Combined Medial and Caudal Approach for Right Hemicolectomy

Right sided hemicolectomy is the standard type of operation for cancers in the caecum, the ascending colon, proximal transverse colon.The aim of this study was to assess the safety and feasibility of combined medial and caudal approach in performing right hemicolectomy and to compare outcome between laparoscopic and open surgery in right colon cancer.

The incidence of colorectal cancer is increasing. Slight shift towards right colon cancer is noticed in the last 2 decades in Egypt. This can be attributed to advances in diagnostic tools and increased public health awareness as right sided colon cancer was almost presented late as most of tumors located in the capacious cecum. Hence, early diagnosis with good radical procedure offers better outcome, quality of life and survival. Many approaches for right colon resection were described. In this study we adopted the combined medial and caudal approach for right colon resection in cases of right colon cancer in both open and laparoscopic techniques.

Traditionally, approach to right colon cancer is through open exploration but this approach has more blood loss, prolonged postoperative hospital stay, sever postoperative pain and delayed recovery.

As combined medial and caudal approach is a radical procedure,the purpose of the present study was to compare between laparoscopic and open right hemicolectomy both done with combined medial and caudal approach in right colon cancer as regards technical feasibility, advantages and disadvantages of both procedures.

This was prospective randomized study and was carried out on 26 participants as number of cases with right hemicolon cancer is about 2 per month in our center. Those participants diagnosed as operable right sided colon cancer and the participants were divided into two groups:

Group I: Open combined medial and caudal right hemicolectomy included 13 participants Group II: Laparoscopic combined medial and caudal right hemicolectomy included 13 participants

All patients with inclusion criteria were subjected to preoperative assessment in the form of:

* Full history.
* Clinical evaluation.
* Laboratory investigation (Complete blood picture, liver function tests, blood sugar, blood urea, serum creatinine, prothrombin time, serum albumin and tumour marker CEA).
* Imaging (chest X-ray, US abdomen, CT abdomen and pelvis).
* Histopathology diagnosis (endoscopic biopsy, tissue diagnosis).
* Determined whether participants underwent open or laparoscopic operation is multifactorial e.g., patients desire, contraindications for laparoscopy and mass size if more than 5 cm preferred to have open surgery.
* Informed written consent taken from the patients or the legal guardian.

operative technique: both groups offered combined medial and caudal approach

* Fasting for 6 hours with no oral intake or only clear fluids intake the day before or better bowel preparation.
* After confirming the availability of blood of matching blood group, general anesthesia is inducted and prophylactic antibiotics are given.
* Patient positioning:

  1. group I: (Open cases) The standard position for an open right hemicolectomy is supine with strapping of the ankle and wrists, such as the Trendelenburg position. The surgeon stands on the patient's left, and the first assistant stands across from the surgeon on the patient's right. The scrub nurse stands beside the surgeon. If a second assistant is needed, he or she usually stands across from the surgeon to the left of the first assistant.
  2. group II: laparoscopic cases: The patient should be placed in the supine position with his two legs apart and arms tucked beside the body.

The surgeon should stand between the patient's legs with the assistant standing on the patient's left and the camera operator standing on the assistant's left side, and the scrub nurse on the patient's right side.

The video monitor is placed on the patient's upper right.

* Abdominal access and trocar placement by open or closed technique using veress needle for pneumoperitoneum with an intraperitoneal pressure of 14 mmHg.
* The procedure requires 5 trocars.
* A 10 mm trocar is placed 3 cm below umbilicus for the 30° angled telescope to get an adequate view. The incision would be enlarged to extract the specimen and performing anastomosis.
* A12 mm trocar is introduced 5 cm below the telescope port for the surgeon right hand instrument.
* A 5 mm port is inserted at the McBurney's point for the surgeon's left hand instrument.
* Additional two 5 mm trocars are placed at the opposite of McBurney's point and the right subcostal position respectively for the assistant to retract and display the colon and mesocolon.

Intraoperatively, all patients will be assessed for:

* Time of the procedure.
* Amount of blood loss.

post operatively: Postoperative medications given. Monitoring of vital signs and drains. post operative assesment of pain is subjective to the participant as he gave it a score from 1 to 10. minimal pain score(1 to 3), mild (4 to 6) and sever (7 to 10). Ambulation and clear oral fluids started when intestinal sounds are audible followed by soft diet. The intraperitoneal tube drain removed when there is less than 50cc of fluid per 24h or after performing ultrasonography.

Follow up:

Participants are reviewed as outpatients weekly for 1 month or more frequent if they develop any complications between their visits.

The postoperative pathological results, number of lymph node dissection, postoperative exhaust time, postoperative abdominal drain volume and duration, postoperative short term complications, hospital stay and postoperative pathological staging will be recorded.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Diagnosed right colon cancer with colonoscopic biopsy.
* No invasion of the surrounding tissue.
* No distant metastasis except the liver.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Informed consent refusal
* Malignancy recurrence
* Distant metastasis except the liver.
* Locally advanced tumor.
* participants need emergent intervention e.g., intestinal obstruction or perforation.
* Contraindications specific for laparoscopy for laparoscopy cases