A RCT of Prednisone as Adjunctive Therapy for Hospitalized Patients With Pulmonary TB and HIV Co-infection

The purpose of this study is to determine if 30-day survival will be improved with addition of prednisone to standard tuberculosis (TB) therapy.

Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of death in people infected with HIV worldwide. South Africa has one of the highest rates of tuberculosis and HIV in sub Saharan Africa and the world. Infection with HIV can result in activation of the latent form of TB to its active form. In places like sub Saharan Africa where the HIV rates are very high TB has spread with incredible vigor. In order to study this phenomenon, we conducted a preliminary project, which demonstrated that there are approximately 250 patients with active TB admitted to one urban South African hospital in one month and that almost half of them are infected with HIV. One quarter of them died while in hospital. They were young people with an average of 32 years. We are interested in undertaking clinical trials that will study novel therapies that can be added to the existing antimicrobial regimens in order to reduce the number of people dying from TB. One of these therapies would be the addition of prednisone, an oral steroid, to the standard TB treatment regimen. Steroids have been shown to be useful in TB meningitis and pericarditis in HIV positive and negative patients. However, steroids have never been tested in a formal manner in HIV patients with pulmonary TB. We have chosen to do our research in South Africa since the numbers of patients needed to design a clinical trial such as the one presented can only be found in such an environment. Prednisone is cheap, easily obtainable and thus a sustainable intervention in developing countries. The impact of the research would affect not only the international community including Canada but would certainly have a lasting sustainable effect on the local community in Pietermaritzburg, South Africa in addition to the rest of the world.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Newly diagnosed AFB smear positive pulmonary TB (via microscopy)
* must be on quadruple standard chemotherapy for TB
* patients admitted to the medical ward (Edendale Hospital (EDH)- Pietermaritzburg,KwaZulu Natal, South Africa)
* must survive the first 24 hours after admission. In addition it takes up to 24 hours for the lab to assess all of the sputum samples sent for analysis
* patients must live in Pietermaritzburg in order to ensure efficient follow up
* positive HIV test (new or documented serodiagnosis via HIV antibody testing (ELISA Bio-rad ACCESS HIV 1/2 Immunoassay System))\*
* adults \&gt;17 yrs of age
* consent to enter study \* Only a screening test will be done to identify HIV positive patients, as the high prevalence of HIV in patients with pulmonary TB (60%) results in a very high positive predictive value, and a Western blot would not be needed as a confirmatory test.

Exclusion Criteria:

* TB meningitis \*
* TB pericarditis \*
* adrenal Insufficiency \*
* old tuberculosis (Treatment for \&gt; 1 month prior to admission, Treatment failure) or known MDR-TB
* significant co-morbidities such as diabetes, uncontrolled HTN, peptic ulcer disease and renal disease and palliative conditions (untreatable cancer), or another infection
* other serious HIV related diseases such as cryptococcal meningitis, and Non Hodgkin's Lymphoma
* pregnancy
* previously treated with corticosteroids in the last month prior to admission, (9) other pulmonary pathogens identified in sputum 10) allergy to co-trimoxazole) (refer to co-trimoxazole section) \*Based on clinical evaluation these patients will be excluded because evidence exists for using steroids in these conditions.