Mediterranean Diet, Weight Loss, and Cognition in Obese Older Adults

The deleterious effects of obesity on cardiovascular disease (CVD) and metabolic risk factors (dyslipidemia, hypertension, and insulin resistance) are well-documented. Recent evidence also links obesity to cognitive decline and dementia. Dietary patterns are central to the development and maintenance of obesity and certain dietary patterns may contribute to the onset and progression of cognitive decline. With the rapid aging of the US population and the high prevalence of obesity among older adults, innovative lifestyle strategies to prevent cognitive decline among ethnically diverse obese older adults are critically needed.

Obesity is a leading cause of death and disability in the United States, affecting as many as 80 million Americans. It is well-established that obesity contributes to a number of risk factors for metabolic abnormalities and cardiovascular diseases (CVD), including hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia. In addition, there is growing evidence that obesity is associated with cognitive deficits in multiple domains, even in otherwise healthy older adults. With the rapidly aging US population and the high prevalence of obesity among older adults, innovative strategies to prevent cognitive decline in this population are needed. Dietary patterns are central to the development and maintenance of obesity and evidence suggests that dietary factors also may affect cognition. Studies have shown that adherence to a Mediterranean Diet (MedDiet) is associated with less cognitive decline and reduced risk for dementia in older adults. Weight loss through caloric restriction also has been shown to improve cognitive function in obese adults. Both the MedDiet and weight loss are thought to improve cognition in obese individuals and reduce CVD/metabolic risk through beneficial changes in systemic inflammation and oxidative stress. The identification of effective lifestyle interventions for diet/weight management to improve cognition among obese older adults is a public health priority. However, no randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have examined the effect of the MedDiet with and without caloric restriction, to promote weight loss on cognitive functioning in obese older adults. The investigators propose a three-arm RCT in which 180 obese (body mass index \[BMI\] ≥ 30 and \< 50 kg/m²) older adults (55-80 years) will be randomized to: 1) an 8-month MedDiet Alone, without caloric restriction/weight loss (MedDiet-A); 2) an 8-month MedDiet lifestyle intervention with caloric restriction/weight loss (MedDiet-WL); or 3) an 8-month typical diet control (TDC) without caloric restriction/weight loss. The investigators will test the following hypotheses: 1) participants randomized to MedDiet-A and MedDiet-WL will achieve greater improvements in cognition compared to participants randomized to TDC; 2) participants randomized to MedDiet-WL will exhibit greater improvements in cognition compared to participants randomized to MedDiet-A; 3) participants randomized to MedDiet-A and MedDiet-WL will show greater improvements in CVD/metabolic risk factors, systemic inflammation, OxStress, and body weight/composition compared to participants in TDC; 4) participants randomized to MedDiet-WL will exhibit greater improvements in CVD/metabolic risk factors, systemic inflammation, OxStress, and body weight/composition compared to MedDiet-A; 5) improvements in CVD/metabolic risk factors, body composition, systemic inflammation, and OxStress will mediate the relationship between MedDiet and improved cognition. The investigators also will determine the extent to which changes in dietary habits, weight and cognitive functioning are maintained over a 6-month follow-up period.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Men and women ≥ 55 years of age\],
* BMI 30.0-50.0 kg/m2,
* English speaking
* Have access to a phone
* Plan to reside in the Chicago area for the following 14 months
* Minimal levels of cognitive impairment as determined by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) \< 19.

Exclusion Criteria:

* The exclusion criteria ensure that participants can safely participate in the trial.
* renal disease
* autoimmune disorder
* immunodeficiency
* malabsorptive disorder
* gastrointestinal and hepatic diseases
* severe ischemic heart disease
* severe pulmonary disease
* bariatric surgery
* alcohol abuse (\> 50 grams/day) or illicit drug abuse
* uncontrolled diabetes based on capillary hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) \> 9.0%
* schizophrenia or bipolar disorder
* cancer treatment within the past 12 months
* weight \> 450 lbs. (due to the weight limitation of the DXA scanner)
* diagnosed sleep apnea and regularly using a cpap machine
* currently adhering to a MedDiet, Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) \< 19,(161) -
* currently on a weight-loss diet or actively involved in a formal weight loss program (e.g., Weight Watchers.)