Hyperbaric High Pressure Oxygen Therapy in Post-COVID Syndrome and ME/CFS

The objective of this observational study is to document symptom progression in 60 patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) who undergo Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT) following COVID or other infections. Participants will receive HBOT treatment as an additional option after completing the Chronic Fatigue Syndrome CARE (CFS_CARE) study and will be invited to take part in this observational study. Patients will complete health evaluations in the form of questionnaires, including the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36), to assess changes in ME/CFS-related symptoms after HBOT. Rather than evaluating the efficacy of HBOT itself, the study will focus on observing and documenting these changes. Its goal is to offer valuable insights into symptom progression in ME/CFS patients receiving HBOT, which can serve as a foundation for future interventional randomized controlled trials.

Following mild to moderate COVID infection, around 10% of individuals develop post-COVID syndrome (PCS) characterized by symptoms like fatigue, exercise intolerance, cognitive impairment, headaches, and muscle pain (Kedor et al., 2022). Some PCS patients may later be diagnosed with ME/CFS, a severe and chronic disease triggered by infections (Renz-Polster \& Scheibenbogen, 2022). ME/CFS presents symptoms such as debilitating fatigue, exercise intolerance, post-exertional malaise (PEM), headaches, muscle pain, cognitive impairment ("brain fog"), orthostatic intolerance, autonomic dysfunction, sleep disturbances, and a general feeling of illness. Currently, no curative therapy for ME/CFS exists. Therapeutic procedures for ME/CFS mainly focus on symptom management, but evidence-based and standardized treatments are urgently needed due to the high number of patients and the impact on healthcare (Renz-Polster \& Scheibenbogen, 2022). Off-label drug and non-drug approaches are used, but their effectiveness lacks sufficient evidence from controlled trials.

ME/CFS and PCS may have different underlying pathomechanisms, with some patients showing endothelial dysfunction and reduced blood flow (Haffke et al., 2022). Enhancing blood flow and promoting the formation of new capillaries is a potential therapeutic approach due to the presumed role of reduced blood flow. In this regard, Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT) is under investigation as a treatment for ME/CFS and PCS, showing promising results in trials (e.g., Zilberman-Itskovich et al., 2022; Robbins et al., 2021; Kjiellberg et al., 2022; Akarsu et al., 2013). This non-interventional observational study aims to document symptom progression in 60 patients with ME/CFS who underwent HBOT following COVID or other infections. The study does not focus on evaluating the efficacy of HBOT itself.

ME/CFS patients currently participating in the Chronic Fatigue Syndrome CARE (CFS_CARE) study at Klinik Bavaria in Kreischa will have the opportunity to receive HBOT treatment as a supplementary offer from the clinic upon completion of the CFS_CARE study. Additionally, these patients will be invited to participate in this observational study during the final CFS_CARE presentation at the 12-month mark. HBOT is performed as part of the Conformité Européenne (CE) certificate, as an outpatient procedure within standard clinical practice, and independent of the study focus. Throughout the HBOT treatment, patients will undergo health assessments and symptom evaluations four weeks after treatment initiation and four weeks after completing the HBOT sessions. To facilitate this, patients will receive a link to a RedCap file containing questionnaires, including those previously utilized in the CFS_CARE study (36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36), Munich Berlin Symptom Questionnaire (MBSQ), Chalder Fatigue Questionnaire, Bell Score). Completing the questionnaires typically requires approximately 45 minutes. The questionnaires will be collected every two months over 12 months, resulting in a total follow-up period of 10 months. A follow-up visit at the outpatient clinic is scheduled for four weeks after HBOT is completed.

The study's primary endpoint is to identify improvements in physical function following HBOT. This will be achieved by utilizing the SF-36 Physical Function (PF) questionnaire, which commonly serves as the primary endpoint in clinical trials focused on ME/CFS. It has been shown that an increase of at least 10 points in the SF-36 PF (range 0 - 100 = healthy) defines clinically relevant improvement ("a little better"), and an increase of 20 points defines greater clinical improvement ("much better") (Brigden 2018). Therefore, an increase of at least 10 points 4 weeks after HBOT is defined as a response and assessed as the primary endpoint.

The study-related measures do not pose significant risks or additional burdens to participants aside from the time required to complete the questionnaires. However, it has the potential to generate valuable knowledge regarding HBOT as a potential treatment for ME/CFS. To date, there has been no documentation of the efficacy of HBOT in ME/CFS through a clinical trial employing objective methods. The results of this observational study are expected to serve as the foundation for a potential interventional randomized controlled trial (RCT).

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Participants between the ages of 18 and 65 years who have previously participated in the CFS_CARE study and have been diagnosed with ME/CFS
* ME/CFS diagnosis based on the Canadian Consensus Criteria (CCC), characterized by exercise intolerance and symptom worsening lasting for a minimum of 14 hours
* Disease severity determined by a Bell Score ranging from 30 to 70
* Plan to undergo 20 or 40 days of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT)
* Consent provided by the patient

Exclusion Criteria:

* Unwillingness to consent to the storage of pseudonymized clinical data as a part of the study
* Pregnancy
* Presence of medical conditions that could potentially pose a risk during Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT) (e.g., heart failure, pulmonary disease, major depression, panic attacks)
* Acute infection (e.g., COVID, HIV, or hepatitis)