Skin Microbiome and Polymorphic Light Eruption

Polymorphic light eruption (PLE) is the most common form among UV-inducible disorders with a prevalence of approximately 11-21% worldwide and a clear predisposition of women. Usually, within several hours after an intense UV exposure, most likely in spring or early summer, the formation of itchy skin lesions particularly at the upper arms and V-neck and neck is distinctive for PLE. It has been suggested that the development of a potential photo-induced antigen may initiate a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction in PLE (causing the skin rash) and the microbiota of the skin may be involved. We thus hypothesized that eliminating the microbiota of the skin by disinfection may affect the formation of PLE. The concept of this study covers a combined interindividual and intraindividual half-body comparison of the skin reactions of disinfected and contralateral non-disinfected areas upon UV exposure in PLE patients and healthy subjects.

UV-induced erythema and pigmentation is quantified by visual scoring and reflectance spectroscopy to determine the minimum erythema dose (MED) exploring the fields of an UV test ladder on the dorsal skin of the study subjects.

Investigations after determining the MED and consecutive photo provocations on 4 subsequent days (PLE group only) using solar simulated UV radiation with slight dose increments include a half-body site comparison of test areas located on the back of the subjects in a randomized, double blinded manner. The microbiota of a respective test area is removed by the disinfection with Octeniderm (octenidine dihydrochloride, 1-propanol, 2- propanol) whereas a control site remains non-disinfected (sham-treated with physiologic sodium chloride solution).

The PLE related symptoms are evaluated by a validated PLE score, which is composed as follows:

Affected skin area (AA) \[range, 0-4\] + skin infiltration (SI) \[range, 0-4\] + 0.4 pruritus (P) \[range, 0-10\]; (\[total range 0-12\].

As additional procedures, tape strips and skin swabs are taken immediately after UV exposures. The material is used for shotgun metagenomic sequencing of microbes and further analysis such as quantitative measures of antimicrobial peptides and urocanic acid levels. Furthermore, suction blisters are produced after MED testing and the last day of photo provocation \[Time Frame: At day 3 and 6\] to profile the inflammatory milieu of the skin by transcriptomics. The epidermal blister roof is used together with optional skin biopsies (PLE patients only) for various investigations, including H/E and immunohistochemical stainings and messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) analysis.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Confirmed diagnosis of PLE by typical patient history, typical histology of skin lesions and/or positive photo provocation test
* Healthy subjects

Exclusion Criteria:

* Presence or history of malignant skin tumors; dysplastic melanocytic nevus syndrome
* Photosensitive diseases such as porphyria, chronic actinic dermatitis, xeroderma
* pigmentosum, basal cell nevus syndrome
* Autoimmune disorders such as lupus erythematosus or dermatomyositis
* Antinuclear antibodies titer over 1:160 within 12 months prior study
* Systemic treatment of steroids and/or immunosuppressive drugs within 4 weeks prior the study start
* Systemic treatment of antibiotics within the last 6 weeks prior study
* Local treatment of anti-microbial treatment in the test field area within the last 6 weeks prior the study
* Systemic treatment of medications/drugs/ that could affect inflammatory responses within 2 weeks prior study
* Allergy on tape strips and/or adhesive material
* Psychiatric disorders