Rural Lifestyle Eating and Activity Program (Rural LEAP)

The purpose of this research study is to learn about ways to help adults with obesity from rural areas manage their weight and increase their physical activity. An important goal of the study is to find out what type of follow-up program for weight management is necessary to help adults with obesity keep from regaining lost weight. The study will also look at the ways that long-term weight-loss treatments affect blood pressure, blood fats (lipids), blood sugar, and physical fitness.

The participant are being asked to be in this research study because increased weight and obesity are major health problems in the United States. The participant's weight and height fall in the obese category. Adults with obesity have an increased risk of developing health problems such as high blood pressure, diabetes, and heart disease. The rates of being overweight and obese are higher in rural areas of the United States than in urban and suburban areas of the country.

If the participant agrees to participate, a number of tests will be performed to see if the participant is eligible to take part in the study. If so, these tests will be repeated after 4 months of treatment, and again after 22 months. Participants will be asked to complete a number of questionnaires. baseline, 4 months of treatment, and again after 10, 16, and 22 months. The different tests and measures are listed below.

Questionnaires, Height, Weight, Waist Measurement, Blood Pressure, Heart Rate, Electrocardiogram, Blood Sample (2 tablespoons), Urine Sample, and a Urine Pregnancy test for females, 400 Meter Walking Test

Randomization

A member of the research team will contact participants by telephone or by mail if they eligible to take part in the study. Participants are randomly assigned to one of three groups. Random assignment is like rolling dice to decide which group a person is assigned to.

The three groups are described below:

Group A: 4 months of weight loss treatment plus 12 months of follow-up contact by telephone. The follow-up telephone contacts in Group A will involve group discussion with a trained staff member and other participants.

Group B: 4 months of weight loss treatment plus 12 months of follow-up contacts by telephone. The follow-up telephone contacts in Group B will involve individual, one-on-one discussion with a trained staff member.

Group C: 4 months of weight loss treatment plus 12 months of follow-up contacts by mail and e-mail.

Weight Loss Treatments

The weight-loss treatments in this study will include two phases. Phase 1 will last 4 months. Phase 2 will last 12 more months. Everybody in Groups A, B, and C will have the same Phase 1 weight-loss treatment program for 4 months. However, the type of Phase 2 follow-up program that participants receive will depend on whether they are assigned to Group A, B, or C.

Phase 1 Treatment

During this time, participants will meet each week with a group leader and a group of about 10 other adults. The meetings will take place at the Cooperative Extension Office. The group leader will be a Family and Consumer Sciences Agent who has had special training in nutrition education or a staff member who has had special training in weight-management. The group meetings will last about 90 minutes per week. All group meeting will be audio recorded so that the researchers can determine if the treatment was delivered as planned.

There are four major goals for the group sessions.

1. Participants will learn about nutrition, physical activity, and safe methods to lose weight. To help accomplish this goal, participants will be asked to keep a daily habit log on which participants will record everything they eat and drink each day. Participants will also be given a pedometer. A pedometer is a small device about the size of a pager that keeps track of how many steps the participant takes each day. Participants will be asked to wear the pedometer each day, and write down on thier habit log each day the number of steps tracked by thier pedometer.
2. Participants will be taught how to eat a healthy diet while taking in fewer calories than they are currently eating. This will usually mean reducing calorie intake by 500 to 1000 calories per day. Participants will participate in cooking demonstrations and will have a chance to sample healthy foods prepared during group meetings.
3. Participants will be taught how to set up a regular routine of increased physical activity or exercise. This will usually involve a walking program of 30 minutes per day.
4. Participants will be taught ways to increase their motivation to start and maintain changes in their eating and exercise habits.

Phase 2 Treatments

Phase 2 of the program will begin after the completion of Phase 1 and will last for 12 months. Phase 2 will involve follow-up programs to help group members continue their weight management efforts. During Phase 2 participants will be encouraged to maintain improved, healthy patterns of exercise and dietary intake, and to continue to monitor and record their dietary intake and pedometer steps on a regular basis.

The follow-up programs for all Groups will involve two contacts per month for the first 6 months and one contact per month for the next 6 months. However, the type of contact will be different for each Treatment Group.

Group A: This group will have follow-up contact by phone. If participants are assigned by the computer to Group A, they will receive two phone calls per month from their group leader for the first 6 months, and one phone call per month for the next 6 months. These calls will be group phone calls; other participants will be on the call. These group phone calls will be led by a trained group leader and will include discussions of progress and will focus on strategies to help participants maintain lost weight.

Group B: This group will have follow-up contact by phone. If participants are assigned by the computer to Group B, they will receive two phone calls per month from their group leader for the first 6 months, and one phone call per month for the next 6 months. These calls will be individual phone calls with the participant and a trained staff member that will include discussions of progress and will focus on strategies to help them maintain lost weight.

Group C: This group will have follow-up contact by mail. If participants are assigned by the computer to Group C, they will receive a specially prepared newsletter two times per month. The newsletter will contain educational information about proper eating and physical activity. The newsletters will include low-fat and low-calorie recipes, along with tip sheets that describe strategies to help them maintain lost weight.

If participants are in Group A or B four of their phone call treatment sessions will be audio recorded so that the researchers can determine if the treatment was delivered as planned.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Age: 21 to 75 years
* Body Mass Index: 30 to 45 kg/m\*\*2

Exclusion Criteria:

* Underlying disease likely to limit lifespan and/or increase risk of interventions:cancer requiring treatment in past five years (exception: non-melanoma skin cancer); serious infectious diseases (e.g., self-reported HIV, self-reported tuberculosis or treatment); myocardial infarction or cerebrovascular accident within the last six months; unstable angina within the past six months; congestive heart failure; chronic hepatitis; cirrhosis; chronic malabsorption syndrome; chronic pancreatitis; irritable bowel syndrome; previous bariatric surgery; history of organ transplantation; history of musculoskeletal conditions that limit walking; chronic lung diseases that limit physical activity; and any other condition likely to limit five-year life expectancy.
* Metabolic exclusions: fasting blood glucose \> 125 mg/dl at screening if not known to be diabetic (patients with diabetes under active treatment will be enrolled if approved by primary provider); fasting serum triglycerides \> 400 mg/dl at screening; resting blood pressure \> 150/100 mm Hg.
* Medication exclusions: antipsychotic agents; monoamine oxidase inhibitors; systemic corticosteroids; antibiotics for HIV or Tuberculosis; chemotherapeutic drugs; or use of prescription weight-loss drugs within six months.
* Conditions or behaviors likely to affect the conduct of the trial: unwilling or unable to give informed consent; unable to read English at the 5th grade level; unwilling to accept random assignment; unwilling to travel to Extension office for intervention sessions; participation in another randomized research project; weight loss \> 10 pounds in past six months; likely to move out of the county in next two years; major psychiatric disorder; excessive alcohol intake; BMI \> 45; prior participation in the TOURS trial; and other conditions which in the opinion of staff would adversely affect participation in the trial