Adolescent Screening and Personalized Intervention Resource for Enhancement of Behavioral Health and Substance Use

Only a small fraction of youth who are beginning to experience behavioral health problems and use alcohol or illicit drugs receive needed treatment services due to the lack of accessible, effective early intervention resources. The goal of this clinical trial is to compare a personalized brief web-based early intervention, eHealth Personalized Approach for Change Efficacy (ePACE), in which youth are offered choices regarding intervention content and desired level of engagement, to a "fixed", non-tailored brief intervention, eHealth Fixed Approach for Change Efficacy (eFACE) for adolescents with mild/moderate substance use and common co-occurring problems. Both ePACE and eFACE include a multi-problem screener that guides youths through a set of key integrated behavior change and counseling modules providing a cohesive focus on these four problem domains: drug abuse, interpersonal relations, negative emotions and stress. The main questions the trial aims to answer are:

* Are substance use and co-occurring problem outcomes for ePACE and eFACE are superior to those for a waitlist comparison group (WC)
* Are outcomes for ePACE are superior to those for eFACE
* Are the direct effects of ePACE and eFACE (i.e., the improvements in substance use and co-occurring problem outcomes) associated with improvements in areas of functioning and new skills that are hypothesized to produce change -- that is, are the improvements shown in the ePACE and eFACE groups due to the mechanisms by which change is hypothesized to occur Participants in ePACE and eFACE will complete a baseline assessment prior to engaging in the intervention to which they are assigned and will complete post-intervention assessments 3 months and 6 months later. Participants in the WC group will complete three assessments: at baseline, 3-months, and 6-months.

This clinical trial is designed to test a technology-based, multicomponent behavioral health intervention for adolescents who have begun to experience behavioral health problems, including substance use. The design and functionality of the mobile health intervention, called eHealth Personalized Approach for Change Efficacy (ePACE), is grounded in two pivotal developmental frameworks. First, the intervention will address the well-established bidirectional relationship between substance use and co-occurring problems in adolescence. Second, in keeping with contemporary patient- and youth-centered health care delivery models, the mobile health intervention will have an interactive design permitting youth to receive feedback and make active choices about the care they receive. These conceptually informed design features and functionalities will optimize youth engagement, empowerment, and agency in order to maximize clinical outcomes. A digital health resource scalable to any smart phone would avert the need for delivery by highly trained professionals, and could be easily accessed by youth, especially those in rural or other settings where resources remain scarce. The ePACE intervention is user-friendly personalized, youth-centered, mobile health resource designed for use as a stand-alone intervention by providers of youth services or integrated into existing programming such as juvenile justice diversion programs, school-based counseling programs, or community behavioral health or drug treatment programs. ePACE is composed of a multi-problem screener to guide the implementation of a set of key integrated behavior change modules (Drug Use, Interpersonal Relations, Negative Emotions, Stress) providing a cohesive focus on substance use and co-occurring problem behaviors. The specific aims of are to:

* Evaluate the impact of ePACE and a "fixed" non-personalized intervention, eHealth Fixed Approach for Change Efficacy (eFACE), for youth with co-occurring problems, relative to a waiting list comparison (WC) group on substance use and related problem outcomes. We expect better outcomes for both ePACE and eFACE vs WC over the 6-month follow-up and expect that ePACE vs WC
* effects will be larger than eFACE vs WC effects.
* Evaluate the direct effects of ePACE and eFACE on targeted areas of functioning and skill development hypothesized to produce change in substance use and co-occurring problems. Youth assigned to ePACE and eFACE are expected to exhibit greater improvements compared to those assigned to WC, with the effects of ePACE larger than those of eFACE.
* Examine factors associated with successful implementation of ePACE, including participant ratings of usability, acceptability, and satisfaction.

The proposed brief, personalized, youth-centered, early intervention approach, web and smart-phone friendly, offers a promising solution for youth service providers to address the underserved needs of youth, potentially mitigating the need for more intensive, costly interventions later and potentially accommodating a youth-serving system that often lacks accessible and affordable behavior health services.

Youth will be recruited to participate in the trial through community organizations such as juvenile justice, schools, and organizations serving parents and adolescents. Participating youth will be randomly assigned to one of three groups (N=40 per group): ePACE, eFACE or WC. Both ePACE and eFACE address substance use and co-occurring problems. However, ePACE is a personalized, youth-centered approach that allows youth a choice of modules they receive, ranging from two to four, the order in which modules are selected, and the feedback they receive from interactive components of the program, depending on youth responses to activities and exercises, whereas ePACE involves a "fixed", non-tailored set of modules that all youth in this condition receive in the same set order with no tailored feedback based on their responses to activities and exercises. The trial design will allow us to examine if ePACE and eFACE outcomes are both superior to WC but ePACE is NOT superior eFACE. Such a finding would suggest that the less complex, fixed, four-module version of the intervention is adequate for scaling and broad implementation efforts. eFACE is arguably lower cost to develop and easier to scale and maintain than ePACE. Thus, finding such support for eFACE (versus WC) could have important implications for dissemination of the program.

Eligibility Criteria:
Adolescent Inclusion Criteria:

* 12-17 years
* live at home with at least one parent or parent figure
* reporting mild/moderate substance use
* reporting mental health issues
* sufficient English language skills for assessments and intervention

Adolescent Exclusion Criteria:

* a sibling has already participated in the study
* evidence of psychotic or organic state
* high problem severity indicating possible need for higher level of care

Parent Inclusion Criteria:

• sufficient English language skills for assessments and intervention

Parent Exclusion Criteria:

• another parent or parent figure is already participating in the study