Electricity Access and Maternal Care in Rural Health Facilities in Uganda

The investigators will conduct a stepped wedge cluster-randomized controlled trial in maternity care facilities in Uganda to evaluate the impact of the provision of a reliable light source on the quality of delivery care provided. The facility-level intervention is the installation of a "Solar Suitcase", a complete solar electric system providing essential lighting and power for charging phones and small medical devices and a fetal doppler. The intervention will be rolled-out sequentially to all facilities over two time periods, in a randomized order.

Ensuring universal access to electricity is essential for global development. In the health sector, lack of reliable light and electricity is a major challenge for health workers when conducting deliveries at night. However, there is very little evidence of the impact of improving access to reliable electrification at maternity facilities on the quality of maternity care they provide.

This stepped wedge cluster-randomized trial will evaluate the impact of a reliable light and electricity source - the "Solar Suitcase" - on outcomes of availability and brightness of light, the quality of maternal care provided, and health worker satisfaction. The study will take place in rural health facilities conducting deliveries in Uganda. The eligible facilities have either no connection to electricity or a modern light source or have reported to have very unreliable light (blackouts occur frequently).

The intervention is a "Solar Suitcase", provided by the non-governmental organization "We Care Solar". The Solar Suitcases are complete solar electric systems that provide essential lighting and power for charging phones and small medical devices. Data collection will include direct observation of deliveries during daytime and nighttime hours, as well as interviews with facility staff. The intervention will be implemented in about 30 facilities in a step process, whereby at each 'step', half of the facilities (selected randomly) will receive the intervention.

Data will be collected at three time points: a baseline period in which no facilities have received the intervention, a midline period in which the first group of facilities has received the intervention but the other half has not, and an endline period in which all facilities have received the intervention.

In addition, facility-level data will be collected at three time points over a 9-month period after the completion of the endline. This data will be used to monitor delivery and ANC volumes at facilities.

Eligibility Criteria:
For women delivering at facility:

Inclusion Criteria:

* Pregnant women who are admitted for labor and delivery at participating facilities.
* Women aged 16 years or older.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Pregnant women who present to participating facilities for abortion or abortion-related complications, miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy, antenatal or postnatal complications of pregnancy (not an observation of labor)
* Women who are immediately transferred to another hospital, or are taken straight to surgical theatre (limited or no period of observation possible)
* Women who deliver at home but are brought to the facility for any complication.
* Women who deliver outside the maternity ward or delivery area
* Women who deliver in ambulance while on the way to the facility (woman admitted in the facility for placenta removal)
* Women who have not given consent
* Health worker objects to the observation.

For eligibility of health facility:

Inclusion criteria:

* government health facilities level 2, 3, or 4
* are open 24 hours a day
* conduct deliveries at night
* have unreliable electricity (have either no source of electricity, or have only 1 functional source of electricity and experience blackouts at least several times a week and had power available only sometimes in the past week).

Exclusion criteria:

• facility already has a Solar Suitcase