Dexamethasone Treatment for Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Induced by COVID-19

Single blind randomized clinical trial designed to evaluate the efficacy of the combination of hydroxychloroquine and dexamethasone as treatment for severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) related to coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). We hypothesize that dexamethasone (20 mg for 5 days followed by 10 mg for 5 days) combined with 600 mg per day dose of hydroxychloroquine for 10 days will reduce the 28-day mortality compared to hydroxychloroquine alone in patients with severe ARDS related COVID-19.

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic causing COVID-19 disease affects hundreds of thousands of patients. Of these, 5% will present with acute respiratory failure, the most severe form of which is Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). Hospital mortality affects 45% of patients with severe ARDS. The improvement in mortality associated with ARDS seems largely explained by the reduction in lesions induced by mechanical ventilation, in particular a tidal volume (Vt) set at 6 ml / kg of the weight predicted by the size associated with a plateau pressure must not exceed 30 cm of water. Unfortunately and despite the application of these recommendations, ARDS related COVID-19 is associated with a mortality of 65%. About 42% of patients hospitalized for COVID-19 pneumonitis will develop ARDS and the onset of ARDS is rapid after admission with a median of 2 days. Interestingly, a study reported that patients suffering from ARDS and having received corticosteroids had a mortality rate of 46% (23 out of 50) compared to 61.8% (21 out of 34) in patients who did not receive corticosteroids. However, this difference was not significant (P = 0.15). The survival curve showed, however, that the administration of corticosteroids (Methylprednisolone) reduced the risk of death (Hazard ratio: 0.38 (95% confidence interval 0.20-0.72); P = 0.003). The authors concluded that a randomized study was necessary to confirm this impression.

The theoretical justification for treatment with corticosteroids is related to the recognition of the inflammatory syndrome as a factor in the development of an uncontrolled and harmful fibroproliferative phase. It seems certain that late administration (beyond the 14th day after the start of ARDS) is deleterious in patients by increasing mortality. However, a recent study shows that early administration of dexamethasone (within 30 hours after the start of ARDS) is associated with an increase of ventilator-free days and a decrease in mortality at 2 months.

In COVID-19 disease, there is also a cytokine storm and an intense inflammatory reaction. Currently the use of corticosteroids is not recommended during a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. Administration of corticosteroids may delay elimination of the virus. Recently, a preliminary study reported that the administration of hydroxychloroquine (200mg x3 per day) decreased or even made disappear the viral load. This clinical study appears to corroborate an experimental study. However, hydroxychloroquine can have cardiac toxicity which, although rare, can be serious.

In summary:

* The appearance of an ARDS during a COVID-19 is burdened with a mortality of 65%
* The viral load has decreased when ARDS is present
* The use of hydroxychloroquine makes it possible to significantly reduce the viral load
* Early administration of corticosteroids seems beneficial in ARDS

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

1. Patient over 18 years old
2. Patient affiliated to a health insurance plan
3. Patient who has given their free, informed and written consent or patient for whom an independent doctor has given their signed consent as part of an emergency procedure
4. Kaliemia \> 3,5 mmol / L
5. Patient diagnosed COVID-19 positive by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and / or CT

The diagnosis of COVID-19 will be made if:

* Patient with radiological images strongly suggestive of a chest scan associated with respiratory symptoms, without other obvious etiologies OR
* Patient with suggestive respiratory symptoms associated with a positive RT-PCR

Patients admitted to intensive care with acute respiratory distress syndrome secondary to COVID-19, intubated for less than 5 days with:

* Either - Hypoxemia defined by a arterial partial pressure of oxygen / fraction of inspiratory oxygen ratio (PaO2 / FiO2) ratio \<100 after 2 sessions of prone position
* Either - An alteration in pulmonary compliance (tidal volume divided by plateau pressure minus positive expiratory pressure) immediately or over the first 96 hours after the start of ARDS defined by:
* immediately: impossibility of maintaining a plateau pressure \<30 cm of water in a ventilated patient with a tidal volume of 6 ml / kg of weight predicted by the size and a positive expiratory pressure at 10 cm of water
* during the course of the evolution: decrease in compliance by 20% compared to the initial compliance (day of treatment of the intubated and ventilated patient) We define the start date of ARDS by the day and time when the patient is intubated and ventilated with regard to our definition of COVID-19

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Patient under guardianship or curator
2. Patient with plausible alternate diagnosis
3. ARDS evolving for more than 4 days
4. Contraindication to the Hydroxychloroquine : Known allergy or intolerance to the Hydroxychloroquine or to one of the excipients of the drug, in particular to lactose; documented QT prolongation and / or known risk factors for QT prolongation (including ongoing treatment with citalopram, escitalopram, hydroxyzine, domperidone or piperaquine), retinopathies
5. Contraindication to Dexamethasone: Known allergy or intolerance to Dexamethasone or to one of the excipients of the drug, another evolving virosis (hepatitis, herpes, chickenpox, shingles), severe coagulation disorder
6. Uncontrolled septic shock
7. Untreated active infection or treated less than 24 hours
8. Long-term patient treated with corticosteroids (\> 20 mg / day) or Hydroxychloroquine
9. Immunocompromised patients: AIDS, bone marrow or solid organ transplant recipients
10. Pregnant women
11. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency