Longitudinal Study of Mild Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson's Disease

Parkinson's disease (PD) is known for its motor symptoms and affects more than 100,000 Canadians. However, PD patients also show cognitive deficits and neuropsychiatric problems that significantly impair their quality of life. The occurrence of dementia in PD is much higher than in the general population. The proposed study will allow the principal investigator, his team and his collaborators to investigate the origins and evolution of the cognitive and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Participants with PD with and without mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and participants with and without MCI over the age of 60 years will be assessed during eight study visits over three years. Through brain imaging, clinical testing, as well as genotyping the cognitive patterns in the four different groups will be observed and compared. The results will be used to identify biomarkers that can predict the occurrence of dementia early in the disease. Ultimately, the results of the proposed research will contribute to interventions and treatment strategies tailored to different cognitive profiles in PD before the occurrence of dementia.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most frequent chronic neurodegenerative disorder, affecting up to 2% among persons older than 65 years of age and nearly 10% of people over 80. The cardinal symptoms of PD include tremor, rigidity and bradykinesia originating from the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the striatum. It has recently been shown that the non-motor symptoms in PD such as cognitive and behavioural impairment are highly prevalent and have a severe and direct negative effect on health-related and perceived quality of life. It is now well established that 25 to 40% of persons with PD will develop cognitive deficits early in the disease. Moreover, the risk of developing dementia is almost six times higher in PD patients than in age-matched controls. The nature and evolution of cognitive deficits in PD remain poorly understood, so is their relationship with neuropsychiatric features often observed in the disease including depression, anxiety and apathy. Furthermore, the medication treatment of cognitive deficits in PD yields very modest results. PD neuropathology is associated with alpha-synuclein-containing Lewy-Bodies whereas that of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is usually associated with Aß-amyloid plaques and tau-containing neurofibrillary lesions. However, recent post-mortem studies suggest that between 30 and 45% of PD patients with dementia also meet neuropathologic diagnostic criteria for AD. With such a high proportion of demented PD patients with concurrent AD, it would be valuable, from a therapeutic standpoint, to identify those with AD earlier. In the context of the present proposal the investigators will be able to follow different groups of PD patients longitudinally and compare them to non-PD patients with mild cognitive impairment who are at risk of developing a medio-temporal lobe dementia such as Alzheimer's disease.

The three major aims for this longitudinal study are:

1. Identify anatomical and functional neuroimaging, neuropsychological and neuropsychiatric profiles that can serve as markers for the early prediction of dementia in PD.
2. Uncover the cognitive and neural characteristics that are specific to PD-MCI subjects vs. characteristics shared by all MCI subjects whether due to PD or other aetiology such as Alzheimer's disease.
3. Identify the effect of specific genotypes that can influence the cognitive profile and evolution in PD.

The investigators will recruit 100 PD and 100 non-PD individuals. None of them will have dementia. Participants will be selected in order to obtain about 65% MCI and 35% cognitively intact individuals in each cohort (PD, non-PD). At study start they will be asked to consent to a blood draw for genotyping purposes. At each time point, they will receive a neuropsychological evaluation to determine whether and which domain(s) of cognition is (are) affected and whether the participant meets the criteria for dementia. Neuropsychiatric symptoms which are often present before the onset of cognitive symptoms will be assessed at each time point using the Mild Behavioural Impairment-Checklist (MBI-C). At Time points 1 and 2 they will also undergo two MRI sessions containing anatomical acquisitions as well as BOLD functional series while performing an executive (set-shifting) task that the investigators have shown to rely on fronto-striatal regions and an (associative) memory task that solicits the medial temporal lobe. At Time point 3 they will undergo just one MRI session not containing any task. This will allow the investigators to identify markers that can distinguish subgroups with respect to their possible evolution towards dementia. This multi-faceted, longitudinal project promises to enhance the understanding of the nature and evolution of cognitive dysfunction in PD relative to general aging. To the investigators' knowledge, this is the first time that PD and non-PD patients stratified according to cognitive profile will be studied longitudinally using neuropsychological evaluation, anatomical and functional neuroimaging measures as well as genotyping. This information has the potential to yield markers that can be used in clinics to determine the diagnosis and prognosis of cognitive dysfunction in PD, allowing for an early prediction of dementia in the disease. This will ultimately yield intervention and treatment strategies tailored to different patient subtypes, aimed at improving cognitive deficits and decelerating the decline.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

Cases:

* Non-demented PD patients at stages II or III of Hoehn and Yahr at Time point 1 with or without MCI
* MCI patients
* Willing and able to provide written informed consent
* Willing to provide blood sample, willing to participate in all clinical assessments, willing to have brain MRIs

Controls:

* Community volunteers, with no history of PD or cognitive or memory complaints
* Willing and able to provide written informed consent
* Willing to provide blood sample, willing to participate in all clinical assessments, willing to have brain MRIs
* Screen negative for MCI

Exclusion Criteria:

•All participants who meet the diagnosis of dementia at Time point 1 as indicated by Mini-Mental State Evaluation (MMSE) of 20 or less and indicated through the clinical testing.

(The neuropsychological evaluation will always take place before the imaging sessions, in case participants must be excluded based on their cognitive profile.)

* All participants taking benzodiazepines will be excluded as these can severely impair performance of cognitive tasks.
* Participants with metallic objects in their bodies will not be eligible for the study because the strong magnetic field in the scanner could cause these objects to change position and may cause injury.
* The following criteria will also be used as grounds for exclusion, as they have severe impact on cognitive function:

  * Alcohol-dependency
  * Presence or history of severe psychiatric disorder, neurological disorder or stroke
  * General anaesthesia in the past six months
  * History of cerebrovascular disorders