CMV Specific T Cell Therapy After Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation.

Viral infections remain an important cause of morbidity and mortality after allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT), especially after myelo-ablative conditioning and if the donor is antigen-mismatched or haplo-identical.. In the described setting the patient's own immune system has been destroyed by the necessary highly immuno- and myelo-ablative conditioning and all memory against infections has been deleted. Therefore, there is a high risk for several viral infections and other infectious organisms.Both primary viral infections and reactivations can occur, and patients can become refractory to antiviral treatments, or in some cases an adequate antiviral treatment is unavailable or too toxic. In this study, the investigators will target CMV, as refractory CMV infection and disease is accompanied by an extremely high mortality rate and therefore the development of new treatment approaches is required. Despite the available antiviral drugs, a considerable number of patients are facing an insufficient control of CMV reactivation after SCT. Because reconstitution of CMV-specific T cells confer protection against the development of CMV disease after SCT, attempts have been made to restore antiviral immunity by direct infusion of CMV-specific T cells. Most clinical cellular immunotherapy protocols for CMV treatment have used CMV-specific cytotoxic CD8+ T-cell lines generated by repetitive in vitro stimulation with CMV antigens with success. Despite the proven efficacy, use of cellular therapy in the clinic has been limited, because the approach is time and labor consuming and requires specialized facility allowing handling of the therapeutic cells according to good manufacturing practice. In addition, no sustained response was seen after adoptive transfer that involved only cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. This phenomenon is supported by the fact that recall responses to latent infections depend on the presence of CD4+ T cells to help cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. An alternative approach for the transfer of T-cell immunity is the isolation of Ag-specific T cells ex vivo from the blood of CMV seropositive donors, based on interferon γ (IFN-γ) secretion of T cells after in vitro stimulation with viral Ag, resulting in a combination of CD4+ T helper and cytotoxic CD8+ CMV specific T cells. Using this strategy, a short-term ex vivo protocol was developed for the isolation of pp65 (CMV immunodominant protein)-specific T cells. Since then, several centers have used this protocol in the clinic, infusing low numbers of pp65-specific T cells, that were able to restore protective T-cell immunity against CMV in a post SCT setting in patients with refractory CMV disease or viremia. For this protocol the investigators have set up and validated this method of CMV-specific T-cell generation in the Ghent University Hospital and the investigators will make it available for other Belgian transplant centers.


Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients:

  1. All underlying diseases that form an indication for allogeneic stem cell transplantation
  2. Underwent allogeneic stem cell transplantation with a donor that fulfills the following criteria:
* CMV-seropositive at the time of transplant and
* Age 18-70 years 3) Having a CMV reactivation or primary infection or disease with the following characteristics: CMV PCR at least twice positive AND CMV infection relapsing after 3 successful treatment episodes with gancyclovir OR Refractory to treatment with available antiviral drugs which is defined as follows: Persistent positive CMV PCR \> detection limit 14 days after initiation of antiviral treatment OR increasing CMV viral load 7 days after initiation of antiviral treatment 4) Informed consent given
* Donor:

  1. Is identical to donor of the previous stem cell transplant
  2. The donor will be pre-screened for the presence of sufficient numbers of CMV-specific T cells:
* IFNgamma producing T cells upon CMVpp65 stimulation are at least twice the background level (unstimulated cells)
* At least 10 events of IFNgamma positive T cells are measured
* IFNgamma producing T cells upon CMVpp65 stimulation are equal or higher than 0,1% of the viable CD4+ and CD8+ cell population If the donor shows sufficient number of circulating CMV-specific cells, according to the test described in 2 3) Only if the donor shows sufficient number of circulating CMV-specific cells, according to the test described in 2:
* Donor has positive IgG serology for CMV, IgM negative or positive
* Donor has signed informed consent for the donation of donor lymphocyte cells
* Donor is found fit for donation by a medical doctor according to selection criteria conform KB annex II (C-2009/18414)
* Donor is negative for infectious disease markers including HCV, HBV and HIV-NAT testing: HBs antigen, HBc/HBs antibodies, Syphilis (TPHA or equivalent), HVC and HIV antibodies.
* Additional testing should be performed and negative when relevant: malaria, west nile virus, trypanosomiasis, HTLV conform KB annex II (C-2009/18414)
* HCG negative within 7 days of apheresis

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patients:

  1. HIV, HCV, HBV positive (HbSAg positivity after vaccination is allowed)
  2. Life expectancy severely limited by disease other than malignancy or viral infection
  3. Administration of cytotoxic agent(s) for cytoreduction within three weeks prior to initiation of the treatment or to be expected within 8 weeks after administration of the treatment
  4. Terminal organ failure except for renal failure (dialysis acceptable)
  5. Uncontrolled other infection than the one being treated
  6. Karnofsky performance score \< 60%
  7. Patient is a fertile man or woman who is unwilling to use contraceptive techniques during and for 12 months following treatment
  8. Patient is a female who is pregnant or breastfeeding
  9. Patient with active aGVHD grade 3 or more
  10. Patient with severe chronic GVHD
  11. Patient on corticosteroids \> 0.5mg/kg. Patient can still be on therapeutic doses of immunosuppressive therapy, but these will be tapered to the lowest possible dose, as is part of standard care in case of CMV reactivation.
  12. Patient that has received ATG \< 1 month prior to infusion or Campath \< 1 year prior to infusion
  13. Any condition not fulfilling inclusion criteria
* Donor:

  1. Any condition not fulfilling inclusion criteria