Postoperative Acute Kidney Injury in Patients Undergoing Prolonged Neurosurgical Operations

Postoperative Acute Kidney Injury in Patients Undergoing Prolonged Neurosurgical Operations

* Postoperative acute kidney injury (AKI) is a highly prevalent and prognostically important complication in various surgical settings. Patients who developed postoperative AKI is independently associated with markedly increased morbidity, mortality1-8 and higher economic burden1.
* AKI was defined by an increase in serum creatinine (SCr) ≥ 0.3 mg/dl or by an increase in SCr ≥ 50% and/or by a decrease in urine output to 0.5 ml/kg/hour for 6 hours, in the first 48 hours after surgery.
* Patients who developed AKI had a higher total ICU costs, prolonged length of hospital and ICU stay, and longer duration of postoperative mechanical ventilation.
* AKI has been studied in different surgical procedures especially cardiac \& abdominal surgeries.
* Kovacheva et al 2016 retrospective study included 1656 craniotomy patients from 1998 to 2011. The AKI used criteria was RIFLE (Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss of kidney function and End-Stage Renal Failure), they reported an incidence of 9.9% of postoperative AKI9.
* Deng et al 2017 also reported an incidence of AKI up to 13.5% in patients undergoing neurosurgical surgery within the first 7 days. It was associated with independent risk factors included intraoperative blood loss, postoperative reoperation, use of mannitol during operation, concentration of Cystatin-C; a biomarker protein detecting early kidney injury before creatinine changes and postoperative APACHE II score10.
* As the number of neurosurgical procedures has been increased worldwide and in our department as well with new types of prolonged neurosurgery e.g. Skull - Base - Major cerebrovascular beside major cranial tumor excision. It becomes a necessary to re-evaluate the incidence, factors behind AKI and outcome in such prolonged surgery.
* In 2002, The Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) was created with primary goal was to create a uniform, accepted definition of AKI; hence RIFLE criteria was born. RIFLE is an acronym of Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss of Kidney Function \& End-Stage Kidney Failure.
* In 2004, The Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) was formed. A report of the AKIN proposed the following criteria for AKI.
* The AKIN criteria differ from the RIFLE criteria in several ways. The RIFLE criteria are defined as changes within 7 days, while the AKIN criteria suggest using 48 hours. The AKIN classification includes less severe injury in the criteria and AKIN also avoids using the glomerular filtration rate as a marker in AKI, as there is no dependable way to measure glomerular filtration rate and estimated glomerular filtration rate are unreliable in AKI.
* Haase et al. 2009 in their comparative study between RIFLE and AKIN in cardiac surgery; found no difference between the AKI scores11.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* patients aged 18 years or older who will do prolonged neurosurgical procedure, duration of surgery more than 4 hours and ASA 1-2-3.

Exclusion Criteria:

* refusal of consent, preexisting renal transplantation, preexisting nephrectomy, presence of AKI before neurosurgical procedure, operation less than 4 hours, patients aged under 18 years, pregnancy and ASA 4-5.