Evaluation of Brain Neurotransmitter Levels in Adults With ADHD, Before and After Stimulant Treatment

Background:

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent neurobiological brain disorders. Diagnosis of ADHD in adults is complex and subjective. Recent studies give further support for the involvement of glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmitters in the pathophysiology of ADHD. Studies show that glutamate (Glu) and GABA change according to stimulant treatment. Measuring modulations in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) of Glu and GABA may help to explore the pathophysiology of ADHD and give a diagnostic biomarker tool for ADHD in adults.

Aim:

To characterize Glu and GABA levels in the ACC, by using the proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (\[1H\]MRS) system in adults with ADHD compared to healthy control subjects (HCS), before and after stimulant treatment, and to correlate between Glu and GABA levels and clinical symptoms.

Method:

ADHD adults ages 18-40 years (N= 35), and HCS (N= 25), will fill out a DSMV and ASRS questionnaire.

Spectroscopic analyses will be done using 1H MRS (3T) in ADHD adults, before and after stimulant treatment (Methylphenidate /Mixed Amphetamine salts) in an open-label fashion as compared to HCS. Proton spectra will be acquired from the ACC.

Hypothesis:

1. We hypothesize that brain Glu and GABA levels and/or their ratio involved in ADHD pathology
2. Glu and GABA levels and/or their ratio will be affected by medical treatment in ADHD group
3. Alteration of Glu and GABA and/or their ratios, before and after treatment, will correlate with clinical response to treatment

Primary Objectives:

To characterize changes in Glu and GABA levels in the ACC of adults with ADHD compared to the healthy subjects To characterize Glu and GABA levels in the ACC of adults with ADHD before and 1.5 hrs. after stimulant treatment using 1H MRS system.

Secondary objective:

To study the correlation between Glu and GABA levels in ADHD patients (before and after medical treatment) and clinical symptoms as assessed by ASRS and DSMV and/or NeuroTrax Braincare computerized test

Design and study population:

This is a prospective observational, open-label, comparative study that is approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Maccabi Healthcare services and the Ethical Committee of Tel Aviv University, in collaboration with the Weizmann Institute of Science. Medically healthy ADHD adults of ages 18-40 years (N= 35), and matched HCS (N= 25) will be recruited.

Procedure ADHD Participants will be enrolled from the Maccabi database. Volunteers will be enrolled as a Control group

* Pre-assessment questionnaires including epidemiologic data, DSMV, and Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) will be filled out.
* Detailed explanation will be given of the trial objectives, trial methods and risks or possible discomfort that may result from an MRI/MRS examination
* During screening, subjects will receive information regarding the study, including general eligibility criteria, study design, procedures and duration. Subjects will have the opportunity to ask questions and will undergo an informed consent procedure. Subjects meeting inclusion/exclusion criteria will be enrolled. The participant will sign an informed consent form and will receive a copy.

After screening, participants who meet the inclusion criteria will be invited to the center for Computational Neuroimaging at Weizmann Institute of Science to perform the MRS scan.

ADHD patients will be instructed not to take medication for at least 72 hours prior to their arrival and will be asked to bring their medical drug treatment.

All participants will go through spectroscopic analyses using 1H MRS (at 3 Tesla) Control group participants will go through MRS once and complete their study. Adults with ADHD will repeat MRS screening, 1.5 hours after taking their medical treatment (Methylphenidate /Mixed Amphetamine salts).

Study population:

Medically healthy adults diagnosed with ADHD (men and women) ages 18-40 years (N= 35), treated with Amphetamines (Mixed Amphetamine salts (Attent) or short-acting methylphenidate (Ritalin)) will be enrolled from the Maccabi database. Matched HCS (N= 25) volunteers ages 18-40 years, who did not report ADHD or any other illness or medical conditions, and who do not take chronic medications, will be enrolled from the general population.

The Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale and DSMV questionnaire will be used to determine ADHD symptoms in both groups.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

Giving informed written consent to participate on a voluntary basis.

For the healthy control group:

Men and women aged 18-40 years, who did not report ADHD or any other chronic or psychiatric illness or medical conditions (at most two symptoms of inattention and/or hyperactivity/impulsivity).

For the ADHD group patients:

1. Men and women aged 18-40 years, who have a diagnosis of ADHD, according to DSM V criteria by a Neurologist.
2. Have a valid prescription for Mixed Amphetamine salts (Attent) or short-acting methylphenidate (Ritalin) for ADHD
3. Withhold medication 72h prior to MRS scan.

Exclusion Criteria:

Exclusion criteria identical for patients and control group:

1. Subjects with metallic devices that precludemagnetic resonance imaging or any silver part that is not MRI compliant
2. Current presence of any other DSM V psychiatric disorder
3. Significant medical or neurological illness affecting brain function
4. Subjects with any clinically signiﬁcant or unstable medical conditions
5. Use of any psychotropic medication, other than stimulants, in the previous 3 months
6. Pregnant women
7. BMI \> 35
8. History of brain MRI
9. A patient who does not agree that the scan will be decoded by a radiologist
10. A patient who does not agree that in case of an abnormal finding, the imaging results will be forwarded to the attending physician for further clarification
11. Understanding and/or language problems