Neuro-VR: Augmenting a Virtual Reality-based Therapy With Neurofeedback for Auditory Hallucinations

The primary goal of this pilot study is to examine the feasibility and acceptability of augmenting a Virtual Reality-based intervention for treating auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia with electroencephalogram (EEG)-based neurofeedback.

The main questions it aims to answer are:

1. Is Virtual Reality -based therapy supplemented with EEG-based neurofeedback (VR-NF) a feasible and acceptable treatment for auditory hallucinations?
2. Will VR-NF show indications of being more effective than Virtual Reality-based therapy alone in reducing the severity of auditory hallucinations, improving daily functioning, and enhancing quality of life?

Researchers will compare VR-NF to Virtual Reality-based therapy alone to evaluate therapy effectiveness.

Participants will be allocated to receive 8 sessions of either VR-NF or Virtual Reality-based therapy alone. All participants will undergo a thorough assessment at baseline, and at 12 weeks post-baseline.

Auditory hallucinations represent some of the most frequent and debilitating symptoms in schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD), affecting up to 80 % of individuals with SSD. Despite receiving treatment with antipsychotic medication, nearly one-third of these individuals continue to experience psychotic symptoms.

Virtual Reality-based interventions have emerged to address the essential need for targeted and effective psychotherapeutic interventions for auditory hallucinations. A recent randomized controlled trial (RCT) has developed and tested a fully immersive Virtual Reality-based intervention, with preliminary results indicating that this approach is effective in mitigating the severity of auditory hallucinations.

The Neuro-VR study aims to improve the effectiveness of this Virtual Reality-based intervention by incorporating real-time EEG-based neurofeedback into the intervention. We expect that augmenting the VR-based intervention with EEG-based neurofeedback will improve both its tolerability and effectiveness by using individual neurophysiological responses to guide the intervention.

The primary objective of the pilot study is to evaluate whether the combination of Virtual Reality and EEG-based neurofeedback is a feasible and acceptable therapeutic approach for treating auditory hallucinations in SSD. A secondary objective is to investigate whether Virtual Reality combined with EEG-based neurofeedback provides indications of being superior to Virtual Reality alone in reducing severity of auditory hallucinations, improving daily functioning and enhancing quality of life in individuals with SSD.

If the pilot study is found successful it could pave the way for broader clinical trials to document the effect of augmenting Virtual Reality-based interventions with real-time feedback from neurophysiological responses. In the long run, this combined approach can be implemented in the mental health clinics to complement traditional treatments.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

1. Ability to give informed consent
2. Age of 18-65 years
3. Diagnosis of schizophrenia spectrum disorder (ICD-10 codes: F20, F22-23; F25-29)
4. Symtoms of Auditory Verbal Hallucinations within at least the past 3 months (corresponding to SAPS score of 3 or more)
5. Identification of at least one dominant voice
6. No changes in antipsychotic medications four weeks prior to inclusion in the project
7. No planned changes in antipsychotic medication in the 12 weeks following inclusion in the project
8. A command of Danish or English sufficient to engage in therapy

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Rejecting informed consent
2. A diagnosis of organic brain disease
3. Intellectual disability (IQ ˂ 70)
4. A primary diagnosis of substance dependence hindering engaging in therapy
5. Hear voices in a language the therapist does not speak
6. Inability to tolerate the therapy