Lenalidomide Maintenance Therapy for Multiple Myeloma

Background:

* Multiple myeloma is rarely curable, but it is treatable. Initial treatment is directed at controlling symptoms and reducing the number of myeloma cells. It continues until the cancer stops responding to treatment. At that time, treatment may switch to maintenance therapy, which is given to try to extend the response of the first therapy for as long as possible. Research suggests that lenalidomide maintenance therapy may delay the time for myeloma cells to start to grow and possibly improve survival.
* Lenalidomide is a drug that may reduce or prevent the growth of cancer cells. Researchers want to look at the long-term effect of lenalidomide on immune cells. It will also look at the effects of extended treatment on the cancer and the immune system.

Objectives:

- To test the long-term effectiveness of lenalidomide therapy for multiple myeloma.

Eligibility:

- Individuals at least 18 years of age with newly diagnosed or relapsed multiple myeloma.

Design:

* Participants will be screened with a physical exam and medical history. Blood and urine sample will be collected. A bone scan and bone marrow biopsy will also be performed.
* Participants will receive lenalidomide maintenance treatment. It will be given according to the standard of care for multiple myeloma. Participants will take lenalidomide every day for 21 days of repeated 28-day cycles.
* Treatment will be monitored with frequent blood tests. Blood tests will look at the effect of the treatment on the immune system.
* Treatment will continue as long as the cancer does not worsen and the side effects are not severe.

Background:

Multiple myeloma (MM) remains largely an incurable disease with an estimated median survival of 6-7 years in standard risk myeloma and 2-3 years in high risk disease despite treatment with autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT).

Maintenance therapy to achieve sustained suppression of residual disease following chemotherapy or ASCT has long been viewed as a desirable approach for extending survival in MM.

Giving the immunomodulatory drug lenalidomide after induction or re-induction treatment may stimulate the immune system in various ways to stop or slow the return of cancer.

It is not yet known how immune stimulatory effects of extended dosing with lenalidomide in the maintenance setting correlate with clinical benefits.

Objectives:

Assess T cell (cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4), cluster of differentiation 8 (CD8), natural killer T cell (NKT) and normal killer (NK) cell numbers in peripheral blood during the

course of lenalidomide maintenance therapy in treated MM patients.

Eligibility:

Patients with multiple myeloma who have achieved stable disease or better response, assessed at greater than or equal to 4 weeks after completing induction or re-induction treatment

Age greater than or equal to 18 years

Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) Performance Status (PS) of 0-2

Adequate hematological parameters defined by: absolute neutrophil count greater than or equal to 1.0 K/microL, hemoglobin greater than or equal to 8 g/dL, and platelet count greater than or equal to 75 K/microL

Adequate hepatic function, with bilirubin \< 1.5 times the upper limit of normal (ULN), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) \< 3 times ULN

Adequate renal function with creatinine clearance (CrCl) of greater than or equal to 40 mL/min. CrCl will be calculated using the Cockcroft-Gault method. If the calculated CrCl based on Cockcroft-Gault method is \<40 mL/min, patient will have a 24 hr urine collection to measure CrCl. The measured CrCl must also be greater than or equal to 40 ml/min

Design:

Single arm, single stage, phase II trial of lenalidomide maintenance for treated MM patients who have stable or responsive disease.

After screening, eligibility determination, and enrollment; subjects will receive lenalidomide 10 mg by mouth daily on days 1-21 of repeated 28-day cycles. When necessary, lenalidomide will be held and restarted in accordance with accepted clinical dose modification guidelines.

Subjects may continue lenalidomide until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity or completion of two years of lenalidomide therapy and the 30 day safety follow-up visit.

Blood will be obtained to assess changes in T cell (CD4, CD8), NKT and NK cell numbers by flow-cytometric analysis at pre-specified time points during lenalidomide maintenance.

Blood samples and/or bone marrow samples where possible, will be used for additional research studies, which may include functional analyses of immune-cell subsets, analyses for cytokines, chemokines, antibodies, tumor cell antigen targets, and/or other markers.

Eligibility Criteria:
* INCLUSION CRITERIA:
* Patients with multiple myeloma treated with induction therapy or re-induction therapy, who at the time of study enrollment have documented evidence of stable disease response or better according to International Myeloma Workshop Consensus Panel. The response assessment must occur at least 4 weeks after completion of their last treatment.
* Age greater than or equal to 18 years. Because no dosing or adverse event data are currently available on the use of lenalidomide in patients
* Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status less than or equal to 2.
* Patient must have adequate hematologic, renal, hepatic, and cardiac function as defined by:

  * Absolute neutrophil count greater than or equal to 1.0 K/microL independent of growth factor support
  * Platelets greater than or equal to 75K/microL
  * Hemoglobin greater than or equal to 8 g/dL (transfusions are permissible)
  * Calculated creatinine (CrCl) clearance of greater than or equal to 40 mL/min. using the Cockcroft-Gault method. If the calculated CrCl based on Cockcroft-Gault method is
  * Total bilirubin less than or equal to 1.5 mg/dL, aspartate aminotransferase (AST)/ serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT)/ serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) less than or equal to 3 times ULN
* Females of childbearing potential (FCBP) must agree to use two effective forms of contraception simultaneously or to practice complete abstinence from heterosexual intercourse during the following time periods related to this study: 1) for at least 28 days before starting study drug; 2) while participating in the study; and 3) for at least 28 days after discontinuation from the study. The two methods of effective contraception must include one highly effective method (i.e. intrauterine device (IUD), hormonal \[birth control pills, injections, or implants\], tubal ligation, partner's vasectomy) and one additional effective (barrier) method (i.e. latex condom, diaphragm, cervical cap). FCBP must be referred to a qualified provider of contraceptive methods if needed.
* A FCBP is defined as a sexually mature woman who: 1) has not undergone a hysterectomy or bilateral oophorectomy; or 2) has not been naturally postmenopausal for at least 24 consecutive months (i.e., has had menses at any time in the preceding 24 consecutive months).
* A FCBP must have two negative serum or urine pregnancy tests prior to starting study drug. The first pregnancy test must be performed within 10-14 days prior to the start of study drug and the second pregnancy test must be performed within 24 hours prior to prescribing the study drug. The prescriptions of study drug must be filled within 7 days.
* Male patients must agree to use a latex condom during sexual contact with FCBP while participating in the study and for at least 28 days following discontinuation from the study even if he has undergone a successful vasectomy.
* Patient must be able to take aspirin (81 or 325 mg) daily as prophylactic anticoagulation. Patients intolerant to acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) may use warfarin or low molecular weight heparin.
* Patient must understand and voluntarily sign an informed consent form, with the understanding that the patient may withdraw consent at any time without prejudice to future medical care.

EXCLUSION CRITERIA:

* Patients with progressive or refractory multiple myeloma (MM), as defined by International Myeloma Workshop Consensus Panel criteria.
* Refractory to lenalidomide in the most recent line of therapy, as defined by the International Myeloma Consensus Panel criteria - as failure to achieve minimal response or development of progressive disease while on lenalidomide or within 30 days of lenalidomide therapy
* Patients who are receiving any other investigational agents with the intent to treat myeloma. Permitted concurrent therapies include:
* Bisphosphonates
* Radiotherapy to single stable disease site
* Plasma cell leukemia
* Pregnant or lactating females. Because there is a potential risk for adverse events to nursing infants secondary to treatment of the mother with lenalidomide, lactating females must agree not to breast feed while taking lenalidomide.
* Uncontrolled hypertension or diabetes
* Active hepatitis B or C infection
* Diagnosed or treated for another malignancy within 3 years prior to study enrollment, with the exception of complete resection of non-melanoma skin cancer, or an in situ malignancy
* Previous diagnosis of another malignancy with any evidence of residual disease.
* Patients seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and/or those who are taking anti-retroviral treatment for HIV/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
* Prior organ transplant requiring immunosuppressive therapy
* Prior allogeneic stem cell transplant
* Patients requiring continuous, systemic immunosuppressive therapy
* Patients with myocardial infarction within 6 months prior to enrollment, New York Heart Association (NYHA) Class III or IV heart failure, uncontrolled angina, severe uncontrolled cardiac arrhythmias, or electrocardiographic evidence of acute ischemia
* Patients with conditions that would prevent absorption of the study drug
* Uncontrolled intercurrent illness including but not limited to uncontrolled infection or psychiatric illness/social situations that would compromise compliance with study requirements
* Significant neuropathy greater than or equal to Grade 3 at baseline
* Contraindication to concomitant anticoagulation prophylaxis
* Major surgery within 1 month prior to enrollment
* Patients who were previously exposed and who developed severe adverse events, hypersensitivity or desquamating rash to either thalidomide or lenalidomide