Effect of a Low-Calorie Diet and/or Exercise Program on Risk Factors for Developing Breast Cancer in Overweight or Obese Postmenopausal Women

RATIONALE: A low-calorie diet and/or exercise program may help lower an overweight or obese postmenopausal woman's risk of developing breast cancer. It is not yet known whether a low-calorie diet and/or exercise program are more effective than no diet or exercise program in lowering an overweight or obese postmenopausal woman's risk of developing breast cancer.

PURPOSE: This randomized clinical trial is studying the effect of a low-calorie diet and/or exercise program on risk factors for developing breast cancer compared with no diet or exercise program in overweight or obese postmenopausal women.

OBJECTIVES:

Primary

* Compare the effects of a 1-year exercise intervention, reduced-calorie diet intervention, or a combined exercise and reduced-calorie diet intervention vs no intervention on serum estrone concentrations in overweight or obese postmenopausal women.

Secondary

* Compare the effects of these interventions on serum levels of estradiol and free estradiol in these participants.
* Compare the effects of these interventions on serum levels of testosterone and free testosterone in these participants.
* Compare the effects of these interventions on serum levels of sex hormone binding globulin in these participants.
* Compare the effects of these interventions on serum levels of insulin in these participants.
* Compare the effects of these interventions on serum levels of glucose in these participants.
* Compare the effects of these interventions on serum levels of c-peptide in these participants.
* Compare the effects of these interventions on serum levels of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-1) in these participants.
* Compare the effects of these interventions on serum levels of insulin-like growth factor binding-protein-3 (IGFBP-3) in these participants.
* Compare the effects of these interventions on serum levels of c-reactive protein (CRP) in these participants.
* Compare the effects of these interventions on serum levels of serum amyloid protein A (SAA) in these participants.
* Compare the effects of these interventions on serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in these participants.
* Compare the effects of these interventions on serum levels of adiponectin in these participants.
* Compare the effects of these interventions on serum levels of leptin in these participants.
* Compare the effects of these interventions on serum levels of ghrelin in these participants.
* Compare the effects of these interventions on serum levels of Vitamin D in these participants.
* Compare the effects of these interventions on mammographic density in these participants.
* Compare the effects of these interventions on anthropometrics and body composition (i.e., weight, body mass index, total and percentage body fat, and waist and hip circumferences) in these participants.
* Compare the effects of these interventions on quality of life in these participants.
* Compare the effects of these interventions on numbers of leukocytes and neutrophiles in these participants.
* Compare the effects of these interventions on VO2max in these participants.

OUTLINE: This is a randomized study. Participants are stratified according to body mass index (\< 30 vs ≥ 30). Participants are randomized to 1 of 4 intervention arms.

* Arm I (exercise program): Participants exercise 3 days per week under the supervision of a physiologist and 2 days per week independently at home, for a total of 5 exercise sessions (at least 45 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise per session) weekly over 12 months.
* Arm II (reduced-calorie diet): Participants meet with a nutritionist individually and in small groups. Participants receive general information about diet and behavior strategies such as self-monitoring, goal-setting, stimulus-control, problem-solving, and relapse-prevention training. Participants learn to set a calorie goal and a fat gram goal and how to achieve the goal calorie reduction. Meetings are held weekly during the first 6 months of the diet program but taper off over the course of the study.
* Arm III (exercise program and reduced-calorie diet): Participants meet with a physiologist and a nutritionist, as in arms I and II, and exercise and diet accordingly.
* Arm IV (control: delayed diet and exercise): Participants receive study materials on healthy diet and exercise at the end of the 12-month study period. In addition, participants are offered 2 months of group exercise training with a study physiologist and 4 group meetings with a nutritionist to learn about weight loss techniques and behavioral principles for achieving weight loss.

All participants undergo testing at baseline and periodically during study. Participants undergo blood collection for evaluation of serum levels of sex and metabolic hormones (e.g., estrone, estradiol, testosterone, free testosterone, and sex hormone binding globulin, radioimmunoassay and other immunoassays. Participants also undergo anthropometrics and body composition measurements and mammographic density assessment.

Participants complete questionnaires at baseline and at 6 and 12 months for assessment of diet and exercise. Quality of life (QOL) is measured at baseline and at 6 and 12 months using the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short Form and the Impact of Weight on QOL questionnaire. Information on health habits, medical history, family history of breast cancer, and reproductive and menstrual history is also collected.

FINAL ACCRUAL: A total of 439 participants (118 in the caloric restriction arm, and 117 in both the CR+Exercise, and exercise only arm; and 87 in control arm) were accrued for this study.

Eligibility Criteria:
DISEASE CHARACTERISTICS:

* At increased risk for developing breast cancer due to any of the following lifestyle risk factors:

  * Lack of physical activity
  * Excess weight
  * Obesity
  * Weight gain over lifetime
* Body mass index \> 25.0
* Physically able to undertake a moderate exercise or calorie reduction program
* No history of invasive or in situ breast cancer

PATIENT CHARACTERISTICS:

* Postmenopausal, defined by the absence of periods for the past 12 months
* Able to attend study clinic visits and classes, and undergo study measurements
* Able to fill out questionnaires and logs in English
* No moderate to high alcohol intake (more than 2 drinks per day)
* No concurrent smoking
* No invasive cancer within the past 10 years except simple basal cell or squamous cell carcinoma
* No diabetes mellitus

  * Fasting blood sugar \< 126 mg/dL (on 2 occasions)
* Hematocrit 32-48%
* WBC 3,000-15,000/mm³
* Potassium 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
* Creatinine ≤ 2.0 mg/dL
* No abnormalities on screening physical that contraindicate study participation
* No contraindications for treadmill testing or entry into a training program, including any of the following:

  * Myocardial infarction within the past 6 months
  * Pulmonary edema
  * Myocarditis
  * Pericarditis
  * Unstable angina
  * Pulmonary embolism or deep vein thrombosis
  * Uncontrolled hypertension (i.e., blood pressure \> 200/100 mm Hg)
  * Orthostatic hypotension
  * Moderate-to-severe aortic stenosis
  * Uncontrolled arrhythmia
  * Uncontrolled congestive heart failure
  * Third-degree heart block
  * Left bundle branch block
  * Thrombophlebitis
  * ST depression \> 3 mm at rest
  * History of cardiac arrest or stroke
* Normal exercise treadmill testing (ETT)

  * Negative thallium or echo ETT required for patients with abnormal ETT (defined as ≥ 1.5 mm ST depression in \> 1 lead within 1-minute recovery OR ≥ 1.1 mm ST depression in \> 1 lead after 1-minute recovery OR reading of positive test by study doctor)
* No drug abuse
* No significant mental illness

PRIOR CONCURRENT THERAPY:

* More than 6 months since prior and no concurrent menopausal hormone replacement therapy of any type, including vaginal route
* No concurrent participation in any other organized weight loss or exercise program
* No concurrent appetite suppressant medication
* No concurrent medications (e.g., weight-loss medications) likely to interfere with adherence to interventions or study outcomes