Impact of Inactivated Trivalent Influenza Vaccine on NSCLC Patients Receiving PD-1 / PD-L1 Inhibitors

This project is to assess the immunogenicity, safety and overall survival impact of intramuscular injection of trivalent influenza vaccine in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor treatment.

Lung cancer is one of the most prevalent cancers in the world. Among them, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for about 85%. Immune checkpoint inhibitors such as programmed death 1(PD-1) and PD-L1 are new treatments for NSCLC. About 290,000 to 650,000 people die from respiratory illnesses caused by seasonal flu all over the world. Cancer patients are one of the high-risk groups of influenza. Although the United States, Britain, Australia have issued guidelines recommending that cancer patients be vaccinated against influenza every year, due to concerns about the immune effect and safety of flu vaccination for cancer patients, multiple countries including China have not included cancer patients into priority influenza vaccination populations. Therefore, how to further prove the immunogenicity and safety of influenza vaccine in NSCLC patients is the key to promote influenza vaccines in NSCLC patients.

This study will recruit 130 patients with NSCLC who have been treated with PD-1 / PD-L1 inhibitors for 6 months or more and 30 healthy participants. Among them, 100 NSCLC patients and 30 healthy participants will be intramuscularly inactivated with a trivalent influenza vaccine during the influenza seasons 2020-21 and 2021-22. Vaccinated participants' peripheral blood samples were collected at day0, 12 hours, day1, 2, 7, 21, 30, 60 and 6 months after vaccination. The influenza specific antibody titers, inflammatory chemokines and cytokines, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity, T lymphocytes activity and the proportions of different T cells subgroups will be measured to evaluate the participants' immune response to the vaccine. In addition, for the subjects receiving the vaccine, the study will also group by age to compare the differences in immune effects between subjects aged 18-65 and subjects over 65.

At last, this project will compare immune-related adverse events (irAEs) that occurred after receiving PD-1 / PD-L1 inhibitor therapy and survival time between NSCLC patients who receive influenza vaccine and those who do not receive influenza vaccine.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

1. NSCLC patients were diagnosed with clear pathological classification and receive PD-1 / PD-L1 inhibitor treatment during this project.
2. NSCLC patients have the exact start and end time of PD-1 / PD-L1 inhibitor and / or the vaccination time and follow-up information.
3. The healthy participants are not in an immunosuppressive state, such as cancer, HIV, autoimmune diseases, and long-term use of immunosuppressive drugs.
4. The healthy participants have exact vaccination time.
5. All participants have complete clinical and laboratory diagnostic data.
6. All participants are 18-75 years, regardless of gender.
7. All participants have agreed and signed the consent form before enrollment.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Patients with unclear diagnosis of lung cancer were excluded.
2. Patients with incomplete clinical data or incomplete follow-up records.
3. Patients without signed informed consent.
4. Patient has received blood transfusion within three months.
5. Patients with HIV, Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C infections.