Validity and Reliability of Wrist Proprioception Measurement Methods

The goal of this observational study is to compare the validity and reliability of three Different methods used for wrist proprioception measurement in the healthy population. The main question\[s\] it aims to answer are:

* Are the methods valid and reliable?
* Which method is superior?

Wrist proprioception measurement of the participants is performed. Researchers compared the inclinometer, goniometer, and joint position sense goniometer to determine the superior method.

Proprioception is one of the most important mechanisms involved in ensuring the optimal position of the wrist to prevent injuries. It occurs through stimuli from different structures such as muscle, tendon, joint capsule and skin and provides the perception of the joint's position and movement characteristics (direction, speed, etc.). This perception is essential for effective and safe motor performance. Previous studies have provided evidence that proprioceptive training yields improvements in somatosensory and sensorimotor function. Furthermore, a relationship between the loss of proprioception and motor function has also been demonstrated. Additionally, proprioceptive training reduces the frequency of injuries and provides a faster and more efficient rehabilitation process. Therefore, it is essential to detect proprioceptive defects as a part of patient evaluation which is only achievable by using valid and reliable assessment tools.

Proprioception encompasses both static (i.e., joint position sense (JPS)) and dynamic (i.e., kinesthesia) components of joint perception. Many tools and methods are available to evaluate these components, including universal goniometer, inclinometer, wrist goniometer, mobile applications, robot-assisted assessment, and isokinetic dynamometers. Especially, goniometer, inclinometer, and isokinetic dynamometer are widely used in evaluating proprioception. However, the number of studies on the validity and reliability of these tools is very limited for the wrist. In addition to these tools, the joint position sense goniometer (JPSG) is replicated and used by researchers due to its low cost and accessibility.

Although some studies found goniometer to have high precision in wrist trauma patients, there are still no gold standard tests or tools available for evaluating wrist proprioception. Therefore, it becomes confusing for researchers and clinicians to decide which method should be used in their practice accurately. In line with all these data, the present study aimed to examine the validity and test-retest reliability of two frequently used methods (Goniometer and Inclinometer) and JPSG in wrist proprioception assessment.

The detailed information about the measurements is provided in the "Study Protocol" file.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* After providing detailed information about the study, individuals who had agreed to participate in the research were included in the study

Exclusion Criteria:

* individuals who suffered an injury or underwent a surgical procedure in the last six months that could affect hand functions or senses were excluded from the study.
* Individuals with a history of neuromuscular disease, traumatic nerve injury, congenital anomalies, or skin infections were excluded.