Sympathetic Mapping/ Ablation of Renal Nerves Trial - Hemodialysis

To evaluate the safety and efficacy of targeted renal sympathetic denervation using SyMapCath I™ in patients on hemodialysis with pharmacotherapy and uncontrolled hypertension for at least 6 months, then after standardized antihypertensive drug therapy (at least two drugs) for at least 28 days, office systolic blood pressure (BP) is still ≥ 150mmHg, ≤180mmHg.

This is a prospective, single-center, open-label, self controlled case series trial, in which patients on maintenance hemodialysis are diagnosed with essential hypertension with at least six months of disease history and pharmacotherapy however their blood pressure still cannot be controlled. The patients will be informed, consent and get into a screening process. During the screening period patients will receive a standardized antihypertensive drug treatment for at least 28 days and office BP is still ≥ 150mmHg, ≤180mmHg, and meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria. These patients will conduct renal artery angiography followed by renal sympathetic nerve denvervation (30 patients). Patients with office BP which is not achieved ideal level (\<140 mmHg) will titrate doses of classes of antihypertensive drugs according to a predefined standardized medication regimen until their office BP \<140 mmHg.

Patients will be followed at 7 days after the procedure or at discharge from hospital, 1 month, 3 months and 6 months. Blood samples will be collected for drug tests to determine drug compliance of a patient.

Data collecting/management/statistical analysis and laboratory tests will be performed by independent, qualified organizations. Independent DSMB/CEC are formed and responsible for assessments of protocol deviations and natures of SAEs.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

1. Male and non-pregnant female subjects, 18≤age≤70;
2. Hemodialysis vintage ≥ 6 months, three sessions per week, and Kt/v≥1.0;
3. History of hypertension is longer than 6 months;
4. Average 24-hour ABPM systolic blood pressure ≥130 mmHg, or daytime systolic blood pressure ≥135 mmHg, or nocturnal systolic blood pressure ≥120 mmHg;
5. Office SBP ≥150mmHg and ≤180mmHg;
6. Patient with poor blood pressure control after 6 months of antihypertensive drug therapy, understands the purpose of this study, and is willing to participate and sign the Informed Consent; then the patient receives standard antihypertensive drug treatment (at least two drugs) for at least 28 days, drug compliance ≥80%, office BP ≥150 mmHg and ≤180 mmHg; Patient is compliant and willing to complete clinical follow-up.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Renal artery anatomy is unqualified including: (1) diameter \<4mm or treatable length \<20mm; (2) Renal artery stenosis \>50% or any renal artery aneurysms on either side; (3) History of renal artery PTA, including balloon angioplasty and stenting;
2. Average 24-hour systolic blood pressure (SBP) \<135mmHg;
3. Pulse pressure \> 80mmHg;
4. Using antihypertensive drugs, such as clonidine, minoxidil within 6 months;
5. Participated other clinical trials including both drug and medical device studies within 3 months enrollment;
6. Female with pregnant or lactating, or having plans for pregnancy within 1 year;
7. Patient with sleep apnea who needs chronic oxygen-breathing or mechanical ventilation support (for example, tracheostomy);
8. Patients previously or currently suffering from following diseases: (1) Essential pulmonary arterial hypertension; (2) Type I diabetes; (3) Severe cardiac valvular stenosis with contradictions to significantly reduce blood pressure; (4) History of myocardial infraction (MI), unstable angina, syncope or cerebrovascular accidents within half year; (5) History of primary aldosteronism, pheochromocytoma, aorta stenosis, hyperthyroidism or hyperparathyreosis; (6) Any disease conditions interfering the measurement of blood pressure (for instance, severe peripheral artery diseases, abdominal artery aneurysm, hemorrhagic disorders such as thrombocytopenia, hemophilia and severe anemia); (7) Plans to have surgery or cardiovascular interventions within following 6 months; (8) alcohol abuse or unknown drug dependence history; (9) Neuroticisms such as depression or anxiety disorders; (10) Non-compliant patients unable to finish the research per physician's requests;
9. Any contradictions to conduct renal artery stimulation and ablation.