Long-term Tablet-computer Based Casual Puzzle Video Game Intervention in Healthy Older and Cognitively Impaired Persons

This study aims at investigating the effects of tablet-based puzzle video games on cognitive function and emotional well-being. This study extends preliminary findings of studies looking at short-term benefits of playing puzzle video games to a long-term intervention in healthy older adults and patients suffering from cognitive impairment due to mild cognitive impairment or acquired brain injury. To this end, the investigators compare two interventions: A tablet-based puzzle video games experimental intervention and a control intervention tablet newspaper-reading control intervention. This study uses a 16-week, assessor blinded, randomized crossover design with two phases of treatment and three waves of measurement. Participants are randomly allocated to either the experimental or control intervention for 8 weeks, then interventions are crossed over. Both groups receive both interventions in opposite order. At three time points (pre-, mid- and post-test) higher cognitive function and emotional well-being are tested using standardised neuropsychological tests and questionnaires.

The focus of the current project is to examine the cognitive and emotional benefits of a casual puzzle video game (CPVG) intervention in healthy older adults (HOA), patients suffering from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and acquired brain injury (ABI). Although there have only been a small number of studies specifically using CPVG interventions, recent studies were able to demonstrate the validity of CPVG in improving attentional and executive function and speed of processing (Oei \& Patterson, 2013; Stroud \& Whitbourne, 2015; Styron, 2015) in healthy older adults as well as their potential in reducing depressive symptoms, physical stress and anxiety (Russoniello, O'Brien, \& Parks, 2009). These findings match general findings from video game training studies reporting improved processing speed, attentional, executive and visuospatial skills (Jak et al., 2013). In addition a recent large-scale study showed that regular engagement in Sudoku and similar puzzles represents a cognitively enriching leisure activity prevents and delays age-related cognitive decline (Ferreira, Owen, Mohan, Corbett, \& Ballard, 2015). Since depressive disorders affect between 10% and 20% older adults and even more in persons suffering from MCI and dementia, and that mood disorders affect about 31% (anxiety disorders up to 40%) patients after suffering a stroke, these populations could potentially draw both cognitive and emotional benefits from CPVG intervention (Arba et al., 2016; Barua, Ghosh, Kar, \& Basilio, 2011; Robinson, 2003).

The main objective of this study is to investigate long-term training benefits of a CPVG intervention on cognitive and emotional functioning in healthy older adults and patients with cognitive impairment.

The primary objective of this study is to examine whether a long-term CPVG intervention significantly improves attentional function (visual search) and leads to in-game learning effects in healthy older participants and cognitively impaired patients (MCI, ABI). The secondary objectives include: a) improvements on further cognitive outcome measures proposed to be engaged by the CPVG (attention, processing speed, working memory and spatial reasoning) and b) the efficacy of the CPVG intervention in reducing symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress and improving quality of life.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Normal or corrected-to-normal visual acuity
* Informed consent as documented by signature
* Healthy older adults:
* Aged 65 years and older
* Absence of cognitive impairment as assessed with a Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) of above 26.
* Mild cognitive impairment:
* Aged 65 years and older
* Objective cognitive impairment as assessed with a Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) smaller than 26 (MoCA \< 26).
* Acquired brain injury:
* Diagnosis of acquired brain damage and cognitive impairment (e.g. attentional and executive deficits) as diagnosed through neuropsychological assessment combined with a MoCA score of 26 and smaller

Exclusion Criteria:

* Insufficient coordinative, motor and perceptual ability to handle a tablet- computer.
* Healthy older adults: History of neurological or psychiatric deficits
* Acquired brain injury: History of any other psychiatric deficits
* Mild cognitive impairment: History of any other neurological or psychiatric deficits