Phone Text Message Reminders on Compliance With Human Rabies Post Exposure Prophylaxis Project

Every year, rabies, a disease transmitted to humans by rabid dogs, is estimated to kill 59,000 people globally, mostly children 15 years and below in Africa and Asia. This is despite the availability of effective vaccines against rabies in humans, and in dogs. Following a dog bite, there are two critical steps required to prevent clinical disease and death: thorough wound washing with clean running water for at least 15 minutes; and immediate injection with anti-rabies vaccine on the day of being bitten followed by other four injections over the course of one month. Delay in seeking first dose of anti-rabies or failure to complete the recommended dosage may result in clinical rabies and death. The investigators proposed to assess the effect of short message system (SMS) phone text reminders sent to bite patients ahead of their scheduled visits on the adherence to scheduled anti-rabies doses among bite patients in rural eastern Kenya. The investigators enrolled bite patients presenting at Makueni County Referral Hospital between October 2018 and March 2019. Bite patients presenting to the facility between January and March 2019 received SMS reminder written in both English and local dialect a day before each dose of anti-rabies vaccine. These data were compared to those presenting to the health facility in the period prior (October to December 2018) before the introduction of the SMS reminder. This group received routine hospital cards as reminder of their next dose of anti-rabies vaccine injection. Each study participant was contacted after one month from the time of the bite and a phone interview completed to assess compliance and factors associated with completion of the five doses of anti-rabies vaccine.

Background: Rabies is a fatal viral disease transmitted to humans mainly by domestic dogs. It is a neglected zoonosis that primarily affects underserved populations that have limited access to health care. Every year, rabies is estimated to kill 59,000 people globally, mostly children 15 years and below in Africa and Asia. This is despite the development of effective vaccines against rabies in humans, and in dogs. Although rabies is always fatal once clinical signs manifest, the disease is preventable with timely treatment after exposure to the rabies virus. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommend that bite patients should receive thorough wound cleaning with soap and water for approximately 15 minutes, followed by administration of anti-rabies vaccine on the day of the bite, as well as additional injections over the course of one month. Bite patients with multiple severe bites particularly to the head and upper trunk, infiltration of rabies immunoglobulin into and around the wound is added. Poor availability of rabies vaccines, lack of access to anti-rabies vaccine or deviations from WHO recommendations such as delays in seeking anti-rabies vaccine and incomplete courses of the vaccine increases the risk of clinical rabies and death. Access to mobile phones has increased globally including in rural settings presenting an opportunity to use them to enhance access to health interventions. Text message reminders has been shown to improve patient compliance including for childhood immunization attendance and appointment reminders across different geographical settings and health care services.

Objective: To assess the effect of SMS reminders on compliance with the five-dose Essen rabies vaccine regimen and determine the factors associated with compliance among dog-bite patients.

Methods: The investigators employed a single arm before-after field trial among patients presenting with dog bites in Makueni County Referral Hospital between October 2018 to March 2019. The study participants were allocated to one of two groups: group 1: bite patients enrolled between January - March 2019 who received a medical card at the first day of visiting the health facility indicating return date for the subsequent dose, and SMS reminders a day before the next dose of anti-rabies vaccine. The SMS messages were written in both English and the local dialect, Kamba; group 2: bite patients recruited into the study between October and December 2018 before the SMS reminder was introduced, this group was designated as the control group. Every bite patient routinely receives a medical card indicating return date for the subsequent dose. To collect data on other factors affecting completion and adherence to the five doses of anti-rabies vaccine, a phone interview was completed to all study participants after at least a month from the bite time.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Participants will be patients of any age reporting to the health facility with dog bites.
* Participants (dog-bite patients or next of kin) in possession of mobile phones.
* Participants (dog-bite patients) consenting to and participating in a phone interview after the last date of the scheduled anti-rabies vaccine dose.
* In the intervention arm - participants acknowledging receipt of SMS text reminders.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Participants (dog-bite patient) that do not consent to participate in the study.
* Participants that do not own mobile phones.
* Participants in the intervention arm that did not receive SMS reminders despite owning mobile phones.