tDCS Effects on Resisting Smoking: Dose Ranging Study

Behaviors such as tobacco use, unhealthy diet, and sedentary behavior have far-reaching health implications. These modifiable behaviors account for a substantial proportion of deaths from cancer, cardiovascular disease and diabetes, and take a significant economic toll. Yet, many unhealthy behaviors are very resistant to change, despite widespread knowledge of the risks. Although theories of behavior change have been advanced to explain the persistence of these behaviors, few consider the neurobehavioral underpinnings. These approaches also fail to address a fundamental aspect of behavior change - an individual's ability to exert sufficient self-control to overcome temptations for immediate gratification and/or to maintain attention to long-term goals. With advances in the neuroimaging field, the investigators are learning where and how self-control over decisions and behaviors is executed in the brain. This work points to the central role of neural activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortices (DLPFC) in self-control processes that contribute to healthy choices. Further, emerging evidence shows that activity in the prefrontal cortices and cognitive control circuits can be modulated using a noninvasive and safe intervention: direct current transcranial stimulation (tDCS). The investigators pilot study, IRB study #820231, demonstrated that a single session of 1mA tDCS increased the ability to resist smoking in a validated smoking lapse paradigm. The current study will use a between-subject design to investigate the dose/response relationship between tDCS (administered at 1mA, 2mA, or sham stimulation for three sessions) and ability to resist smoking.

This trial will use a between-subject single blind design in which participants will be randomized to one of three tDCS dosage groups (1mA, 2mA or sham) and will receive three 20 minute sessions of the same dosage over the course of 1 week before completing a 7 day quit attempt. Eligible participants will complete an Intake Visit (week -1) for final eligibility determination, and complete baseline measures (if eligible). Participants will then be randomly assigned to one of the three dosage groups (1mA, 2mA or sham) and will attend three identical tDCS resist-smoking sessions (study days 1, 3, \& 5) during which they will receive 20 minutes of their assigned tDCS dosage and complete cognitive tasks and a resist smoking paradigm. During the resist smoking sessions, participants will receive a session of their assigned dosage of tDCS for 20 minutes while being exposed to in vivo smoking cues (their cigarette pack, cigarettes, an ashtray). Participants will not be informed of their dosage condition. During and after the tDCS session, participants will have the opportunity to smoke in the approved smoking lab. The investigators will measure time to first cigarette and subsequent ad libitum smoking during the resist smoking paradigm. Following Session 3 participants will receive a 20 minute coaching session from a trained smoking cessation counselor to help them prepare for a 7-day quit attempt. During the 7-day quit attempt participants will be asked to attend 4 monitoring visits (study days 6, 8, 10 \& 12) to confirm smoking status.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

1. Healthy males and females who are between 18 and 60 years of age
2. Report smoking at least 10 cigarettes per day for the past year and have a CO value of \> 10ppm at intake
3. Planning to live in the area for at least the next 2 months;
4. Capable of giving written informed consent, which includes compliance with the requirements and restrictions listed in the combined consent and HIPAA form;
5. Able to communicate fluently in English (speaking, writing, and reading);
6. Smokers who answer yes on a question regarding motivation to quit smoking.

Exclusion Criteria:

Alcohol/Drugs:

1. History or current diagnosis or treatment for alcohol or drug abuse (as reported during phone screen);
2. Positive breath alcohol concentration test (BrAC \>0.01) at any study visit. a. Participants testing positive for breath alcohol with a reading equal to or greater than .08 (the legal driving limit) or who are visibly impaired will be instructed not to drive themselves home after the appointment. If a participant needs to use a phone to call for a safe ride home, an office telephone will be made available to the participant.

Medication:

Current use or recent discontinuation (within the last 14 days at the time of Intake) of:

1. Smoking cessation medication (e.g., Zyban, Wellbutrin, Wellbutrin SR, Chantix);
2. Anti-psychotic medications;
3. Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT);
4. GABAergic medications;
5. Glutamatergic medications;
6. Any medication that could compromise participant safety as determined by the Principal Investigator and/or Study Physician.

   Daily use of:
7. Opiate-containing medications for chronic pain;
8. Benzodiazepines.

Medical/Neuropsychiatric:

1. Women who are pregnant, planning a pregnancy, and/or breast feeding. All female subjects will complete a urine pregnancy test at the intake visit and preceding all brain stimulation sessions (4 urine pregnancy tests in total);
2. History of epilepsy or a seizure disorder;
3. History of stroke;
4. Self-reported history of brain or spinal tumor;
5. Self-reported history or current diagnosis of psychosis, including schizophrenia, mania, bipolar disorder, major depression (subjects with a history of major depression but in remission for past 6 months are eligible).

tDCS-related:

1. Self-report of metallic objects in the face or head other than dental apparatus (e.g. braces, fillings, and implants);
2. Self-report of pacemakers or implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD).
3. Self-report of any skull fracture or opening.

General Exclusion:

1. Any medical condition, illness, disorder, or concomitant medication that could compromise participant safety or treatment, as determined by the Principal Investigator;
2. Low or borderline intellectual functioning - determined by a score of less than 90 on the Shipley Institute of Living Scale (SILS) (administered at Intake Visit). The SILS correlates with the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R) Estimated IQ Test;
3. Inability to provide informed consent or complete any of the study tasks as determined by the Principal Investigator.