Memantine for the Prevention of Cognitive Dysfunction and Negative Symptoms in Patients With Acute Schizophrenia

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a 6 weeks memantine add-on to risperidon treatment for the prevention of cognitive dysfunction and negative symptomatology in patients with acute schizophrenia.

Psychopathological changes were assessed with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) at baseline and after 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 weeks. Cognitive function were measured at baseline and week 6, and 24 by the California Verbal Learning Test, Benton Learning Test, Digit Span Forward and Backward Test, Continuous Performance Test, Stroop Test, Trail-Making Test, Verbal Fluency Test, and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test.

This study examines the efficacy and safety of a 6 weeks memantine add-on to risperidon treatment for the prevention of cognitive dysfunction and negative symptomatology in patients with acute schizophrenia. The trail is double-blind, prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group and consisting of a 'placebo-run-in' period, treatment, and follow-up periods. Study personnel and participants were blinded to group assignment. In the 'run-in' period, patients received Lorazepam for the treatment of anxiety and tension states for two weeks before starting antipsychotic therapy. After the 'run-in' period treatment, patients began receiving antipsychotic therapy with Risperidon with continuous concomitant administration of Memantine, 20 mg/d, or placebo for six weeks. Adherence was assessed at each clinic visit by pill count. In cases of anxiety and tension states, an experienced psychiatrist decided whether patients should receive Lorazepam, 5 mg/d, as rescue medication in addition to the study medication (Memantine or placebo), to which the patients remained blinded. In cases of pseudo parkinsonism patients were allowed to receive Biperiden, up to 8 mg/d, and for the treatment of patients suffering from sleep disorders Zopiclon (15 mg/d) was allowed. The consumption of alcohol and drugs were not allowed during the trial. In both study parts, psychiatric assessments were performed at baseline as well as after 2; 4; 6; 12 and 24 weeks after treatment (that is, during the follow-up period). The neuropsychological examination was performed at baseline, and after 6 and 24 weeks. Psychiatric changes, adverse events, laboratory values, dose adjustments of the antipsychotic therapy, and possible pharmacologic adverse effects were systematically monitored throughout the study.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Diagnosis of schizophrenia (DSM-IV)
* Age 18 to 40
* Exacerbation of an acute schizophrenic episode (PANSS positive score \> 20)
* At least one previous schizophrenic episode
* Informed consent
* Subjects must be considered by the investigator to be compliant
* Subjects must have an educational level and a degree of understanding such that they can meaningfully communicate with the investigator

Exclusion Criteria:

* Axis I disorder other than schizophrenia within 12 months, e.g. schizoaffective disorder
* Severe negative symptomatology (PANNS negative score \>20 points)
* Duration of schizophrenia \> 5 years
* Dependency on alcohol or addictive drugs within 6 months of the baseline evaluation
* Contraindication of risperidone
* Significant neurological, cardiovascular, hepatic, renal, metabolic, or other medical diseases or any clinically relevant abnormalities in laboratory tests
* Prior ECT-treatment, metal implantations
* Female subjects during pregnancy and breastfeeding
* Female subjects within childbearing years who were not using adequate birth control
* Patients who are judged by the investigator to be at serious suicide risk