Screening While You Wait 2: Alcohol and Tobacco Use

This project aims to help patients improve their health through screening and treatment of risky alcohol and tobacco use. Previous studies show the best approach to reduce substance use includes routine screening, short discussions with a clinician, and tailored resources. Unfortunately, primary care providers (PCPs) do not often screen or provide evidence-based interventions. PCPs report lack of confidence, lack of awareness, and competing priorities as barriers to screening and providing evidence-based care. However, digital solutions can enable patient-initiated screening and overcome barriers in a manner that has the potential to be both efficient and effective.

The proposed project will test the feasibility of digital patient-initiated screening at the WCH Family Practice (WCH FP) for alcohol and tobacco use, building on work from the first iteration of Screen While You Wait (SWYW). The research team will email patients a secure link to a survey with screening questions assessing substance use and important contextual factors. The results will be summarized in the patient's chart with an automatic notification to the PCP. If the survey reveals risky behaviours, both the PCP and patient will receive a package of tailored resources for further care delivered through a customized website.

Burden of Alcohol and Tobacco: According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 5.9% of total global deaths are attributable to alcohol consumption. It is estimated that tobacco kills more than 7 million people each year globally. In Ontario alone, approximately 9,800 new cases of cancer diagnosed in a single year could be attributed to tobacco, while 1,000 cases a year could be attributed to alcohol consumption. Despite this evidence, 15.2% of Canadian adults reported drinking more alcohol than the low-risk guidelines, while 15% reported using a tobacco product in the last 30 days.

Addressing Alcohol and Tobacco Together: The health issues associated with tobacco and alcohol use are diverse and pervasive. Many of the health concerns associated with each substance are exacerbated by use of the other (i.e. smokers who also drink alcohol are at an increased risk for cancers of the oral cavity). Further, it has been found that Ontarians who drink alcohol above the recommended safe guidelines are more likely to be smokers. It thus follows that any widespread screening program should target identification of both behaviours. This is supported by recent work that found that alcohol and tobacco use are "often treated separately despite concurrent treatment potentially leading to better outcomes for each".

PCPs are uniquely positioned to impact health behaviours of their patients. Strong evidence and relevant guidelines encourage PCPs to consistently ask about tobacco and alcohol use as a crucial first step to identifying and treating risky behaviours. However, current clinical practice does not live up to these guidelines. A recent report showed that only 23% of patients in Canada had spoken with their providers about alcohol use in the past two years. Furthermore, screening is often limited to periodic health exam visits (i.e. 'complete physicals'), leading to missed opportunities to screen at visit types which may provide key teachable moments, as well as missing patients who may not be coming in for preventative health visits.

Digital, patient-initiated screening is increasingly being recognised as a promising method to improve screening rates by overcoming commonly identified screening barriers. Several small-scale studies have shown that digital, patient-initiated screening can be an efficient method of systematic screening in primary care with high acceptance and usability by patients. These methods may also empower patients to become more engaged in their own health care, particularly those who are both most likely to have risky behaviours and least likely to book preventative care visits.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Adult patients aged \>18 who are rostered at WCH FP and have a clinical appointment booked with their PCP in the next 2 weeks
* Have an email address in their EMR chart, and
* Are under-screened for alcohol or tobacco use defined as either a) missing a tobacco or alcohol use status documented in the appropriate section of the cumulative patient profile (CPP) in their EMR or b) having an alcohol or tobacco use status that is positive (defined as any status but: ex-smoker, non-smoker, "rare"-drinker or non-drinker) and no CPX in the last year.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patients booked for an urgent care appointment (noted in the EMR), as it would not be appropriate to ask patients with acute issues (i.e., short-term severe injury or illness requiring relatively urgent medical attention) to spend extended time receiving alcohol and tobacco use counselling.
* Patients with active risky alcohol or tobacco use who are already undergoing pharmacologic treatment
* Currently pregnant patients will be excluded as pathways for diagnosing, counselling and treating substance use is different among this population. They will be identified through a question before the informed consent form appears asking for the patient's gender. If the patient identifies as a woman, a second question will appear that asks if they are currently pregnant. If yes, the survey will end and the participant will not be asked to complete the consent and survey.