Elimination of Peritoneal Tumor Cells With Extensive Peritoneal Lavage During Surgery in Patients With Gastric Cancer

A Japanese study showed that the additional use of an "Extensive Intraperitoneal Lavage" (EIPL), i.e. an extensive washing of the abdominal cavity with water, during surgery for gastric cancer can lead to a significant increase in survival. However, the study was confined to patients in whom upon commencing surgery, free peritoneal tumor cells were detected, which is only a small fraction of patients.

The primary objective of our study is to assess in all patients undergoing removal of the stomach and adjacent lymph nodes for stomach cancer, if EIPL can eliminate free peritoneal tumor cells which have been present at the beginning of the surgery or after the stomach and lymph node removal. Secondary objectives are to assess how often free peritoneal tumor cells occur in patients with stomach cancer, how often surgical resection itself leads to a release of tumor cells, the safety of the EIPL procedure, and disease-free and overall survival of patients undergoing EIPL. Based on the outcome of this japanese study we want to test with special laboratory methods why this lavage leads to a better outcome.

Specifically, the trial will test the hypotheses that a) lymph node dissection causes a release of tumor cells in the abdominal cavity, and b) EIPL eliminates free peritoneal tumor cells.

In spite of the existence of multimodal therapy, the long-term survival of patients with gastric cancer remains poor. In advanced tumor stages, five-year survival rates rarely exceed 30%. One of the factors limiting overall survival is peritoneal carcinomatosis, which frequently occurs after surgical treatment with curative intention.

Peritoneal carcinomatosis is supposed to develop from peritoneal implantation of tumor cells already present in the abdominal cavity during primary surgery. It is assumed that both serosal tumor infiltration and intraoperative lymphadenectomy, which per se leads to a survival improvement (1) and is therefore considered standard in Europe and Japan ((2), http://www.jpca.jp/PDFfiles/ Guidelines2004_eng.pdf), can release tumor cells into the peritoneal cavity. Of note, a Japanese study found that tumor cells were released into the peritoneal cavity during lymphadenectomy in 14-46% of patients, depending on preoperative tumor stage (3).

A randomized clinical trial from Japan (4) demonstrated that an "extensive intraperitoneal lavage" (EIPL), i.e. an irrigation of the abdominal cavity with ten times one liter of physiological saline solution, in combination with intraperitoneal chemotherapy (IPC) carried out after gastrectomy and lymphadenectomy, led to a significant improvement in overall survival compared to patients who received only surgery and IPC without EIPL, and those who received surgery alone without EIPL and IPC. These results suggest that the largest survival benefit is attributable to the addition of EIPL to IPC (5-year survival rate: 43.8% vs. 4.6%) and not to the addition of IPC to surgery alone (5-year survival rate: 4.6% vs. 0%).

However, it is important to consider that the study included only patients in whom peritoneal tumor cells were detected before resection of the stomach and lymph nodes. Thus, only 90 of 1522 (5.9%) patients operated in the participating centers throughout the study period fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Furthermore, the study design was not appropriate to assess if EIPL really leads to a reduction of free tumor cells as assumed. Regarding this hypothesis, the only available results stem from single patients out of smaller studies (4;5). To date, there is no higher level evidence from larger populations.

The present trial, for the first time, uses EIPL as additional treatment in patients with any tumor stage and regardless of the detection of intraperitoneal tumor cells at the beginning of the operation.

Intraperitoneal lavage fluid will be harvested and assessed for tumor cells at three different points of time:

(i) before gastrectomy and lymphadenectomy (ii) after gastrectomy and lymphadenectomy, directly before EIPL (iii) after EIPL

The trial will test the hypotheses that a) lymph node dissection causes a release of tumor cells in the abdominal cavity, and b) EIPL eliminates free peritoneal tumor cells.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Adenocarcinoma of the stomach or cardia (Siewert Type 2 or 3), treated in curative intent with a gastrectomy or subtotal gastrectomy, and D2 lymphadenectomy.
* Adjuvant and neoadjuvant therapy do not constitute exclusion criteria
* Written informed consent
* Age ≥ 18 years

Exclusion Criteria:

* Histologically proven peritoneal carcinomatosis (biopsies of macroscopically suspicious findings must be taken at the beginning of the operation and be analyzed immediately by fresh frozen section)
* Histologically proven distant metastases
* Other medical causes precluding EIPL (e.g. critical condition throughout the surgery with the need to terminate the operation as soon as possible)