Imaging Depression in Parkinson's Disease

The goal of this observational study is to identify targetable neural substrates of depression in Parkinson's Disease for the first time in people with Parkinson's between the ages of 40 and 80, who are experiencing symptoms of depression.

This study will compare people with Parkinson's Disease and depression to individuals with Parkinson's Disease without Major Depressive Disorder, Major Depressive Disorder with no Parkinson's, and Healthy Controls. Up to 30 participants will be recruited and enrolled for each of these 4 groups. Participants will be asked to complete one PET and one MRI scan along with study assessments. Once screening and consent is completed, participants will be scheduled for PET and MRI scans. The total duration for participants in this study is 7 hours, including the screening visit and then one additional visit for the scans.

We will also have a small subset (opt-in) who will receive a single dose of ketamine to determine the ability of ketamine to target these mechanisms and initiate an associated antidepressant response. If the participant is opting into the ketamine arm, we will ask them to come in for one single-dose of ketamine and complete another PET and MRI scan post-ketamine treatment.

The main questions it aims to answer are: 1) Will the Parkinson's depression group exhibit a distinct pattern of synaptic deficits compared to other groups? 2) Will there be differences in functional connectivity across groups? 3) Are there associations between synaptic density and functional connectivity across groups? 4) Will ketamine increase synaptic density in PD-affected and mood-related circuitry, and will that be associated with an antidepressant response?

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

1. Age 40-80.
2. Physically healthy by medical history, physical, ECG and laboratory examinations
3. For women of reproductive potential, a negative pregnancy test at screening and scanning
4. For PD patients, clinical diagnosis of PD, able to consent and tolerate PET procedures
5. For PD depression patients - at least moderate symptom severity as determined by a cut-off of 14 on the HAMD-17, which has shown maximum discrimination between depressed and non-depressed PD patients87.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Dementia (Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score \&amp;lt;21)88
2. A significant primary DSM-5 psychiatric disorder except for MDD
3. A history of or current significant medical (e.g. cardiovascular, renal), or neurological (e.g. cerebrovascular, seizure, traumatic brain injury) illness other than PD that is unstable and significantly increase their risk and/or might affect the study objectives, as determined by study physicians.
4. Prior radiation exposure for research purposes within such that participation in this study would place them over FDA limits for annual radiation exposure
5. Medications affecting SV2A availability (e.g. levetiracetam)
6. For dPD patients receiving ketamine, blood pressure \&amp;gt;145/90.
7. Contraindications to MRI.
8. Iodine allergy
9. Bleeding disorder or thinning blood medication
10. Inability to provide written informed consent according to the Yale Human Investigation Committee (HIC) guidelines in English.