Effects of Percutaneous Transluminal Renal Angioplasty of Atherosclerotic Renal Artery Stenosis in High-Risk Patients.

The goal of this clinical trial is to document a beneficial effect of percutaneous transluminal renal angioplasty (PTRA) of atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis in high-risk patients selected according to the criteria used in the DAN-PTRA study. The main questions the trial aims to answer are if renal artery stenting compared with optimal medical treatment alone has beneficial effects on:

* Blood pressure
* Kidney function
* Hospitalizations for heart failure

Even with optimal medical care, patients with renovascular disease have a very high risk of cardiovascular events and an expected poor outcome. One treatment option of atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis is percutaneous transluminal renal angioplasty with stent placement. Renal artery stenting is, however, still a subject of debate as randomized trials have failed to show a benefit of this compared with optimal medical treatment alone. Following the results of the large CORAL trial in 2014, we established the national prospective DAN-PTRA study using strict and well-defined criteria to select patients for renal artery stenting. In this study, we observed a reduction in blood pressure, an improved kidney function, and a decrease in new hospital admissions due to heart failure after renal artery stenting.

The DAN-PTRAII study is a nationwide high-quality randomized, sham-controlled clinical trial in patients with severe renovascular disease due to atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis. Only patients who fulfill the inclusion criteria on optimal medical treatment can enter the study and only the operator and his team will know whether the patients receive renal artery stenting or sham treatment. Participants will be followed closely for 6 months after the treatment to evaluate the effects of renal artery stenting compared with optimal medical treatment alone on blood pressure, kidney function and hospitalizations due to heart failure.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

1. One or more severe atherosclerotic renal artery stenoses defined as a stenosis ≥70% by catheter-based angiography.
2. In addition, at least one of the following high-risk clinical syndromes:

   1. Resistant hypertension with average 24-hour ambulatory systolic blood pressure ≥150 mmHg despite ≥3 antihypertensive drugs including a diuretic, if tolerated, and each prescribed at optimal doses.
   2. Rapidly declining kidney function with a reduction in estimated GFR of \>5 mL/min per 1.73m2 per year and average 24-hour ambulatory systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg despite ≥3 antihypertensive drugs including a diuretic, if tolerated, and each prescribed at optimal doses.
   3. Hospital admissions with acute decompensated heart failure (≥2 hospitalizations for heart failure or ≥1 hospitalizations for sudden, "flash" pulmonary edema) with no obvious explanations such as nonadherence, left ventricular ejection fraction \<40%, or valvular heart disease and average 24-hour ambulatory systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg despite ≥3 antihypertensive drugs including a diuretic, if tolerated, and each prescribed at optimal doses.

All 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitorings are performed after nurse-administered medication.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Unable to provide informed consent.
* Treatment resistant heart failure episodes presumed caused by renovascular disease.
* Rapidly declining kidney function/acute kidney failure approaching the need for dialysis presumed caused by renovascular disease.
* Fibromuscular dysplasia or other non-atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis known to be present prior to randomization.
* Pregnancy or unknown pregnancy status in female of childbearing potential.
* Kidney size \<7 cm (pole to pole length) supplied by target vessel.
* Previous kidney transplant.
* Previous PTRA treatment.
* Presence of a renal artery stenosis not amenable for treatment with a stent.

Patients who are not eligible for randomization but treated with renal artery stenting outside the protocol are followed according to the DAN-PTRAII protocol in order to account for all PTRA treatments performed in Denmark in the study period.

Patients treated with renal artery stenting without randomization in the study period include patients with:

1. Treatment resistant heart failure episodes presumed caused by renovascular disease.
2. Rapidly declining kidney function/acute kidney failure approaching the need for dialysis presumed caused by renovascular disease.
3. At least one of the listed high-risk clinical syndromes AND one or more significant atherosclerotic renal artery stenoses defined as a stenosis of 50-69% by catheter-based angiography with:

   * a mean translesional gradient of ≥10 mm Hg, or
   * a systolic translesional gradient of ≥20 mm Hg, or
   * a renal fractional flow reserve (Pd/Pa) of ≤0.8