The Glucose-Independent Effects of Exogenous Glucagon on Insulin Secretion and Cognitive Function in Healthy Subjects

In this study the investigators will investigate the glucose-independent effects of exogenous glucagon on insulin secretion and cognitive function in healthy subjects.

Subjects will participate in two study days. The first study day is with a 240-minute infusion of glucagon and the second study day is with an infusion of glucose (clamped to match the glucose levels measured during the glucagon infusion). During the study day, blood samples will be drawn frequently and cognitive testing will be performed.

The investigators will investigate glucagon's glucose-independent effects on insulin secretion and cognitive function by comparing plasma measures of C-peptide and cognitive test scores between the glucagon study day and the glucose clamp study day.

Five-ten subjects with normal health will be included, and each subject will participate in two study days.

Participants will arrive after an overnight fast and will be placed in a hospital bed in a semi-recumbent position. In each antecubital vein an intravenous catheter will be placed; one for administration of glucagon or glucose and one for blood sampling. The first study day will be the glucagon study day. The blood measurements of glucose from the glucagon study day will be used for clamping the glucose levels during the glucose clamp study day.

Baseline blood samples will be drawn. At time 0 minutes the infusion of glucagon or glucose will be initiated. Glucagon will be infused at a rate of 10ng/kg/min. Blood glucose will be measured every five minutes for the first approximately 2.5 hours, and thereafter every 10-15 minutes. During the glucose-clamp study day the infusion rate of glucose will be adjusted continuously to match the glucose levels measured on the glucagon study day.

Blood samples for the analysis of plasma glucagon, insulin, C-peptide etc. will be drawn every five minutes for the first 60 minutes, and thereafter every 15-30 minutes.

After approximately three hours cognitive testing will be performed. After four hours, the infusion of either glucagon or glucose will be terminated. The final blood samples will be drawn 15 and 30 minutes after termination of the infusion.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Capable of understanding the participant information and signing the consent form
* Between 25 and 70 years of age at the time of screening
* Body mass index (BMI) ≤ 25 kg/m2 at the time of screening
* A minimum of 7 years of schooling

Exclusion Criteria:

* Enrolment in other research projects that might interfere with the study
* Diabetes diagnosis (type 1 and 2)
* Pregnancy or breastfeeding
* Use of medications which, in the opinion of the investigator, may jeopardise participant's safety or compliance with the protocol
* Diagnosis of psychiatric disorders, dementias, or any other neurological disorders that in the opinion of the investigator precludes compliance with the study protocol, evaluation of the results or represents an unacceptable risk for the participants safety
* Severe claustrophobia
* Impaired liver function defined as either alanine aminotransferase (ALAT) and/or aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) ≥ 2 times normal values
* Kidney disease defined as serum creatinine levels ≥ 126 μmol/L for male and ≥ 111 μmol/L for female
* Cardiac problems including any of the following:

  1. Classified as being in New York Heart Association (NYHA) class III or IV
  2. Angina pectoris (chest pain) within the last 6 months
  3. Acute myocardial infarction (heart attack) within last 2 years
* Inadequately treated blood pressure at screening defined as repeated resting blood pressure outside the range 90-150 mmHg for systolic and 50-100 mmHg for diastolic
* Active or recent malignant disease
* Inability to perform neuropsychological tests judged by the investigator (e.g. visual or auditory impairment or language barriers)
* Current or history of severe alcohol use or drug/chemical abuse as per investigator's judgement
* Any chronic disorders or severe diseases which, in the opinion of the investigator, might jeopardise participant's safety or compliance with the protocol