Trial Comparing Metabolic Efficiency of Islet Graft to Intensive Insulin Therapy for Type 1 Diabetes's Treatment

Efficacy of pancreatic islet transplantation at 6 months compared to an intensive insulin therapy for 2 categories of patients: patients with unstable diabetes and patients who underwent kidney transplantation.

Efficacy of pancreatic islet transplantation at 6 months compared to an intensive insulin therapy for 2 categories of patients: patients with unstable type 1 diabetes versus patients with unstable type 1 diabetes and who underwent kidney transplantation.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Patient with type 1 diabetes or C-peptide negative diabetes Diabetes duration \> 5 years
* No residual insulin secretion (plasmatic basal and stimulated C-peptide \< 0.3 ng/ml)
* HbA1c considered acceptable by the selection committee
* Insulin needs \< 0.85 IU/kg/day
* Islet cell infusion after kidney graft

  * Patient with terminal renal failure and functional kidney graft for at least 6 months (creatinine clearance greater than or equal to 35 ml/min)
  * Patient whose glycaemic control obtained with insulin therapy could threaten kidney graft survival and/or significantly alter quality of life. This situation is assessed by a diabetologist
* Islet cell infusion only: patient with major glycaemic variability despite proper intensive insulin therapy, closely monitored by a diabetologist. Poor glucose control, assessed by a diabetologist, endangers the patient's life and/or significantly alters personal, social, professional and family quality of life. At least one of these criteria must be fulfilled :

  * Hypoglycaemia unawareness, blood glucose level \< 3mmol/L or 0.54 mg/L
  * At least 2 severe hypoglycaemia events (defined by the necessity of a third party's assistance) per year or a ketoacidosis requiring patient's hospitalization during the last year.
  * Impairment of quality of life or life-threat for patient or other persons, or progressive complications despite optimal insulin therapy
* Social Security membership or benefit from Social Welfare

Exclusion Criteria:

* Age\< 18 and \> 65
* Diabetes duration \< 5 years
* Criteria specifically related to the islet intraportal injection procedure: hemostasis problem, haemoglobin level \< 11g/dL for women and \<12g/dL for men, abnormalities of complete blood count, documented liver pathology (alkaline phosphatases, gamma GT, transaminases levels over twice normal values) ; pancreatitis history, gallbladder stones that could potentially migrate; HLA hyperimmunisation (PRA \>20%).
* Criteria related to diabetes complications :

  * Non-stabilized proliferating diabetic retinopathy
  * Creatininaemia \> 16 mg/dL
* Exclusion criteria non-specifically related to islet infusion: evolutive vascular disease, evolutive cardiopathy (especially myocardial infarction less than 6 months ago, cerebrovascular stroke less than 6 months ago, evolutive arteritis with trophic disorders) ; systemic infection including hepatitis C and HIV ; leuconeutropenia ; thrombocytopenia, non-stabilized neoplastic pathology ; pregnancy or project of pregnancy within the next 24 months ; poor therapeutic compliance
* Criteria related to immunosuppressive protocol : renal failure (glomerular filtration \< 35 ml/min/1.73 m²) and/or proteinuria \> 0.5 g/24h ; non-treated hyperlipidemia (LDL-C \> 130 mg/dL) ; blood pressure \> 160/100 mmHg
* Clinical insulin resistance : assessed by patient's weight, BMI and exogenous insulin requirements (BMI \> 30 kg/m² or insulin dose \> 0.85 UI/kg/day)