Extremely Hypofractionated Intensity Modulated Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy for the Treatment of Prostate Cancer With Rising PSA After Radical Prostatectomy

This phase II trial investigates the effect of extremely hypofractionated intensity modulated stereotactic body radiotherapy in treating patients with prostate cancer that has rising prostate specific antigen (PSA) after radical prostatectomy. Stereotactic body radiation therapy uses special equipment to position a patient and deliver radiation to tumors with high precision. This method may kill tumor cells with fewer doses over a shorter period and cause less damage to normal tissue. Hypofractionated radiation therapy delivers higher doses of radiation therapy over a shorter period of time and may kill more tumor cells and have fewer side effects.

PRIMARY OBJECTIVES:

I. To determine the two-year change in patient-reported gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms based on the Expanded Prostate Cancer Index (EPIC) instrument following stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) to the prostate bed and/or pelvic lymph nodes, with a comparison to historical control data for more prolonged radiation regimens.

II. To determine the two-year change in patient-reported urinary (GU) symptoms based on the EPIC instrument following stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) to the prostate bed and/or pelvic lymph nodes, with a comparison to historical control data for more prolonged radiation regimens.

SECONDARY OBJECTIVES:

I. To quantify patient-reported GI symptoms using the EPIC instrument at 3 months, 6 months, 1 and 5 years.

II. To quantify patient-reported GU symptoms using the EPIC instrument at 3 months, 6 months, 1 and 5 years.

III. To quantify rates and severity of acute physician scored adverse events using the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE version \[v.\] 5.0) scale.

IV. To quantify the five-year cumulative incidence of physician scored adverse events the CTCAE v4.03 scale.

V. To quantify five-year progression-free survival. VI. To quantify 5-year cumulative incidence of biochemical recurrence. VII. To quantify 5-year distant metastasis-free survival.

EXPLORATORY OBJECTIVES:

I. To compare all primary and secondary endpoints between patients treated with an magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-guided versus a computed tomography (CT)-guided linear accelerator.

II. To compare primary and secondary endpoints between patients treated with short course (=\< 6 months) or long-term \>= 12 months) antiandrogen therapy (ADT).

OUTLINE:

Patients undergo SBRT every other day or on consecutive days for up to 14 days. Patients may receive hormonal therapy at the discretion of the treating physician.

After completion of study treatment, patients are followed up every 3 months for the first year, and then every 6 months for up to 5 years.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* History of histologically confirmed, clinical localized adenocarcinoma of the prostate treated with radical prostatectomy with definitive intent
* Presence of any ONE of the following:

  * Adverse pathologic features at the time of prostatectomy (positive surgical margin, pathologic T-stage 3-4 disease, pathologic Gleason score 8-10 disease, OR presence of tertiary Gleason grade 5 disease)
  * Documentation of rising prostate-specific antigen on at least two consecutive draws, with the magnitude of prostate-specific antigen exceeding 0.03 ng/mL
  * Intermediate- or high-risk Decipher genomic classifier score
  * Identification of prostate cancer in \>= 1 lymph node at the time of prostatectomy (pN+ disease)
* CT scan and MRI of the pelvis within 120 days prior to enrollment \[note: (a) if patient has medical contraindication to MRI, an exemption will be granted and enrollment can proceed; (b) for patients with PSA \< 1.0 ng/mL, the treatment planning CT can substitute for a diagnostic CT scan; (c) a low-field, radiation planning MRI can replace the diagnostic MRI if the patient refuses or cannot obtain a high-field MRI\]
* Bone scan OR advanced nuclear imaging study within 120 days prior to enrollment for patients with PSA \> 1.0 ng/mL
* Age \>= 18
* Karnofsky performance status (KPS) \>= 70 and/or Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) =\< 2
* Ability to understand, and willingness to sign, the written informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patients with any evidence of distant metastases. Note, evidence of lymphadenopathy below the level of the renal arteries can be deemed loco regional per the discretion of the investigator
* Patients with neuroendocrine or small cell carcinoma of the prostate
* Prior pelvic radiotherapy
* History of Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, or ataxia telangiectasia