Improving Life Chances of Disadvantaged Youth: Testing Best-Practice Academic vs. Non-Academic Supports

The purpose of this study is to learn more about the most cost-effective way to improve the long-term life outcomes of disadvantaged youth, by comparing best practice academic supports to best-practice non-academic supports, and learning more about whether investing in both simultaneously has synergistic (more than additive) effects.

Our University of Chicago Crime Lab research team will carry out a 2 x 2 randomized experiment, in which some male youth are randomly assigned to receive what we believe to be best-practice intensive academic supports (high-dosage math tutoring provided by Match Education of Boston), or what we believe to be best-practice non-academic supports, for which we have identified Youth Guidance's Becoming a Man (BAM) program that provides a version of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), or to receive both, or neither (control condition).

The University of Chicago Education Lab research team will be carrying out a randomized controlled trial of this promising academic intervention during both the 2013-14 and 2014-15 academic years in partnership with the Chicago Public Schools (CPS) and Match Education.

The BAM intervention is a version of CBT adapted to help promote pro-social life outcomes among disadvantaged male youth. BAM includes in-school and after school programming designed to reduce overly-automatic behavior that can lead to problem outcomes, encourage youth to reflect on their decision-making heuristics, or promote meta-cognition (to "think about thinking"). By helping youth learn and practice new ways to manage their emotional responses to difficult situations through stories, role-playing, small group exercises, and homework, the program encourages what psychologists call "cognitive restructuring," designed to generate lasting gains in youths' behaviors. BAM is a program of Youth Guidance (YG), a Chicago-area non-profit that has been serving Chicago children for over 80 years, and currently provides services to thousands of students across more than 70 schools through a partnership with the Chicago Public Schools (CPS) that dates back more than four decades. YG will implement the BAM intervention during the 2013-15 academic years in some of the most distressed schools in Chicago's south and west sides.

The Match Tutors program expands on the nationally recognized innovation of high-dosage, in-school-day tutoring developed in the three Match Charter Public Schools in Boston. Tutoring is embedded into the school day as an elective class, as a supplement to the regular classroom math teacher. Every student works with a full-time, professional tutor in addition to their other classes, so that the class offered by Match Tutors will be given for credit, not as a pull-out or after school intervention As a regular part of their school day, students will attend tutoring for 50 minutes a day, 5 days a week. The tutoring course, entitled Mathematics Lab, has been granted credit-bearing status by CPS and will be offered each semester within a school year so that students will earn one elective credit upon completion of the course. Math Lab offers a standards-based curriculum that is individualized to each student's needs with the goal of complementing the work done in math classes - preparing students for city and state math assessments, enabling them to pass math class finals, and helping students build skills and habits of learning that will help them succeed in school and beyond.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Lowest-performing Chicago Public School high schools, based on dropout rate, scores on academic rating scale, and where fewer than 10% of students met state standards on the Prairie State Achievement Exam
* School administrators were enthusiastic about the program and agreed to terms and conditions of the experimental design
* Male youth within these schools who are rising 9th and 10th graders in AY (Academic Year) 2013-14 and 2014-15.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Youth who have missed \>60% of days during AY2012-13 and AY2013-14 (through March), and so would not be expected to show up in school enough during intervention years (AY2013-15) to benefit from school-based programming
* Youth who have failed \>75% of classes during AY2012-13 and AY2013-14 (through March)
* Youth who have IEP (Individualized Education Program) designations for autism, speech and language disabilities, "educable mentally handicapped", and traumatic brain injury