A Randomized Clinical Trial of the Effectiveness of Acupressure in Relieving Orthodontic Pain

Orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances often causes pain, which peaks within 24 hours after archwire placement and lasts for several days. Patients commonly use analgesics such as acetaminophen to relieve pain, as it has minimal impact on tooth movement compared to NSAIDs. However, nonpharmacological approaches, such as acupressure, may offer an alternative method for pain relief. Acupressure is a traditional Chinese medicine technique that involves applying pressure to specific points on the body to reduce pain and promote relaxation.

This randomized clinical trial aims to compare the effectiveness of acupressure versus acetaminophen in relieving orthodontic pain during the first five days after initial archwire placement.

Study Design and Methodology

* A parallel-group, single-center, blinded, randomized trial at Almina Dental Clinics.
* Participants will be randomly assigned to one of two groups (1:1 ratio):

  1. Acetaminophen Group: Participants will take 500 mg of acetaminophen up to three times in the first 24 hours after archwire insertion.
  2. Acupressure Group: Participants will apply pressure on two acupressure points (St 6 and St 3) up to five times in the first 24 hours. If pain persists, they may take acetaminophen.
* Pain levels will be recorded using a Visual Analog Scale (VAS) twice daily for five days.
* The Mann-Whitney U test will be used to compare pain scores between groups.

Eligibility Criteria

Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients aged 12 years and older with full permanent dentition (excluding third molars).
* Undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment for the first time.
* Minimum crowding of 4 mm according to Little's Irregularity Index.
* No systemic diseases, periodontal diseases, or acute/chronic oral pain.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Chronic use of analgesic medications.
* Allergy or contraindications to acetaminophen.
* Pregnant patients or those with cleft lip/palate.
* Recent toothache or requiring tooth extractions.
* Female patients during their menstrual period.

Study Significance

This study evaluates whether acupressure can be an effective, nonpharmacological alternative to acetaminophen for managing orthodontic pain. If proven effective, acupressure could offer a safe, noninvasive method for pain relief with fewer side effects.

Ethical Considerations \& Dissemination

* The study protocol will be reviewed and approved by an ethics committee.
* The research is self-funded.
* Results will be published in a scientific journal to contribute to orthodontic pain management research.

Introduction

Orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances is often associated with pain and discomfort, peaking within the first 24 hours after archwire placement and gradually subsiding over five to six days. This pain is caused by pressure-induced ischemic changes in the periodontal ligament, leading to sterile necrosis and inflammation. The release of biochemical mediators such as prostaglandins, histamine, serotonin, and bradykinin contributes to the sensation of pain.

Pharmacological interventions, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and acetaminophen, are the most commonly used pain management methods. However, NSAIDs can slow tooth movement by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis, while acetaminophen, though considered safer, may still cause adverse reactions in some individuals. Given these concerns, nonpharmacological pain relief methods, such as acupressure, have gained interest.

Acupressure is a mechanical technique rooted in traditional Chinese medicine, where pressure is applied to specific acupoints to promote circulation, reduce muscle tension, and stimulate the body's natural pain-relieving mechanisms. Unlike acupuncture, which involves the insertion of needles, acupressure is a noninvasive therapy that can be easily self-administered. Studies have explored its effectiveness in various medical and dental conditions, but its role in orthodontic pain management remains under-researched.

Study Objectives

The primary objective of this study is to compare the effectiveness of acupressure versus acetaminophen in reducing pain following initial archwire placement. The study will measure pain perception using a visual analog scale (VAS) over the first five days of orthodontic treatment.

Study Design and Methodology

This study is a randomized, parallel-group, single-center clinical trial with an equal allocation ratio (1:1). The trial will be conducted in a private orthodontic clinic, involving 60 patients aged 12 years and older who are undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment.

Eligibility Criteria

Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients undergoing comprehensive fixed orthodontic treatment for the first time.
* Presence of a minimum of 4 mm crowding, with no impactions or unerupted teeth.
* No history of systemic or periodontal diseases.
* No acute or chronic pain in the oral cavity at the time of enrollment.
* No history of cleft lip, cleft palate, or recent tooth extractions.
* Female patients must not be in their menstrual period at the time of the study.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patients using analgesic medications chronically or requiring prophylactic antibiotics.
* Patients currently taking analgesics or antibiotics.
* Patients with contraindications to acetaminophen, such as hypersensitivity or liver disease.
* Patients with a recent history of toothache.
* Pregnant patients.

Randomization and Blinding

Participants will be randomly assigned to one of two intervention groups using a computer-generated randomization sequence. Blinding will be applied to data collection and analysis, although blinding of the operator during acupressure instruction may not be feasible.

Intervention Groups

* Acetaminophen Group: Patients will take 500 mg of acetaminophen up to three times within the first 24 hours after archwire placement to manage pain.
* Acupressure Group: Patients will be instructed on how to apply acupressure to two key points for pain relief:

  1. Jaw Chariot (St 6): Located on the jaw muscle in front of the earlobe.
  2. Facial Beauty (St 3): Positioned at the bottom of the cheekbone below the pupil.

Patients will be guided to press these acupoints firmly while taking deep breaths for one minute, repeating the process up to five times within 24 hours. If pain persists, acetaminophen will be allowed as a rescue medication.

Outcome Measurement Pain levels will be assessed using a 10-point VAS, with scores recorded twice daily for five days following archwire placement, except on the first day, where pain is recorded once.

Sample Size Calculation

The sample size was determined based on previous studies, with a mean difference in VAS scores of 2 units (20%) and a standard deviation of 2.42. A total of 48 patients (24 per group) was required to achieve 80% power with a 0.05 alpha level. To account for dropout, the sample size was increased to 56 patients.

Stopping Rules

If a participant experiences severe pain beyond their tolerance threshold, the study will be terminated for that individual.

Data Management and Analysis

Data will be analyzed using SPSS version 25.0 for Windows.

Descriptive Statistics:

* Frequencies, percentages, means, medians, interquartile ranges, and standard deviations.

Inferential Statistics:

* The Mann-Whitney U test will compare pain scores between groups.

Ethical Considerations

The study protocol will be submitted for approval by an ethics committee. Informed consent will be obtained from all participants, and parental consent will be required for patients under 18.

Budget and Funding

This study is self-funded.

Conclusion

This study aims to provide valuable insights into the effectiveness of acupressure as a nonpharmacological pain management strategy in orthodontic treatment. If acupressure proves to be an effective alternative to acetaminophen, it could offer a safer, non-invasive option for managing orthodontic pain, reducing reliance on analgesic medications.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

1. Patients who have agreed to the research procedures and signed an informed consent form.
2. Upper and lower comprehensive fixed orthodontic appliances (with no history of previous orthodontic treatment).
3. They have a minimum crowding of 4mm according to Little's irregularity index (with no impactions/unerupted teeth).
4. Patients with no systematic/periodontal diseases.
5. If tooth extraction is needed, it is performed at least two weeks before fixed appliance placement or delayed after the study is completed.
6. Patients aged 12 years and above with full permanent dentition (excluding the third molars)
7. No current acute or chronic pain in the oral cavity.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Patients who have been using analgesic medications chronically or require prophylactic antibiotic coverage.
2. Patients who are currently taking analgesics or antibiotics.
3. Female patients being in the menstrual period.
4. Patients with contraindications to the use of paracetamol (Hypersensitivity or anaphylaxis to any acetaminophen-like or -containing agents, in conjunction with alcohol, and patients with severe liver disease).
5. Patients who have recently experienced a toothache.
6. Patients who have a cleft lip or palate.
7. Pregnant patients.