A Pilot Study of Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) to Evaluate Safety, Acceptability, and Adherence in At-Risk Populations in Kenya, Africa

This study will evaluate the safety and acceptability of an intermittent and daily PrEP regimen using Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate plus Emtricitabine (FTC/TDF) in men and women at risk for HIV, and it will directly compare adherence and intracellular drug levels in daily and intermittent PrEP recipients. It will also evaluate the relationship between drug adherence, sexual behavior and intracellular drug levels with an intermittent PrEP regimen. In addition it will evaluate the relationship between adherence to an intermittent PrEP regimen and timing of sexual activity in relation to PrEP dosing. The study will use objective medication event monitoring medication event monitors (MEMS) adherence measurement and evaluate the feasibility of newer adherence measurements such as hair sampling and plasma drug levels. The study will also evaluate the feasibility of using SMS (text messages) to collect sexual activity data in an African setting. It will allow study teams and communities to prepare for potential subsequent larger trials of intermittent PrEP. This study is not sized to evaluate efficacy. If the intermittent PrEP regimen is shown to be safe, feasible in terms of adherence, and achieves intracellular drug levels similar to daily PrEP, these data could be used to design a larger phase 2 study with one or more intermittent PrEP regimens. The goal of such a trial would be to provide bridging data if daily PrEP regimens are found to be effective or to prepare for efficacy or non-inferiority trials of intermittent versus daily PrEP.

Investigation of immune responses associated with FTC/TDF will also be evaluated in the pilot study. The proportion of volunteers on FTC/TDF with HIV-specific immune responses, due to exposures that did not lead to established HIV infection, will be assessed at 2-3 time points and compared to responses in volunteers assigned to placebo. Immune responses may be correlated with risk behavior and host factors, such as human leukocyte antigen (HLA) type. As noted above, very few HIV infections are expected to occur during the study, so correlation of HIV-specific immune responses and protection from infection or attenuation of disease progression will not be possible until a larger study is conducted.


Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria

* Willing to comply with the requirements of the protocol and available for follow-up for the planned duration of the study
* Has understood the information provided and has provided written informed consent before any study-related procedures are performed
* Willing to undergo HIV testing, STI screening, HIV counselling and receive HIV and STI test results
* At risk for HIV infection as defined by at least one of the following:

  * Current sexually-transmitted infection (STI) or STI in the previous 3 months
  * In the past 3 months had multiple episodes of unprotected vaginal sex
  * In the past 3 months had multiple episodes of unprotected anal sex
  * In the past 3 months engaged in sex work for money or drugs
* If a female of childbearing potential (i.e., not post-menopausal or surgically sterile), using an effective method of non-barrier contraception (hormonal contraceptive; intrauterine device (IUD); surgical sterility) from 7 days prior to randomization until the end of the study. All female volunteers must be willing to undergo urine pregnancy tests

Exclusion Criteria

* Confirmed HIV-1 or HIV-2 infection
* Any clinically significant acute or chronic medical condition that is considered progressive or in the opinion of the investigator would make the volunteer unsuitable for the study, including severe infections requiring treatment such as tuberculosis, and alcohol or drug abuse
* Any of the following abnormal laboratory parameters:

  * Haemoglobin \<9.0 g/dL
  * Creatinine clearance \<80mL/min, as calculated by Cockcroft-Gault equation
  * AST: \>2.5 x ULN
  * ALT: \>2.5 x ULN
  * Total bilirubin \>1.5 x ULN
  * Serum amylase \>1.5 x ULN
  * Serum phosphorus \<2.4 mg/dL
  * Urinalysis: Two abnormal dipsticks showing any of the following:

    * blood = 2+ or more (not due to menses)
    * protein = 1+ or more
    * leucocytes = 2+ or more
    * glucose= 1+ or more
* Confirmed diagnosis of chronic hepatitis B infection (HBsAg positive)
* If female, pregnant or planning a pregnancy within 4 months after enrolment or lactating
* Participation in another clinical study of an investigational product currently, within the 3 months prior to enrolment or expected participation during this study