Effectiveness of an Alcohol-based Hand Rub to "Clean" Gloved Hands

Although little is known about compliance with the World Health Organization (WHO) 5 Moments of hand hygiene, the few existing studies report a high number of opportunities and compliance ranging from just 22 to 60%. Previous studies have reported an increased density of opportunities, perceived insufficient time and glove use as factors associated with non-compliance. A healthcare worker performing multiple tasks in one encounter may spend up to half the time in the room doing hand hygiene. Strategies to reduce the time required for hand hygiene may in turn promote increased compliance and may ultimately be most effective in limiting microbial transmission. In this study, the investigators examine whether cleansing gloves at each hand hygiene opportunity at the point of care and reusing the same gloves is as effective as standard practice and the current recommendation (remove gloves, perform hand hygiene, and don new gloves).

During this multi-center, randomized non-inferiority trial, eligible healthcare personnel entering rooms of patients on Contact Precautions (or other rooms in which hand hygiene (HH) is an expectation) and who agree to study participation will be randomized to either ideal standard (healthcare worker (HCW) will be directed by study personnel to remove gloves, perform hand hygiene and replace gloves at each HH opportunity), experimental glove-reuse (HCW will be directed by study personnel to use alcohol-based hand rub (ABHR) to cleanse gloves at each HH opportunity) or usual care (study personnel silently observe and record what the HCW does at each HH opportunity without direction to the HCW).Care for patients with C. difficile will be excluded as ABHR is not recommended.

This study will be performed at the University of Maryland Medical Center, The R.Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Hospital, University of Iowa Hospitals and The Johns Hopkins Hospital. Healthcare workers on any patient units will be potentially eligible, but the investigators will strive for diversity across unit types (e.g. adult med-surg, general pediatrics, adult ICUs, emergency care areas and inpatient hemodialysis units). The investigators will use a stratified, block randomization scheme to ensure an equal number of participants from each participating unit and facility. The HCW, regardless of random assignment, may choose to remove gloves at any point (e.g. if gloves are heavily soiled or are compromised).

All participants will be instructed on how to perform HH using the standardized WHO methodology and will also receive brief instruction regarding HH opportunities at the point of care using a WHO 5 Moments pamphlet. Participants will don gloves and enter the room to perform patient care activities as planned. Research staff will be in the room to monitor the HCW activity. Research staff trained using the WHO Hand Hygiene Monitoring Method will identify HH opportunities. At each opportunity, the participant will be instructed to stop current activity in the intervention and ideal standard group. Participants in the intervention group will be instructed to cleanse gloves using an ABHR in a standardized way and in a similar fashion to the WHO recommendations for HH. Participants in the ideal standard group will be instructed to remove gloves, perform HH using an ABHR, and don new gloves. The HCW will continue with planned activities and continue to cleanse gloves or perform HH according to study assignment for each opportunity until either the HCW has completed patient care or five HH events have occurred. Study staff will record what the HCW randomized into the usual care arm does at each HH moment. The investigators chose a maximum of five HH events because since most encounters will have five or fewer HH opportunities.

After the final opportunity and after cleansing gloves and allowing them to dry (Intervention Group, glove reuse) after donning new gloves (Ideal Standard) or at moment 5 or before room exit which ever comes first (Usual Care Group) the non-dominant gloved hand will be sampled by directly imprinting the non-dominant gloved hand onto an agar plate. HCWs who have no HH opportunities while at the point of care (e.g. a nurse who enters to the room and interacts only with the intravenous pump and performs HH at exit) will be withdrawn from the study

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Healthcare worker who directly interacts with patients on Contact Precautions

Exclusion Criteria:

* Adults \<18 years of age
* Care for patients with known C. difficile infection
* No hand hygiene opportunities while at the point of care