Antibiotic/COPD in Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Requiring Mechanical Ventilation

Although the use of antibiotics in the treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is largely accepted, controversy remains regarding whether the choice of antibiotic has any impact on outcome. Our aim was to compare the effects of the combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole and ciprofloxacin in patients treated for severe COPD exacerbation requiring mechanical ventilation.

Antibiotic therapy has been shown to be beneficial in patients with severe acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Although recent guidelines support the use of new antibiotics there is no evidence that newer antibiotics are any better than older agents. The choice of antibiotic to be used in this situation is challenging to the clinician who must choose between traditional antibiotics (cyclins, aminopénicillins, cotrimoxazole...) and new antimicrobial agents. Indeed, available comparative studies did not show an obvious superiority of new antibiotics compared to their predecessors . Taking into account bacterial agents associated to COPD exacerbations, one must choose an antibiotic which has the best activity against Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Branhamella catarrhalis. News quinolones are represented as an interesting alternative to standard antibiotics because of their large spectrum of action and of their pharmacokinetic advantages allowing high tissue penetration in the pulmonary parenchyma and tracheobronchial tree. Data on their use among patients having moderate exacerbation of COPD are encouraging but their effectiveness in more severe presentations is not established. The objective of this randomized controlled and double blind study is to evaluate the effectiveness and tolerance of ciprofloxacin compared to trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole in patients admitted to ICU for severe exacerbation of COPD requiring mechanical ventilation.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* All patients having a COPD (according to the definition of the American Thoracic Society) and having an acute exacerbation leading to an acute respiratory failure requiring the admission to ICU and mechanical ventilation.
* The acute exacerbation of COPD is defined by increase in the frequency of cough, the volume and the purulence of expectoration and increase of baseline dyspnea. To be included, patients must have respiratory rate \>30 cycles/min and one of the following blood gas criteria (with blood gases performed right before the initiation of mechanical ventilation): PaC02 \> 6kPa and arterial pH \<7.30.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Pneumonia documented with chest radiography
* Antibiotic treatment in the ten previous days of ICU admission
* Former inclusion in the study
* History of allergy to the quinolones and/or to trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole
* Pregnancy or breast feeding
* Severe chronic disease: heart, liver, kidney.
* Known immunodeficiency (malignant hemopathy, AIDS...)
* Digestive disease which could affect the absorption of the drugs
* Concomitant infection which requires systemic antibiotic treatment