Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy Versus Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy with Jejunal Extension

The goal of this clinical trial is to learn if placing a feeding tube with a small bowel extension (called Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy With Jejunal Extension \[PEG-J\]) is better at preventing pneumonia than a standard feeding tube (called Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy \[PEG\]) in people who need long-term tube feeding. Researchers want to know if people who receive a PEG-J have fewer cases of pneumonia in the first 30 days compared to those who receive a standard PEG, and whether PEG-J tubes require more follow-up procedures to fix tube problems.

Researchers will compare two different types of feeding tubes: a standard feeding tube that goes into the stomach (PEG) versus a feeding tube that extends past the stomach into the small intestine (PEG-J). This will help determine which type of feeding tube is safer and works better for patients.

Participants will be randomly assigned to receive either a PEG or PEG-J feeding tube through a minimally invasive procedure. They will start receiving nutrition through the tube 24 hours after placement and be monitored for 30 days to check for problems like pneumonia or tube malfunction, while receiving regular medical care from their treating doctors.

The study is open to people who are 18 years or older and need a new feeding tube for long-term nutrition. People cannot take part if they have pneumonia, COVID-19, an existing feeding tube, previous stomach surgery, gastroparesis (a condition affecting stomach movement), digestive system blockage, are pregnant, or are in prison. All participants must understand English.

Participation is voluntary, and participants can leave the study at any time. The study team will carefully monitor all participants for any problems throughout the 30-day period

This randomized clinical trial investigates the comparative efficacy of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) versus percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy with jejunal extension (PEGJ) for long-term enteral access. The study addresses a critical knowledge gap in the literature regarding the optimal approach for enteral feeding in patients at risk for aspiration.

Current evidence suggests that aspiration pneumonia occurs in up to 30% of patients following PEG placement, with some studies demonstrating aspiration in up to 38% of patients immediately after enteral feeding administration. This high rate is hypothesized to result from gastric reflux. While PEGJ has been proposed as a potential solution by advancing feeds beyond the pylorus, existing evidence consists primarily of small case series and retrospective studies, with reported aspiration pneumonia rates of approximately 10%. However, the methodological limitations of these studies and contradicting findings create uncertainty about the optimal approach.

A recent meta-analysis of enteral feeding in critically ill patients suggested potential benefits of post-pyloric feeding, but included moderate to low quality evidence and did not directly compare PEG versus PEGJ. Furthermore, some researchers argue that aspiration events may result from oropharyngeal dysphagia rather than gastric reflux, potentially limiting the benefit of jejunal extension.

The study employs a prospective, randomized design with 1:1 allocation using distance randomization via RedCap to ensure allocation concealment. Sample size calculation was based on detecting a 20% difference between groups in aspiration pneumonia rates, with power analysis accounting for a statistical power of 0.8 using chi-square test methodology.

The technical aspects of tube placement follow standardized protocols. For PEG placement, a 20-French pull-type tube is positioned using safe track technique with transillumination and 1:1 finger indentation, placing the tube midway between the greater and lesser curves of the stomach. The PEGJ procedure begins similarly but utilizes a 24-French pull-type PEG followed by advancement of a 12-French jejunal extension tube, which is secured to the small bowel wall with endoclips as indicated.

Both groups will receive continuous feeding rather than bolus feeding to standardize the feeding methodology. The study design accounts for potential confounding factors by excluding patients with conditions that might independently affect aspiration risk or tube function, such as gastroparesis or prior upper gastrointestinal surgery.

The research addresses both clinical efficacy and practical considerations, as PEGJ tubes have reported malfunction rates of up to 50%, potentially requiring additional interventions. This prospective investigation will provide high-quality evidence to guide clinical decision-making, balancing the potential benefits of aspiration reduction against the risks of tube dysfunction and need for reintervention.

Statistical analysis will be conducted by an internal biostatistician using appropriate methodologies for both continuous and categorical variables, with adjustments for non-normal distributions when necessary. The study's 30-day follow-up period was selected based on typical timeframes for post-procedure complications and tube-related adverse events.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Age 18 years or older
* Requires feeding access as determined by treating provider

Exclusion Criteria:

* Concurrent pneumonia at time of enrollment
* Concurrent COVID-19 diagnosis
* Prior feeding access (transabdominal feeding access)
* Prior upper gastrointestinal surgery (previous gastric resection surgery)
* Gastroparesis
* Obstruction or pseudo-obstruction
* Pregnancy
* Contraindication to undergo upper endoscopy
* Prisoners
* Primary language is not English