Relationship Between Lidocaine and Serum Orphanin FQ (N/OFQ)

The intravenous injection of lidocaine during the perioperative period has been widely used in various types of surgeries. Its clinical effect includes reducing stress response during anesthesia, decreasing pain and opioid consumption, lowering the incidence of postoperative nausea, vomiting, cognitive dysfunction, and reducing the injection pain of propofol. However, despite the positive impact of lidocaine on surgical patients, its mechanism of action remains unclear. Serum N/OFQ is a neurotransmitter that plays an important role in regulating pain and emotion. Therefore, this study aims to explore the effects of perioperative intravenous injection of lidocaine on stress responses in surgical patients, as well as its mechanism of action, and whether Serum N/OFQ participates in this process.

We hypothesize that intravenous injection of lidocaine during the perioperative period can reduce expression of endogenous opioid peptides, which in turn can decrease secretion of IL-6 and TNF-α, ultimately leading to a reduction in perioperative stress response. This randomized controlled trial will be conducted at the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University in China, with the aim of observing changes in stress-related indicators (blood pressure, heart rate, heart rate variability, IL-6, TNF-α, as well as Serum N/OFQ ) between patients undergoing abdominal surgery under total intravenous general anesthesia with and without lidocaine injection. Lidocaine will be administered as a loading dose during anesthesia induction and continued via infusion until the end of anesthesia maintenance, with appropriate depth of anesthesia or BIS readings utilized for monitoring anesthesia depth. Routine monitoring parameters, including blood pressure, heart rate, SpO2, and electrocardiogram, will be recorded and analyzed. Blood samples will be collected 30 minutes before anesthesia induction, 1 minute after tracheal intubation, and at the end of surgery. The use of lidocaine will be evaluated for its impact on perioperative stress response in patients undergoing abdominal surgery, with the relationship to changes in levels of endogenous opioid peptides explored.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* ASA I-II
* Patients undergoing elective abdominal surgery with anesthesia duration less than 1-2h

Exclusion Criteria:

* It is estimated that patients with difficulty in tracheal intubation (poor head and neck mobility, history of airway surgery, history of OSAHS, nail to chin distance\<6cm, Malampati grade 3 and above, mouth opening\<2.5cm, obesity (BMI\>30kg · m-2), etc.)
* Hypertension patients (clinically diagnosed as hypertension), coronary heart disease patients (with typical symptoms of angina pectoris and exclusion of aortic valve disease, clear history of old myocardial infarction, clear history of acute myocardial infarction)
* Patients with diabetes and central nervous system diseases
* Patients with long-term use of sedatives or antidepressants
* Patients with a history of alcoholism or drug dependence
* Asthma or reactive airway disease
* Shock, severe hypotension, severe arrhythmia and other adverse events occurred during the operation