Digital Mindfulness Training Programme for Smoking Cessation and Maintenance

Although there are several effective medicinal approaches for smoking cessation, relapses are frequent and the proportion of people who remain abstinent is low (around 15-25% 6 months after withdrawal). New approaches are therefore needed to make it easier to stop smoking.

Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) are effective in depression, stress reduction and chronic pain (Goldberg et al., 2017, Khoury et al., 2015, Hilton et al., 2017). There is also evidence of efficacy in smoking cessation with a relative risk of 1.88 95% CI \[1.04; 3.40\] of abstinence at 17 to 24 weeks after MBI (Oikonomou, 2016).

Typically, MBIs take the form of 8-week programmes with weekly group sessions. However, many patients are not able to attend a full 8-week programme. In addition, these programmes are only accessible to a small number of patients due to the lack of trained professionals and the out-of-pocket costs.

In response to these limitations, smartphone applications have been developed and evaluated, but none has been shown to be effective in smoking cessation. What's more, none of the evaluated applications offered the equivalent of a conventional 8-week MBI.

Furthermore, it has now been demonstrated in the international literature that involving patients, service users and relatives in the development and conduct of health research projects has become a means of achieving effective, high-quality integration of healthcare (Fusco, 2020) as well as improving the overall quality of health research (Shen, 2017). When PUPs are involved not as research subjects but as research partners in the health research process, this can lead to "significant changes in outcomes for patients and health systems, and the realignment of research processes and outcomes to be patient-centred" (Bird, 2020).

The involvement of PUPs has become a requirement of many funding programmes and journals, as well as an international health policy priority.

We are therefore developing an eMind application - the first electronic MBI for smoking cessation that allows patients to follow a complete 8-week programme and that recreates the conditions of a classic MBI as closely as possible. The application will be available on the EXOLIS platform. This platform is offered by the Agence Régionale de Santé Bourgogne - Franche Comté in partnership with GRADeS (Groupement Régional d'Appui au Développement de la eSanté).

The eMind application will be co-constructed: it will be based on a research partnership involving patients. An initial version of the content has been created in the university hospital addictionology department by healthcare professionals trained in mindfulness. This first version of the application - a beta version - will be modified according to the feedback received from patients. To reward their contribution to the final version of the application, patients will be compensated in the form of a gift card. Once the changes have been taken into account, a feedback session will be organised to present the results of the study and the new version of eMind.


Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Person who has given oral consent
* Adult aged 18 and over
* Smoker with a smoking-related disorder according to DSM-5 criteria
* Motivated to stop smoking
* With daily access to a smartphone
* Able to understand spoken and written French

Exclusion Criteria:

* Person subject to a legal protection measure (curatorship, guardianship)
* Persons under court order
* People with cognitive problems that prevent mindfulness training
* Currently using other smoking cessation treatments (burpropion, varenicline) except NRT
* suffering from an acute psychiatric or somatic disorder requiring hospitalisation / not stabilised
* With a contraindication to nicotine replacement therapy
* With an alcohol use disorder or using illicit substances
* Anyone who is pregnant, breastfeeding or planning to become pregnant in the next 6 months
* Not affiliated to national health insurance