Efficacy of Kinesio Taping and Splinting in Ankle Sprain

Question:Does kinesiotaping(KT) reduce oedema, pain, disability and increase range of joint motion on patients with acute ankle ligament injuries? Design:Two-group, randomised, controlled trial with blinded assessors. Participants:This study included 240 patients with acute ankle sprain.The patients were randomised using randomisation software and divided into two groups each comprising 120 patients.

Intervention:Tape and splint were kept on the patients for 5 days. Outcome measures:The following parameters were evaluated before and after treatment: circumference measurement for severity of oedema(metatarsophalangeal joint,ankle circumference,5cm above the ankle,10cm above the ankle),visual analog scale(VAS) pain score,range of motion(ROM) for the ankle with goniometer and disability level via the Foot Function Index (FFI).

This study included 240 patients with acute ankle sprain admitted to the Emergency Department of Bağcılar Training and Research Hospital. Before initiating the study, approval of the Bağcılar Training and Research Hospital Clinical Investigations Ethics Committee was obtained with a decree number of 2018.05.1.02.045 dated 11/05/2018. The patients were randomised using randomisation software and divided into two groups each comprising 120 patients. Kinesio taping (KT) was applied to the patients in the first group, and splinting was applied to the patients in the second group. Tape and splint were kept on the patients for 5 days. Study inclusion criteria were age older than 18 years, presence of ankle sprain without osseous pathology and injury having occurred within the last 72 h. Exclusion criteria were the presence of fracture, open wound, motor or sensory deficits associated with injury, systemic oedema in the lower extremities related to the heart or kidney, venous diseases and past surgery.

The following parameters were evaluated before and after treatment: circumference measurement for severity of oedema (metatarsophalangeal joint, ankle circumference, 5 cm above the ankle, 10 cm above the ankle), VAS pain score, flexion, extension, inversion and eversion range of motion for the ankle with goniometer and disability level via the Foot Function Index (FFI).

The FFI is a widely used, self-administered instrument developed to measure the effects of foot pathologies on pain, disability and activity restriction. Turkish validity and reliability studies of FFI have been previously conducted. The FFI consists of 23 items assessed for three subscales: pain, disability and activity restriction. The pain subscale, which includes nine items, measures the level of foot pain in various situations, whereas the disability subscale, which includes nine items, identifies the degree of difficulty in performing various functional activities due to foot problems. The activity restriction subscale, which includes five items, is used to assess activity restriction due to foot problems. Patients score all items using a VAS, taking into account their foot condition 1 week earlier. To calculate subscale and total scale scores, the score of each item is summed, divided by the sum of the maximum scores of the items and multiplied by 100. Higher scores indicate more pain, disability and activity restriction. If the patient is unable to perform activities, such as walking barefoot or using an orthosis, this item may be marked as not valid and removed from the total if possible.

Intervention KT application: 50-mm wide and 0.5-mm thick KT was applied to the tendinomuscular meridian around the ankle with three I-shaped tapes. Initially, one I-shaped tape was applied along the course of the tibialis anterior muscle, and another I-shaped tape was then applied to the peroneus longus and brevis muscles. The third I-shaped tape was applied from the abductor digiti minimi muscle and wrapped around the ankle in a figure-of-eight shape to the abductor hallucis muscle, surrounding the ankle over the medial and lateral malleoli. The tape was applied to the skin by applying zero tension, and skin problems were avoided.

In patients in the splint group, 16-18 layers of cotton gauze (15-cm cast gauze) were applied from the tip of the toes to the beginning of the fibula. Following the gauze application, short leg splint application was performed in a neutral ankle position.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Age older than 18 years
* Presence of ankle sprain without osseous pathology
* Injury having occurred within the last 72 h

Exclusion Criteria:

* Presence of fracture, open wound
* Motor or sensory deficits associated with injury
* Systemic oedema in the lower extremities related to the heart or kidney, venous diseases
* Past surgery