Left Atrial Distensibility to Predict Left Ventricular Filling Pressure and Prognosis in Patients With Severe Mitral Regurgitation

A large left atrial (LA) volume, which represents chronic diastolic dysfunction, is associated with a poor outcome, regardless of systolic function. Thus, the LA volume provides a long-term view of whether the patient has diastolic dysfunction, regardless of the loading conditions present at the examination, such as hemoglobin A1c in diabetes mellitus. To date, the relation between the LA volume and left ventricular (LV) filling pressure has not been confirmed directly by simultaneous echocardiographic catheterization. The present study, therefore, assessed the correlation between the LA volume and LV filling pressure in patients with severe mitral regurgitation (MR). Because the LA pressure increases to maintain adequate LV diastolic filling, increased atrial wall tension tends to dilate the chamber and stretch the atrial myocardium. Therefore, the lower the ability of the left atrium to stretch, the greater the pressure in the left atrium. The study is designed to assess 1) the relationship between LV filling pressure and LA distensibility, and 2) the power of left atrial distensibility to predict the prognosis, including operation mortality, the rate of post-operation atrial fibrillation, and late heart failure event in patients with severe mitral regurgitation.

Introduction LA volume provides the significantly prognostic information in the general population and patients with heart disease, including acute myocardial infarction, left ventricular dysfunction, mitral regurgitation, cardiomyopathy and atrial fibrillation. Large LA volume, which represents chronic diastolic dysfunction, is associated with poor outcome, regardless of systolic function. Thereby, LA volume provides a long-term view of whether or not the patient has the disease of diastolic dysfunction, regardless of whatever loading conditions are present at the time of the examination, as the hemoglobin A1C in diabetes mellitus. Until now, the relation between LA volume and LV filling pressure confirmed directly by simultaneous echocardiography-catheterization is sparse. This study therefore assessed the correlation between LA volume and LV filling pressure in patients with severe mitral regurgitation (MR). As LA pressure rises to maintain adequate LV diastolic filling, increased atrial wall tension tends to dilate the chamber and stretch the atrial myocardium. Therefore, the smaller LA stretchability, the more pressure LA faces. The study is designed to assess 1) the relationship between LV filling pressure and LA distensibility, and 2) the power of left atrial distensibility to predict the prognosis, including operation mortality, the rate of post-operation atrial fibrillation, and late heart failure event in patients with severe mitral regurgitation.

Methods Study population: Between August 2010 and July 2012, this study will enroll 100 severe MR patients who will receive cardiac catheterization for pre-operation evaluation. Exclusion criteria are the following: 1) presence of mitral stenosis, 2) more than mild severity of aortic valvular problem, 3) any abnormality of atrial septum (e.g., atrial septal defect or aneurysm), and 4) rhythm other than sinus rhythm. MR are categorized by mapping jet expansion in the LA in 4- and 2-chamber views at end systole from three separate cardiac cycles. MR is considered severe when regurgitant jet area occupies more than 40% of the LA area. The grade of MR is increased by one degree (moderate to severe) in cases of eccentric MR jet based on evidence of reduced color-flow jet areas due to loss of momentum in jets adjacent to chamber walls. Significant coronary lesion is defined as diameter stenosis \> 70% in at least one major coronary artery. The control group consisted of 50 other comorbid disease-, age- and gender-matched patients with negative results of coronary angiography, despite positive result of screen test for coronary artery disease (treadmill, Thallium scan, stress echocardiography, or 64-slides CT angiography), and they are selected after confirming no evidence of valvular heart disease by echocardiography. All patients and controls will give written informed consent to participate in the study, and the study is approved by the institutional review board.

Cardiac catheterization: Coronary angiography will be performed to evaluate hemodynamic condition and to test for coronary artery disease. The LV filling pressure is continuously recorded (50 mm/s) by a 6-F pigtail catheter placed at the apex of the left ventricle and is taken from 3 to 5 end-respiratory cycles if patients can tolerate breath holding. The LV filling pressure value is calculated as the mean of at least 3 consecutive cardiac cycles. An LV filling pressure \> 15 mmHg is considered elevated.

Conventional echocardiographic and myocardial tissue Doppler measurement: Echocardiography will be performed immediately after LV filling pressure measurements. LV ejection fraction is calculated using Simpson's method for biplane images. Mitral inflow is assessed by pulsed-wave Doppler echocardiography form the apical 4-chamber view. From the mitral inflow profile, the E-wave velocity, A-wave velocity, and E-deceleration time are measured. Pulsed-wave tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) is performed using spectral pulsed Doppler signal filters, by adjusting the Nyquist limit to 15 - 20 cm/s and using the minimum optimal gain. In the apical 4-chamber view, a 3-mm, a pulsed-wave Doppler sample volume is placed at the level of the mitral annulus over the septal border. Pulsed-wave TDI results are characterized by a myocardial systolic wave (S') and 2 diastolic waves: early (E') and atrial contraction (A'). The pulsed-wave TDI tracing is recorded over 5 cardiac cycles at a sweep speed of 100 mm/s and is used for offline calculations.

Measurements of LA volume: All LA volume measurements will be calculated from apical 4- and 2-chamber views using the biplane area-length method (15). The LA volumes are measured at 3 points: 1) immediately before the mitral valve opening (maximal LV volume or Volmax); 2) at onset of the P-wave on electrocardiography (pre-atrial contraction volume or Volp); and 3) at mitral valve closure (minimal LV volume or Volmin). The LA distensibility was calculated as (Volmax - Volmin) / Volmin. The LA ejection fraction is calculated as (Volp - Volmin) / Volp. In all patients, LA volumes are indexed to body surface area (BSA).

Measurement of regurgitation volume: The apical window is used to record the pulsed-wave velocities at the LV outflow tract and at the mitral annulus and to measure the diameter of the mitral annulus. The time-velocity integral is assessed. The stroke volumes of mitral annulus and LV outflow tract are obtained by multiplying the cross-sectional area by the respective time-velocity integral. The MR regurgitation volume is calculated as Regurgitation volume = (stroke volume of mitral annulus) - (stroke volume of LV outflow tract).

Follow up: All patients will receive mitral valve replacement later. The prevalence of operation mortality and post-OP atrial fibrillation will be assessed. Otherwise, patient will receive regular follow-up at our outpatient clinic for at least 1 year and any heart failure event necessary for hospitalization will be assessed by telephone interview, chart review or personal visit interview if needed. Those events, including operation mortality, post-OP atrial fibrillation and post-OP hospitalization for heart failure, will account for patients' prognosis.

Interobserver variability: In the first 50 enrolled cases, Volmax, Volmin, and Volp will be measured by 2 independent observers. Interobserver variability is calculated as the difference between the values obtained by the 2 observers divided by the mean. Interobserver difference and variability of Volmax, Volmin, and Volp will be assessed.

Statistical analysis: The SPSS software (version 12) will be used for all statistical analyses. All continuous variables are presented as means ± standard deviation. Analysis of variance and post hoc test (Scheffe F-test) for unpaired data are used to evaluate the significance of differences between groups. A p vale of \< 0.05 is considered statistically significant. Comparison of clinical characteristics is performed by chi-square analysis for categorical variables. Bivariate analysis, simple correlation and linear regression are used as appropriate. The relation curve between LA distensibility and LV filling pressure are estimated using SPSS software. ROC curve analysis is also performed to assess the sensitivity and specificity of the cut-off points of echocardiographic parameters when predicting elevated LV filling pressure (\> 15 mmHg), and the presence of the above-mentioned events. If LA distensibility is useful for predicting elevated LV filling pressure and major events, Kaplan-Meier curve will be performed to assess the cumulative event-free rate according to the cut-off point of LA distensibility estimated by ROC curve. The hazards ratios of clinical and echocardiographic parameters, including LA distensibility will be assessed by multivariate logistic analysis.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients with severe mitral regurgitation are admitted for surgical intervention and are willing to participate in this study.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Presence of mitral stenosis
* More than mild severity of aortic valvular problem
* Any abnormality of atrial septum (e.g., atrial septal defect or aneurysm)
* Rhythm other than sinus rhythm
* Inadequate image quality
* Lack of informed consent