Triple Combinations Against Hookworm Infections in Lao

More than one billion people are infected with soil-transmitted helminths (STH, A. lumbricoides, hookworm or Trichuris trichiura). Preventive chemotherapy - i.e. annual or biannual treatment of at-risk populations with albendazole or mebendazole is the current strategy against STH. However, the efficacy of both drugs is only moderate against hookworm and low against T. trichiura. For increasing the efficacy and to avoid drug resistance, new drugs or the combination of different drugs is the way forward.

In this randomised controlled trial, we assess the efficacy (based on cure rates) of different drug combinations in school-aged children in Lao. 420 hookworm positive children will be treated: 140 with albendazole-oxantel pamoate, 140 with albendazole-pyrantel pamoate-oxantel pamoate treatment arms, 70 with pyrantel pamoate-oxantel pamoate and 70 with mebendazole-pyrantel pamoate-oxantel pamoate. Two stool samples will be collected at baseline and follow-up (14-21 days after treatment) and analysed with Kato-Katz.

More than one billion people are infected with A. lumbricoides, hookworm or Trichuris trichiura, the so-called soil-transmitted helminths (STH). Preventive chemotherapy - i.e. annual or biannual treatment of at-risk populations, is the current strategy against STH advocated by the World Health Organization. However, the currently used drugs albendazole and mebendazole have only moderate efficacy against hookworm and low against T. trichiura. The main challenge is their temporal decrease in efficacy, which might be associated with drug resistance, as it was shown in veterinary medicine. For increasing the efficacy and to avoid drug resistance, new drugs or the combination of different drugs is the way forward.

The primary objective of this study is to assess the efficacy (based on cure rates \[CR\]) of the three combinations, i.e. albendazole-oxantel pamoate, pyrantel pamoate-oxantel pamoate and albendazole-pyrantel pamoate-oxantel pamoate in school-aged children infected with hookworms in Laos. Secondary objectives include; i) a proof of concept, investigating the difference between the two triple combinations albendazole-pyrantel pamoate-oxantel pamoate versus mebendazole-pyrantel pamoate-oxantel pamoate (based on CRs), ii) egg reduction rates (ERR) against hookworm and ERRs/CRs against A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura and iii) tolerability of the 4 combinations.

Two stool samples will be collected from school-aged children (age 6-15) at baseline. 420 hookworm positive children will be treated: 140 with albendazole-oxantel pamoate, 140 with albendazole-pyrantel pamoate-oxantel pamoate, 70 with pyrantel pamoate-oxantel pamoate and 70 with mebendazole-pyrantel pamoate-oxantel pamoate treatment arms The medical history of the participating children will be assessed with a standardized questionnaire, in addition to a clinical examination carried out by the study physician on the treatment day. Children will be interviewed before treatment for clinical symptoms and 3 and 24 hours after treatment about the occurrence of adverse events. The efficacy of the treatment will be determined 14-21 days post-treatment by collecting another two stool samples. All stool samples will be examined with duplicated Kato-Katz thick smears.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Written informed consent signed by parents and/or legal representative; and a verbal assent (children \<12 years) or signed assent (children ≥12 years), according to Lao regulations.
* Able and willing to be examined by a study physician at the beginning of the study.
* Able and willing to provide two stool samples at the beginning (baseline) and two to three weeks after treatment (follow-up).
* Positive for hookworm eggs in the stool.
* Absence of major systemic illnesses, e.g. diabetes, severe anemia as assessed by a medical doctor, upon initial clinical assessment.
* No known or reported history of chronical illness as cancer, diabetes, chronic heart, liver or renal disease.
* No recent anthelminthic treatment (within past 4 weeks).
* No known allergy to study medications (e.g. albendazole, mebendazole, pyrantel pamoate, oxantel pamoate).
* Negative pregnancy test (girls ≥12 years)

Exclusion Criteria:

* No written informed consent by parents and/or legal representative and no verbal assent (children \<12 years) or signed assent (children ≥12 years).
* Presence of major systemic illnesses, e.g. diabetes, severe anemia as assessed by a medical doctor, upon initial clinical assessment.
* History of acute or severe chronic disease.
* Recent use of anthelminthic drug (within past 4 weeks).
* Attending other clinical trials during the study.
* Negative diagnostic result for hookworm eggs in the stool.
* Positive pregnancy test (girls ≥12 years)