Evaluation of Using 3D Printed PEEK Facial Implants in Repairing Maxillofacial Deformities

Objective: Evaluation of using 3D printed polyether ether ketone facial implants in repairing maxillofacial deformities.

Research materials and methods: The research sample consisted of 10 patients with facial deformities (maxillofacial trauma patients with hard tissue deficiencies, tumor patients who had previous facial surgery, patients have retrognathia, congenital malformation, patients with hemifacial microsomia - bone loss as a result of a mucormycotic infection or black fungus ) Between 2020 and 2021 in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in the Tishreen University Hospital - Latakia - Syria. All patients underwent Computed Tomography (CT) scans under the condition of providing a large number of slices (more than 200 slices) per axis, and the thickness of each slice is less than 1 mm with 64-bit resolution, Then the design of the required facial implant was carried out in coordination between the designer and the surgical team. The final form of the facial implant was printed from PolyEther Ether Ketone (PEEK), and then surgical work was performed for patients under general anaesthetic according to the appropriate surgical entrance. The implants were fixed in place using titanium screws and the patients were given appropriate pharmacological coverage .

10 patients with maxillofacial deformities (trauma patients, war injuries, patients with pre-existing maxillofacial tumours, and mucormycotic patients) for reconstruction with 3D printed facial implants made of PEEK, between 2020 and 2021 in the Department of Oral and maxillofacial Surgery at the Tishreen University Hospital, Latakia, Syria. All patients underwent three-axial CT scan using a Toshiba Slice CT Scanner-Imaging, under the condition of providing a large number of slices (more than 200 slices) per axis, and the thickness of each slice is less than 1 mm with 64-bit resolution. Representative models of patient anatomical data were created based on the radiated raw data of the patient obtained via Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) from the CT scan. The DICOM format is 0.3 to 0.6 mm thick, depending on the anatomical region. The medical modelling software (EXoCad) was used to compile DICOM data at the axial, sagittal, and coronal planes and then create a 3D virtual model of the anatomical region.

The surgeon and the manufacturing technician met to discuss the design format and any modifications required, with the proposed areas for placement of the titanium screws for the installation of the facial implant. The final default model for the facial implant was exported as a STereoLithography (STL) file and sent to the 3D printer, which was eventually made for the patient. The printer used in our study is a prototype of OO-Kuma Katana HT PEEK 3D Printer. After the process of printing, the facial implant is steam sterilized and then the implant is encapsulated. The surgical work of the patients was performed under general anaesthesia at the Tishreen University Hospital, Latakia, Syria, at the appropriate surgical entrance depending on the size and location of the deformity. The facial implant was checked to be suitable before stabilization and the required modifications were made during the process. The PSI was fixed in place using 1.5 to 2.0mm sized titanium screws, all patients received an intravenous 1.2g Augmentin dose and 0.5g of Flagyl during the procedure. After the surgery, patients received two doses of Augmentin, after which a prescription of Augmentin 1g and Flagyl 0.5g orally per day for a week was given.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

- patients with facial deformities:

1. maxillofacial trauma patients with hard tissue deficiencies
2. tumor patients who had previous facial surgery
3. patients have retrognathia
4. congenital malformation
5. patients with hemifacial microsomia
6. bone loss as a result of a mucormycotic infection or black fungus

Exclusion Criteria:

1. acute stage oncology patients
2. There is not enough soft tissue to cover the facial implants