Effect of Selected Evidence-based Practices and Related Nurses' Education on the Incidence and Severity of Ventilator-associated Pneumonia

Background:

Invasive mechanical ventilation (MV) is used as a cornerstone in the treatment plan of intensive care units (ICUs) patients to provide adequate tissue oxygenation to support the body during the treatment course.

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a preventable iatrogenic complication that can develop in patients undergoing mechanical ventilation. VAP is pneumonia that develops 2 days after endotracheal intubation; the patient must have new or progressive radiological infiltrate, infection alerts (e.g. fever, white blood cell count change), altered sputum characters, and isolation of a causative organism, all together to diagnose VAP. VAP is the most frequent hospital-acquired infection occurring in the ICUs and has a high associated mortality rate. Mortality rate for VAP ranges from 24-51%.

Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the VAP preventive effect of the selected EPB and related nurses' education on the incidence and severity of VAP, as well as assess the nurses' compliance with the selected VAP preventive EBP

Hypothesis:

H1: Implementation of VAP prevention EBP and related nurses' education would reduce the incidence of VAP among mechanically ventilated patients compared to those receiving conventional care.

H2: Implementation of VAP prevention EBP and related nurses' education would reduce the severity of VAP among mechanically ventilated patients compared to those receiving conventional care.

Research question:

Q1: What level of compliance do ICU staff have with implementing of VAP prevention EBP?

Trial design The current study will utilize a prospective, longitudinal, single-arm design, pre \& post-experimental. The research's purpose, risks, and potential benefits will be explained to all participants before their voluntary consent and recruitment into the study. Participation was completely voluntary, and written informed consent was obtained from all participants or their families.

ICU nurses will receive tutorial sessions, including four hours of theory and six hours of clinical training in the clinical setting. The tutorial sessions will cover the proper implementation of ten VAP preventive bundles as an EVB. The clinical training will use a demonstration and redemonstration approach to learning to ensure that they understand and can implement the ten VAP preventive bundles efficiently.

Participants sample and setting The study will be held at the ICU of the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (Imbaba Fever Hospital) (NHTMRI-IFH), Giza, Egypt. The total capacity of the ICUs is 20 beds.

Data collection procedure After obtaining ethical and administrative approval, informed consent will be obtained from eligible patients. The pre-experimental phase will be started by assessing VAP incidence and severity among the participating MV patients using tools 1 and 2, as well as ICU staff compliance to implement the VAP preventive bundle utilizing tool 3 as baseline data for 30-40 days. After finishing the pre-assessment, the following week will be considered washing time before starting the post-experimental time to ensure that all pre-assessment patients are discharged. During the washing time, the nurses will receive a tutorial session on how to implement the adopted VAP preventive bundle, and then the medical and nursing staff will start implementing the VAP preventive bundle in the post-experimental phase for 30-40 days. Tools 1, 2, and 3 will be utilized to evaluate VAP incidence, severity, and ICU staff compliance to implement the VAP preventive bundle. All data will be collected in an Excel sheet for potential statistical analysis.

Background:

Invasive mechanical ventilation (MV) is used as a cornerstone in the treatment plan of intensive care units (ICUs) patients to provide adequate tissue oxygenation to support the body during the treatment course.

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a preventable iatrogenic complication that can develop in patients undergoing mechanical ventilation. VAP is pneumonia that develops 2 days after endotracheal intubation; the patient must have new or progressive radiological infiltrate, infection alerts (e.g. fever, white blood cell count change), altered sputum characters, and isolation of a causative organism, all together to diagnose VAP. VAP is the most frequent hospital-acquired infection occurring in the ICUs and has a high associated mortality rate. Mortality rate for VAP ranges from 24-51%.

Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the VAP preventive effect of the selected EPB and related nurses' education on the incidence and severity of VAP, as well as assess the nurses' compliance with the selected VAP preventive EBP

Hypothesis:

H1: Implementation of VAP prevention EBP and related nurses' education would reduce the incidence of VAP among mechanically ventilated patients compared to those receiving conventional care.

H2: Implementation of VAP prevention EBP and related nurses' education would reduce the severity of VAP among mechanically ventilated patients compared to those receiving conventional care.

Research question:

Q1: What level of compliance do ICU staff have with implementing of VAP prevention EBP?

Trial design The current study will utilize a prospective, longitudinal, single-arm design, pre \& post-experimental. The research's purpose, risks, and potential benefits will be explained to all participants before their voluntary consent and recruitment into the study. Participation was completely voluntary, and written informed consent was obtained from all participants or their families.

ICU nurses will receive tutorial sessions, including four hours of theory and six hours of clinical training in the clinical setting. The tutorial sessions will cover the proper implementation of ten VAP preventive bundles as an EVB. The clinical training will use a demonstration and redemonstration approach to learning to ensure that they understand and can implement the ten VAP preventive bundles efficiently.

Participants sample and setting The study will be held at the ICU of the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (Imbaba Fever Hospital) (NHTMRI-IFH), Giza, Egypt. The total capacity of the ICUs is 20 beds.

Regards to the ICU patients, 72 patients estimated by G power software V.3.1.9.4 (Psychonomic Society, Madison, Wisconsin, USA) with α = 0.05, power (1-β err prob) = 0.80, and effect size = 0.6. Also, eight participants will be added as anticipated dropout during the time of data collection. Hence the total targeted sample size will be 80 patients (40 in each group). Also, all ICU staff (nurses and doctors) working in the selected ICU will be invited to participate in this study to learn and implement the ten VAP preventive bundles.

Data collection procedure After obtaining ethical and administrative approval, informed consent will be obtained from eligible patients. The pre-experimental phase will be started by assessing VAP incidence and severity among the participating MV patients using tools 1 and 2, as well as ICU staff compliance to implement the VAP preventive bundle utilizing tool 3 as baseline data for 30-40 days. After finishing the pre-assessment, the following week will be considered washing time before starting the post-experimental time to ensure that all pre-assessment patients are discharged. During the washing time, the nurses will receive a tutorial session on how to implement the adopted VAP preventive bundle, and then the medical and nursing staff will start implementing the VAP preventive bundle in the post-experimental phase for 30-40 days. Tools 1, 2, and 3 will be utilized to evaluate VAP incidence, severity, and ICU staff compliance to implement the VAP preventive bundle. All data will be collected in an Excel sheet for potential statistical analysis.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* ICU patients intubated mechanical ventilation for more than 48 hours

Also, the ICU staff (medical or nurses) working in the selected ICU will be invited to participate in this study to learn and implement the ten VAP preventive bundles.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patients intubated outside the IFH.
* patients have immunocompromised diseases will be excluded.