Sustained Release d-Amphetamine & Buprenorphine on Drug Seeking Behavior in Opioid & Cocaine Dependent Individuals

The purpose of this study is to determine whether maintenance on different oral doses of sustained release d-amphetamine (SR-AMP) combined with constant-dose sublingual buprenorphine (BUP) is safe and well tolerated and decreases self-administration of cocaine alone or combined with hydromorphone (HYD). Secondary aims are to determine whether SR-AMP attenuates the subjective and physiological effects of cocaine during drug sampling periods prior to choice opportunities.

Heroin abusers also frequently abuse cocaine, and concurrent use of these drugs is associated with more severe drug dependence and associated psychiatric and medical problems, greater risk for HIV infection, worse drug abuse treatment outcome, and creates a public health burden. New methods and solutions are needed for this problem.

While human laboratory models exist to study choice of cocaine or opioids individually, studies have not examined choice of cocaine alone or cocaine/opioid combinations by heroin dependent individuals, nor have there been interventions to reduce such drug use. We recently developed a sensitive laboratory-based choice progressive ratio procedure to study drug-seeking behavior for opioids. This study will extend this procedure, in the form of drug combination vs. money choices, to obtain a novel human laboratory model of cocaine/opioid abuse. The purpose of this study is to determine whether maintenance on different doses of sustained release d-amphetamine (SR-AMP) combined with constant-dose buprenorphine (BUP) is safe and well tolerated and decreases self-administration of cocaine alone or combined with HYD. Secondary aims are to determine whether SR-AMP attenuates the subjective and physiological effects of cocaine during drug sampling periods prior to choice opportunities.

One goal of this new study is to develop a human laboratory model of polydrug abuse by allowing participants (who abuse both heroin and cocaine) to choose between drug combinations or money. The second goal of this study is to develop medication treatments to reduce cocaine use by opioid dependent individuals.

Participants in this observational study will take part in multiple trials in which they have the opportunity to choose between drug combinations (cocaine alone or combined with HYD; relative to HYD alone and dual placebo) or money. On the morning of each session, prior to the choice procedure, participants will receive a sample of the drug dose that can be chosen. Participants will be asked to attend to the effects produced by the drug combination because they will be able to choose this relative to money in the choice task in the afternoon session. During the choice procedure, participants will have 12 opportunities to choose either drug or money. Participants will use a computer to earn choices. Respiration rate, oxygen saturation, heart rate, and blood pressure will be monitored throughout the study. Self-report questionnaires will be completed at different times during the study. Participants will be maintained on a constant dose of BUP throughout the study, with a minimum 2-week lead before the experiment, and a fixed 3-week detoxification after study completion. During the experiment they will be maintained on different doses of SR-AMP and on a constant dose of BUP.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Opioid dependent and Cocaine abuse or dependence, as determined by structured clinical interview for DSM-IV (SCID) and Addiction Severity Index (ASI)
* Positive urine test for opiates and cocaine
* Willing to use an adequate form of contraception for the duration of the study
* Reads and writes English

Exclusion Criteria:

* Psychiatric illness, as determined by the DSM-IV criteria
* History of, or current neurological disease, including structural abnormalities, seizures, infectious disease, history of other neurological diseases or head trauma.
* History of cardiovascular disease, myocardial infarction, chest pain or palpations on exertion or drug use
* Systolic blood pressure greater than 160 or less than 95 mmHg; Diastolic blood pressure \>95 mmHg
* Clinically abnormal ECG
* Pulmonary disease, including asthma, obstructive pulmonary disease, cor pulmonale, tuberculosis
* Systemic disease (e.g., endocrinopathies, liver or kidney failure, myxedema, hypothyroidism, Addison's disease, autoimmune disease)
* Current alcohol or sedative drug dependence
* Pregnant or breastfeeding
* Currently receiving treatment for a Substance Abuse/Dependence Disorder or seeking treatment
* Been in a research study within the last 30 days
* Known phobia of injections