Lifestyle Intervention for Treatment of Diabetes

This study is evaluating two approaches to improving the control blood sugar, and other risk factors for heart disease in overweight and obese adults with type 2 diabetes. The first approach has participants focus on weight loss via reducing food intake and increasing physical activity, while attending weekly group sessions led by trained community health workers for 12 months. The second approach has participants receive education on diabetes self management, which focuses primarily on glucose control, while attending monthly group sessions led by a study staff member for 12 months. We are recruiting persons with type 2 diabetes who live in the Winston-Salem/Forsyth County area of North Carolina who are willing to attend sessions at the Downtown Health Plaza of Wake Forest Baptist Health. We will measure risk factors for heart disease (glucose control, blood pressure, blood cholesterol) and calculate the predicted risk of heart disease, and see which intervention lowers risk to a greater extent at 12 months, as well as 24 months.

The Look AHEAD trial has demonstrated improved risk factor control among overweight or obese diabetes patients who received an intensive lifestyle intervention at both one and four years after enrollment. Translating such findings into accessible and effective weight loss programs is a major public health challenge. We are conducting "Lifestyle Interventions for Treatment of Diabetes" (LIFT Diabetes). The overall goal is to investigate two approaches to improving risk factor control; one which is modeled after Look AHEAD and is designed to achieve 7% weight loss and increase physical activity to \> 175 minutes per week among minority and lower income diabetes patients via a 12-month, group based lifestyle intervention, using community health workers supervised by an interventionist. Participants will have up to 4 group visits/month and up to 12 individual contacts/year. The other approach will promote Diabetes Self Management (DSM) by educating participants regarding health behaviors which lead to improved diabetes control; this arm is also 12 months, and is delivered in the clinic by intervention staff via monthly group visits and up to 12 individual contacts/year. We will randomize 260 overweight or obese adults with diabetes to either intervention, and determine the impact on outcomes (UKPDS-estimated CVD risk, risk factor control), weight, cost, resource utilization, and safety at 12 months, and after transitioning back to usual care, at 24 months. The hypotheses are that the community based intervention results in 10% relative reduction in CVD risk compared to clinic-based intervention; the interventions are equivalent with respect to adherence and participant satisfaction; and the community based intervention is associated with lower cost than the clinic based intervention. Translating evidence based, lifestyle strategies, and targeting minority and underserved patients, will yield, if successful, models for addressing diabetes-related health disparities.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Men and women 21 years of age and older residing in the Forsyth County, North Carolina region.
* Disease: Type 2 diabetes mellitus.
* Overweight or obese: defined as body mass index (BMI) greater than 25 kg/m2 (\>27 if on insulin).
* If not on diabetes medication, persons with hemoglobin A1c greater than or equal to 6.5% and less than 11.0%
* If on diabetes medication, hemoglobin A1c greater than or equal to 5.0% and less than 11.0%
* Blood pressure: BP ≤ 160/100 mmHg.
* A usual source of medical care: The intervention may induce hypoglycemia and have other risks, and weight loss and increased physical activity may modify the need for drugs used to treat diabetes, high blood pressure, and lipids. Patients must have a source for ongoing care. Usual source of care will be documented via a "medical clearance" form with physician signature verifying that MD is aware their patient is participating in this trial.
* Able to exercise: Increasing moderate intensity physical activity is an integral part of this intervention. Must be able to walk 1/4 mile without assistance.
* Able to communicate in English
* Other: Willing to give consent to participate in this research program, including random allocation to either study arm.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Poorly controlled diabetes: defined by hemoglobin A1c\>11%
* Cardiovascular disease: Clinical history of cardiovascular disease, or newly diagnosed at screening. This includes myocardial infarction, heart failure, ischemic heart disease, stroke and other vascular disease. Persons suspected of having angina (chest pain) or other potentially ischemic symptoms will be required to be evaluated by their health care provider.
* Weight Loss: Currently involved in a supervised medical or surgical weight loss program or with a history of prior weight loss surgery.
* Age: We will exclude children (\<21 years)
* Pregnancy: Diabetes during pregnancy has specific management criteria, and the role of weight loss via caloric restriction and increased physical activity is of uncertain efficacy and safety. Among women of child-bearing potential, planning to become pregnant within 12 months will be an exclusion criteria. Women who have recently given birth and are breast feeding are also excluded
* Serious Illness with anticipated decreased life expectancy during the 2 year (24 month) time frame of the intervention, such as cancer diagnosis or treatment within the past 5 years (with the exception of non-melanoma skin cancer).
* Inability to exercise: Patients who are wheel chair bound, have had an amputation, are undergoing treatment for lower extremity infections, or who self report being unable to ambulate 400 meters (1/4 mile) without assistance.
* Participation in another clinical trial involving intervention(s) which affect any component of cardiovascular risk. Potential participants who are enrolled in purely observational studies remain eligible.
* Renal disease: Persons with stage 3 chronic renal disease (estimated glomerular filtration rate \<60ml/min by the chronic kidney disease formula used by Wake Forest Baptist) will be excluded.
* Other: Conditions/criteria likely to interfere with participation and acceptance of randomized assignment, including the following: inability/unwillingness to give informed consent, major psychiatric or cognitive problems (schizophrenia, dementia), self-reported active illegal substance or alcohol abuse, and clinical judgment.