The Optimal Radioimmunotherapy Combinations for Advanced TNBC

This study aims to explore the best combination patterns of radiotherapy and immunotherapy for advanced triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC).

Metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (mTNBC) is a particularly aggressive form of breast cancer that poses significant therapeutic challenges. Because mTNBC tumors do not express estrogen receptors (ER), progesterone receptors (PR), or HER2, patients with this subtype cannot receive benefits from endocrine therapy or HER2-targeted treatments, leaving chemotherapy as the main treatment option. However, the effectiveness of traditional chemotherapy drugs is limited and they often come with severe side effects. This leads to short durations of progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS), and the development of drug resistance, which can cause the cancer to recur and spread.

Recently, the advent of immune checkpoint inhibitors has offered new therapeutic prospects for mTNBC. Inhibitors of PD-1/PD-L1, such as Pembrolizumab, Atezolizumab, and Toripalimab, have demonstrated some effectiveness in clinical trials, especially in patients with PD-L1-positive tumors. Yet, the overall response to immunotherapy remains low, and there is a risk of immune-related adverse events (irAEs), which require vigilant monitoring.

To address the shortcomings of both chemotherapy and immunotherapy, researchers are investigating innovative treatment strategies. These include targeting additional immune checkpoint molecules within the tumor microenvironment, developing novel chemotherapy drugs, and integrating immunotherapy with other treatments like radiotherapy. Local radiotherapy can substantially stimulate the immune system, increasing the antigenicity of cancer cells and enhancing the ability of cytotoxic T lymphocytes to recognize and attack cancer cells.

Although combined radiotherapy and immunotherapy have shown promise in treating other types of cancer, the most effective combination patterns, optimal radiotherapy dosing schedules, and the most suitable patient groups for advanced breast cancer, particularly mTNBC, are not well defined. This study seeks to identify the best combinations of radiotherapy and immunotherapy for advanced breast cancer, with the aim of improving survival rates and setting new standards for treatment.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

1. Inoperable locally advanced/metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (defined as ER and PR \<1%; and HER2 negative as IHC 0 or IHC 1+, or IHC 2+ but negative upon fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) testing).
2. No prior chemotherapy for advanced/metastatic disease.
3. ECOG PS score of 0 or 1.
4. Presence of 1 to 5 tumor lesions, with individual lesion size between 0.5 and 5 cm, not limited to 1 to 2 organs.
5. At least one lesion suitable for radiotherapy.
6. Suitable to receive one of the chemotherapy regimens chosen by the investigator: nab-paclitaxel or gemcitabine + carboplatin.
7. Patients with only bone metastases are allowed to enroll.
8. Patients who have previously received PD-1/PD-L1 therapy for early-stage disease are allowed to enroll.
9. Able to provide tumor tissue sections or agree to tumor biopsy during the screening period.
10. Adequate organ and bone marrow function, with specific requirements:

    1. Hematology: Neutrophil count (ANC) ≥1.5×10\^9/L; Platelet count (PLT) ≥90×10\^9/L; Hemoglobin (Hb) ≥90 g/L; No blood product transfusion (including red blood cell and platelet products, etc.) or growth factor (including colony-stimulating factors, interleukins, and erythropoietin, etc.) support treatment within 2 weeks prior to examination.
    2. Liver function: Serum total bilirubin (TBIL) ≤1.5×upper limit of normal (ULN); Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) ≤2.5×ULN (for patients with liver metastases: ALT and AST ≤5×ULN).
    3. Renal function: Serum creatinine (Cr) ≤1.5×ULN or creatinine clearance \>60 mL/min.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Received platinum-containing regimens during the adjuvant/neoadjuvant therapy phase, and the interval from the last treatment to recurrence/metastasis is less than 6 months.
2. Have received radiotherapy within 12 weeks prior to enrollment, unless the radiotherapy was for adjuvant purposes and there are lesions outside the previously irradiated field.
3. Extensive tumor metastasis with surrounding normal tissues that cannot tolerate radiotherapy damage.
4. Patients with central nervous system metastases.
5. Significant third-space fluid retention (e.g., ascites, pleural effusion, pericardial effusion).
6. Require long-term systemic corticosteroid treatment.
7. Have active autoimmune diseases.
8. Have concurrent severe infections.
9. Other patients deemed unsuitable for enrollment by the investigator.