B-cell Immunity to Influenza (SLVP017)- Year 1, 2009

This is an exploratory study using a strategy that has not been previously employed to investigate the effects of age and vaccine type on specific kinds of immune responses to licensed, seasonal 2009-2010 influenza vaccines in children and adults.

This study is being conducted in healthy male and female volunteers. 8-17 year-old identical twins will be randomly assigned to receive a single administration of the 2009-2010 formulation of either seasonal trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV) or live, attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV). Twins within a pair will receive different vaccines. 18-30 year-old and 70-100 year-old subjects will receive a single administration of the 2009-2010 formulation of TIV. Blood samples to conduct the assays will be taken at pre-immunization, Day 7-8 and Day 28 post immunization.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Otherwise healthy, ambulatory children 8-17 year-old twins, adults 18-30 years old (non-twin) or 70-100 year-old elderly non-twin adults.
* Willing to complete the informed consent process.
* Availability for follow-up for the planned duration of the study at least 28 days after immunization.
* Acceptable medical history by medical history and vital signs.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Prior off-study vaccination with the current seasonal TIV or LAIV in Fall 2009
* Allergy to egg or egg products, or to vaccine components, including gentamicin, gelatin, arginine or MSG (for LAIV only), or thimerosal (TIV multidose vials only).
* Life-threatening reactions to previous influenza vaccinations
* Asthma or history of wheezing (for volunteers randomized to LAIV)
* Active systemic or serious concurrent illness, including febrile illness on the day of vaccination
* History of immunodeficiency (including HIV infection)
* Known or suspected impairment of immunologic function, including, but not limited to, clinically significant liver disease, diabetes mellitus treated with insulin, moderate to severe renal disease, or any other chronic disorder which, in the opinion of the investigator, might jeopardize volunteer safety or compliance with the protocol.
* Blood pressure \>150 systolic or \>95 diastolic at first study visit
* Hospitalization in the past year for congestive heart failure or emphysema.
* Chronic Hepatitis B or C.
* Recent or current use of immunosuppressive medication, including systemic glucocorticoids (corticosteroid nasal sprays and topical steroids are permissible in all groups; inhaled steroid use is not permissible except for non-LAIV Group only). Use of oral steroids (\<20 mg prednisone-equivalent/day) may be acceptable for volunteers 70-100 yrs of age after review by the investigator.
* Participants in close contact with anyone who has a severely weakened immune system should not receive LAIV
* Malignancy, other than squamous cell or basal cell skin cancer (includes solid tumors such as breast cancer or prostate cancer with recurrence in the past year, and any hematologic cancer such as leukemia).
* Autoimmune disease (including rheumatoid arthritis treated with immunosuppressive medication such as Plaquenil, methotrexate, prednisone, Enbrel) which, in the opinion of the investigator, might jeopardize volunteer safety or compliance with the protocol.
* History of blood dyscrasias, renal disease, or hemoglobinopathies requiring regular medical follow up or hospitalization during the preceding year
* Use of any anti-coagulation medication such as Coumadin or Lovenox, or anti-platelet agents such as aspirin (except up to 325 mg. per day), Plavix, or Aggrenox must be reviewed by investigator to determine if this would affect the volunteer's safety.
* Receipt of blood or blood products within the past 6 months
* Medical or psychiatric condition or occupational responsibilities that preclude participant compliance with the protocol
* Inactivated vaccine 14 days prior to vaccination
* Live, attenuated vaccine within 60 days of vaccination
* History of Guillain-Barré Syndrome
* Pregnant or lactating woman
* Use of investigational agents within 30 days prior to enrollment
* Donation of the equivalent of a unit of blood within 6 weeks prior to enrollment
* Any condition which, in the opinion of the investigator, might interfere with volunteer safety, study objectives or the ability of the participant to understand or comply with the study protocol.