Multivirus-specific T Cells for the Treatment of Virus Infections After Stem Cell Transplant

Patients enrolled on this study will have received a stem cell transplant. After a transplant, while the immune system grows back the patient is at risk for infection. Some viruses can stay in the body for life and if the immune system is weakened, like after a transplant, they can cause life threatening infections.

Patients enrolled on this study will have had an infection with one or more of the following viruses - Epstein Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), BK virus, JC virus, adenovirus or HHV6 (Human Herpes Virus 6).

Investigators want to see if they can use a kind of white blood cell called T cells to treat infections of these viruses after a transplant. Investigators have observed in other studies that treatment with specially trained T cells has been successful when the cells are made from the transplant donor. However as it takes 1-2 months to make the cells, that approach is not practical when a patient already has an infection.

Investigators have now generated multivirus-specific T cells (VSTs) from the blood of healthy donors and created a bank of these cells. Investigators have previously successfully used frozen multivirus-specific T cells from healthy donors to treat virus infections after bone marrow transplant and now have improved the production method to make it safer and target more viruses.

In this study, investigators want to find out if they can use these banked VSTs to fight infections caused by the viruses mentioned above.

These VST lines have been made at Baylor College of Medicine from donors for other transplant patients or other normal donors some of whom were from the National Marrow Donor Program. All donors have been screened with the standard blood bank donor questionnaire, medical history and testing for infectious disease by a doctor who is experienced in screening transplant donors. Only donors who have cleared this process and were deemed to be eligible provided blood for VST generation.

The lines were made using a special process. To make the VSTs investigators mixed donor cells with small pieces of proteins, called peptides that come from adenovirus, CMV, EBV, BKV and HHV6. These peptides stimulate donor T cells that react against the viruses to grow and train the donor T cells to kill cells that are infected with CMV, EBV, adenovirus, BKV and HHV6.

Once the investigators made sufficient numbers of VSTs, they tested them to make sure they would target cells infected with these viruses but not normal cells. Then the cells were frozen.

For patients treated on this study, the VSTs will be thawed and injected into their intravenous line. The patient will remain in the clinic for at least one hour after the infusion. After the patient receives the cells, their transplant doctor will monitor the levels of the virus the patient is infected with in their blood. The investigators will also take blood to see how long the VSTs given to the patient last in their body.

The patient will continue to be followed by their doctors after the injection. The patient will either be seen in the clinic or will be contacted by a research nurse to follow up for this study every week for 6 weeks then at 3, 6 and 12 months. The patient may have other visits for their standard care.

The patient will also have regular blood tests done to follow their counts and the viral infection, but most of these will be done as part of their standard medical care. To learn more about the way the VSTs are working in the patient's body, up to an extra 30-40 ml (6-8 teaspoons) of blood will be taken before the infusion and then at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 weeks and 3 months. Blood should come from the central intravenous line, and should not require extra needle sticks.

All participants on this study will be infused with the same number (dose) of cells. If after the first treatment the patient has a persistent infection, we would discuss this with him/her and allow an option to receive more treatments. These additional treatments might be with cells from the same donor or if we feel that there is another donor's whose cells might be better for the patient, we would use cells from a different donor. This second product will be administered at the same dose level 28 days after the initial infusion, and subsequent infusions should be at least 14 days apart. After each VST infusion, the patient will be monitored as described above.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

For Initial VSTs and subsequent infusions: patients will be eligible following any type of allogeneic transplant if they have CMV, adenovirus, EBV, BK virus and/or HHV6 infection/disease persistent or recurrent despite 14 days of standard therapy OR after failure of treatment after 7 days of standard therapy OR if unable to tolerate standard therapy. Patients with persistent JC virus infection will be eligible as well.

1. Prior myeloablative or non-myeloablative allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant using either bone marrow or peripheral blood stem cells or single or double cord blood.
2. Treatment of the following persistent or relapsed infections despite standard therapy;

   1. CMV: Treatment of persistent or relapsed CMV disease or infection after standard therapy. For CMV infection, standard therapy is defined as antiviral therapy with ganciclovir, foscarnet or cidofovir.

      * CMV disease: defined as the demonstration of CMV by biopsy specimen from visceral sites (by culture or histology) or the detection of CMV by culture or direct fluorescent antibody stain in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in the presence of new or changing pulmonary infiltrates or changes consistent with CMV retinitis on ophthalmologic examination.
      * CMV infection: defined as the presence of CMV positivity as detected by PCR or pp65 antigenemia or culture from ONE site such as stool or blood or urine or nasopharynx.
      * Failure of antiviral therapy: defined as a rise or a fall of less than 50% in viral load in peripheral blood or any site of disease as measured by PCR or pp65 antigenemia after 7 days of antiviral therapy.
   2. Adenovirus: Treatment of persistent adenovirus infection or disease despite standard therapy. Standard therapy is defined as antiviral therapy with cidofovir or an alternative antiviral agent if patient will not tolerate cidofovir therapy because of poor renal function.

      * Adenovirus infection: defined as the presence of adenoviral positivity as detected by PCR or culture from ONE site such as stool or blood or urine or nasopharynx.
      * Adenovirus disease: defined as the presence of adenoviral positivity as detected by PCR, DFA or culture from two or more sites such as stool or blood or urine or nasopharynx.
      * Failure of therapy: defined as a rise or a fall of less than 50% in viral load in peripheral blood or any site of disease as measured by PCR or any other quantitative assay) after 7 days of antiviral therapy.
   3. EBV: For treatment of persistent EBV infection despite standard therapy. For EBV infection, standard therapy is defined as rituximab given at 375mg/m2 in patients for 1-4 doses with a CD20+ve tumor.

      * EBV infection: defined as Biopsy proven lymphoma with EBV genomes detected in tumor cells by immunocytochemistry or in situ PCR,Or clinical or imaging findings consistent with EBV lymphoma and/or elevated EBV viral load in peripheral blood.
      * Failure of therapy is defined as: Increase or less than 50% response at sites of disease for EBV lymphoma OR, Increase or a fall of less than 50% in EBV viral load in peripheral blood or any site of disease after 1st dose of rituximab.
   4. BK virus: Treatment of persistent BK virus infection or BK virus disease despite antiviral treatment with cidofovir or leflunomide. No clear standard treatment is defined. Cidofovir has been administered in low doses as well as high doses to HSCT patients with BK infections but no randomized trials are available proving its clinical efficacy. In small trials leflunomide had activity against BK virus, therefore we will consider this agent an acceptable alternative to cidofovir, given the absence of a clear first line option.

      * BK virus infection is defined as the presence of BK virus positivity as detected by PCR or culture in one site such as blood or urine.
      * BK virus disease is defined as the presence of BK virus detectable by culture or PCR in blood or urine or other body fluids and symptoms of disease including, but not limited to persistent microscopic or macroscopic hematuria or detectable BK virus in more than one site.
      * Failure of therapy is defined as a rise or a fall of less than 50% in viral load in peripheral blood or any site of disease as measured by PCR or any other quantitative assay) or worsening hematuria after 7 days of antiviral therapy.
   5. HHV6: Treatment of persistent HHV6 infection or disease despite antiviral treatment with ganciclovir, cidofovir and foscarnet. No clear standard treatment is defined. Ganciclovir, cidofovir and foscarnet all have variable in vitro activity against HHV-6, and may have a role in treating HHV-6-associated disease - therefore antiviral treatment with one or more of these agents will we acceptable initial therapy.

      * HHV6 virus infection is defined as the presence of elevated HHV-6 levels as detected by PCR or positive culture in one site such as CSF or blood.
      * HHV6 disease is defined as defined as the presence of HHV6 detectable by culture or PCR in one or more sites such as blood or CSF and symptoms of disease including symptoms of HHV6 encephalitis OR detectable HHV6 by PCR or culture in more than one site.
      * Failure of therapy is defined as a rise or a fall of less than 50% in viral load in peripheral blood or any site of disease (as measured by PCR or any other quantitative assay) after 7 days of antiviral therapy.
   6. JC virus: Treatment of progressive or persistent JC virus infection or disease without suitable alternative treatment option. Pepmixes specific for antigens on adenovirus, EBV, CMV, HHV6 and BK virus are used to generate our multivirus-specific VSTs. No pepmix specific for the rare JC virus is used for generation of these CTLs, however given the high homology (\>90%) between JC and BK and the fact that BK virus-specific T cells targeting VP1 and Large T (as targeted in our multivirus VSTs) have been administered to treat JCV-PML, resulting in viral clearance from the cerebrospinal fluid it is likely that our VSTs are efficacious against JC virus. Given the current lack of treatment options for JC virus infection or reactivation after HSCT and the risk of progression to JML, which is almost uniformly fatal, and the apparent activity of BK virus-directed T cells against JC virus infected cells, we propose including patients with progressive or persistent JC virus on this study, unless a suitable alternative therapy is available.

      * JC virus infection is defined as the presence of elevated JC virus levels as detected by PCR or positive culture in one site such as CSF or blood.
      * JC virus disease is defined as defined as the presence of JC virus detectable by culture or PCR in one or more sites such as blood or CSF and symptoms of disease including symptoms of PML OR detectable JC virus by PCR or culture in more than one site.
3. Patients with multiple CMV, EBV, Adenovirus, HHV6 and BK virus infections are eligible given that each infection is persistent despite standard therapy as defined above. Patients with multiple infections with one or more reactivation and one or more controlled infection are eligible to enroll.
4. Clinical status at enrollment to allow tapering of steroids to equal or less than 0.5 mg/kg/day prednisone (or equivalent).
5. HgB\>8.0
6. Pulse oximetry of \> 90% on room air
7. Available multivirus-specific VSTs
8. Negative pregnancy test in female patients if applicable (childbearing potential who have received a reduced intensity conditioning regimen).
9. Written informed consent and/or signed assent line from patient, parent or guardian.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Patients receiving ATG, Campath or other immunosuppressive T cell monoclonal antibodies within 28 days of screening for enrollment.
2. Patients with other uncontrolled infections. For bacterial infections, patients must be receiving definitive therapy and have no signs of progressing infection for 72 hours prior to enrollment. For fungal infections patients must be receiving definitive systemic anti-fungal therapy and have no signs of progressing infection for 1 week prior to enrollment.

   Progressing infection is defined as hemodynamic instability attributable to sepsis or new symptoms, worsening physical signs or radiographic findings attributable to infection. Persisting fever without other signs or symptoms will not be interpreted as progressing infection.
3. Patients who are less than 28 days removed from their allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant or who have received donor lymphocyte infusions (DLI) within 28 days.
4. Patients with active acute GVHD grades II-IV.
5. Active and uncontrolled relapse of malignancy