Ispaghula and Colonic Water Content

Chronic constipation is a phenomenon which affects nearly 20% of the population worldwide. Bulking agents such as ispaghula are used as treatments, but only half of the patients are satisfied with the treatment. This highlights a need for better treatment options, which requires a deeper understanding of the gastrointestinal fate of the products. The GI MRI Research group at the University of Nottingham has been developing new, non-invasive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques to image the gastrointestinal tract. In collaboration with Ironwood Pharmaceuticals, the investigators now want to understand the gastrointestinal fate of an ispaghula treatment, and also to improve the understanding of MRI parameters when they are applied to the colon.

The Rome III diagnostic criteria for constipation must include two or more of the following symptoms \> 25 % of the time: straining, hard or lumpy stools, sense of incomplete evacuation, sensation of anorectal obstruction/blockage, the use of manual manoeuvres to facilitate defecation and fewer than 3 defecations per week. Treatments include osmotic laxatives such as polyethylene glycol and lactulose, stimulant laxatives such as bisacodyl, secretagogues like sodium docusate, and bulking agents such as psyllium.

A better understanding of the modes of action of these drugs is required, in order to provide better treatment for chronic constipation. This is somewhat challenging; partly because techniques available to study intestinal contents are limited, and some are unpleasant for the patients. The GI MRI group at the University of Nottingham has recently developed a non-invasive, patient friendly MRI technique for studying the colon. The technique allows assessment of colonic volumes, the response to meals, motility of the colon and transit time of ingested meals. This technique has been used to demonstrate the laxative effect of mannitol and its subsequent reversal with loperamide.

Using MRI, water provides a bright image on T2-weighted images in the small bowel, but the signal is rapidly lost once it reaches the colon. Pilot studies suggest that ispaghula; which is highly hygroscopic and can form a 1.5% gel with water, is able to maintain water in a form which produces bright images on T2-weighted scanning of the colon. The GI MRI group now want to confirm this pilot data by performing a placebo controlled trial of ispaghula husk in healthy volunteers, with the aim of further understanding the mode of action of bulking agents and further improve understanding of MRI parameters when applied to the colon. The aims will be achieved by performing a dose-finding mechanistic study in healthy volunteers, assessing their response to a test meal while taking either placebo, or 2 different doses of ispaghula. Stools will be collected, assessed for water content and compared to water content assessed from T2 weighted MRI. The studies will validate the current technique, optimise current MRI parameters and provide insights into the modes of action of ispaghula.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Apparently healthy; free from GI disorders, aged 18 and 65 years of age
* Male or female
* Body mass index (BMI) between 18.0 and 30.0 kg m-2
* Suitable for MRI scanning (eg absence of metal implants, infusion pumps and pacemakers as assessed by the MRI safety questionnaire
* No known gastrointestinal disease
* Not currently smoking
* No strenuous exercise greater than 10 hours per week
* No consumption of more than 21 units of alcohol in a typical week
* No reported participation in another nutritional or biomedical trial 3 months before the pre-study examination or during the study.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Inability to discontinue medication likely to alter GI transit
* Antibiotics in the 3 weeks before the pre-study examination
* Pre-existing condition making the need for antibiotics likely during the study
* Previous gastrointestinal surgery (excluding cholecystectomy and appendectomy)
* Known inflammatory bowel disease; coeliac disease
* Subjects considered by the investigator unlikely to comply with study protocol
* Regular (\>3 times/week) use of Probiotics in the 3 weeks prior to, or during the study