Biofeedback for Wheelchair Users

This study will evaluate movement of the arm and forces put through the hand during activities performed in a manual wheelchair. The goal of this study is to identify what motions and forces are most likely to lead to the development of pain or pathology and determine the feasibility of strategies to modify movements and decrease risk.

Participants in the study will be asked to participate in the following during the first (1st) session:

1. Physical exam assessing joint motion
2. Questionnaires asking about shoulder pain
3. All or a subset of the following activities:

   1. Level wheelchair propulsion for up to 10 minutes
   2. Ramp wheelchair propulsion
   3. Lifting the wheelchair, including into a car (simulated car in therapy area)
   4. Transferring in/out of the wheelchair
   5. Overhead tasks (such as lifting an object off a shelf)
   6. Reaching

During the next session(s), participants will be asked to participate in all or a subset of the activities listed above (3a-3f) and will also be guided through a biofeedback intervention. The intervention will consist of visual and/or auditory cues to guide movement while performing the tasks. The visual biofeedback will consist of line or shape targets on a screen that are the participant's goal to achieve with their movements. The auditory cues will be a tone or multiple tones to alert the participant when to move and/or when targets have been achieved. During the biofeedback session the study staff may also provide verbal cues and feedback.

The investigators may review the medical records of the participants to obtain information about their spinal cord injury, wheelchair and any injury to their muscles, ligaments, bones or nerves.

During all sessions, and prior to performing the activities listed (3a-3f), motion sensors will be applied to the skin overlying the participant's sternum (chest), shoulder blade, via a plastic cuff on the arm just above the elbow, and wrist using medical grade adhesive tape. Sensors that detect muscle activity may also be applied to the skin of the participant's arm. Sensors that detect force applied by the participant's arm will also be used.

Force will be detected using all or a subset of the following tools: exchanging one of the wheels on the participant's wheelchair for one of the same size that detects force, having the participant wear a glove that detects force, and using a mat that detects force.

The activities completed while in this study may be photographed or videotaped.

Eligibility Criteria:
Individuals with spinal cord injury (paraplegia and tetraplegia)

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Age 18-60 at time of enrollment
2. Spinal cord injury or disease leading to paraplegia or tetraplegia
3. Uses a manual wheelchair as primary mode of mobility
4. Independently mobile enough to participate in the study
5. Active shoulder and wrist range of motion within limits needed for the tasks performed during the study

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Surgery or significant injury to the shoulder(s) or wrist(s) of interest (such as dislocation, fracture or full rotator cuff tear) in which return to pre-injury functional status was NOT attained
2. Peripheral nerve impairment of the upper extremity being tested
3. Evidence of significant denervation of multiple scapular muscles
4. Shoulder or wrist instability on the upper extremity to be tested
5. Allergy to medical grade adhesive tape (used to secure sensors to skin)