Intestinal Microbiota Profiling in Severe Acute Alcoholic Hepatitis Patients

In humans, alcohol-related dysbiosis exists with a decrease in bacteroides. This dysbiosis is responsible for the breakdown of the intestinal barrier by a decrease in the synthesis of protective mucus, and some proteins involved in tight junctions or a decrease in defensin (Reg3b, Reg3g) which promotes bacterial growth and ultimately bacterial translocation. The microbiota of a patient with alcoholic hepatitis is different from that of a patient without alcoholic hepatitis. Acute alcoholic hepatitis has a severe prognosis and corticosteroids are the only first line therapy option, with better survival at 28 days versus placebo. However, mortality remains high at 30% at 3 months, which highlights the importance of seeking intestinal microbiota profile on treatment response.

The determination of one or more intestinal microbiota signatures associated with the treatment response Corticosteroids plus FMT or Corticosteroids plus placebo will allow the clinician to have a simple and rapid test obtained in 16S RNA analysis to predict the therapeutic response and potentially the best treatment to adopt and to address medical and medico-economic stakes.

The investigators will first characterize the alcohol-induced dysbiosis by a whole microbiota sequencing in the different groups. Specific bacterial species identify by DNA sequencing should be confirmed by qPCR of 16S rDNA to determine a fingerprint of sAH microbiota. Metabolic properties of intestinal microbiota, such as production of short chain fatty acids, will be analyzed by using HPLC. In the sAH group, evolution of intestinal microbiota will be observed by shotgun DNA sequencing between the day 0 and the day 7 of corticosteroids treatment.

The analysis of sAH patients' microbiota (day 0) will allow us to obtain a non-responder profile to corticosteroids that can be used as a prognostic marker to use in the clinic. The deliverable is the bacterial fingerprint of the treatment response and its valuation is its use as a predictive tool of the response.


Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients aged from 18 to 75 years, having :
* Heavy drinker with Maddrey Score ≥ 32 : PT(second)-PT(control)x4.6+Bilirubine (mg/dl)
* Histological confirmed Alcoholic hepatitis
* Personal consent signed to the trial
* No exclusion criteria

Exclusion Criteria:

* Age \< 18 years and/or \> 75 years,
* Pregnancy or lactating females,
* No personal consent
* Other causes of liver disease: chronic hepatitis B (antigen HBs positive), hepatitis C (HCV RNA positive), acetaminophen hepatotoxicity, biliary obstruction, autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cholangitis, primary sclerosis cholangitis, alpha 1 antitrypsine deficiency, and Wilson disease.
* Uncontrolled liver complications:
* Upper gastrointestinal bleed by portal hypertension (4 days required for stable condition)
* Active sepsis (4 days required for stable condition)
* Patient currently treated by antibiotic
* Concomitant Liver cancer (HCC) or extrahepatic malignancy
* Type 1 hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) or renal failure defined as a serum creatinine \>221 μmol/L (\>2.5 mg/dL) or the requirement for renal replacement therapy
* Grade 4 Hepatic Encephalopathy (HE) by West Haven criteria
* Individuals dependent on inotropic (eg, epinephrine or norepinephrine) or ventilatory support (ie, endotracheal intubation or positive-pressure ventilation)
* Disseminated intravascular coagulation
* Intestinal paralysis
* History of liver transplantation

Other general diseases or severe conditions:

* HIV disease
* Intestinal paralysis
* Intestinal inflammatory disease (Crohn or Ulcerative colitis)
* Clostridium difficilae infection
* Clinical suspicion of pneumonia
* Uncontrolled sepsis
* Acute Alcoholic pancreatitis
* Noncontrolled alcohol withdrawal syndrome
* Cardiac or respiratory bad conditions