Transnasal Therapy for Acute Migraine Attack

Migraine is a significant health problem in the United States with 34 million Americans suffering from migraine attacks every year. High-flow oxygen has been successfully used in several clinical studies. Vasoconstriction of blood vessels in the scalp has been proposed as a possible mechanism of action. Some researchers have suggested that the cooling effect of high-flow dry oxygen may be in part responsible for the pain relief. The main objective is to test the hypothesis that the pain relief obtained during high-flow trans-nasal gas therapy is due to the cooling effect of dry gas on the nasal mucosa. The study entails recruiting patients from a headache clinic, being escorted to the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (ICTR) Johns Hopkins Bayview and randomized into different groups (humidified oxygen, dry air, humidified air and dry oxygen). Eventually, patients will be asked to fill out a questionnaire on pain, nausea, sound and light sensitivity graded on a scale of 1-10. Readings are noted at baseline, 15 mins, 2 hours and 24 hours post-therapy.

Migraine headaches are associated with significant impairment of quality of life and loss of productivity. High-flow oxygen has been successfully used in several clinical trials and vasoconstriction of blood vessels has been postulated as a possible mechanism. Some researchers have suggested that the cooling effect of high-flow dry oxygen may be in part responsible for the pain relief.The main objective is to test the hypothesis that the pain relief obtained during high-flow intra-nasal gas therapy is due to the cooling effect of dry gas on the nasal mucosa. Participants for this study are recruited from the pool of patients who are already scheduled to attend the headache clinic staffed by the principal investigator. The PI will recruit patients at the Headache Clinic. The patients are escorted to the Clinical Trials Unit (CTU) at the Johns Hopkins Bayview where therapy its provided and will be asked to fill out a questionnaire on pain, nausea, sound and light sensitivity using a visual analog score (VAS) for each symptom on a scale of 1-10. The patients will be randomized to either humidified oxygen, dry air, humidified air or dry oxygen. Patients will be asked to submit readings at the end of therapy, at 2 hours and 24 hours post-therapy. Treatment failure is defined as persistent headache despite treatment with oxygen or air. Participants will be removed from the trial if participants prematurely terminate therapy.

The investigators believe that using a total sample size of 45 patients, the investigators will be able to show a statistically significant difference of \>2 point change in the VAS pain score reduction between the two treatment groups with a confidence of 80%. No risk were reported in prior studies involving \>100 patients and \>500 episodes of treatment with air or oxygen. Because of the (at least 2 and 1/2 hour) delay in initiating standard of care treatments, subjects may experience a longer duration and/or intensity of pain from the headache than regular standards of care i.e., sooner. Participants will be reimbursed for participation in this study which will compensate travel and parking.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Migraine diagnosis of at least 1 year
* Migraine attacks between 1 and 15 per month
* Onset of first migraine \< 50 years of age
* Migraine prophylaxis medication unchanged for 3 months prior to enrollment
* Meets international classification for headache disorders criteria for diagnosis of episodic migraine with or without aura
* Able to attend a short treatment session within half hour of onset of headache.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Known oxygen dependency to maintain arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) \>95%
* Known marked nasal septal deviation
* Recurrent epistaxis or chronic Rhino-Sinusitis
* Concurrent sinus/intranasal surgery
* Unable to fully understand the consent process and informed consent due to either language barriers or mental capacity.