Oral Antibiotics Alone in Children Aged 4 Weeks to 2 Months With a Urinary Tract Infection

The goal of this prospective study is to investigate whether oral antibiotic therapy alone is feasible and safe in clinically stable children aged 4 weeks to 2 months without any past high-risk medical history with a suspected or confirmed urinary tract infection.

All children aged 4 weeks to 2 months with a suspected urinary tract infection will be observed and examined by physicians and nurses as recommended by current guidelines. Children needing empirical antibiotic therapy will be admitted. The remaining will be contacted by phone if the urine culture is positive, and antibiotic therapy will be initiated if a urinary tract infection is still suspected due to persistent symptoms.

Clinically stable (see eligibility criteria) children without any past high-risk medical history (see eligibility criteria) will initiate oral antibiotic therapy. As empirical oral therapy, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid 50 mg/kg/day divided into 3 doses will be used. If the sensitivity pattern is available, a smaller-spectrum antibiotic can be used instead. If these children at any time point become clinically unstable or have a positive blood culture without suspected contamination, parenteral antibiotic therapy will be initiated. As empirical parenteral therapy, gentamicin 5 mg/kg once daily and ampicillin 100 mg/kg/day divided into 3 doses will be used. If the sensitivity pattern is available, another parenteral antibiotic regime can be used instead.

Admitted children can be sent home when they have clinically improved (judged by the physician) and have been hospitalized at least until the ward round the following day. Parents will be informed to contact the pediatric emergency department immediately if the child worsens or does not tolerate the antibiotics.

A physical or virtual follow-up will be conducted on day 3 (approximately 72 hours after treatment initiation) to ensure clinical improvement and treatment adherence. If needed, antibiotic therapy will be changed according to the sensitivity pattern. Children with a negative urine culture will be informed to stop antibiotic therapy.

The duration of antibiotic therapy will be 10 days. All children will undergo a renal ultrasound within the treatment period.

The above recommendations has been implemented as routine care. Hence, no parental consent is needed.

Eligibility Criteria:
INCLUSION CRITERIA:

1. Clinical suspicion of urinary tract infection irrespective of the presence of fever.
2. Clinically stable (i.e., not respiratory or circulatory affected, septic, or meningeal).
3. 4 weeks to 2 months of age (corrected age, if premature).

All children who do not receive any empirical antibiotic therapy but have a positive urine culture can be included if the clinical suspicion of urinary tract infection persists.

A positive urine culture is defined as:

* Suprapubic bladder aspiration: any growth of bacteria.
* Sterile intermittent catheterization: monoculture with ≥10\^3 colony forming units per milliliter (cfu/ml).
* Midstream urine x 2: monoculture with the same bacteria in both tests with ≥10\^4 cfu/ml.
* Midstream urine x 2: monoculture with the same bacteria in both tests with ≥10\^5 cfu/ml in one test and 10\^3 cfu/ml in another test.

EXCLUSION CRITERIA:

1. Non-Danish civil registration number.
2. High-risk medical history.

   1. Previous urinary tract infection.
   2. Prophylactic antibiotic treatment.
   3. Known urogenital abnormality (i.e., hydronephrosis (pyelectasis ≥10 mm or/and caliectasis ≥5 mm); hydroureter; vesicoureteral reflux; multicystic dysplasia; renal dysplasia; renal hypoplasia; renal agenesis; duplex kidney; ectopic placed kidneys; polycystic kidney disease; neurogenic bladder dysfunction; and hypospadias).
   4. Previous hospitalization needing antibiotic therapy.
3. Markedly elevated c-reactive protein indicating bacteremia.
4. Elevated creatinine.
5. Oral therapy is not possible (e.g., frequent vomiting or excessive regurgitation).