Personalized Prenatal Care for Low-Risk Pregnancies Using Telemedicine

Not all pregnant women have the same risks for pregnancy complications. Women at low-risk for pregnancy complications may not need the same type of prenatal care. The goal of this study is to learn about the use of telemedicine for low-risk pregnant women and improve the delivery of prenatal care. Telemedicine is medical care provided using a computer or telephone to visit with a doctor for some medical appointments. Participating patients will be assigned by a computer to either standard prenatal care, or prenatal care involving a combination of standard prenatal visits and telemedicine visits. Both groups will have the same number of prenatal care visits.

In both groups, we will ask about the patients' satisfaction with their care, the amount of time they spent visiting with their doctor, and information about time and their expenses. In the telemedicine group, we will teach how to measure blood pressure, fetal heart rate, and weight from home.

The goals of this study are to: 1) assess the patient satisfaction, patient experiences and preferences, financial impact, clinical outcomes, and provider satisfaction of providing personalized prenatal care for low-risk pregnancies using telecommunication and remote patient care devices; and 2) measure the reliability of at-home, patient-recorded, computer-documented prenatal care measurements. The primary outcome is patient satisfaction with prenatal care after delivery.

Study procedures and data collection for a woman enrolled to the study are described below:

1. Randomization Prior to enrollment in the study, eligible participating patients will be randomized into the control or remote prenatal care groups. The study coordinator will be aware of which group the participant is assigned to and provide training tailored to the assigned study group. The telemedicine group will receive all training described below. The control group will only receive training on the survey instrument and instruction on how to access the message box within MyChart.
2. Remote Monitoring Devices Remote prenatal care group participants will measure, record, and submit their blood pressure, weight, and fetal heart recordings into MyChart (described below) no more than 48 hours prior to a scheduled remote prenatal care visit (described below).

   * Weight- Participants will use their home scale or be given one to use if they don't have one. For demonstration purposes, a scale will be available during the in-person visit with the study coordinator. The patient is required to measure weight in pounds to the nearest pound.
   * Blood Pressure- Participants will be provided one digital blood pressure cuff that will measure their blood pressure to be used throughout the pregnancy. They will be required to report the systolic and diastolic blood pressure as measured and displayed by the device in millimetres of mercury (mmHg).
   * Fetal Heart Rate- Participants will be provided one digital fetal doppler monitor to be used throughout the pregnancy. They will use it to determine the fetus' heart rate in beats per minute.

   Patients will be allowed to keep the devices at the conclusion of the study as compensation for participating and completing the research.
3. MyChart Epic MyChart is the personal health record that is linked to the Epic electronic health record used by the University of Utah. Participants will use MyChart to record information to allow their recordings to integrate within the Epic electronic health record and be viewable by the treating clinician. At each time point that requires patient recording of health data described above, patient-entered flowsheets will be available with the required data fields. Help text will also be available on the form to assist proper data entry. Automated data validity checking will assure data are properly recorded.
4. Remote Prenatal Care Visit The remote prenatal care visit will be conducted at a predetermined scheduled time using a web-based, Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA-compliant video communication solution provided by the University of Utah Department of Telemedicine. A message will be sent to the participant within MyChart containing the video link and password prior to the meeting. If the video solution does not work, is having difficulties, or if the patient does not prefer using video, the prenatal care visit will be conducted by telephone.
5. Survey Instrument The survey instrument, built using REDCap, will be available immediately following a scheduled visit. A link to the survey will be available in MyChart as well as emailed to their message box within MyChart. If the survey hasn't been completed within 72 hours, the study coordinator will contact the participant to remind them to complete the survey. Participants will have one week to complete the survey.
6. Sample Size/Statistical Analysis Plan Sample size is based on non-inferiority test. We assume that in the control group that 80% will be satisfied. We are allowing for a relative 10% worse-than non-inferiority margin, which equates to the intervention group can have a satisfaction percent of 72%.

A sample size of 100 per group using 80% power and a two-sided 0.05 alpha comparison allows for the intervention group to have satisfaction of 85%. It is reasonable to expect this given the perceived advantage of not having to travel.

We will test for superiority only after having demonstrated non-inferiority. In this step-wise method, multiple comparisons adjustment is not needed.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* A pregnant woman initiating prenatal care between 6 0/7 weeks and 16 0/7 weeks estimated gestational age (EGA) by reliable last menstrual period (LMP) or ultrasound. All participants must have confirmation of pregnancy viability (by Doppler or ultrasound) prior to study enrollment. All participants must, by 24 weeks gestation, have ultrasonographic confirmation of a single viable intrauterine pregnancy with no major anomalies.
* All participants must have had at least one prior term, uncomplicated delivery. This will be ascertained at time of enrollment by care provider.
* Must be willing and able to perform remote monitoring study requirements at home. This includes having a computer with internet access at home (preferred but not required); must have already registered or be willing to register for Epic MyChart; be willing and capable (after instruction) of using at-home monitoring devices including fetal health monitor, automatic blood pressure monitor, and weight scale; be willing and capable (after instruction) of entering information from at-home monitoring devices into Epic MyChart; be willing and capable (after instruction) of using a web-based video conferencing solution or telephone for communication with clinician.
* Intention to deliver at the University Hospital.
* The patient is seeing a participating provider at a participating clinic.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Participant age at enrollment is younger than 20 or older than 39 years of age at the time of delivery.
* Not fluent in English
* Absence of prior term deliveries.
* Significant complications in any previous viable pregnancy include two or more previous miscarriages, preterm birth(\<37 0/7 weeks), preeclampsia, placental abruption, stillbirth, etc.
* Any significant concurrent medical problems such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension, prior venous thromboembolism, autoimmune disease (exception: women with well-controlled hypothyroidism may enroll), and any other medical problem of concerned as deemed by her prenatal care provider.
* Use of known risk factors such as smoking, alcohol, illegal drug use, or other known teratogenic exposures.
* Multifetal pregnancy or known fetal anomalies