The Family Talk Intervention in Pediatric Oncology

Even though most children with cancer now survive the ill child has to go through painful treatments which include suffering and uncertainty for all family members. The overall aim is to evaluate a modified version of the Family Talk Intervention (FTI) among families affected by childhood cancer. The goals of FTI are to increase family communication, the family members' resilience, knowledge about the illness, and thereby reduce the family members' long-term psychosocial well-being. Specific aims are to assess the feasibility (Aim 1) and the possible effects of the FTI (Aim 2).

Two to three months after diagnosis families at one of six pediatric oncology units in Sweden will be recruited to FTI. All families at this unit who have a child (with cancer and/or sibling) in the age of 6 to 19 will be asked to participate. The recruitment will continuing for 9 months.

The core elements in the intervention are to support: 1) the families in talking about the illness and related subjects, 2) the parents in understanding the needs of their children and how to support them, and 3) the families in identifying their strengths and how to use them. FTI entails six meetings with two interventionists (with the whole family and with the individual members of the family) at 1-2 weekly intervals.

Questionnaires, interviews and field notes will be used to evaluate the intervention. Time points for data collection: before the intervention starts (baseline), directly after the intervention (follow-up 1) and 6 months after baseline (follow-up 2).

Since few intervention studies (if any) of this kind have been carried out in pediatric oncology in Sweden to date, this study fills a knowledge gap. Research has described how cancer affects the whole family, and the importance of an open and honest communication about the illness in order to reduce the psychological suffering. The interventions presented here are likely to improve communication within the family, which may reduce the risk of long-term psychological distress for all family members.

Previous research in pediatric oncology and evaluations from the Swedish Childhood Foundation, which focusing on parents', the ill child's, and the siblings' experiences, conclude that much remains to be done regarding support to families affected by childhood cancer. As there is no scientifically evaluated family-centered psychosocial intervention in pediatric oncology in Sweden intervention studies are needed. This present study, described below, fills a part of this knowledge gap. The overall aim is to evaluate a modified version of the Family Talk Intervention (FTI) among families affected by childhood cancer. The goals of FTI are to increase family communication, the family members' resilience, knowledge about the illness, and thereby reduce the family members' long-term psychosocial well-being. Specific aims are to assess the feasibility (Aim 1) and the possible effects of the FTI (Aim 2).

This is an intervention study that primarily focuses on feasibility. It will consist of an intervention group based on families affected by childhood cancer. One of the children in the family, the ill child or the sibling(s), have to be between 6-19 years old and the inclusion of families will be conducted approximately 2-3 months after the cancer diagnosis or relaps. The whole family or a part of the family can participate in the intervention. A minimum is that at least one adult and one child in the age 6-19 can participate. To participate, the family members have to understand and talk Swedish. All families that meet the inclusion criteria at the pediatric oncology unit at Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital will be asked for participation from September 2018 to May 2019. Nurses at the clinic will identify the families that meet the inclusion criteria's. Information about the study will be sent home to the families by the researchers. One to two weeks later the interventionists will contact the families by phone, inform them about the study, and asked them about participation. Those who are willing to participate will be asked for informed consent.

FTI is a preventive method originally developed for families with a parent with an affective disorder who had children aged 6-18 years. The over-arching aims of the method are not traditional psychotherapeutic intervention. They are instead to support an open, honest and child-centered family communication, and increase understanding of the disease. The intervention also aims to promote parental awareness concerning protective factors (as well as identification of such), such as well-functioning school life, relationships and hobbies among their children. Even if the intervention was developed for families with a parent with depression it has also been tested among families with a severely ill parent who has young children, with positive results. The core elements in the intervention are to: 1) support the families in talking about the illness and related subjects 2) support the parents in understanding the needs of their children and how to support them, and, 3) support the families in identifying their strengths and how to use them. One of the most important principles is respect for the parents. It is important to emphasize the parents' expertise regarding their children.

Since pediatric oncology is yet another context, the intervention has been slightly modified by the research group together with individuals who educate persons in FTI in Sweden. The modified FTI entails six meetings at 1-2 weekly intervals with five extra meetings. The interventionists, who work in pairs, are educated in FTI and have clinical experiences of working with families affected by seriously illness (e.g. as a nurse, counselor, etc.). To support the interventionists a supervisor/educator in FTI will be available. The FTI is manual-based and the interventionists are following a special protocol (here called the logbook). The meetings with the families are held at a place chosen by the families.

Meetings 1-2: include only the parent(s) and focus on the parents' experiences of their situation as well as the consequences of the cancer diagnosis for each family member. During the meeting, each child's situation will be discussed including strengths, problems, worries, the situation in school and with friends, and their social network. The knowledge of the disease will also be a focus. The parent(s) will formulate the goal of the intervention. They can also formulate questions that the interventionist(s) will ask the children in meetings 3.

Meeting 3: interviews will be held with each child (without the parents) concerning the child's life situation, feelings, understanding of the disease, questions and hobbies. The relationship with their parents is discussed as well as the child's social network. The interventionist(s) identifies protective factors from the child's narrative (e.g. well-functioning school life and relationships with friends) as well as risk factors (e.g. poor social network). The child can also formulate questions for the parents and what he/she wants to discuss during the family meeting.

Meeting 4: includes the parent(s) and focuses on the planning of the family meetings. The child's thoughts and questions serve as a guide for the upcoming family meeting.

Meeting 5: is preferably led by the parent(s) to facilitate ongoing and continuous communication within the family, and consists of questions and issues raised earlier by each family member. This family meeting can be seen as a starting point for communication within the family.

Meeting 6: is a follow-up with all family members, held preferably within a month of meeting 5. The meeting is guided by the family members' needs, e.g. communication and parenting.

Various strategies will be implemented during the different meetings including conversation technique, books and different techniques of expression such as drawing and writing. For example the interventionist(s) will use mapping of the children's social network as one technique to assess the support that children receive.

In case of that the intervention not can be finished due to special circumstances extra meetings will be available (meeting 7-11).

Mixed methods, i.e. questionnaires, interviews and notes, will be used to evaluate the FTI.

The primary focus for this study is on the feasibility (Aim 1). Interviews and notes from the logbooks will be analyzed with content analysis and the study process will be observed. As this is a first study in this context, the results of the potential effects (Aim 2) will indicate the direction for further studies. The potential effects will be explored with descriptive statistics (data from the questionnaires) focusing on within effects where descriptive trends of e.g. family communication will be explored. However, the main part of Aim 1 will be answered by interview data from the families, the interventionist and by observations. This study will also contribute to a power calculation for a larger study in this context.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* One of the children in the family, the ill child or the sibling(s), have to be between 6-19 years old
* At least one adult and one child in the age 6-19 from the same family have to participate
* The family members have to understand and talk Swedish

Exclusion Criteria:

* Families with children only under 6 years or over 19 years
* Families were only the parent(s) or the children want to participate
* Families that do not speak and write Swedish.