Molecular Testing and Imaging in Improving Response in Patients With Stage I-III Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Receiving Chemotherapy MDACC Breast Moonshot Initiative

This clinical trial assesses whether a newly designed algorithm which looks at the genomic signature of each patient's tumor to predict their sensitivity to standard of care treatment verses being placed on a personally designed treatment trial can improve the responses in patients with newly diagnosed triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Testing the primary tumor biopsy for certain proteins and monitoring the lymphocyte infiltration into the tumors may help doctors determine the sub-type of TNBC, and direct treatments that may work well. It is not yet known whether assigning treatment based on the patient's tumor classification will improve how well the tumor responds.

PRIMARY OBJECTIVE:

I. To conduct a prospective single arm, non-randomized trial to determine the impact of implementation of a research platform that includes diagnostic imaging to assess response to the initial phase of neoadjuvant chemotherapy combined with subtyping of TNBC in order to select the appropriate targeted therapy trial to complete neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients found to have chemo-insensitive disease by imaging.

SECONDARY OBJECTIVES:

I. Measured as defined by Standardized Definitions for Efficacy End Points (STEEP) criteria using the following prioritization: distant recurrence free interval (DRFI), recurrence free survival (RFS), distant relapse-free survival (DRFS), overall survival (OS), invasive disease free survival (IDFS), disease free survival including ductal carcinoma in situ (DFS-DCIS).

II. Evaluate the rates of enrollment into clinical trials for patients identified as having chemotherapy insensitive disease.

III. Evaluate the frequency of pathologic response rates (pCR, RCB I-III residual disease) in patients identified as chemotherapy sensitive versus insensitive.

IV. Determine the estimates of DRFI, RFS, DRFS, IDFS and DFS-DCIS at 3 years, and OS at 5 and 10 years in all patients.

X. Determine the pathologic response based on molecular characterization. XI. Determine the estimates of DRFI, RFS, DRFS, IDFS and DFS-DCIS at 3 years, and OS at 5 and 10 years.

XII. Subset analyses of pathologic response and 3-year DRFI, RFS, DRFS, IDFS, and DFS-DCIS.

XIII. Compare the results of pathologic node-negative status (sentinel and/or non-sentinel nodes) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy according to a genomic predictor of nodal response to NACT, in subsets defined by pre-treatment clinical nodal status.

EXPLORATORY OBJECTIVES:

I. Future re-analysis of residual samples using a customized genomic diagnostic platform (integrated "prospective-retrospective" biomarker analysis) to predict chemotherapy sensitivity.

II. Generation and subsequent molecular characterization of patient derived xenograph (PDX) models.

III. Clinical diagnostic development studies using residual samples (fresh and/or formalin-fixed) within the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA)-compliant Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, and patient derived xenographs (PDX) to formally evaluate the clinical validity and utility of future clinical genomic diagnostic tests that would predict both response, recurrence, and survival from the treatments used in this clinical trial (correlative "retrospective-prospective" biomarker analyses).

IV. Correlative science studies to identify molecular therapeutic targets for treatment-insensitive TNBC using residual samples and PDX models.

V. Correlation of tumor features or changes as measured by diagnostic imaging to determine potential predictors of treatment response.

VI. Determine polymerase chain reaction (pCR) rates in a cohort of patients who undergo surgical resection after achieving complete radiological response after 4 cycles of adjuvant chemotherapy (AC).

OUTLINE: Patients are assigned to 1 of 3 arms.

ARM A: Patients undergo baseline molecular and immunohistochemistry (IHC) evaluation of their tumor biopsy, and receive the results. Patients then receive standard anthracycline-based chemotherapy and undergo standard ultrasound at baseline, after 2 cycles, after 4 cycles of treatment, and after completion of treatment (before surgery). Patients and physicians are notified of the results of the molecular evaluation. Patients may then choose to continue with standard taxane +/- platinum-based chemotherapy or participate in an experimental clinical trial designed to match the molecular profile and triple-negative subtype. Patients with tumors predicted to be insensitive to chemotherapy are advised to participate in a clinical trial treating their tumor subtype.

ARM B: Patients undergo baseline molecular and IHC evaluation of their tumor biopsy, and receive the results. Patients then receive standard anthracycline-based chemotherapy and undergo standard ultrasound at baseline, after 2 cycles, and after 4 cycles of treatment. Patients and physicians are notified of the results of the molecular evaluation. Patients may then choose to continue with standard taxane +/- platinum-based chemotherapy or participate in an experimental clinical trial designed to match the molecular profile and triple-negative subtype. Patients with tumors predicted to be insensitive to chemotherapy are advised to participate in a clinical trial treating their tumor subtype.

ARM C: Patients undergo baseline molecular and IHC evaluation of their tumor biopsy, and receive the results. Patients then receive standard anthracycline-based chemotherapy with immunotherapy and undergo standard ultrasound at baseline, after 2 cycles, and after 4 cycles of treatment. Patients and physicians are notified of the results of the molecular evaluation. Patients may then choose to continue with standard taxane +/- platinum-based chemotherapy or participate in an experimental clinical trial designed to match the molecular profile and triple-negative subtype. Patients with tumors predicted to be insensitive to chemotherapy are advised to participate in a clinical trial treating their tumor subtype.

After completion of study treatment, patients are followed up for up to 5 years.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* The patient can undergo biopsy or surgery of a primary tumor site for suspected or proven invasive breast cancer of clinical stage I to III and are planned to receive neoadjuvant therapy with anthracycline/taxane based regimens (Arm A and Arm B) or chemotherapy/immunotherapy-based regimens (Arm C)
* The patient was proven to have TNBC, defined from standard pathologic assays as negative for ER and PR (\< 10% tumor staining) and negative for HER2 (immunohistochemistry \[IHC\] score \< 3, gene copy number not amplified)
* Patients must have left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) \>= 50% by multi gated acquisition scan (MUGA) or echocardiogram (ECHO) within 12 weeks prior to starting adriamycin
* Leukocytes \> 3,000/mcL
* Absolute neutrophil count \> 1,500/mcL
* Platelets \> 100,000/mcL
* Total bilirubin =\< 1.5 x upper limit of normal (ULN)
* Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase \[SGOT\])/alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase \[SGPT\]) \< 2.5 x institutional upper limit of normal
* Creatinine within 1.5 X the upper limits of normal OR creatinine clearance \> 60 mL/min/1.73 m\^2 for patients with creatinine levels above institutional normal
* For Arms A and B, patients must be medically ineligible to receive immunotherapy in combination with anthracycline/taxane-based chemotherapy as part of standard care
* For Arm C, patients must be medically eligible to receive immunotherapy in combination with chemotherapy as part of standard of care

Exclusion Criteria:

* The patient has diagnosis of stage IV disease or is found to have stage IV disease prior to initiation of chemotherapy
* Prior history of invasive cancer within 5 years of study entry or history of metastatic cancer; exceptions include non-metastatic, curatively treated basal and squamous cell carcinoma of the skin
* Prior excisional biopsy of the primary invasive breast cancer
* Patients with hematomas or biopsy site changes that limit response assessment of the primary tumor by diagnostic imaging
* Patients not eligible for chemotherapy with taxane and/or anthracycline based chemotherapy regimens
* Prior therapy with - chemotherapy and/or immunotherapy
* Grade II or higher neuropathy
* Patients with Zubrod performance status of \> 2
* Patients with history of serious cardiac events defined as:

  * Patients with a history of New York Heart Association class 3 or 4 heart failure, or history of myocardial infarction, unstable angina or cerebrovascular accident (CVA) within 6 months of protocol registration
  * Patients who have history of PR prolongation (grade 2 or higher) or atrioventricular (AV) block