defined as a participant who had 3 consecutive monthly MAC-negative sputum cultures at any time within the first 6 months of the study.

"Relapse or recurrence" was defined as having MAC-positive sputum cultures in liquid broth media (agar negative) for 3 or more consecutive months, or having at least 1 MAC-positive sputum culture on solid media (agar positive) after achieving culture conversion.

A non-converter was defined as a participant who did not have 3 consecutive monthly MAC-negative sputum cultures at any time within the first 6 months of the study.

All converters remained in the study. Converters who, after culture conversion, subsequently had MAC-positive sputum cultures in liquid broth media (agar negative) for 1 or 2 consecutive months only by Month 6 also remained in the study. Participants who remained in the study continued their randomized treatment regimen until they completed a total of 12 months of treatment (EOT), starting from the first of 3 negative cultures that defined culture conversion. These participants returned after the EOT visit for 28 days, 3, 6, and 12 months off-treatment follow-up visits. The 12 months off-treatment follow-up visit was the end of study (EOS) visit. No NTM treatment was administered during the off-treatment phase.

At Month 8, all non-converters as assessed at the Month 6 visit were discontinued from Study INS-212. Participants who experienced a relapse or recurrence by Month 6 also discontinued from Study INS-212 at their Month 8 visit. These participants were potentially eligible to enter a separate open-label study of LAI (Study INS-312), provided all entry criteria were met for that study.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

1. Be continually positive for MAC on sputum culture while adhering to a multi-drug treatment regimen for a minimum duration of 6 months which is either ongoing or was completed no more than 12 months before screening
2. Be diagnosed with MAC NTM lung infection with evidence of nodular bronchiectasis and/or fibrocavitary disease by chest CT
3. Be willing to adhere to multi-drug treatment regimen during the course of the study

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Patients with cystic fibrosis
2. Positive pregnancy test or lactation at screening. All women of child bearing potential will be tested. Women not of childbearing potential are defined as postmenopausal (i.e., amenorrheic for at least 1 year), or surgically or naturally sterile.
3. Active pulmonary tuberculosis requiring treatment at screening
4. History of lung transplantation
5. Prior exposure to LAI (including clinical study).