Anthropometric Outcomes of a Mobile Health Intervention for Eating Behaviour and Lifestyle in Infancy

Lifestyle, activity, and feeding behaviours during early childhood set the foundation for subsequent lifelong metabolic health as an adult. The investigators have developed a digital tool, called Feeding, Lifestyle, Activity Goals (FLAGs) to assess lifestyle and feeding behaviours of young infants, simultaneously providing guidance and tailored advice for parents on ideal practices specific to their children. The investigators aim to assess its usability, acceptability, and feasibility , before proceeding to determine efficacy of the FLAGs intervention through conducting a randomized controlled trial, enrolling 440 infants from KK Women's and Children's Hospital. Half of them will receive standard routine infant care, whereas the other half will additionally receive the digital FLAGs assessment and advisory tool, complete with mobile nudges. The follow-up period will be over 12 months, with the main outcomes being i) indicators of good feeding and lifestyle behaviour at 12 months old, and ii) physical growth trends, body fat proportions. Demonstrating the benefits of using FLAGs will underscore the importance of integrating this digitalized tool into the screening and evaluation of well children, with the potential to be upscaled and adopted across hospitals, primary care, and community-based health programmes.

Childhood obesity rates have been steadily increasing worldwide, reaching 5.6% for girls and 7.8% for boys in 2016, compared to 0.7% and 0.9% in 1975, respectively. The rise has led to the development of multiple metabolic co-morbidities among children, including dysglycaemia, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, and fatty liver disease. Childhood obesity also sets the stage for adult overweight and obesity, along with increased cardiovascular risks. Therefore, it is essential to start right early with healthy lifestyle and feeding practices since birth. Implementing interventions during the postpartum period holds the potential for long-term maternal-child benefits, fostering a virtuous cycle of health. Cardiometabolic risk factors have been clearly identified from early childhood, such as the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages, suboptimal weaning practices with inadequate introduction of diverse food consistencies and tastes within the first six months of life, excessive or inadequate caloric intake, and excessive screen time exposure. These factors are associated with increased body mass index in children. Given the social and environmental nature of these influences, effective approaches are those which intervene holistically through community engagement to modify behaviour, adopting the use of digital and technology-based healthcare.

Existing infant care models undervalue the importance of establishing healthy lifestyle behaviours and optimal eating outcomes for infants and toddlers. Furthermore, there is a gap between what is known to increase a child's risks of developing non-communicable diseases as an adult, and what caregivers understand about optimizing their child's health. Addressing this unmet need requires innovative and sustainable intervention approach to apply for the general public. Digital technologies possess immense potential for advancing health promotion and public health initiatives, maximizing community outreach and engagement. The investigators have developed an innovative digitalized tool, called Feeding, Lifestyle, Activity Goals (FLAGs) to assess lifestyle and feeding behaviours of young children from birth to age 2. FLAGs provides performance evaluation, guidance, and tailored advice for parents on ideal practices specific to their children. This digital application can be easily administered right via computers or smart devices from birth. FLAGs has undergone content and expert validations by eight domain experts from primary and tertiary healthcare settings, receiving positive evaluations regarding tool validity through high scores on the scale content validity index and agreement test.

The investigators' goal is to establish healthy lifestyle behaviours in infants, leading to improved health outcomes in early years. The overall objective of this proposed study is to determine the effects of FLAGs intervention on infant's lifestyle behaviours, growth, and metabolic health outcomes. The central hypothesis is that infants whose caregivers are exposed to FLAGs intervention will exhibit healthier lifestyle behaviours, leading to optimal physical growth and metabolic health status at 12 months of age, compared to those without FLAGs intervention. To test the hypothesis, a prospective, two-arm, randomized controlled trial will be conducted, recruiting 440 infant-caregiver pairs with a 1-year follow-up from KK Women's and Children's Hospital. Participants in the intervention arm will be exposed to FLAGs over a 1-year period. The specific aims are as follows:

Aim 1: To determine usability, acceptability, and feasibility of the FLAGs digital tool by conducting a pilot phase study. From results of this pilot phase study, further refinement to the application's content, user interface, and features will be performed before proceeding on to determine its efficacy.

Aim 2: To examine the effect of FLAGs intervention on infant body mass index, weight for length, and body composition at 12 months of age. The investigators hypothesize that after 12 months of FLAGs intervention, infants will demonstrate lower body mass index, weight for length, and reduced body fat as measured by skinfold thickness and body fat percentage at 12 months of age.

Aim 3: To examine the effect of FLAGs intervention on infant's lifestyle and eating behaviours at 12 months of age. The investigators hypothesize that infants randomised to the FLAGs intervention arm will demonstrate significantly healthier lifestyle behaviour, as indicated by a higher total FLAGs score, along with healthier eating habits, compared to those randomised to the control arm without FLAGs intervention. The total FLAGs score will be derived from the summation scores of the infant eating, sleeping, and activity domains in the FLAGs tool. Eating habits will be measured using established and validated questionnaires.

This proposed study will demonstrate the benefits of using FLAGs, a digital assessment and advisory tool to shape an infant's behaviour and early health outcomes, thereby highlighting its importance to be integrated into current models of paediatric healthcare.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Women
* 34-36 weeks' pregnant, or 3 days post-delivery.
* Pre-pregnancy BMI of at least 23 kg/m\^2, and/or with the diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus or type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Women less than 21 years old
* Unable to understand English
* Not planning to reside in Singapore until baby is at least 1 year old
* Premature birth of baby (defined as below 37 weeks' gestation)
* Birth of a baby with congenital abnormalities, physical or neurodevelopmental disabilities