Sensory Enrichment for Older Adults

This study evaluates the efficacy of multi-odorant enrichment on cognitive skills, olfactory function, and quality of life.

The purpose of this study is to explore sensory stimulation as a potential means of enhancing cognitive abilities. In mice, multi-odorant enrichment has been shown to increase neurogenesis in a critical memory pathway and thereby improve memory. In this clinical study, we will determine if a nightly sensory enrichment regimen using scents for 6 months can improve cognitive skills, as measured using a series of cognitive assessments and brain imaging in older adults. We also will determine if mood/mental state of mind or olfactory functioning improve following scent stimulation.

This study will enroll approximately 200 participants. Of the 200 participants in the study, 50 individuals, who are interested in participating, will have a functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) scan at the beginning and end of the study, which will be used to examine changes in the brain.

Participants will undergo cognitive assessments, computerized cognitive assessments, and olfactory function assessments. They will be randomly assigned to either an experimental or an active control group, and will be exposed to either a higher or lower concentration of essential oils nightly using a nebulizing fragrance diffuser, rotating through seven different scents, one per night. The exposures will continue for 6 months, after which the participants will return and undergo the same assessments conducted at the beginning of the study.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

1. Are age 60-85, male or female
2. Have normal cognition (determined at first assessment with cognitive testing)
3. Speak/read/understand English fluently
4. Have visual and auditory acuity adequate for neuropsychological and computerized testing
5. Are in good general health with no disease(s) expected to interfere with the study
6. Are willing and able to participate for the duration of the study and in all study procedures
7. Are able to smell scents
8. Are willing to refrain from using scented candles, scented oils, or air fresheners while participating in the study
9. Are willing to travel to the research site for testing

   If interested in functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI),
10. Are willing and able to participate in the fMRI scan.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Have known fragrance sensitivities
2. Have asthma, allergies, or a fragrance sensitivity, which produces symptoms similar to those of an allergy, including runny nose, watery eyes, sneezing, or skin rash
3. Have a neurologic disease such as Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, brain cyst, tumor or aneurysm
4. Have major health conditions such as uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, uncontrolled hypertension, nutritional deficiency or thyroid disease
5. Have significant psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorder, or attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
6. Have cognitive impairment when tested at baseline (defined as a score on any neuropsychological test of 1.5 standard deviations or more outside the age norm)
7. Have had alcohol or substance abuse or dependence within the past 2 years (DSM-IV criteria)
8. Smoke cigarettes, e-cigarettes, cigars, marijuana, or any other substance that could produce an interfering odor for the study.

   If interested in functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI),
9. MRI contraindications, (e.g. pacemakers, aneurysm clips, artificial heart valves, ear implants, metal fragments or foreign objects in the eyes, skin or body).