Low-dose Propofol for the Treatment of Severe Refractory Migraine Headache in the Emergency Department

Migraine headache is a frequent Emergency Department complaint. While first-line Emergency Department treatment for this condition is well-established, optimal second-line treatment options are not well-defined. First line Emergency Department treatments include Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs), dopamine antagonists. Second line treatments that have been proposed include triptans, steroids, antiepileptics, benzodiazepines, magnesium and narcotics, but none have shown reliable Emergency Department efficacy (less than 50% in most studies). In the past ten years there have been several case series published on using low, sub-anesthetic doses of propofol for the treatment of refractory migraine. These case series have reported very impressive efficacy rates, especially in comparison to the published efficacy rates of other second-line treatments. Personal experience using this treatment modality has also yielded impressive clinical results. Most of the published series, however, have not been conducted in the Emergency Department.

The Investigators propose to conduct a prospective, observational trial of low-dose propofol for the treatment of refractory migraine in the Emergency Department. Propofol is a frequently-used Emergency Department sedative, with a good safety profile when administered by experienced Emergency Medicine practitioners using appropriate monitoring. The primary outcome measurement will be reduction of pain after treatment, with secondary outcome measures related to the safety of treatment and continuation of pain relief after leaving the Emergency Department. Although the protocol will involve the use of low-dose propofol with the aim of achieving light-to-moderate sedation only, all patients will care for and monitor at a level appropriate for deep procedural sedation.

This is a prospective, open-label, observational trial to assess basic efficacy and safety in the Emergency Department treatment environment.

Emergency Department patients at Einstein Medical Center Philadelphia, with migraine type headache (International Headache Classification), who continue to have severe (6/10 or greater) pain one hour after receiving adequate first-line treatment with a dopamine antagonist (prochlorperazine or metoclopramide) and an NSAID (ketorolac or ibuprofen) will be approached for possible inclusion. Patients who meet all inclusion/exclusion criteria will be given informed consent, including consent for procedural sedation. Patients who decline to participate will continue to have their headache treated by the ED team as per usual practice.

After enrollment, patients will be set up for procedural sedation per standard Emergency Department protocol. This includes a well-running peripheral IV; continuous monitoring with telemetry, pulse oximetry, capnography and automated blood pressure checks; continuous bedside monitoring by both an Emergency Department nurse and an Emergency Department attending or senior resident (with immediate attending availability); and airway management tools including suction, oxygen, and Bag valve mask ventilation at bedside, with advanced airway management tools (intubation equipment, etc) immediately available. After time-out, propofol administration will begin. The study drug will be administered only by those properly trained to do so and will be administered in compliance with healthcare licensure requirements. Propofol will be administered as a 0.5mg/kg (at a concentration of 10mg/mL, rounded to the nearest 0.5mL) initial bolus, followed by repeat 0.25mg/kg boluses (same rounding) every three to five minutes as needed to maintain Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale (RASS) target -2 ("light sedation - awakens to voice \<10 seconds") to RASS target of -3 ("moderate sedation - movement or eye opening without eye contact") for 15 minutes. No more than 1.5mg/kg of propofol will be administered over this time period. After the sedation session is complete, patients will be allowed to wake up and will be monitored in the ED for at least another hour prior to discharge.

If a patient experiences any adverse safety event that in the determination of the treating provider make it unsafe to continue giving propofol, the protocol will be terminated immediately.

Numeric pain score (0-10) will be obtained prior to medication administration, at 30 minutes and at 60 minutes after the final dose of medication. Patients will also be questioned about associated migraine symptoms (nausea/vomiting/photophobia/phonophobia) and their resolution. Patients will receive follow-up phone calls at 24 hours to assess pain score, need for additional medications and whether they would opt for the same treatment again in the event of another severe headache. Patient charts will subsequently be reviewed to determine if they had any further ED visits within 72 hours after propofol administration.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Age between 18 and 65
* Chief complaint consistent with the diagnosis of headache that meets 2 of the 4 following criteria (check all that apply):
* Unilateral Headache
* Pulsatile Sensation
* Moderate to Severe pain intensity
* Aggravation by physical activity or causing avoidance of physical activity (i.e. climbing stairs, walking)
* Headache is associated with at least one of the following symptoms (check all that apply):
* Nausea and/or vomiting
* Photophobia and/or phonophobia
* History of at least 5 similar headaches
* Within 6 hours of screening has received BOTH (via IV or PO):

  1. A Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug (NSAID):

     Ibuprofen / "Motrin" Naproxen / "Aleve" Ketorolac / "Toradol"
  2. A Dopamine-Antagonist:

Metoclopramide / "Reglan" Prochlorperazine / "Compazine"

* Persists with 6/10 or greater pain at one hour after above treatment
* Emergency Department attending feels patient appropriate for propofol treatment

Exclusion Criteria:

* Allergy to the study medication / eggs / soy (medication components)
* Inability to provide written, informed consent
* Employee or in police custody
* Pregnant or breast-feeding
* Medical concerns: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, active asthma exacerbation, obstructive sleep apnea, morbid obesity (Body Mass Index \> 40), American Society of Anaesthesiologists class 3 or greater, actively intoxicated, Blood Pressure \< 110/70
* Meal or heavy snack within 3 hours of sedation time
* Will be driving themselves home from Emergency Department
* Opioid use within the last 6 hours
* Previously enrolled in this study