RF Vapor Ablation Retreatment of Duodenal Mucosa in Non-responders With Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus

The purpose of this study is to test the hypothesis that re-treatment of the duodenal mucosa with RF vapor ablation will result in improvement in glycemic parameters, without complications (bleeding/ stricture / perforation) among subjects who failed to show improvement after initial treatment of the duodenal mucosa with RF vapor ablation.

The aims of the study are:

1. Evaluate the safety of the device and retreatment procedure based on the reported adverse events that occur.
2. Evaluate the effectiveness of the device and procedure by comparing change in HbA1c from baseline to 168 days post retreatment procedure.
3. Evaluate device tolerability based on pain scores reported by patients.

The subject population for this study are adults (18-65 years of age) with type-2 diabetes mellitus who have received initial RF vapor ablation of the duodenal mucosa and had improvement in HbA1C of \<0.5% at their six month evaluation.

Twelve subjects, previously enrolled in the STEAM T2DM Pilot study did not show adequate (\>0.5%) response to initial RF vapor ablation treatment of the duodenal mucosa.

Minimum study duration per subject is 6 months.

The study comprises of 5 phases:

Screening, Pre-procedure tests, RF Vapor ablation procedure, Post vapor ablation follow up, identification and long term follow up of responders.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

1. Subjects previously enrolled and treated in the STEAM T2DM Clinical study.
2. Subjects with improvement in HbA1c of ≤0.5% or with HbA1c of ≥ 7.5% at the 6-month visit while participating in the STEAM T2DM study.
3. Agrees to use an additional glucose-lowering treatment (e.g., liraglutide, other OAD except for glyburide), if recommended by the study Investigator in case of persistent hyperglycemia.
4. Able to comply with study requirements and understand and sign the Informed Consent Form
5. Compliance with STEAM T2DM clinical protocol

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Non-compliance with STEAM T2DM clinical protocol
2. Diagnosis of Type-1 Diabetes
3. History of diabetic ketoacidosis or hyperosmolar nonketotic coma.
4. Probable insulin production failure, defined as fasting C Peptide serum \<1 ng/mL (333pmol/l).
5. Previous use of any types of insulin for \>1 month (at any time, except for treatment of gestational diabetes).
6. Current use of injectable medications for diabetes (insulin, GLP-1RA).
7. Current use of glyburide, a sulfonylurea (SU) glucose-lowering drug for diabetes.
8. History of severe hypoglycemia (more than 1 severe hypoglycemic event, as defined by need for third-party assistance, in the last year).
9. Known autoimmune disease, including but not limited to celiac disease, duodenal Crohn disease or pre-existing symptoms of systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma or other systemic autoimmune connective tissue disorder
10. Previous GI surgery that could limit treatment of the duodenum such as Billroth 2, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, or other similar procedures or conditions. (Prior laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) will not be an exclusion)
11. History of chronic or acute pancreatitis.
12. History of diabetic gastroparesis.
13. Known active hepatitis or active liver disease.
14. Acute gastrointestinal illness in the previous 7 days.
15. Known history of severe irritable bowel syndrome, radiation enteritis or other inflammatory bowel disease, such as Crohn's disease.
16. Known history of a structural or functional disorder of the esophagus that may impede passage of the device through the gastrointestinal tract or increase risk of esophageal damage during an endoscopic procedure, including moderate-severe (Grade C or D) esophagitis, dysphagia due to achalasia or stricture/stenosis, esophageal varices, esophageal perforation, or any other disorder of the esophagus.
17. Upper gastrointestinal conditions such as active ulcers, polyps, varices, strictures, congenital or acquired duodenal telangiectasia
18. Current use of anticoagulation therapy (such as warfarin) that cannot be discontinued for 7 days before and 14 days after the procedure.
19. Current use of P2Y12 inhibitors (clopidogrel, prasugrel, ticagrelor) that cannot be discontinued for 14 days before and 14 days after the procedure.
20. Unable to discontinue non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) during treatment through 4 weeks following the procedure. Use of acetaminophen and low dose aspirin is allowed.
21. Use of systemic glucocorticoids (excluding topical or ophthalmic application or inhaled forms) for more than 10 consecutive days within 12 weeks prior to the baseline visit.
22. Use of drugs known to affect GI motility (e.g. Metoclopramide)
23. Use of weight loss medications such as Sibutramine (e.g. Meridia), Orlistat (e.g. Xenical), Phentermine or over-the-counter weight loss medications (prescription medication)
24. Currently taking, or unable to stop taking dietary supplements or herbal agents, including vitamin C or multivitamins containing vitamin C at \>500 mg per day, multivitamins containing biotin (vitamin B7), and supplements for hair, skin, and nail growth. Multivitamins not containing biotin are permitted.
25. Significant cardiovascular disease, including known history of valvular disease, or myocardial infarction, heart failure, transient ischemic attack, or stroke within 6 months prior to the Screening Visit.
26. Mean of 3 separate blood pressure measurements \>180 mmHg (systolic) or \>100 mmHg (diastolic).
27. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ≤ 60 ml/min/1.73m2 (estimated by MDRD).
28. Known immunocompromised status, including but not limited to individuals who have undergone organ transplantation, chemotherapy, or radiotherapy within the past 12 months, who have clinically significant leukopenia, who are positive for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or whose immune status makes the participant a poor candidate for clinical trial participation in the opinion of the investigator.
29. Active illicit substance abuse or alcoholism (\>2 drinks/day regularly)
30. Active malignancy within the last 5 years (excluding non-melanoma skin cancers)
31. Women breastfeeding
32. Participating in another ongoing clinical trial of an investigational drug or device.
33. Any other mental or physical condition which, in the opinion of the study investigator, makes the participant a poor candidate for clinical trial participation.
34. Critically ill or has a life expectancy \<3 years
35. Use of heart pacemaker or other electronic device implants
36. General contraindications to deep or conscious sedation, general anesthesia, high risk as determined by anesthesiologist (e.g., ASA score 4 or higher), or contraindications to upper GI endoscopy.

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