ESG in Obese Adolescents

The primary goal of this pilot study is to learn if the use of the Apollo Endosurgery ESG System is a safe, well tolerated intervention for weight loss in adolescents with obesity.

Secondary outcomes will evaluate the effectiveness of Endoscopic Sleeve Gastroplasty (ESG) in long-term reduction of weight, improvements in obesity-related co-morbidities and improvements in quality of life.

Participants will:

* Have their stomach volume reduced with the ESG procedure (study intervention), rather than with a bariatric surgery, under general anesthesia
* Have a few additional fasting blood tests drawn on top of standard bloodwork before and after the ESG procedure
* Undergo pregnancy testing (female participants only)
* Be admitted overnight to the hospital for recovery and monitoring following the ESG procedure
* Have a physical examination performed at study follow-up visits
* Participate in surveys about any side effects from the procedure and about quality of life
* Follow-up with the study team.
* Participants will still be seen in the multidisciplinary Bariatrics Clinic team consisting of an obesity medicine doctor, registered dietician, physical activity specialist, and psychologist as part of normal standard of care.


Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

1. Female or male, age ≥ 12 years and ≤17 years at the time of study initiation (defined as the time of consent for participation in the pilot study).
2. BMI ≥95th percentile to 120% of the 95th percentile on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) growth curve with at least one obesity related comorbidity; OR BMI ≥ 120% to 140% of the 95th percentile on the CDC growth curve regardless of the presence or absence of comorbidities. Clinically significant obesity related comorbidities including type 2 diabetes mellitus, idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) now called metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), Blount's disease, Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis (SCFE), sleep apnea defined as AHI ≥ 5, Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD), hypertension, or dyslipidemia.
3. Must have a documented history of weight management and weight loss attempts with supervised diets and exercise programs for at least 6 months from a Healthy Weight provider.
4. All female subjects must have a negative serum pregnancy test.
5. Has a signed note from a medically supervised weight loss program that the patient demonstrates commitment to nutrition, psychological, and physical activity evaluations and follow-ups in the Healthy Weight clinics, without frequent non-compliance or no-shows.
6. Demonstrates ability to understand what dietary and physical activity changes will be required for optimal postoperative outcomes based on psychology assessment.
7. Evidence for mature decision making, with appropriate understanding of potential risks and benefits of the procedure as deemed by a clinical psychologist.
8. No documented genetic cause for obesity or excessive weight gain such as Prader-Willi syndrome
9. Evidence that family and patient have the ability and motivation to comply with recommended treatments pre- and postoperatively. Evidence may include a history of reliable attendance at office visits for weight management and compliance with other medical needs.
10. Female participants must agree to avoid pregnancy for the duration of the study and acknowledge that they will be withdrawn from the study if they do become pregnant.
11. Patients agree to refrain from any type of additional weight loss surgery, reconstructive surgery, or weight-altering medications that would affect body weight.
12. Signed consent form from parent or guardian and signed assent for un-emancipated minors.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Previous interventional/surgical treatment of obesity or prior gastric surgery.
2. Females who are pregnant or lactating.
3. Uncontrolled hypothyroidism or adrenal related obesity as determined by the investigator.
4. Known congenital or acquired anomalies of the GI tract such as esophageal or cricopharyngeal narrowing or stricture; distorted esophagus, esophageal pouch or pyloric stenosis.
5. Severe cardiovascular, cerebrovascular and/or cardiopulmonary disease or other serious organic disease that makes the subject a high-risk candidate as determined by the investigator.
6. Chronic or acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding conditions, e.g. gastric or esophageal varices; or esophageal or gastric disorders including uncontrolled diarrhea, dysmotility, or Barrett's Esophagus.
7. History of malignant hyperthermia, having a prior allergic reaction to general anesthesia, having a known difficult airway, or if the patient is not a candidate for general anesthesia.
8. Immunocompromised status such as that resulting from chronic oral steroid use, chemotherapeutic agents, or immune deficiency disorders or history or presence of pre-existing autoimmune connective tissue disease, i.e., systemic lupus erythematosus or scleroderma as determined by the treating investigator.
9. Subjects with uncontrolled psychiatric conditions including eating disorders (e.g., bulimia, binge eating disorder) as defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) 5
10. Acute or chronic infections (localized or systemic);
11. Significant movement limitations of lower extremities (e.g., cannot walk without the use of, or assistance from, a brace, cane, crutch, another person, prosthetic device, wheelchair, or other assistive device or is severely limited in their ability to walk due to an arthritic, neurological, or orthopedic condition).
12. Recently (within previous 3 months) prescribed or initiated therapy with medication(s) known to cause significant weight gain or weight loss including but not limited to a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) Receptor Agonist, or is likely to require treatment with such medication(s) during the study.
13. Currently taking or has taken within the previous 3-months prescription or over-the-counter weight loss medications (e.g., medications and/or supplements containing ephedrine, phenylpropanolamine, amphetamines, etc.). Additionally, the subject must agree to refrain from use of such medications and weight loss/appetite suppressing dietary supplements during the course of the trial including the subject eligibility assessment period;
14. Weight loss of at least 5kg within the previous 3 months;
15. Patient with documented medical history/diagnosis of a mood disorder including, but not limited to active substance abuse, a history of psychoses, uncontrolled depression, suicidal attempts or current suicidal tendencies or ideations; or documented history of drug and/or alcohol abuse within one year of the screening visit;
16. The participant is currently enrolled in another investigational drug or device trial that has not completed the primary endpoint or that clinically interferes with this study.
17. Current cigarette smokers, vaping, alcohol, or marijuana use.
18. Patients with connective tissue disorders
19. Subjects in whom endoscopic surveillance of the stomach may be required including but not limited to Crohn's disease, Ulcerative Colitis, personal or family history of familial and non-familial adenomatous syndromes, or Lynch syndrome;
20. Conditions that, in the opinion of the investigator, may jeopardize the subject's well-being and/or the soundness of this clinical study.

At time of the ESG procedure, if the PI sees any evidence of the following: Hiatal hernia \>2 cm, esophageal or gastric varices, ulcers of the stomach and or duodenum, esophageal or duodenal stenosis, or gastric or duodenal polyps, or Gastric Antral Vascular Ectasia.