Dichoptic Treatment vs. Patching for Moderate Anisometropic Amblyopia

Recently, there has been an increased interest in evaluating binocular therapies (e.g perceptual learning and dichoptic treatment) for amblyopia. They are designed to improve amblyopia through binocular stimulation by unlocking binocular visual function. The objective of the study is to compare the visual and sensory outcome of 2-hour patching to dichoptic stimulation using virtual reality head mounted display in the management of patients with moderate anisometropic amblyopia. The investigators will include children older than 6 years and adults up to the age of thirty five years with anisometropic amblyopia who either had no prior treatment for amblyopia or had prior treatment for amblyopia using patching therapy but with residual amblyopia defined as \>= 0.3 logMAR lines between the best-corrected visual acuity in the sound eye and in the amblyopic eye and with moderate amblyopia in the more anisometropic eye defined as best-corrected visual acuity better than 6/60 but =\< 6/18. Patients will be randomized into 2 groups according to age using stratified randomization:

* Group P: (Patching Group): This group will have 2 hours of patching each day for 10 weeks.
* Group D (Dichoptic Group): This group will have 1 hour of dichoptic stimulation using the virtual reality system twice a week for 10 weeks for a total of 20 hours of training.

The investigators are planning to conduct a study to compare the visual and sensory outcome of 2-hour patching to dichoptic stimulation using virtual reality head mounted display in the management of patients with moderate anisometropic amblyopia. This is a randomized clinical trial. The investigators will include children older than 6 years and adults up to the age of thirty five years with anisometropic amblyopia who either had no prior treatment for amblyopia or had prior treatment for amblyopia using patching therapy but with residual amblyopia defined as \>= 0.3 logMAR lines between the best-corrected visual acuity in the sound eye and in the amblyopic eye and with moderate amblyopia in the more anisometropic eye defined as best-corrected visual acuity better than 6/60 but =\< 6/18.n Recruitment will occur from the Ophthalmology Outpatient Clinics in Kasr El-Ainy Hospital.

Eligible patients who agree to participate in the study will undergo a 1-hour trial session of dichoptic stimulation using the same head-mounted virtual reality system that will be used in the study to ensure that the patient can use the system. Only patients who are able to understand and to complete the 1-hour session will be enrolled in the study.

Patients will be randomized into 2 groups according to age using stratified randomization:

* Group P: (Patching Group): This group will have 2 hours of patching each day for 10 weeks.
* Group D (Dichoptic Group): This group will have 1 hour of dichoptic stimulation using the virtual reality system twice a week for 10 weeks for a total of 20 hours of training.

Patients will be further subdivided into 2 subgroups according to whether prior patching therapy has been done and failed, or the patient has never received any form of patching therapy. The difference in the outcomes in both subgroups will be analyzed separately.

All patients will have a baseline ophthalmological examination including visual acuity testing, manifest and cycloplegic refraction, slit lamp examination with funduscopy, cover test and worth four dot test. Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) will be measured using a single crowded letter in an ETDRS chart mounted on a computer display projector. The stereoacuity will be measured using the TNO test. The motor alignment will be evaluated using prism and alternating cover test at 6 meters and at 33 cm. BCVA and stereoacuity will be measured before and after 10 weeks of treatment. Then, they will be re-measured 10 weeks after the cessation of both treatments to assess their long-term effects. All measurements will be taken by an investigator who will be masked to the study design.

Dichoptic treatment group: Dichoptic visual training will be performed with the patient wearing his spectacles using the computer game included in Vivid Vision (Vivid Vision, San Francisco, USA) which will be run in the Oculus Rift OC CV1 virtual reality head mounted display (Oculus VR, Menlo Park, California, USA). Each subject will have 20 treatment sessions, divided into 1 hour-sessions performed twice a week for 10 weeks. Each session will be 60 minutes. Adherence to the treatment regimen will be assessed by the number of hours spent in training at the end of 5th week.

Patching group: Patients in the control group will be instructed to continue wearing spectacles if required. Patients will be prescribed two continuous hours of daily patching with at least one hour of near activities during patching. Adhesive skin patches will be provided by the study. The parent/patient will be instructed to spend at least one of the hours of patching time each day performing eye-hand coordination activities at near. Adherence to the treatment protocol will be assessed by having the parent call / send a message to an investigator at the start and end of the occlusion sessions completed each day, thus making the most as accurate as possible assessment of the patient's adherence to the prescribed treatment. Written consent will be obtained by either the principal investigator or other investigators in the study. Adverse events will include any sense of dizziness, vertigo, or diplopia at any time and will be tabulated and reported at the end of each week. The data will be collected with privacy and confidentiality as patients will be allocated ID numbers and data will be analyzed accordingly.

A sample size of 38 participants in each group will be selected to have 90% power with a 2-sided type I error of 5% to detect a treatment group difference at 10 weeks if the true difference in the mean gain of new letters was 3.75, assuming a standard deviation (SD) of change of 5 letters, based on a prior PEDIG study. Assuming a 10% drop-out rate, a total of 42 patients in each group will need to be recruited.

Comparison between both groups will be done using independent t-test for continuous variables and Fisher Exact test for categorical variables. Analyses for secondary outcomes of visual acuity and stereoacuity will be adjusted for multiple testing using the Bonferroni method such that the overall type I error rate will be 5% within the 2sets of secondary outcomes. Exploratory analyses will be conducted for secondary outcomes and adherence measures for participants assigned to control treatment who later received 10 weeks of binocular treatment. Log file data at 5 weeks and 10 weeks will be used to quantify measures of adherence (treatment duration and change in contrast presented to the fellow eye) and to examine the relationship between these adherence measures and treatment response. For each participant, the total hours of completed and prescribed game play will be calculated, and the percentage of prescribed treatment completed (adherence) will be computed using the ratio of the completed and prescribed hours of game play for that interval. Analyses will be conducted using SAS version 9.4 (SAS Inc, Cary, NC).

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients with anisometropic amblyopia who had proper optical correction using spectacles or contact lenses for the past 6 weeks. Anisometropic amblyopia will be defined as difference \> 0.3 logMAR lines in best-corrected visual acuity with difference in the spherical equivalent of both eyes \> 1 D, in the absence of other causes for amblyopia such as organic causes, or manifest strabismus \< 5 PD by simultaneous prism and cover test. Patients will be included in the study only if they had no treatment for amblyopia for the past month other than spectacles and/or contact lenses.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patients with development delay
* Prior ocular surgery
* Co-existing ocular disease
* Patients with allergy to patch material
* History of problems with prior use of virtual reality systems