Autologous Fresh Fat Grafting Followed by Autologous Cryopreserved Fat Grafting

The goal of this clinical trial is to validate the safety and effectiveness of a two-stage approach for minimally invasive craniofacial soft tissue reconstruction using autologous fat grafting in wounded service members and veterans. The main questions it aims to answer are:

1. Will treating subjects with post-traumatic craniofacial deformities using fresh fat grafts, followed by a second treatment 3 months later with cryopreserved fat stored at -80°C, improve facial tissue regeneration and appearance?
2. How do volume retention and tissue health change between fresh and cryopreserved grafts in humans?
3. How do factors such as cellular composition of the graft, patient demographics, and medical conditions (including diabetes, tobacco use, medications, age, and BMI) affect fat graft volume retention and overall outcomes?

Researchers will compare results from the second-stage cryopreserved fat grafting to fresh fat grafting to assess outcomes like volume retention, patient recovery, and cost reduction.

Participants will:

Undergo an initial fat grafting procedure. Have additional fat harvested and cryo-stored for use in a second-stage procedure.

Receive the cryopreserved fat in a later stage without the need for a second fat harvest.

Receive small test injections behind each ear for later analysis. Provide data on demographics and medical conditions for correlation with outcomes.

Craniofacial injuries are common among wounded service members, with 22.7% to 39% of battle injuries affecting the cranio-maxillofacial region. Restoring appearance requires precise soft tissue reconstruction. This proposal aims to address that need using a minimally invasive approach that uses the patient's own tissue, building on previous successful DoD-funded clinical trials.

Autologous fat grafting (AFG) is a common, minimally invasive procedure used in plastic surgery to restore facial volume. In a prior department of defense funded trial, the study investigators demonstrated its safety and effectiveness for repairing traumatic craniofacial deformities. However, about 37% of the grafted fat is reabsorbed during early healing, requiring multiple procedures for optimal results. The donor site harvest is the main source of discomfort, time, and cost in these procedures.

The study investigators propose improving this process by harvesting extra fat during the first procedure, cryo-storing it, and using the preserved fat for a second stage without needing another harvest. This approach will be validated using outcome measures from prior work. Additionally, the investigators are working with a commercial partner to advance a low-cost kit for cryo-storing fat at medical facilities, including military treatment centers.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Aged 18 years or older and able to provide informed consent,
* Have suffered injury resulting in craniofacial volume defects which could be treated with a graft volume of between 3 and 150 cc of lipoaspirate (the patient's own fat, collected through liposuction). This may include patients who have not had craniofacial surgical procedures, as well as those who have undergone surgical procedures and have remaining deformities (post-surgical deformities).
* Be at least 3 months post-injury or most recent surgery, so that acute edema (swelling) is resolved.
* Volume defects (facial injury) are covered by intact skin and do not communicate with oral cavity or sinuses.
* The three-dimensional geometry of the volume defects (facial injury) would allow for treatment with fat grafting.
* Has sufficient donor tissue, as assessed on physical exam, to graft deformity and cryostore an equal amount of adipose (fat) tissue.
* Willing and able to comply with follow up examinations, including radiographic studies (i.e. CT scans)

Exclusion Criteria:

* Age less than 18 years.
* Inability to provide informed consent.
* Craniofacial defects intended for treatment have open wounds or communicate with oral cavity or sinus (note: A second facial injury, that will not be treated by the study, that includes this type of defect, will not necessarily exclude the patient from participating).
* Active infection anywhere in the body.
* Systemic disease or medical condition that would render the fat harvest and injection procedure, along with associated anesthesia, unsafe to the patient.
* History of radiation to the areas intended for treatment or the graft harvest site
* Medications that would significantly impact wound healing, such as immunosuppressive agents, chronic steroid treatment, or chemotherapy, or medications/allergies that would pose a risk to anesthesia or the planned procedures.
* Active narcotic abuse (presents a variable for pain logs).
* Known coagulopathy (increased risk of bleeding/delay in forming blood clots).