Nutrition, Inflammation and Insulin Resistance in End-Stage Renal Disease

By 2030 an estimated 2 million people in the US will need dialysis or transplantation. Insulin resistance and chronic inflammation are common in dialysis patients and have been linked to protein-energy wasting, the most important determinant of clinical outcome in this patient population. The investigators hypothesize that the skin and muscle tissue sodium accumulation is a critical mechanism by which chronic inflammatory response and insulin resistance, alone or in combination lead to protein energy wasting in hemodialysis patients. The investigators will test this hypothesis by studying dialysis patients and matched controls without kidney disease by examining tissue Na content, markers of inflammation and protein metabolism.

There are more than 420,000 patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis therapy in the United States, which is estimated to rise to over 500,000 patients by 2020. There are an estimated 45,500 Veterans receiving hemodialysis, of which over 3,000 enrolled Veterans were receiving dialysis at VA facilities in FY 2013. Over the last decade, there have been no therapies proven to significantly lower the mortality and morbidity risk for these patients. One of the most important determinants of this poor clinical outcome is protein energy wasting, a highly prevalent nutritional and metabolic abnormality characterized by increased protein breakdown in the skeletal muscle compartment. The investigators' group has shown that two well-recognized and interrelated metabolic abnormalities, insulin resistance and persistent inflammation, are likely to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of protein energy wasting and related nutritional and metabolic abnormalities. The investigators' preliminary data show that in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients 1) There is an inadequate response to protein anabolic actions of insulin; 2) Persistent systemic inflammation is strongly and independently associated with skeletal muscle net protein balance; and 3) Pharmacological modulation of systemic inflammation and insulin resistance partially, but not fully, reverse net protein catabolism. It was demonstrated that non-osmotic sodium (Na) is stored in skin and muscle without commensurate water retention, which leads to local immune-cell activation and accelerated pro-inflammatory status. The investigators' preliminary data show that the skin and muscle Na+ contents, derived by 23Na magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are substantially higher in MHD patients compared to matched healthy controls. The investigators also showed that increased skin and muscle Na concentrations are significantly associated with increased inflammatory response and decreased peripheral insulin sensitivity, in patients on MHD. These data suggest that tissue Na content, immune pathways and insulin resistance are closely linked and could lead to increased risk for protein energy wasting in MHD patients. It was reported that standard 4-hour conventional hemodialysis provides significant Na removal from muscle and skin suggesting that tissue Na and water content could be modulated by modulating hemodialysis prescription. The overall goal of this application is to elucidate the mechanisms by which tissue sodium accumulation, persistent immune system activation and insulin resistance influence the development of protein energy wasting in MHD patients. The investigators hypothesize that the skin and muscle tissue sodium accumulation is a critical mechanism by which chronic inflammatory response and insulin resistance, alone or in combination, lead to protein energy wasting in MHD patients. Specific Aims: To test the hypothesis that removal of tissue sodium by modulating hemodialysis prescription would improve metabolic milieu and protein energy wasting in MHD patients. The investigators will achieve this goal through a cross-over randomized clinical trial whereby dialysate sodium concentrations will be modulated (138 mEq/L versus 132 mEq/L, 4 weeks each) to remove 10% of baseline skeletal muscle Na content in the setting of stable sodium intake by diet. The primary outcomes will be markers of net protein balance, inflammation, and macronutrient disposal rates. If successful, the proposed studies will have great potential to influence clinical practices in MHD patients because the proposed intervention protocol would be easily accessible and could ultimately lead to improvements in the hospitalization and death rates with great impact on Veterans' Health Care and make important contributions to the research mission of the Department of Veterans Administration.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* On MHD for more than 6 months
* Have acceptable dialysis adequacy (eKt/V \> 1.2) for a minimum of 3 months and a patent, well-functioning, hemodialysis AV access
* Ability to give informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

* Pregnancy
* Intolerance to the medication in metabolic studies)
* Presence of a metal object in the body that might interfere with MRI
* Severe, unstable, active, or chronic inflammatory disease (active infection, active connective tissue disorder, active cancer or cancer history in the prior 5 years, HIV, liver disease, active chronic hepatitis B or C)
* Type 1 Diabetes on insulin therapy; Hospitalization within 1 month prior to the study
* Receiving steroids (including inhaled steroid and high potency topical, with the exception of over the counter hydrocortisone cream
* Prednisone \> 5 mg/day) and/or other immunosuppressive agents
* Residual renal function \> 5ml/min or urine output \> 400 ml/day