Compressive Myofascial Release of the Vastus Lateralis on Lateral Patellar Tracking in Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome

Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome is a prevalent condition characterized by anterior knee pain, often exacerbated by activities such as squatting, running, and stair climbing. This condition is frequently associated with improper patellar tracking, particularly lateral displacement, which can be influenced by various factors including muscular imbalances and tightness. The vastus lateralis muscle, part of the quadriceps group, is often implicated in contributing to lateral patellar tracking due to its attachment and alignment. Compressive myofascial release (CMFR) is a therapeutic technique aimed at reducing muscle tightness and restoring optimal muscle function. This study will explore the effects compressive myofascial release on the vastus lateralis in improving patellar tracking in patients diagnosed with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome.The methodology of this study involves a randomized controlled trial with a sample of patients diagnosed with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome. Non-probability convenience sampling technique will be used and participants will be recruited in groups after randomization. Participants(n=26) will be divided into two groups: the intervention group (n=13) receiving compressive myofascial release on the vastus lateralis, and a control group receiving(n=13) a routine treatment. The intervention will be administered over a period of four weeks, with sessions occurring three times weekly. Patellar tracking will be assessed using q-angle analysis both pre- and post-intervention. Additionally, subjective measures of pain and functional ability will be evaluated using the Numeric pain rating scale (NPRS) and the Kujala Patellofemoral Score. Data analysis will focus on comparing the changes in lateral patellar displacement and patient-reported outcomes between the two groups to determine the efficacy of compressive myofascial release in correcting lateral patellar tracking and alleviating symptoms of Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome. SPSS version 25 will be used for data analysis

Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is one of the most common health-related complaints in today's societies. PFPS refers to a syndrome that comprises of the following signs and symptoms: anterior knee pain, inflammation, imbalance and instability. About 50% of the non-specific knee pain is diagnosed as PFPS. PFPS frequently becomes chronic, and patients cannot do physical activity. Individuals with PFPS typically report pain that is either located in the peri-patellar or retro-patellar region during active movements involving knee movement.

Myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) has been attributed as the main cause and primary source of musculoskeletal pain in 30-85% of the patients attending physical therapy clinics. Myofascial pain syndrome often presents in the forms of pain, muscle spasm or TrP. TrP has been described as a hyperirritability spot located in a taut band of muscle; or a small pea or rope-like nodular or crepitant (crackling, grating) area within the muscle, which is painful to palpation or compression and refers pain, tenderness, or an autonomic response to a remote area. It is stated that "jump response" is elicited when pressure is applied to a Trp. TrP may result from mechanical overload, trauma, overuse, postural faults, or psychological stress. Based on their primary functions, muscles are categorized as "phasic" or "postural" muscles. In response to dysfunction or overuse, the phasic muscles tend to be inhibited or weakened; while the postural muscles tend to develop higher tone and ultimately shorten. A muscle imbalance between the dynamic and postural muscles may lead to MTP in the musculoskeletal system.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Age group between 20 to 40 years
* Male and female gender
* Diagnosed cases of Patellofemoral syndrome
* Participants with positive J sign and Clarke's test
* Pain provoked during knee loading physical activity, such as jumping, running, squatting, or going up or down stairs in last 3 months
* Presence of excessive lateral patellar tracking on axial view radiographs

Exclusion Criteria:

* History of knee surgery in the past year.
* Any contraindications to myofascial release therapy, such as active infections, open wounds.
* Presence of hip pathology or other knee conditions such as ligament tears, meniscal injuries, Osgood-Schlatter or Sinding-Larsen-Johanssen syndrome or jumpers knee
* Participants with a history of trauma or repetitive episodes of patellar subluxation or dislocation
* Use of intra-articular corticosteroid injections
* Presence of auto-immune disorder (spondylolisthesis, spondylitis, Rheumatoid arthritis etc.) other than knee OA or systemic conditions such as severe cardiovascular disease