Dietary Interventions in Cancer Patients Treated With Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors

This pilot trial will study the potential impact of two distinct dietary interventions with sequential use of high-fermented foods and high-fiber supplements on the gut microbiome and antitumor immunity in patients with melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. The trial aims to understand how dietary changes affect the composition and function of the gut microbiome, together with immunological and metabolomic markers in serum in patients with melanoma and NSCLC who are undergoing standard-of-care treatment with neoadjuvant or adjuvant immune checkpoint inhibitors.

Several studies have shown that diet can modulate the gut microbiome and affect the biology of the immune system. The role of the high-fermented food diet and high-fiber supplementation on gut microbiome in patients with cancer treated with immunotherapy will be evaluated. Fermented diet and high-fiber supplementation rational: a high-fermented food diet promotes gut microbiome composition and lowers systemic inflammatory markers. Additionally, high fiber diet may be associated with improved clinical outcomes in immune checkpoint inhibitor treated cancer patients. The effect of high-fermented food and high-fiber supplementation on gut microbiome and systemic inflammation in patients with cancer will be examined. The results of this study will be used to help to design future dietary intervention trials in cancer patients receiving immunotherapy. Baseline diet information, stool and blood samples will be collected. Patients initially receive high-fermented food diet for 4 weeks, followed by 2-week break/observation period and then cross over to high-fiber supplementation for another 4 weeks, followed by 2 weeks break/observation period. During break/observation period patients can eat any type of food, without dietary restrictions. During the dietary intervention period 24-hour dietary recall information will be collected, stool samples weekly and blood sample every 2-4 weeks.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

1. Be willing and able to provide written informed consent.
2. Adult ≥ 18 years of age, willing and able to provide blood and stool specimen and comply with dietary modification, as well as willing to fill out study required questionnaires (both paper and web-based).
3. Patients must have any type of electronic device such as a smartphone, tablet, or computer etc that can access the internet.

Body mass index (BMI) 18.5-40 kg/m2. 5. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status of 0 - 1.

* Self-reported willingness to adhere with dietary intervention.
* Self-reported willingness to comply to scheduled follow ups, fill out questionnaires/food logs, provide stool samples and undergo venipuncture
* Patients who are treated or about to start treatment with standard of care adjuvant anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy after tumor resection will be consented for the dietary intervention study

Early stage (I-III) resected melanoma patient on adjuvant immunotherapy Early stage (I-III) resected NSCLC patients on adjuvant immunotherapy Early stage (I-III) NSCLC patients who are surgical candidates and are undergoing treatment with neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus immunotherapy

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Patients receiving ICIs enrolled in a clinical trial.
2. Use of any of the following drugs within the last 4 weeks:

   1. Systemic antibiotics, antifungals, antivirals, or antiparasitics (intravenous, intramuscular, or oral);
   2. Oral, intravenous, intramuscular, nasal, or inhaled corticosteroids ((\> 10 mg daily prednisone equivalents) or other immunosuppressive medications within 14 days of study intervention administration. Inhaled or topical steroids and adrenal replacement doses \>10 mg daily prednisone equivalents are permitted in the absence of active autoimmune disease)
   3. Cytokines.
   4. Methotrexate or immunosuppressive cytotoxic agents.
   5. Regularly taking probiotics, fiber supplements, or any other medication or pre-biotic dietary supplement that could affect the study outcome as determined by the principal investigator and unable/unwilling to discontinue for the study. These agents must be discontinued at least 14 days prior to the start of the diet.
3. Current use of chronic alcohol within the last 4 weeks, defined as more than five 1.5-ounce servings of 80-proof distilled spirits, five 12-ounce servings of beer, or five 5-ounce servings of wine per day.
4. Current consumption of fiber ≥20g or fermented food ≥3 portions a day.
5. Major surgery of the GI tract, except for cholecystectomy and appendectomy, in the past five years. Any major bowel resection at any time.
6. Medical contraindications to intervention diet as determined by the treating physician.
7. Systemic antibiotics and proton pump inhibitors (PPis) are not allowable during the study (should be discontinued \>21 days prior). If PPIs or systemic antibiotics are initiated by the patient's treating physician, the patient should report this to the study team during the study period.
8. Pregnant or nursing (lactating) women.
9. Unable or unwilling to adhere schedule interventions and study procedures.
10. History of active uncontrolled gastrointestinal disorders or diseases, including:

    1. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including ulcerative colitis (mild-moderate-severe), Crohn's disease (mild-moderate-severe), or indeterminate colitis.
    2. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) (moderate-severe).
    3. Malabsorption (e.g active celiac disease)
    4. Persistent, infectious gastroenteritis, colitis or gastritis, persistent or chronic diarrhea of unknown etiology, Clostridium difficile infection (recurrent), or Helicobacter pylori infection (untreated).