Diffusion Weighted Imaging Evaluation for Understanding Stroke Evolution Study-2 (DEFUSE-2)

Diffusion and Perfusion Imaging Evaluation for Understanding Stroke Evolution Study 2 (DEFUSE 2) is a multi-center pilot study to determine if cerebral perfusion imaging can help identify which patients, who are ineligible for intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (iv tPA) therapy or have failed iv tPA therapy, are most likely to benefit from an endovascular clot removal procedure.

Currently, the only approved therapy for acute stroke patients is a medication called tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). This medication is given as an intravenous infusion and can dissolve blood clots, thereby restoring blood flow to the brain. Early restoration of blood flow can prevent the permanent damage to the brain which typically occurs after a stroke. As a result, patients who achieve early restoration of blood flow have less disability than stroke patients in whom blood flow is not restored. Unfortunately, only a very small fraction of stroke patients is treated with tPA and benefits from tPA. Nationwide only 3 percent of stroke patients receive this therapy. The short treatment time-window is one of the main reasons that patients are not eligible for this treatment. Previously, tPA was only recommended in the 0 - 3 hour time window after stroke onset, but recent studies have shown efficacy our to 4 ½ hours. AHA guidelines now recommend treatment with iv tPA up to 4 ½ hrs. However, the number of stroke patients who will benefit from treatment remains small despite expansion of the time-window from 3 to 4 ½ hrs. This is the result of two main limitations of tPA. First, the majority of stroke patients present beyond the 4 ½ hour time-window and will therefore remain ineligible for treatment. Second, stroke patients who receive tPA do not always benefit because the treatment does not restore blood flow in all patients. Our research has shown that depending on the location of the blood clot, blood flow is restored in only 20 to 50% of stroke patients treated with tPA.

Patients with persistent blood vessel occlusions and no improvement in their clinical condition after receiving tPA or those arriving at the hospital outside the 4 1/2 hour time window routinely undergo mechanical clot removal to open an occluded blood vessel in the brain.

Mechanical clot removal increases the percentage of stroke patients who achieve recanalization, and as a result may increase the proportion of patients who have good clinical outcomes. However it is unclear for which stroke patients mechanical thrombectomy is most suitable. Although effective at removing blood-clots, it appears that mechanical clot retrieval is not beneficial for all patients. Whereas some patients benefit, others experience no effect, and yet others are likely harmed by mechanical clot retrieval. In order to avoid harm and maximize benefit it is important to know, prior to initiation of the mechanical clot retrieval procedure, if the procedure is likely to result in a clinical improvement. The investigators hypothesize that the response to mechanical clot retrieval can be predicted based on characteristics of an MRI scan obtained just prior to the retrieval procedure. The investigators hope to learn if new MRI techniques can help identify which patients are most likely to benefit from mechanical clot removal after receiving tPA.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

1. Age 18 years and older
2. Clinical diagnosis of ischemic stroke and a score of 5 or more points in the NIHSS.
3. Planned to undergo intra-arterial (IA) therapy for acute hemispheric stroke (Either as primary therapy or as adjuvant therapy following intravenous tPA treatment)
4. Planned to have a standard MRI including perfusion imaging and MR angiography of the circle of Willis (MRA) prior to IA therapy
5. Intra-arterial thrombectomy can be started within 90 minutes of completion of MRI scan and within 12 hours of symptom onset. (Start of IA therapy is defined as the time of insertion of the femoral artery sheath; Time of brain scan is defined as the time that the scan is completed)
6. Able to obtain informed consent (informed consent should be obtained prior to the baseline MRI scan).

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Any pre-existing neurological illness resulting in a modified Rankin Scale Score of 3 or higher prior to the qualifying stroke
2. Pregnancy