Inspiratory Muscle Training in Multiple Sclerosis

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of a low-intensity protocol of inspiratory muscle training (IMT) to improve respiratory strength, spirometric parameters and dyspnea in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS).

Design: Clinical trial. Randomized. Participants: 67 patients with MS, distributed in two groups, intervention and control.

Intervention: Intervention group train using IMT for 12 weeks, 5 days/week, 15 minutes/day (20% maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP) during the first two weeks and 30% MIP after the second week). Control group follow a respiratory exercise program involving nasal breathing and maximum exhalation during 12 weeks, 5 days/week, 15 minutes/day.

Evaluations: Determination of the MIP and the maximum expiratory pressure (MEP); spirometry - maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV), peak expiratory flow (PEF), tidal volume (TV); dyspnea using the Borg scale and clinical evaluations.

Participants:

Patients from two MS associations will be recruited to participate in a 12-week randomized trial.

The sample size calculation determine that 31 participants in each group are required to observe a minimum difference in the maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP) of 12 cm H2O, considering a power of 90%, a safety of 95% and a 10% dropout rate.

The participants in the study are diagnosed with MS, are over 18 years old, have a disability lower than 9 in the Expanded disability status scale (EDSS) and are able to understand the objectives of the study. Those participants with a current or past neurological pathology other than MS will be excluded from the study, as well as those who had had a relapse of MS or any respiratory pathology during the 4 weeks prior to the start of the study, or any other complication that may have impeded the performance of the evaluation tests or breathing techniques. All patients will be asked to carry out the 5-day weekly program at home, and a recording sheet will be provided to each participant so they will can record the time of each daily respiratory training session. All participants signed an informed consent form.

The patients will be assigned to the two groups randomly. The main researcher doesn´t meet any of the participants until the initial assessment will be carried out. The intervention group (n = 36) will receive a training protocol of IMT, while the control group (n = 31) will follow a program of nasal breathing and maximum exhalations.

Evaluation:

The participants are evaluated at the beginning and end of the intervention period.

The evaluation of MIP and MEP is performed using a pressure transducer, Elka 15, which obtains each measurement in millibar and converts it into the reference unit of centimeter of water (cm H2O) (1 mbar = 1.01973 cm H2O .), following the rules of the American thoracic society/European respiratory society (ATS / ERS) \[19\]. The procedure will be repeated until 3 values were obtained with a difference of less than 5%, and the highest value will be used for the analysis. The MIP of the intervention group will be assessed every 2 weeks to set the IMT workload.

Lung volumes are assessed using a datospir touch spirometer with a turbine transducer with a maximum flow of 16 l/s and a maximum volume of 10 l. The ATS/ERS rules will be followed \[19\], and the highest value of three correct measurements will be chosen. Data is collected for the following parameters: maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV), forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1), peak expiratory flow (PEF), mean expiratory flow (FEF25-75), vital capacity (VC), tidal volume (TV) and forced vital capacity (FVC).

Dyspnea will be measured using the modified Borg scale \[20\]. All evaluations will be done in the corresponding center, during the same time slot and by the same examiner for both groups.

Intervention:

For the intervention group, a protocol different from those referred to in the literature has been designed to cover the respiratory deficiencies of MS patients using IMT. The device incorporates a unidirectional valve independent of flow to guarantee constant resistance and includes a specific pressure setting (in cm H2O). During the first two weeks a MIP load of 20% will be used, followed by a load of 30% for the rest of the training period. The protocol includes 15 cycles lasting 1 minute, twice a day: one in the morning and one in the afternoon. The participants rest for 1 minute between each cycle. In total, the protocol includes 30 minutes of daily respiratory training. The patients will be instructed to inhale with enough force to reach the opening of the valve.

The training program of the control group involves nasal inhalations and maximum exhalations. The following types of breathing exercises will be carried out for 3 minutes each with a 1 minute pause for resting: abdominal breathing, chest breathing, breathing and shoulder flexion, shoulder breathing and abduction, breathing and shoulder abduction in the transverse plane. The complete protocol involves 30 minutes of daily respiratory training.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion criteria:

* Diagnosed with MS
* Over 18 years old
* Disability lower than 9 in the EDSS
* Be able to understand the objectives of the study

Exclusion criteria:

* Participants with a current or past neurological pathology other than MS
* Relapse of MS or any respiratory pathology during the 4 weeks prior to the start of the study
* Any other complication that may impede the performance of the evaluation tests or breathing techniques