Caspofungin Acetate, Fluconazole, or Voriconazole in Preventing Fungal Infections in Patients Following Donor Stem Cell Transplant

This randomized phase III trial studies how well caspofungin acetate works compared to fluconazole or voriconazole in preventing fungal infections in patients following donor stem cell transplant. Caspofungin acetate, fluconazole, and voriconazole may be effective in preventing fungal infections in patients following donor stem cell transplant. It is not yet known whether caspofungin acetate is more effective than fluconazole or voriconazole in preventing fungal infections in patients following donor stem cell transplant.

PRIMARY OBJECTIVES:

I. To determine if caspofungin (caspofungin acetate) is associated with a lower incidence of proven/probable invasive fungal infections (IFI) during the first 42 days following allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) at high-risk for IFI compared with azole (fluconazole or voriconazole) prophylaxis.

EXPLORATORY OBJECTIVES:

I. To determine if caspofungin is associated with a lower incidence of proven/probable IFI during the first 100 days following high-risk allogeneic HCT compared with azole (fluconazole or voriconazole) prophylaxis. (Exploratory) II. To determine if caspofungin is associated with a lower incidence of proven/probable IFI during the first 42 and 100 days following high-risk allogeneic HCT compared with fluconazole prophylaxis. (Exploratory) III. To determine if caspofungin is associated with a lower incidence of proven/probable IFI during the first 42 and 100 days following high-risk allogeneic HCT compared with voriconazole prophylaxis. (Exploratory) IV. To determine if caspofungin is associated with a superior fungal-free survival (FFS) (time to death or proven/probable IFI) at 42 and 100 days following high-risk allogeneic HCT compared with azole prophylaxis. (Exploratory) V. To describe the effect that caspofungin and azoles have on the incidence and severity of acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). (Exploratory) VI. To define the test characteristics of weekly Fungitell assay testing for identifying IFI in pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) recipients receiving antifungal prophylaxis during the post-transplant neutropenic period. (Exploratory) VII. To create a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) specimen bank in anticipation of the development of biology correlative studies exploring the relationship between IFI and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of genes involved in immunity. (Exploratory)

OUTLINE: Patients are randomized to 1 of 2 treatment arms.

ARM I: Patients receive caspofungin acetate intravenously (IV) over 1 hour once daily (QD) beginning within 24 hours of allogeneic HSCT (day -1 or 0) and continuing until day 42 in the absence of invasive fungal infections or disease progression.

ARM II: Patients receive fluconazole IV over 1-2 hours QD or orally (PO) QD; or voriconazole IV over 1-2 hours QD or PO twice daily (BID) beginning within 24 hours of allogeneic HSCT (day -1 or 0) and continuing until day 42 in the absence of invasive fungal infections or disease progression.

After completion of study treatment, patients are followed up until day 100.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Age

  * For centers that will use fluconazole as the antifungal comparator:

    * Age \>= 3 months and \< 21 years
  * For centers that will use voriconazole as the antifungal comparator:

    * Age \>= 2 years and \< 21 years
* The patient must be undergoing allogeneic HCT from any donor (including matched related) with any stem cell source for any underlying condition
* Patients must have a performance status corresponding to Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) scores of 0, 1 or 2; use Karnofsky for patients \> 16 years of age and Lansky for patients =\< 16 years of age
* Creatinine clearance or radioisotope glomerular filtration rate (GFR) \>= 70 mL/min/1.73 m\^2 OR a serum creatinine based on age/gender as follows:

  * 0.4 mg/dL (1 month to \< 6 months of age)
  * 0.5 mg/dL (6 months to \< 1 year of age)
  * 0.6 mg/dL (1 to \< 2 years of age)
  * 0.8 mg/dL (2 to \< 6 years of age)
  * 1.0 mg/dL (6 to \< 10 years of age)
  * 1.2 mg/dL (10 to \< 13 years of age)
  * 1.5 mg/dL (male) or 1.4 mg/dL (female) (13 to \< 16 years of age)
  * 1.7 mg/dL (male) or 1.4 mg/dL (female) (\>= 16 years of age)
* Total bilirubin \< 2.5 mg/dL unless the increase in bilirubin is attributable to Gilbert's syndrome
* Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) (aspartate aminotransferase \[AST\]) or serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) (alanine aminotransferase \[ALT\]) \< 5 x upper limit of normal (ULN) for age
* All patients and/or their parents or legal guardians must sign a written informed consent
* All institutional, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and National Cancer Institute (NCI) requirements for human studies must be met

Exclusion Criteria:

* Within 90 days of enrollment:

  * Patients with a proven or probable invasive mold infection are not eligible
  * Patients with an incompletely treated invasive yeast infection are not eligible
  * Patients with an elevated galactomannan level (\>= 0.5 index) within 30 days prior to time of enrollment (if performed) must have a full evaluation for invasive aspergillosis (including a negative chest computed tomography \[CT\] scan) during that time period to be eligible for enrollment
* Patients receiving treatment for an IFI are not eligible
* Patients with a history of echinocandin or azole hypersensitivity are not eligible
* Female patients of childbearing potential are not eligible unless a negative pregnancy test result has been obtained
* Sexually active patients of reproductive potential are not eligible unless they have agreed to use an effective contraceptive method for the duration of their study participation
* Lactating females are not eligible unless they have agreed not to breastfeed their infants