A Reduction in Time With Electronic Monitoring In Stroke

The purpose of the ARTEMIS trial is to investigate if real-time feedback to caregivers reduces the time between patient's first medical contact and start of intravenous thrombolysis and/or intraarterial thrombectomy in patients with acute ischemic stroke.

Background

For the clinical benefit of intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) and intra-arterial thrombectomy (IAT) time is the most crucial factor. Reducing the time between stroke onset and treatment is therefore a major goal in acute stroke care. The delay from first moment the Emergency Medical Services (EMS) dispatch office is alarmed and initiation of treatment (IVT and/or IAT), i.e. 'total system delay' (TSD), depends greatly on logistics and collaboration between various caregivers in this trajectory. A promising method to improve workflow and thereby aiming to reduce TSD is to provide real-time audio-visual feedback to caregivers.

Methods

The A Reduction in Time with Electronic Monitoring In Stroke (ARTEMIS) trial is a multiregional, multicenter, prospective randomized open end-point trial to investigate the intervention of real-time audio-visual feedback to caregivers reduces TSD to IVT/IAT.

The intervention compromises real-time audio-visual feedback to caregivers on actual treatment delay for each individual patient. Randomization of real-time audio-visual feedback will be automatically generated per patient.

Study procedures

Patients will receive a unique wristband emitting a low-voltage Bluetooth signal (activated automatically after being opened by EMS personnel at the time of ambulance dispatch), which will be automatically picked up by handhelds in the ambulance and by pre-mounted in-hospital tablets en route to treatment with IVT and/or IAT.

Real-time audio-visual feedback will be delivered through handhelds and tablets en route from ambulance to initiation of IVT/IAT. Real-time visual feedback on actual treatment delays for the patient caregivers are transferring will be shown. Also, a color code (green, orange or red) will provide an easy-view visualization on whether or not preset median time delays between locations are exceeded. Additionally, on preset locations, such as the Emergency room (ER), computed tomography (CT) room and angio suites, auditory signals indicating the elapsed time will be installed.

TSD to IVT/IAT starts at the moment the dispatch office issues an ambulance for a patient that is potentially eligible for IVT/IAT. TSD ends at the moment IVT/IAT is initiated. For TSD to IVT this will be the moment the bolus of intravenous alteplase is administered, whereas the endpoint for TSD to IAT will be puncture of the groin and the last angio-run. These endpoints will be registered automatically once a fixed real-life push button in the CT-room/neuro-care unit or in the angio suite is pushed. All recordings on the patient tracking are automatically stored in a protected cloud.

Other study parameters collected include parameters necessary to perform cost effective analysis, and baseline characteristics such as patient parameters from ambulance, medical history, physical and additional test results and interventional features performed as part of standard care.

After treatment, during the first 24-48 hours of admission to the hospital, patients will be informed and a deferred consent will signed by the patient or legal representative. In addition, consent for the collection of clinical data and clinical outcome (modified Rankin Score (mRS)) assessment after three months will be collected. Clinical data will be collected and documented anonymously from the Electronic Patient Recording. Clinical outcome will be evaluated through a standardized and validated telephone interview, assessed by an observer blinded to treatment allocation.

Patients are allowed to refuse the wristband application without any consequences. Subjects can leave the study at any time for any reason if they wish to do so without any consequences.

Statistical Analysis

For the primary analysis and all secondary analyses involving endpoints with time intervals, the difference in time delays between calendar weeks with and without intervention will be calculated with corresponding 95% confidence intervals. The investigators will perform subgroup analysis for IAT patients with- or without prior IVT, and for patients within- and out of office hours. Subsequently the investigators will use linear regression analysis to adjust for EMS region and for location of treatment as this is expected to affect TSD to IVT/IAT. If required we will adjust for differences in EMS response and transfer times due to geographically different locations of stroke. Through additional regression analysis we will assess if there is an effect of time on TSD and whether such an effect is group dependent.

The total number of times the ambulance drives to a patient for suspected acute stroke will be used to calculate the proportion of patients with a discharge diagnosis of stroke and the total number of IVT/IAT treated patients will be used to calculate IVT/IAT rates during treatment or control weeks.

Exploratory analysis will be performed to relate TSD to clinical outcome in each group.

Sample size estimates

Sample size calculation is based on the hypothesis of an at least 20-minute reduction of TSD to IAT and an at least 10 minute reduction of TSD to IVT. The investigators think these reductions are feasible based on data from MR CLEAN (n=500) in which the standard deviation (SD) of TSD to IAT was 40 minutes, and of TSD for IVT SD was 35 minutes.

During a run-in phase the investigators will collect additional data on treatment delays to adjust the sample size calculation if appropriate. For now the investigators will use (unpublished) data from the "MR CLEAN" trial. In the "MR CLEAN" trial (n=500), the mean TSD to IAT in 233 patients was 256 minutes (SD: 40 minutes). To detect a 20-minute difference with a p-value of 0.05, and a power of 0.8 the investigators will need 63 patients in each arm. To increase power, the investigators will aim at including 75 patients with IAT in each arm.

For the co-primary outcome, the TSD to IVT, in the "MR CLEAN" trial the mean TSD for IVT was 90 minutes (SD: 35 minutes). To detect a 10-minute difference with a p-value of 0.05, and a power of 0.8 the investigators will need 193 IVT treated patients in each arm. In clinical practice approximately 9% patients for whom the dispatch office sends out an ambulance will end up being treated with IVT. Of these patients approximately 30% will be eligible for IAT and included for our primary endpoint. Therefore the investigators expect that for the inclusion of 150 IAT patients ending up being treated with IAT a wristband will have to be unpacked by ambulance personnel approximately 5000 times. Of these, approximately 500 patients will end up being treated with IVT; subsequently, from this population around 150 patients will be treated with IAT.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* all patients older than 18 years that are considered potentially eligible for IVT/IAT by the dispatch office, following regional EMS' standard stroke algorithm.

Exclusion Criteria:

* age \< 18 years