Assessment of Immune Response After Vaccination Against COVID-19 in Patients Treated With Renal Replacement Therapy

Chronically dialyzed patients and kidney transplant recipients have been identified as particularly vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2 infection due to unavoidable exposure. They have also high rates of comorbid conditions and have varying degrees of immunosuppression, which puts them at risk of developing very severe forms of COVID-19 disease with fatality rates varying from 16% to 32%. In such circumstances vaccination is the only chance to improve their extremely poor prognosis. There is very little published data on the response to vaccination in dialyzed patients and kidney transplant recipients so far. No data are available on the efficacy of vaccines against COVID-19 in patients treated with peritoneal dialysis (PD). Furthermore, given the fact that disturbances of acquired immunity in dialyzed patients are many and diverse it is uncertain whether vaccinating against SARS CoV-2 in these population will result in sufficient immune response and, by consequence, protection against infection. Registration studies on the basis of which population vaccinations are actually conducted were performed only in the general population. There were no dialyzed patients and kidney transplant recipients in the study groups, so these patients are vaccinated with doses and schedules for people without chronic kidney disease. It is not known whether vaccination under such standard schedule produces a sufficient immune response in them and how long it lasts. That's why the aim of this study is to evaluate the humoral and cellular immune response after mRNA vaccine against COVID-19 with which patients treated with renal replacement therapy are vaccinated in Poland. It will be a prospective, observational controlled study conducted in patients treated with renal replacement therapy (hemodialyzed subjects, patients treated with peritoneal dialysis and kidney transplant recipients) vaccinated with mRNA vaccine against COVID-19 according to common rules and manufactures recommendations.The control group will be made up of sex and age matched people without chronic kidney disease.The first goal of the study is to analyze seroconversion rate and titer magnitude of neutralizing IgG and IgA antibodies directed against spike (s) SARS-CoV-2 antigen after the first and the second dose of mRNA vaccine as well as after 3, 6, 9, 12 months after vaccination. The second goal is to evaluate the cellular immune response tested using the ELISPOT method at the same time points as above.The immune response will be compared to patients without chronic kidney disease as well as between hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis patients and kidney transplant recipients.

1. Venous blood samples will be collected at seven-time points: before dose 1 of vaccine, 21 days after dose 1, within 14-21 days after dose 2 and 3,6,9,12 months after vaccination. From the volume of about 8 ml of the patient's peripheral blood, a fraction of PBMC (peripheral blood mononuclear cells) will be isolated, which in the first stage of the study will be frozen in nitrogen. To generate serum, blood samples were centrifuged at room temperature at 2500 RPM for 10 minutes, aliquoted, frozen in -70˚C, and stored until use.
2. The level of antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) antigen will be detected in serum using the Abbot Architect™SARS-CoV-2 IgG test.
3. The level of neutralizing IgG and IgA antibodies against the SARS-CoV (S1 and S2 subunits) (S) will be detected in serum using the DiaSorin LIAISON®SARS-CoV-2 S1/S2 IgG serology COVID-19 S-Protein (S1RBD) Human IgA ELISA Kit respectively.
4. The cellular component of the immune response will be tested using the ELISPOT method, which involves testing the amount of INF-γ and IL-2 released from leukocyte cells.
5. The grading scales for side effects (the same as in the pivotal trial) used in this study were derived from the FDA Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER) guidelines on toxicity grading scales for healthy adult volunteers enrolled in preventive vaccine clinical trials.
6. All medical data of patients from all groups will be extracted from their medical records.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* patients on chronic dialysis (hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis) for at least 1 months and had received vaccination with mRNA vaccine BNT162b2 (BionTech/Pfizer Comirnaty) with a 3-week interval between first and second doses.

Exclusion Criteria:

* (-)