A Pilot Study Examining Low Sulfur Diet as Treatment for Persistent Symptoms in Quiescent Crohn's Disease

The goal of this study is to learn about a low sulfur diet in patients with Crohn's disease. Study participants will be randomized to receive a low sulfur diet or usual diet for 8 weeks. Participants will work with study nutritionists and receive dietary educational materials. Participants will attend 2 in-person visits as well as 6 phone visits during the study. In addition, subjects will undergo testing, including a test to measure rectal sensation, a test to look for small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, and a test to measure leaky gut.

Even in the absence of active inflammation, persistent symptoms are reported in up to 46% of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients, especially in Crohn's disease (CD). While persistent symptoms in quiescent Crohn's disease result in worsened quality of life and worse outcomes, evidence-based treatments do not currently exist due to lack of mechanistic understanding of this condition. The gut microbiome, which are the microbes that live in our gut, have been suggested as a potential cause of persistent symptoms. Diet is a major influence on the microbiome and may have a modifiable impact on persistent symptoms in Crohn's disease. However, this has not been well established.

The investigators propose a study period of approximately 8 weeks to evaluate the effects of a low sulfur diet in Crohn's disease. Participants will have an initial phone visit to determine eligibility to participate in the study and to review potential participants normal diet with a study nutritionist.

The treatment phase of 8 weeks will begin at the baseline visit (week 0). Participants will be randomized to receive a low sulfur diet or usual diet for 8 weeks. Participants on the low sulfur diet will meet with the study nutritionist to receive educational materials and recipes for the low sulfur diet. During this visit, participants will undergo testing, including a rectal barostat test to evaluate rectal sensation, glucose hydrogen breath test to assess for small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, lactulose-mannitol test to evaluate intestinal permeability, and a 24-hour urine sample to measure urine sulfate levels. Participants will be asked to collect saliva, serum, and stool samples.

Participants will then have phone visits every 2 weeks (week 2, week, 4, and week 6). Study nutritionists will monitor their dietary history and answer questions about the low sulfur diet if applicable.

At the conclusion of the 8 weeks, participants will have a final in-person study visit where rectal barostat, glucose hydrogen breath test, lactulose mannitol testing, and 24-hour urine sulfate level will be repeated. Stool and serum samples will be collected by participants.

Optional Low Sulfur Diet for participants randomized to the usual diet:

At the conclusion of the study (week 8), if participants randomized to usual diet are interested, will be offered treatment with a low sulfur diet for the next 8 weeks. Participants will meet with the study nutritionist that will provide educational materials on a low sulfur diet. Participants will have phone visits every 2 weeks (week 10, week 12, and week 14) to review dietary history and answer questions about the low sulfur diet. At the conclusion of the 16 weeks, participants will have a final in-person study visit where they will undergo testing, including a rectal barostat test to evaluate rectal sensation, glucose hydrogen breath test to assess for small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, lactulose-mannitol test to evaluate intestinal permeability, and a 24-hour urine sample to measure urine sulfate levels. Participants will be asked to collect saliva, serum, and stool samples.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Prior diagnosis of Crohn's disease based on endoscopic, radiographic, and/or histologic findings
* Quiescent Crohn's disease as defined by fecal calprotectin level less than 150 micrograms/gram (mcg/g) stool and/or absence of inflammation on colonoscopy within 30 and 90 days, respectively, of enrollment
* Persistent symptoms will be defined by abdominal pain and/or diarrhea T-scores greater than or equal to 55 by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Patient-Reported outcomes measurement information system Gastrointestinal scale (PROMIS-GI)

Exclusion Criteria:

* Prior total colectomy
* Presence of an end ileostomy or colostomy in place
* Changes in immunosuppressive medications within the past 4 weeks
* Use of antibiotics or probiotics within the past 4 weeks
* Active or suspected stricture/stenosis of the GI tract
* Habitual vegetarian or vegan diet
* Active or suspected gastrointestinal stricture or stenosis
* Unable or unwilling to follow a low sulfur diet
* Patients who are underweight as defined by BMI \< 18.5 kg/m2 or have significant unintentional weight loss as defined by \>7.5% body weight in the past 3 months
* Currently pregnant, breastfeeding, and/or unwillingness/inability to use contraception start of the study until the last 13C-mannitol:lactulose test is complete. Sexually active male participants and/or their female partners of reproductive potential must agree to use effective contraception from the start of the study and until the last 13C-mannitol:lactulose test is complete. Women who are breastfeeding must stop breastfeeding during and for at least 12 hours after consuming the 13C-mannitol:lactulose test. Breastfeeding women must pump and dispose of the breastmilk during this time period
* Subjects must agree to not donate sperm or ova (eggs) or breast milk from the start of the study until the last 13C-mannitol:lactulose test is complete.