Ultrasound Diagnosis of Placental and Umbilical Cord Anomalies in Singleton Pregnancies Resulting From In-vitro Fertilization

Objectives: to identify which type of placental and umbilical cord abnormalities are more common in IVF singleton pregnancies; to investigate if heterologous fertilization is an additional risk factor for the development of these abnormalities.

Methods: this was a multicenter prospective cohort study study involving two tertiary centres (S. Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna and Institute for Women's Health, University College of London). Patients with a singleton pregnancy conceived with IVF were consecutively recruited between May 2019 to January 2021. Each case was matched with a control presenting with a spontaneous pregnancy during the same period of time. All patients underwent similar antenatal care, which included ultrasound examinations at 11-14, 19-22 and 33-35 weeks. Ultrasound findings of placental and/or umbilical cord abnormalities were recorded in the two groups and confirmed after birth. The incidence of placental/cord findings in the study group was assessed using the chi-squared test or Fisher's exact test, where appropriate. Post-hoc pairwise comparisons were performed with the Fisher's exact test, using the Simes' method for false discovery rate control.

This was a multicenter prospective cohort study study involving two tertiary centres (S. Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna and Institute for Women's Health and University College of London). All patients with a singleton pregnancy conceived with IVF were consecutively recruited between 1st of May 2019 to 31st March 2021. Each case was matched with a control presenting with a SC during the same period of time.

All patients had antenatal care using a similar clinical protocol, which included at 11-14 weeks (nuchal thickness screening scan), 19-22 weeks (detailed fetal anatomy scan) and 33-35 weeks (growth scan). All ultrasound examinations are carried out transvaginally and/or transabdominally by experienced operators using a high-resolution ultrasound equipment. Ultrasound findings of placental and/or umbilical cord abnormalities were recorded in each case using a standardized reporting protocol including placental location, cord insertion. The placenta was recorded as "low lying" when the edge was 0.5-2 cm from the internal os of the uterine cervix. When the placenta was \<0.5cm from the internal os or completely covering it, it was defined as placenta previa (marginal or complete). Ultrasound signs of PAS were recorded using the standardized description proposed by the EW-AIP including for grey scale imaging: loss of clear zone, myometrial thinning, the presence of placental lacunae; bladder wall interruption; placental bulge and focal exophytic mass and for CDI: utero-vesical hypervascularity; subplacental hypervascularity; bridging vessels and lacunae feeder vessels. Additional transabdominal and transvaginal sonographic (TVS) examinations of the placenta and cord insertion were performed at 28-30 weeks and 35-36 weeks when anomalies were identified at the 19-22 weeks scan.

Women with multiple pregnancies or requiring emergency delivery before 32 weeks were excluded from the study group. All patients were managed according to local protocols.

Patient's demographic data, previous obstetric and gynecological history, clinical findings, ultrasound data and images and symptoms at the time of the first examination were recorded and stored in a specialized database (Viewpoint Version 5, Bildverargeritung GmbH, Munich, Germany). All placentas were examined at delivery by the obstetric team and histopathological evaluation has been carried out when clinically indicated.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* singleton pregnancies
* spontaneous pregnancies or pregnancies conceived with IVF

Exclusion Criteria:

* multiple pregnancies