Complications and Functional Outcome of Displaced Femoral Neck Fractures in Patients Younger Than 70 Years

Patients younger than 70 years with a displaced femoral neck are in serious conditions. The femoral neck fracture is associated with low activity levels, hip pain and substantially reduced quality of life. Relatively young individuals with low-energy fractures tend to have additional morbidity or lower bone quality. The literature indicates that 5 % of all displaced femoral neck fractures are in patients aged 55 - 70 years. Little research and lack of consensus and guidance about appropriate treatment of these patients renders choice of treatment, and the health economic aspect a great challenge. In this study the investigators aim to answer if patients aged 55 - 70 years with displaced and low-energy femoral neck fractures treated with a total hip arthroplasty leads to a better functional outcome than osteosynthesis, and can patient-related factors be identified that predispose for femoral fracture? It is a randomized multi center study of patients operated with either total hip arthroplasty or osteosynthesis in which functional outcome, complications and reoperations are compared for the 2 groups. Additional controls are done after 4 and 12 months; 2 and possibly after 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 years. Map patient - related factors that predispose for displaced femoral neck fractures for patients aged 55 - 70 years. Map bone density measured with Dexa for two types of surgical procedures. Map complications and functional outcome after osteosynthesis or total hip replacement in patients aged 55 - 70 years with displaced femoral neck fractures.

Introduction:

Patients younger than 70 years with a displaced femoral neck are in serious conditions. The FNF (femoral neck fracture) is associated with low activity levels, hip pain and substantially reduced QoL (quality of life) . Individuals with high-energy fractures, caused by e.g. car accidents or falls from great heights, are in general healthy and often have normal bone quality in the femoral neck. In these cases, FNF rarely affects the femoral neck but rather the trochanteric area or the femoral shaft. Relatively young individuals with low-energy fractures tend to have additional morbidity or lower bone quality. The literature indicates that 5 % of all displaced FNFs are in patients aged 55 - 70 years. 3535 patients aged 55 - 70 years were registered in the Norwegian Arthroplasty Registry and in the Norwegian Hip Fracture Registry in the period 2005 - 2012. Little research and lack of consensus and guidance about appropriate treatment of these patients renders choice of treatment and the health economic aspect a great challenge. In this study we aim to answer if patients aged 55 - 70 years with displaced and low-energy FNF treated with a THA (total hip arthroplasty) leads to a better functional outcome than osteosynthesis (stabilization by use of hip pins) and can patient-related factors be identified that predispose for FNF?

Background:

Displaced low - energy FNF in patients aged 55 - 70 years is usually treated with internal fixation or implantation of a prosthesis. For patients older than 70 years, several randomized studies compare THA with other treatment options \[1,2,3,4,5\]; the studies have not found a higher mortality or morbidity for THA. Most orthopedics would probably recommend a closed reposition and osteosynthesis for patients younger than 60 years \[6\]. Screw fixation procedures will often be of shorter duration and less invasive, but the risk of needing a new operation because of a failure is higher than with prosthetic surgery. With a reoperation the risk of complications is higher than with the first operation. How this affects mortality, morbidity and functional outcome in this patient group is uncertain. Studies have shown both lower morbidity and earlier mortality than with prosthetic surgery \[7,8,9\]. On the other hand the reoperation rate because of failed osteosynthesis is 28 - 42% versus about 10% for THA; more recent studies show a reoperation rate for THA of 5% \[1,2,3,4,5,10\]. This is both of clinical and social economic importance. A study by McKinley and Robinson (2002) concluded that THA after failed osteosynthesis (screw fixation) was associated with a significantly higher prevalence of certain complications than THA as a first intervention \[11\]. Frihagen and collaborators reported about twice as many complications with prosthetic surgery after failed osteosynthesis (screw fixation) than with prosthetic surgery as the first intervention \[12\]. Young patients with low - energy FNF often have other diseases and conditions that may increase the risk of failed osteosynthesis. Reasons may be use of medication (steroids, epilepsy medication), alcoholism or other types of substance abuse and presence of risk factors for osteoporosis \[13\]. Several review articles and meta - analyses conclude that THA is associated with a lower rate of complications and a better functional outcome than other treatment alternatives \[7,9,14,15\]. Most orthopedic departments in Norway treat displaced FNFs in patients under 70 years of age with closed reduction and osteosynthesis or with different types of prosthetic surgery. Osteosynthesis is usually done with fluoroscopy on a transparent lighted stretch table and with some type of cannulated screws (Hip pins). Hemiprostheses or total hip prostheses are used for joint replacement surgery.

Goals for the project:

Map patient - related factors that predispose for displaced FNF for patients aged 55 - 70 years.

Map bone density measured with Dexa for two types of surgical procedures., Map complications and functional outcome after osteosynthesis (with 2 screws) or THA in patients aged 55 - 70 years with displaced FNF in a randomized multi center study

Study procedures :

This is a randomized multicenter study of patients operated with either THA or osteosynthesis (with 2 screws) in which functional outcome, complications and reoperations are compared for the 2 groups. All patients aged 55 - 70 years with displaced FNF after low - energy trauma are eligible for the study. Before inclusion the patient signs a REC - approved information sheet. Patient data are recorded before, during and after surgery and at discharge. Additional controls are done after 4 and 12 months.

Excluded patients will receive the same treatment as that which the local hospitals would have chosen for them irrespective of the study. If the closed reduction does not result in a satisfactory position and it is highly probable that the osteosynthesis will fail, prosthetic surgery will be performed.

Randomization will be stratified for each hospital and further block-randomized with anonymous block size. Written informed consent will be obtained. The patient will be given a registration number and will then be randomized to one of the 2 treatment options. This will be done with premade opaque sealed envelopes with a registration number that contains information about the treatment method. Power calculations show that to uncover a difference of 10 in the HHS (Harris Hip score) (with standard deviation of 15), 80% statistical power and 5% level of significance, about 36 patients are needed in each group. In addition one should expect that about 15 - 20% of participants in both groups will discontinue the study. From previous studies we assume that a difference in Harris Hip score of 10 between the groups is a clinically relevant difference. If secondary endpoints complications and reoperations are considered, and the assumption is made that about 30% complications will be found in the osteosynthesis group and only 10% complications in the prosthesis group, 59 patients are needed in each group. The reduction result and ostesynthesis will be recorded after surgery. A point system will be used to check if closed reduction and placement of screws is optimal \[20\]. They study is split into two arms, in which patients in one of the arms should be treated with a closed reduction and osteosynthesis with fluoroscopy. The other arm shall be treated with THA, cemented or reverse hybrid. The operation with 2 screws is quicker than THA.

The orthopedist on duty shall include and randomize patients. Tests for physical and mental level of functioning will be done after surgery by a researcher or research coordinator. The patients will be enrolled into the normal emergency operation program and will be operated consecutively according to medical priority. No operation will be delayed due to inclusion in the study. The main surgeon or the assistant should have done at least 25 similar operations earlier to be able to operate a patient included in the study.

Budget :

We apply for funding from different sources. Hospitals ordinary budget will provide the main funding. Extra costs required to do Dexa measurements will be covered over the operating budget. Fundings will be sought for "buy extra time". The work will be done during ordinary working hours and within current salaries for researchers and physiotherapists unless funding is obtained .Salary to part - time employees of research collaborators will be sought externally. We will apply for funding for additional out - patient consultations, but if unsuccessful this will also be financed over the ordinary hospital budget.

Ethics, privacy and data protection:

The project is approved by the Regional Independent Ethics Committee 3 July 2013, 2013/1023 Regional Committee for Medical and Health Research Ethics (REC) South East. Inclusion of such a patient group requires close planning and definition of goals. The test results and other information to be recorded in the study will only be used to reach the project's goal. All information will be treated anonymously without identification of patients (names, personal numbers or other applicable information). A code links the patients to the information and tests through a name list. After finalization of the project, information will be deleted according to internal guidelines. Only authorized personnel within the project can link actual patients the name list. Information about FNF will be sent to the Norwegian Hip Fracture Registry in Bergen only if the patient has consented. Participation in the study is voluntary. The patients can at any time and without giving a reason withdraw from the study. This will not have consequences for further treatment. Patients who wish to participate, will sign the informed consent form.

Scientific and clinical significance / translational science:

There is little research and just a hypothetical assumption that a displaced femoral neck fracture aged 55 - 70 years may due to lower bone quality and osteoporosis. There is still need of high quality studies, special in the incidence of osteoporosis and treatment in Norway. The project will led us to worthy information about treatment, functional outcome and complications in patients aged 55 - 70 years with displaced FNF in Norway when reviewing data from the Norwegian Hip Fracture Registry. Based on present literature, there is limited information about the general health, type of osteoporosis and mental status in this group. The study will led to increased knowledge about this population and will help to choose one of the options to treat a FNF in patients aged 55 - 70 years. Clinical results will clarify the choice of treatment between reduction and osteosynthesis versus THA. In this way the project contributes with scientific translation of knowledge between clinical science and clinical practice.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients with displaced femoral neck fractures Garden 3 or 4
* Age between 55 - 70 years
* Able to walk before injury

Exclusion Criteria:

* Refusal to participate.
* Pathological fractures for other reasons than osteoporosis.
* Senility or dementia or lack of competence to give informed consent to participate
* Fracture on the opposite side at the same time
* Expected life duration less than 12 months and American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) 4 + 5
* Amputated leg
* Serious neurological disease that renders THA unsuitable
* Substance narcotic abuse
* Previous inclusion in the present study