Exhaled Carbon Monoxide and Red Blood Cell Turnover

Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) is the cornerstone of blood sugar monitoring. As HbA1c is formed by the covalent reaction of glucose with hemoglobin throughout the lifespan of the red blood cell (RBC), it is used as a surrogate marker for integrated mean blood glucose over time. The HbA1c value therefore is dependent on the average amount of time the RBC spends in the circulation (mean RBC age or MRBC). However, our previous studies measuring red cell lifespan using either an age cohort label (ex vivo labeling with biotin) or a population label (stable isotope) have demonstrated, contrary to established dogma, that the MRBC varies substantially among individuals and is sufficiently variable to affect HA1c interpretation in a significant percentage of individuals with diabetes. Although the stable isotope method is suitable for clinical studies, it has limited potential for application to large population of subjects. A potential alternative to the stable isotope approach that could be applied routinely to the average patient in the clinic is measurement of exhaled carbon monoxide (eCO) concentration, a reflection of RBC heme turnover. In general, the primary advantage of applying exhaled breath analyses to human clinical diagnostics and therapeutic monitoring is that this technique is noninvasive, safe, simple, and provides near-real time measurements. The purpose of this observational study is to optimize the collection of eCO in a normal control population followed by measurement in a cohort of subjects previously assessed by either the SI or biotin methods for comparison.

Recently Investigators have demonstrated that RBC lifespan has substantial inter-individual variation even in people without diabetes or obvious hematologic diseases affecting RBC lifespan (5,6). Investigators combined Endocrinology-Hematology research group has taken a leading role in applying state-of-the-art methods for RBC survival measurement.The published articles articles are now cited when investigators refer to the state of the art understanding of true RBC lifespan (7). Using a biotin labeling method that involves ex vivo labeling of cells with biotin and then re-infusion of those cells, Investigators were able to demonstrate that RBC lifespan is sufficiently heterogeneous even in the hematologically normal population with normal reticulocyte count to significantly affect HbA1c interpretation (5). Recognizing the limitations of the safe but relatively invasive biotin technique, Investigators more recently developed a stable isotope (SI) in which RBC heme is labeled with orally administered 15N-glycine (6). This is a benign and noninvasive technique and expands the scope of RBC lifespan studies to sizable epidemiologic and physiologic studies, a number of which investigators are initiating and planning.

However, the feasibility of making the findings translatable to widespread patient care has been perceived as a limitation to the merit of answering these scientific questions. The SI approach still requires multiple blood measurements over months (6). This proposed project is designed to test the feasibility of a method to satisfy the unmet clinical need for measuring RBC survival easily, noninvasively, and inexpensively. The goal is to access most individuals with or at risk for diagnosis of diabetes in or near most doctors' offices. Over the next year Investigators intend to determine whether exhaled alveolar carbon monoxide (eCO), a measure of heme breakdown and hence of RBC turnover, can be used in this manner to provide a single point measure of RBC lifespan. Interestingly, heme metabolism is the only known endogenous source of carbon monoxide in people (8) and there are recent studies by others suggesting its potential for measuring RBC lifespan (9,10) Now that technology has advanced to measure CO with sufficient sensitivity and cost, investigators will explore the use of instrumentation at the same time investigators expand their studies using the SI approach. The results from this method will be compared with a previous small population of subjects that had lifespan measured by biotin and/or SI technique.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Subjects will be between age 18 and 75 years, non-pregnant, with a goal of equal gender and race (Caucasian vs. African-American) distribution

Exclusion Criteria:

* known hemoglobinopathy or RBC disorder
* positive pregnancy test (in women of child-bearing potential or are breast feeding or planning pregnancy during the course of the study;
* baseline serum creatinine \>1.5 mg/dl
* CBC outside the normal range
* history of GI blood loss or coagulopathy
* urine microalbumin \>100 mcg/mg creatinine (spot collection);
* transaminases \>3 X the upper limit of normal
* presence of serum antibodies to biotinylated proteins (which could interfere with the biotin RBC labeling protocol)
* greater than or equal to NYHA stage 3 heart failure;
* active infection;
* known rheumatologic disease
* uncontrolled hypo-or hyperthyroidism or an underlying illness known to be associated with either body wasting or changes in serum proteins
* lung transplantation, irradiation, recent surgery, recent intensive care admission, asthma, COPD, cystic fibrosis, smoking, recent hematoma, uncontrolled hypo- or hyperthyroidism or an underlying illness known to be associated with either body wasting or changes in serum proteins (e.g. certain malignancies including multiple myeloma or tuberculosis).