Handoffs and Transitions in Critical Care - Understanding Scalability

The investigators will leverage implementation science and engineering to adapt, implement, and rigorously evaluate tailored postoperative handoff protocols and implementation strategies. In doing so, the investigators will develop a vital understanding of the factors needed for successful and sustained use of evidence-based interventions in acute care. This knowledge will inform approaches to bridge the evidence-to-practice gap that prevents effective interventions from realizing the promise of improved patient outcomes in acute care settings.

Surgical patients who require post-surgical critical care are usually transferred from the operating room (OR) to the intensive care unit (ICU) for ongoing care. The process of transferring the patient from the OR to the ICU is called a "handoff." Handoffs involve the transfer of patient information and transfer of patient care responsibilities from the OR team to the ICU team. Multiple studies suggest that these handoffs can expose patients to preventable harm, which can be avoided with standardization of the handoff. The Handoffs and Transitions in Critical Care (HATRICC; IRB #819726) study, started in 2014, developed and implemented a standardized OR to ICU handoff process in two Penn surgical ICUs (SICUs) that did not have a standardized handoff process.

Four clinicians (surgeon, anesthetist, ICU provider, and ICU nurse) from two teams (surgical and intensive care) usually take part in handoff communication. During the HATRICC study, the investigators evaluated handoff communication between the OR and ICU teams before and after implementation of the new standardized handoff process (the "HATRICC process") in multiple ways, using observations, interviews, focus groups, and surveys. The investigators demonstrated a 20% improvement in information exchange after implementation of the HATRICC standardized handoff process, a process tailored to meet the needs of the different clinicians participating in OR to ICU handoffs.

Prior studies have indicated short-term success in standardizing OR to ICU handoffs, but sustainability of these improvement interventions has been less well studied. Two studies have demonstrated sustained or improved information exchange following the institution of structured OR to ICU handoff processes, but the factors influencing sustainability remain to be elucidated.

The aims of this study are to:

1. Ascertain determinants of OR-to-ICU handoff protocol adoption and use in 12 adult and pediatric ICUs in five health systems.
2. Adapt handoff protocols using engineering approaches and select tailored implementation strategies with implementation mapping.
3. Test the effectiveness of tailored, multifaceted, multilevel implementation strategies.
4. Design and create a digital toolkit for other ICUs to identify implementation determinants, customize OR-to-ICU handoff protocol, and select appropriate implementation strategies.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria for Clinicians:

* Age ≥ 18 years
* Cares for patients at any point in the surgical continuum of care, including pre-operative, intra-operative, or post-operative care, OR has administrative responsibilities relevant to patient care at the study hospitals
* Fluency in English

Inclusion Criteria for Patients:

• Patient admitted for inpatient care at the study hospitals and experiences a post-operative handoff from the operating room to the intensive care unit.

Exclusion Criteria for Clinicians:

• Being a member of research staff

Exclusion Criteria for Patients:

• (none)