Locomotor Training (Walking Therapy) Post Stroke

This is a research study to examine a new type of walking therapy for people after they have had a stroke. We will study how people move and how their muscles work to see how the therapy helps people to walk better and to see how the therapy can be improved.

Persons will be asked to walk indoors on a walkway at their own speed and then as fast as they can safely. The walkway measures the speed of their walking and the size of their steps. Participants can use any assistive device that they typically use. A physical therapist will walk beside them as they walk across the walkway. Participants will be asked to walk several times across the walkway for distances of approximately 20 feet each time. If persons meet all the study requirements, they will be scheduled for further testing and for the training. We will contact their physician and inform him/her of their interest in participating in this study and the study criteria for participation. We will need to receive their physician's written medical approval for their participation in this study before we begin the training.

Persons will first have an exercise tolerance test to make sure that it is safe for them to participate in the exercise program that is a part of this study. In the exercise test, they will be asked to ride a stationary bicycle at a specific speed while a cardiologist (a doctor who specializes in testing how well the heart works) or a nurse practitioner with a PhD who specializes in cardiology will monitor their heart rate, blood pressure, the EKG (the electrical signals produced by their heart). The cardiologist or nurse practitioner will conduct, supervise, and interpret findings for the exercise tolerance test. Every minute, the resistance of the bicycle will be increased until their heart rate rises to a certain level. The test will be stopped immediately if they have any atypical or abnormal reactions to the test. If the test has to be stopped for these reasons, we will refer them back to their doctor, and they will not be able to participate in the study. A therapist or research assistant will assist them on and off the bicycle and be sure that they are comfortable.

Clinical Testing. We will first evaluate the severity of their stroke and the effects of their stroke on their ability to move their arms and their legs. Next we will test their walking speed, their balance, their strength, and how much they walk over a typical 4-day period. We will repeat the clinical tests after completion of training, and again 6 months after they finish their training.

Walking Testing: Persons will be asked to wear shorts and low-heeled walking shoes (tennis shoes preferred). Small, dime-sized light-reflecting markers will be placed on their head, shoulder, arm, hand, trunk, hip, knee, ankle, and foot to study and assist in recording the position of their joints while moving. They may be asked to have their muscle activity and leg motions recorded while they walk overground and on the treadmill. For the walking testing, we may need to shave small areas of their legs to attach small sensors to their skin to record activity of their leg muscles. We may also attach small angle measurement devices to the skin over their hips, knee, or ankle joints on their legs. We will film their walking with video cameras. When they are walking, a therapist will guard them or assist as necessary.

They will be asked to begin walking over 1) treadmill and 2) overground at their comfortable speed and as fast as possible. During all treadmill walking, they will wear a harness attached to a mobile device attached to the ceiling. This harness is only used for their safety to prevent a fall (it will catch them should they lose their balance or stumble). However, it will not support any of their weight while they are walking. If they use braces and/or assistive devices, they may be asked to do some walking with and without them, according to their comfort and safety. A therapist will stand beside them to provide any physical assistance they may need.

Persons may be asked to pedal a stationary bike while the muscle sensors are attached to them. If so, they will be assisted to sit on a stationary bike and their feet will be secured to the pedals. A trainer will monitor them and may assist them to move their legs.

Persons will be asked to wear a small device on their leg, which will keep count of how many steps they take in the course of a day. The device is very safe, lightweight, and very small. We will show them how to use the device before them go home with it. This device may be taken off while them are bathing or sleeping and will need to be worn for 4 days at each test session. We will repeat the walking tests after completion of training, and again 6 months after them finish their training.

There will also be weekly testing in the lab that is not as intensive.

Metabolic Testing: This testing will be done 2 times, once at the start of their training sessions and once following the completion of their training sessions. They will be asked to wear a facemask, which will cover their nose and mouth, which is connected to a portable metabolic unit. A metabolic unit measures the oxygen they breathe in and the carbon dioxide they breathe out when they are walking. The metabolic unit also measures their respiration rate - that is how many breaths they take during every minute. Their heart rate will be measured by a wireless heart monitor while they are walking. Persons may be asked to wear the facemask while they walk over the indoor walkway mentioned above. They may also be asked to wear the mask while they walk for six minutes.

Immediately after they finish a walk they may be asked to show how hard they feel they worked during the walk by pointing to a chart numbered 6 to 20 with short phrases such as very light, somewhat hard, etc, next to the numbers. This chart will be explained to them before they start walking.

Currently the metabolic testing is not performed during typical inpatient or outpatient rehabilitation.

Training: Persons will train 3 times a week for 12 weeks. The training sessions will each last about an hour to an hour and a half. Times of their therapy will be coordinated with their trainer, who will be either a licensed physical or occupational therapist. The therapist will monitor their heart rate and blood pressure during their training and will stop the therapy session if necessary should their heart rate or blood pressure exceed normal limits for them. Persons may ask for as many rest breaks as you need during testing or training.

For the treadmill training, they will wear a vest like a rock-climbing harness, which is then attached to a device to help you support your weight. A safety support is also attached to you to make sure that you cannot fall to the ground. The therapists working with you will help them take steps on the treadmill, trying to help their walking be as close to normal as possible.

Participants will also be asked to walk overground when they get off the treadmill. Their walking therapy may include walking in different settings (for example, outside or inside), choosing the appropriate assistive device, examining for the need for leg braces, training for balance and endurance, and using the same skills that they are learning on the treadmill while walking overground in their home and community. During their overground training, they may be asked to walk across the walkway to measure their speed.

Participants may be asked to answer some questions about how they feel about the training; if it has helped them, how it has helped; what the training was like for them; or ways to improve the training. These interviews may be documented by written record and/or by audiotape recording. Also, some of their training sessions may be observed by a person who may make notes on how the training is going, how the therapist(s) are working with them and any important comments they or the trainers make about the training sessions.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

1. age \>= 18,
2. stroke within past 6 months to 5 years,
3. residual paresis in the lower extremity (Fugl-Meyer LE motor score \< 34),
4. ability to sit unsupported for 30 seconds,
5. ability to walk at least 10 feet with maximum 1 person assist,
6. self selected 10 meter gait speed less than 0.8 m/s,
7. ability to follow a three step command,
8. provision of informed consent, and
9. successful completion of an exercise tolerance test

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Lived in nursing home prior to stroke,
2. Unable to ambulate at least 150 feet prior to stroke, or experienced intermittent claudication while walking less than 200 meters,
3. Serious cardiac conditions (hospitalization for myocardial infarction or heart surgery within 3 months, history of congestive heart failure, documented serious and unstable cardiac arrhythmias, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, severe aortic stenosis, angina or dyspnea at rest or during activities of daily living). Anyone meeting New York Heart Association criteria for Class 3 or Class 4 heart disease will be excluded,
4. History of serious chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or oxygen dependence,
5. Severe weight bearing pain,
6. Preexisting neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Multiple Sclerosis (MS), dementia, or previous stroke with residual neurological deficits,
7. History of major head trauma,
8. Lower extremity amputation,
9. Non-healing ulcers on the lower extremity,
10. Renal dialysis or end stage liver disease,
11. Legal blindness or severe visual impairment,
12. A history of significant psychiatric illness defined by diagnosis of bipolar affective disorder, psychosis, schizophrenia or medication refractory depression,
13. Life expectancy less than one year,
14. Severe arthritis or orthopedic problems that limit passive ranges of motion of lower extremity (knee flexion contracture of -10, knee flexion ROM \< 90, hip flexion contracture \> 25, and ankle plantar flexion contracture \> 15,
15. History of sustained alcoholism or drug abuse in the last six months,
16. major post-stroke depression (PHQ-9 10),
17. History of deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism within 6 months,
18. Uncontrollable diabetes with recent weight loss, diabetic coma, or frequent insulin reactions,
19. Severe hypertension with systolic greater than 200 mmHg and diastolic greater than 110 mmHg at rest,
20. Previous or current enrollment in a clinical trial to enhance stroke motor recovery,
21. Lives more than 50 miles from the training sites,
22. Unable to travel 3 times per week for outpatient training programs, and
23. Intracranial hemorrhage related to aneurysmal rupture or an arteriovenous malformation (hemorrhagic infarctions will not be excluded).

Inclusion and Exclusion criteria will be determined by a chart review, depression screen and subject interview by study physician or project coordinator. After initial chart and subject interview, each subject's treating physician will be asked to review our inclusion and exclusion criteria and provide a letter supporting inclusion in the study. All subjects who meet selection criteria must successfully complete an exercise tolerance test.