Efficacy of Double vs Standard Empapagliflozin Dose for METabolic syndromE tReatment

The DEMETER - SIRIO 11 study is a phase III, multicenter, randomized, open-labled, investigator-initiated clinical trial with a 6 month follow-up.

The study population will include 200 subjects with diagnosis of metabolic syndrome.

All enrolled patients (nn=200) will be randomly assigned in 1:1 ratio to one of the two study arms:

1. Empagliflozin 20 mg - experimental arm
2. Empagliflozin 10 mg - control arm. Primary co-endpoints of the study include: BMI and HbA1c. Secondary endpoints include: LDL-C, triglycerides, CRP, NT-proBNP, LVEF (echocardiography), body composition, VO2max (ergospirometry), waist-hip ratio (WHR), liver steatosis assessment (LSA) by computed tomography (CT), major adverse cardiovascular events - MACE (based on medical history: heart attack, stroke, death), cardiovascular hospitalizations.

The DEMETER - SIRIO 11 study is a phase III, multicenter, randomized, open-labled, investigator-initiated clinical trial with a 6 month follow-up.

The study population will include 200 subjects with diagnosis of metabolic syndrome.

All enrolled patients (nn=200) will be randomly assigned in 1:1 ratio to one of the two study arms:

1. Empagliflozin 20 mg - experimental arm
2. Empagliflozin 10 mg - control arm.

Primary co-endpoints of the study include: BMI and HbA1c.

Secondary endpoints include:

* LDL-C,
* triglycerides,
* CRP,
* NT-proBNP,
* LVEF (echocardiography),
* body composition,
* VO2max (ergospirometry),
* waist-hip ratio (WHR),
* liver steatosis assessment (LSA) by computed tomography (CT),
* major adverse cardiovascular events - MACE (based on medical history: heart attack, stroke, death),
* cardiovascular hospitalizations.

Other variables that are scheduled to be analyzed: central arterial pressure, pulse wave propagation speed, ABPM (ambulatory blood pressure monitoring), endothelial function assessment by Endopath, autonomic nervous system assessment (ANSA) by Task Force Touch CARDIO (TFTC), exercise tolerance, thickness of the adipose tissue (skin fold), blood samples: blood count, serum creatinine and eGFR, ALT, AST, GGTP, total cholesterol, HDL-C, uric acid, plasma concentration of calcium, phosphate, parathormon, 25-OH-D3, cystatin C, erythropoietin; morning urine: N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase, sodium/creatinine ratio, calcium/creatinine ratio, albumin/creatinine ratio. Moreover, functioning in chronic disease and adherence to medication and diet will be assessed with dedicated questionairies (FCIS, ACDS, ACDS diet).

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* diagnosis of metabolic syndrome as follows: the presence of obesity (waist circumference ≥ 88 cm in women; ≥102 cm or body mass index (BMI) ≥30 kg/m2) and two of the three following criteria:

  1. high blood pressure (systolic blood pressure - in-office measurement: ≥ 130 and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥85 mm Hg or systolic blood pressure - ambulatory measurement: ≥130 and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 80 mm Hg) or on anti-hypertensive treatment;
  2. impaired glucose metabolism (fasting glucose ≥100 mg/dL or ≥ 140 mg/dL after 120 min in oral glucose tolerance test or HbA1c ≥5.7%) or on glucose-lowering drug treatment;
  3. elevated non-high-density lipoprotein (non-HDL ≥130 mg/dL) cholesterol level (atherogenic dyslipidemia) or on lipid-lowering drug treatment

Exclusion Criteria:

* current treatment with SGLT2 inhibitor
* chronic kidney disease with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) \&lt; 30 mL/min or on dialysis
* severely impaired liver function
* known hypersensitivity to the active empagliflozin or to any of the excipients contained in Jardiance
* history of ketoacidosis
* diabetes treated with insulin
* pregnancy
* decompensated heart failure
* acute coronary syndrome
* active thromboembolic disease
* current treatment for neoplastic disease
* active inflammatory disease within 1 month prior to enrollment
* expected lifetime \<1 year
* non-cooperative patients