Mediastinal Lymph Node Dissection in Conjunction With Pulmonary Metastasectomy From Colorectal Cancer

To study whether or not total mediastinal lymph node dissection in conjunction with pulmonary metastasectomy from colorectal cancer is associated with improved survival compared to pulmonary metastasectomy only.

The question of lymph node sampling and/or involvement in pulmonary metastasectomy remains controversial. The performance of lymph node dissection during pulmonary metastasectomy is infrequent and varies between institutions. Of all the patients in The International Registry of Lung Metastases only 4,6% of patients underwent lymph node dissection. In a recent survey by Internullo and colleagues amongst the members of European Society of Thoracic Surgeons 55% perform mediastinal lymph node sampling whereas 33% perform no nodal sampling at all. The rate of lymph node involvement varies between primary tumours.

Several studies from groups that systematically perform mediastinal lymph node dissection in conjunction with pulmonary metastasectomy have been published and in all studies the presence of lymph node metastasis emerges as an ominous prognostic factor. Ercan and colleagues found a 3-year survival of 69% for patients without lymph node involvement versus 38% in patients with positive lymph nodes. Saito and colleagues reported a 5-year survival of 53,6 for patients without hilar or mediastinal node involvement versus 6,2% at 4 years for patients with positive nodes. Bölükbas and colleagues reported a 5-year survival of 59% for patients without lymph node involvement in contrast to 23% for patients with lymph node involvement.

The rate of lymph node involvement is reported between 20-43% and risk factors for lymph node involvement include 2 or more metastases, prior liver metastases, rectum cancer and size of metastases .

Most of the above mentioned authors are in favor of mediastinal lymphadenectomy but also stress that the evidence available is not solid enough to make firm recommendations. In conclusion the literature is quite limited and of low-level evidence.

In remains unclear whether the complete removal of mediastinal lymph nodes is associated with a survival benefit or merely allows for a more accurate postoperative staging and guidance for additional oncological treatment. Thus, the aim of the following proposed study is to examine whether or not systemic lymph node dissection during pulmonary metastasectomy is associated with a survival benefit.

Hypothesis:

1. Systemic mediastinal lymphadenectomy during pulmonary metastasectomy with curative intent for colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is feasible and safe.
2. Systemic mediastinal lymphadenectomy during pulmonary metastasectomy with curative intent for CRC is associated with improved survival compared to only pulmonary metastasectomy.

Design:

Prospective, randomized, controlled trial. No lymph node dissection versus systemic mediastinal lymph node dissection with en-bloc resection of lymph nodes and fatty tissue in station 2,4,7,8, 9 and 10 on the right side and 5,6,7,8, 9 and 10 on the left side during pulmonary metastasectomy for CRC.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Age \> 18 years
* Able to give informed consent
* Willing to be randomized

Exclusion Criteria:

* Previous mediastinal lymphadenectomy
* Previous pulmonary metastasectomy
* Evidence of other metastasetic disease
* Primary tumor is not under control
* Five metastases or more
* If final histologic examination of the resected lung lesion(s) reveals other histology than colorectal metastasis