Healthy Mom Zone: A Gestational Weight Gain Management Intervention

The purpose is to establish feasibility of delivering an individually-tailored, behavioral intervention to manage gestational weight gain \[GWG\] that adapts to the unique needs and challenges of overweight/obese pregnant women \[OW/OBPW\] and will utilize control systems engineering to optimize this intervention; in other words, make this intervention manage GWG in OW/OBPW as effectively and efficiently as possible.

The research proposed here will establish the dosage of components needed to impact GWG and develop an efficient (optimized) intervention to effectively manage GWG in OW/OBPW before a randomized controlled trial (RCT) can be implemented. The aims of the proposed research are: to establish feasibility of delivering an individually-tailored behavioral intervention for managing GWG in OW/OBPW. Two studies will be conducted to establish feasibility. Study 1 will examine viability of delivering dosages/sequencing of components (education, goal-setting, self-monitoring, HE/PA), GWG/HE/PA self-monitoring using e-health technology mechanisms, and data collection by delivering varied dosages to OW/OBPW over a brief, 4-week period followed by focus groups to evaluate user acceptability. The investigators will then make necessary revisions to the intervention. Study 2 will pilot test intervention delivery with decision rules for when/how to adapt dosages for an individual and randomization/retention/data collection procedures with treatment and control groups in a new cohort of OW/OBPW. Also, the investigators aim to use feasibility data collected from Aim 1 and control systems engineering to build a model that characterizes the effects of energy balance and planned/self-regulatory behaviors on GWG over time and use this model to develop an optimized intervention. The investigators will identify a dynamical model from feasibility data collected in Aim 1 that considers how changes in GWG responds to changes in energy intake, PA, and planned/self-regulatory behaviors. Model predictive control (a decision-making method from control systems engineering) will inform how the dosage adaptations are decided. The investigators will then identify a customized intervention plan for each woman based on her levels of energy intake, PA, planned/self-regulatory behaviors and the extent to which she is meeting GWG goals over pregnancy. This will lead to final program modifications and result in an individually-tailored, optimized intervention. The investigators will test the efficacy of this optimized intervention for managing GWG in OW/OBPW in a future RCT. This innovative research will develop an individually-tailored, optimized intervention that effectively and efficiently manages GWG in OW/OBPW and that will eventually be available to all pregnant women (via e-health technology) to improve the health of mothers and infants and impact the etiology of obesity and cardiovascular disease at a critical time in the life cycle.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Pregnant women
* Overweight or obese \[body mass index range 24- \>40 (if BMI (kg/m\^2) is \> 40, consultation with woman's health care provider (PCP/OBGYN) will be made to determine eligibility and ensure she does not have any contraindications to exercise) PI Danielle Downs will have communication with Dr. Hovick from MNPG to give information on the woman. The investigators also have a physician consent form (see Physician Patient Consent to Participate in documents) that the physician will complete as to whether the woman is eligible or not eligible to participate.
* Normal weight women with a BMI range of 18.0 to 23.9 can be enrolled in to the study as control participants (same measures of data collection, no opportunity for intervention).
* Ages 18-40 years \[based on pilot data this group comprises \>85% of the live births in Central Pennsylvania\]
* 1st, 2nd or 3rd pregnancy 6-16 weeks gestation
* Able to read, understand, and speak English
* Residing in and around State College, PA
* 1st and 2nd time pregnant mothers \[none or one other live or still born, biological children \> 25 weeks gestation prior to this pregnancy; it may be conceivable that a woman has a blended family due to a mixed marriage and she will not be excluded if she is a parent to a guardian, foster child, or step child\]
* Access to a computer or willingness to come onsite to complete study materials
* Infants born to participants who are 6-10 weeks old

Exclusion Criteria:

* Having more than one live or stillborn child \> 25 weeks gestation; late-term pregnancy loss
* Diabetes at study entry \[while future adaptations of this study will target women with diabetes, for the pilot study, they will be excluded to control for this confound\]
* Contraindications to exercise in pregnancy \[Hemodynamically significant heart disease, Restrictive lung disease, Incompetent cervix/cerclage, Persistent second \[or third\] trimester bleeding, Placenta previa after 26 weeks of gestation, Premature labor during the current pregnancy, Ruptured membranes, Preeclampsia/pregnancy-induced hypertension\] per the ACOG guidelines \[ACOG Committee on Obstetric Practice. \[(2015, December). ACOG Committee opinion. Number 650: Physical Activity and Exercise During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 126,(6), 135-142\].
* Having a body mass index less than 18 or over 40 (exclusion only if physician doesn't provide consent for BMI is over 40)
* Not planning to live in the area for the study duration
* Severe allergies or dietary restrictions that would preclude eating healthy foods
* Not able to read, understand, and/or speak English
* Cognitively impaired
* Currently smoking
* Infants not born to participants
* Infants younger than 6 weeks old