Caregiver Self-Management of Stress

Unpaid informal caregivers (CGs), such as family and friends, who are also employed may be at significant risk of experiencing burden and stress. This may be especially true for CGs who provide care to care recipients coping with behavioral health issues associated with conditions like depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder and traumatic brain injury. Stress not only increases the CG's risk of workplace difficulties, illness, and poor quality of life, but also impacts the CG's ability to provide care for the care recipient. The primary aim of this randomized study is to examine the impact of a novel intervention, Caregiver SOS (Self-Management of Stress), on CG distress and work performance and productivity. Caregiver SOS is delivered by phone and offers evidence-based, work and CG role performance-focused self-management counseling to employed CGs. Study findings will ultimately shed light on whether a program that specifically addresses caregiving-work balance is effective in improving CGs' wellbeing and work functioning and the quality of Veterans' care.

Background: Research has shown that unpaid, informal caregivers (CGs), such as family and friends, who are also employed may be at significant risk of experiencing burden and stress. A recent national survey found that approximately 60% of employed CGs had significant problems balancing work and caregiving. Stress not only increases the CG's risk of illness and diminishes their quality of life; it also impacts the CG's ability to provide care for the care recipient (CR) and overall relationship quality. Moreover, while work frequently adds to the CG's stress, relinquishing work can create new stress for both the CG and CR, particularly when it involves losses in resources such as income, benefits, social contacts and/or respite from caregiving duties.

Specific Aims: The aims of this study are to, 1) determine the extent to which, relative to usual care, a novel intervention providing evidence-based, telephonic CG/work stress self-management counseling is related to changes in CG psychological distress and ability to function effectively in work and CG roles, and 2) evaluate whether participation in the intervention is related to CGs' overall wellbeing and CRs' health care utilization.

Methodology: The investigators will conduct a randomized controlled trial and compare pre/post changes among 300 CGs allocated to the Caregiver SOS (for Self-Management of Stress) program or usual care. CGs who, 1) care for Veterans diagnosed with depression, anxiety, PTSD, and/or traumatic brain injury (TBI) and, 2) screen positive for clinically significant distress and CG/work role difficulty will be recruited to participate from two VA Medical Centers and their affiliated outpatient clinics. A novel intervention, Caregiver SOS includes 6, 1-hour telephonic sessions with a care manager. Usual care will consist of 1 telephonic session with a care manager. Primary and secondary outcomes will be pre-post change in CG distress and work functioning, respectively. Additional CG and CR outcomes (i.e., physical mental and interpersonal functioning) also will be measured and analyzed. CRs' VA health utilization data will be extracted from clinical patient records and non-VA health utilization data will be collected via CG self-report. Intent to treat analysis using mixed effects models will be used to test the study hypotheses. The investigators anticipate that CGs in the intervention arm will show significantly greater improvements in outcomes compared to those in usual care.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Veteran receives care at the Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center (CMCVAMC), VA Western New York Healthcare System (VAWNYHS), or affiliated community-based outpatient clinics
* Veteran and CG are 18 years of age or older
* Veteran and CG are community dwelling
* Veteran has a confirmed diagnosis of depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, PTSD, and/or TBI (per medical chart/provider report)
* CG is a relative or significant other who endorses that s/he assists the Veteran care recipient (CR) with two or more instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs). IADLS include:

  * housework
  * managing finances
  * arranging/providing transportation (e.g., to medical appointments and community services)
  * grocery shopping
  * preparing meals
  * health management and maintenance (e.g., giving medications, minimizing exposure and response to stress triggers)
  * arranging for and/or supervising the delivery of services for assistance with everyday activities
* CG is employed
* CG screens positive for at least mild-moderate distress
* CG screens positive for at least moderate work role difficulty due to caregiving
* CG is willing and able to provide informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

* CG cognitive, hearing, visual, or other physical impairments leading to difficulty with informed consent process, assessment, or participation in intervention visits
* CG unable to speak or read English