Proportion of CMV Seropositive Kidney Transplant Recipients Who Will Develop a CMV Infection When Treated With an Immunosuppressive Regimen Including Everolimus and Reduced Dose of Cyclosporine Versus an Immunosuppressive Regimen With Mycophenolic Acid and Standard Dose of Cyclosporine A

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is the most frequent opportunistic viral infection after transplantation. It is associated with an increased incidence of acute rejection and lower graft and patient survivals. The goal of this study is to demonstrate that an immunosuppressive regimen associating everolimus and reduced dose of cyclosporine A can prevent acute rejection episodes as efficiently as standard regimen but also efficiently reduce the incidence of CMV infection at 6 months post-transplantation.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is the most frequent opportunistic viral infection after kidney transplantation. Therefore most of the patients receive an universal prophylaxis. On the contrary to CMV naïve patients, seropositive recipients (R+) have already mounted a specific immunologic response directed against the virus, which is not completely abrogated by immunosuppressive drugs. Although CMV infection management guidelines offer little guidance on immunosuppressive therapy for preventing CMV infection and disease, recent data plead for reappraising the place of mTOR inhibitors in this situation. The potential anti-CMV action of these molecules could be added to their potential antitumor effect and their equivalent immunosuppressive efficacy in kidney transplant recipients at low immunological risk. By the way, it could represent an alternative of a systematic universal prophylaxis in R+ kidney transplant recipients. However, the proof of this anti-CMV action must be confirmed in vivo in a study, which could have a close monitoring of CMV infection.

We therefore designed a prospective multicentric randomized controlled trial comparing an immunosuppressive regimen based on everolimus and reduced dose of cyclosporine A to a regimen based on mycophenolic acid and standard dose of cyclosporine A, in order to demonstrate the superiority of the first one in the prevention of CMV infection.

Subjects will be randomized to one of the two treatment arms and will be followed for a period of 12 months. Whole blood CMV real time PCR will be performed every week during the first three months, then every two weeks from Month 3 to Month 6, then at Months 8, 10 and 12. Incidence of CMV infection will be compared between the two arms at 6 and 12 months post-transplantation.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Age ≥ 18 years.
* End stage kidney disease and a suitable candidate for primary renal transplantation or re-transplantation.
* Patient seropositive for CMV (confirmed within two weeks post-transplant) and having received an allograft from a CMV seropositive or seronegative donor.
* Receiving a kidney transplant from a deceased or living donor with compatible ABO blood type.
* Female subject of childbearing potential must have a negative serum pregnancy test at enrollment and must agree to maintain effective birth control during the study and two months later the discontinuation of the test drug.
* Total ischemia time below 36 hours.
* Capable of understanding the purpose and risks of the study.
* Fully informed and having given written informed consent (signed Informed Consent has been obtained).
* Affiliation to the social security regimen

Exclusion Criteria:

* CMV seronegative patient.
* Historical or current TGI (French equivalence of calculated PRA) \> 85 %
* Presence of historical or current anti-HLA donor specific antibodies
* Patient who received anti-CMV therapy within the past 30 days prior to screening.
* Receiving or having previously received an organ transplant other than a kidney.
* Receiving a graft from a non-heart-beating donor.
* Patient known to be positive for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Hepatitis B (HBV; HBs Ag positive) or Hepatitis C (HCV; anti-HCV Ab positive).elevated SGPT/ALT and/or SGOT/AST and/or total bilirubin levels ≥ 2 times the upper value of the normal range of the investigational site or receiving a graft from a hepatitis C or B positive donor.
* Significant, uncontrolled concomitant infections and/or severe diarrhea, vomiting, active upper gastro-intestinal tract malabsorption or active peptic ulcer.
* Known allergy or intolerance to everolimus, valganciclovir, ganciclovir, mycophenolic acid, basiliximab, corticosteroids, or cyclosporine A or any of the product excipients.
* Severe hyperlipidemia defined by: total cholestérol ≥ 9,1 mmol/L (≥ 350 mg/dL) et/ou triglycérides ≥ 8,5 mmol/l (≥ 750 mg/dL) in spite an adequate medication.
* Patient has adequate hematological post-transplant defined as:

  1. Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) \> 1000 cells/μL.
  2. Platelet count \> 50,000 cells/μL.
  3. Hemoglobin \> 8.0 g/dL.
* Requiring initial therapy with induction immunosuppressive antibody preparations, such as anti-thymocyte globulins or rituximab or IVIG.
* Currently participating in another clinical trial investigating drugs. Observational studies are not considered as an exclusion criteria
* Any form of substance abuse, psychiatric disorder or condition which, in the opinion of the investigator, may complicate communication with the investigator.
* Unlikely to comply with the visits scheduled in the protocol.