Starting a Testosterone and Exercise Program After Hip Injury

This study is a randomized controlled double-blinded multi-center clinical trial enrolling female hip fracture patients who are 65 and older. It will compare the effects of six months of supervised exercise training combined with daily topical testosterone gel, to six months of supervised exercise and inactive gel, and to Enhanced Usual Care. The randomization protocol is that for every nine participants randomized, 4 will be assigned to the topical testosterone gel and supervised exercise training group; 4 will be assigned to topical inactive gel and supervised exercise training group; and 1 will be assigned to the enhanced usual care group. All participants will receive nutritional counseling, and calcium and vitamin D supplements.

Hip fractures are common among older women and can have a devastating impact on their ability to remain independent. A clinically important functional decline and failure to recover following a hip fracture has been documented as late as a year after the fracture, even among women who were functioning at high levels before the event. Age-associated androgen deficiency in women contributes to deficits in muscle mass, strength and power that are common in this patient population before the fracture, and are exacerbated afterward. A pilot study of testosterone (T) supplementation in elderly female hip fracture patients has demonstrated the feasibility of T treatment in this population, and showed gains in lean body mass (LBM) and muscle strength with active drug, compared to placebo. The benefits of exercise in restoring muscle strength and physical function after a hip fracture have been documented. However, it remains unclear whether T treatment can augment the effects of exercise on mobility and patient-reported function after hip fracture.

The STEP-HI study is a 3-group, multi-center, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded, parallel group clinical trial in older female hip fracture patients. Between 120 and 168 female hip fracture patients, age 65 years and older, will be randomized from multiple clinical sites in the USA, using objective screening criteria for T deficiency (serum total testosterone level \< 60 ng/dL) and physical frailty (Modified Physical Performance Test (PPT) Score of 12-28). The primary study aim is to compare supervised exercise training (EX) with inactive (placebo) gel (EX+P) and EX combined with T therapy (EX+T), to ascertain the incremental impact of adding T to EX in older adult women with a recent hip fracture. The study team will carefully monitor testosterone levels, adverse events, biochemical parameters, and factors related to adherence to the interventions.

Information from this study has the potential to alter treatment of hip fracture in older women, a problem that contributes to significant morbidity and mortality, and has a large public health impact. The STEP-HI study is highly aligned with NIA's mission of identifying interventions that target common geriatric conditions and improve treatment options for older adults with multiple morbidities or risk factors.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Female 65 years and older.
* Surgical repair of a non-pathologic fracture of the proximal femur (Including: femoral neck or intracapsular, intertrochanteric, and subtrochanteric fractures) with a surgical repair date that is within 24 weeks at randomization. If a revision of such a fracture is performed due to failure of the repair, that surgery revision date may be used to calculate the time frame for the screening and randomization dates.
* Community-dwelling or in assisted living prior to the hip fracture event.
* Functional impairment at the time of screening, defined as a modified Physical Performance Score (mPPT) of 12-28.
* Serum total testosterone level \<60 ng/dL.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Cognitive impairment or dementia of severity sufficient to interfere with ability to fully participate in the study or provide one's own informed consent, or a score of 11 or greater on the Short Blessed Test of Orientation, Memory and Concentration.
* Residence too far from research center (specific distance to be determined by each site) or planned travel greater than 2 weeks within the next 9 months.
* Anticipated to be permanently living in a nursing home at the time of randomization.
* Use of progestin or androgen containing compound within the previous 6 months.
* Treatment with systemic corticosteroids (daily dose \> 5 mg prednisone or equivalent) for at least 90 days within the previous 12 months.
* Visual or hearing impairments that interfere with following directions for research procedures.
* Active or unstable cardiopulmonary disease (recent myocardial infarction, unstable angina, class III or IV Congestive Heart Failure) within prior 6 months, which would limit full participation in the study.
* Respiratory disease requiring chronic continuous oxygen therapy, or oxygen therapy during walking or exercise, which would limit full participation in this study.
* History of idiopathic deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolus (i.e., not related to period or immobilization or surgery), any pulmonary embolus less than 12 weeks prior to the first screening visit, recurrent or multiple venous thrombi; history of a hypercoagulable state such as Factor V Leiden thrombophilia.
* Musculoskeletal or neurological conditions that limit participation in this study, could be made worse by exercise training, or not expected to improve with exercise.
* Lower extremity amputation other than toes.
* Severe lower extremity pain or ulceration that could limit full participation in this study.
* History of: a) Breast, ovarian, endometrial or cervical cancer with diagnosis within the previous 10 years; b) Breast, ovarian, endometrial, or cervical cancer of Stage 2 or higher.
* History of HIV or active viral hepatitis.
* End Stage Renal Disease on dialysis or Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)\<15 ml/min.
* Allergy to gel components.
* Recent history of alcohol or substance abuse, or current alcohol intake of ≥ 10 drinks/week.
* Planned joint surgery during the intervention period.
* Participation in another research study that in the site investigator's judgement could interfere or conflict with STEP-HI research assessments or interventions.
* Current use of aldactone, flutamide or leflunomide.
* Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) score ≥ 12 at the screening assessment.
* Uncontrolled hypertension, defined as a systolic BP \> 160 mmHg or diastolic BP \> 95 mmHg, on at least two occasions.
* Elevated liver transaminase or alkaline phosphatase levels ≥ 2.5 times above normal range.
* Erythrocytosis defined as hematocrit \> 51% (all sites but University of Utah) or ≥ 52% at University of Colorado - Denver and University of Utah sites.
* Severe anemia defined as Hgb \< 7gm/dL.
* Uncontrolled diabetes defined as HgbA1C \> 10%.
* Untreated or unstable thyroid disease, with serum Thyroid-stimulating Hormone (TSH) level ≥ 10 milli-international units per liter (mIU/L) or TSH level ≤ 0.4 mIU/L. Levels outside of the given range require site physician documentation addressing treatment or absence of thyroid disease and approval by the Central Coordinating Center (CCC).
* Site investigator's judgement that the participant would not be able to complete research procedures or interventions.