Multiple Breath Washout, a Clinimetric Dataset

Monitoring patients with chronic, inflammatory airways disease particularly in the early stages is hampered by the relative insensitivity of current outcome measures to detect subtle changes. Multiple breath washout is a potential sensitive test that is a useful readout of disease at these early stages but it lacks standardisation and knowledge of variability with reference to standard lung function measures. This is a Cross sectional and longitudinal observation study. The hypothesis is that multiple breath washout-derived indices will provide a robust signal of gas mixing inhomogeneity, correlating with conventional measures of airway disease severity. Multiple breath washout performed on different devices will generate indices which correlate but differ in value.

Lung Clearance Index (LCI) has been shown to be more sensitive and perhaps more applicable in early stages of lung disease when compared to currently utilised physiological outcome measures, and yet it is not approved by regulatory agencies as a recognised surrogate outcome measure. This may highlight some of the lack of understanding within MBW; what is the best equipment to use, what is the minimal value of change to show an improvement in LCI, what is LCI's correlation with clinical outcome measures and what does the progression of LCI tell us about lung disease. These questions will be addressed with a view to contributing a body of data to guide decisions around its utility in both interventional drug trials and for monitoring in a clinical setting.

The aim of this study is to assess the suitability of LCI as a clinical outcome measure for both clinical trials and clinical monitoring of patients with inflammatory respiratory disease across the disease spectrum. Different testing modalities will be compared as well as assess the repeatability and validity of LCI for its determination as an outcome measure. Long-term follow up will allow an assessment of the relationship between LCI and future outcomes such as rate of decline in lung function and frequency of exacerbations, both recognised as relevant by regulatory agencies.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion criteria

* For patients with the following respiratory disease, diagnosis confirmed by:
* CF: diagnosed by standard criteria
* PCD: diagnosed by ciliary beat frequency measurement, ciliary beat pattern analysis or electron microscopy of ciliary ultrastructure, or genetics
* Non-CF bronchiectasis: CT diagnosis of bronchiectasis and not fulfilling diagnostic criteria for CF or PCD
* Asthma: as diagnosed by standard diagnostic criteria of British Thoracic Society/Scottish Intercollegiate Guideline Network (BTS/SIGN) guidelines.
* Persistent bacterial bronchitis defined as a wet cough present for \>1 month, usually with bronchoscopic evidence of chronic infection, that resolves with appropriate antibiotic therapy
* Sleep Disordered Breathing.
* For healthy volunteers, these will be colleagues and staff contacts (including children) at a participating centre i.e. Royal Brompton Hospital, or will be siblings of patients.
* Written informed consent (assent from children of appropriate age) obtained.

Exclusion criteria

* Positive culture (within the last year of / receiving treatment for Mycobaterium tuberculosis or abscessus (due to cross-infection concerns).
* Pregnant or breastfeeding.
* Inability to understand or cooperate with the test(s).
* Inability to give informed consent, or withdrawal of informed consent.