Pancreaticoduodenectomy: Outcomes of a Complex Surgical Procedure From a Developing Country

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND Pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) plays an integral part in the management of pancreatic, periampullary and duodenal cancers along with few other pathologies of this region. Despite advances in surgery PD continues to have significant morbidity and noteworthy mortality. The aim of this study is to provide an in-depth report on the patient characteristics, indications and the outcomes of PD) in a tertiary cancer hospital in Pakistan.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

The study population included patients who underwent PD between January 1st 2014 and march 31st 2019, at Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre (SKMCH\&RC) in Pakistan. The Data was retrospectively analyzed from the Hospital Information System (HIS), which is a prospectively maintained patient electronic database of SKMCH\&RC. Patient characteristics, procedural details and post-operative outcomes according to internationally accepted definitions were reported.

KEYWORDS: Whipple's procedure, Pancreaticoduodenectomy, Pancreaticogastrostomy, lower middle income, pancreatic fistula, periampullary cancer.

INTRODUCTION:

Pancreatic cancer is one of the most common cancer worldwide and ranks 7th as the leading cause of death among all cancers.The estimated 5 year survival of pancreatic cancer is very poor i.e. 5%. Apart from cancer there is a plethora of benign and pre-malignant pancreatic lesions that can manifest symptoms in patients.

Surgery plays an integral part in the management of pancreatic lesions. Pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) is a considered to be one of the most complex and morbid surgical procedures. The first case series published by Allan Whipple in 1935 reported the procedure related mortality in excess of 25 percent. With the advancements in surgical techniques, perioperative and critical care management, mortality rate has dropped down to less than 5 percent in high volume centers. However, morbidity remains high with some studies reporting up to 70 percent .

There have been some studies, with small cohort and limited follow up periods, reporting on outcomes of PD in Pakistan .To our knowledge, no published study has focused on detailed surgical outcomes and long term follow up. We do not know the long term outcomes after PD in Pakistan and most information is based on a western literature which may not be applicable to a Pakistani cohort of patients. SKMCH\&RC being a dedicated cancer centre and tertiary care hospital of the country receives a high number of referrals of patients requiring this complex procedure in Pakistan.

Every patient that is referred to our hospital has a detailed history and examination in the walk-in clinic. Every case undergoes a pancreatic protocol Computerised Tomograph scan(CT) and where appropriate interventions like Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiography (ERCP) with or without stent placement, Endoscopic Ultra-sound or Percutaneous Trans-hepatic Cholangiogram (PTC) are undertaken. Every case is discussed in our Multi-Disciplinary Team (MDT) meeting comprising of trained hepatobiliary surgeons, gastroenterologists, diagnostic and interventional radiologists, pathologists, medical and radiation oncologists. Patients with border-line operable confirmed pancreatic cancers undergo neo-adjuvant treatment, whereas resectable lesions undergo upfront PD.investigators work at a paperless hospital and all patient data is put real time into a computerised Hospital Information System (HIS) by all cadres including nurses, allied health professionals and doctors. The hospital has a unique in-house developed computerised patient management system (HIS) that collects all patient information in real time including patient demographics, investigations, Multi-Disciplinary Team discussions, Nursing assessments, outpatient, operative notes and post- operative outcomes. As the data is collected in real time and stored, it allows for accurate retrospective review of the data.

The aim of this study is to provide a detailed analysis of the patient characteristics, indications, post-operative and intermediate term outcomes for PD in a Pakistani cohort of patients. This will provide a reference point for physicians when they counsel their patients regarding PD outcomes in Pakistan and also help define areas of potential improvement in the future.

METHODOLOGY:

Patients:

All patients undergoing PD from 1st January 2014 till 31st March 2019 at SKMCH\&RC, Pakistan were retrospectively evaluated from a prospectively maintained database using the HIS system. The cohort of patients selected included malignant, pre-malignant and benign pathologies. Exclusion criteria included patients that did not undergo PD after exploratory laparotomy due to metastatic disease or with involvement of celiac, superior mesenteric or hepatic arteries. The ethical approval was sought from Institutional Review Board (IRB) of SKMCH \& RC vide number EX-24-10-19-01.

Variables:

Variables recorded were age, gender, co-morbidities, American-Society of Anesthesiologists score (ASA), pre-operative histopathology, clinical staging, surgical details, post-operative complications, mortality (30 \& 90 day), length of stay, and survival outcomes.

Pancreatic fistula was recorded as defined by ISGPF 2016 updated criteria. Post-Pancreatectomy Hemorrhage (PPH) was recorded as defined by International Study Group on Pancreatic Surgery (ISGPS) 2007 classification. Morbidity was recorded according to Clavien-Dindo classification.

Statistical analyses:

Calculations were performed with Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS Ver20) for Windows. Data was described using median with minimum and maximum value for skewly distributed quantitative variables. For categorical variables, number of observations and percentages were reported. For survival analyses Kaplan-Miere Curve was applied. The study is in compliance with the SKMCH\&RC guidelines on research involving human subjects.

ETHICAL APPROVAL:

Ethical approval was obtained from Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, prior to the commencement of study.

PATIENTS' CONSENT:

Informed consent was taken from every patient about data collection, analysis and research publication.

DECLARATIONS OF INTEREST:

None

FUNDING:

The research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

all patients whose surgeries were done from January 2014 to March 2019

Exclusion Criteria:

None as such