Neurofeedback-EEG Rehabilitation Protocol on Motor Recovery in the Subacute Phase Post-stroke (CUSTOM-NF-STROKE)

Neurofeedback (NF) is a procedure for providing direct sensory feedback (in the form of visual, auditory or tactile stimulation) to a patient about their brain activity when performing a cognitive or motor task. This NF aims to allow the patient to become aware of this brain activity and thus learn to modulate it voluntarily in order to improve the performance obtained on the task.

The aim of the study is to compare a "standard NF" procedure to a "personalized NF" procedure designed to optimize the level of patient acceptability based on the results obtained through these questionnaires.

A large percentage of patients surviving a cerebrovascular accident (CVA) suffer motor aftereffects, notably loss of mobility of the upper limb, linked to cortical lesions. During motor rehabilitation phases, patients are asked to try to move their arm in order to promote synaptic plasticity phenomena at the cortical level, and thus recover a certain mobility. During these movement attempts, the therapist mobilizes the patient's arm. The major problem with this type of rehabilitation is the lack of temporal coherence between the patient's attempted movement and the mobilization carried out by the therapist. Neurofeedback helps remedy this limitation. Thanks to the measurement of the patient's brain activity, we will be able to i) detect these attempted movements, which manifest themselves through the modulation of specific electroencephalographic (EEG) rhythms at the level of the sensorimotor cortices, and ii) provide feedback (e.g., visual, auditory or tactile) that will be synchronized with the attempted movement. This feedback synchronized with the modulation of brain activity makes it possible to close the sensorimotor loop and thus promote synaptic plasticity and motor recovery. Indeed, learning a motor activity is facilitated, on the one hand, by the repetition or training of this activity and, on the other hand, by having feedback - sensory, motor, or proprioceptive. - on its performance (reinforcement learning; Strehl 2014)1.

Several meta-analyses now show the effectiveness of these approaches based on NF-EEG in terms of motor recovery. Cervera et al. (2018)2, Bai et al. (2020)3, Nojima et al. (2022)4 concluded, for example, an effect size of 0.61 to 0.86 on motor recovery (FMA scores) when comparing the effects of NF training during the subacute phase of stroke, compared to other rehabilitation procedures.

However, NF-EEG remains little used in practice. The team hypothesizes that this low level of translation outside laboratories is partly linked to a low level of acceptability and usability of the NF.

The team first identified the factors influencing this acceptability and usability of post-stroke motor rehabilitation procedures based on NF using questionnaires, both among patients and caregivers.

To meet the objective of the study, the investigative team is focusing on patients undergoing post-stroke rehabilitation who are in the subacute phase (15 days to 6 months after the stroke) because several studies have demonstrated that they This was the most favorable period for motor recovery (Dromerick et al. - 2021, Wahl et al. - 2014)5-6.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Man, woman, over 18 years old
* Motor deficit of the upper limb type of hemiplegia, secondary to a hemorrhagic or ischemic stroke authenticated by brain imaging (MRI or CT)
* Post-stroke patients in the subacute phase, between 15 days and 6 months after the stroke
* Correct or corrected vision allowing reading at a distance of 0 to 2m
* Ability to maintain a seated position for 1 hour
* Patient affiliated to a social security scheme or beneficiary of such a scheme
* Informed patient having signed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

* Minors (age \< 18 years)
* Phasic disorder limiting comprehension corresponding to a Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination (BDAE) score \< 4
* Attentional disorder not allowing sufficient attention to be maintained for 1 hour
* History of known stroke with motor sequelae.
* Known peripheral neurological pathology affecting the paretic upper limb.
* Other known central neurological pathology
* Factors hindering EEG acquisition (scalp pathology, abnormal cervico-cephalic movements, cranial metal implants)
* Unstabilized epilepsy
* Refusal to participate in the study
* Protected patient: adult under guardianship, curatorship or other legal protection, deprived of liberty by judicial or administrative decision
* Pregnant, parturient, or breastfeeding patient