Exposure Therapy vs. Standardized Education for Distress Related to Somatic Symptoms

The annual societal cost of medically unexplained symptoms in Sweden is approximately 40 billion SEK, i.e., similar to the annual cost of cancer. Prevalent chronic diseases like asthma and diabetes are also commonly associated with somatic symptoms that lead to significant distress and pervasive behavioral changes that result in functional impairment and place added strain on the health care system. Exposure-based treatment, where the patient willingly engages with stimuli that give rise to unwanted physical sensations or distress, has shown promise in reducing somatic symptom load and increasing quality of life in several conditions where patients commonly report substantial distress related to somatic symptoms, such as in asthma, musculoskeletal pain, and functional gastrointestinal syndromes. In routine care, however, access to such exposure-based treatment is limited. One reason for this is probably that there exists no flexible exposure-based treatment protocol that can be easily tailored to suit a wide spectrum of patient groups who suffer from distress related to recurrent somatic symptoms. In a recent single group feasibility trial (N=33) at Karolinska Institutet, Sweden, the investigators found that such a tailored exposure-based treatment delivered in an online text-based format can be acceptable, with high treatment adherence, adequate treatment satisfaction, large and lasting within-group improvement, and no serious adverse events. This is a randomized controlled trial (N=160) where the investigators aim to test if the same tailored internet-delivered exposure-based treatment is more efficacious than a standardized education control for adult patients with clinically significant distress related to somatic symptoms in a primary care setting. Primary outcome is change in self-rated somatic symptom burden as modelled using linear mixed models fitted on weekly Patient Health Questionnaire 15 sum scores over the treatment period. Long-term efficacy is assessed up to one year after treatment and cost-effectiveness is investigated based on the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio.

Approximately one fifth of primary care patients seek care for symptoms that cannot readily be given a medical explanation. In addition, primary care is tasked with offering care for prevalent chronic diseases such as asthma and diabetes where somatic symptoms often lead to distress and pervasive behavioral changes. Though a concern with somatic symptoms can be fully warranted, helpful, and transient, it can also be persistent and lead to much unnecessary suffering. Existing treatments commonly yield insufficient effects on medically unexplained symptoms.

Psychological factors - in particular the preoccupation with symptoms - have been found to affect the perception and intensity of a large number of physical symptoms, both with and without a clear medical genesis. In pain, it has for example been found that fear and the preoccupation with symptoms can have a more substantial predictive value for chronicity than pain itself. In general, in individuals who suffer from clinically significant symptom preoccupation, behaviors intended to evaluate symptoms, seek information about symptoms, or avoid discomfort have been found to often contribute to worsened function and increased symptom burden in the long term.

This makes exposure, where the patient willingly and systematically approaches stimuli that give rise to unwanted symptoms or discomfort while refraining from acting on symptoms, a logical intervention. There are several examples where exposure-based treatment has been found to be efficacious when protocols were written to suit a particular group of patients where distress associated with somatic symptoms is common, e.g., a particular functional somatic syndrome in terms of fibromyalgia and irritable bowel syndrome, or a chronic somatic condition such as asthma or atrial fibrillation. Typically, effects on symptoms and the preoccupation with symptoms have been large, and there is evidence to suggests that a reduction in somatic symptom burden may have been mediated by a reduction in symptom preoccupation or behaviors that serve to reduce distress in the short term.

Generalist primary care clinics typically do not have the resources necessary for administering specific psychological treatments for a large number specific functional somatic syndromes or chronic somatic conditions. The investigators suspect that a more general treatment protocol that can be tailored to suit a wide spectrum of physical symptoms could dramatically improve access to exposure-based treatment for patients with distress related to somatic symptoms. This may be particularly true if treatment can be delivered via the internet, which requires less therapist time but often results in similar effects as face-to-face treatment.

The investigators recently completed a feasibility trial at Karolinska Institutet, Sweden (NCT04511286), where the investigators found that an internet-delivered flexible exposure-based treatment for individuals with high levels of symptom preoccupation regardless of somatic symptom domain (N=33; e.g., functional gastrointestinal symptoms, atrial fibrillation, migraine) can be delivered with high treatment adherence, adequate client satisfaction, large and lasting improvement in self-reported somatic symptoms and symptom preoccupation, and no serious adverse events. It is thus motivated to evaluate this treatment format further.

In further evaluating the flexible exposure-based treatment approach for patients with distress related to somatic symptoms it is imperative to conduct a randomized controlled trial versus an informative control condition, focusing on effects on somatic symptoms and symptom preoccupation. It is also important to evaluate if the treatment can be effective in a routine clinical setting and when patients are referred via a clinician such as a general practitioner. In this trial, the investigators aim to evaluate if flexible internet-delivered exposure-based treatment is more effective than an internet-delivered standardized routine care education program for patients with distress related to somatic symptoms in primary care.

* Primary research question:

Compared to the control condition, does flexible internet-delivered exposure-based treatment lead to a larger average improvement in self-rated somatic symptom burden as assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire 15 (PHQ-15)? Hypothesis: Yes.

* Key secondary research questions:

Compared to the control condition, does flexible internet-delivered exposure-based treatment lead to a larger average improvement in symptom preoccupation, psychiatric symptom burden, and functional impairment? Hypothesis: Yes.

In flexible internet-delivered exposure-based treatment, are effects typically maintained up to 12 months after treatment? Hypothesis: Yes.

Is flexible internet-delivered exposure-based treatment cost-effective compared to the control condition? Hypothesis: Yes.

Is the controlled effect of the flexible exposure-based treatment on self-rated somatic symptoms moderated by baseline symptoms and preoccupation? Hypothesis: Yes.

Is the effect of the flexible exposure-based treatment on self-rated somatic symptom burden mediated by a reduction in symptom preoccupation? Hypothesis: Yes.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* (i) Either much bothered by at least one somatic symptom (2 points on at least one item of the PHQ-15) or at least a moderate overall somatic symptom burden (PHQ-15 sum ≥10), with (ii) recurrent distress related to somatic symptoms ≥4 months
* Interested in completing an intense psychological treatment with the aim of reducing distress associated with physical symptoms
* Adult (≥18 years old)
* Living in Stockholm County
* Can read and write in Swedish
* Complete baseline assessment

Exclusion Criteria:

* Symptoms best explained by, or clinical picture dominated by, severe health anxiety or a non-somatoform psychiatric disorder such as depression, panic disorder, primary insomnia, a chronic stress disorder, or an acute stress disorder
* Severe psychiatric condition or suicidal ideation
* Clear medical risk in taking part in exposure-based treatment (e.g., pregnancy) or somatic condition (e.g., recent cancer diagnosis), or treatment for somatic condition (e.g., recent chemotherapy), makes treatment unfeasible
* Continuous psychotropic medication (antidepressants, anticonvulsants, mood-stabilizers, antipsychotics) not stable in past 4 weeks, or not expected to remain stable over the main phase of the trial
* Severe alcohol or substance use disorder likely to interfere with treatment
* Planned absence for more than 1 week during the intended main phase