A Gender-Enhanced Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Information-Motivational Workshop for Young South African Women

This is a phase 1 pilot study to assess feasibility and acceptability and potential for impact of a gender-enhanced virtual group workshop focused on oral Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) as an HIV prevention method for young South African women. It was developed in collaboration with South African adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) aged 18-25. The investigators compared AGYW (N=100) assigned to the virtual group-based (GE) workshop to those assigned to an Individually Accessed (IA) condition in which women were given access to a PrEP video and to websites that provide information on PrEP and on contraception options. Investigators also evaluated the acceptability and feasibility of participant-driven recruitment (PDR). AGYW assigned to either intervention condition were invited to become Peer Health Advocates (PHAs), who were incentivized to talk to social network members and refer up to three to the intervention type the PHA attended. The aim was to assess if PDR is self-sustaining and is effective at reaching women who might not be reached in clinics.

South African adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) remain at extraordinarily high risk of HIV infection. Oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has the potential to alter the epidemic in this vulnerable population, given that it is has been shown that if it is adhered to, oral PrEP can protect women from HIV infection. Yet, a critical question is whether AGYW will adopt and adhere to oral PrEP.

The investigators propose that two innovations can reach young, at-risk AGYW, inform them about PrEP and motivate them to use it: (1) introducing PrEP through a gender lens in a group workshop; and (2) participant-driven recruitment-recruiting women to attend the workshop by those who have already attended it. To inform intervention development, the investigators conducted six focus groups with sexually-active AGYW (aged 18-25), 8 qualitative interviews with focus group participants, and 20 qualitative interviews with men (10 HIV-positive, 10 HIV-negative or of unknown status) partnered with women in this age range that explored knowledge of, beliefs about, motivators for, and concerns about using PrEP in the context of gendered relationship dynamics and PrEP-related stigma. Guided by gender theory and the Information Motivation Behavior (IMB) model, and in collaboration with a Working Group of AGYW, a virtual (online) group-based Gender-Enhanced (GE) Workshop (using the WhatsApp® platform) was developed. The intervention has components that are conducted by participants on their own time as well as a "real-time" "live" interactive session and aims to provide PrEP information and address AGYW's barriers to using it. The goal of the intervention is to promote consideration of and uptake of PrEP.

In this phase 1 pilot study to assess feasibility and acceptability and potential for impact of the workshop, investigators compared AGYW (N=100) assigned to the virtual group-based (GE) workshop or to an Individually Accessed (IA) condition in which women were given access to a PrEP video and to websites that provide information on PrEP and on contraception options. To evaluate participant-driven recruitment (PDR), AGYW assigned to either condition were invited to become Peer Health Advocates (PHAs), who are incentivized to talk to social network members and refer up to three to the workshop type the PHA attended. Acceptability and feasibility of PDR were evaluated by assessing whether the method can be self-sustaining (i.e., on average \>50% attendees become PHAs and \>2 recruits/PHAs attend a workshop); and whether it reaches high-risk women and women who would not be captured by other methods of recruitment (percent who score high on HIV risk; percent who never tested or attended family planning). If promising, these approaches will be further tested in a larger study.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

1. self-reported HIV-negative or unknown status
2. heterosexual vaginal or anal intercourse reported in the past 6 months
3. Is not currently taking PrEP or planning to begin PrEP
4. presently residing in eThekweni-metropolitan Durban
5. has private smart-phone access
6. Conversant in isiZulu or English
7. Willing to recruit other women (if in first group of participants);
8. (If recruited subsequent to first group): Recruited by a peer health advocate (someone the participant knew knew prior to being recruited)

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Overt signs of cognitive impairment
2. Was a participant in the previously conducted focus groups
3. If assigned to the online group intervention, unwilling to be audio-recorded