WJMSCs Anti-inflammatory Therapy in Acute Myocardial Infarction

Cumulative evidence has demonstrated that cardiac repair after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is characterized by a series of time-dependent events orchestrated by the innate immune system. This begins immediately after the onset of necrotic cell death with intense sterile inflammation and myocardial infiltration of a variety of immune cell subtypes including monocytes and macrophages during the first several days after MI. There is increasing evidence to suggest inflammation is not limited to the infarcted myocardium and systemic imbalances in the post-infarct inflammatory cascade can exacerbate adverse remodelling beyond the infarct site. Therefore, it is very important that therapies seek to target the intricate balance between pro- and antiinflammatory pathways timely after AMI. Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) have been shown to exhibit immunomodulation, angiogenesis, and paracrine secretion of bioactive factors that can attenuate inflammation and promote tissue regeneration, making them a promising cell source for AMI therapy. However, it has been proved in our and other studies that perfusion of WJMSCs after 5 days of AMI can only slightly improve left ventricular end-diastolic volume, which is the most important indicator of left ventricular remodeling. Thus, WANIAMI Trial is a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled, phase#study designed to assess the safety and feasibility of intravenous infusion of WJMSCs in the treatment of patients in the acute phase ( within 24h) with the both of ST-Segment-Elevation or Non-ST-Segment-Elevation AMI.

At present, although the implementation of timely reperfusion strategies has reduced the acute mortality associated with AMI, improved patient survival has increased the incidence of chronic heart failure, due in large part to adverse remodeling of the damaged left ventricle (LV) following the initial ischemic event. However, recently, pathophysiological mechanisms of AMI reveal that begins immediately after the onset of necrotic cell death with intense sterile inflammation and myocardial infiltration of a variety of immune cell subtypes including neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages during the first several days after MI. Improved understanding in the interactions between cells, extracellular matrix (ECM) and signaling molecules within the injured myocardium have allowed development of novel experimental therapies. These therapies seek to target the intricate balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory pathways in an attempt to limit ischemic injury and prevent subsequent development of heart failure. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), in particular, have emerged as potent paracrine modulators of inflammation that promote myocardial healing after infarction.

The latest cell biological studies have demonstrated that mesenchymal stem cells have a unique immunomodulatory function. MSCs contribute to a critical role in regulating the inflammatory microenvironment and interacting with immune cells, including T cells, B cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and dendritic cells (DCs). MSC induce anti- inflammatory macrophages, inhibit foam cell formation, suppress immune responses of endothelial cells and innate lymphoid cells, and increase phagocytic capacity, which indirectly suppresses T cell proliferation. In mouse AMI models, we found MSCs transplantation significantly reduced the number of inflammatory macrophages (M1), increased the number of anti-inflammatory macrophages (M2) and prevented the expansion of AMI during early stage of AMI. More recently, the paracrine potency might vary with sources and microenvironment of MSCs. MSCs isolated from fetal tissues such as umbilical cord (UC) and UC-blood (UCB) were shown to have increased secretion of anti-inflammatory factors (TGF-β,IL-10) and growth factors than MSCs obtained from adult adipose tissue or bone marrow. Our previous research found that the expression characteristics of special immunomodulatory genes of human umbilical cord Wharton's jelly-derived MSCs (WJMSCs). At present, many studies have demonstrated WJMSC possess s a robust immunomodulatory potential and anti-inflammatory effects through release of secretome consisting of a diverse range of cytokines, chemokines, and extracellular vesicles (EVs), the cross talk and interplay of WJMSCs and local environment reversely control and regulate the paracrine activity of MSCs. Thus WJMSCs are important regulators of immune responses and may hold great potential to be used as a therapeutic in AMI. In particular#safety and feasibility of WJMSCs transplant have been clearly proved by us and other studies in patients with AMI.

Given the current evidence, systemic paracrinemediated anti-inflammatory effects of WJMSCs can drive beneficial in therapy of AMI. These concepts lead to a potentially transformative strategy that intravenous delivery of WJMSCs, through systemic anti-infammatory mechanisms.

Therefore, the investigators performed a double-blind, placebo- controlled trial, randomly assigning 200 patients with AMI to receive three times at 30-day intervals for equal doses of 1x106 /kg of WJMSCs, first time infusing within 24h after AMI or placebo , to investigate the therapeutic efficacy and safety of WJMSCs in patients with acute ST-Segment-Elevation or Non-ST-Segment-elevation myocardial infarction.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Age limited ≥ 18 years at Visit 1
* Patient must provide written informed consent
* Have a diagnosis of acute ST-Segment-Elevation or Non-ST-Segment-Elevation myocardial infarction as defined by any of the following criteria:
* According to the Third Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction Type:

Type 1 spontaneous myocardial infarction Type 2 myocardial infarction secondary to an ischemic imbalance Type 3 myocardial infarction resulting in death when biomarker values are unavailable Including: acute ST-Segment-Elevation or Non-ST-Segment-Elevation myocardial infarction, creatine kinase (CK)-MB levels over three-fold the upper limit of the reference values.

* Successful or unsuccessful. revascularization by percutaneous coronary intervention, within 12 hours after symptom onset with stent implantation and thrombolysis.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Myocardial infarction related to stent thrombosis; Myocardial infarction related to restenosis
* Myocardial infarction related to coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)
* Have a hematologic abnormality as evidenced by hematocrit \<25% , white blood cell \<2500/u L or platelet values\<100000/u L without another explanation.
* Have liver dysfunction , as evidenced by enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase) \>3× the upper limits of normal
* Have a coagulopathy (international normalized ratio \> 1.3) not because of a reversible cause (ie, coumadin)
* Be an organ transplant recipient
* Have a clinical history of malignancy within 5 y except curatively treated basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, or cervical carcinoma.
* Have a noncardiac condition that limits lifespan to \<1y.
* Have a history of drug or alcohol abuse within the past 24 m.
* Be serum positive for human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B surface antigen, or hepatitis C.
* Be a female who is pregnant, nursing, or of childbearing potential who is not practicing effective contraceptive methods.