Efficacy of Preoperative Radiotherapy for Non-responder Patients After Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) is widely used for locally advanced breast cancer cases. As the key factor is to achieve pathologic complete response (pCR), several physicians tried administering radiotherapy before surgery to increase response rates. In this single center observational cohort study, we aim to present the initial results as complete response rates and complication rates of additional neoadjuvant radiotherapy (NART) after NACT.

Patients who received NACT were enrolled on the study depending on their order of admission. NACT regimen was 4 cycles of anthracycline and cyclophosphamide with 12 cycles of taxane based regimen. Trastuzumab for 12 monhts was also added if pathologically human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2+). This protocol was the same as planned for postoperative protocol and it was decided by the medical oncologist of the patient. Pathologic complete response (pCR) was defined as no residual invasive or in-situ tumor in the final pathology following neoadjuvant treatments. Clinical complete response (cCR) was defined as no sign of residual tumor mass and The Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) 1.1 criteria's were used to determine cCR. Patients were evaluated for clinical response between 4 and 6 weeks after the end of last NART. We waited as long as the NART period for clinical response evaluation of the cases.

Every patient was discussed in the preoperative multidisciplinary breast surgical oncology meeting before and after neoadjuvant treatment. The method of surgery was discussed in these meetings by a group of expert breast surgeons, plastic and reconstructive surgeons, radiation oncologists, medical oncologists, and radiologists. Patients were specifically evaluated for breast conservation, mastectomy or mastectomy with reconstruction. Likewise, the method of axillary surgery also discussed in these meetings. Indications for mastectomy were initially multi-centric tumors, large tumor volume relative to breast volume that is not allowing a good cosmetic result, patients with breast cancer related gene mutations, extensive in-situ component. Reconstruction with implant was also recommended to all mastectomy patients.

Radiotherapy was delivered via 4-6 megavoltage (MV) X-ray beam energies and Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) or Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT) or forward planning IMRT (field in field - FinF) treatment techniques. NART was planned as 42.5 gray (Gy) in 16 fractions (with 10 Gy in 5 fractions sequential boost doses) or 50 Gy in 25 fractions (with 10 Gy in 5 fractions sequential boost doses) or 50.4 Gy in 28 fractions (with 59.9 Gy in 28 fractions simultaneous integrated boost doses) the whole breast irradiation plus nodal irradiation (including supraclavicular and axillary lymph nodes - Level I, II, III), if breast conserving surgery (BCS) is planned. If mastectomy is scheduled following NART, irradiation was planned with the same treatment volumes (the whole breast irradiation plus nodal irradiation) and doses like in BCS, but boost dose delivery was left to the radiation oncologist's preference. Radiotherapy to the mammary internal lymph nodes was delivered upon discretion of the radiation oncologist, and according to the tumor characteristics such as clinical stage or tumor location. Surgery was planned six weeks after the end of NART.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) clinical T1-3
* Biopsy proven N+
* Non-metastatic (M0)
* Patients who are planned to receive adjuvant radiotherapy at initial evaluation
* Patients who are candidate for neoadjuvant chemotherapy
* Patients who did not achieved clinical complete response after neoadjuvant chemotherapy

Exclusion Criteria:

* AJCC clinical T4
* AJCC Clinical N-
* AJCC Clinical M1
* Patients who achieved clinical complete response after neoadjuvant chemotherapy
* Patients who did not consent to have neoadjuvant radiotherapy