Pilot Human Study of Tinidazole Efficacy For Radical Cure Of Plasmodium Vivax

Assess the efficacy of 2 grams of tinidazole given for 5 days with standard dose chloroquine to achieve radical cure of Plasmodium vivax within a 90 day follow-up period sufficient to justify an IND and formal phase II evaluation.

This is a randomized, open-label study that will treat adult subjects with Plasmodium vivax infection with chloroquine for 3 days and tinidazole for 5 days concomitantly to assess efficacy for radical cure (clearance of blood and liver stages of infection). There will be randomization to a positive comparator arm treated with chloroquine and primaquine (definitive radical cure) in order to obtain an estimate of the rate of re-infection during the monitoring period in the study population.

A simple randomization procedure will assign subjects to one of the two arms (treatment arm or comparator arm). The ratio of assignment will be 2:1, treatment arm to the comparator arm. The exact number assigned to the treatment arm will vary depending on the initial outcome of early enrollees per the sequential analysis design of the trial. In the worse case scenario of no clear trend developing early, no more than 50 subjects will be required to complete the trial in the study drug arm in order to arrive at a conclusion regarding the study drug.

Follow-up period will be for 90 days. This will allow us to capture essentially all early relapses that would occur under normal circumstances, as well as assess if tinidazole may delay but not fully eliminate recurrence. Subjects without a recurrence at 90 days will be considered to have achieved radical cure.

This study will use a modified triangular test, a form of sequential analysis designed to enable repeated statistical analyses throughout the study recruitment period, while maintaining a pre-specified power and type I error. The trial can be stopped as soon as the information accumulated is considered sufficient to reach a conclusion and it will limit enrollment and exposure to a failing treatment regimen.

Results of this study will be sufficient to determine whether tinidazole should be designated as an "early kill" (an ineffective drug for vivax malaria radical cure with no future evaluation) or whether it is sufficiently efficacious to warrant further investment with an IND and formal phase II study to seek an SNDA.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Adult male and non-pregnant female volunteers that can communicate in the Burmese or Karen language.
* Age: Between 18 and 65 years (inclusive).
* Acute, symptomatic, blood smear positive diagnosis of Plasmodium vivax mono-infection.
* Ability to comprehend and comply with the requirements of the protocol.
* Willing to provide written informed consent.
* Willing to abstain from alcohol (EtOH) use during initial treatment and for 72 hours thereafter.
* Sexually active females must test negative on urine pregnancy test and must be counseled on an effective method of avoiding pregnancy (e.g., intrauterine contraceptive device; oral contraceptives; diaphragm or condom in combination with contraceptive jelly, cream or foam; Norplant® or Depo-Provera®), be surgically sterile, be post-menopause for at least one year, or be monogamous with a sterile sexual partner for at least 15 days prior to dosing with study product and at least 72 hours after their last dose of test drug.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Subjects positive for G6PD deficiency.
* Pregnant women (clinically or by positive urine β-HCG) and nursing mothers.
* Concomitant use of metronidazole, albendazole or mebendazole.
* Any malaria treatment or use of azithromycin or other macrolides, tetracyclines, sulfonamides, doxycycline, tetracycline or other sulfa based or other drug with antimalarial activity for the previous 4 weeks prior to screening. Additionally, concomitant use of phenobarbitol, rifampin, phenytoin, fosphenytoin, cimetidine, ketoconazole, cholestryramine constitute exclusion criteria.
* Significant health problems, including, but not limited to significant, cardiac, renal or liver disease or lab abnormalities and those subjects in whom it is suspected that they will not abstain from alcohol use during treatment and for the subsequent 3 days.
* Mixed malaria infection on admission determined by malaria smear and/or any positive HRP2 antigen testing.
* A previous history of significant intolerance or hypersensitivity to the study drug tinidazole or to chloroquine or primaquine. (nausea alone from previous primaquine use will not be an excluding factor unless subject was unable to complete a primaquine course due to this discomfort.)
* Subjects that have received transfusions within the previous 30 days.
* Presenting hematocrit \<25%.