The Containing Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19) Trial

In recent months severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has emerged as a novel human pathogen and, susceptibility amongst humans is presumed to be universal. Prevention measures of COVID-19 have included distancing, quarantines, use of facemasks in public places, and hand hygiene measures. Mandatory quarantines have also been applied on index cases and their contacts, as well as an active search for asymptomatic patients.

Current strategies to reduce the spread of SARS-CoV-2 do not include measures that could prevent transmission prior to the onset of symptoms. Subjects infected with SARS-CoV-2 have been known to shed virus and be contagious for up to 5 days prior to developing symptoms ('pre-symptomatic transmission'). In fact, nearly 60% of all infected subjects can shed virus pre-symptomatically. Pre- or even asymptomatic shedding occurs across all age groups, contributing to the rapidly expanding pandemic.

Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) using type 1 interferon (IFN) can potentially eliminate the spread of SARS-CoV-2. IFN could reduce the period of viral shedding by \~1 week. Since pre-symptomatic shedding of virus can start up to 5 days prior to symptom onset, our approach of a PEP intervention to all contacts recently exposed to a case could possibly entirely interrupt the spread of the virus, and with that, the pandemic. The current study focuses on prevention of the disease in addition to its treatment. Thus, the key distinction between these other trials and this study is that this study focuses on containing coronavirus (i.e. cause) in the community, rather than simply its treatment (i.e. consequence) in the individual.

Viral spread could be eliminated through interventions effective at abolishing viral transmission. However, such post-exposure prophylaxis interventions, that is initiation of antiviral therapy in pre-infectious contacts to reduce or even eliminate such spread, must be safe since they are given to asymptomatic and possibly uninfected subjects. In none of the previous clinical trials of IFN therapy for SARS-CoV-2 have serious adverse events been recorded. Furthermore, the IFN chosen for this study (pegylated IFN 1b) has been extensively studied in clinical trials, and has been in clinical use for years for multiple sclerosis. Pegylated IFN formulations allow for weekly injections while maintaining serum levels and limiting dose-dependent side effects. Together these data support a sound safety profile for the planned intervention.

The aim of this study is to ascertain whether IFN administered to index cases and household contacts of an index case, starting immediately following confirmed exposure (index case confirmed positive for SARS-CoV-2), will reduce duration of SARS-CoV-2 detectable by PCR in the index cases, and incidence of SARS-CoV-2 detectable by PCR in household contacts.

Participants with COVID-19 will be identified from lists of patients with positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR that is obtained daily from clinical laboratories, at COVID-19 outpatient and hospital clinics, or the Emergency Rooms in Chile. After telephonically pre-screening eligibility of the index case and his/her household, and participants providing informed consent, households will be randomized 1:1 to three doses of IFN beta 1a or standard of care. Only the index case and treatment-eligible household members will receive IFN if their household is assigned to treatment arm. Other non-eligible household participants (e.g. children) will be monitored by serial SARS-CoV-2 saliva PCR and diary cards, and at day 29 all participants will be evaluated for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in blood.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

1. Index Cases:

   * Provided a signed and dated informed consent form
   * Aged 18 to \<80 years of age
   * Confirmed SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis by PCR within 72 hours of first treatment dose
   * The first known diagnosis in the household
   * Not currently enrolled in a clinical trial and agree to not take any other investigational treatments over the next 28 days
   * Must plan to remain resident in the household during the study
   * Lives in household with at least one other 'treatment-eligible household contact'
2. Treatment-eligible Household Contacts:

   * Provided a signed and dated informed consent form
   * Aged 18 to \<80 years of age,
   * Not currently enrolled in a clinical trial and agree to not take any other investigational treatments over the next 28 days
   * Must plan to remain resident in the household during the study
   * No history of previously confirmed SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis
3. Treatment-ineligible Household Contacts:

   * Provided a signed and dated informed consent form, parental informed consent, and assent if applicable
   * Under 18 years OR ≥ 80 years of age OR aged 18 to \<80 years with any contraindication for IFN treatment listed in 'exclusion criteria'
   * Not currently enrolled in a clinical trial and agree to not take any other investigational treatments over the next 28 days
   * Must plan to remain resident in the household during the study
   * No history of previously confirmed SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Index Cases and Treatment-eligible Household contacts:

   * Inability to take medications orally or injected
   * Known sensitivity/allergy to interferons or use of interferons for another indication
   * Known adverse drug-drug interactions with any study drugs
   * Malignancy
   * Known clinical immune deficiency
   * Pregnancy or unwillingness, of female participants of childbearing potential to use recognised methods of birth control/contraception during the trial period,
   * Retinopathy,
   * Known grade 4 or 5 chronic kidney or liver disease,
   * Known arrhythmias,
   * Known autoimmune diseases or chronic inflammatory disease,
   * Chronic liver disease,
   * Hospitalisation for depression in the last 3 months,
   * Current suicidal ideation,
   * Previous therapeutic use of IFN
2. All subjects:

   * Declined participation,
   * The index case has been in complete self-quarantine from other household members during the 48 hours prior to diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection.