GLYPALCARE STUDY - Multicenter, Randomized Study for Evaluating Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) by Using FreeStyle Libre 2 (FSL2) for Preventing Hyperglycemia/Hypoglycemia Crisis in Advanced Oncological Patients.

Cancer patients with known or newly diagnosed (i.e. iatrogenic) Diabetes Mellitus (DM) in Palliative/Supportive Care will be enrolled. Patients will be randomly assigned to one of two groups. Patients included in the first group will monitor glucose levels through Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM), using the FreeStyle Libre 2 (FSL2). The second group is represented by the usual standard way for blood glucose (BG) monitoring (lancing device for finger samples). An interim analysis is foreseen when the half of the expected events (hyperglycemic peaks) will be observed. In case the results of interim analysis show superiority of the CGM (FSL2) group patients of the second group will be switched.

Diabete Mellitus (DM) represents an emerging factor with an impact on the severity and the management of symptoms (pain, dyspnoea, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, dehydration) in PC/SC patients leading to a reduced QoL of patients and family members. It has been noted that infrequent Blood Glucose (BG) monitoring might result in a not clear definition about whether symptoms are associated with the dying process or caused by diabetes, leading to inadequate symptoms management.

It is estimated that more than 30% of PC/SC patients can be affected by DM type I or type II. The incidence of diabetes seems to be six times greater in cancer patients than in the general population.

Despite this high incidence, implementation of standard Guidelines on monitoring BG levels in the PC/SC setting is lacking and the existing Guidelines are mainly based on expert experience rather than real data obtained from well design studies as evidenced by a recent review. Currently, the available tool used to evaluate BG in PC/SC patients is mainly represented by the punctual finger-samples procedure, which is usually performed only when there is a suspect of hyperglycemia/hypoglycemia or routinely in PC patients with known DM before meals administration. Punctual finger-samples procedure has many limitations: it is uncomfortable and painful for patients, it requires training to patients and family members by Health Care Providers (HCPs) and requires time to HPCs for preparing/conducting the procedures. As a consequence, BG monitoring in PC/SC patients (especially in home care settings) with known DM and newly diagnosed DM is very poorly and infrequently performed and represents a real unmet medical need.

Recently, a very innovative device, Freestyle Libre 2 (FSL2) (Abbott), has obtained a CE mark for Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) in diabetic patients. The system includes a self-applied sensor with a size of two-stacked quarters, that is easy to apply on the back of the upper arm; it employs a pre-calibrated sensor that measures the tissue glucose concentration repeatedly for two weeks and has a duration of accuracy measurements of 14 consecutive days; interstitial Glucose levels are easily check with a painless one-second scan by a smartphone App or a Reader with results represented by latest glucose concentration and trend direction. The scan with the App or the Reader should be applied at least every 8 hours in order to have the recording of the glucose level. FSL2 has real-time glucose alarms that notify if glucose level is going too low or too high (Free Style Libre 2 User's Manual).

The rationale of the proposed study is based on the CGM system using FSL2, that is highly matching the need of Glucose level monitoring in PC/SC patients with known or newly diagnosed (i.e. iatrogenic) DM. FSL2 has no/very little discomfort for patients and it is not painful, it is easy to apply, it is not time-spending for family members and HCPs and it requires very brief training for patients and family members. The alarm system of FSL2 can aware patients, family members and HCPs at any moment when the glucose level is over a predefined cut off value, allowing to implement the appropriate interventions (i.e. insulin administration or insulin dose adjustment) in order to prevent and manage Symptomatic hyperglycemia crisis. The recent International Consensus on Recommendations on CGM data interpretation are showing that in particularly frail population, Glucose level are maintained for 50% of the time in a range between 70 mg/dL and 180 mg/dL and for 50% of the time in a range between 180 mg/dl and 250 mg/dl. According to that Recommendations, the alarm could be activated when glucose is over a cut off level of 180 mg/dL. The alarm activation allows patients themselves, family members, HCPs to provide patients with the most appropriate intervention (i.e. administration or adjustment of insulin dosage) in order to prevent glucose level reaching the peak of severe hyperglycemia (\>250 mg/dl).

Similarly, FSL2 allows to monitor Glucose level decrease and to prevent severe hypoglycemic crisis (BG \<50 mg/dL).

On this basis, we would like to evaluate CGM by using FSL2 as a tool for appropriately managing Glucose levels in PC/SC advanced oncological patients with known or newly diagnosed DM in order to prevent severe hypoglycemic/hyperglycemic crisis, in comparison to the current usual procedures (finger samples procedures).

CGM by using FSL2 could have a very positive impact in improving glucose level management in the PC/SC setting, especially in the home care setting, contributing to an improvement of the QoL of patients/family members and the HCPs attitude to the importance of glucose level monitoring. The results of this study could lead to a new standard of care in the management of patients with advanced cancer with a known/newly diagnosed DM in PC/SC settings.

The study is a multicenter, multinational, randomized, open label, parallel groups study, conducted in order to show superiority of CGM by using FSL2 in comparison to usual care procedures (finger samples) in reducing severe hyperglycemic peaks in PC/SC advanced oncological patients with known/newly diagnosed DM.

An interim analysis is foreseen when the half of the expected events (hyperglycemic peaks) will be observed. In case the results of interim analysis show superiority of the CGM (FSL2) group in respect to the control group, patients of the control group will be switched to CGM by using FSL2 and will be followed until the completion of the study.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Aged \> or = 18 years
* Diagnosed with advanced oncological disease
* Known/newly diagnosed DM according to ADA criteria
* Need of a Insulin therapy and need of Glycemia Monitoring with at least three finger pricks/die
* Karnofsky Index \>= 30
* Provision of signed and dated informed consent form

Exclusion criteria:

* Diagnosis of all types of Dementia
* Presence of severe psychiatric diseases/symptoms
* Kidney failure requiring dialysis
* Patients with implanted pacemaker