Vaccine Therapy in Patients With Stage II, III, or IV Epithelial Ovarian, Fallopian Tube, or Peritoneal Cancer

This was a Phase 2, single-center, open-label study of recombinant vaccinia-NY-ESO-1 (rV-NY-ESO-1) and recombinant fowlpox-NY-ESO-1 (rF-NY-ESO-1) injections in patients who had a complete response to standard therapy for epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube, or primary peritoneal carcinoma and whose tumors expressed NY-ESO-1 or LAGE-1 antigen. Study objectives were to evaluate maintenance of remission at 12 months, time to failure of vaccine therapy, cellular and humoral immunity and any correlation with time to failure, and safety.

Patients received a single intradermal injection of rV-NY-ESO-1 (3.1 × 10\^7 plaque forming units \[PFU\]) on Day 1, followed by monthly subcutaneous injections of rF-NY-ESO-1 (7.41 × 10\^7 PFU) for 6 months (Days 29, 57, 85, 113, 141, and 169) or until observation of treatment-related ≥ grade 3 toxicity or disease progression. Study injections were administered during a 28-week evaluation period. Patients returned to the clinic for follow-up on Day 197 (i.e., 28 days after the last study injection) and every 2 months thereafter for at least 12 months. In patients with measurable disease, tumor response was assessed according to the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) version 1.0. Patients were monitored continuously for safety for the duration of study participation.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

1. Histologically documented epithelial carcinoma arising in the ovary, fallopian tube, or peritoneum, from stage II to IV at diagnosis.
2. Received initial surgery and chemotherapy with at least one platinum-based chemotherapy regimen.
3. Demonstrated complete response to first line therapy as evidenced by negative clinical examination, cancer antigen (CA)-125 tumor marker, and computed tomography (CT) scan. In addition, if second-look surgery was performed, patients must have had no evidence of microscopic or macroscopic disease. Patients must have been within 6 months of completing their first line platinum-based chemotherapy. These patients would normally enter a period of observation as standard management.
4. Tumor expression of 1) NY-ESO-1 by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis, preferably, or immunohistochemistry; or 2) LAGE-1 by RT-PCR.
5. Expected survival of at least 6 months.
6. Full recovery from surgery.
7. Karnofsky performance status of 70% or more.
8. Patients must have had the following clinical laboratory results:

   * neutrophil count: ≥ 1.5 x 10\^9/L
   * lymphocyte count: ≥ 0.5 x 10\^9/L
   * platelet count: ≥ 100 x 10\^9/L
   * serum creatinine: ≤ 2 mg/dL
   * serum bilirubin: ≤ 2 mg/dL
9. Ability to avoid close contact with children \< 3 years of age; pregnant or breast feeding women; individuals with active, or a history of, eczema or atopic dermatitis or other skin disorders such as burns, chickenpox, shingles, impetigo, herpes, severe acne, or psoriasis; and immunocompromised individuals (human immunodeficiency virus \[HIV\], leukemia, lymphoma, solid organ transplantation, generalized malignancy, cellular or humoral immunodeficiency syndromes, patients currently receiving cytotoxic chemotherapies, radiation, or high dose corticosteroids).
10. Have been informed of other treatment options.
11. Age ≥ 18 years.
12. Able and willing to give valid written informed consent.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Metastatic disease to the central nervous system for which other therapeutic options, including radiotherapy, may have been available.
2. Other serious illnesses (eg, serious infections requiring antibiotics, bleeding disorders).
3. History of current eczema or atopic dermatitis.
4. History of autoimmune disease (eg., thyroiditis, lupus).
5. Other acute, chronic, or exfoliative skin conditions such as burns, chickenpox, shingles, impetigo, herpes, severe acne, or psoriasis.
6. Concomitant systemic treatment with corticosteroids, anti-histamine or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Specific cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors were permitted.
7. Chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or immunotherapy within 4 weeks before study entry (6 weeks for nitrosoureas).
8. Known HIV positivity.
9. Known allergy or severe reaction to a smallpox (vaccinia) vaccination.
10. Known allergy to eggs, determined by history.
11. Myocardial infarction, angina, congestive heart failure, cardiomyopathy, stroke or transient ischemic attack, chest pain or shortness of breath with activity, or other heart conditions being treated by a doctor.
12. Presence of 3 or more of the following risk factors:

    * Hypertension
    * Hypercholesterolemia
    * Diabetes
    * A first degree relative (for example, mother, father, brother, sister) who had a heart condition before the age of 50
    * Current cigarette smoker
13. Participation in any other clinical trial involving another investigational agent within 4 weeks prior to enrollment.
14. Mental impairment that may have compromised the ability to give informed consent and comply with the requirements of the study.
15. Lack of availability of a patient for immunological and clinical follow-up assessment.