Evaluation of Vamorolone Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonism in Healthy Subjects

To evaluate if the trial drug vamorolone is able to block a specific receptor in the body called mineralocorticoid receptor. This receptor helps to regulate salt and water balance.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the antagonistic effect of vamorolone on the mineralocorticoid receptor following mineralocorticoid challenge by fludrocortisone, compared to eplerenone as a positive control, and to a negative control with no study treatment. Furthermore, the safety and tolerability of vamorolone combined with fludrocortisone challenge will be assessed, and the PK of a single dose of vamorolone and a single dose of eplerenone, combined with fludrocortisone challenge, will be evaluated.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

1. Age of 18 to 55 years inclusive, at the time of signing the informed consent.
2. Subject is overtly healthy as determined by medical evaluation including medical history,physical examination, vital signs, laboratory tests and ECG.
3. Body weight ≥ 50 kg and a BMI ≥ 18 kg/m2 and ≤ 29.9 kg/m2 at screening
4. Contraceptive use by men and women should be consistent with local regulations regarding the methods of contraception for those participating in clinical studies.

   If the subject is a sexually active man and not surgically sterilized, he must be willing to:
   * Abstain from sexual intercourse or
   * Use a condom plus another form of contraception (e.g., spermicide, IUD, birth control pills taken by female partner, diaphragm with spermicide) if engaging in sexual intercourse with a woman who could become pregnant.
   * Use a condom during sexual intercourse with pregnant or lactating women.
   * Must not father a child and must refrain from donating sperm from administration of the first dose and up to 3 months after the last dose of study treatment.
5. Subject is a non-smoker for at least 3 months prior to exposure to the study treatments.

   Subjects must also have abstained from use of other nicotine containing products (e.g., nicotine patch, chewing gum or e-cigarettes) for at least 3 months before exposure to the study treatment.
6. Capable of giving signed informed consent as described in protocol section 10.1, which includes compliance with the requirements and restrictions listed in the ICF and in this protocol prior to any clinical study specific procedure.
7. Supine systolic blood pressure of ≥ 90 mmHg and ≤ 140 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure of≥ 50 mmHg and ≤ 90 mmHg, pulse rate of ≥ 45 bpm and ≤ 90 bpm, and tympanic body temperature of ≥ 35.0 and ≤ 37.5°C at screening.
8. Subjects must be able to communicate well with the Investigator and comply with the protocol requirements, instructions, and protocol related restrictions (e.g., dietary, fluid and lifestyle restrictions from screening to study completion)
9. Subjects must be able to swallow the study treatments as per protocol

Exclusion Criteria:

1. A past medical history of clinically significant abnormalities or a history/family history of long QT interval syndrome.
2. An abnormal ECG, defined as:

   * PR \> 215 msec and \< 120 msec, QRS complex \> 120 msec; QTcF \> 440 msec by automated reading
   * Any clinically significant cardiac conduction abnormalities
   * Any atrial or ventricular arrhythmias
3. A past medical history of myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, atherosclerosis, or other clinically significant heart disease (e.g., congestive heart failure, uncontrolled hypertension,..)
4. A past medical history of peptic ulcers, diverticulitis, and non-specific ulcerative colitis.
5. History of complaints of frequent dizziness and /or vomiting spells or lightheadedness.
6. Any history or evidence of any clinically relevant, gastrointestinal, respiratory, hepatic, renal, endocrinologic, hematologic, immunologic, metabolic, genitourinary, pulmonary, neurologic, dermatologic, musculoskeletal, and/or other major disease or malignancy as determined by medical evaluation (including physical examination) capable of significantly altering the absorption, metabolism, or elimination of drugs; constituting a risk when taking the study treatments; or interfering with the interpretation of data.
7. Known Gilbert's syndrome.
8. Any clinically relevant history of allergic conditions requiring hospitalization or prolonged systemic treatment (including drug allergies, allergic asthma, eczema, allergies requiring therapy with corticosteroids or anaphylactic reactions); but excluding untreated, asymptomatic, seasonal allergies at time of dosing or allergic contact sensitizations (e.g., nickel allergy).
9. Known or suspected hypersensitivity or contraindications to the study treatments or any components of the formulation used, e.g., vamorolone, eplerenone and fludrocortisone.
10. Relevant current acute or chronic/recurrent viral, bacterial, fungal or parasitic infections (e.g., pulmonary/upper respiratory, gastrointestinal, urinary, skin, or ENT infections) at screening or within 28 days prior to administration of the study treatments.
11. Use of any concomitant medication or any drugs / medicines (including dietary supplements, natural and herbal remedies, and hormone replacement therapy) within 2 weeks or 5 times the half-life of the respective drug, whichever is longer, prior to the first administration of the study treatments.

    Occasional use of paracetamol up to 2 g/day (medicinal product in its original packaging, approved and marketed in Germany) is permitted.

    Oral, injectable, and implantable contraceptives as outlined in protocol section 5.1 are permitted.
12. Previous exposure to vamorolone.
13. Any use of corticoids within 6 months prior to the first administration of the study treatments.
14. Administration of live, attenuated, replication-competent vaccines within 6 weeks prior to the first administration of study treatment until 2 weeks after the follow-up visit. Administration of inactivated vaccines or vector-based or mRNA COVID-19 vaccines within 2 weeks prior to the first administration of the study treatments until 2 weeks after the follow-up visit.
15. Treatment with biologic agents (such as monoclonal antibodies including marketed drugs) within 3 months or 5 half-lives (whichever is longer) prior to the first administration of the study treatments.
16. Use of any investigational drug or participation in any clinical study within 30 days or 5 half-lives (whichever is longer) prior to the expected date of first administration of study treatments or planning to take other investigational drugs during the study.
17. Positive results for HBsAg, anti-HCV, anti-HIV 1 and 2, and HIV 1-p24 antigen at screening.
18. Positive screen for alcohol, drugs of abuse and cotinine at screening.
19. Elevations in ALT ≥ 1.1 x ULN, AST ≥ 1.1 x ULN, serum bilirubin ≥ 1.0 x ULN, creatinine ≥1.0 x ULN and HbA1c \> ULN at screening. A case-by-case decision for any abnormality must be discussed with the Sponsor before inclusion.
20. Sodium, potassium, magnesium, chloride blood concentration below the lower limit of normal at screening.
21. TSH and coagulation outside of normal ranges.
22. eGFR based on the CKD-EPI (details for calculation see Section 10.2) of \< 90 mL/min at screening.
23. Subjects who are unwilling to adhere to contraceptive requirements.
24. Higher than low-risk alcohol consumption i.e., consumption of an average weekly alcohol intake of \> 21 units/week for men. 1 unit (12 g) corresponds to 0.3 L of beer/day or 0.12 L of wine/day or 1 glass (at 2 cL) of spirits/day.
25. Excessive consumption of caffeine- or xanthine-containing food or beverages (\> 5 cups of coffee a day or equivalent) or inability to stop consuming from 48 hours prior to first planned administration of study treatments.
26. Consumption of alcohol from 48 hours prior to admission
27. Consumption of high-dose resveratrol-containing products or products with enzyme-inducing or enzyme-inhibiting properties (for details refer to Section 5.3.1) 14 days prior to first administration of study treatments.
28. Regular consumption of poppy seed containing food prior to first administration of study treatments.
29. No sweets/teas containing liquorice are allowed within 2 weeks prior to first administration of study treatments up to the follow-up examination.
30. Any use of drugs-of-abuse or alcohol abuse within 1 month prior to dosing.
31. Subject with vegetarian, vegan, or restricted diet (e.g., gluten-free) or not willing or able to eat the complete standard meals.
32. Donation or loss of more than 400 mL of blood or received a transfusion of any blood or blood products within 30 days, or donated plasma within 30 days prior to first administration of study treatments.
33. Strenuous physical activity within 72 h to admission.
34. Employee of the Sponsor, the Nuvisan Group, or other Contract Research Organization involved in the clinical study.
35. Legal incapacity or limited legal capacity, or incarceration and vulnerable subjects.
36. Inability to understand or communicate reliably with the Investigator or considered by the Investigator to be unable to or unlikely to co-operate with the protocol requirements, instructions, and study-related restrictions
37. History of non-compliance to medical regimens and subjects who are considered potentially unreliable (e.g., refuse to comply with study regulations).
38. Any other conditions or factors which in the opinion of the Investigator may interfere with study conduct.
39. Changes in medical conditions compared to screening, as judged by the Investigator.
40. Body weight \< 50 kg.
41. Changes in prior/concomitant therapy compared to screening, as judged by the Investigator.
42. Positive for an acute common cold/respiratory or other infection upon admission.
43. Positive screen for alcohol, drugs of abuse and cotinine test upon admission.
44. Changes in other exclusion criteria compared to screening, as judged by the Investigator.