Using Computer Tasks to Predict Response to Antidepressants

In England over 800,000 patients each year are either newly diagnosed with depression or present with a new episode of depression in primary care. The majority of patients do not respond to the first drug prescribed and have to try several different antidepressants before an effective treatment is found. Antidepressants have a slow clinical onset of action, taking 4 to 6 weeks before changes in mood become apparent. No test exists to guide General Practitioners (GPs) as to whether their patient is responding to the prescribed successive treatments. This often results in delays of many months before patients return to good mental health. The GP-ETB is a set of computer-based emotional processing tasks. It was developed and optimised to be sensitive to early changes in emotional bias that are indicative of successful antidepressant treatment. The current investigation is an exploratory study using the GP-ETB.

It will test the predictive ability of the GP-ETB with regard to later subjective drug response and nonresponse. The study will recruit depressed patients from primary care settings. There are no study drugs prescribed as part of this clinical investigation. Eligible patients will have been prescribed citalopram by their GP prior to study entry. The decision to initiate treatment with citalopram will be independent of study participation. The duration of the study is 5 months. Each patient will be required to attend 3 visits and total duration of the study for the patient will be 46 weeks. During the visits patients will be asked to complete a variety of questionnaires and GP-ETB tasks on the computer. Sensitivity and specificity data collected during this study will be used to develop a computer algorithm intended to predict response at 46 weeks, based on GP-ETB data collected 1 week after initiation of antidepressant treatment.

The study is an exploratory, single arm, multi-centre, clinical investigation of a medical device. The study consists of a recruitment period followed within 3 days by the first study visit. After a GP has decided to prescribe citalopram for depression, GP assesses patient for suitability for study and provides a brief explanation of study to potentially suitable patient. Patient signs pre-study consent form agreeing to being contacted by researcher from the same or another GP surgery and agreeing not to take their first dose of citalopram until after their first study visit.

Recruitment and pre-screening Main study Patient Information Sheet/Informed Consent Form (PIS/ICF) will be provided. Researcher will contact patient and book the Visit 1 within 3 days from GP visit.

At Visit 1, patients will be screened and eligible patients will be enrolled in the study. Visit 1 procedures include:

* Informed Consent
* Demographics
* Review of other medication
* Brief medical history including depression history (if applicable)
* Entry criteria check and enrolment into study
* Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Self Report (QIDS-SR)
* Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS)
* Beck Depression Inventory®II (BDI-II)
* GP-ETB (set of computer tasks)
* Review of Adverse Events (AEs) and Adverse Device Effects (ADEs) and device deficiencies Patients will return approximately 1 week later for Visit 2 and will complete a variety of questionnaires and assessments:
* QIDS-SR
* BDI-II
* GP-ETB
* Assessment of compliance with study prohibitions and restrictions
* Changes to antidepressant medication since last visit (e.g. increased dose, change of drug)
* Concordance with prescribed antidepressant medication, as determined through interview with patient
* Review of other medication
* Review of AEs, ADEs and device deficiencies Visit 3 will be scheduled to take place 46 weeks after the first dose of citalopram. The following questionnaires and assessments will be completed:
* QIDS-SR
* MADRS
* BDI-II
* Acceptability questionnaire(s) relating to use of GP-ETB (patient and researcher)
* Assessment of compliance with study prohibitions and restrictions
* Changes to antidepressant medication since last visit (e.g. increased dose, change of drug)
* Concordance with prescribed antidepressant medication, as determined through interview with patient
* Review of other medication
* Review of AEs, ADEs and device deficiencies At the end of the visit, patients will be considered to have completed the study.

Emotional Test Battery (GP-ETB) tasks: The GP-ETB is a series of computerised tasks during which participants must respond by button press to pictures (e.g. pictures of faces) or words presented on the screen. Some of the pictures are mildly emotional (e.g. a fearful face). Response bias for each Participant choice and reaction times are measured during the following tasks: Emotional Categorisation Task (ECAT) Number of words categorised as liked and disliked

% accuracy for each condition, Reaction time for each condition Emotional Recall Task (EREC) Total number of words recalled for each valence (positive, negative) Number of commission errors

Facial Expression Recognition Task (FERT):

* accuracy of recognition of each emotion (happiness, fear, anger, disgust, surprise, sadness, neutral)
* mis-classifications for each emotion Individual average reaction time for correct answers in each emotion Reaction time for all emotions Target sensitivity for each emotion Response bias for each emotion Questionnaires and rating scales: The questionnaires and rating scales used in the current study, except the acceptability questionnaires relating to use of GP-ETB (patient and researcher), are all validated and commonly used in experimental medicine studies.

The acceptability questionnaires relating to use of GP-ETB were created specifically for this study to obtain a data set for analysis of GP-ETB user satisfaction.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

1. Male or female and aged between 18 and 65 inclusive.
2. Diagnosed by GP with a depressive episode requiring treatment with citalopram (new or recurrent diagnosis).
3. Prescribed citalopram by GP for treatment of depression within past 3 days but has not yet started taking medication.
4. Is intending to start citalopram treatment within 2 days of Visit 1.
5. Fluent English speaker.
6. Has not consumed more than 4 units of alcohol in the 24 hours prior to Visit 1 and has not consumed any alcohol in the 8 hours prior to Visit 1.
7. Has not smoked tobacco in the 2 hours prior to completing the GP-ETB at Visit 1.
8. Has not consumed any beverages containing caffeine for 2 hours prior to completing the GPETB at Visit 1.
9. Has not consumed any psychoactive substances for 24 hours prior to Visit 1.
10. Willing and able to comply with study procedures, including treatment with citalopram and study prohibitions and restrictions.
11. Patient must have signed the informed consent form prior to the first study related procedure indicating they understand the purpose of and procedures required for the study and are willing to participate in the study.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Pregnant or breastfeeding, or planning to become pregnant during study, as determined through interview with patient.
2. Currently taking antidepressant medication.
3. Has taken antidepressant medication in the past 3 months.
4. Currently taking anti-psychotic or regular sedative medication, or is likely to require these during the study.
5. Regular (at least every week) use of recreational drugs including cannabis, as determined through interview with patient.
6. History of alcohol or substance dependence within the last 12 months from Visit 1, as assessed using standard screening questions.
7. Unlikely to be able to complete GP-ETB test.
8. Requires immediate referral to secondary care mental health services.
9. Is employed by the investigator or is related to the investigator
10. Currently taking part in a drug study or another device study.