A Trial of tPCS on Parkinson's Disease OFF State

A significant number of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) face motor fluctuations even after repeated titration of the dosing of Levodopa. Dealing with OFF state really becomes problematic for them. Aggravation of bradykinesia, rigidity, tremor and gait difficulty are the common problems in OFF state. Studies are going on drugs like Apomorphine as rescue therapy in OFF state. Recently there are studies with Noninvasive brain stimulation, as an evolving therapeutic option in different neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, the investigators are to evaluate the efficacy of transcranial pulsed current stimulation (tPCS) in the OFF state in PD patients. The investigators will give stimulation via tPCS (active/sham). EEG, Kinematic measurement of upper limb movement via KinArm, Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) scoring will be done and gait will be assessed via Gait Carpet - pre and post-stimulation. The investigators will evaluate the effectiveness of tPCS as a single modality or in combination with Levodopa in managing OFF state of PD.

This will be a randomized sham-controlled trial. The investigators have planned to study the efficacy of Transcranial pulsed current stimulation (tPCS) in patients of Parkinson's disease (PD) in their OFF state. Each patient will come in 3 separate days in OFF state. They will first receive either active tPCS or sham tPCS or 3 tabs of Levodopa (100/25) in OFF state. Pre and post intervention analysis will be done. In those, who are receiving tPCS (active/sham), the investigators will give them Levodopa (100/25) after post stimulation assessment done. The patients will be assessed clinically by UPDRS III. EEG (for electrophysiological analysis), Gait Carpet (for Gait analysis) will also be done - before and after a single session of 20 min stimulation via tPCS. The investigators will also compare the effect of tPCS in OFF state, with that of Levodopa in OFF state.

The assessment will be done by-

1. Unified Parkinson's disease rating scale III (UPDRS III)
2. Gait via Gait Carpet
3. Quantitative Electroencephalography (qEEG)
4. KinARM

Transcranial pulsed current stimulation (tPCS) will be delivered through a pair of saline-soaked (0.9% NaCl) surface sponge electrodes. For this experiment, 20 minutes of stimulation will be performed. The stimulation would be done to the motor cortex (M1) or supplementary motor area (SMA), based on quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) findings. For the sham stimulation, the electrode placement will be same, but the electric current will be ramped down 5 seconds.

Zeno Walkway is a pressure sensitive electronic roll-up walkway that measures the temporal and spatial parameters of gait which could in turn help in identifying any abnormalities in the gait. The patient walks on the Zeno Walkway mat before and after the tPCS stimulation to find the difference in the gait motion. The Zeno walkway will be used in conjunction with the ProtoKinetics Movement Analysis Software (PKMAS). These data will be captured and collated via the PKMAS software, resulting in numerous spatial, temporal and pressure-related gait parameters. Timed-up-and-go (TUG) (1-5minutes per trial) will be performed. The test consists of rising from chair, walking across the 20-foot gait carpet, turning around off the carpet, walking back and sitting down. This will be performed over 3 trials. Gait analysis provides various additional parameters as output such as stride length, line of progression, step length, toe-offs and other temporal and spatial parameters for analysis.

Quantitative EEG signals will be recorded, eyes-closed, no-task, using g.Nautilus g.tec wireless system. The g.tech system uses earclip reference sensors. The patient will be in a quiet place with less light or electromagnetic perturbations. During the resting state recordings, patients are seated in a comfortable arm chair and will be instructed to keep relaxed, with their eyes closed for 5 min.

Kinarm will be used to measure the kinematics of upper limb movements, via Reaching tasks. This is basically mechanical handle driven by multiple actuators. A software named BKIN will be used to setup this hardware. The Kinarm initially provides the patients with multiple points to reach in the screen and the patients would try to reach these points using the kinarm handle. The motion of the patients when trying to reach for these points is analysed by kinarm and the data would be provided to us based on this analysis.

An paired t test will be used to compare baseline data and post tPCS data. Descriptive analysis of the neurological examination findings will be provided. The output from the KinARM, gait carpet, EEG will be used for further analysis to build a descriptive machine learning model.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients diagnosed with Idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD).

Exclusion Criteria:

* Parkinson plus syndromes.
* Drug-induced parkinsonism.
* Patients who cannot walk independently or wheelchair-bound.
* Patients who are not able to provide informed consent.