Sustaining Transfers Through Affordable Research Translation (START)

Currently, the health care that people receive is approximately 20 years behind up-to-date research findings. Developing ways to narrow the gap between evidence and practice is an important research focus in continuing care facilities, especially when one considers that the demand for these facilities is estimated to increase ten-fold in the next 25 years. In Alberta, there are an estimated 27,400 healthcare aides working in the continuing care sector. Developing reminders targeting these care providers will increase the likelihood that the significant resources invested to promote the uptake of research findings will lead to sustained practice change and, ultimately, improved client outcomes. The purpose of the START project (Sustaining Transfers through Affordable Research Translation) is to help bridge this gap between research and practice in supportive living and long-term care facilities by studying the effectiveness of reminder interventions to support the sustainability of a research-based mobility innovation. In particular, the project will evaluate the frequency and intensity of reminders that maintain the daily practice of healthcare aides to carry out a mobility innovation with clients in 24 supportive living and long-term care facilities. We will compare monthly versus every three month reminders, and we will compare paper-based reminders (like a sticker on a chart) and reminders provided by a healthcare aide peer. Using interviews, questionnaires and observations, the START project will also evaluate the processes that inhibit or promote the uptake of the mobility innovation by healthcare aides in their daily practice. In building this bridge between research evidence and practice, we will work closely with stakeholders at all levels of healthcare delivery (e.g. healthcare aides, facility leaders, policy makers and researchers) throughout the study. We expect our collaboration to contribute to sustainable innovations in the continuing care sector and, in particular, to the sustained use of an affordable mobility innovation in supportive living and long-term care settings.

The purpose of this cluster randomized controlled trial is to study the effectiveness of reminders to support the sustainability of an affordable mobility innovation by healthcare aides in supportive living and long-term care facilities. Using a stratified 2x2 factorial design, we will determine which combination of frequency and intensity of reminders is required to sustain a mobility innovation, the sit-to-stand activity. Four research questions guide our study: 1) Do more frequent reminders (every month) improve the sustainability of the innovation by healthcare aides in supportive living and long-term care facilities compared with less frequent reminders (every 3 months)? 2) Do high-intensity reminders (paper-based reminders plus peer reminders) improve the sustainability of the innovation by healthcare aides in supportive living and long-term care facilities compared with low intensity reminders (paper-based reminders only)? 3) Do more frequent reminders plus high-intensity reminders synergistically improve the sustainability of the innovation by healthcare aides in supportive living and long-term care facilities? 4) What are the processes associated with the ongoing uptake of the innovation over a year of follow-up?

We propose to study the effect of varying levels (frequency and intensity) of reminders on the sustainability of a mobility innovation by healthcare aides. Frequency: Our Alberta Health Services collaborators advised that monthly modification of the paper reminders would be frequent yet feasible while aligning with the rhythm of other monthly managerial responsibilities; in contrast, every three months would be infrequent but would align with quarterly managerial responsibilities. Intensity: They agreed that paper-based reminders are low intensity and commonly used in clinical settings. For the high intensity reminder they favored a socially-based "peer reminder". To summarize, the level of reminders will vary in frequency (monthly versus every three months) and intensity (paper reminders versus paper reminders + peer reminders).

Project Plan:

Facility assessment: Eligible facilities will have a minimum of 30 designated supportive living beds or long-term care beds in the Edmonton zone. In the first six months, we will conduct a facility assessment with 24 potential facilities using the Alberta Context Tool, the Work and Well Being Survey, and the Resident Assessment Instrument Minimum Data Set 2.0. Data from this assessment will be used to stratify the facilities into three 'equivalent' groups for randomization. As part of the organizational eligibility, all participating facilities will agree to incorporate the mobility innovation as a best practice policy for their clients.

Education sessions: In collaboration with the facility-based educator, a study educator will complete 20-minute education sessions to train healthcare aides working day and evening shifts to complete the innovation.

Randomization: A stratified blocked randomization procedure will assign facilities to four intervention arms.

Immediately following randomization, we will introduce a simple set of paper-based reminders to all sites. The low intensity paper-based reminders include: a) affixing stickers to doors, walls, or bathrooms; b) posting reminder signs in prominent locations; and c) placing colored flags on the documentation flowsheets. Every month for the high frequency sites, and once every three months for the low frequency sites, we will modify the color or shape of the paper-based reminders. For the high intensity reminders, we will identify healthcare aides to offer peer reminders. These healthcare aides will provide formal and informal peer reminders about the innovation; the formal reminders will take place either monthly or every three months during change of shift meetings, while the informal reminders will be provided as opportunities arise during the work day. Every month for the high frequency sites and every three months for the low frequency sites, the study educator will coach the healthcare aides providing peer reminders.

As the purpose of this study is to examine the effectiveness of reminders to support the sustainability of an innovation by healthcare aides, our primary outcome is healthcare aide uptake as operationalized by the number of completed mobility occasions. We have validated a documentation flowsheet for use by healthcare aides. They will record on this flowsheet the number of mobility repetitions that the client completes on each of two occasions on the day shift and on the evening shift (i.e. four occasions per day).

The secondary outcome measure will be client mobility, as assessed using the 30-second sit-to-stand test. Clients will be timed to see how many repetitions of standing up and sitting down they can complete in 30-seconds. This measure will be gathered once at baseline for all participating clients, and again 1 year later.

Process Evaluation (Research Question 4): The goal of the process evaluation is to understand how facility processes and reminders affect the sustainability of healthcare aide uptake of the innovation. We will examine how the reminders are implemented and perceived by participants, as well as how healthcare aides providing peer reminders are identified, received by their peers and supported by their supervisors. This data will gathered using observations, questionnaires and interviews. Observations: Anytime research staff enter a study facility, they will be alert to observe responses of facility staff or clients to the reminder interventions. Upon exiting the facilities, they will record fieldnotes. Research staff will be instructed to include only general information in their fieldnotes, and not include information that would identify specific site staff or clients. Educators' fieldnotes will be useful for understanding processes of and responses to coaching the healthcare aides that provide reminders. Questionnaire: We will survey a licensed practical nurse and a manager from each facility using a questionnaire to elicit perceptions of the reminders. Interviews-Healthcare Aides: To understand healthcare aides' views of the reminders we will use interviews rather than written questionnaires, as many healthcare aides speak English as a second language. We will interview approximately 6 healthcare aides from purposively sampled facilities until we achieve saturation. Four facilities (2 positive \& 2 negative extreme cases; one from each arm) will be sampled based on facility assessments. Interviews-Peer Reminders: To understand the peer reminder experience we will interview approximately 6 healthcare aides providing peer reminders from each high intensity reminder arm until saturation is achieved.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Clients will be eligible to participate if they can transfer independently or with the assistance of one person.
* Healthcare aides will be eligible to participate if they have worked on the unit for a minimum of 3 months, and work at regular intervals (minimum of 6 shifts per month).
* Licensed Practical Nurses and / or other Facility Leaders will be eligible to participate if they have experienced the peer and paper-based reminders within the last 2 months.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Clients who require a mechanical lift, or the assistance of two people to transfer, will be excluded.
* Healthcare aides who have worked for shorter less than 3 months, or fewer than 6 shifts per month, will be excluded.
* Licensed Practical Nurses and / or other Facility Leaders will be excluded if they have not had experience with the peer and paper-based reminders within the last 2 months.