Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation Versus Observation in Stage IV NSCLC Randomized Controlled Clinical Study

Lung cancer has remained the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. An important and frequent cause of morbidity in this patient group is the development of brain metastases (BM). Lung cancer represents the leading cause of BM, and previous reports have shown that approximately 40% of patients will develop BM throughout their disease. Additionally, due to the improved use of advanced imaging techniques as part of routine initial staging. Another factor to consider is the considerably prolonged survival in patients with lung cancer as a direct result of the medical advances that have improved systemic disease control in the past 2 decades.

The development of BM has recognized as one of the most detrimental factors for patient prognosis, with a negative impact on quality of life (QoL), concomitant neurocognitive disorders, and, importantly, a significant decrease in OS.

RTOG 0214 shows that In patients with stage III disease without progression of disease after therapy, PCI decreased the rate of BM. NVALT-11/DLCRG-02 Study shows that PCI significantly decreased the proportion of patients who developed symptomatic brain metastases with an increase in low-grade toxicity. In conclusion, PCI improved DFS and decreased the risk of BM in patients with LA-NSCLC.Recent studies suggest NSCLC, including stage IV NSCLC, PCI significantly decreased CBM in addition to increasing progression-free survival and OS.

At present, few studies on whether prophylactic radiation therapy can reduce the rate of brain metastasis and OS in stage IV NSCLC. In this randomized controlled study of stage IV NSCLC, we investigated whether PCI reduces the chance of brain metastases and whether it has a survival benefit.

Group sample sizes of 72 in Group 1 and 72 in Group 2 achieve 90.140% power to detect a difference between the group proportions of 0.3100. The Group 2 proportion is 0.0700. The Group 1 proportion is assumed to be 0.1700 under the null hypothesis and 0.3800 under the alternative hypothesis. The test statistic used is the one-sided Z test (unpooled). The significance level of the test is 0.0250.

For all patients with positive TKI detection, TKI combined with concurrent radiotherapy DT60-70Gy for the primary tumor. Imaging reexamination 2 months after TKI treatment confirmed the efficacy of CR, PR, and SD; meanwhile, reexamination of head MR Examination confirmed no intracranial metastasis.

For all patients with negative TKI detection, the treatment mode was platinum-based regimen chemotherapy combined with concurrent radiotherapy for DT60-70Gy for the primary tumor. Imaging reexamination after 2 cycles of chemotherapy confirmed the efficacy of CR, PR, and SD, and skull MR Examination confirmed that there was no intracranial metastasis.

Then,for the experiment arm,patients will receive prophylactic cranial irradiation DT: 30Gy/10f. Followed systematic imaging examinations in the first month following systemic treatment, every 3 months in 2 years, and every 6 months in 5 years.

For the observation arm,without prophylactic cranial irradiation,Followed systematic imaging examinations in the first month following systemic treatment, every 3 months in 2 years, and every 6 months in 5 years.

The primary end point was incidence of brain metastases（CBM）, PFS, and the secondary end point was OS、quality of life (QoL), concomitant neurocognitive disorders。

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients with pathologically or cytologically confirmed NSCLC; patients with clinical stage IV and no brain metastases \[AJCC 8th edition\]; no previous treatment
* Age 18 \~ 80 years old, body condition score ECOG 0 \~ 2 or KPS≥70;
* No contraindications such as radiotherapy, EGFR-TKI, chemotherapy, or immunotherapy;
* IMRT is required for primary tumor radiotherapy. DT: 60-70Gy
* Metastases are treated with three-dimensional radiotherapy (IMRT/SRT/SBRT/VMAT, etc.) and large segmentation radiotherapy.
* The subject must have no major organ dysfunction or laboratory tests that meet the following requirements:
* Hematological tests such as liver and kidney function were in the normal range of laboratory standards;
* Cardiac function: electrocardiogram excluded organic arrhythmia;
* Pulmonary function test: FEV1\>50%, mild-moderate lung function limited.
* Signed informed consent before treatment (radiotherapy, chemotherapy, immunization, targeted drug therapy); The patient had good compliance with the treatment and follow-up received.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patients with brain metastasis;
* Stage IV NSCLC patients with malignant pleural effusion, pericardial effusion and other serous effusion;
* Patients with extensive liver metastasis and intrapulmonary metastasis that have seriously affected liver and lung function;
* Patients with uncontrolled hypertension, diabetes, unstable angina, history of myocardial infarction, or symptomatic congestive heart failure or uncontrolled arrhythmia within the past 12 months; Have a clinically clear diagnosis of heart valve disease; The disease active phase of bacterial, fungal, or viral infection; Mental disorders; Severe impaired lung function;
* Pregnant or lactating patients;
* Patients with a history of active malignancy other than small cell lung cancer prior to enrollment; Non-melanoma skin basal cell carcinoma, in situ cervical cancer, cured early prostate cancer excepted;
* Patients with an allergy and known or suspected allergy to any investigational drug for which no alternative medicine is available;
* Patients with poor compliance;
* Researchers consider it inappropriate to participate in this experiment.