Erectae Spinae Block Versus Intrathecal Morphine for Postoperative Analgesis in Lumbar Surgeries

The study design will be double blinded retrospective controlled comparative study.

The patients will be included in the study shoud be in the following category:

* American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I, II
* Age range from 18 and 70 years.

The patients will be discarded from the study shoud be in the following:

* patient refusal.
* significant renal, hepatic and cardiovascular diseases.
* Pregnancy.
* Any contraindication to regional anesthesia such as local infection or bleeding disorders.
* Chronic opioid use, history of chronic pain and cognitive disorders.
* Lumbar spine lesion revision and dural tear. Postoperative pain will be evaluated using a visual analogue scale (VAS) score as primary outcome measure.

demographic data ( Age, Weight, sex and height) , ASA classification ,mean operative times (min), time to the first rescue analgesic (min) ,intraoperative fentanyl consumption(microgram),postoperative opioid consumption ,sedation score, hemodynamics intraoperative and postoperative ( BP ,H R and oxgen saturation %) and complications as 2ry outcome measures.

This study will be performed in the in the FAYOUM University hospital after the local Institutional Ethics Committee and local institutional review board approval. The study design will be double blinded retrospective controlled comparative study. A detailed informed consent will be signed by the eligible patients before recruitment and randomization.

Inclusion criteria:

* American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I, II patients who will be scheduled for elective lumbar surgery for one or two levels.
* Age range from 18 and 70 years.

Exclusion criteria:

* patient refusal.
* significant renal, hepatic and cardiovascular diseases.
* History of allergy to one of the study drugs.
* Pregnancy.
* Any contraindication to regional anesthesia such as local infection or bleeding disorders.
* Chronic opioid use, history of chronic pain and cognitive disorders.
* Lumbar spine lesion revision and dural tear. Randomization will be done via computer-generated random numbers that will be placed in separate closed envelopes and will be opened by study investigators just after induction of general anesthesia. Neither the patients, the study investigators, the attending clinicians nor the data collectors will be aware of the allocation of groups till the study ends.

The patients will be allocated in 1:1 ratio to one of the two groups:

group erector spinae plane block (n=41), and group intrathecal morphine (n=41).

Anesthesia procedure:

All patients will receive 150 mg ranitidine oral tablet at the night and on the morning of the operation as a premedication. Upon arrival to the operating room, standard monitors (Electrocardiogram, Pulse oximeter, Noninvasive blood pressure monitoring) will be applied and continued all over the operation. An intravenous (IV) access will be established. General anesthesia will be performed as follows: induction will be made using IV propofol (2mg/kg), atracurium (0.5mg/kg), and fentanyl

(1microgram/kg). A cuffed endotracheal tube (7-8.5) size will be placed to secure the airway .The patients will be placed in the prone position. Maintenance of anesthesia will be made using inhalational anesthesia (isoflurane) and IV atracurium according to the patients' requirements.

Block procedure:

The same anesthesiologist who is experienced in US guided regional anesthesia will perform the block. In the group ESP, a high frequency linear US probe (HFL_50, 15_6MHz) will be placed vertically and nearly 3 cm lateral to the vertebra in the middle of the incision line. The transverse process and the overlaying erector spinae muscles (ESM) will be identified under parasagittal scanning A22 G,50 mm block needle (SONOTAP,Pajunk, Geisingen,Germany) will be inserted at a 30-40° angle in the cranial to caudal direction via an in-plane approach and advanced into the plane between the fascia of ESM and transverse process under sterile conditions. The correct needle position will be confirmed after a hydro dissection with 3 ml of isotonic saline, and then 20 ml of 0.25% bupivacaine will be injected in the interfascial plane between the rhomboideus major muscle and ESM. The local anesthetic spread will be visualized in a fascial longitudinal pattern deep to the ESM. The same procedure will be performed on the contralateral side. In the group of intrathecal morphine , a lumbar puncture will be done in the lateral position via a midline approach into the level of the vertebra which exists in the middle of the incision with complete aseptic condition using 25 gauge Quincke spinal needle to give 0.3 mg of morphine (preservative free form) suspended in 0.4 ml of normal saline . Anesthesia will be discontinued at the end of the surgery and the patients will be extubated after return of spontaneous respiration .All patients will be followed for 1 hour in the post anesthesia care unit (PACU) then discharged to the ward. In the postoperative period we will give the patients multimodal analgesic regimen as following : a) paracetamol 1000 mg IV 3 times/day, b) dexketoprofen 50 mg IV once/day, c) IV pethidine 0.5mg/kg as a rescue analgesic on demand. Postoperative pain will be evaluated using a visual analogue scale (VAS 0: no pain, 10: worst pain ever) at 0 hours postoperative in PACU, then at postoperative 2., 6.,12.,24., and 48 hours at the ward by a research assistant who will be blinded to the study groups. Pethidine IV 0.5 mg/kg will be given as a rescue analgesic when the VAS score will be more than 3. The amount of pethidine consumption will be recorded between 0-12., 12-24., and 24-48 hours. The following criteria will be recorded and compared between the two groups : demographic data ( Age, Weight, sex and height) , ASA classification ,mean operative times (min), VAS scores , time to the first rescue analgesic (h) ,intraoperative fentanyl consumption(mg),postoperative opioid consumption ,sedation score, hemodynamics intraoperative and postoperative ( blood pressure ,heart rate and spo2 ) and complications. Complications include complications related to the block and the surgery (nerve damage, local anesthesia toxicity, bleeding, infection, and thromboembolism) and complications related to the general anesthesia , intrathecal morphine and IV opioids (respiratory depression , nausea and vomiting, urine retension, hypotension , bradycardia, pruritus, constipation and dizziness ).9

Primary outcome measures:

The mean VAS score (score 0 =no pain and 10 =worst pain ever ) in the two groups of the study.

Secondary outcome measures:

The secondary outcome will include the following : demographic data ( Age, Weight, height, body mass index) , ASA classification ,mean operative times (minutes), time to first rescue analgesic (minutes) ,intraoperative fentanyl consumption(micrograme),postoperative opioid consumption ,sedation score, hemodynamics intraoperative and postoperative ( blood pressure

,heart rate and spo2 ) and complications. Complications include complications related to the block and the surgery (nerve damage, local anesthesia toxicity, bleeding, infection, and thromboembolism) and complications related to the general anesthesia, intrathecal morphine and IV opioids (respiratory depression, nausea and vomiting, hypotension, bradycardia, pruritus, constipation and dizziness).

Statistical analysis and sample size estimation :

Sample size was calculated using G\*power version 3.1.9.4. Previous similar studies indicated that a minimal sample size of 37 patients in each group will be needed to achieve a power level of 0.80 , alpha level of 0.05(two tailed) , will a medium effect size of 0.66 for the VAS score at 24 hours. Estimating that 10% of patients may drop out of the study due to different reasons , sample size was increased to 82 patients (41 in each group).10 Statistical analysis will be performed using SPSS version 21.0 (IBM,Armonk,NY,USA).Data are presented as mean (SD) , median \[interquartile range (IQR) \], or number of patients (%) . Distribution normality will be assessed using the Kolmogorov_Smirnov test. Comparisons between groups will be made using independent t_test or Mann_Whitney U test , as appropriate. Categorical variables will be analyzed using chi_square test or Fisher exact test. A p_value less 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I, II patients who will be scheduled for elective lumbar surgery for one or two levels. • Age range from 18 and 70 years.

Exclusion Criteria:

* patient refusal.

  * significant renal, hepatic and cardiovascular diseases.
  * History of allergy to one of the study drugs.
  * Pregnancy.
  * Any contraindication to regional anesthesia such as local infection or bleeding disorders.
  * Chronic opioid use, history of chronic pain and cognitive disorders.
  * Lumbar spine lesion revision and dural tear.