Investigation The Effect of Conventional Vs. Individualized tDCS Intensity to Achieve Uniform E-Fields

Background: Replications of studies employing transcranial direct stimulation (tDCS) shows great variations in physiological and behavioral outcomes. The disparity between studies is based on the expectations of getting the same cortical activity changes consistently once the procedures and current parameters have been repeated. Nevertheless, this assumption was inoperative, due to the individualized variations of numerous parameters such as: age, disease type, symptom severity, head geometry, etc.

Objective: Through this clinical trial we aim to reduce the variability of the physiological and behavioral outcomes of tDCS by individualizing the current intensity and to study the neurophysiological and behavioral outcome differences between participants who receive the customized current intensity in comparison to the others who would receive a fixed dose.

Methods: Based on individual patient's structural MRI images, the Electrical field (E-field) distribution can be modeled and the individualized current dose to stimulate a target region can be determined. A group of thirty persons with multiple sclerosis (PWMS) would be pseudo-randomized into three groups receiving all 3 treatments of individualized tDCS, fixed currents (2 mA), and sham tDCS. Baseline and post-intervention assessment of physiological and behavioral outcome measures will be assessed using respectively, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) recruitment curve and a stop-signal task and GO/No-go test.

Significant statement and clinical relevance: Individualizing the patient's tDCS current intensity will result in a better clinical outcome (i.e. more robust physiological and behavioral effects), as compared to a tDCS application that is based on a fixed current.


Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Right-handed volunteers, assessed by Edinburgh handedness inventory
* Normal or corrected-to-normal vision
* Greater than or equal to 18 years old
* Relapsing-remitting type of MS (RRMS)
* Moderate disability EDSS score ≤ 6.5
* Free of relapsing attack at least a month before recruitment

Exclusion Criteria:

* Subject recently had a seizure or epilepsy
* Subject is a habitual smoker;
* Subject has a history of any major disease that may interfere with the investigations (especially liver and kidney disease, upper limb pathologies, history of significant multiple traumas, or diabetes) or cancer;
* Subject has any history of a major neurological disorder in addition to MS (including previous severe brain trauma and cognitive impairment) or known cerebral structural abnormalities;
* Subject has a diagnosed mental disorder (e.g., depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, psychoses);
* Subject is currently a user (including ''recreational use'') of any illicit drugs or has a history of drug or alcohol abuse;
* Subject has significant abnormalities on T1/T2 MRI scan;
* Subject has a contra-indication for MRI scanning or TMS measurements (see screening forms for MRI and TMS);
* Subject does not understand the study procedure;
* Subject is unwilling or unable to perform all study procedures, or is considered unsuitable in any way by the principal investigator;
* Subject is not able to perform the motor tasks;
* Subject is (potentially) pregnant (in case of doubt, hCG test will be conducted in female participants); subject is breastfeeding at the time of the study;
* Subject chronically uses medication, especially sedatives or sleep medication (contraceptives allowed). Other medication that is only taken as needed will be allowed at the investigator's discretion;
* Using TMS, no (sufficiently stable) MEPs can be evoked at left M1;