Video-assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery for Stage IIIA Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

The purpose of this study is to examine the feasibility of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) major pulmonary resection with systematic node dissection (SND) for clinical stage IIIA non-small cell lung cancer. Success is defined as VATS major pulmonary resection with SND without conversion. If success rate over 90%, VATS major pulmonary resection with SND is considered as feasible procedures for clinical stage IIIA non-small cell lung cancer.

Video-assisted or minimally invasive surgery has become the standard approach for many abdominal surgical operations such as cholecystectomy and fundoplication. With respect to the thorax, video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) is the accepted technique for biopsy of the lung and pleura and surgical treatment of pneumothorax. A VATS lobectomy with systematic node dissection (SND) for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has been gradually introduced by many thoracic surgeons since it was first performed in 1995 by McKenna and associates. They reported that the survival rate for stage I lung cancer is similar between lobectomies done by VATS and by thoracotomy. Although minimally invasive surgery certainly sounds good, it is problematic if it decreases patient's safety or the oncological treatment's effect. Hence, the feasibility and safety of SND by VATS remain controversial. In many institutions, the indication for VATS major pulmonary resection is limited to clinical stage I or II. For the application of the procedure to clinical stage IIIA, it remains controversial. Recently, Watanabe et al. did a retrospective study aimed at determining the outcome of patients with cN0-pN2 NSCLC who underwent VATS major pulmonary resection with SND versus the outcome after major pulmonary resection with SND by open thoracotomy. It demonstrated that VATS major pulmonary resection with SND was a feasible approach to management of cN0-pN2 NSCLC without loss of curability. It was unnecessary to convert the VATS approach to thoracotomy in order to do SND even if pN2 disease is revealed during VATS major pulmonary resection. The purpose of this study is to know whether VATS major pulmonary resection with SND for clinical stage IIIA non-small cell lung cancer is possible.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Histologically confirmed non-small cell lung cancer (Squamous, adenosquamous, large cell, or poorly differentiated)
* Stage IIIA (T1-3, N2, M0): N2 disease confirmed by any of the following: Mediastinoscopy; Bronchoscopy with fine-needle aspiration or esophagoscopy; or PET scan
* ECOG performance status 0-1
* Hematopoietic: WBC at least 4,000/mm\^3; Platelet count at least 100,000/mm\^3
* Hepatic: Bilirubin normal; AST/ALT no greater than 1.5 times upper limit of normal (ULN); Alkaline phosphatase no greater than 2.5 times ULN
* Renal: Creatinine clearance greater than 60 ml/min
* Cardiovascular: Cardiac function normal

Exclusion Criteria:

* Severe complications or infections
* Pregnant or breast-feeding women
* Clinically significant heart disease
* Uncontrolled hepatitis, chronic liver disease, or diabetes mellitus
* Another active cancer except properly treated carcinoma in situ of the cervix or basal/squamous cell skin carcinoma