Cabazitaxel, Carboplatin, and Cetrelimab Followed by Niraparib With or Without Cetrelimab for the Treatment of Aggressive Variant Metastatic Prostate Cancer

This phase II trial studies the effect of cabazitaxel, carboplatin, and cetrelimab followed by niraparib with or without cetrelimab in treating patients with aggressive variant prostate cancer that has spread to other places in the body (metastatic). Chemotherapy drugs, such as cabazitaxel and carboplatin, work in different ways to stop the growth of tumor cells, either by killing the cells, by stopping them from dividing, or by stopping them from spreading. PARPs are proteins that help repair DNA mutations. PARP inhibitors, such as niraparib, can keep PARP from working, so tumor cells can't repair themselves, and they may stop growing. Immunotherapy with monoclonal antibodies, such as cetrelimab, may help the body's immune system attack the tumor, and may interfere with the ability of tumor cells to grow and spread. Giving niraparib with or without cetrelimab, after treatment with cabazitaxel, carboplatin, and cetrelimab, may help control aggressive variant prostate cancer.

PRIMARY OBJECTIVES:

I. Estimate the progression free survival of men with aggressive variant prostate carcinoma (AVPC) treated with induction cabazitaxel-carboplatin and cetrelimab followed by maintenance niraparib with or without cetrelimab.

II. Evaluate changes in the density and localization of immune markers and cell subsets in AVPC tumors treated with or without cetrelimab added to cabazitaxel-carboplatin induction and niraparib maintenance, and screen for their association with outcomes.

SECONDARY OBJECTIVES:

I. Determine the percentage of patients that are able to complete the 6 cycles of induction chemoimmunotherapy.

II. Estimate the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST), prostate specific antigen (PSA) and circulating tumor cells (CTC) responses in men with AVPC treated with induction cabazitaxel-carboplatin and cetrelimab followed by maintenance niraparib with or without cetrelimab.

III. Estimate the overall survival of men with AVPC treated with induction cabazitaxel-carboplatin and cetrelimab followed by maintenance niraparib with or without cetrelimab.

IV. Determine the safety and tolerability of each of the regimens. V. Determine the frequency of PD-L1 expression in tumors treated with cabazitaxel-carboplatin induction and niraparib maintenance and its association with outcomes.

VI. Collect and archive solid and liquid tumor samples from study patients for later hypothesis generating associations.

OUTLINE: Patients are randomized to 1 of 2 groups.

GROUP I:

INDUCTION: Patients receive cabazitaxel intravenously (IV) over 60 minutes and carboplatin IV over 60 minutes on day 1. Beginning cycle 2, patients also receive cetrelimab IV over 30-60 minutes on day 1. Treatment repeats for up to 6 cycles in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.

MAINTENANCE: Patients receive niraparib orally (PO) once daily (QD) on days 1-28. Cycles repeat every 28 days in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.

GROUP II:

INDUCTION: Patients receive cabazitaxel IV over 60 minutes and carboplatin IV over 60 minutes on day 1. Beginning cycle 2, patients also receive cetrelimab IV over 30-60 minutes on day 1. Treatment repeats for up to 6 cycles in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.

MAINTENANCE: Patients receive cetrelimab IV over 30 minutes on day 1 and niraparib PO QD on days 1-28. Cycles repeat every 28 days in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.

After completion of study treatment patients are followed up for 30 to 90 days (after last dose cetrelimab), and then every 6 months thereafter.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Completion of informed consent prior to any study specific procedures
* Patients must agree to tissue collection for correlative studies at the specified timepoints
* Patients must consent to the MD Anderson Immunotherapy Platform laboratory protocol PA13-0291
* Histologically or cytologically confirmed prostate carcinoma
* Presence of metastatic disease documented on imaging studies (bone scan, computed tomography \[CT\] and/or magnetic resonance imaging \[MRI\] scans)
* Patients must meet at least one of the following AVPC criteria:

  * Histologically proven small cell (neuroendocrine) prostate carcinoma
  * Exclusive visceral metastases
  * Predominantly lytic bone metastases identified by plain x-ray or CT scan
  * Bulky (\>= 5 cm in longest dimension) lymphadenopathy or high-grade tumor mass in prostate/pelvis
  * Low PSA (=\< 10 ng/mL) at initial presentation (prior to androgen ablation or at symptomatic progression in the castrate-setting) plus high volume (\>= 20) bone metastases
  * Elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (\>= 2 x ULN) or elevated serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) (\>= 2 x ULN) in the absence of other etiologies
  * Short interval (=\< 180 days) to castrate-resistant progression following initiation of hormonal therapy
  * Known loss or mutation (by Clinical Laboratory Improvement Act \[CLIA\] certified molecular testing, immunohistochemistry \[IHC\] and/or deoxyribonucleic acid \[DNA\] sequencing) in at least 2 of Tp53, RB1 and PTEN defined as:

    * AVPC determination by immunohistochemistry. As previously described, tumor samples are considered negative (and thus abnormal) for RB1 and PTEN if their labeling index is =\< 10% and positive (and thus aberrant) for Tp53 if their labeling index is \>= 10%, where the labeling index is defined as the percentage of positive cells, and calculated as the number of positively stained epithelial cells divided by the total number of epithelial cells, at X200 magnification
    * AVPC determination by DNA sequencing. As previously described, the TP53, RB1 and PTEN genes will be considered aberrant if they contain exonic nonsynonymous missense or stop-gain mutations, frameshift or non frameshift indels (insertions or deletions), and/or copy number losses
  * Patients who have castration -resistant disease progression per RECIST in the absence of PSA values rising to ≥ 1.0ng/ml as per PCWG3 PSA progression criteria
* Patients must have documented evidence of progressive disease as defined by any of the following: a) PSA progression: minimum of 2 rising values (3 measurements) obtained a minimum of 7 days apart with the last result being at least \>= 1.0 ng/mL; b) New or increasing non-bone disease (RECIST); c) Positive bone scan with 2 or more new lesions (Prostate Cancer Working Group 3 \[PCWG3\]); d) Increasing symptoms unequivocally attributed to disease progression as judged by the treating physician and the principal investigator (PI)
* Surgically or ongoing medically castrated, with baseline testosterone levels of =\< 50 ng/dL (=\< 2.0 nM)
* Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status of =\< 2
* Hemoglobin \>= 10.0 g/dL (unless due to bone marrow infiltration by tumor, in which case hemoglobin \> 8 g/dL is allowed) (within 7 days prior to treatment registration). Patient may have blood transfusions prior to study enrollment
* Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) \>= 1.5 x 10\^9/L (unless due to bone marrow infiltration by tumor, in which case ANC \> 1,000/mm\^3 is allowed) (within 7 days prior to treatment registration)
* White blood cells (WBC) \> 3 x 10\^9/L (unless due to bone marrow infiltration by tumor, in which case WBC \> 2 x 10\^9/L is allowed) (within 7 days prior to treatment registration)
* No features suggestive of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)/acute myeloid leukemia (AML) on peripheral blood smear (within 7 days prior to treatment registration)
* Platelet count \>= 100 x 10\^9/L (unless due to bone marrow infiltration by tumor, in which case platelet \> 50,000/mm\^3 is allowed) (within 7 days prior to treatment registration)
* Total bilirubin =\< 1.5 x institutional upper limit of normal (ULN) (except for patients with known Gilbert's disease) (within 7 days prior to treatment registration)
* Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase \[SGOT\]) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase \[SGPT\]) =\< 2.5 x institutional upper limit of normal (unless liver metastases are present in which case it must be =\< 5 x ULN) (within 7 days prior to treatment registration)
* Calculated creatinine clearance (Cockcroft-Gault equation) \>= 30 mL/min (within 7 days prior to treatment registration)
* Able to swallow study drugs whole as a tablet/capsule
* Patients who have partners of childbearing potential (e.g. female that has not been surgically sterilized or who are not amenorrheic for \>= 12 months) must be willing to use a method of birth control in addition to adequate barrier protection as determined to be acceptable by the investigator during the study and for 3 months after last dose of niraparib administration and 5 months after the last dose of cetrelimab. In addition men should not donate sperm during this period. Please note that the efficacy of hormonal contraception may be decreased if administered with niraparib
* Patient is willing and able to comply with the protocol for the duration of the study including undergoing treatment and scheduled visits and examinations including follow up

Exclusion Criteria:

* Any prior treatment for castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) with carboplatin, cisplatin, cabazitaxel, PARP-inhibitor or an anti-PD1 or anti-PDL1 inhibitor
* Patients who have received more than one line of chemotherapy. Any number of prior hormonal or targeted therapies are allowed
* Patients who have not recovered from adverse events secondary to systemic therapy (except for luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone \[LHRH\] agonist or antagonist treatment for prostate cancer, and bisphosphonates or RANK ligand inhibitors for bone strengthening), major surgery or radiotherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer to a grade =\< 2
* Any unresolved toxicity (Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events \[CTCAE\] grade \>= 2) from previous anti-cancer therapy. Subjects with irreversible toxicity that is not reasonably expected to be exacerbated by the investigational product may be included (e.g., hearing loss, peripherally neuropathy)
* History or current diagnosis of MDS/AML
* Active uncontrolled infection (patients completing a course of antibiotic or antiviral therapy whose infection is deemed to be controlled may be allowed on study after discussion with the PI; the PI will serve as the final arbiter regarding eligibility)
* Active or symptomatic viral hepatitis or chronic liver disease
* A history of pneumonitis or extensive bilateral lung disease of non-malignant etiology
* A malignancy (other than the one treated in this study) which has a \>= 30% probability of recurrence within 24 months (except for adequately treated non-melanoma skin cancer, curatively treated in-situ cancer of the cervix or Ta urothelial carcinomas)
* Any underlying medical or psychiatric condition, which in the opinion of the investigator, will make the administration of study drug hazardous or obscure the interpretation of adverse events. Examples include, but are not limited to, uncontrolled ventricular arrhythmia, recent (within 3 months) myocardial infarction, superior vena cava syndrome, extensive bilateral lung disease on high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) scan, uncontrolled seizures, history of allogeneic organ transplant, history of primary immunodeficiency or any psychiatric disorder that prohibits obtaining informed consent
* Patients unable to swallow orally administered medication and patients with gastrointestinal disorders likely to interfere with absorption of the study medication
* Patients with symptomatic uncontrolled brain metastases or spinal cord compressions. A scan to confirm the absence of brain metastases is not required. The patient can receive a stable dose of corticosteroids before and during the study as long as these were started at least 28 days prior to treatment
* Patients with a known hypersensitivity to niraparib, carboplatin, cabazitaxel or an anti-PD1 or anti-PDL1 inhibitor
* Current or prior use of immunosuppressive medication within 28 days before the first dose of cetrelimab, with the exceptions of intranasal and inhaled corticosteroids or systemic corticosteroids at physiological doses, which are not to exceed 10 mg/day of prednisone, or an equivalent corticosteroid or steroids as pre-medication for hypersensitivity reactions (e.g. CT scan premedication)
* Active or prior documented autoimmune or inflammatory disorders (including inflammatory bowel disease \[e.g., colitis or Crohn's disease\], diverticulitis \[with the exception of diverticulosis\], systemic lupus erythematosus, Sarcoidosis syndrome, or Wegener syndrome \[granulomatosis with polyangiitis, Graves' disease, rheumatoid arthritis, hypophysitis, uveitis, etc.\]). The following are exceptions to this criterion:

  * Patients with vitiligo or alopecia
  * Patients with hypothyroidism (e.g., following Hashimoto syndrome) stable on hormone replacement
  * Any chronic skin condition that does not require systemic therapy
  * Patients without active disease in the last 5 years may be included but only after consultation with the study physician
  * Patients with celiac disease controlled by diet alone
* Receipt of live attenuated vaccination within 30 days of receiving cetrelimab
* Prisoners or subjects who are involuntarily incarcerated
* Subjects who are compulsorily detained for treatment of either a psychiatric or physical (e.g. infectious disease) illness