Evaluating Body Acceptance Programs for Young Men

While eating disorders in males are often overlooked, up to 7 million men in the United States will experience an eating disorder in their lifetime. Critically, men are less likely to seek treatment for an eating disorder compared to women. Therefore, prevention programs that target male-specific eating disorder risk factors prior to the development of an eating or appearance-related disorder are crucial in reducing eating disorders in this population. Preliminary work by our group established the initial efficacy of a novel program, the Body Project: More than Muscles (MTM) compared to assessment-only control. This study will replicate and extend this research by comparing MTM to a time and attention matched control used in previous eating disorder prevention work, media advocacy (MA).

Although often overlooked, eating disorders in men are a serious and deadly public health problem, affecting up to 7 million men in the United States. Efficacious eating disorder treatments largely remain unknown, particularly for men. Over recent decades, men have faced increasing social pressures to obtain an unrealistically lean and muscular physique, which have contributed to body dissatisfaction and unhealthy eating and weight control behaviors among men, including symptoms of both eating disorders and muscle dysmorphia (body image disturbance characterized by the unhealthy pursuit of muscularity. Despite the impairment and distress associated with these conditions, males are less likely to seek treatment than females, in part due to stigma. Importantly, for those men who do seek help, existing treatments are targeted mostly towards females, rarely address male-specific risk factors, and are ineffective for over 50% of patients. Thus, well-accepted, easily replicable preventative programs that target male-specific Eating Disorder risk factors prior to disorder onset are critical to reduce the public health burden and disparities associated with eating disorders in men.

Research supports that for men, pressures from media, friends, partners, and family to pursue a lean, muscular body can lead to body-ideal internalization -- the belief that one's self-worth and value are defined by physical appearance. This can lead to dissatisfaction with muscularity and body fat, which in turn, contributes to eating disorder and muscle dysmorphia-related attitudes and behaviors. Thus, targeting internalization of the lean, muscular ideal portrayed in media culture would be important for reducing both eating disorder and muscle dysmorphia symptoms for men.

While studies have targeted body-ideal internalization in groups of women using dissonance-based interventions, until recently, no programs had been developed to address internalization of the lean, muscular body ideal for men. The investigators recently developed and evaluated the Body Project: More than Muscles (MTM) in a randomized controlled trial (RCT) to target eating disorder and muscle dysmorphia risk factors in body-dissatisfied men. Results demonstrated significantly greater decreases in body-ideal internalization, dietary restraint, drive for muscularity, bulimic symptoms (e.g., binge eating, self-induced vomiting, laxatives, fasting, and/or excessive exercise), and muscle dysmorphia symptoms for men in the MTM intervention compared to assessment-only controls, both pre- to post-intervention and at 1-month follow- up. Further, body-ideal internalization mediated intervention outcomes for bulimic and muscle dysmorphia symptoms, supporting that the intervention's effects were exerted through reducing internalization of lean, muscular ideal images portrayed in media.

While initial results for MTM are promising, prior to disseminating this program to a wider audience, the present study will replicate and extend effects observed in the previous trial by comparing the intervention to a time- and attention-matched media advocacy (MA) active control condition used in previous eating disorder prevention programs. The present study will also explore the impact of MTM on additional risk factors for eating disorders and muscle dysmorphia in men not explicitly included in the previous RCT including unhealthy exercise, self- and other-objectification, appearance- and performance-enhancing drug (APED) use, and overall levels of depression, stress, and anxiety.

Results from the present study will provide critical support to help translate research on eating disorders and muscle dysmorphia in men into evidence-based prevention of these problems. If results support the intervention's efficacy, this could lead to the expanded delivery of the intervention into university-based or online effectiveness trials to help prevent eating disorders and reduce body dissatisfaction for men at a national level.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* 18 to 30 years old
* Identify as male
* Endorse body image concerns
* Speak English and able to provide informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

* Diagnosis of a DSM-5 eating disorder determined by SCID-5
* Significant neuropsychiatric illness (e.g., dementia, untreated severe psychiatric illness determined by SCID-unmedicated bipolar disorder, psychosis, or active suicidal ideation)
* Older than 30 years old
* Younger than 18 years old
* Non-English speaking