Comparative Study of FAST Versus Multidetector CT Scan of the Abdomen in Patients With Abdominal Trauma

The aim of the study is to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of FAST (as regards sensitivity and specificity) as an initial assessment for patients with abdominal trauma compared to that of the gold standard multidetector CT scan of the abdomen.

Trauma is a major health problem in every country, regardless of the level of socioeconomic development, associated with high morbidity and mortality as it is still the most frequent cause of death in the first four decades of life.According to the World Health Organization, more than nine people die per minute victimized by trauma, It is costy on the health services more than other diseases with a rate upto 12%.

In Egypt the mortality from road traffic crashes is about 12000 victims per year, with fatality rate of about 42 deaths per 100 000 population. Majority (48%) of them are passengers of motor vehicles. Car accidents in Egypt rose by 17.8% in 2019 with 9,992 compared to 8,480 in 2018 that is announced by The Central Agency For Public Mobilization and Statistics (CAPMAS).

The abdomen is the third most common injured region with surgery required in about 25% of civilian cases.

Abdominal trauma is traditionally classified as either blunt or penetrating (stab or gunshot wounds) which can usually be diagnosed easily and reliably, whereas blunt abdominal trauma is often missed because clinical signs are less obvious.Blunt abdominal injuries predominate in rural areas, while penetrating ones are more frequent in urban settings.

In order to minimize mortality in cases of abdominal trauma, risk factors for mortality needed to be systematically identified and studied. In recent years studies have identified a number of such risk factors, including sex, the length of the interval between abdominal injury and surgery, shock at the time of admission, and cranial injuries.

So appropriate care of the trauma patient entails a multidisciplinary effort that requires speed, efficiency,and proper coordination of the initial care team to make fast rational decisions.In such patient focussed abdominal ultrasonograpghy (FAST) often is the initial imaging examination.

FAST is readily available , low cost, repeatable noninvasive bedside method ,requires minimal preparation time ,and may be performed with mobile equipment that allows greater flexibility in patient positioning than is possible with other imaging modalities .It is also effective in depicting abnormally large intraperitoneal collections of free fluid, which are indirect evidence of a solid organ injury that requires emergency laparotomy.

However, not all clinically important abdominal injuries have associated hemoperitoneum such as those to the bowel , diaphragm, and mesentery. So an initial survey with FAST is often followed by a more thorough examination with multidetector computed tomography (CT) which became the imaging modality of choice in the late 1990s.It is a useful sen e method to detect intraperitoneal free air and intraperitoneal fluid,delineate the extent of solid organ injury,detect retroperitoneal injuries, and help in the decision of conservative nonsurgical therapy.But the adverse effects of it are that it is time consuming procedure and not advisable in hemodynamically unstable patients, moreover it is expensive and carries high risk of radiation exposure when repeated.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

1. Adult patients (aged ≥18 years).
2. Patients exposed to different mechanisms of abdominal trauma whether penetrating such as : stab or gunshot wounds . Or a blunt mechanism of trauma such as:motor vehicle collisions ,falls from height ,assaults ,falling down , falling a heavy object on torso , and sports accidents .

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Pregnant females.
2. Any patient who undergoes urgent surgical intervention as a primary survey.
3. Patient refusal to participate.