Confocal Endomicroscopy for Non-Erosive Reflux Disease (CE NERD)

The purpose of this study is to find out if people who have non-erosive reflux disease (NERD) have changes the investigators can see with a microscope (called confocal endomicroscopy) that is used during endoscopy (a camera scope evaluation of the inside of your stomach and swallowing tube). Traditionally the investigators have used trials of acid blocking medications (PPIs), endoscopy and measurements of acid in the swallowing tube (the esophagus) to determine if the investigators think acid is causing troublesome symptoms. The medical community believes that these symptoms are due to increased spaces between the cells that make up the swallowing tube. The investigators can directly see those spaces with a new microscope that the investigators can pass through the camera scope.

Participants will be assigned to take one of two medications omeprazole and sucralfate (both approved medications for stomach symptoms) to treat their symptoms and record how well the treatment works. The investigators then will look to see if the microscope can predict which medication will work best for patients in the future. The investigators also plan to measure the acid levels in your swallowing tube and do a camera evaluation of your swallowing tube and stomach as this is standard for patients with your symptoms. The investigators will compare the results of those studies to the microscope findings.

Study entry criteria:

The investigators plan to collaborate with three centers to ensure the data derived from this study is generalizable to academic centers as a whole and also to expedite patient recruitment. The centers that will participate are Virginia Commonwealth University, Ochsner Health System and the Medical University of South Carolina.

Patients over the age of 18 presenting to clinic with symptoms typical for reflux disease will be screened to determine if they wish to participate in the study. The site principal investigator will directly contact potential patients to see if they wish to participate. If they elect to participate they will be provided a copy of the informed consent 24 hours before their first contact with study personnel to allow time to review and determine if the wish to participate. All participants will sign a written informed consent.

Patients who wish to enter into the study and have signed an informed consent will complete a reflux disease questionnaire (RDQ). This questionnaire consists of 12 items assessing various aspects of reflux disease. A score of more than 12 will be required for study entry. Individual with a score less than 12 will not participate further in the study.

Standard of care for patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) not responsive to proton pump inhibitors (PPI) is confirmatory testing with esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) to evaluate for erosive esophagitis (EE) and testing for acid exposure to the lower esophagus with pH testing. For the purpose of this study the investigators will perform pH testing off acid suppressing medication. This is a standard test for determining if the patient has acid exposure to the esophagus. Typically patients are placed on twice daily (BID) PPI or sucralfate if testing reveals significant acid exposure.

Erosive esophagitis will be differentiated from NERD by endoscopic findings aided by FICE (or NBI/iScan) and magnification techniques that the investigators standardly employ in clinical practice. Patients that are found to have EE will not participate further in the study and will be treated appropriately for their illness with increased acid suppression. Patients without EE at the time of endoscopy will be enrolled for study as presumed cases of NERD refractory to PPI treatment.

After endoscopic confirmation of NERD, the probe based confocal endomicroscopy catheter will be inserted (CellVisio). The probe will be placed 5cm above the gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) defined as the top of gastric folds. Subsequently, 2.5cc of 10% fluorescein will be injected. The investigators will initiate a video recording of the microscopic images that is to start with the injection of the fluorescein and continue this video for 3 minutes. This video will be reviewed at a later time by 2 blinded endoscopists trained in confocal endomicroscopy interpretation. The goal is to see if the time to seeing fluorescein in the intracellular spaces correlates to response to therapy. The investigators will record time to first visualization of intrapapillary loops intracellular gaps, the time between visualization of intrapapillary loops and visualization of intracellular gaps in the entirety of the space between the loops. The investigators will also measurement of the general overall appearance. Having the recording of the microscopic images will allow a centralized reading time to each event and more accurate timing as the video can be stopped and reviewed in slow motion.

The investigators then will perform endomicroscopic assessment in four quadrants at 2cm, 5cm and 10cm above the gastroesophageal junction (GEJ). This will represent a single image acquisition video at each measurement with 4 separate views included. Computer analysis of the microscopic images will determine the average cell to cell junction distance, number of intrapapillary capillary loops, size of those intrapapillary capillary loops and overall saturation with fluorescein. Biopsies of the esophagus corresponding to the endomicroscopy sites will be collected for microscopic analysis.

Following endoscopy all patients will receive a 48h Bravo capsule or 24h impedance pH probe to quantitate acid and non-acid reflux events (if 24h probe used) . Standard calibration and insertion techniques provided by the manufacturer will be used. Standard symptom event recording for heartburn, regurgitation and non-cardiac chest pain will be used for the duration of the pH and impedance monitoring. A blinded investigator will interpret impedance and pH recording. The primary outcome will be the average Demeester Score.

For histopathology the specimen will be fixed in 10% formalin, embedded in paraffin and sectioned per standard clinical protocols. An expert pathologist will review pathology specimen for histological changes, specifically elongation of papillae, proliferation of basal cells, eosinophilic infiltration and dilated intercellular spaces.

Following their endoscopic evaluation, all patients will be randomized in a 1:1 ratio to receive either twice daily proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy for 8 weeks or sucralfate slurry 1g four times a day for 8 weeks. The patients will not be blinded to the treatment they receive. The patients will be contacted by phone to assess the symptoms, medication compliance and tolerance and to complete a RDQ and SF-36 at week 4. They will be seen in clinic 8 weeks as a follow-up visit and study wrap up. The 8 week visit is standard of care as that is how long the investigators typically follow patients with reflux symptoms. The investigators will also assess disease activity with a RDQ and SF-36 at this visit as well. Patients without adequate response to the medication will be offered cross over to the alternative medication with a 4 week phone assessment and 8 week clinic visit as described above. The investigators plan to enroll 40 patients at each site (total of 120 patients) and plan an interim analysis after the first 30 patients complete the protocol.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

1. Individuals with reflux disease between the ages of 18 and 79 who have failed a trial of daily PPI.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Barrett's esophagus
2. Use of high dose proton pump inhibitor within 4 weeks of study entry
3. Esophageal varices
4. Coagulopathy
5. GI cancer or mass
6. Previous surgery involving the esophagus, stomach or duodenum
7. Pregnancy
8. Allergy to either sucralfate or proton pump inhibitors