Efficacy of Mobile Neurofeedback for Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

This study is an assessor-blind, parallel-group, controlled trial to evaluate the benefit of home-based training with a low-cost, mobile neurofeedback system (Myndlift) in adults with ADHD. Randomized controlled trials have shown significant benefit for neurofeedback, including persistent effects without the side effects of psychostimulants (i.e., diminished appetite, insomnia, anxiety, irritability). However, standard application requires clinic visits and significant expense, limiting training frequency and compromising potential efficacy. Additionally, extant evidence for efficacy comes almost exclusively from children and adolescents, with very few studies in adults. The present trial will measure the ability of home-based neurofeedback using a low-cost, user-friendly system to ameliorate symptomatology (e.g., enhancing attention, reducing impulsive behavior) in adults with ADHD. Participants will receive either neurofeedback or treatment as usual (TAU). Primary outcomes will be objective scores on a continuous performance task (CPT) and subjective report on a standardized adult ADHD symptoms questionnaire. Eligible participants recruited from an adult ADHD clinic will complete a baseline assessment (1.25 hours) including subjective questionnaires, computerized cognitive assessment, and resting-state EEG administered by a blinded assessor. The experimental group will train at home with a neurofeedback headset and tablet 4 times/week for ten weeks (session duration: 21-30 minutes). Neurofeedback will be provided via a conventional theta beta protocol in which participants train using gamified tasks, videos, or audio clips in a tablet-based app, and receive positive visual/auditory feedback when their brainwaves are in the desired range. The control group will follow the regular treatment plan set by the clinic (i.e., treatment as usual; TAU). Care may include pharmacological intervention, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), a combination of both, or no intervention. Care will often include pharmacological intervention (e.g., methylphenidate), with the specifics (e.g., type of medication, dosage) determined by psychiatrist recommendation. After completing the ten-week intervention period, all participants will return to the clinic for a follow-up assessment identical to the baseline assessment. It is hypothesized that home-based neurofeedback training will demonstrate non-inferiority to TAU as measured by improvement in subjective and objective symptoms.


Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* willingness to provide consent
* diagnosis of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) of any type as ascertained by clinical interview conducted by a board-certified psychiatrist
* at the time of enrollment, not receiving treatment for symptoms of ADHD

Exclusion Criteria:

* comorbid psychotic or bipolar disorder or an active affective disorder
* medical disorder with potentially confounding psychiatric effects (either due to direct effects of the condition or medication effects)
* diagnosis of substance abuse disorder (SUD), sleep apnea, restless legs syndrome (RLS), or borderline intellectual functioning
* unable to attend in-clinic follow-up assessment
* antipsychotic agent in the three months prior to baseline assessment
* any selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) treatment in the four weeks prior to baseline
* other psychiatric medication in the two weeks prior to baseline that the principal investigator deems to be confounding
* experimental group only: plans to start stimulant medication during the course of the study (use of nutritional supplements including "prescription medical foods" is not exclusionary)
* neurofeedback treatment in the two years prior to baseline