Telephone Support Intervention to Improve Breastfeeding

This randomized controlled trial will evaluate an innovative telephone-based breastfeeding education and promotion intervention that will be implemented in a low-income, predominately Latina population. The trial will assess the impact of the intervention on duration of breastfeeding and exclusivity of breastfeeding at 1, 2, 3 and 6 months post-partum.

This randomized controlled trial will evaluate an innovative telephone-based breastfeeding education and promotion intervention that will be implemented in a low-income, predominately Latina population. The intervention was developed in association with national breastfeeding experts, local public health department and WIC personnel and community leaders. Additionally, it will also be informed by focus groups that are currently being conducted in the community with a particular emphasis on cultural barriers to breastfeeding in Latina populations. The intervention consists of scripted education and support protocols delivered by telephone daily, in English and Spanish, by a trained nurse over the first two weeks after delivery and will be funded by the Division of General Pediatrics. In the evaluation mothers will be randomized during the first 24 hours after delivering a healthy baby to the intervention arm or to usual post-partum care. The trial will assess the impact of the intervention on duration of breastfeeding and exclusivity of breastfeeding at 1, 2, 3 and 6 months post-partum. In addition, it will assess cost-effectiveness of the intervention and secondary and process-of-care outcomes related to maternal satisfaction with feeding, confidence with breastfeeding and utilization of health services.

The specific aims of this project are:

* To evaluate in a randomized controlled trial the effect of a telephone-based breastfeeding support and education intervention compared to usual post-partum care on a) the duration of breastfeeding at 1, 2, 3 and 6 months and b) the exclusivity of breastfeeding at 1, 2, 3 and 6 months in low-income, primarily Latina women.
* To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of the telephone-based intervention compared to usual care
* To compare secondary outcomes for mothers in the intervention versus control groups such as maternal satisfaction and confidence with feeding, reasons for discontinuing breastfeeding and utilization of acute, preventive health care services and hospitalizations
* To better understand unmet needs in women who breastfeed and how well the intervention addressed these needs by conducting qualitative interviews

The major hypotheses are:

1. a) Proactive telephone contact in the early postpartum period using scripted protocols will increase breastfeeding rates in low-income women from a current baseline of 30% to 45% at 3 months and from 20% to 35% at 6 months.

   b) Proactive telephone contact in the early postpartum period using scripted protocols will increase exclusivity from a current baseline of 15% at 3 months to 30% and from 10% at 6 months to 25% compared to the usual care group.
2. The telephone-based intervention will be cost-effective compared with routine care with use of formula.
3. The telephone-based intervention will be associated with higher levels of maternal satisfaction overall.
4. Confidence with breastfeeding will be higher in breastfeeding mothers in the intervention group compared to breastfeeding mothers in the usual care group.
5. Compliance with scheduled preventive visits will be higher in the intervention group and use of acute health services, including clinic and emergency room visits will be lower in the intervention group compared to the usual care group. Hospitalizations will not differ significantly between the groups.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* First time mother
* Mother 18 years old or older
* 37 weeks gestation or greater at delivery
* Intent to breastfeed

Exclusion Criteria:

* mother's primary language is something other than English or Spanish
* mother has medical complications that interfere with her instituting breastfeeding or require her to stay in the hospital for \>72 hours
* infant has a medical problem that requires admission to the intensive care nursery or requires hospitalization for \>72 hours
* mother expresses a strong desire to formula feed