Eradication of Antibiotic-resistant Bacteria Through Antibiotics and Fecal Bacteriotherapy

This investigator initiated,international, multicenter open-label, randomized controlled trial aims to assess whether a 5 day course of oral nonabsorbable antibiotics (colistin sulfate 2 million IU per os 4x/day and neomycin sulfate 500 mg (salt) per os 4x/day ) followed by fecal microbiota transplantation (administered either via nasogastric administration or via capsules) is effective at eradicating intestinal carriage of beta-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-E) and carbapenemase producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE). compared to no intervention (current standard of care) in adult non-immunosuppressed patients .

In recent years a certain family of bacteria (Enterobacteriaceae) that colonizes the human gastrointestinal tract but can also cause severe infections has increasingly become resistant to antibiotics by acquiring enzymes that can inactivate a wide array of these valuable drugs. Depending on the class of beta-lactam antibiotics that these enzymes can inactivate, these bacteria are either designated as extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-E) or carbapenemase producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE).

The R-GNOSIS project which is financed by the European Commission combines five separate international clinical studies (work packages 2 to 6) that examine intervention strategies to reduce carriage, infection and spread of these bacteria. This study (work package 3 of R-GNOSIS) will be conducted in 4 centers in 3 European countries (Switzerland, France, The Netherlands) and Israel. The study will examine whether it is possible to eradicate intestinal carriage with ESBL-E and CPE by administering a 5 day course of oral nonabsorbable antibiotics (colistin sulfate and neomycin sulfate) followed by administration of "healthy" stool flora obtained from a healthy volunteer donor ("fecal microbiota transplantation" or FMT). The "healthy" stool flora for this procedure will be obtained from carefully selected healthy volunteers that have been tested for a wide variety of infectious diseases and do not show any risk factors or risky behavior for transmittable diseases. Once the fecal material has been processed it will be frozen at -80°C for up to six months until administration to patients (via capsules or via a nasogastric tube). FMT has been successfully used to treat recurrent infections with a specific pathogen (Clostridium difficile) and has proven safe and effective for this indication but has never been studied with the aim of eradicating multidrug-resistant organisms.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Adult patients (\>= 18 years at date of inclusion)
* Ability to provide informed consent
* Documented intestinal carriage of ESBL-E and / or CPE by stool culture at baseline (visit 0)
* IF COLONIZED WITH ESBL-E ONLY (WITHOUT CPE): At least one episode of symptomatic infection with ESBL-E requiring systemic antibiotic therapy within the last 180 days before date of inclusion (based on the last day of antibiotic therapy for that infection)

Exclusion Criteria:

* Pregnancy or planned pregnancy
* Breastfeeding
* Difficult / impossible follow-up
* Allergy or other contraindication to one of the study drugs
* Recurrent aspirations / chronic dysphagia
* Resistance to colistin (defined as MIC\> 2 mg/l) of any of the ESBL-E or CPE strains isolated at baseline
* Estimated life expectancy \< 6 months
* Treatment with any systemic antibiotic on the day of inclusion
* Severe immunodeficiency

  * Systemic chemotherapy ≤30 days from baseline or planned chemotherapy within the next 6 months
  * Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) with CD4 count \< 250/mcl
  * Prolonged use of steroids (prednisone equivalent ≥ 60 mg per day for \>= 30 days) or other immunosuppressive medications
  * neutropenia with absolute neutrophil count \<1000/μL,
  * Solid organ transplant
  * Hematopoeitic stem cell transplant recipients
  * Other causes of severe immunodeficiency
* Current hospitalization in an Intensive Care Unit
* Estimated glomerular filtration rate (CKD-EPI) \< 15 ml/min/1.73m2
* Severe food allergy (anaphylaxis, urticaria)
* Unavailability of compatible FMT preparation (with regard to donor / recipient cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus and toxoplasma serology)
* Anatomic contraindication to the placement of a nasogastric tube (only if FMT application via nasogastric tube)