Sympathetic Neurovascular Transduction: Role of Adrenergic Receptors and Sex Differences

The main purpose of this interventional study is to examine differences in resting blood pressure control between healthy males and females. The main questions it aims to answer are:

1. Are there sex differences in the communication between the sympathetic nervous system (also known as the "fight or flight" response) and peripheral blood vessels (which influence systemic blood pressure)?
2. What is the role of specific vascular receptors that respond to sympathetic signals, and is it different between males and females?

Participants will complete one study visit of approximately 3 hours where they will:

* Have a blood sample taken to measure circulating sex hormone and sympathetic transmitters.
* Receive very small doses of medications commonly used to adjust blood pressure through an artery in their arm. The effects of these medications will be short-acting and localized to the forearm.
* Have their sympathetic nervous activity directly measured through two very small needles (similar to acupuncture needles) in the side of their leg.
* Have their blood pressure and heart rate recorded, and forearm blood flow measured using ultrasound.

Blood pressure is in part regulated by activity of your sympathetic nervous system (also known as your "fight or flight" response). Sympathetic nerve activity affects the size of your blood vessels, which in turn will affect your blood pressure. This communication between sympathetic impulses and the resulting change in vascular resistance is termed "sympathetic neurovascular transduction". In other words, transduction represents the reactivity of the blood vessels in response to individual sympathetic bursts of activity.

Males and females regulate their blood pressure in different ways; for example, females tend to have lower blood pressure and sympathetic nerve activity than males. Females also appear to have less constriction of their blood vessels in response to stress. This may be due to differences in the receptors which are activated by the sympathetic nervous system. These receptors are called α and β-adrenergic receptors and are located on vascular smooth muscle cells. They respond to sympathetic neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine in opposite directions: α-adrenoreceptors cause vasoconstriction (and an increase in vascular resistance), and β-adrenoreceptors cause vasodilation (and a decrease in vascular resistance) in part through the endothelium-dependent nitric oxide pathway.

Current evidence suggests that β-adrenergic receptors are more sensitive in females and contribute to paradoxical vasodilation when α-adrenergic receptors are stimulated by norepinephrine from sympathetic bursts. It has also been suggested that estrogen interacts with adrenergic receptors, contributing to this sex difference. This study will contribute to the understanding of sex differences in cardiovascular physiology and may have implications for clinical cardiovascular conditions.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Between ages 18-40 years
* No diagnosed medical history of cardiovascular, respiratory, nervous system, or metabolic disease.
* Females must be pre-menopausal.
* Prior to study visit: abstained from caffeine, alcohol, strenuous exercise, and medication not taken regularly for at least 12 hours.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Current diagnosis of cardiovascular, respiratory, nervous system, or metabolic disease that may impact blood pressure regulation. This will be assessed on a case-by-case basis by the study physician.
* Participants with bleeding or clotting disorders, or those currently taking blood thinners.
* Participants currently taking beta-agonist inhalers i.e. Ventolin (at least not in the last 24 hours).
* Females who are pregnant, confirmed by a pregnancy test.
* Females who have are less than 1 year postpartum or are breastfeeding.
* Females who are post-menopausal.
* Participants that are classified as obese (body mass index \> 30 kg ⋅ m2).
* Have a history of smoking regularly in the last 6 months (but nicotine substitutes (i.e. patch, gum) are not an exclusion criteria).
* Those with a known allergy to sulfites, or other components of the supplied solution of study drugs.
* Participants taking medications that are contraindicated with any of the study drugs, such as monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors or tricyclic antidepressants.
* Participants who have not adhered to the pre-testing guidelines related to diet, alcohol or exercise will not be excluded, but will be rescheduled for a different day. This is to reduce experimental variability.