Digitally Supported Self-management Program for Patients With Asthma in Secondary Care: a Pilot Study

In the Netherlands, more than 600 thousand people have asthma. About half of these people have insufficient asthma control. This has a negative effect on their health and use of care. Insufficient knowledge about asthma and proper medication use, low self-confidence in managing asthma, and low compliance contribute to this problem. AstmaKompas is an eHealth application for asthma patients focused on self-monitoring and self-management. Astmakompas also connects patients with their healthcare professionals, among other things by giving healthcare professionals more insight into their patients' disease progression, enabling them to provide timely(er) support. In this study, AstmaKompas will be deployed and evaluated in 2 hospitals. Through questionnaires and interviews, insight will be gained into the experiences of patients and healthcare professionals with AstmaKompas. Potential effects on health outcomes and healthcare utilization will also be identified.

Asthma is a major chronic disease that is estimated to affect approximately 262 million people worldwide. Asthma control is often suboptimal, with approximately 50% of patients having (partially) uncontrolled asthma. These patients have a higher risk of asthma exacerbations, asthma-related hospitalization and emergency department visits, resulting in high healthcare and societal costs. Poor asthma control is furthermore a major contributor to impaired health-related quality of life. Although the literature shows promising results of (digital) supported self-management interventions in improving asthma control and other important health outcomes, relatively little is known about the cost-effectiveness of such supported digital interventions delivered on a smartphone in comparison to usual care. Furthermore, no cost-effectiveness research has been conducted in a secondary care.

The primary aim of the proposed pilot study is to investigate whether Astmakompas is feasible, acceptable, easy and safe to use in a secondary care context for both patients and healthcare professionals (HCPs). The secondary aim is to explore the potential effect of Astmakompas on health and healthcare outcomes. Study design: A mixed-method study consisting of a multi-center, single-arm, pre-post intervention study with a duration of 12 weeks. The quantitative part consists of a survey providing insights on the feasibility, acceptability, usability, safety, and preliminary effects of Astmakompas. The explanatory qualitative part consist of semi structured focus groups for patients, and individual interviews for HCPs, which will complement the quantitative results.

The researchers aim to recruit a total of 30 patients in two hospitals: 15 in the Amsterdam UMC location AMC, and 15 in Medisch Spectrum Twente (MST). Inclusion criteria are 1) being aged 18 years or older, 2) not having used Astmakompas before, 3) having a physician diagnosis of asthma, 4) having uncontrolled asthma as defined by a score of 1.5 or higher on the Asthma Control Questionnaire (ACQ), 5) being able to understand, read and speak the Dutch language (i.e., based on self-report), and 6) having access to the Internet and a smartphone. Exclusion criteria are having a respiratory disease other than asthma, or having a non-reversible airway obstruction. Four involved HCPs (i.e., one pulmonologist and one pulmonary nurse in each of the two participating hospitals) will be invited to participate in the interviews.

Astmakompas is a CE-certified eHealth application for patients with asthma. The platform consists of a patient app, a portal for HCPs, and a wireless spirometer connected to the patient app. The patient app combines monitoring with self-management tools, and provides a portal to present these data as well as to communicate with their HCP. The monitoring enables patients to monitor their asthma control on a weekly basis using a standardized Patient Reported Outcome Measure (PROM) questionnaire, and additionally with a spirometer that assesses, amongst others, FEV1 and FVC. Patients' monitoring data is linked to their personalized digital action plan, including self-management strategies and treatment recommendations based on the latest international treatment guidelines. The action plan aims to increase patients' awareness of their symptoms and/or the severity of their symptoms, as well as their corresponding adverse effects. The action plan subsequently supports patients to intervene in a more timely manner, thereby preventing worsening of symptoms. When patients' monitoring results show a deterioration of asthma control, HCPs receive smart notifications by means of algorithms. Patient data can thereby serve as direct input in the consultations with the HCP, or they can proactively offer as-needed support. Patients are able to ask non-critical asthma-related questions to their HCP through a chat function of the application.

Primary study parameters include the Feasibility of Intervention Measure (FIM), the Acceptability of Intervention Measure (AIM, only administered to HCPs), user patterns of Astmakompas (e.g., number of logins), the Client Satisfaction Questionnaire-8 (CSQ-8, only administered to patients), the System Usability Scale (SUS, administered to both HCPs and patients), and adverse events (assessed in patients). Qualitative assessment in patients and HCPs will give a more in-depth understanding of feasibility, acceptability, usability and safety. Secondary study parameters, all assessed in patients, include asthma control (assessed using the Asthma Control Questionnaire \[ACQ\] and the weekly monitoring questionnaire that is part of Astmakompas), lung function as assessed by the spirometer, the Respiratory Illness questionnaire-Monitoring 10 (RIQ-MON10), the EuroQol 5 dimensions 5 levels (EQ-5D-5L), the Perceived Control of Asthma Questionnaire (PCAQ), and items from the iMTA Productivity Cost Questionnaire (iPCQ) and iMTA Medical Consumption Questionnaire (iMCQ). Additionally, qualitative assessment in patients and HCPs will give a more in-depth understanding of direct and indirect costs.

Regarding time investment, all participating asthma patients will be asked to complete a questionnaire at baseline, taking approximately 15-20 minutes, and at post-intervention (i.e., 12 weeks after baseline), taking approximately 25 minutes. Furthermore, part of the Astmakompas intervention is completing a weekly questionnaire taking approximately 2-3 minutes to complete, and weekly spirometer assessments (i.e., approximately 1-5 minutes each). In addition, a subsample of patients (n = 8 to 12) will participate in an online focus group interview lasting approximately 90 minutes, which will be reimbursed with a gift voucher of 25 euro. In line with the experiences of two previous small pilot studies, the researchers do not expect any health risks to be associated with the use of Astmakompas. Potential benefits include increased asthma control and self-management of the disease, as well as more efficient care by means of among others increased access to medical staff. Hence, the potential benefits are expected to outweigh the burden of the study. The participating four HCPs will participate in an individual interview lasting 60 minutes, which will be reimbursed with a gift voucher of 100 euro

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

Being aged 18 years or older Not having used Astmakompas before Having a physician diagnosis of asthma Having uncontrolled asthma as defined by a score of ≥ 1.5 on the ACQ \[19\] Being able to understand, read and speak the Dutch language (i.e., based on self-report) Having access to the Internet and a smartphone

Exclusion Criteria:

Having a respiratory disease other than asthma Having a non-reversible airway obstruction