CAPTEM or FOLFIRI as SEcond-line Therapy in NEuroendocrine CArcinomas

This is a randomized phase II non comparative study. Patients with metastatic Neuroendocrine Carcinomas (NEC) Grade 3, will be enrolled in the study and will be randomly assigned to receive FOLFIRI or CAPTEM as second line treatment. Disease control rate (DCR) and safety are primary objectives, secondary objectives are Disease control rate (OS), Progression Free Survival (PFS), quality of life and toxicity of subsequent line of therapy (after Progression Disease PD) with an observational purpose.

This is a multicenter randomized phase II non comparative study. Patients with metastatic NEC G3, will be enrolled in the study and will be randomly assigned to receive FOLFIRI or CAPTEM as second line treatment The primary objective is to assess DCR and the safety as co-primary objective. The secondary objectives are: OS, PFS, quality of life and toxicity of subsequent line of therapy (after Progression Disease PD) with an observational purpose.

The secondary exploratory objectives are the assessment of the impact of PET with gallium on PFS and the evaluation of biomarkers

Study treatment:

FOLFIRI regimen

* Oxaliplatin (CPT-11) 180 mg/m2, given as 60 min. i.v. infusion on day 1 every 2 weeks followed by
* Calcio levofolinate 200 mg/m2, given as a 2h i.v. infusion on days 1 every 2 weeks followed by
* 5-Fluorouracil 400 mg/m2 given as bolus, and then 5-Fluorouracil 2400 mg/m2 given as a 48 h continuous infusion on day 1, every 2 weeks, until progression or for a maximum of 12 cycles

CAPTEM regimen Capecitabine 750 mg/m2 twice a day on days 1-14 in combination with temozolomide 200 mg/m2 daily on days 10-14, every 4 weeks, until progression or for a maximum of 6 cycles.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

1. Histopathologic diagnosis of neuroendocrine carcinomas (GEP NEC and lung NEC), G3 with ki67 \> 20%. Other rare sites of origin such as genitourinary or gynecological or larynx or unknown origin neuroendocrine carcinoma with Ki67 \> 20% will be included.
2. Male or Female, aged \>=18 years.
3. Measurable disease according to RECIST 1.1 criteria.
4. Patients who already received a first line treatment for metastatic disease with platinum compound-based regimen chemotherapy (Cisplatin/Carboplatin and Etoposide, folfox4 or Capecitabine-Oxaliplatin).
5. Previous treatments with immuno checkpoint-inhibitor and/or everolimus are permitted
6. Life expectancy greater than 3 months
7. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status ≤ 2.
8. Adequate haematological, liver and renal function:

   neutrophils \> 2.0 x 109 /L, platelet \> 100 x 109 /L, hemoglobin \> 10g/dL, total bilirubin \< 1 Upper Normal Limit (UNL), Aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) and Alanine transaminase (ALAT) \< 2.5 x UNL or \< 5 x UNL in presence of liver metastases, alkaline phosphatase \< 2.5 x UNL; patients with ASAT or ALAT \>1.5 x UNL associated with alkaline phosphatase \>2.5 x UNL are not eligible.); creatinine \<1.5 UNL. In presence of borderline values, the calculated creatinine clearance according to Cockcroft-Gault formula, 60 ML/min.
9. If female of childbearing potential highly effective birth control methods, according to guideline "Recommendation related to contraception and pregnancy testing in clinical trials", (2014_09_15 section 4.1) are mandatory. Highly effective birth control methods are required beginning at the screening visit and continuing until 6 months following last treatment with study drug. Negative serum pregnancy test for females of childbearing potential within 14 days of starting treatment. Male patient and his female partner who is of childbearing potential must use 2 acceptable methods of birth control (1 of which must include a condom as a barrier method of contraception) starting at screening and continuing throughout the study period and for 6 months after final study drug administration. Two acceptable methods of birth control thus include Condom (barrier method of contraception) and one of the following is required ( established use of oral, or injected or implanted hormonal method of contraception by the female partner; placement of an intrauterine device (IUD) or intrauterine system (IUS) by the female partner; additional barrier method like occlusive cap with spermicidal foam/gel/film/cream/suppository in the female partner; tubal ligation in the female partner; vasectomy or other procedure resulting in infertility (eg, bilateral orchiectomy), for more than 6 months.
10. Written informed consent signed and dated before registration procedures, including expected cooperation of the patients for the treatment and follow-up, must be obtained and documented according to the local regulatory requirement.
11. Brain metastases allowed if asymptomatic at study baseline. Whole brain irradiation or focal treatment for Central Nervous System (CNS) metastases are permitted.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Ki67 index ≤ 20 %.
2. Patients with metastatic NECs already treated with irinotecan regimen.
3. Patients with a known hypersensitivity to fluorouracil or calcium levofolinate or Irinotecan or their recipients.
4. All acute toxic effects of any prior therapy (including surgery radiation therapy, chemotherapy) must have resolved to a grade \<= 1 according to National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events Version 5.0 (CTCAE).
5. Life expectancy minor than 3 months.
6. ECOG performance status \>2.
7. Participation in another clinical trial with any investigational agents within 30 days prior to study screening.
8. Patients who have any severe and/or uncontrolled medical conditions or other conditions that could affect their participation in the study such as:

   * unstable angina pectoris, symptomatic congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction within 6 months of start of study drug, serious uncontrolled cardiac arrhythmia or any other clinically significant cardiac disease.
   * severely impaired lung function (spirometry and diffusing capacity of lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO) that is 50% of the normal predicted value and/or Oxygen saturation that is 88% or less at rest, in room air).
   * uncontrolled diabetes as defined by fasting serum glucose \>1.5 x UNL.
   * any active (acute or chronic) or uncontrolled infections/disorders
9. History of allergic reactions attributed to compounds of similar chemical or biologic composition.
10. Patients who have had chemotherapy or radiotherapy within 4 weeks (6 weeks for nitrosoureas or mitomycin C) prior to entering the study or those who have not recovered from adverse events due to agents administered more than 4 weeks earlier
11. Patients with uncontrolled or symptomatic brain metastases will be excluded because they often develop progressive neurologic dysfunction that can be confounding of neurologic and other adverse events
12. Other malignancy with a disease-free interval of less than 5 years (except non melanoma skin cancer or low grade superficial bladder cancer).