CITrate and Evodial for Effective Dialysis (CITED) Study

It is not known whether the combination of a heparin-grafted membrane plus citrate-containing dialysate is a valid alternative to regional citrate anticoagulation. This is a cross-over non-inferiority trial comparing these two anticoagulation strategies

Anticoagulation is one of the supporting pillars of chronic hemodialysis (HD) (1). The optimal anticoagulant regimen provides full anticoagulation of the extracorporeal circuit with minimal systemic effects and comes at an affordable cost. Unfractionated heparin (UFH) has been the standard of care for many years. In several countries, UFH has gradually been replaced by low molecular weight heparins (LMWH). LMWH are easy to use as they can be administered as a bolus injection and reduce membrane fibrin and platelet deposition (2,1). Both UFH or LMWH provide adequate anticoagulation of the extracorporeal circuit, at the price of systemic anticoagulation. Apart from bleeding, the administration of unfractionated heparins has also been associated with dyslipidemia, hypoaldosteronism and hyperkalemia, thrombopenia, osteoporosis, pruritus, and hypersensitivity reactions.

Several alternative anticoagulation regimens have been proposed including heparin coating of the dialyzer membrane and regional citrate anticoagulation. Regional citrate anticoagulation is performed by infusing citrate into the arterial line of the dialysis tubing to reduce ionized calcium concentrations to very low levels (4,1). Ionized calcium concentrations are restored by calcium supplementation prior to reinfusion of the blood into the patient. Most often, calcium repletion is by calcium infusion into the venous line. Alternatively, a conventional calcium containing dialysate will restore calcium concentrations and, although the anticoagulant effect is blunted in the venous line, gives acceptable results (5). A previous study suggested that regional citrate anticoagulation is superior to heparin-coated polyacrylonitrile dialyzers (AN69ST; Nephral 300ST, Gambro) and resulted in in significantly greater instantaneous urea nitrogen clearances (3).

While generally safe and adequate, regional citrate anticoagulation requires additional actions during preparatory phase (preparation of citrate and calcium infusion pumps) as well as during the treatment (measurement of ionized calcium). These additional actions result in additional costs.

Recently, acetate-free citrate-containing dialysate concentrates were introduced into clinical practice. Besides the advantages of acetate-free dialysate, this provides a modest local anticoagulant effect inside the dialyzer. Citrate-containing dialysate allowed to reduce heparin dose while maintaining extracorporeal circuit patency and dialyzer clearances (6).

The investigators questioned whether combination of citrate-containing dialysate and heparin-coated dialyzer membranes is equally effective as conventional regional citrate anticoagulation.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients aged over 18 years,
* hemodynamic stability,
* hemoglobin 9 - 12 g/dl.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Any hemostatic disorder favoring either bleeding or clotting,
* anti-vitamin K treatment,
* risk of bleeding according to the criteria of Swartz (12).

Treatment with aspirin, dipyridamole or any drugs likely to interfere with platelet aggregation will be registered carefully, but will not be an exclusion criterion.

All vascular access types (AV-fistula, AV graft, catheter) are allowed. However, only patients with double route vascular access ('bipuncture') will be included in the study.