Cardiac Resynchronisation Therapy Versus Rate-responsive Pacing in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction

Half of patients with heart failure have normal heart pumping function (Heart failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction, HFpEF), most commonly characterised by breathlessness on exercise. A number of mechanisms are responsible, but frequently patients are unable to raise their heart rate on exercise. This can be treated by a 'rate-responsive pacemaker' (RRP), which detects exercise and increases the heart rate accordingly. Some beneficial effects on echocardiographic parameters have been reported with exercise programmes. However, evidence based treatment options are limited in this group and therapy mainly relies on water tablets and treatment of blood pressure.

Cardiac resynchronisation therapy (CRT) is a technique using specialised 'biventricular' pacemakers that is well established in heart failure with reduced pump function. Patients who respond to this treatment have lower risk of death and hospitalisation and usually feel better. CRT is not currently used in HFpEF. The PROSPECT trial showed that some patients with relatively preserved heart function exhibited similar benefits to those with poor pump function, but this has not been formally tested. CRT aims to make the heart beat in a more synchronised way. Patients with HFpEF commonly have evidence of reduced heart synchronisation.

The investigators plan to assess the feasibility of using a prospective cohort study to assess the incremental benefit of CRT over and above RRP in patients with HFpEF. 10 patients with HFpEF and insufficient heart rate will be recruited and will undergo exercise testing, heart scanning and symptom questionnaires. A biventricular pacemaker will be implanted and programmed to RRP for 12 weeks before repeating the tests. After this, the investigators will non-invasively programme the pacemaker to CRT for 12 weeks and repeat the functional tests. If incremental benefit is shown with CRT the echocardiograms will be analysed in detail to determine the mechanism of change. The study participants will be invited to continue their involvement in a study extension. This will involve non-invasively programming the pacemakers to optimise their function guided by the results of the echocardiograms in the first two phases of the study. After a further 12 weeks, the functional assessments will be repeated. If no benefit is seen with CRT after initial analysis, the participant involvement will end.

This is an exploratory single-centre, open label, non-randomised, prospective cohort study comparing rate responsive pacing (RRP) with CRT in patients with confirmed HFpEF and chronotropic incompetence.

Setting:

The study will be conducted in Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, with patients drawn from Cardiology clinics and inpatient wards. Follow-up assessments will be conducted at Cardiff School of Sport, a research facility at a university campus close to the main hospital.

Number of subjects planned:

10 patients. This will be sufficient to establish estimates of variability in the diastolic reserve index (see below), allow estimation of treatment difference and gauge acceptability.

Target population:

Subjects with HFpEF and chronotropic incompetence

Endpoints:

Systolic and diastolic longitudinal reserve index are calculated by the following formulae:

Systolic reserve = Δs' x \[1-(1/s'rest)\] Diastolic reserve = Δe' x \[1-(1/e'rest)\]

These are known to be impaired in patients with HFpEF and are a marker of adaptation to exercise in terms of filling pressures and left ventricular relaxation. Tan et al report a significant difference between the results seen with 56 patients with HFpEF and 27 control subjects on exercise echocardiography with semi-supine bicycle.16 Patient characteristics were similar to those of our proposed study group (Ejection fraction (EF) \>50%, New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification grade II, HFpEF according to Vasan and Levy criteria).28

The investigators will therefore investigate diastolic and systolic reserve index as possible endpoints of a future study into the efficacy of CRT versus RRP in HFpEF patients.

Planned interventions:

Visit 1 - Baseline Assessments: Patients will undergo initial assessment of baseline characteristics by echocardiography, cardiopulmonary exercise testing, 6-minute walk test (6MWT) and Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLHFQ). (Visit length: approx. 4 hours)

Visit 2 - Device Implantation (≤ 7 days after baseline assessments completed):

Eligible subjects will undergo implantation of a biventricular pacemaker under normal laboratory conditions. The device will be programme to administer rate-responsive pacing (DDDR). They will return to pacing clinic a week later for a programming check; during this visit, they will also undergo a chest x-ray according to local protocol to ensure correct lead placement (Visit length: 1 day + 2 hours)

Visit 3 - Assessments and Device Reprogramming After 12 weeks, the baseline parameters will be reassessed and patients will then have their device non-invasively reprogrammed to CRT. (Visit length: approx. 4 hours)

Visit 4 - Assessments After a further 12 weeks, the baseline assessments will be repeated. The pacemaker will be non-invasively reprogrammed to DDDR mode and the patient will go home. (Visit length: approx. 4 hours)

Optional extension (pending analysis of results) Visit 5 - Reprogramming If incremental benefit has been demonstrated with CRT above the benefit of RRP, the echocardiograms will be examined to establish the mechanism of improvement. Subjects will be invited to participate in a study extension using multisite technology. The device will be non-invasively reprogrammed to optimise the CRT settings targeted specifically for the mechanism identified. (Visit length: approx. 3 hour)

Visit 6 - Assessments 12 weeks after the final reprogramming, patients will attend for a final set of assessments as per baseline. Participant involvement will then cease. (Visit length: approx. 4 hours)

Total contact time with research team: Approximately 27 hours (22 hours without extension)

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Confirmed HFpEF as described above
* Chronotropic incompetence as described above
* Ongoing exertional breathlessness of NYHA Grade II or worse
* Ability to understand and sign written consent form
* Males and females, age \>18 years
* Ability to participate in follow-up appointments at 3 and 6 months post-implantation
* Ability to complete a cardiopulmonary exercise test

Exclusion Criteria:

* Any contraindication to implantation of permanent pacemaker, namely unresolved infective process or sepsis, vascular access difficulties, advanced neoplastic process, expected lifespan less than 1 year or patient choice
* Ejection fraction \<50%
* Known valvular disease graded severe or moderate-to-severe
* Cardiac arrhythmia (paroxysmal or persistent) within 1 year of recruitment
* Exertional chest pain suggestive of angina or personal history of coronary artery disease without subsequent revascularisation, or coronary angiogram within the past 5 years demonstrating \>50% stenosis in ≥ 1 epicardial coronary artery
* Significant chronic lung disease (FEV1 \<80%)
* Inability to complete follow-up process for any reason not defined above