RIvaroxaban for Stroke Patients With AntiPhospholipid Syndrome

Rivaroxaban versus warfarin for stroke patients with antiphospholipid syndrome, with or without SLE (RISAPS): a randomised, controlled, open-label, phase IIb, non-inferiority proof of principle trial.

40 patients will be randomised with a ratio of 1:1 to receive either:

* Rivaroxaban 15mg twice daily orally for 24 months or
* Warfarin (standard of care in the RISAPS trial) to maintain a target INR of 3.5 (range 3.0-4.0) for 24 months.

The primary outcome of the trial is the rate of change in brain white matter hyperintensity (WMH) volume between baseline and 24 months follow up, assessed on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), a surrogate marker of ischaemic damage.

The RISAPS trial follows on from the RAPS (Rivaroxaban in Antiphospholipid Syndrome) study that showed that rivaroxaban could offer a potentially effective alternative to warfarin for patients with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) who have thrombosis (blood clots) in their veins, rather than in their arteries and require standard intensity anticoagulation (blood thinning).

Currently, APS patients who have had an ischaemic stroke (which occurs when blood flow to an area of brain is cut off) are treated with warfarin to reduce the risk of a recurrence. Warfarin tends to have a variable 'blood thinning' effect in patients with APS, necessitating frequent (usually weekly) INR blood tests to monitor the effect of the warfarin, which is inconvenient for patients.

The RISAPS trial will compare higher intensity (higher dose) rivaroxaban versus higher intensity warfarin (current standard of care treatment) for 24 months, in APS patients, with or without lupus (systemic lupus erythematosus; SLE), requiring higher intensity anticoagulation after experiencing a stroke, a 'mini stroke' (also known as a transient ischaemic attack) or other ischaemic brain damage (caused by blood clots in the brain arteries or smaller blood vessels). When compared with warfarin, a dvantages of rivaroxaban include, fixed dose prescribing and no need for monitoring of anticoagulant effect.

Furthermore, rivaroxaban has fewer drug-food interactions, and significantly fewer drug-drug interactions than warfarin. If rivaroxaban is no worse than warfarin for anticoagulation of APS patients with stroke or other ischaemic brain manifestations, it could become the standard of care for the treatment of APS patients, with or without lupus, who have experienced stroke or other ischaemic brain manifestations and improve patients' quality of life.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria

1. Patients must be confirmed as having persistent antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL), defined as: positivity of one or more aPL, i.e. lupus anticoagulant, IgG and/or IgM anticardiolipin and/or anti beta 2 glycoprotein I antibodies at \>40 GPL or MPL units or \> the 99th centile of normal, on two or more occasions, at least 12 weeks apart. See Appendix 3 and Exclusion criteria for more information.
2. One or more of: a) Ischaemic stroke; b) transient ischaemic attack (TIA) with evidence of either acute or chronic ischaemic injury on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (including diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) lesion(s), previous cortical or subcortical infarction(s), or white matter hyperintensities) and diagnosed by a clinician with expertise in stroke; c) brain infarcts (territorial or subcortical) or white matter hyperintensities (WMH) of presumed vascular origin on brain MRI, with or without cognitive impairment; and an expert clinical opinion that anticoagulation is a reasonable treatment option (with the aim of preventing ischaemic brain injury).
3. Patients must weigh ≥ 50kg and ≤ 135kg.
4. Women must be on adequate contraception, barrier or hormonal, unless postmenopausal or sterilised.

Exclusion Criteria

1. Patients who are triple positive for antiphospholipid antibodies (presence of lupus anticoagulant, IgG and/or IgM anticardiolipin and anti beta 2 glycoprotein I antibodies at \>40 GPL or MPL units or \> the 99th centile of normal\*.

   (\*patients who have previously been triple aPL-positive and have single or double aPL positivity on at least 2 occasions over at least 6 months, including once within 1 month prior to randomisation, can be recruited to the trial)
2. Pregnant or lactating women
3. Severe renal impairment with creatinine clearance \< 30 mL/min (i.e. 29 mL/min or less)
4. Liver function tests ALT \> 3 x ULN
5. Cirrhotic patients with Child Pugh B or C
6. Thrombocytopenia (platelets \< 75 x 109/L)
7. Non-adherence on warfarin (based on clinical assessment)
8. Patients taking strong inhibitors of both CYP3A4 and P-gp pathways such as

   1. Systemic azole antifungals (e.g. ketoconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole)
   2. Patients on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitors (e.g. ritonavir)
9. Patients on strong CYP3A4 inducers (e.g. rifampicin, phenytoin, carbamazepine, phenobarbital or St. John's Wort)
10. Patients on dronedarone
11. Patients on levetiracetam, sodium valproate/valproic acid, oxcarbazepine or topiramate
12. Patients less than 18 years of age
13. Refusal to consent to the site informing General Practitioner (GP) and Healthcare Professional responsible for anticoagulation care of the participant.
14. Contraindications to MRI (e.g. cardiac pacemaker, severe claustrophobia, inability to lie flat: patients who do not meet local safety rules for MRI).
15. Patients at high risk of bleeding and not suitable for anticoagulation therapy.
16. Previous known allergy or intolerance to warfarin or rivaroxaban.
17. Women planning to become pregnant within the 2-year follow-up period.
18. Patients with known galactose intolerance, total lactase deficiency or galactose malabsorption.
19. Patients who have had active cancer (excluding non-melanoma skin cancers) within the last 2 years
20. Any other reason that the PI or delegate considers would make the patient unsuitable to enter RISAPS.