Evaluation of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamic Properties of Rapid-Acting Insulin Analogs

The aim of this study is to evaluate the variations in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of rapid-acting insulin analogs when given as a bolus by subcutaneous insulin infusion pump as typically encountered in the care of children with type 1 diabetes.

The specific factors under investigation are:

* the effects of puberty
* type of insulin analog
* site of catheter insertion
* and age of catheter

The aim of this study is to evaluate the variations in pharmacokinetic (as determined by serum free insulin concentrations) and pharmacodynamic (as determined by the glucose infusion rate required to maintain euglycemia during a euglycemic clamp) properties of the rapid acting insulin analogs when given as a bolus by subcutaneous insulin infusion pump as typically encountered in the care of children with type 1 diabetes. The specific factors we will investigate are the effects of puberty (pre- vs. pubertal), type of insulin analog (lispro or aspart insulin), site of catheter insertion (gluteal vs. abdominal), and age of catheter (fresh insertion vs. three-day duration) Our hypotheses are that the peak (Imax) and area under the curve (IAUC) serum free insulin concentration, and the peak glucose infusion rate required to maintain euglycemia (GIRmax) and area under the curve (GIRAUC) will vary based on these conditions, in children given the same weight-based dose.

We will also evaluate the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of Aspart and Lispro insulin when used in a basal-bolus regimen with insulin Detemir or Glargine, new basal insulin analogs, given as separate injections and when combined in a single injection in adolescent patients with Type 1 DM. We hypothesize that the peak (IMAX) and area under the curve (IAUC) serum insulin concentrations, and the peak glucose infusion rate required to maintain euglycemia (GIRMAX) and area under the curve (GIRAUC) of the Aspart/Lispro bolus, will be similar when the Aspart/Lispro is combined in the same syringe with the insulin Detemir/Glargine, compared to when the Aspart/Lispro and Detemir/Glargine are given as two separate injections.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

1. Age 8-17 (inclusive), of whom 15 will be prepubertal and 60 pubertal;
2. Clinical diagnosis of T1D (based on clinical presentation, insulin dependence,and/or history of ketosis;
3. Diagnosis of T1D for at least one year's duration;
4. On CSII therapy for at least three months;
5. HbA1c 6.5-8.0%, inclusive;
6. Body mass index \< 95% for age and gender;
7. Meeting minimum weight requirement of at least 17.6 kg (for pre-pubertal subjects) or 34.6 kg (for pubertal subjects)
8. Ability to comprehend written and spoken English

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Any other medical disease aside from T1D or treated hypothyroidism
2. Receiving any other medication besides insulin or levothyroxine
3. Female subjects of reproductive potential who may be pregnant, breast feeding, or not consistently utilizing barrier methods or abstinence as contraception
4. Inability to comprehend written and spoken English
5. Any other condition, which in the judgement of the investigators, would interfere with the subject's or parents' ability to provide informed consent or the investigator's ability to perform the study