Trial Comparing Different Follow-up Strategies

There is an ongoing debate about the optimal duration, frequency and extent of follow-up (FU) after treatment with curative intent (aimed at complete cure) in patients with head and neck cancer (HNC). The present study aims to answer these questions and thus provide a scientifically sound, evidence-based basis for the current debate. The aim is to develop a more personalized follow-up strategy with patient involvement. The study contains an internal pilot phase and a main phase.

Pilot phase, started in Oct 2022:

Sample size: 20 participants Duration: 2 years (12 months recruitment, 12 months FU) Planned First-Participant-In: Oct 2022 Planned Last-Participant-Out: Oct/2024

Main study, not yet started awaiting for funding :

Sample size: 550 participants Estimated duration: 8 years (recruitment period: 3 years, FU period: 5 years) Planned First-Participant-In: Q4/2023 Planned Last-Participant-Out: Q4/2031

The study will be conducted in a two-arm design, with a control group receiving conventional aftercare and a group receiving less intensive, individualized aftercare. Patients in both groups will be strongly sensitized or trained to the symptoms of cancer recurrence or second tumor. Assignment to one of the two groups is randomized. The study starts with a internal pilot phase of one year aiming to proof the feasibility of recruitment and participant's adherence to the randomized FU scheme. When the pilot phase proved feasibility showed positive result, we will conduct the main study which lasts 5 years for all participants.

For the control group (standard follow-up), medical check-ups are performed at 3-monthly intervals in the first 3 years after completion of therapy, then 4 - 6-monthly until completion of the follow-up period after 5 years. In addition, imaging is scheduled 12 and 24 months after the end of therapy. In addition, imaging examinations (magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography) are scheduled 6 and 18 months after study inclusion. For active and former smokers, a CT scan of the lungs is scheduled at 30, 42, and 54 months.

In the experimental group (individualized, deintensified follow-up), medical examinations are scheduled only every six months from the beginning and there are no fixed appointments for imaging. In the latter follow-up strategy, the focus is more on the symptoms of the patients.

In the study, participants in both groups document their symptoms monthly in a patient reported-outcome (PRO) questionnaire with possible signs of disease indicating a recurrence of head and neck cancer or a new secondary tumor. For the pilot study, a paper PRO will be used, while in the main study a electronic PRO is planned. In the less intensive, individualized follow-up strategy, the answers to the symptom questionnaires are checked monthly and, depending on the severity and development of the symptoms, a warning is given and a timely follow-up appointment is organized. During this appointment, it will be decided if additional examinations such as imaging and/or tissue sampling are necessary. This means that fewer examinations are not necessarily performed overall, but at times when there is an increased likelihood that a clinically relevant finding will also be found.

Disease progression will be monitored for 5 years.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion criteria

1. Histopathologically proven invasive HNSCC of the oral cavity (except lip), oropharynx, hypopharynx or larynx
2. ≥18 years of age
3. In non-surgically treated HNSCC: clinical/radiological stage II-IV (excluding M1) according to the UICC / TNM 8th ed. In surgically treated HNSCC: pathological stage II-IV (excluding M1) according to the UICC / TNM 8th ed.
4. Treatment with curative intent, regardless of treatment modality (mono- or multimodal), and FU planned at the participating study center.

   Remark: Patients with one synchronous HNSCC of the oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx and larynx, all treated with curative intent and all in complete remission are eligible. Synchronous tumor must have a less advanced stage than the index tumor used for stratification or in case of equal stage, the synchronous tumor must be the tumor with the better prognostic. (Rules: Better to worse prognostic: Larynx \> Oropharynx \> Oral cavity \> Hypopharynx.) The modality of the treatment must be the same as for the index tumor or less intense.
5. Radiological confirmation of complete remission of disease and no SPM from the 3rd to 6th month after treatment for all stages (minimal demanded imaging: head and neck (H\&N) MRI or H\&N CT scan and CT scan covering chest to pelvis (with contrast if not contraindicated); or preferable whole-body 18FDG-PET/CT or PET/MRI for patients with ≥T3 and/or N+).

   Note: Patients with positive or equivocal imaging/clinical findings are allowed if the tumor is ruled out by multidisciplinary tumor board decision (e.g. as a consequence of biopsy and/or multiple imaging).
6. Clinical confirmation of complete remission of disease through H\&N examination including endoscopy of the pharynx and larynx at the time of enrolment, that is 6 months (+/- 4 weeks) after the last HNSCC treatment
7. Agreement for long term FU (5 years) and all visits are to be performed at the participating center
8. Written informed consent, signed by the patient and the investigator

Exclusion Criteria

1. Initial clinical stage I and/or M1 HNSCC (according to the UICC / TNM 8th ed.)
2. Nasopharyngeal cancer and carcinoma of unknown primary
3. Any other previously treated HNC (including parotid and thyroid gland cancer) except for curatively and adequately treated cutaneous carcinoma in-situ, basal cell carcinoma and locally confined T1 squamous cell carcinoma of the skin without any sign of tumor recurrence at the time of screening
4. Any other synchronous malignancy except for one curatively and adequately treated HNSCC of the oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx and larynx, basal cell carcinoma, locally confined T1 squamous cell carcinoma of the skin, low-risk prostate cancer, carcinoma in-situ of the skin or uterine cervix without any sign of tumor recurrence at the time of screening.
5. Any other metachronous malignancy within the last 5 years except for curatively and adequately treated basal cell carcinoma, locally confined T1 squamous cell carcinoma of the skin, low-risk prostate cancer, carcinoma in-situ of the skin or uterine cervix without any sign of tumor recurrence at the time of screening.
6. Participation in another study entailing regular medical exams by ENT specialists or persons involved in the oncological treatment, or regular imaging
7. Pregnant or breastfeeding women
8. Presence of any conditions that potentially hamper compliance with the study protocol and FU schedule at the participating center