Pilot Study Assessing Computerized Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Depression

Standard treatments for depression in specialty care settings are effective but resources for delivering empirically supported psychotherapies are often limited. Computerized cognitive behavioral therapy (cCBT) is an effective and highly scalable treatment for depression that might help expand services in psychiatric settings, however, little is known about its efficacy in this population. The present study aims to establish the efficacy of a internet-delivered cCBT program ("Beating the Blues") plus email and telephone support for depression in a psychiatric outpatient clinic setting. The secondary aim is to pilot an assessment procedure designed to identify moderators of treatment effectiveness.

Currently, outpatient psychiatric settings are plagued by long wait times and are often unable to accommodate all individuals seeking services. Furthermore, a lack of trained therapists in these settings means that many treatment seekers do not have access to empirically supported psychotherapeutic treatments such as cognitive behavioral therapy. "Beating the Blues" (BtB) is a computerized, internet-delivered, cognitive behavioral treatment for depression. BtB is highly scalable and might enable a larger proportion of individuals to receive cognitive behavioral therapy in a psychiatric setting while also reducing therapist time. Although computerized CBT interventions have proven effective in primary care settings, there is no research demonstrating the effectiveness of cCBT in secondary care settings in the United States. Thus the primary goal of the proposed research is to test the efficacy of BtB in a specialty care sample.

Patients presenting to these settings tend to have more severe and complex psychopathology than those presenting to primary care. Although BtB is likely effective, computerized treatments do carry a higher risk of dropout and non-response. Therefore, reliable and valid predictors of response are needed to determine who is most likely to respond to the treatment, versus who is likely to fail or drop out. Thus the second aim of the current proposal is to pilot an assessment procedure containing a number of potential predictors of cCBT response and investigate these predictors for inclusion in a larger validation study.

The current trial is a pilot study with a randomized waitlist control design with optional delayed treatment for individuals randomized to the waitlist condition. For the first phase, the investigators will enroll 90 treatment-seeking adults 18 or older recruited from a pool of individuals seeking outpatient psychiatric services at a hospital clinic. Sixty (n=60) individuals will be assigned immediate treatment group with BtB plus telephone and email support, and n=30 to the waitlist/delayed BtB plus telephone and email support group. Efficacy will be assessed over 8 weeks using the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (pre to post treatment) and the PHQ9 (measured at weeks 1-8). There will also be a 1-year follow-up survey with biweekly symptom assessments throughout the year for treatment responders (weeks 9-61). Potential predictors of outcome include demographics, CBT skills, personality measures, cognitive functioning, measures of attitudes and beliefs, social functioning, psychiatric comorbidity and depression illness characteristics, and psychophysiological measures. A second phase will enroll sixty individuals (n=60), who will be assigned immediate treatment group in order to validate the predictive model constructed during Phase 1.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual Fourth Edition criteria
* Able and willing to give informed consent
* Have access to a computer with an internet connection at home

Exclusion Criteria:

* History of bipolar affective disorder or psychosis
* Current Axis I disorder other than MDD if it constitutes the predominate aspect of the clinical presentation and if it requires treatment other than that being offered
* History of substance dependence in the past six months
* Subnormal intellectual potential (IQ below 80)
* Clear indication of secondary gain (e.g., court ordered treatment or compensation issues)
* Current suicide risk or significant intentional self-harm in the last six months sufficient to preclude treatment on an outpatient basis
* Discharge within six moths from a higher level of care (inpatient, partial hospital, or intensive outpatient treatment)
* Currently undergoing outpatient psychotherapy
* Current antidepressant medication treatment if the individual has had a change in medication over the past month or is planning a change in medication during the duration of the study
* Inability to read and write English