Varicose Vein Education and Informed coNsent (VVEIN) Study

This is a prospective, single centre, randomised controlled, feasibility study recruiting patients with varicose veins. Patients will be randomised to receive standard (verbal discussion and written information pamphlet) consent or a digital health education tool (dHET). The primary endpoints will be feasibility and practicality of introducing dHET into a busy day surgery practice, secondary endpoints will included knowledge recall of essential information, patient anxiety, patient satisfaction and the time spent in person with the responsible surgeon and number of questions asked prior to signing the consent document.

Varicose Veins (VV) affect one-third of the adult population and chronic venous disease (CVD) has a negative effect on quality of life (QoL), which can be significantly improved by treatment.\[1-4\] Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) can be complicated by venous ulceration in over 3% of patients, and chronic treatment with dressings has been estimated to consume 2% of the health budget. Over the last 15 years, minimally invasive endovenous techniques to treat VV have been introduced and are proven to be cost-effective and safe, particularly when performed under a local anaesthetic in an outpatient setting.\[5\] The American Venous Forum, in 2011, and the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence NICE), in 2013, have recommended endovenous thermal ablation (EVTA) techniques, as the first-line treatments for truncal reflux.\[6,7\]

As doctors, there is a legal requirement and duty of care to ensure patients are enabled to make an informed decision about their treatment, including discussion of the benefits, risks and alternative treatments. This is reflected in the Health Service Executive (HSE) National Consent Policy and Irish Medical Council 'Guide to Professional Conduct and Ethics'. \[8\] A patient centered approach to consent has been firmly established in Ireland since 2000, it reinforces that there is a duty to involve patients in decisions about treatments and to engage in a dialogue that offers comprehensible information. This is in keeping with the fundamental ethical principle of autonomy.\[8\]

Interventions to improve information transfer and comprehension in the consent process \[9\], such as standard Patient Information Leaflets (PIL) report mixed results. Information leaflets used during the process of consent have been shown to increase patient factual recall and satisfaction with the consent process and are considered best practice. \[10-15\] However, even well considered PILs, co-designed with patient or client engagement, do not always cover the less common areas of concern or risk which may be material to an individual patient. \[9\] More rigorous approaches are time and cost intensive, and can adversely impact on the efficiency of healthcare delivery, which limits scalability.

Telemedicine has revolutionised the delivery of care to patients in the modern era of computers, tablets, and smartphones and its use has been rapidly expanded.\[16\] Digital platforms are a novel tool to potentially improve dialogue and communication between doctors and patients. Patients in general have high satisfaction ratings for telemedicine, but certain patient-groups may be less likely to engage or benefit from it on account of disability, technological illiteracy or access.\[16\] The use of novel digital technologies can offer a low cost, accessible and tailored solution.

Thus the rationale for this study is to investigate whether it is feasible and acceptable to deliver a digital health education intervention to patients to supplement the consent process.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Deemed suitable for EVTA by treating surgeon
* First procedure for superficial venous incompetence
* Full consent
* \>18 years
* Proficient in English

Exclusion Criteria:

* Redo or second procedure for superficial venous incompetence (in same or opposite leg)
* Cognitive impairment or unable to consent
* Not meeting inclusion criteria