Erector Spinae Plane Block Versus Thoracic Epidural Block for Chest Trauma

Rib fractures are very common as a consequence of blunt chest trauma which is associated with severe pain, morbidity and mortality. The key to managing these patients is prompt and effective analgesia, early mobilization, respiratory support, with chest physiotherapy. The aim of this study is to compare and evaluate the differences between either continuous erector spinae plane (ESP) block, or thoracic epidural analgesia (TEA) as analgesic modalities in patients with chest trauma. It is hypothesized that ESP block will be comparable to TEA as a promising effective analgesic alternative with fewer side effects.

Trauma is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide as a leading cause of death. Rib fractures are very common and are detected in at least 10% of all injured patients, the majority of which are as a consequence of blunt chest trauma. Chest trauma are associated with severe pain, morbidity and mortality, as it contributes to atelectasis, lobar collapse, pneumonia, effusion, aspiration, acute respiratory distress syndrome pulmonary embolism, increased intensive care admissions, and poor overall clinical outcomes. Trauma is associated with release of cytokines, which contribute to the development of hemodynamic instability and metabolic derangement, which can worsen prognosis. The efficacy of utilizing different modalities for analgesia in controlling extent of tissue damage can be compared by measuring these cytokines levels. Multiple analgesic modalities have been used in these patients with chest trauma, such as oral analgesics, intravenous opioids, patient-controlled opioid analgesia, inter-pleural blocks, intercostal blocks, serratus plane blocks, paravertebral blocks, and TEA. In trauma patients with rib fractures, retrospective studies showed that TEA has become the gold standard of care, while ultrasound-guided paravertebral and serratus plane blocks are possible alternatives. However, no single best analgesic modality could be recommended or established, based on available data in this population, as no meta-analysis on this topic has yet been completed. Ultrasound has been the fundamental tool for a significant improvement in the progress of regional analgesic techniques of inter-fascial chest wall blocks, allowing their description and introduction into clinical practice. Ultrasound-guided ESP block is a new technique that has been recently described in the control of both chronic neuropathic pain as well as acute postsurgical or post-traumatic pain of the chest wall. The ESP block holds promise as a simple, easy, fast and safe technique for thoracic analgesia in the context of pain associated with chest trauma.

Aim of the Study:

The aim of this study is to assess the quality of pain relief and improvement of pulmonary function in patients with chest trauma receiving either continuous ESP block or TEA by comparing and evaluating the differences between the two techniques. It is hypothesized that ESP block will be comparable to TEA as a promising effective analgesic alternative with fewer side effects.

Sample Size Calculation:

The literature available on ESP block is limited to some sporadic case reports and editorials. Hence, this clinical trial will be conducted on 50 patients and post hoc analysis will be performed using pain scores obtained from the present study with an α (type I error) = 0.05 and β (type II error) = 0.2 (power = 80%).

Methods:

The study will be conducted in Mansoura Emergency Hospital on fifty patients admitted with chest trauma. They will be randomly assigned to two equal groups (ESP group and TEA group) according to computer-generated table of random numbers using the permuted block randomization method. The group allocation will be concealed in sequentially numbered, sealed opaque envelopes which will be opened only after obtaining the written informed consent. Patient demographic data including age, sex, body weight, and status of American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) will be recorded. A written informed consent will be obtained from all study subjects after ensuring confidentiality. The study protocol will be explained to all patients after enrollment into the study. In both groups, catheter-based analgesia will be performed with a bolus dose of bupivacaine followed by a continuous infusion for 48 hours. Later on, the catheters will be removed, and the pain management will be switched to parental or oral analgesics.

Statistical Methods:

The collected data will be coded, processed, and analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) program (version 22) for Windows. Normality of numerical data distribution will be tested by Shapiro-Wilk test. Continuous data of normal distribution will be presented as mean ± standard deviation, and compared with the unpaired student's t test. Non-normally distributed data will be presented as median (range), and compared with the Mann-Whitney U test. Repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) test will be used for comparisons within the same group. Categorical data will be presented as number (percentage), and compared with the Chi-square test. All data will be considered statistically significant if P value is ≤ 0.05.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) status: 1 or 2 .
* Blunt chest trauma.
* Multiple rib fractures.
* Flail chest.
* Lung contusions.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Bilateral chest trauma.
* Intubated patients.
* Other peripheral or abdominal injuries.
* Traumatic brain injury, altered mental status or un-cooperative patients.
* Acute spine fractures or pre-existing spine deformity.
* Unstable hemodynamics.
* Sensitivity to local anesthetic drugs.
* Coagulation abnormalities.
* Infection at the site of procedure.
* Significant cardiac or respiratory dysfunction, hepatic or renal impairment.