Driving Skills Recovery Following Procedural Sedation for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy

This is a prospective cohort study that will analyze psychomotoric recovery using a commercially available driving simulator following sedation for endoscopic procedures in subjects undergoing elective outpatient endoscopic procedures. Patients receiving both propofol based sedation and well as those receiving a combination of fentanyl and midazolam will be studied. Baseline data will be obtained after training on the simulator. Following the procedure and after meeting standard discharge criteria, the subjects will undergo the same driving simulation to ascertain psychomotoric recovery.

Procedural sedation for ambulatory endoscopy procedures is delivered millions of times per year in the United States. Current standard of care necessitates the presence of a responsible adult to take the patient from the endoscopic facility back home and to observe the patient. In addition, patients are frequently advised not to drive until the morning after the procedure. This recommendation holds true whether the procedure was performed in the morning or afternoon. Current data regarding psychomotoric recovery following procedural sedation for gastrointestinal endoscopy is quite limited. Moreover there are no data utilizing a driving simulator to gauge psychomotoric recovery in this setting.

The proposed study is a prospective, open label cohort study enrolling patients at the Cleveland Clinic's advanced endoscopy unit.

Inclusion criteria are: English speaking patients 18 years or older who currently hold a valid driver's license, are able to give informed consent and are undergoing either anesthesiologist directed propofol sedation (Group1) or a combination of an opioid and benzodiazepine targeting moderate sedation (Group 2) for elective outpatient procedures including advanced (endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, endoscopic ultrasonography, endoscopic submucosal dissection, deep enteroscopy) and non-advanced (esophagogastroduodenoscopy, colonoscopy) procedures.

Exclusion criteria include: inpatients, patients with altered mental status, legal blindness, physical limitations that would not make them candidates to be tested in the driving simulator, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) ≥ 4 , urgent procedures, systolic hypotension defined as a systolic blood pressure \< 90 mmHg and patients in whom English is not the primary language.

Upon enrollment the following information will be obtained: Age, gender, BMI, intended procedure, Mallampati score, medications and allergies, comorbidities (obesity, history of cardiac disease, renal insufficiency, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, obstructive sleep apnea, diabetes mellitus, and the use of medications narcotics, antidepressants and sedatives.

Upon enrollment, the patient will undergo a 5-10 minute training session on a commercially available driving simulator. Following this, the subjects will complete a 5 minute standardized driving simulation. The subjects will then undergo their scheduled procedure.

Procedural data that will be obtained will include the type and doses of sedatives/analgesics utilized, procedure type, procedure length, use of any reversal agents or airway devices such as oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airways. In addition the occurrence of any intraprocedural cardiopulmonary unintended events such as hypotension, bradycardia and apnea will also be recorded.

Once the patient arrives in the recovery unit, they will be assessed every 5 minutes utilizing the observers scale for sedation and alertness (OAS). Discharge criteria would include; An OAS score of 5 (responding readily to name, with no evidence for ptosis; blood pressure and heart rate within 20% of baseline, oxygen saturation greater than 90% while breathing room air, the ability to walk without instability and the ability to drink liquids). The time from completion of the procedure to reaching the discharge criteria will be noted. At the time of reaching the discharge threshold, a repeat driving simulation will be performed utilizing the same program.

Simulator outcome variables will be analyzed by both parametric and nonparametric statistics. The variables that will be analyzed include: number of off road crashes, number of collisions with vehicles and other roadway objects, number of times over the posted speed limit, percentage of time over the posted limit, total number of times the center line was crossed, total number of times the driver went off the road, percentage of time out of lanes, overall turn signal usage, minimum distance to vehicles in drivers pedal reaction time. In addition, a summation of overall driving errors will be obtained.

An analysis comparing baseline and recovery driving simulator data within each sedation arm (anesthesiologist administered propofol or endoscopist directed opioid/benzodiazepine) will be performed. In a addition for each sedation arm, a univariate and multivariate analysis will be performed to evaluate for factors associated with delayed recovery of driving simulator performance.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* English speaking subjects ≥18 years
* Currently hold a valid driver's license
* Able to give informed consent
* Undergoing either anesthesiologist directed propofol sedation targeting deep sedation (Group1) or a combination of an opioid and benzodiazepine targeting moderate sedation (Group 2) for elective outpatient procedures

Exclusion Criteria:

* Inpatients
* Subjects patients with altered mental status
* Subjects with legal blindness
* Physical limitations that would not make them candidates to be tested in the driving simulator
* American Society of Anesthesiologists physical classification score ≥ 4
* Urgent procedures
* Systolic hypotension defined as a systolic blood pressure ≤ 90 mmHg
* Subjects in whom English is not a primary language.