Pilot Trial of Using SmokeBeat to Monitor and Increase Smoking Abstinence in Pregnant Women

Investigators will assess the feasibility of implementing a randomized control trial of a behavioral intervention that uses smartwatch technology to monitor smoking behavior with texts aimed at reducing smoking in pregnant women who smoke. Investigators will compare the cessation rate of pregnant women who receive usual care through programs aimed at reducing smoking with pregnant women who receive usual care and are using the SmokeBeat app with a smartwatch.

Somatix, LGH, and the Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics of the University of Pennsylvania (CHIBE) will collaborate in using the unique smoking recognition technology of SmokeBeat app to track and analyze the smoking habits of LGH target smoking population. The target population for the SmokeBeat pilot is low-income pregnant women who smoke. This will enable us to gain insights on this target population and reach higher effectiveness of smoking cessation. Each participant will be enrolled in the trial for 12 weeks. Women randomized to the intervention arm will be given an Asus Zenwatch 2 smartwatch and a smartphone data plan for the duration of the study. Women assigned to the control group will be given the same smartwatch to keep following their participation in the trial. The tentative start date is June 2017.

After completing the consent participants will be randomized to one of two study arms. The control arm will consist of 25 pregnant women. Each will be provided with usual care through Healthy Beginnings or NFP but will not receive a smartwatch or the active intervention. Smoking behavior will be measured by self-report and sample testing for the duration of the trial. Self-reported smoking status will be collected weekly. Sample testing will occur weekly and will be identical to the intervention group. Following their completion of this trial they will receive a smartwatch as well. The intervention arm will consist of 25 pregnant women. Each will be enrolled and provided with a smartwatch. The SmokeBeat app will be active. Smoking behavior will be measured by the smartwatch for the duration of the trial. Self-reported smoking status will be collected weekly. Sample testing will occur weekly. All participants assigned to the intervention arm will be allowed to keep the smartwatch for their participation and be provided with a smartphone data plan for the duration of the study.

Two types of tests will be conducted with each participant, regardless of self-reported quit status. NicAlert strip tests (semi quantitative test) will be used to test saliva cotinine during weeks 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, and 12 of the participant's participation. This test will provide us with an accurate indicator of whether or not women have quit smoking while reducing the cost of the pilot study. A quantitative liquid chromatography cotinine test conducted by ARUP Labs will be used to test urine during weeks 1, 4, 7, and 10 for all women regardless of self-reported and smartwatch smoking status. This test, while more expensive, will provide us with the concentration of cotinine for each participant. This number can be directly compared to the self-reported and smartwatch reported number of cigarettes smoked as a way to validate self-report and smartwatch accuracy even when a participant has not quit smoking completely.

The main research instruments will consist of questionnaires on a subjects smoking habits and psychological tests that will help evaluate which types of patients are most able to quit smoking. All participants will be asked to complete an intake questionnaire at baseline (estimated length 15 minutes) and an exit questionnaire at the end of study participation 3 months after they start in the program (estimated length 15 minutes). Investigators will examine whether baseline values and/or changes during 3 months in these variables confound, causally mediate, or modify the effects of the intervention on quit rates. (a) Standard questionnaires will be administered to collect the following information: demographics (age, gender, ethnicity, marital status, and education), number of years of smoking, number of prior quit attempts, duration of previous abstinence periods, and current smoking rate. Nicotine dependence will be measured by the modified Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), a 6-item measure of nicotine dependence. The FTND has satisfactory internal consistency (Cronbachs alpha=0.64) and high test-retest reliability (r=0.88).3 Heavy smokers are at highest risk for smoking related illnesses. Some but not all studies suggest that heavier smokers have lower quit rates. Investigators will evaluate whether FTND score either confounds or modifies the effects of the intervention. (b) Investigators will measure smoker's baseline readiness to quit using the Prochaska Stage of Change. (c) Investigators will assess participant's types and locations of jobs and whether they are exposed to smoking at home or in the workplace. (d) Participants use, durations, and doses of nicotine replacement therapy, varenicline, and buproprion will be assessed throughout the study. Participants will be asked to not use Nicotine patches or gum during the course of the study so that it will not interfere with weekly testing for smoking abstinence. (e) Time (or delay) discounting. Time discounting (known interchangeably as present-biased preferences or delay discounting) is a measure of impulsivity that reflects people's tendencies to discount the value of a reward as a function of how far in the future it would be received. People who smoke and use other drugs have steeper delayed discounting functions, meaning they have stronger present biased preferences. This is expected because smoking, like other unhealthy behaviors, entails immediate gratifications in exchange for future health problems. This also suggests that provision of early rewards, such as payments, might more effectively promote smoking cessation than interventions focusing on future rewards such as long-term health benefits, and that this effect might be strongest among those with the steepest discounting functions. Consistent with prior work, investigators will use a 7-item monetary choice questionnaire that defines ranges of delayed discounting by fitting a hyperbolic function to participants expressed preferences for smaller immediate versus larger delayed rewards. Information will also be collected weekly from participants on withdrawal and craving for nicotine as well as self-reported number of cigarettes per week. Investigators will also administer a 5 question weekly survey that addresses weekly levels of cravings, stress, social support, and asks about current cigarette use. All questions will be rated on a Likert scale, except for the number of cigarettes smoked, that will be an estimate of use.

The SmokeBeat app is a digital health app that allows for the user to monitor their smoking behavior in real time, set smoking cessation goals, and allows investigators, doctors and others using the app with participants to send messages directly related to smoking behavior. The SmokeBeat app, developed by Somatix Inc., will collects time-stamped on hand movements associated with smoking behavior. Participants will receive notifications on their phone and smartwatch when a smoking bout has been detected. In addition this app will deliver daily text messages aimed at improving quit rates among participants. Investigators will be able to create the types of messaging they want to send and to modify when these messages will be sent to all participants. http://somatixinc.com/smokebeat/.

A second pilot were begun in the summer of 2018. Intervention participants were offered a monetary reward for each day they went without smoking. Control participants were offered a financial incentive to wear the watch. In the fall of 2018 a third will start with an increase in the financial incentive, and a new smart band model.

A third pilot was started in the winter of 2018/2019. New participants were recruited, who were then randomized to one of two arms. Both arms were given smartbands that tracked their smoking use. Participants in the control arm were offered financial incentives for every day that they consistently wore the smartband. Participants in the experimental arm were offered financial incentives for consistently wearing the smartband and abstaining from smoking. All participants completed remote nicotine testing and survey questionnaires with study personnel via video chat. Five weekly video chats are scheduled with participants.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Pregnant or within 3 weeks postpartum
* Self-reported smoking
* Part of the Nurse Family Partnership or Healthy Beginnings
* Uses an Android smart phone

Exclusion Criteria:

* Does not speak English
* Not interested in wearing a smart watch for 12 weeks