A Real-World Study of Pegylated Interferon In Nucleoside-treated Patients With Chronic Hepatitis B

The aim of the prospective real-world study is to evaluate whether sequential combination therapy with pegylated interferon plus entecavir/tenofovir could induce higher rates of HBsAg loss in nucleoside-treated patients with chronic hepatitis B compared to continuous nucleoside treatment.

Patents who were treated with NA at least one year and achieved hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA suppression and HBsAg level\<3000 international unit (IU) /mL are enrolled in this study, they are assigned into two groups, in group I, patients will receive pegylated interferon plus entecavir/tenofovir for 48/72/96 weeks, in group II, patients will receive entecavir/tenofovir for 96 weeks. HBsAg loss rates at the end of treatment and sustained response at the end of follow up will be evaluated.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

1. Male and female patients from 18 to 65 years of age;
2. HBsAg positive, entecavir and or adefovir dipivoxil are used at least 1 year including patients with nucleotides or nucleoside resistance history;
3. Before nucleotides or nucleosides treatment, ALT \> 2 upper limit of normal value (ULN), HBV DNA \>10000 copies/ml, HBsAg positive;
4. Serum HBV DNA ≤ 500 copies/ml;
5. HBsAg\<3000 IU/ml;
6. HBsAg positive;
7. Negative urine or serum pregnancy test (for women of childbearing potential) documented within the 24-hour period prior to the first dose of test drug;
8. Absence of cirrhosis confirmed by ultrasonic test;
9. Agree to participate in the study and sign the patient informed consent.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. HBV DNA \> 500 copies/ml;
2. Other antiviral, anti-neoplastic or immunomodulatory treatment (including supra physiologic doses of steroids and radiation) 6 months prior to the first dose of randomized treatment (except for 7 days of acyclovir for herpetic lesions more than 1 month prior to first administration of randomized treatment). Patients who are expected to need systemic antiviral therapy other than that provided by the study at any time during their participation are also excluded;
3. Women with ongoing pregnancy or breast-feeding;
4. Co-infection with active hepatitis A, hepatitis C, hepatitis D(Those hospitals which have the ability to do the test will do) and/or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV);
5. ALT \>10 ULN;
6. Evidence of decompensated liver disease (Child-Pugh score \> 5). Child-Pugh \> 5 means, if one of the following 5 conditions are met, the patient has to be excluded:
7. one of the following 5 conditions are met, the patient has to be excluded:
8. Serum albumin \< 3.5 g/L;
9. Prothrombin time \> 3 seconds prolonged;
10. Serum bilirubin \> 34 µ mol/L;
11. History of encephalopathy;
12. History of variceal bleeding;
13. Ascites;
14. History or other evidence of a medical condition associated with chronic liver disease other than viral hepatitis (e.g., hemochromatosis, autoimmune hepatitis, metabolic liver disease, alcoholic liver disease, toxin exposures, thalassemia);
15. Signs or symptoms of hepatocellular carcinoma, patients with a value of alpha-fetoprotein \> 100 ng/mL are excluded, unless stability (less than 10% increase) has been documented over at least the previous 3 months. Patients with values \< 20 ng/mL but \> 100 ng/mL may be enrolled, if hepatic neoplasia has been excluded by liver imaging;
16. Neutrophil count \< 1500 cells/mm3 or platelet count \<90,000 cells/mm3 at screening;
17. Hemoglobin \< 11.5 g/dL for females and \<12.5 g/dL for men;
18. Serum creatinine level \> 1.5 ULN in screening period.
19. Phosphorus \< 0.65 mmol/L;
20. antinuclear antibody (ANA) \> 1:100;
21. History of severe psychiatric disease, especially depression. Severe psychiatric disease is defined as treatment with an antidepressant medication or a major tranquilizer at therapeutic doses for major depression or psychosis, respectively, for at least 3 months at any previous time or any history of the following: a suicidal attempt hospitalization for psychiatric disease, or a period of disability due to a psychiatric disease;
22. History of a severe seizure disorder or current anticonvulsant use;
23. History of immunologically mediated disease, (e.g., inflammatory bowel disease, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, lupus erythematosus, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, scleroderma, rheumatoid arthritis etc.);
24. History of chronic pulmonary disease associated with functional limitation;
25. Diseases that interferon and nucleotides or nucleosides are not suitable.