Romosozumab as an Adjunct to Physiologic Estrogen Replacement in Functional Hypothalamic Amenorrhea

The goal of this study is to determine whether romosozumab will improve bone density in girls and women with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea (cessation of the menstrual period due to intense exercise, stress, or an eating disorder) who have low bone density. Participants will be randomly assigned to receive romosozumab or placebo for 6 months. All participants will receive one IV infusion of zoledronate at the 6 month visit. All participants will also receive transdermal estradiol and cyclic progesterone. We will investigate whether participants who receive active romosozumab will demonstrate greater improvements in bone density at one year than those who receive placebo. We will also compare bone density over a year with healthy controls (girls and women of similar age who have regular menstrual periods).


Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

For FHA and controls:

* Female, age 14-25 years, skeletally mature with bone age ≥ 14 years (only 2% of growth left)
* For women of reproductive age, agree to use an effective non-hormonal contraceptive method or a progestin releasing intrauterine device (no evidence of systemic skeletal effects) for the study duration
* Biochemical criteria:
* Negative βHCG (pregnancy test)
* TSH, potassium, magnesium within the normal range; prolactin \<10 ng/mL above the upper limit of normal; FSH not elevated.
* Serum ALT ≤ 3 times upper limit of normal, LDL ≤ 190 mg/dl
* eGFR ≥ 30ml/minute
* If the diagnosis of FHA is unclear, we may check additional labs (e.g., testosterone and sex hormone binding globulin if there is a suspicion of PCOS based on clinical hyperandrogenism).

Additional inclusion criteria for FHA:

* Less than 3 menses in the preceding 6 months
* BMD Z-score \< -1.0 at ≥ 1 skeletal site
* Dental check-up within the past year

Exclusion Criteria:

For FHA and controls

* Disease other than FHA known to affect bone, including untreated thyroid dysfunction, Cushing's disease, renal failure, diabetes mellitus
* Use of bisphosphonates
* Use of other medications known to affect bone metabolism within 3 months of the study (other than calcium and vitamin D supplementation).
* Migraine with aura.
* Personal history of or first-degree relative with unprovoked thromboembolism (unless the subject has been tested and ruled out for a hypercoagulable state).
* Active substance use disorder; current smoker
* History of malignancy or Paget disease of bone
* Pregnant, planning to become pregnant within 12 months after the end of treatment and/or breastfeeding

Additional exclusion criteria for FHA

* Cardiovascular: History of myocardial infarction or stroke; history of hypertension or use of anti-hypertensive medications
* Immunodeficiency or taking immunosuppressive therapy
* Other conditions that can cause oligo-amenorrhea such as PCOS, primary ovarian insufficiency
* Dental: Osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) or risk factor for ONJ, such as invasive dental procedures (tooth extraction, dental implants, oral surgery in the past 3 months), poor oral hygiene, periodontal and/or pre-existing dental disease, and current use of corticosteroids
* Planned invasive dental procedure or other planned major surgery over the next 12 months (the duration of the study)
* Known sensitivity or absolute contraindication to any of the products or components of the medications to be administered (romosozumab, zoledronic acid, transdermal estradiol, micronized progesterone, calcium or vitamin D supplements)
* Concerning EKG findings for ischemia Additional exclusion criteria for normal-weight healthy controls
* BMD Z-score \<-2.5 (who we will refer for evaluation)