Guided Bone Regeneration in Alveolar Socket

Following tooth extraction, volumetric changes in the soft and hard tissues of the extraction site are expected to occur with considerable resorption of the alveolar bone in both the vertical and the horizontal dimensions. These changes may complicate surgical implant placement and may also compromise the outcome of the prosthetic reconstruction. Various treatment approaches have been introduced aiming to preserve the dimensions of the alveolar ridge at the extraction site and facilitate optimal implant placement.

This prospective randomized controlled trial aims to determine the efficacy of alveolar ridge preservation utilizing two different socket seal approaches compared to spontaneous healing to stabilize the blood clot within the postextraction socket. Thirty-six subjects will be randomly allocated into one of the three treatment groups. Group-A: Extraction of the tooth and suturing of the extraction socket with resorbable suture PGA 5/0. Group-B: Extraction of the tooth and placement of a Free Gingival Graft stabilized with resorbable suture PGA 5/0. Group-C: Extraction of the tooth and placement of the Polylactic-Glycolic Acid membrane stabilized with resorbable suture PGA 5/0. After the initial examination for screening, subjects will be assessed at baseline-extraction day- and after 1, 2, and 6 weeks, and 3 months. The changes of the alveolar crest will be determined in height and width, in addition to volumetric changes in the soft tissues, and the width of keratinized tissues. The wound healing process will be visually assessed.

This prospective randomized controlled trial aims to determine the effectiveness of two different approaches of the "socket seal technique" for the preservation of the soft and hard tissues at the extraction site by utilizing a free gingival graft (FGG) or a PLGA membrane to stabilize the blood clot within the extraction socket compared with spontaneous healing of the tissues.

Primary outcome variable of the study will be alveolar bone changes in height buccally and palatally.

Secondary outcome variables: Alveolar bone changes in width, Mucosa thickness changes, Wound healing visual assessment, Width of keratinized tissues.

Materials and methods Thirty-six subjects will be randomly allocated into one of the three treatment groups based on computer-generated lists using a "block-design". Each patient contributes with one study site.

Study groups:

Group-A: Extraction of the tooth and suturing of the extraction socket with resorbable suture PGA 5/0.

Group-B: Extraction of the tooth, deepithelialization of the gingival colar of the socket, placement of a Free Gingival Graft taken from a standardized location of the palate adjusted to seal the socket opening and then stabilize it by resorbable suture PGA 5/0.

Group-C: Extraction of the tooth, retraction of mucoperiosteal flaps by 2 mm at the opening of the socket using a microsurgical elevator followed by adjustment of the Polylactic-Glycolic Acid membrane over the socket opening resting by 1 mm over the alveolar crest of the extraction socket. Tissues are sutured over the barrier by resorbable suture PGA 5/0.

Timeline of the study/Clinical procedures:

First visit - initial examination - (1 week before the surgery)

* Suitability of subjects
* Consent form; Randomization of the patient
* Radiographic examination (Long-cone paralleling technique using a digital sensor attached to a custom-made silicone bite block for reproducible radiographs)
* Intra-oral photography
* Impression of the examined area in order to create a reference stent to reproduce in a standard manner the clinical/radiographic measurements.
* Full mouth scaling; oral hygiene instructions

Second visit - Baseline - T0

* Clinical measurements with the use of the reference stent of:

  (i) The width of keratinized tissues with the use of a periodontal probe (Hu-Friedy XP-23/QW) (ii) The thickness of mucosa with the use of an ultrasonic device SDM (iii) The buccal osseous plate in relation to the gingival margin with a periodontal probe.
* Extraction of the tooth in a standardized way to minimize trauma; Post-surgical instructions will be given to the patient. Treatment of the extraction site accordingly to randomized treatment approach (Group-A, -B, -C).

  (i) Radiographic examination: (ii) Standardized intraoral x-ray and standardized CBCT (with the use of a reference stent)

Third visit - T1 - (1 week after the surgery)

* Evidence of healing
* Intra-oral photography

Fourth visit - T2 - (2 weeks after the surgery)

* Evidence of healing
* Removal of sutures
* Intra-oral photography

Fifth visit - T3 - Re-evaluation (6 weeks after the surgery)

* Intra-oral photography
* Width of keratinized tissues with the use of periodontal probe (Hu-Friedy XP-23/QW)
* Thickness of mucosa determined by the ultrasonic device SDM in the aforementioned standardized points with the use of the reference stent.
* Radiographic examination (The long-cone paralleling technique will be used at a distance of 10 cm between the X-ray head and the digital sensor which is attached to a custom-made silicone bite block for reproducible radiographs.)

Sixth visit - T4 - Final evaluation (3 months after the extraction)

* Intra-oral photography
* Record of periodontal plaque index (Pl) and bleeding on probing (BoP) at the adjacent teeth with the use of periodontal probe (Hu-Friedy XP-23/QW).
* Record of the width of keratinized tissues with the use of periodontal probe (Hu-Friedy XP-23/QW) and the thickness with the use of the ultrasonic device SDM in the aforementioned standardized points with the use of the reference stent.
* Radiographic examination with standardized intraoral x-ray and CBCT (with the use of the reference stent)

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Referrals for a single tooth extraction
* Periodontal destruction less than 50% of tooth support
* Signed inform consent form

Exclusion Criteria:

* Systematic diseases, contradicting surgical procedures and compromise wound healing (i.e. uncontrolled diabetes)
* Medication that interferes with bone metabolism
* Pregnancy or lactation
* Multiple extractions
* Absence of adjacent teeth
* Loss of buccal bone, either due to periodontal disease or because of traumatic extraction