Electrical Safety of Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators

Patients at risk of developing life-threatening heart rhythms may require the implantation of a small device called a cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD), which constantly monitors the heart rhythm and delivers an electrical shock to the heart when indicated, in order to return the heart back to a normal rhythm. Many thousands of these devices have been implanted and are electrically active in patients who collapse and need resuscitation.

When a patient with an ICD collapses, the device may discharge without warning while a rescuer is performing external chest compressions (cardiac massage). Conventional ICDs placed below the left collar bone typically deliver 35-50 J energy when they discharge, but newer ICDs placed under the skin (S-ICD) alongside the breastbone deliver a larger energy when discharging; typically 50-80J energy.

Rescuers performing external chest compressions on a patient during conventional ICD discharge have reported the sensation of a painful electrical shock and permanent nerve damage. In these situations, rescuers appear to have been exposed to electrical current from the ICD considerably in excess of that which is considered a safe threshold.

Studies of surface current resulting from discharge of conventional ICDs have been reported in excess of 100 mA which is far in excess of the safe 1 mA limit, and puts the rescuer at considerable risk of tissue damage and possible dangerous heart rhythms. The newer S-ICDs deliver approximately 50% more energy and have the potential to result in exposure of a rescuer to even higher currents.

With increasing numbers of the S-ICDs being implanted, and the inevitability that rescuers will soon find themselves exposed to leakage current from these devices, there is a need to examine the leakage currents arising from these devices and assess any subsequent risk to a rescuer performing external chest compressions.

Rationale for Study:

When patients undergo elective implantation of an ICD, the device is tested by inducing ventricular fibrillation (VF) in the patient and allowing the ICD to sense, charge and discharge in an attempt to shock the patient back into a normal rhythm. This provides a controlled, elective situation in which to measure the cutaneous current on the patient's skin which is the current to which a rescuer could potentially be exposed.

By understanding the leakage currents from these devices, the investigators will be able to better understand the safety of rescuers in contact with patients fitted with an ICD and make specific recommendations to enable to safe undertaking of uninterrupted external chest compressions while the ICD may be discharging.

STUDY OBJECTIVES

Primary Objective:

To measure cutaneous leakage current on the chest wall during conventional and S-ICD discharge.

Secondary Objectives:

To make recommendations based on this data regarding the safety of rescuers in contact with a patient during ICD discharge.

ENDPOINTS

Primary Endpoint:

Maximum cutaneous current measured at multiple sites on the chest wall during ICD discharge.

STUDY DESIGN This is a prospective cohort study, aiming to study sequential patients undergoing elective ICD implantation and testing over a 12 month period at University Hospital Southampton.

The patient will undergo elective ICD implantation according to normal protocol. There will be no change in their treatment. After induction of general anaesthesia, an array of small self-adhesive electrodes (similar to ECG 'dots') will be placed on the patient's chest wall, and connected to a multichannel recording device.

After implantation of the ICD, the device will be tested as per normal protocol. VF is induced in the patient. The ICD senses this arrhythmia, charges and immediately delivers a shock to the myocardium. As this shock is delivered, the investigators will record the current reaching the surface electrode array using the multichannel recorder. Most patients only require one shock as defibrillation rates with ICDs are \>90%. If a second shock is required, the ICD will charge automatically and discharge once again. If this occurs, the investigators will also measure the cutaneous current at this second, higher energy level. The study is then concluded. Any subsequent shocks are delivered through external paddles and the investigators would not require any data from this stage of the procedure.

STUDY POPULATION Number of Participants The investigators aim to assess 20 patients undergoing conventional ICD implantation and a further 20 patients undergoing S-ICD implantation.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients with implanted defibrillators (ICDs) undergoing defibrillation testing
* Patients undergoing ICD implantation that requires a defibrillation test at the end of the implantation.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Enrolment in other ICD-related studies
* Patients \<18 yrs age