The Use of Fibrin Sealant to Reduce Post Operative Pain in Cleft Palate Surgery

Cleft Palate is a condition which affects up to 1 in 500 live births. Current treatment is surgery to correct the underlying anomaly. Children born with cleft palate typically undergo surgery at age 12 months. Standard ways to stop surgical bleeding include direct pressure and the use of electrocautery (burning of the tissue). Other products are available to help lessen blood loss. One of these includes a fibrin sealant. Fibrin is the key component of a blood clot. When a fibrin sealant is applied there are a variety of potential benefits other than bleeding control. One of these is decreased pain post operatively It is the investigators belief that the use of a fibrin sealant, Tisseel, in cleft palate surgery will decrease pain and enhance the recovery of children who undergo cleft palate repair.

The proposed study will randomly select children undergoing cleft palate repair to have tisseel used on the incision. Through statistical tests 40 children will be recruited (20 to have tisseel used and 20 with no tisseel). The use of tisseel will be known to the surgeon but not to the recovery room or ward nursing staff. Post operatively, the FLACC pain scale will be used to score the pain of the children throughout their admission to the Stollery children's hospital. The amount of pain controlling medication required as well as time to discharge will also be recorded. Statistical analysis of the data will be performed using accepted methods. Overall, the investigators hope to show that fibrin sealant, tisseel, will less the amount of post operative pain experienced by children undergoing cleft palate repair.

Cleft palate is a condition which affects up to 1:500 births. Current practice is that children are enrolled in a multidisciplinary care team and undergo primary cleft palate repair at 12 months of age. These children are admitted to hospital overnight for observation of airway compromise, bleeding and analgesics. The use of fibrin sealant is gaining popularity and its use in pediatric surgery is becoming more commonplace. It acts as both a hemostatic agent as well as an adhesive. A review of the current literature on fibrin sealant has shown that in adults and children it may decrease post operative inflammation and pain. In 1994 Moralee et al published that the use of fibrin sealant in tonsillectomy patients in lieu of diathermy resulted in decreased pain in the early post operative period and that it was equally effective as a hemostatic method. Another study published in 2005 by healy et al showed that when fibrin sealant was applied to the donor site from a thigh split thickness skin graft patients experienced significantly less pain over a 14 day study period. Tisseel is a safe product when used appropriately. It is contraindicated for injection intra-arterially and in those with allergy. It is derived from plasma however viral transmission has not been shown to occur in this product. A full product monograph is available. It is the investigators hypothesis that the use of tisseel in pediatric patients undergoing cleft palate repair will result in decreased post operative pain.

The proposed study is a prospective randomized control trial. The control group will have electrocautery as the primary method of hemostasis control and the treatment group will have tisseel applied to the incision. The primary outcome of the study is post operative pain. Secondary outcomes will be the amount of analgesics required during the hospital admission, time to discharge, time to first feeding, minor complication rates- infection, dehiscence, respiratory compromise, and long term sequelae- oronasal fistula formation, need for revision, velopharyngeal insufficiency. Statistical calculations for sample size have determined that 16 patients will be needed in each group. This was calculated based on an alpha of 0.05 and power(beta) of 0.8. Statistical significance will be set as p\<0.05.

Recruitment will be directed at parents/guardians of patients to undergo cleft palate repair. Details of the study will be explained to parents pre-operatively. Currently the pediatric plastic surgeons at the Stollery Children's Hospital use tisseel in their repair techniques however the investigators do not have concrete data suggesting it has a clear benefit for this procedure. Two surgeons will be enrolling patients and performing surgeries independently with or without the assistance of residents and/or medical students. After informed consent by the primary decision maker, the patient will be randomized, via concealed envelop, to have Tisseel used or have electrocautery used as a hemostatic mechanism. The parents/guardians will be blinded to the randomization. The operating room staff will know the results of the randomization and will need to prepare the Tisseel product. All other health care providers caring for the patient in the recovery period will be blinded to the randomization. Post-operative pain scores will be determined using the FLACC (Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability) scoring system. This system is a validated objective pain scoring system used in young children post procedure. Patients will be assessed in the standard fashion. Pain scores and analgesic medications given will be recorded as per current nursing policy as well as on the study record which will be placed in the patient's chart. Parents will be shown how to assess FLACC scores and if patient is discharged prior to 72 hours, the parent or guardian will be asked to record the FLACC score at certain time points. The record of time to first feeding will be recorded on the study record form. Patients will be discharged from hospital when current criteria for safe discharge are met. Clinic follow up will be conducted in the current standard method at the surgeon's discretion. It will be noted on the patient's hospital chart that they were enrolled in this study in order to track long-term outcomes listed above.

Student t-test will be used to compare the outcome data. Demographic parameters will be collected to validate the randomization of the study groups. Age at time of surgery, associated congenital malformations including cleft lip and prior orthodontic surgery/interventions will be recorded and stored in a password protected data storage device. Results of the study will be made available to the parent/guardians of the study patients. It is estimated that the study will require one year of recruitment and data collection for the primary outcome.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Undergoing primary cleft palate repair (palatoplasty)
* Informed consent from parent(s) or guardian(s)

Exclusion Criteria:

* Allergy to any component of Tisseel
* failure to obtain informed consent