Gastric Emptying During the Labour

Current recommendations permit the ingestion of all clear fluids (water, apple juice, black coffee..) during labour. However, regarding food during labour, the recommendations vary. British and European guidelines permit the ingestion of low-residue food during labour whilst guidelines from the United States prohibit having any solid food during labour. The reason for this variation in recommendations is the lack of data on gastric emptying during labour with a conservative approach adopted due to the fear of delayed gastric emptying increasing the risk of regurgitation and pulmonary aspiration in the case of general anaesthesia. This study aims, therefore, to evaluate if the gastric emptying of a light meal is slowed down during labour, using a validated, non-invasive ultrasound method, in four groups of women : Women in labour with epidural analgesia (Analgesia group), women in labor without any epidural analgesia (Parturient group), women in the third trimester of pregnancy (Pregnant group) and women who are not currently pregnant (Non-pregnant control group). The investigator propose the hypothesis that the gastric emptying of a light, solid meal is slowed by 30% during labour under epidural analgesia.


Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

Informed consent must have been signed. The last consumption of solids will have taken place more than 6 hours before the start of the study, the last consumption of clear fluids will have taken place more than 1 hour before the start of the study, in the three groups.

* Non-pregnant control group : adult females less than 40 years old with no significant medical history (American Society of Anesthesiologists ASA class 1)
* Pregnant group : adult females less than 40 years old with no significant medical history (American Society of Anesthesiologists ASA class 1) in the third trimester of pregnancy (gestation greater than 32 weeks on the day of the study).
* Analgesia group : adult females less than 40 years old with no significant medical history (American Society of Anesthesiologists ASA class 1, in labour in the delivery room, receiving effective epidural analgesia, having an empty stomach on the initial ultrasound examination, and authorised to ingest solid foods during labour (cervical dilatation strictly less than 8cm) according to local guidelines.
* Parturient group : adult females less than 35 years old with no significant medical history (American Society of Anesthesiologists ASA class 1, in labour in the delivery room, no epidural analgesia, having an empty stomach on the initial ultrasound examination, and authorised to ingest solid foods during labour (cervical dilatation strictly less than 8cm) according to local guidelines

Exclusion Criteria:

* Refusal to participate in this study
* Patient unable to speak French
* Oesophageal, duodenal or gastric medical or surgical history Pregnant group : Threatened premature labour, multiple pregnancy, pathological pregnancy

Analgesia and Parturient groups :

* gestation less than 38 weeks
* multiple pregnancy
* All pathology of the pregnancy or complication during labour
* Delivery
* Patient admission for therapeutic interruption of the pregnancy