Plantar Fasciopathy and the Effectiveness of Radial Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy, Physical Training or Usual Care

The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether radial extracorporeal shockwave therapy (rESWT), sham- rESWT or standardised exercise program is more effective on change in heel pain than usual care in the treatment of plantar fasciopathy.

The null hypothesis is: There is no difference between rESWT, sham- rESWT or standardised exercise program on change in heel pain (primary outcome) and functioning (secondary outcomes) compared to usual care in the treatment of plantar fasciopathy at 6 months follow-up (and secondary outcomes at the 12 months follow-up).

Alternative hypothesis is:

H1: There is a difference between rESWT and usual care on change in heel pain (and secondary outcomes) at the 6 months follow-up (and secondary outcomes at the 12 months follow-up).

H2: There is a difference between sham-rESWT and usual care on change in heel pain (and secondary outcomes ) at 6 months follow-up (and secondary outcomes at the 12 months follow-up).

H3: There is a difference between standardized exercise program and usual care on change in heel pain (and secondary outcomes) at 6 months follow- up (and secondary outcomes at the 12 months follow-up).

Plantar fasciopathy is a common cause of plantar heel pain, with reported lifetime prevalence up to 10%. The choice of best practice in these patients is debated. Two randomised studies reported that Radial Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy (rESWT) is effective, but a meta-analysis concluded that due to methological limitations the evidence is questioned. There are few studies reporting the effect on exercise programs with high-load strength training, despite widespread use. The usual care at our outpatient clinic is information on the pathogenesis, etiology and prognosis. We give advice on using proper footwear, including foot orthosis and to accept pain to a certain level during activity. To our knowledge there are no other previous trials comparing rESWT, sham-rESWT and exercises to usual care. This trial is designed in order to provide results important for future clinical practice.

The patients who give their informed consent will be randomised into one of the four Groups; rESWT, sham-rESWT, standardized exercise or usual care. A computer generation randomisation schedule with blocks of 8, in a 1:1 ratio, will be performed by an external statistician and electronically concealed. All the patients regardless of group allocation will receive standardized information (oral and written) on the condition and get custom made foot orthosis made by an orthopedic technician at Sophies Minde AS.

The patients are blinded for rESWT/sham-rESWT, whereas blinding of the exercise group and usual care group is not possible. To evaluate the blinding of the rESWT, the patients are asked after the last treatment whether they believe that they have received real rESWT, sham-rESWT or if they do not know.

The patients will have follow-up at 3 months, 6 months and 12 months. The main outcome is change in heel pain (NRS) during activity at 6 months. Patient characteristics, anthropometric data and the duration of symptoms in the different groups will be registered at baseline, and presented as mean values (SD) for continuous variables or numbers (%) for categorical data. Pain and function scores will be presented as mean (SD). In addition to the two- group comparisons with t-tests, we will perform longitudinal data analysis and perform a mixed model analysis to compare differences between groups at follow- up with adjustment for scores at baseline and present mean differences (95% confidence intervals).

We will perform analysis regarding secondary outcome as stated above. In addition we will apply multivariable logistic and linear regression analysis to identify predictive factors as demographics, clinical and ultrasound findings for primary and secondary outcomes. Model building will be done in a way that is appropriate for the given sample sizes, by restricting the number of potential predictive factors and considering shrinkage methods to stabilise predictions.

Participants in the exercise group not attending 6 of 8 sessions with the physiotherapist or not completing 30 of 36 exercise sessions (3 sessions per week, 12 weeks) are regarded as non- adherence. In the rESWT and sham- rESWT group, participants not attending 2 of 3 sessions are regarded as non- adherence. They will be included in the intention- to- treat analysis. There will also be a separate intention-to- treat analysis with only adherent patients.

There will be performed a study evaluating the validity, reliability and responsiveness on the Foot Functional Index Revised Short Form.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Pain with duration \> 3 months localized in the proximal insertion of the plantar fascia on the medial calcaneal tuberosity.

Only patients with reported pain NRS 3 or more at activity at baseline, will be included in the trial.

* Tenderness to palpation corresponding to the painful area.
* Be residents of Norway, understand oral and written Norwegian.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Treatment with radial extracorporeal shock wave therapy the last 3 months.
* Spondylarthropathy or rheumatoid arthritis.
* Plantar fibromatosis.
* Tarsal tunnel syndrome.
* Polyneuropathy.
* Previous surgery with remaining osteosynthesis material in the foot or ankle.
* Contraindications for shock wave therapy ( use of anticoagulant drugs, pregnancy, bleeding disorders, epilepsy or pacemaker)