Liposomal Bupivacaine + Bupivacaine vs. Bupivacaine Alone on Opioid Use After Elective c/Section

The purpose of this study is to compare the effectiveness of local wound infiltration of EXPAREL® (liposomal bupivacaine) with bupivacaine HCl compared to active control with bupivacaine HCl alone following elective primary or repeat cesarean delivery with spinal anesthesia.

Pain in the postpartum period is an important concern of new mothers. With over one-third of deliveries ending in cesarean section, effective postoperative pain control is essential in the care of postpartum patients.1 Improved pain control in the postpartum period after cesarean delivery (CD) is associated with improved overall maternal health and satisfaction, decreased postpartum depression, shortened hospital stay, decreased opioid consumption, and decreased healthcare costs, as well as possible facilitation of early contact of mothers with their infants.2 Pain control is of great concern to women during and after cesarean delivery.3 Pain relief and patient satisfaction are inadequate in many cases. Pain may be severe, last at least 48-72 hours, and may impair early postoperative recovery.

Opioids are primarily used in the post-operative period. Although opioids are safe to use in breastfeeding mothers, they are not without unwanted side effects.4 Local anesthetics and parenteral NSAIDs are also beneficial adjuncts to regional or general anesthesia after CD by reducing opioid consumption and improving pain relief.5 In addition, field block with wound infiltration with local anesthetic is an effective and safe adjunct for pain control. Previous studies have shown improved postoperative pain control with TAP (transversus abdominis plane) blocks with bupivacaine in hysterectomy patients.4 Another study has looked at the effects of bupivacaine-soaked spongostan placed in cesarean wounds.2 EXPAREL®® (Parsippany, NJ: Pacira Pharmaceuticals, Inc) is a liposomal form of bupivacaine. Its mechanism of action is by DepoFoam® technology, in which microscopic, polyhedral molecules that contain aqueous chambers with liposomal bupivacaine that are slowly released over hours to days with erosion and rearrangement of lipid membranes.6 The slow release of local anesthetic extends its pharmacologic effect and provides longer postsurgical pain control for up to 72 hours.6 This method of delivery of local anesthetic has the potential to decrease postoperative opioid consumption.7 EXPAREL® is an FDA-approved medication for the general use of postoperative surgical site pain control. Paracervical block is the only obstetric contraindication to EXPAREL® use. The purpose of this study is to compare the effectiveness of local wound infiltration of EXPAREL® (liposomal bupivacaine) with bupivacaine HCl compared to active control with bupivacaine HCl alone following elective primary or repeat cesarean delivery with spinal anesthesia. The investigators hypothesize that narcotic use during postoperative hospitalization will be decreased using liposomal bupivacaine.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Females 18 years of age and older at screening
* Subjects at 37 completed weeks of gestation or greater undergoing elective primary or repeat cesarean delivery (CD)
* Pfannenstiel incision
* Regional spinal anesthesia
* ASA classification I, II, or III
* Able to give informed consent
* English- or Spanish-speaking

Exclusion Criteria:

* ASA classification IV
* Allergy, hypersensitivity, intolerance, or contraindication to any of the study medications for which an alternative is not named in the protocol (eg, amide-type local anesthetics, opioids, bupivacaine, NSAIDs, spinal anesthesia).
* Potential drug interaction(s) with bupivacaine
* Severe renal or hepatic dysfunction manifest as serum creatinine level \>2 mg/dL, blood urea nitrogen level \>50 mg/dL , serum aspartate aminotransferase level \>3 times the upper limit of normal, or serum alanine aminotransferase level \>3 times the ULN.
* Any clinically significant maternal or fetal event or condition arising during surgery (eg, excessive bleeding, acute sepsis) that might render the subject medically unstable or complicate the subject's postsurgical course. In this situation, the subject would be ineligible to receive study drug and withdrawn from the study.
* Chronic pain disorder manifest as a concurrent, painful, physical condition that may require long-term, consistent use of opioids postoperatively for pain that is not strictly related to the surgery and may confound postsurgical assessments.
* History of, suspected, or known addiction or abuse of illicit drug(s) or prescription medication(s) within the past 2 years.
* Planned concurrent surgical procedure except for salpingo-oophorectomy or tubal ligation.
* Subject at increased risk for bleeding or coagulation disorder (defined as platelet count less than 80,000/mm3 or international normalized ratio\[INR\] greater than 1.5).
* Pregnancy body mass index \>50 kg/m2 or otherwise not anatomically appropriate to undergo local incision infiltration.
* Conversion of spinal anesthesia to general anesthesia due to incomplete neuraxial block and unsatisfactory surgical anesthesia.