Comparison of Safety and Efficacy of Detaenial Sigmoid Neobladder and Ileal Neobladder

Bladder cancer is a common malignant tumor of the urinary system, radical resection plus urinary diversion is the first choice of treatment for muscle invasive bladder cancer. Urinary diversion of surgical options related to patient' survival and quality of life.

In 1988, Hautmann firstly reported an orthotopic urinary diversion method: Hautmann neobladder. As the urine can be controlled from the original urethra, the patient's quality of life has been greatly improved, so the new bladder surgery gradually accepted and welcomed by urologists and patients. However, in order to achieve low-pressure and large-volume storage capacity of the urine reservoir, the 40-70cm long interception of terminal ileum need to be detubularized. Only after split, folded, re-stitched and a series of treatment, the intestinal can be used. Such complicated procedures make so many urologists give it up. In addition, the interception of the long ileum may lead to reduced absorption of vitamin B12 which caused anemia, metabolic acidosis, intestinal dysfunction. Not only that, as time goes by, this kind of neobladder will be unlimited expansion and resulting in a serious increase in residual urine volume, hydronephrosis, or even the occurrence of neobladder spontaneous rupture.

In 2000, professor Chunxiao Liu invented "detaenial sigmoid neobladder", this surgical method overset the traditional intestinal detubularization approach, which detached the serosal layer with smooth muscle from the bowel without split it. This kind of neobladder is easier to construct and have less impact on intestinal function. So far, it has been implemented for more than 600 cases in Zhujiang hospital, the age of patients range from 9 months (bladder rhabdomyosarcoma) to 84 years old.

So far as now, no multicenter prospective clinical study on orthotopic urinary diversion has been performed worldwide, neither the head-to-head studies on detaenial sigmoid neobladder and ileal neobladder.

Our project is going to perform a multicenter randomized controlled trial for these two neobladder methods and look forward to assess the safety and efficacy of these two procedures which provide an objective basis for the patients undergoing orthotopic urinary diversion in the future.

Surgical technique for Hautmann ileal neobladder: A 70-cm portion of terminal ileum is selected and incised on the antimesenteric border. The ileum is arranged into an M or W configuration with the four limbs sutured to one another. After a buttonhole of ileum is removed on an antimesenteric portion of the ileum, the urethral anastomosis is performed. The ureteral anastomoses are performed using a Le Duc technique or direct implantation, are stented, and the reservoir is then closed in a side-to-side manner. As an alternative, the two ends of the W may be left slightly longer as a short chimney on either side for implantation of the ureters.

Surgical technique for detaenial sigmoid neobladder: After radical cystectomy, the sigmoid was brought out from a midline incision in the lower abdomen and a 15 to 25 cm segment was isolated. Intestinal continuity was restored using a circular stapler. Omental and free taeniae, and the serosal layer were incised deeply as far as the submucosal layer until the plane between smooth muscle and the submucosal layer could be identified clearly by scalpel dissection. The serosal layer with smooth muscle was then detached from the submucosal layer and removed continuously without difficulty. During this time, the operator could insert the finger in the sigmoid lumen and lift the sigmoid wall up for accurate dissection. Only the mucosal and submucosal layers were preserved. Approximately 2 to 3 cm of the taeniae and serosal layer were preserved to strengthen the urethra-neobladder anastomosis at the central portion of the isolated sigmoid and at the two ends for the ureter-neobladder anastomosis. The detaenial sigmoid was irrigated repeatedly by dilute iodine solution to eliminate impurities. Its capacity for enlargement and leak tightness were assessed at the end by filling with 300 to 400 ml iodine solution. Residual taeniae were identified and incised during this filling phase. The ureters were subsequently implanted in antirefluxing fashion in a submucosal tunnel with 4-zero poly glactin at the two ends of sigmoid. The ureter-neobladder anastomoses were protected with a 6Fr Single J® stent. Each stent was passed through the sigmoid wall and exteriorized. The two ends of the sigmoid were closed by 2-zero polyglactin with the embedded seromuscular layer. The central portion of the sigmoid was incised and a 22Fr 3-way catheter was inserted in neobladder. The neobladder was anastomosed to the urethra with 2-zero polyglactin.

Followup: Each patient was evaluated at 3-month intervals for 1 year, at 6-month intervals for 2 to 5 years. Renal ultrasound, biochemical examination and urine culture were done every 3 to 6 months. Pelvic computerized tomography and retro-cystogram were performed 6 months postoperatively and annually thereafter. Urodynamic investigation and cystoscopic examination were done annually.

Postoperative complications were classified as early (90 days or less) and late (greater than 90 days). Early and late complications were subdivided into those related and not related to the neobladder. Complication grade was classified according to the Clavien-Dindo system. Major complications were defined as grade III or higher. Daytime and nighttime continence levels were recorded postoperatively at patient interview. Continence was defined as complete if the patient was dry without a pad, satisfactory if no more than 1 pad was required and poor if the patient used more than 1 pad during the day or night.

End points: The primary end point was change in renal function from baseline to 3 years. Secondary end points included changes in renal function from baseline to 6, 12 and 24 months, reduction in eGFR 10 ml/minute/1.73 m2 or greater, early (less than 90 days) and late (90 days to 3 years) complications, urinary tract infection that was symptomatic or was treated, any surgical re-intervention or urinary diversion related surgical re-intervention defined as an open or endoscopic procedure under anesthesia, cancer recurrence and overall survival. Renal function was assessed using the CKD-EPI equation. Complications were analyzed and graded by a blinded adjudicator using the modified Clavien complication grading system.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

1. Bladder carcinoma in situ, include CIS and T1G3 tumor, muscle invasive bladder cancer（T2/T3N0-1M0）
2. Recurrent bladder cancer
3. Other conditions that have been approved by a urologist for indications for new bladder surgery
4. Had been received intravesical chemotherapy, intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy or systemic chemotherapy in the past.
5. Voluntarily signed the informed consent -

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Preoperative serum creatinine more than 2.26mg/dl（Or 200μmol/L）
2. Cancer invaded urethral (confirmed by the pathology)
3. Non - bladder cancer patients underwent neobladder
4. A history of other malignant tumors within five years
5. Ileum / sigmoid chronic inflammation, like ulcerative colitis or intestinal tuberculosis, and so on.
6. Other conditions that have been approved by a urologist for not suitable for new bladder surgery

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