Efficacy of a Gel Containing Polynucleotides and Hyaluronic Acid in Supraosseous Periodontal Defects Treated with the Single Flap Approach

Treatment of supraosseous defects (SD) may be challenging due to their limited regenerative potential. When located in aesthetic areas, treatment may result in a gingival recession increase with consequent patients' concerns in terms of aesthetic or tooth sensibility. In the present study, a minimally-invasive surgical procedure (namely, the Single Flap Approach, SFA) will be combined with the application of a viscoelastic gel containing polynucleotides and hyaluronic acid that was reported to positively modulate periodontal wound healing. The outcomes, evaluated 6 months after treatment, will be compared to those obtained with SFA alone. The evaluated outcomes will be either clinical (evaluation of clinical parameters such as gingival recession, residual probing depth, clinical attachment gain) or related to patient's perception (such as evaluation of the aesthetic or tooth sensibility).

SDs have been indicated as the most challenging lesions when dealing with periodontal regenerative procedures. In fact, their non-containing morphology does not contribute wound stability, and the wound maturation phase does not benefit from the cellular support coming from residual lateral bony walls, as in intraosseous defects. Also, the absence of residual bony walls does not allow a proper support of the surgical flaps, thus reducing the space needed for regeneration. Because of this unfavorable morphology, treatment of SDs generally results in worse clinical outcomes compared to intraosseous defects. Nevertheless, noteworthy clinical results have been reported when SDs associated to moderate or deep PD were treated with open flap debridement alone. In a systematic review Graziani et al. (2014), showed mean PD reductions of 1.41 mm in sites of moderate pre-surgical pocket depth (i.e., mean PD of 5.19 mm) that reached mean residual pockets of 3.83 mm over 6 months after treatment. More recently, a high prevalence of closed pockets (i.e., 79.3% of sites with residual PD ≤ 3mm) have been reported 12 months after treatment of deep (i.e., mean presurgical value of 6.3 ±0.6 mm) sites with access flap based on papilla preservation techniques (i.e., Modified/Simplified Papilla Preservation Technique).

In 2021, the Single Flap Approach (SFA), a surgical technique originally introduced in the treatment of intraosseous defects, have been also proposed for SDs. The basic principle underlying the SFA is the elevation of a single flap (i.e., on the buccal or oral aspect only, depending on the main extension of the defect) to access the defect, leaving the interproximal supracrestal soft tissue intact. Data stemming from a retrospective analysis showed that the SFA with or without EMD was similarly effective in the treatment deep bleeding pockets associated to a horizontal pattern of bone destruction. In the study arm receiving SFA as a stand-alone protocol, significant mean CAL gains (2.1± 0.9 mm) and PD reductions (3.1± 1.0 mm) were observed 12 months after therapy. These results appear similar or even superior when compared to those reported by other studies where SDs were accessed with Double Flap Approach (based on Papilla Preservation Techniques) alone. Interestingly, this observation has been confirmed by a recent study where clinical and radiographic outcomes observed after surgical access of SDs performed by either a SFA or a DFA were compared. At 6 months, treatment with SFA resulted in greater prevalence of sites reaching CAL gain ≥ 1mm (80% vs 11%) and PD≤ 3mm (40% vs 10%) compared to DFA, thus suggesting that SFA principles may lead to improved clinical outcomes compared to DFA even in the treatment of SDs.

Although the evidence from previous studies support the SFA as a promising treatment for SDs, some clinical aspects currently need further investigation. In the study by Simonelli et al. (2021), a tendency to suboptimal wound closure was evident, with 30% of defects undergoing SFA alone showing Early Healing Index (EHI) scores of 4 or 5 at 2 weeks after surgery. Based on data coming from a previous study demonstrating a trend towards better clinical outcomes (greater CAL gain, less buccal REC increase) in defects with optimal wound closure compared to incomplete wound closure, we may hypothesize that this aspect could have negatively influenced the observed clinical results. In fact, 1-year CAL gain (2.1 mm) was limited if compared to pre-surgery CAL (7.5 mm), and a mean gingival recession (REC) increase of 1 mm was observed.

Recently, a viscoelastic gel containing polynucleotides and hyaluronic acid (PN-HA) was shown to positively influence the viability and proliferation of gingival fibroblasts, thus representing a plausible candidate as periodontal wound modulator. These in vitro results had been partially confirmed by a clinical study where the use of a PN-HA gel showed a higher tendency to pocket closure after subgingival re-instrumentation of PD≥ 5 mm. To date, no clinical data on the effectiveness of PN-HA gel after surgical treatment of SDs is available.

Primary aim The primary aim of the study will be to evaluate the superiority of SFA + PN-HA gel over SFA for the change in interproximal gingival recession (iREC) observed 6 months after surgery of SDs in esthetic areas.

Secondary aims The secondary aims of the study will be to comparatively evaluate SFA + PN-HA gel and SFA for the (i) 6-month prevalence of closed, non-bleeding pockets (i.e., PD≤ 4mm); (ii) quality of early wound closure; (iii) 6-month CAL gain; (iv) 6-month change in buccal gingival recession (bREC); (v) 6-month change in radiographic defect depth; (vi) duration of the surgical procedure; (vii) PROMs, including adverse events, postoperative pain intensity/duration, and patient satisfaction.

Eligibility Criteria:
INCLUSION CRITERIA Patient-specific

* age≥ 18 years;
* diagnosis of Stage III or IV periodontitis22;
* good physical status (ASA1 and ASA2 according to Physical Status Classification System);
* systemic and local conditions compatible with periodontal surgical procedures;
* patient willing and fully capable to comply with the study protocol.

Site-specific

* defect located in an incisor, canine or premolar region which becomes exposed during spontaneous smiling;
* defect with an intrabony component (as assessed on periapical radiograph and confirmed intra-surgically) ≤ 2 mm;
* defect with a radiographic CEJ-BC≥ 4 mm; d) residual (following step I-II of treatment) PD≥6 mm at both interproximal aspects facing the SD.

EXCLUSION CRITERIA Patient-specific

* poorly controlled diabetes (HbA1C ≥ 7%);
* history of radiation therapy in the head and neck area;
* history of chemotherapy;
* systemic disease or conditions with a documented effect on bone metabolism and/or periodontal status/healing;
* past (within 6 months prior to enrollment in the study) or current treatment with any medication with a documented effect on bone metabolism and/or periodontal status/healing;
* physical or mental handicap that can interfere with adherence to the study procedures and adequate hygienic compliance;
* documented allergy to dental materials involved in the experimental protocol;
* pregnancy or lactation;
* history of drug or alcohol abuse.

Moreover, participants will be immediately excluded from the study:

* upon request to withdraw from further participation;
* development of acute dental/periodontal or oral conditions requiring treatment;
* development of conditions conflicting with the exclusion criteria listed above
* failure to comply with study instructions/requirements.

Site-specific

* presence of untreated endodontic lesions or inadequate endodontic treatment of teeth facing the SD;
* presence of orthodontic appliances;
* local conditions preventing proper plaque control at experimental sites;
* grade III mobility.