Fatigue, Depression, and Cortical Excitability in Systemic Lupus

Systemic lupus erythematosus is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease with an unknown cause and many challenges. Whilst corticosteroids and effective immunosuppressive therapy have transformed the management of patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus, one of the major causes of morbidity in Systemic lupus erythematosus patients is chronic, debilitating fatigue.

Despite frequent occurrence of fatigue in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, to the best of our knowledge, no studies have been directly performed to examine fatigue-related changes in cortical motor function in Systemic lupus erythematosus. In this study, we hypothesized that Systemic lupus erythematosus patients with fatigue and depression versus Systemic lupus erythematosus patients without fatigue and depression would present an alteration of motor cortex excitability.

Fatigue, is a multidimensional phenomenon that affects individuals physically, emotionally, cognitively, and behaviorally.It affects 80-90% of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. It is likely multifactorial and may be caused by disordered sleep, anxiety and depression, pain, polypharmacy, comorbidities, and possibly disease activity.

Additionally, fatigue is the most prevalent symptom in systemic lupus erythematosus, being present in up to 90% of patients. Moreover, fatigue has a major impact on the Health-Related Quality Of Life of Systemic lupus erythematosus patients through its impact on family life, work, social life, emotional wellbeing, and cognition. Therefore, every effort should be made to relieve fatigue in this population. Recommendations for the management of fatigue usually combine pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic interventions; however, no speciﬁc drugs have proven useful for treating fatigue in Systemic lupus erythematosus.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* All the participants:

  1. 18 years of age or older.
  2. For Systemic lupus patients: have a stable drug regimen for 3 months prior to study entry; disease duration for at least 6 months or longer
  3. able to give written consent for participation.
  4. able to understand and respond the questionnaires.
  5. be free of serious comorbid medical conditions such as diabetes, congestive heart failure, renal failure, cancer, or fibromyalgia, which would confound interpretations of health status; and not pregnant.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Any patient will meet any of these conditions will be excluded from the study, that including:

  1. Patient less than 18 years old.
  2. Patients with a definite diagnosis of any other systemic autoimmune disorders.
  3. History of any other neurologic disease, seizure or major medical disorders including heart failure, respiratory compromise, renal insufficiency, hepatic dysfunction, diabetes mellitus, malignancy, or endocrinal disturbance.
  4. Other contraindications of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation as:

     1. Personal or family history of epilepsy, brain tumor, brain injury.
     2. History of metallic particles in the eye or head outside the mouth,
     3. Cardiac pacemakers, implanted neurostimulators, cochlear implants, implanted medication pumps.
     4. History of drug or alcohol abuse.
     5. Pregnancy.
     6. Comedication with neuroleptics and tricyclic antidepressants (amitriptyline etc.)
     7. Patients with increased intracranial pressure (which lowers seizure threshold intracardiac line).
     8. Significant heart disease: extensive ischemia.
     9. Bipolar disorder.
     10. History of stroke or other brain lesions.