Alteration of Taste Among Orthodontic Patients Following Clear Aligners Treatment

The goal of this clinical trial is aimed to assess the gustatory perception and alteration in patients using either clear aligners or fix orthodontics treatment in orthodontic patient aged +18 years and not have any endocrine abnormalities, internal diseases, middle ear affections, xerostomia, or depression.

The main question it aims to answer are:

Does the clear aligner have an effect on taste perception following the treatment? Participants will be given a questionnaire before and after the orthodontic treatment to assess the taste perception following the orthodontic treatment. In addition, The Burghart taste strips (ODOFIN taste strips) will clinically assess the taste's function by using four concentrations on three separate occasions (T0, T1, and T2) ,The taste strips will be placed in about the same order; they will apply to the protruding tongue immediately posterior to its first third, either to the left or right side, to study lateralization. subjects will then be asked to close their mouths and choose one of five possible answers on a scale (sweet, sour, salty, bitter, no taste).

In Saudi Arabia, one of the common oral health problems is the malocclusion. Crowding was the commonest type of malocclusion followed by increased spacing and overjet (Al-Hummayan, 2018). Malocclusion prevalence varies among different populations globally based on multiple factors including the time of the study, the geographical location. In addition , the selection criteria used for the sample selection, such as age and gender, are all factors that contribute to the malocclusion . Profitt, 2005 reported that 57-59% of Americans had at least some orthodontic treatment needed (Profitt WR, 1998). In the UK, the percentage was 59% (Foster TD, 1974), and in Jordan, it was 92% (Abu Alhaija ES, 2005 ) . There was a report that 40%-62% of Saudi Arabia needed orthodontic treatment (Baseer MA, 2021).

Clear aligner is an alternative to traditional braces that helps to guide the teeth into their proper positions. Unlike braces, clear aligners control tooth movement without metal weirs or brackets. All aligners made of strong plastic materials and made to fit each individual's mouth. the alignment of the teeth can be accomplished using a series of aligners in which each aligner moves the teeth incrementally until the desired result is achieved (Tigani, n.d.).

Orthodontics treatment aims to improve patient quality of life by improving both function and appearance of teeth. So, treatment complications during the treatment plan must be addressed. One of the most important things is proper taste perception. impaired perception of taste stimuli may occur as a result of a foreign body such as placement of the orthodontic material in the oral cavity (Izabella Dunin-Wilczyńska1, 2011).

Through the literature review, many studies were performed on alteration in taste sensation with using removable appliances, and all results were statistically not significant (Hegde AM, 2007) (Sarawan Siripanthana D.D.S., 2015) (Razdan P, 2017). A study analysed the change in taste perception in children using removable orthodontic appliances by using different taste stimuli and asking the children to score as per their perception. There was no statistically significant difference between the study and control groups (Razdan P, 2017). Moreover, a further investigation was conducted on patients who received upper removable orthodontic devices with posterior bite planes, and they used the Modified Harris-Kalmus test to measure the four tastes. salty, sweet, bitter, and sour. this study showed no effect on the taste recognition threshold of the four taste qualities, according to the results of this study (Sarawan Siripanthana D.D.S., 2015). However, alterations of taste perception in orthodontic patients are not studied sufficiently.

Taste is considered a multisensory experience (Shaikh \& Soni., 2022), which contains five senses of taste salty, sour, bitter, sweet, and umami, the last being the Japanese term for a savoury sensation (J., 2004). Gustation loss may arise due to a diverse spectrum of systemic or acute clinical conditions or medications. Moreover, a published article done by otolaryngologists used taste strips, and the results of the study indicate the usefulness of the taste strips in a clinical context (Mueller C, 2003). So based on this article will use the strips which are made from filter paper and impregnated with different taste solutions. taste disturbance can also reduce the pleasure of life and cause a significant reduction in patients' quality of life. It is important, therefore, the main aim of this study to evaluate taste perception following the orthodontics treatment.

To the best of author's knowledge, no study has been published to assess taste perception and taste change after clear aligners treatment. Using clear aligners treatment, the present study aims to assess the effect of taste perception and alteration on taste perception and perception.

Literature review:

Taste perception in orthodontics patients has insufficient studies. There are two studies done on taste perception in patients wearing a removable orthodontic appliance. There are various complaints known related to a removable orthodontic appliance. A study done over 100 volunteers aged between (8-13 years old) to evaluate the complaint regarding appliances and their effect on taste and flavor perception, was divided into two groups (I and II) of 50 children each being divided as study and control groups. Selected volunteers were given samples consisting of eight different taste and flavor stimuli and were asked to score as per their perception in different testing sessions. The overall results revealed that volunteers from both study and control groups, irrespective of the use of removable orthodontic appliances showed marked variation in the estimation of the taste and flavor stimuli in different testing sessions. However, the results obtained were statistically not significant (Hegde AM, 2007).

One short-term study was comparing the recognition of the four taste qualities in Eighteen young patients aged (8-14 years old) wearing upper removable orthodontic appliances with posterior bite planes before and after insertion by using Modified Harris-Kalmus test. The analyses were conducted using SPSS, both Friedman test and Test-retest reliability were used, and the results showed no significant differences (Sarawan Siripanthana D.D.S., 2015).

Another study aimed to analyze the taste perception in 100 young children aged (8- 13 years old) undergoing upper removable orthodontic appliance therapy. the study was divided into two groups (groups I and II) of 50 children each as study and control groups. They used eight different taste stimuli samples consisting of 5 mL samples representing tasteless, sweet, salty, and sour substances. Using verbal score and visual analog scale, the scoring of the volunteers was nearly constant, indicating that an appliance does not play a major role in the alteration of taste stimuli (Razdan P, 2017).

Aim of the research:

The aim of this study is to assess the gustatory perception and alteration in patients using either clear aligners or fix orthodontics treatment.

Specific Objectives:

* To analyze the complaint regarding clear appliances and their effect on taste and flavor perception.
* To quantitatively evaluate taste perception by using taste strip.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

1. Patients in orthodontic therapy using either clear aligners or fixed orthodontic treatment.
2. Healthy patients aged 18 years and over.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. endocrine abnormalities (thyroid gland dysfunction, diabetes mellitus, Cushing's disease).
2. internal diseases (chronic renal failure, liver cirrhosis).
3. middle ear affections.
4. xerostomia.
5. depression.