Efficacy and Safety of Oxycodone Hydrochloride for Long-term Analgesia in ICU Patients

The goal of this clinical trial is to learn if oxycodone hydrochloride works to manage pain in patients requiring mechanical ventilation. It will also assess the safety of oxycodone hydrochloride. The main questions it aims to answer are:

1. Does oxycodone hydrochloride effectively lower the CPOT (Critical Care Pain Observation Tool) score in mechanically ventilated patients?
2. What medical problems do participants have when using oxycodone hydrochloride? Researchers will compare oxycodone hydrochloride to remifentanil to see if oxycodone works better to manage pain in these patients.

Participants will:

* Receive either oxycodone hydrochloride injection at a dose of 0.03-0.2 mg/kg/h or remifentanil injection at a dose of 2-9 μg/kg/h.
* Have their pain scores assessed every 15 minutes until the CPOT score is less than 3. After reaching the target pain score, assessments will be done every 4 hours.
* Have their vital signs and monitoring data recorded.
* Have analgesia and sedation scores recorded from days 1 to 7 after administration, with drug dosages adjusted based on pain scores.
* Have the incidence of adverse reactions and changes in gastrointestinal function observed and recorded from days 1 to 7 after administration.
* If extubated within 7 days, relevant data will be collected based on the time of extubation.
* Be followed up on day 28 through the electronic medical record system to gather data on the extubation success rate and incidence of complications within the 28-day period.

This study is a single-center, single-blind, randomized controlled exploratory study involving subjects aged 18 to 80 who are expected to require mechanical ventilation for ≥24 hours and who were intubated and received mechanical ventilation for less than 3 days before enrollment. Subjects will be treated with either oxycodone hydrochloride injection or remifentanil injection and will be randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio, giving each subject a 50% chance of being assigned to the control group.

Trial Group: Subjects will receive oxycodone hydrochloride injection at a dose of 0.03-0.2 mg/kg/h. Pain scores will be assessed every 15 minutes until the CPOT (Critical Care Pain Observation Tool) score is less than 3. After achieving the target pain score, pain scores will be assessed every 4 hours.

Control Group: Subjects will receive remifentanil hydrochloride injection at a dose of 2-9 μg/kg/h. Pain scores will be assessed every 15 minutes until the CPOT score is less than 3. After achieving the target pain score, pain scores will be assessed every 4 hours.

During this period, the vital signs and monitoring data of the subjects will be recorded. Analgesia and sedation scores will be recorded from days 1 to 7 after administration, and the analgesic and sedative drug dosages will be adjusted based on the subjects' pain scores. Additionally, the incidence of adverse reactions and changes in gastrointestinal function will be observed and recorded from days 1 to 7 after administration.

There are no biological detection indicators in this study; all evaluations are made by the researchers through scoring sheets and will not affect the subjects' normal treatment. If a subject is extubated and weaned off the ventilator within 7 days, relevant data will be collected based on the time of extubation. On the 28th day after administration, doctors will follow up via the electronic medical record system to gather data on the extubation success rate, incidence of complications, and other relevant indicators within the 28-day period.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* 18 ≤ Age ≤ 80
* Intubated and mechanically ventilated \&lt; 3 days prior to enrollment
* Expected need for continuous mechanical ventilation ≥ 24 hours

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patients requiring deep sedation (e.g., mechanical ventilation patients with severe man-machine dyssynchrony, respiratory distress due to severe respiratory failure, application of neuromuscular blockers, status epilepticus, surgical procedures requiring strict immobilization, mild hypothermia treatment, etc.);
* Chronic kidney disease, severe liver dysfunction (Child-Pugh Class C)
* Severe shock requiring norepinephrine ≥ 0.5 µg/kg/min
* American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Class 5 patients (near death)
* Nerve injury or organic pathological changes in the brain
* Need for designated sedatives or anesthetics other than study drug during treatment
* Patients with chronic pain, frequently taking strong opioids, such as morphine
* History of alcohol or drug abuse
* Participation in other opioid studies within 30 days
* Pregnant or lactating women
* Patients with study drug allergy and contraindications Patients who are not suitable for inclusion in the study as judged by the investigator