CSE-1034 (Ceftriaxone+ Sulbactam+ EDTA) Compared to Meropenem in Complicated Urinary Tract Infections (cUTIs) Caused by ESBL Producing Gram Negative Bacteria

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of CSE-1034 (Ceftriaxone+ Sulbactam+ EDTA) compared to Meropenem for treating hospitalized patients with complicated urinary tract infections, including acute pyelonephritis caused by β-lactamase producing gram-negative bacteria

cUTIs are mostly caused by gram-negative bacteria, including Enterobacteriaceae (particularly Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and often possess mechanisms leading to multidrug resistance. These mechanisms primarily consist of ESBLs (extended-spectrum beta-lactamases) that can hydrolyse cephalosporins, penicillins and aztreonam, and are encoded on mobile genes. This has led to increased risk of failure with first-line antibiotics and increased the usage of last line drugs like carbapenems. However, over the past decade, with the emergence of carbapenem-resistant infections caused by gram-negative pathogens like CRE (carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae), CRAB (carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii) and CRPA (carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa), there is a major threat looming on the effectiveness of these last resort drugs, warranting the discovery of newer and alternate agents.

To this end, the concept of using Antibiotic Resistance Breakers (ARBs) to revive the potency of existing antibiotics has been widely discussed in the recent literature. ARBs, sometimes referred as antibiotic adjuvants, are non-antibiotic moieties which do not have any antimicrobial activity on its own, but, in combination with antibiotics enhance their antimicrobial activity and help overcome resistance barriers. Most beta lactamase inhibitors (BLIs) can be thought of as ARBs that do not have any significant antimicrobial activity when used alone, but in combination with a beta-lactam antibiotic, help restore the activity against beta-lactamase producing organisms.

CSE-1034 is a novel combination of Ceftriaxone (third generation beta-lactam cephalosporin), Sulbactam (beta-lactamase inhibitor) and Disodium EDTA (Class 1 Antibiotic Resistance Breaker), and it restores the in vitro activity of Ceftriaxone against ESBL/MBL producing gram-negative bacteria, including enzyme families that belong to Ambler class A (TEM, SHV, CTX-M), class B (NDM, VIM, IMP), class C (some variants of AmpC), and class D (OXA ESBLs); it is not active against serine carbapenemases (higher variants of KPC, OXA carbapenemases). CSE-1034 also has proven in vitro activity against multiple resistance mechanisms including efflux pumps, bacterial biofilms, membrane permeability, and transfer of resistance by means of conjugation.

Since CSE-1034 has shown its efficacy in ESBL producing Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter species in various in vitro and in vivo studies, therefore, to meet regulatory expectations, non-inferiority of CSE-1034 in comparison to Meropenem (drug of choice in ESBL producing pathogens) is under study in this phase-3 clinical trial.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

1. Patients willing to provide informed consent and who are willing to or likely to comply with all study requirements
2. Patients of either gender must have age ≥ 18 years
3. Patients with suspected cUTI based on clinical signs and symptoms
4. Urine culture results confirm bacterial urinary tract infection caused by β-lactamase producing gram- negative bacteria requiring intravenous therapy
5. Patients with indwelling catheters should have the catheter removed or replaced (if removal is not clinically acceptable) before or as soon as possible, but not longer than 12 hours, after randomization
6. Obstructive uropathy, where the obstruction is likely to be relieved by stent or nephrostomy tube no later than 24 hours after randomization
7. Patients having received antibiotics for complicated urinary tract infection only if the duration of therapy was ≤ 24 hours within 72 hr of enrollment
8. Patients having received prior antibiotics and not showing any clinically significant improvement irrespective of duration of therapy
9. Females of childbearing potential require a negative urine pregnancy test and must agree to abstinence or to use an effective method of contraception

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Patients with clinically significant cardiovascular, renal, hepatic, gastrointestinal conditions, neurological, psychiatric, respiratory, other severely immunocompromised, haematological, or malignant disease and other condition which may interfere with the assessment. History of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, HIV and hepatitis B were excluded.
2. Patients with history of resistance to any of the investigational drugs were excluded from the study
3. Patients with history of hypersensitivity or allergic response, any contra-indications to penicillin, cephalosporin groups of drugs
4. Patients with creatinine clearance below 30 mL/min
5. Patients having abnormal laboratory parameters which in the opinion of PI are clinically significant enough to pose any undue safety concern for the patient or can interfere with patient's assessment
6. Perinephritic abscess or renal corticomedullary abscess, polycystic kidney disease, only one functional kidney, chronic vesicoureteral reflux
7. Uncomplicated UTI
8. Previous or planned renal transplantation or cystectomy
9. Urinary tract surgery within 7 days prior to randomization or urinary tract surgery planned during the study period (except surgery to relieve obstruction, to place a stent or nephrostomy)
10. Patients with a Body Mass Index ≥ 35 kg/m\^2
11. Pregnant or lactating women
12. Participation in any clinical study within the previous 6 months