Effect of Endurance and Endurance-Strength Training on Inflammatory Markers in Women With Abdominal Obesity

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of three months' endurance training and three months' endurance-strength training on inflammatory markers in women with abdominal obesity.

Study patients. Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects. The study meets the standards of the Declaration of Helsinki in its revised version of 1975 and its amendments of 1983, 1989, and 1996.

Study design. The study was designed as a prospective randomized trial. Subjects were randomly divided into two groups, A and B, using a randomization list. Both groups performed three month of physical training. Group A underwent endurance training, while group B performed endurance-strength training. Aside from the training, all subjects were instructed to maintain the physical activity and diet that they had been practicing so far. At baseline and after three months of physical training, blood samples for laboratory analyses were taken, anthropometric measurements were performed for both groups.

Intervention. The exercise program lasted three months, with three sessions per week. Women in both groups participated in a total of 36 training sessions. The women in group A underwent endurance exercise on cycle ergometers (Schwinn Evolution, Schwinn Bicycle Company, Boulder, Colorado, USA). Exercise sessions consisted of a five-minute warm-up (stretching exercise) at low intensity (50%-60% of maximum heart rate), a 45-minute exercise (at 50%-80% of maximum heart rate), five minutes of cycling without a load, and five minutes of closing stretching and breathing exercise of low intensity. Group B performed endurance-strength exercise consisting of a five-minute warm-up (stretching exercises) of low intensity (50%-60% of maximum heart rate), a strength component, an endurance component, 5 minutes cycling without a load, and a 5 minutes closing stretching and breathing exercise of low intensity. The 20-minute-long strength component was performed using a neck barbell and a gymnastic ball. Directly after the strength exercise, the women took part in a 25-minute endurance exercise on cycle ergometers (Schwinn Evolution, Schwinn Bicycle Company, Boulder, Colorado, USA) at 50%-80% of maximum heart rate. Both the endurance and endurance-strength training were comparable in exercise volume; the only difference was the nature of the effort.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* informed written consent;
* simple obesity;
* age from 18 to 65 years;
* body fat content, assessed by electrical bioimpedance, equal to or more than 33%;
* waist circumference more than 80 cm;
* stable body weight in the one month prior to the trial.

Exclusion Criteria:

* secondary form of excess body mass
* secondary form of arterial hypertension
* mean systolic blood pressure \> 140 mmHg and/or mean diastolic blood pressure \> 90 mmHg;
* diabetes;
* ischemic heart disease;
* stroke;
* heart failure;
* history of malignancy;
* clinically significant heart arrhythmias;
* a history of use of any dietary supplement;
* serious liver or kidney damage;
* abnormal thyroid gland function;
* clinically significant inflammation, connective tissue disease, or arthritis;
* nicotine, alcohol, or narcotic abuse;
* infection;
* pregnancy, childbirth, or lactation;
* any other condition that would make participation not in the best interest of the subject, or could prevent the efficacy of the study.