Pre-Operative Single Shot Rectus Sheath Block

Objectives The primary objective is to demonstrate that in patients undergoing major urologic surgery, Patient Controlled Analgesia (PCA) opioid consumption in the first 24 hours after surgery will be significantly less in patients who have had a single shot rectus sheath block pre-operatively in addition to a post-operative rectus sheath continuous block via surgically placed catheter versus those who only have post-operative rectus sheath continuous block. Secondary outcomes will be opioid requirement intra-operatively, Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) pain scores including maximum pain score in Post Anesthesia Care Unit (PACU) and score at 24 and 48 hours, incidence and severity of nausea, number of vomiting episodes, sedation score, time to first bowel movement, time to first mobilization and duration of hospital stay.

Purpose: To improve analgesia and reduce opioid consumption in patients undergoing major urologic surgery.

Hypothesis: Patients receiving pre-operative single shot rectus sheath blockade in addition to continuous rectus sheath catheters will use less PCA opioid in the first 24 hours post-operatively compared to patients receiving continuous rectus sheath blockade for major urologic surgery.

Justification:

The sensorimotor innervation of the anterior abdominal wall is supplied by the ventral rami of the thoracolumbar spinal (T7-L1) segmental nerves. The thoracolumbar nerves course along the anterolateral wall within the transversus abdominis plane (TAP), and continue anteromedially, before entering the lateral aspect of the posterior rectus sheath. The nerves provide both muscular and cutaneous branches to innervate the muscle fibers and overlying skin with innervation from both left and right nerves supplying the midline. Regional anesthesia techniques for the anterior abdominal wall include both TAP and rectus sheath blocks.

The TAP block has been investigated extensively and shown to reduce opioid analgesia requirements post-operatively. The main difference between TAP block and rectus sheath block is that the rectus sheath block targets the nerves at a more anterior location. Bilateral rectus sheath nerve blocks are required to provide cover for midline incision and the investigators have previously described rectus sheath block with nerve catheter insertion under ultrasound guidance for midline laparotomy. A recent retrospective review from Dutton et al on the use of rectus sheath catheters for major urologic surgery reported that they offer an effective and safe method of peri-operative analgesia in patients undergoing major open urological pelvic surgery. Tudor et al demonstrated that rectus sheath catheters provide analgesia equivalent to that provided by epidurals following laparotomy for colorectal surgery.

At the University of Alberta Hospital, patients having major urologic surgery e.g. cystectomy have surgically placed rectus sheath catheters sited at the end of the procedure as a standard of analgesia care. This is combined with patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) opioid as part of a multimodal approach to post-operative pain control.

One disadvantage of surgically placed TAP and rectus sheath catheters is that they are inserted at the end of surgery. Therefore, the patient does not benefit from them intra-operatively and other methods of analgesia including opiates are required to reduce the sympathetic response to surgical stimulation and to prevent excessive immediate and early post-operative pain. The surgically placed rectus sheath catheters are sited during wound closure and then bolused with local anesthetic just prior to emergence so often the block is not fully established in the early post-operative period resulting in further opiate analgesia requirement.

The primary objective is to demonstrate that in patients undergoing major urologic surgery PCA opioid consumption in the first 24 hours after surgery will be significantly less in patients who have had an ultrasound-guided single shot rectus sheath block pre-operatively in addition to a post-operative rectus sheath continuous block via surgically placed catheter versus those who only have post-operative rectus sheath continuous block.

Secondary outcomes will be opiate requirement intra-operatively, Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) pain scores including pain score in PACU and score at 24 and 48 hours, incidence and severity of nausea, number of vomiting episodes, sedation scores, time to first bowel movement, time to first mobilization and duration of hospital stay.

Research Methods: A randomized, double-blinded controlled trial.

Subjects who meet eligibility criteria will be invited to participate in the study by the clinical care team or research assistant in the Preadmission Clinic. Informed consent will be obtained by the research assistant. Next, all eligible participants will be randomized to the treatment group i.e. pre-operative single shot bilateral rectus sheath blocks + post-operative catheters or the control group i.e. post-operative catheters.

Randomization will be conducted through stratified-blocked randomization with varying blocks of 4 to 6 according to a schedule not known to the investigators using a computerized algorithm. The patient, intra-operative anesthetist, the surgeon and the assessor will be blinded to the randomization assignment.

The treatment group will have pre-operative single shot bilateral rectus blocks with 20 ml of a ropivacaine / bupivacaine mixture per side. The control group will have a pre-operative sham subcutaneous injection of 1ml saline per side. Both groups will have bilateral rectus sheath catheters placed surgically at the end of the procedure. Under direct visualization, the surgeon will insert a standard nerve block catheter between the rectus abdominis muscle and the posterior rectus sheath lateral to the incision on both sides. The catheter will be fixed to skin via a specialized taping system. An infusion of 0.2% ropivacaine will be administered through the rectus sheath catheter (1ml / hour continuous infusion with 15 ml /hour bolus every 4 hours). All patients will receive an IV morphine or dilaudid PCA and adjunctive post-operative medication. Intra-operative morphine / dilaudid administered intra-operatively will be recorded as well as total morphine / dilaudid used in the first 24 hours. Anesthesia technique will be standardized for short-acting opioid use i.e. fentanyl. Peri-operative multimodal analgesia adjuncts will include ketamine 0.2mg/kg and dexamethasone 6mg. All patients will be pre-medicated with acetaminophen 1g and gabapentin 300mg pre-operatively.

Primary and secondary outcomes will be collected by the study team from the patient chart and accompanying records and through patient interview. Continuous variables will be analyzed using t-tests and categorical variables will be analyzed using chi-squared test.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Adult patients over 18 years
* Undergoing major urological surgery
* Consent to a rectus sheath blockade as part of their postoperative management

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patients under 18 years
* Local or systemic infection
* Patients who refuse consent
* Opioid tolerance
* History of chronic pain
* Psychiatric illness
* Allergy to local anesthetic.