The Choice of Vasopressor to Prevent Postoperative Acute Kidney Injury After Major Non-Cardiac Surgery

Low blood pressure, also known as hypotension, is very common during major surgery under general anesthesia. Prolonged or severe hypotension can lead to complications such as kidney injury after surgery that slow down patient recovery. Anesthesiologists commonly administer medications called vasopressors to treat low blood pressure during surgery. These medications help raise the blood pressure back up to a safe range. Two vasopressor medications are commonly used for this purpose: norepinephrine and phenylephrine. Each of these medications has slightly different effects on the heart and blood vessels (cardiovascular system). It remains unknown which of these standard medications is better for treating low blood pressure during surgery. The goal of this clinical trial is to determine which of these two medications is better at preventing injury to the kidneys after major noncardiac surgery as well as other complications such as heart problems. Major surgeries are defined as those lasting at least two hours under general anesthesia. This trial will randomize about ten centers in North America to use either norepinephrine or phenylephrine as the primary medication to treat low blood pressure in adults undergoing major noncardiac surgery. Each hospital will prioritize one of the drugs each month, and the assigned drug will rotate each month at each hospital. No further participant involvement will be required as de-identified data are collected as part of standard medical care.

VEGA-2 is an open-label, pragmatic, multiple periods, cluster-randomized, crossover trial across hospitals from MPOG. Hospital centers will be assigned to use either phenylephrine (PE) or norepinephrine (NE) for the first-line intravenous vasopressor in the operating room for the treatment of intraoperative hypotension. Centers will be randomly assigned to use PE during even-numbered months and NE during odd-numbered months, or vice versa. Data will be collected from routine clinical care and automatically extracted from the electronic health record. No additional lab tests or procedures will be required for the study. Only the randomization (of each hospital to the sequence of interventions) will be different from usual care.

The intervention is the first line vasopressor used for both infusion and bolus dosing, either PE or NE . Anesthesia providers will use the concentration that their respective center already uses in line with local anesthesia and pharmacy standard operating procedures. Anesthesiologists will provide standard of care during the intraoperative period. They will evaluate the need for vasopressors based on hemodynamic assessment and the arterial pressure goals during the procedure. Anesthesia providers will be encouraged to maintain mean arterial pressure above 65 mmHg or within 20% from baseline, but the arterial pressure targets can be adjusted on an individual basis, for instance during pre-surgical time-out, or based on individual assessment. Doses of bolus or continuous infusion of vasopressors will be adjusted to reach these goals on an individual basis. Of note, the anesthesia provider could use the alternative vasopressor if they consider the benefit of one drug being higher. A second line vasopressor will be allowed. The choice of the first line vasopressors will be determined by the randomization block.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Age 18 years or older
* Surgery under general anesthesia with a surgery duration of 2 hours or more
* Received intravenous vasopressors during surgery

Exclusion Criteria:

* Cardiac surgery
* Extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation
* Organ transplantation
* Obstetric procedures
* Procedures on the kidney
* Outpatient procedures
* Already receiving NE or PE or inotropes before induction of anesthesia (at the time of anesthesia start)
* American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classification 5 or 6
* Patient for whom a local protocol recommends a specific first line vasopressor
* Most recent documented estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) \< 15 mL/min/1.73m\^2 or preoperative renal replacement therapy within 60 days before surgery
* Patients who do not have a preoperative creatinine value within 60 days before surgery
* Alive patients who do not have a postoperative creatinine value