Relationship Between Oxidative Stress and Aortic Stiffness

The goal of this clinical trial is to search about if there is any relationship between the aortic stiffness and oxidative stress response in adolescent football players. The main questions are;

* Is there any difference between the adolescent football players and healthy sedentary control group in terms of oxidative stress and aortic stiffness parameters?
* Is there any relationship between the aortic stiffness and oxidative response to acute exercise training in adolescent male football players? Participants will perform acute exhaustive exercise training. Venous blood will be drained before and after exercise training. Oxidative parameters will be measured.

Arterial stiffness is defined as stiffening of the arterial wall and refers to a decrease in the capacity of an artery to expand and contract in response to pressure changes in the vessel. The parameters indicating arterial stiffness are compliance and distensibility of the vessel.

Imbalance in the formation of vasodilator and vasoconstrictor signaling molecules acting on the vessel is an important determining factor in the development of endothelial dysfunction, which is often exacerbated by oxidative stress. Disruption of the balance between oxidants and antioxidants in favor of oxidants leads to disruption of the elastin-collagen ratio in the vessel wall in favor of collagen and ultimately to the development of arterial stiffness. Regular exercise is beneficial both to prevent the development of arterial stiffness and to reduce arterial stiffness. Although many mechanisms have been mentioned for exercise to improve endothelial function, there is no clear consensus on the mechanisms by which exercise increases arterial compliance, which is one of the indicators of atherosclerosis. While the beneficial impacts of physical activity on arterial stiffness are well-documented, this varies considerably among sports disciplines. For instance, there are studies showing that endurance training decreases arterial stiffness in young adults and elderly individuals, whereas strength training increases arterial stiffness. Arterial stiffness is lower in endurance athletes with a longer sports history and higher in those with a strength training history. The weekly training time of competitive young athletes is well beyond the amount of exercise required for healthy living. It has also been suggested that this excessive amount of time may trigger some unfavorable adaptations in the cardiovascular system. In addition, the number of studies examining the effects of regular exercise training at these levels on the vascular system is limited. Studies indicate that changes in arterial stiffness start at early ages and this is also true for young athletes who perform regular training in the infrastructures of various sports branches. Therefore, our aim is investigating the relationship between the oxidative stress parameters and aortic stiffness in adolescent male football players and comparing with the healthy control group. Secondly, the investigators will evaluate if there is any difference between the aortic stiffness and oxidative response to acute exercise training in adolescent male football players?

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* age between 14-18
* male gender
* football player
* attending regular football training for at least 1 season

Exclusion Criteria:

* female gender
* attending any other sports training except from football
* having any chronic disease
* having any musculoskeletal disease which limits to join exhaustive exercise training