Vitamin B12 for Aromatase Inhibitors Associated Musculoskeletal Symptoms in Breast Cancer

Treatment of hormone receptor (HR)-positive breast cancer with Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs) can lead to associated musculoskeletal pain and may cause patients to discontinue important treatment.

This is a randomized controlled trial assessing the affect of Vitamin B12 on AI-associated joint pain and other outcomes. Participants will be randomly assigned 1:1 to treatment or control arm.

The primary objective of this study is:

-To assess whether daily oral Vitamin B12 decreases average joint pain in women with AI-Associated Musculoskeletal Symptoms

Secondary objectives include:

* To investigate whether daily vitamin B12 improves functional quality of life
* To explore the impact of treatment on serum inflammatory cytokine levels (C- reactive protein) between baseline and various points in treatment.

According to the American Cancer Society, there were more than 250,000 new breast cancer cases in 2017. Incidence of breast cancer increases with age, with more than 75% of patients being postmenopausal at the time of diagnosis. In addition, hormone receptors (HR) are over expressed in the majority of breast cancer tumors in postmenopausal women.

Two classes of anti-endocrine therapies are used for treatment of HR-positive breast cancer: tamoxifen and the AIs, which can only be used to treat postmenopausal women because they are ineffective in women with functional ovaries. Joint pain is a significant AI-associated toxicity, affecting as many as 50% of patients. No factors associated with breast cancer treatment (such as chemotherapy) or co-morbid conditions (such as diabetes or body mass index) have been clearly shown to be predictive of the development of joint pain. The cause of AI-associated musculoskeletal symptoms remains elusive but some think it is associated with the direct effects of estrogen deprivation on bone, neurohormonal changes which result in change in pain sensitivity, and immune system changes that alter the circulating or local inflammatory cytokine concentrations.

Some studies report more than 20% of patients are no longer taking their AI chemotherapy regimen because of AI-associated joint pain. As many as 40,000 women are affected by this toxicity in the United States annually and up to 20,000 women discontinue AI therapy because of intolerable joint pain and muscle aches. The current treatment for AI associated musculoskeletal symptoms is limited to oral pain medications and exercise, but, neither intervention has optimal effects, and the long term use of oral pain medication is problematic. Improvement in the treatment of AI associated musculoskeletal symptoms is needed to improve compliance with therapy, and thereby lead to improved breast cancer outcomes and survivorship.

The study team conducted a pilot study (Campbell et al. Breast J, 2018) which suggested that vitamin B12 reduces pain and improves quality of life for participants taking aromatase inhibitors (AIs) who experienced AI-related musculoskeletal symptoms. This study aims to confirm these results in a phase III randomized prospective trial. If confirmed, Vitamin B12 would become a safe and cost-effective option for the treatment of AI-related musculoskeletal symptoms, leading to improved cancer outcomes and survivorship.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Subjects must have histologically or cytologically confirmed estrogen receptor (ER) and/or progesterone receptor (PgR) positive invasive carcinoma of the breast (Stage I-III) with no evidence of metastatic disease (M0).
* Subjects must have completed mastectomy or breast sparing surgery, and must have recovered from all side effects of the surgery. Patients should have recovered from all Grade 2 or higher side effects of chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy with the exception of alopecia and peripheral neuropathy. Concurrent bisphosphonate and trastuzumab therapies are allowed
* Patients must have aromatase inhibitor (AI) associated musculoskeletal symptoms that began or increased after starting AI therapy. New musculoskeletal pain must not be due specifically to fracture or traumatic injury
* Subjects must currently be taking one of the following aromatase inhibitor (AI) doses for at least 14 days prior to registration and plan to continue for at least an additional 180 days after registration:

  * Anastrozole (Arimidex) 1 mg daily OR
  * Letrozole (Femara) 2.5 mg daily OR
  * Exemestane (Aromasin) 25 mg daily
* Patients must be post-menopausal, as defined by at least one of the following:

  --≥ 12 months since their last menstrual period OR
  * Prior bilateral oophorectomy OR
  * Previous hysterectomy with one or both ovaries left in place (or previous hysterectomy in which documentation of bilateral oophorectomy is unavailable) AND (unless ≥ 60 years of age) FSH values consistent with the institutional normal values for the post-menopausal state.
* Performance status: Patients must have ECOG performance status of 0-2 as assessed by MD or RN
* Patients must have no known allergy or hypersensitivity to vitamin B12
* Must have completed the Brief Pain Inventory Short Form (BPI-SF) within 7 days of enrollment (after signing consent, but prior to starting treatment) and have an "average pain" score of at least 24.
* Patients must not have any contraindicated concurrent illnesses including:

  * History of alcohol or other substance abuse or dependence within 365 days prior to enrollment.
  * Chronic liver disease.
  * End stage renal disease.
* Patients who are receiving treatment with narcotics, tramadol, gabapentin, and/or pregabalin must have been taking a stable dose for at least 30 days prior to registration.
* Patients must be able to complete study questionnaires in English.
* Patients who are currently taking vitamin B12 or a multivitamin containing vitamin B12 will be able to participate in the study after having stopped taking the vitamin B12 or the multivitamin containing the B12 for two weeks before day 1 of treatment.
* Patients must be willing to submit blood samples for laboratory testing \[to test for Serum Vitamin B12, CRP, homocysteine level, complete blood count (CBC), potassium, and MMA\]. Baseline samples must be obtained prior to beginning protocol treatment.
* All patients or their legally authorized representative must be informed of the investigational nature of this study and must sign and give written informed consent in accordance with institutional and federal guidelines.
* Subjects must have the ability to understand and the willingness to sign a written informed consent document.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Subjects receiving any other investigational agents.
* History of allergic reactions attributed to compounds of similar chemical or biologic composition to vitamin B12 or other agents used in this study.
* Subjects with uncontrolled intercurrent illness including, but not limited to chronic liver disease, end stage renal disease, ongoing or active infection, symptomatic congestive heart failure, unstable angina pectoris, cardiac arrhythmia, or psychiatric illness/social situations that would limit compliance with study requirements