Office Based Vergence and Accommodative Therapy and Intermittent Exotropia

This pilot study is designed specifically to determine the short-term effect of OBVAT on intermittent exotropia in terms of 4 key areas (Standardizing reported outcomes of surgery for intermittent exotropia): control score, alignment, near stereoacuity and quality of life score. Result of this pilot study will be used to determine whether a full-scale RCT should be conducted to evaluate the short and long term effectiveness of OBVAT.

All enrolled px received 16-20 sessions of OBVAT, 60 minutes per visit, one time per week; Home reinforcement, 15 minutes each time, five times per week.

1. Primary outcome measure： A. Change in the office based intermittent exotropia control score
2. Secondary outcome measures A. Change in Look And Cover, then Ten seconds of Observation Scale for Exotropia (LACTOSE) B. Change in Newcastle Control Score (NCS) C. Change in Chinese intermittent exotropia questionnaire (CIXTQ) D. Change in near stereopsis by Preschool randot near stereoacuity E. Change in size of distant deviation angle by prism alternating cover test F. Change in size of near deviation angle by prism alternating cover test

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

1. 8 to 18 years old
2. deviation meeting all of the following criteria: A. intermittent or constant exotropia at distance (mean of 3 baseline assessments of distance control\> or = Grade 2) B. intermittent exotropia at near (at least 1 of 3 assessments of near control at the baseline visit Grade 2-4) C. distance and near exodeviation both between 15 to 35 prism diopters (PD) measured by prism and alternate cover test (PACT); D. near deviation not exceeding the distance deviation by \>10PD by PACT (i.e., convergence insufficiency type IXT excluded)
3. cycloplegic objective refraction spherical equivalent (SE) refractive error between -6.00 diopters (D)and +1.00 D inclusive in either eye
4. Patients must be wearing the updated refractive correction (spectacles or contact lenses) for at least 1 week if refractive error (based on cycloplegic refraction performed within 6 months) meets any of the following:

   A. Myopia \>-0.50 D spherical equivalent in either eye B. Anisometropia \>1.00 D spherical equivalent C. Astigmatism in either eye \>1.50 D
5. Refractive correction must meet the following guidelines:

   A. Anisometropia spherical equivalent must be within 0.25 D of the full anisometropic difference B. Astigmatism cylinder must be within 0.25 D of full correction and axis must be within 5 degree C. For hyperopia and myopia, the spherical component can be reduced by investigator discretion provided reduction is symmetrical and results in residual (i.e., uncorrected) spherical equivalent refractive error that does not exceed +1.50 D spherical equivalent hyperopia or -0.50 D spherical equivalent myopia
6. Gestational age \>34 weeks
7. Birth weight \>1500 g
8. No previous surgical or nonsurgical treatment for IXT other than single vision refractive correction (e.g. PALs, Bifocals, patching, or deliberate over-minus with spectacles more than 0.50 D)
9. No vision therapy or orthoptics for any reason within the last year
10. No prior strabismus surgery or botulinum injection, intraocular surgery, or refractive surgery
11. No strabismus surgery planned
12. vision correctable to at least 20/25 or better at distance and near in each eye.
13. Px needs to have a computer at home which can connect to internet

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Patient with nystagmus, restrictive or paretic strabismus
2. Patient with amblyopia, which is defined as \>or = 0.2 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution units of interocular difference and \> or = 0.3 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution units in one eye ( Variability of stereoacuity in intermittent exotropia)
3. Regular use of any ocular or systemic medications known to affect accommodation or vergence system, such as atropine, pirenzepine, and anti-epileptic medications in recent 3 months；
4. developmental disability, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD), or learning disability diagnosis in children that in the investigator's discretion would interfere with office-based treatment；
5. Relocation anticipated for 2 years；
6. Significant ocular or neurologic disorders (e.g. cerebral palsy) other than strabismus
7. Vertical deviation greater than 1 pd in cover test
8. Household member already in the study.
9. Any eye care professional, ophthalmic technician, medical student, or optometry student