Metal Allergy In-Stent Restenosis Study

In-stent restenosis remains one of the most challenging problems in patients after coronary artery angioplasty. Angiographically, it is discovered in 10% of the patients after drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation. There are multiple factors causing restenosis, which can be divided into two major groups: first vessel-dependent (based on the vessel's tortuosity, dimensions and lesion's calcification, all leading to suboptimal stent expansion), and second dependent on the inflammatory processes caused by the intervention. Study objectives is the analysis of the possible correlation between allergy to metals utilised during the stent manufacturing (nickel, cobalt, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten) and in-stent restenosis occurence. The angiographic results of stent implantation, and in-stent restenosis will be assessed independently by two skilled interventional cardiologists, and in case of their discrepant opinions, the decision will be made on the basis of the third cardiologist. The tests will be applicated during the hospitalisation, then read after 48 hours and 72 hours, and subsequently interpreted by the skilled dermatologist, during the hospital stay or afterwards.

Introduction:

In-stent restenosis remains one of the most challenging problems in patients after coronary artery angioplasty. Angiographically, it is discovered in 10% of the patients after drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation. There are multiple factors causing restenosis, which can be divided into two major groups: first vessel-dependent (based on the vessel's tortuosity, dimensions and lesion's calcification, all leading to suboptimal stent expansion), and second dependent on the inflammatory processes caused by the intervention. Although the proper stent expansion depends mostly on the cardiologist's manual dexterity, the inflammation development does totally not depend on the operator. The allergic reactions to metals are likely to be one of the underlying causes of inflammation. Among the most prevalent allergens, cobalt, chromium, nickel, and tungsten used as the stent materials are causing the most intensive contact allergic reaction. The allergic process induced by the aforementioned metals belongs to type IV contact allergy (T-cell mediated). Stent implantation results in life-long contact with metal, thus in allergic patients, it is likely to develop local reactions leading to in-stent restenosis. Up to date, there have been approximately one thousand in-stent restenosis cases documented in patients with confirmed contact allergy to stent metals.

Study objectives:

Analysis of the possible correlation between allergy to metals utilised during the stent manufacturing (nickel, cobalt, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten) and in-stent restenosis occurence.

Materials and methods:

The study will consist of two arms:

First arm: Patch tests for the metals used in stent production will be applicated in the patients with angiographically proven in-stent restenosis developed after technically correct implantation.

Second arm: In patients with (technically correctly) implanted stent, patch tests will be applicated to identify cases with contact allergy. The patients will then be monitored for a 6-12 months follow-up period in purpose of evaluating the dependance between in-stent restenosis and contact allergy.

The angiographic results of stent implantation, and in-stent restenosis will be assessed independently by two skilled interventional cardiologists, and in case of their discrepant opinions, the decision will be made on the basis of the third cardiologist.

The tests will be applicated during the hospitalisation, then read after 48 hours and 72 hours, and subsequently interpreted by the skilled dermatologist, during the hospital stay or afterwards.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* angiographically proven in-stent restenosis after technically correct implantation
* technically correctly implanted stent

Exclusion Criteria:

* autoimmune diseases (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis)
* immunodeficiency syndromes (e.g., HIV infection)
* chronic use of immunosuppressive drugs and/or corticosteroids
* skin lesions that may attenuate the reading of skin tests
* previous coronary artery bypass surgery (in subgroup 1) or planned coronary artery bypass surgery (in subgroup 2)
* any surgical procedure with metal implants (in the past or planned within 12 months of observation)