The Stoma Closure Before or After Adjuvant Therapy Trial

This is an open-label multicenter controlled trial, including 28 centers from the Rete Oncologica (Oncological Network) of Piemonte and Valle d'Aosta in Italy (http://www.reteoncologica.it). After a curative resection for rectal cancer and temporary ileostomy, 270 patients with indication to adjuvant chemotherapy will be randomized to early (before starting adjuvant treatment) or late (after adjuvant treatment completion) stoma closure. Primary end point will the compliance to adjuvant therapy. Secondary endpoint will include quality of life and bowel function evaluation, postoperative morbidity, chemotherapy toxicity, oncological outcomes and costs comparison.

Diverting ileostomy is effective in reducing severity of anastomotic complications in rectal low anterior resections and it is therefore widely used especially after neoadjuvant chemoradiation treatment. In current clinical practice, in patients with indication to adjuvant chemotherapy, closure of ileostomy is usually performed after the end of the treatment. However, a prolonged presence of the ostomy can induce the onset of ostomy-related complications such as stoma prolapse, parastomal hernia, mechanical ileus, high flow dehydration and damage to renal function. The ostomy-related complications may require unplanned or prolonged hospitalization, thus increasing costs.

Furthermore, the presence of the stoma may affect quality of life, causing alteration of the body image and imposing changes in the daily routine and lifestyle.

Early closure of the ileostomy in patients without signs of postoperative fistula has therefore been proposed.

Outcomes of early closure (within one month from surgery) of diverting ileostomy were demonstrated to be equal to those of late closure (more than 12 weeks from surgery) in 2 randomized trials. Early closure may favor a better quality of life for patients, shortening the life-period with ileostomy, reduces health system economic expenditure and may represent the most desirable and convenient choice. It was also associated with better long term functional results in a randomized trial.

In patients with indication to adjuvant therapy, however, timing to closure of the ostomy (before the start, during or at the end of treatment) is still a matter of debate in terms of compliance to systemic treatment, quality of life and overall costs.

A recent multicenter retrospective study reported an increase in gastrointestinal toxicity in ostomy patients with a significant reduction in treatment compliance.

On the other hand, early closure of the ostomy could unmask anterior resection syndrome (LARS) before chemotherapy, with potential negative impact on the tolerability of the treatment, or reveal postoperative complications thus delaying chemotherapy treatment.

The trial will investigate which is the best strategy of dealing with temporary ileostomy in relation to adjuvant therapy.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Patient treated with a curative resection for rectal cancer
* Presence of a temporary ileostomy
* Age \>= 18 years
* Indication to adjuvant treatment
* Absence of anastomotic dehiscence (as proved by enema and/or endoscopy)
* Able to give written informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

* ASA \>3
* ECOG Performance Status \>=2
* UICC stage IV
* Severe and non-controlled systemic, oncologic, or infectious disease