ACB Vs No Block for Pediatric ACL Reconstruction

The goal of this randomized controlled feasibility clinical trial is to assess the feasibility of conducting a randomized trial of adding a perioperative single-shot adductor canal block to standard of care general anesthesia compared to non-regional techniques in pediatric patients undergoing arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. The main clinical question it aims to answer is does ACB result in improved Quality of Recovery-15 questionnaire scores on postoperative day 2 , postoperative day 14, and postoperative day 42. Secondary questions this study will address are will use of a single-shot adductor canal block result in: less total opioid consumption; shorter post anesthetic care unit (PACU) length of stay; better pain scores at rest and with movement at time of postoperative phone call; and patient satisfaction score at 2 weeks (postoperative day 14). Researchers will compare the scores to patients undergoing the same surgery who will not have a single-shot ACB. All patients will receive the same pre-, peri-, and postoperative care with the exception of being randomized to block or no block. Participants will be asked to answer the Quality of Recovery-15 questionnaire and rate their pain on a scale of 0-10 on the day of surgery, at postoperative day 2 (by telephone) and at postoperative day 14 and postoperative day 42 during regular orthopedic clinic follow-up. Patients and caregivers will rate their satisfaction at postoperative day 42, using a 5-item Likert scale (ranging from completely dissatisfied to completely satisfied).

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are becoming increasingly common among children and adolescents as they are engaging in contact sports at younger ages, which may contribute to a higher incidence of musculoskeletal injuries. This heightened susceptibility could be attributed to increased joint flexibility and potential immaturity in musculoskeletal development, with ACL reconstruction (ACLR) being the primary treatment approach. Effective pain management in the early postoperative phase is crucial, as it significantly impacts the ability to start rehabilitation and return to sports activities. Despite approximately 200,000 adolescents undergoing ACLR annually, there are no established benchmarks for pain management in this population, and significant variability exists in pain management practices in pediatric ACL reconstruction. Regional nerve blocks, such as femoral nerve blocks (FNBs), adductor canal blocks (ACBs), and sciatic nerve blocks (SNBs) are integral components of multimodal analgesia.

Recent research in the adult population has shown that multimodal analgesic strategies in arthroscopic surgeries can significantly reduce postoperative opioid consumption and improve quality of recovery.

In 2000, following the creation and initial clinical use of a 9-item Quality of Recovery (QoR) score, some authors introduced the 40-item QoR-40 and the shorter QoR-15. The QoR-15 scale provides a comprehensive assessment of postoperative recovery, with scores ranging from 0 (very poor QoR) to 150 (excellent QoR). Since then, the QoR-15 has emerged as the most commonly reported measure of patient-assessed quality of recovery after surgery, validated in the adult population.

The investigators plan to perform a prospective randomized controlled feasibility study comparing preoperative single-shot ACB to non-block in pediatric patients undergoing ambulatory arthroscopic ACL reconstruction. The investigators hypothesize that patients who received ACB preoperatively would have improved analgesia, fewer opioid-related adverse effects, greater patient satisfaction, and shorter PACU recovery times. Feasibility will be determined by enrollment rate, defined as the proportion of participants enrolled over the number of participants approached. We will declare feasibility if the enrollment rate is ≥ 80%.The primary clinical outcome variable is improvement in QoR-15 scores on POD2, POD14 and POD42.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients ASA I, II and III
* 10-18 years of age
* scheduled for ACL reconstruction
* agreeable to regional block and follow-ups

Exclusion Criteria:

* Contraindications to adductor canal block.
* Patients with coagulopathies, preexisting neurologic deficit
* Significant comorbidities that may impact recovery or interfere with the study.
* Refusal to regional techniques.
* Moderate to severe cognitive deficit (patients who are unable to complete the questionnaire)
* Patients with history of malignant hyperthermia