Efficacy of Amniotic Membranes in Complex Genitourinary Reconstruction

Urinary fistulas are unfortunately one of the most common post operative complications in hypospadias repairs and bladder neck transections on pediatric and adult populations, an estimated 20%, resulting in multiple repeat operations with prolonged hospitalization. The negative sequelae of these fistulas have significant financial and psychosocial impact and the aim of this study is to evaluate if the fresh frozen preserved amniotic membrane tissue studied, which have live cells and intact naturally occurring growth hormones and peptides that augment healing that have been shown in early studies to be effective facilitating previous failed fistula repairs and leg ulcer healing, respectively, will help reduce the incidence of urinary fistulas in subject populations.

Urinary fistulas in the pediatric and adult populations present significant surgical and economical challenges. These include urethrocutaneous and vesicocutaneous fistulas, which are unfortunately common in the investigators' patients with hypospadias and bladder exstrophy, respectively. Urethrocutaneous fistula is the most common complication following surgical repair of hypospadias with an incidence of 4-25%. This high complication rate is especially problematic as these fistulas once formed often recur requiring multiple surgical repairs resulting in potentially harmful physical and psychologic consequences on young patients. Vesicocutaneous fistulas develop in bladder exstrophy patients at a estimated rate of 20% following surgery aimed at making these patients continent by transecting the bladder neck and creating a catheterizable channel. Small, simple fistulas can be repaired primarily, however larger, multiple or recurrent fistulas must be closed in layers. Layered closures have been found to have higher success rates have been demonstrated with using additional tissue layers refistulization rate including local and distant tissue grafts, which add time and morbidity to surgical repairs.

Amniotic membranes have been shown to increase healing in chronic wounds such as a chronic venous stasis and diabetic ulcers and have been used in fistula repairs. Grafix and Stravix are frozen preserved placental membranes and Wharton's Jelly, respectively, that have high quantities of viable mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which add in tissue healing. The investigators believe these membranes can be used as a structural layer in fistula repairs, hypospadias repairs, and bladder neck closures to treat existing fistulas and prevent fistula formation in the primary repair setting.

1. This is a prospective study examining patients with hypospadias will be considered for repair with the use of amniotic membranes. The repair of fistula with graft tissue is standard of care.
2. Eligible patients will be identified in a clinic visit with one of the co-investigators.

   a. The patient will be consented and undergo a repair using amniotic membranes within the fistula site or primary repair at the discretion of the operating surgeon. Using different repair techniques is standard of care, however, the use of frozen preserved placental membranes is the study material. The size of the product will be determined by the surgical need at the time of repair.
3. The patient will be discharged be provided with routine postoperative care and seen in approximately 2 weeks per standard of are.
4. If the participant fails repair of participant's fistula, participant will not be offered a repeat repair with the amniotic membranes. Other forms of surgery may be offered, however.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* 6mo - 99 years old
* Undergoing surgical procedure with risk of or known urinary fistula

Exclusion Criteria:

* Failed prior repair with amniotic membranes
* Sensitivity to cryopreservation fluids or disinfecting solutions.