Proteinopathies Expression in Skin of Neurodegenerative Disorders

The goal of this observational study is to compare the aggregation pattern of proteinopathies (alpha-synuclein, amyloid-beta, phosphorylated tau and transactive response DNA -binding protein 43 \[TDP43\]) in skin biopsies of patients with a neurodegenerative disease like Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal lobe dementia, Parkinson's disease, atypical Parkinsonism, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or normal pressure hydrocephalus. The main question it aims to answer is:

* Is there a specific pattern of aggregation of proteinopathies in skin biopsies in each neurodegenerative disease in comparison to healthy control subjects?

Skin biopsies will be analyzed using immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence for detection of alpha-synuclein, amyloid-beta, phosphorylated tau and TAR DNA binding protein 43, and the aggregation patterns will be compared between patients with a neurodegenerative disease vs patient with normal pressure hydrocephalus vs healthy control subjects.

Alzheimer's disease is the main cause of neurodegenerative dementia and represents a high degree of morbidity and mortality among the patients who have it, causing a great economic impact in health systems. In general population the second cause of neurodegenerative dementia is frontotemporal lobe dementia and it's also the first cause of dementia in patients under 65 years old.

Neurodegenerative diseases have been associated with the deposit of abnormal aggregated proteins like alpha-synuclein, amyloid-beta, phosphorylated tau and TAR DNA binding protein 43 in brain tissue. Similar deposits of a-synuclein, p-TAU and TDP-43 have been identified through immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence in skin biopsies.

Main objective: Compare the aggregation pattern between the different proteinopathies (a-synuclein, amyloid-b, p-TAU and TDP-43) with immunohistochemistry in skin biopsies of patients with Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal lobe dementia, Parkinson's disease, atypical Parkinsonism, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and normal pressure hydrocephalus vs control subjects.

Study design: this will be an observational, transversal and comparative analysis study. Inclusion criteria: patients, men and women, 45 and older diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal lobe dementia, Parkinson's disease, atypical Parkinsonism, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or normal pressure hydrocephalus will be recruited for sampling with skin biopsy. Healthy control subjects will be men or women similar in age to the patients that don't have any personal or family history of a neurodegenerative disease and that are not related by blood to the patients in this study.

Sample size calculation and statistical analysis:

All the patients that meet the inclusion criteria and accept the consent form, from the neurology department of Hospital Central Dr Ignacio Morones Prieto, will be recruited for one year.

A descriptive analysis will be carried out with frequencies and percentages for categorical variables, for continuous variables central tendency and dispersion analysis, the normality of the data will be evaluated using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov or Shapiro-Wilk test as appropriate. In case the data ha a normal distribution, it will be analyzed with the ANOVA test followed by Tukey and in the case the data doesn't have a normal distribution the analysis will be made with Kruskal Wallis followed by Mann Whitney U.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria for patients:

* Patients 45 years and older
* Men and women
* Patients diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal lobe dementia, Parkinson's disease, atypical Parkinsonism, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or normal pressure hydrocephalus
* Patients that voluntarily accept to participate in the study and accept the consent form

Inclusion Criteria healthy control subjects:

* People 45 years and older
* Men and women
* Subjects can be related to a patient but not by blood (for example spouse of a patient)
* Subjects don't have direct family history of a neurodegenerative control
* Subjects don't have any clinical findings suggesting dementia
* Subjects voluntarily accept to participate in the study and accept the consent form

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patients or controls that have a personal history of cerebrovascular disease, psychiatric disease, post traumatic dementia or HIV related dementia
* Patients in which the diagnosis is not clear or hasn't been confirmed
* Patients or controls that have a neuroinfection
* Patients or controls that a diagnosed skin disease
* Patients that have an "atypical" presentation of the disease
* Patients or controls that have diagnosis of a coagulopathy