Assessing the Effects of Cool Roofs on Indoor Environments and Health in Hermosillo, Mexico

Ambient air temperatures in Mexico have broken record highs in 2024 with Hermosillo reaching the highest maximum temperature recorded in Mexico at 51.9 C. Solutions are needed to build heat resilience in communities and adapt to increasing heat from climate change. Sunlight-reflecting cool roof coatings may passively reduce indoor temperatures and energy use to protect home occupants from extreme heat. Occupants living in poor housing conditions in the northern zone of Mexico are susceptible to increased heat exposure.

Heat exposure can instigate and worsen numerous physical, mental and social health conditions. The worst adverse health effects are experienced in communities that are least able to adapt to heat exposure. By reducing indoor temperatures, cool roof use can promote physical, mental and social wellbeing in household occupants.

The long-term research goal of the investigators is to identify viable passive housing adaptation technologies with proven health benefits to reduce the burden of heat stress in communities affected by heat in northern zone of Mexico. To meet this goal, the investigators will conduct a cluster-randomized controlled trial to establish the effects of cool roof use on health, indoor environment and economic outcomes in Hermosillo, Mexico.

Increasing heat exposure from climate change is causing and exacerbating heat-related illnesses in millions worldwide - particularly in low resource settings. June 2024 was the 13th consecutive hottest month on record globally - shattering previous records. Heat exposure can instigate and worsen health conditions including cardiovascular, metabolic, endocrine and respiratory disease, heat-related illnesses, pregnancy complications, and mental health conditions. Adaptation is essential for protecting people from increasing heat exposure. The built environment, especially homes, are ideal for deploying interventions to reduce heat exposure and accelerate adaptation efforts. However, there currently is a lack of evidence on a global scale - generated through empirical studies - guiding the uptake of interventions to reduce heat stress in low resource settings.

Cities and towns of LMIC are among the most vulnerable to the adverse impacts of climate change and are likely to experience increases in ambient air temperature over the coming decades. People in Hermosillo (located in the State of Sonora, Mexico) are exposed to heat and low humidity year-round. The State of Sonora has a large burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), with nearly 28% of deaths due to NCDs, such as heart diseases and diabetes mellitus. The combined burden of heat and NCDs places Sonora's, especially Hermosillo's, populations at greater risk of adverse health effects from heat extremes.

Sunlight-reflecting cool roof coatings passively reduce indoor temperatures and lower energy use, offering protection to home occupants from extreme heat. The investigators therefore aim to conduct a cluster-randomized controlled trial investigating the effects of cool-roof use on health, environmental and economic outcomes in Hermosillo.

The trial will quantify whether cool roofs are an effective passive home cooling intervention with beneficial health effects for vulnerable populations in Hermosillo. Findings will inform regional policy responses on scaling cool roof implementation to protect people from increasing heat exposure driven by climate change.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Permanent household resident.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Roof damage, inaccessible or instability of roof adversely affecting cool roof coating application.
* Participant unable to provide written/verbal informed consent.