Bone Healing in Healthy and Post-menopausal Osteoporotic Women

Both the pathogenesis and the treatment of osteoporosis may potentially interfere at different levels on the multi-stage complex cascade of events involved in bone healing/regeneration. To our knowledge no human studies have been performed to clarify the potential effect of osteoporosis on post-extraction alveolar healing. The primary outcome of the study is to compare alveolar bone changes in width and height 3 months after tooth extraction in 10 post-menopausal osteoporotic women and 10 post menopausal non osteoporotic women by the use of cone-beam computer tomography (CBCT) images. The secondary outcomes considered are: clinical changes in the external contour of the ridge and periodontal parameters in the neighbouring teeth after a tooth extraction and 3 months later. In addition the accuracy of panoramic morphometric indexes in detecting osteoporosis will be measured.

Despite some contradictory results, there is significant pre-clinical evidence, mainly deriving from fracture studies, of a delay in bone formation together with a decrease in bone mineral density and mechanical resistance in osteoporotic-like conditions. Very few human data are available, mainly deriving from retrospective speculations, but they seem to confirm the existence of a delay in consolidation subsequent to bone fractures, a higher rate of orthopedic complications and a reduction in mechanical strength. Some pre-clinical and clinical studies have also supported a negative effect of osteoporosis on bone graft healing and implant success, but controversial opinions exist.

A useful model to study the influence of osteoporosis on bone healing is the post-extraction socket healing, with consideration of the absence of cartilage formation, the short period needed to heal and its clinical relevance.

The animal studies reported controversial results, but a general reduction and a delay in bone formation with an increase in bone turnover was usually observed in ovariectomized rats. No human studies have clarified the effect of osteoporosis on post-extraction alveolar healing. This pilot study will try to shed light on this topic.

As there are no similar studies in the literature, we estimated that 10 post-menopausal osteoporotic women (test) and 10 healthy pre or post-menopausal women (control) would be a convenient sample to collect enough data for our purpose. This will also allow us to collect information about the variance to power a further study (if needed).

In this study, women who need the extraction of a single tooth due to fracture, destroying caries, periodontitis, endodontic or prosthetic reasons will be included. The tooth should present at least 30% of its periodontal attachment preserved. All the patients will be provided a full-mouth diagnosis of soft and hard tissues, detailed hygiene instructions and the careful removal of plaque and tartar in a highly controlled research environment as part of the project and all the treatment will be free of charge. Subjects of the test group will be recruited among newly diagnosed post-menopausal osteoporotic women attending the Rheumatology clinic at the University College of London Hospital, whilst subjects of the control group will be recruited among healthy women attending the Eastman Dental Institute. Written informed consent will be obtained prior to any clinical evaluation. Differences between test and control groups will be assessed at each time interval using either parametric (if data are normally distributed with approximately equal variances) or non-parametric tests.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Caucasian women, \> 50 years old
* women referring to have reached a menopause status, defined as the permanent cessation of the ovulation, since at least 1 year and presenting a diagnosis of osteoporosis based on dual X-rays energy absorptiometry (DXA) measurement of the bone mineral density at the femur neck or lateral spine (t value 2.5 SD or more below the young female adult mean) (TEST GROUP)
* women in menopausal status since at least 1 year and with normal bone mineral density, as assessed by DXA scan (CONTROL GROUP)
* subjects needing a tooth extraction. The tooth to extract should present at least 30% of its attachment level preserved. Wisdom teeth are excluded from this study
* Subjects must have voluntarily signed the informed consent.

Exclusion Criteria:

* on hormone replacement therapy (HRT) or taking any other drugs (except Vit D and calcium) for the treatment of osteoporosis (e.g. biphosphonates)
* on chronic treatment (i.e., two weeks or more) with any medication known to affect oral status (e.g., phenytoin, cyclosporine, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) within one month from baseline visit.
* affected by systemic diseases recognized to affect bone metabolism (e.g. Cushing's syndrome, Addison's disease, non-controlled diabetes mellitus, leukemia, pernicious anemia, malabsorption syndromes, chronic liver disease, rheumatoid arthritis..)
* on therapy with drugs that can affect bone metabolism (e.g. glucocorticoids, anticonvulsants, anticoagulants, benzodiazepines, cytotoxic drugs, immunosuppressants..)
* affected by any known diseases, infections or recent surgical procedures within 30 days of study initiation.
* knowingly have HIV or Hepatitis
* history of local radiation therapy
* affected by limited mental capacity or language skills such that study information cannot be understood, informed consent cannot be obtained, or simple instructions cannot be followed.
* presented an acute endodontic lesion in the test tooth or in the neighbouring areas to the experimental procedure
* smokers
* suffering from a known psychological disorder