Penetrating the Classroom Social Network for Children With Language Impairment Via Peer Mediated Intervention

This exploratory experiment is designed to determine the extent to which the socialization experiences and social, behavioral, and linguistic skills of preschoolers with language impairment (LI) can be improved. The investigators implement a peer-mediated intervention in inclusive preschool classrooms, randomly assigned to treatment (n=12) or control (n=13) conditions. A focal child is identified in each classroom, representing a child with LI (3 to 5 years of age) who exhibits the poorest pragmatic-language skills and highest level of social exclusion in the classroom. Over a 12-week period, the focal children will receive peer-mediated intervention from identified peers, who use strategies to engage the focal child socially during center time, as supported by a classroom facilitator (teacher, aide). Outcomes of interest include the overarching classroom social network and its embedded socialization processes (e.g., frequency of child-to-child interaction), the focal child's interactions with peers and exposure to peer talk, and the focal child's social, behavioral, and linguistic skills. The study employs state-of-the-art social network analyses to represent the classroom network at the child, dyad, and network level and is dynamically modeled over the academic year using advanced location-tracking technologies and voice-activated recorders to capture incoming and outgoing peer talk for the focal child. The investigators anticipate the results of this study to yield significant theoretical and scientific impact. Theoretically, the investigators propose that improved socialization experiences in the preschool classroom can disrupt the social exclusion and peer maltreatment experienced by children with LI, leading to accelerated growth in linguistic, social, and behavioral outcomes for children with LI.

This study involves 25 inclusive preschool classrooms. The study uses an randomized controlled trial to estimate treatment impacts of a peer-mediated intervention, with 12 classrooms assigned to the treatment condition and 13 to the control condition. Within each classroom, the focal participants are children isolated from their classroom social network with low pragmatic language skills. One target child is selected per classroom using a priori exclusionary and inclusionary criteria. In the fall of each year, simple random assignment is used to allocate classrooms to the treatment group and to the control group. First, investigators identify all children's positions within the classroom social network using a teacher matrix conducted in fall of the academic year; from this network a child-level social network index is calculated (i.e., individual degree centrality; lower scores are characteristic of social exclusion). Second, teachers simultaneously complete the Developmental Pragmatic Profile (DPP) for each child in the classroom. Finally, among the participating focal children, investigators select the target child based on the lowest centrality scored weighted by DPP score, so that focal children represent the most socially isolated children with the poorest social-pragmatic communication skills. Children and teachers participate for a 9-month period, and the primary approach to treatment for focal children is described here. Specifically, focal children in classrooms randomized to the treatment condition receive peer-mediated pivotal response training (PRT) per procedures detailed by Brock et al.. PRT procedures are facilitated by a classroom facilitator-a classroom teacher or teaching assistant-who receives ongoing training and support from research staff.

First, investigators provide a one-on-one 1-h training session for each facilitator that focuses on how to identify, initially train, and then support peers on a day-to-day basis during center time. Second, investigators partner with the facilitator to identify two peers who (a) demonstrate good social skills; (b) respond well to adult directions; (c) have consistent attendance; and (d) do not have a history of negative interactions with the target student. The facilitator explicitly identifies the focal child ("buddy") and asks the children to use three strategies to play with the buddy during center time: (a) offer buddy some play options; (b) show and talk about how to play with buddy; (c) compliment buddy. At each training session the facilitator describes one strategy, provides examples, and has peers practice the strategy through role play. During the role play the facilitator encourages and coaches peers to use the strategy as intended. The facilitator then provides ongoing support to peers during center time to implement the strategies by helping peers to set goals immediately before center time for use of the strategies, regularly encouraging peers and supporting peers to use the strategies, praising peers for use of the strategies, and reviewing peers' goals and interactions with the focal child at the end of center time. Facilitators provide this support during center time at least three times weekly for a 12-week period. The investigators propose that improved socialization experiences in the preschool classroom for focal children can disrupt the social exclusion, leading to accelerated growth in linguistic, social, and behavioral outcomes.

Eligibility Criteria:
General Inclusion Criteria

* teacher informed consent
* caregiver informed consent
* 36 months of age or older.

Exclusion Criteria:

* no caregiver informed consent
* younger than 36 months of age