Promote Health With Digital Tools Among Adults With Type 2 Diabetes/Prediabetes and/or Hypertension

The DigiCare4You project will use digital tools for early screening, prevention and management of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and hypertension (HTN). An implementation study will be conducted, targeting more than 10,000 families in two Middle Income Countries (Albania and Bulgaria) and two High Income Countries (Greece and Spain), considering vulnerable groups. Schools will be used as an entry point to the community. Building on an existing procedure for children's periodic growth assessment, conducted by school nurses or in collaboration with local community health centers, parents/ caregivers will be screened via a non-invasive self-reported digital screening tool. Those identified at high risk for T2D will be referred for glycaemia testing (fasting plasma glucose and glycated hemoglobin, HbA1c), as well as blood pressure (BP) measurements, at local community health centers. Parents/ caregivers confirmed to have pre-diabetes or diabetes (and possibly high BP) will be invited to join a mHealth self-management intervention coordinated by the community healthcare workforce. The goal of this intervention is to involve high-risk adults in the treatment process and decision-making on personalized behavioral goals (e.g. diet, physical activity, smoking, alcohol, medication compliance) that meet their needs, and ultimately improve the health status of parents/caregivers, as well as the lifestyle of the entire family.

The rising burden of diabetes poses important public health challenges to health systems nowadays. The age-standardized rates of diabetes prevalence have stabilized in many European countries in recent years, especially in the Nordic countries, but they have gone up in Southern, Eastern and Central EU countries. However, in the vast majority of countries, national diabetes plans are poorly (or not) implemented and underfunded and although T2D is preventable, its prevalence is expected to reach 66 million by 2030, and 68 million by 2045. According to the World Health Organization (WHO)'s "Framework on integrated people-centred health services", integrated people-centred health services put people and communities, not diseases, at the centre of health systems, and empower people to take charge of their own health rather than being passive recipients of services. People-centred care is one of the main goals of health systems, and it is oriented towards the needs of people and their involvement in the treatment process and decision-making. This is expected to result in better care as experienced by people, less inequality, health promotion, better disease prevention, and treatments targeted to people's needs. Health system transition to people-centred care requires empowering citizens and integration of services. The growing digital transformation of health and care offers great opportunity to achieve this transition. Innovative solutions involving digital tools have the potential to improve people-centred care through self-management, goal orientation and shared decision-making. The DigiCare4You project is in line with the WHO's conceptual framework, and is oriented to health promotion and disease prevention through empowering families and integrating care services in local communities to deliver people-centred care for the prevention and management of T2D and HTN. Ultimately, the DigiCare4You project aims to involve high-risk adults in the treatment process and decision-making on personalized behavioral goals (e.g. diet, physical activity, smoking, alcohol, medication compliance) that meet their needs.

The DigiCare4You project proposes a people-centered health service model to prevent and manage T2D and HTN by using the existing resources and adding digital tools for empowering both the existing healthcare workforce and the healthcare recipients. The proposed model aims to integrate two fragmented primary care services, i.e., (a) the children's growth and development monitoring and (b) the early screening and prevention of T2D and HTN. The first one is implemented across all countries in Europe from birth through late adolescence, it includes a physical examination (eye, oral and hearing), anthropometric measurements (weight and height), vaccination evaluation and a brief family medical history, and it is usually linked with the school (primary and secondary education). The latter primary care service related to the screening and prevention of T2D and HTN among the adult population in Europe is poorly or not implemented at all despite the fact that the majority of European countries have made progress towards developing a national plan addressing diabetes specifically or in an overarching plan for non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Integrating the existing children's' growth assessment procedure with the adult screening procedure for NCDs, can help identify and treat parents (and eventually families) at risk for T2D.

Specifically, the proposed model, called DigiCare4You solution, consists of two core components: a) a two-stage systematic screening procedure, and (b) a mHealth, community-based intervention. The two-stage screening procedure will be implemented using schools as the entry point to the community in order to reach as many parents with children at primary or secondary education as possible, and assess their risk for T2D and/or HTN. First, high risk parents will be identified through a digitalized non-invasive screening procedure (1st stage screening), using a self-reported questionnaire, the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC). Those parents with a FINDRISC ≥10 will be referred to glycaemia testing (i.e., fasting plasma glucose \[FPG\], and glycated hemoglobin \[HbA1c\]) according to the national guidelines in each country) and blood pressure evaluation (2nd stage screening). Parents confirmed to have pre-diabetes or diabetes will be invited to join the self-management intervention including access to the DigiCare4You mHealth applications. The DigiCare4You mHealth applications will assist users make personalised decisions with respect to behavioral changes (e.g., diet tracking and meal planning, physical activity, sleep quantity), medication use (if applicable), scheduling/reminding re-examination visits and prospectively monitoring their health outcomes. Last but not least, these applications will enable direct communication between the users and their healthcare providers through feedback messages and reports, including lab results.

DigiCare4You acknowledges the differences in health and care systems across Europe and considering the vulnerable and underserved groups, will be adapted and implemented in two Middle-income countries (MICs), Albania and Bulgaria, and two High-income countries (HICs), Greece and Spain, all with high prevalence of T2D and HTN and weak primary healthcare systems. Furthermore, in all countries, both municipalities of medium-high and low socioeconomic status (SES) areas (with low literacy levels, high rates of unemployment and large proportions of immigrants) will also be included. Overall, the DigiCare4You solution will ensure that even the most underserved parts of the community will be reached and any potential barrier towards achieving equal access for all will be tackled. This approach will allow the evaluation of the success and validity of the solution among MICs and HICs, and among the underserved and marginalized populations within countries. Therefore, if the DigiCare4You solution will be proven to be equally effective among high and low-SES groups, this will ensure that the uptake of the solution at large scale will promote equity in health and easy access to primary healthcare services for the overall population. A hybrid II implementation study will be designed to implement and evaluate the DigiCare4You solution, comparing the mHealth intervention (intervention arm) with the existing standard care (control arm). In all four countries, a 1:1 cluster-randomized design will be followed, randomly allocating municipalities (therefore the schools, the local community health centers and the families within each municipality) to either the intervention or the control arm. DigiCare4You intervention will have a two-year duration and all measurements for the impact and outcome evaluation will take place at baseline and at 12- and 24-months follow-ups, while the process evaluation at participant, school and community level will be ongoing throughout the implementation period.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* People who have their permanent residence within the prefecture/region of the relevant facility participating in the clinical study.
* People having children at primary and/ or secondary education.
* People who are physically and mentally able to provide their informed consent to participate.
* People with a FINDRISC ≥10
* People with a fasting plasma glucose (FPG) ≥ 100 mg/dL and /or glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) ≥ 5.7%

Exclusion Criteria:

* People suffering from a health condition where adherence to the intervention will be contraindicated or improbable.
* People unable to express a free and informed consent for medical and/or psychological conditions, mental incapacity.