The Switch Study: The Role of Lamivudine/Emtricitabine (3TC/FTC) in Antiretroviral Regimens

In this study the researchers will be enrolling patients who are failing their current antiretroviral regimen who also have resistance to 3TC or FTC. Patients will have their current antiretroviral regimen changed based on resistance testing and also be randomly assigned to either include, or not include 3TC/FTC in this new regimen. The purpose of the research is to investigate whether the change in therapy results in a decrease in the amount of virus particles and an increase in the CD4 cell count. In addition the researchers are investigating the relationship between the existence of resistance and the rate of decrease in viral load, and also to determine if continuing 3TC/FTC (despite being resistant to the medications) has any effect on the rate of decrease of viral load, or effect on CD4 counts.

In this randomized, open-label, controlled trial, HIV-infected patients who are failing 3TC/FTC-containing highly active antiretroviral therapy, (HAART), will be offered individual treatment selection based on best clinical judgment and genotypic HIV-RNA resistance analysis. Patients who meet entry criteria will first be randomized to either continue or discontinue 3TC/FTC while they remain on their current therapy. HIV-1 viral load will be measured 4 times over a period of 14 days to determine the virologic response to this change. At day 14, each patient's regimen will be optimized to a new combination based on a genotype test taken at study entry. Patients will then start on the new salvage regimen, including or not including 3TC/FTC based on their initial randomization. Additional HIV-1 viral load measurements will be obtained to determine the virologic response to the new salvage regimen over 24 weeks.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* HIV-1 seropositive patients \>= 18 years of age
* Willingness and ability to understand and sign a written informed consent and comply with the protocol procedure
* Prior treatment with nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI's), non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI's) and protease inhibitor (PI)-containing regimens
* On a stable PI and 3TC or FTC -containing regimen for \>= 2 months
* Plasma HIV-1 RNA \>5000 copies/ml
* CD4 \>100
* Documented M184V or I on genotype within 3 months of study entry
* At least 3 PI-associated resistance mutations on genotype within 3 months of study entry, (including known resistance mutations at codons 10, 30, 46, 50, 54, 71, 82, 84, and 90)

Exclusion Criteria:

* In the opinion of the investigator a patient that is either unwilling or unable to be adherent to antiretroviral drugs
* Requirement for concomitant treatment with medicines that interfere with the therapy prescribed in the study
* Patients who have never taken 3TC or FTC, or with no prior documentation of the M184V mutation
* Active hepatitis B infection
* Vaccination within 2 weeks of entering the study
* An acute opportunistic illness within 4 weeks of entering the study; chronic infections will not be excluded
* Use of immunomodulatory medications such as IL-2
* Planned use of enfuvirtide, (T20) in salvage regimen, (in T20 naïve subjects)