Molecular Imaging Using Radiolabeled Atezolizumab to Assess Atezolizumab Biodistribution in Lymphoma Patients

Molecular imaging can be used for the noninvasive assessment of biodistribution of monoclonal antibodies. Atezolizumab has previously successfully been labeled with the radionucleotide Zirconium-89 (89Zr) and studied in solid malignancies (NCT02453984). The results of atezolizumab biodistribution can help to get a better understanding of the response mechanisms, the relation with minimal residual disease, the relation with the status of the T-cell and natural killer (NK)-cell repertoire and toxicity of programmed death ligand 1 (PDL1) checkpoint inhibition. Possibly in the future this will facilitate optimal patient selection. Sequential 89Zr-atezolizumab positron emission tomography (PET) scans can provide information on the dynamics of atezolizumab biodistribution over time. In combination with repeated characterization of tumor tissue and blood samples, these results can give inside in primary and acquired resistance.

In this parallel study of the HOVON 151 trial, 89Zr-atezolizumab-PET-scans will be used to evaluate 20 high risk DLBCL patients before and after induction (R-CHOP) therapy, and at suspected relapse during or after atezolizumab consolidation (HOVON 151).

Patients with a high risk diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBLC) with an international prognostic score (IPI) \> 2, have a high risk of relapse even after achieving a metabolic complete remission with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone and rituximab (R-CHOP) chemo-immunotherapy. Outcome after relapse is dismal. In patients with varies types of relapsed lymphoma checkpoint inhibition have shown promising results.

In order to improve outcome patients with a high risk DLBCL will be treated in the HOVON 151 trial (EudracT 2017-002605-35) with the monoclonal antibody directed against the immune checkpoint program death ligand 1 (PDL1) atezolizumab for 1 year after achieving a complete metabolic remission with R-CHOP.

The observed percentage of PDL1 positive tumor cells in DLBCL cases ranges from 13 to 31%. For PD-1/PDL1 checkpoint inhibition PDL1 tumor surface expression was proposed as a potential predictive marker. Despite higher overall response rates in PDL1 positive malignancies compared to PDL1 negative tumors, responses are seen in PDL1 negative patients nevertheless. PDL1 status from resected specimens showed a poor correlation to the PDL1 status from matched biopsies. Furthermore it has been shown that PDL1 expression in tumor biopsies changes with treatment. Therefore, PDL1 expression assessed by one single biopsy might not be representative.

Molecular imaging can be used for the noninvasive assessment of biodistribution of monoclonal antibodies. Atezolizumab has previously successfully been labeled with the radionucleotide Zirconium-89 (89Zr) and studied in solid malignancies (NCT02453984). The results of atezolizumab biodistribution can help to get a better understanding of the response mechanisms, the relation with minimal residual disease, the relation with the status of the T-cell and natural killer (NK)-cell repertoire and toxicity of programmed death ligand 1 (PDL1) checkpoint inhibition. Possibly in the future this will facilitate optimal patient selections. Sequential 89Zr-atezolizumab PET scans can provide information on the dynamics of atezolizumab biodistribution over time. In combination with repeated characterization of tumor tissue and blood samples, these results can give inside in the primary and acquired resistance.

In this parallel study of the HOVON 151 trial, 89Zr-atezolizumab-PET-scans will be used to evaluate 20 high risk DLBCL patients before and after induction (R-CHOP) therapy, and at suspected relapse during or after atezolizumab consolidation (HOVON 151).

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Age 18-75 (inclusive) years
* Patients with a confirmed histologic diagnosis of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma not otherwise specified (DLBCL-NOS) based upon a representative histology specimen according to the World Health Organization (WHO) classification, revision 2016 (see appendix A)
* Ann Arbor stages II-IV (see appendix B)
* WHO performance status 0 - 1 (see appendix E)
* international prognostic index (IPI) ≥ 3 at diagnosis (see appendix C)
* Negative pregnancy test at study entry
* Patient is willing and able use adequate contraception during and until 5 months after the last protocol treatment.
* Written informed consent
* Patient is capable of giving a written informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

Diagnosis

* All histopathological diagnoses other than DLBCL-NOS according to the WHO classification, revision 2016 (see appendix A), including:
* High-grade B-cell lymphoma, with MYC and BCL2 and/or BCL6 translocations
* Testicular large B-cell lymphoma
* Primary mediastinal B cell lymphoma
* Transformed indolent lymphoma
* Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder

Organ dysfunction

* Clinical signs of severe pulmonary dysfunction
* Clinical signs of heart failure (NYHA classification II-IV)
* Symptomatic coronary artery disease or cardiac arrhythmias not well controlled with medication.
* Myocardial infarction during the last 6 months
* Significant renal dysfunction (serum creatinine ≥ 150 umol/l or clearance ≤ 30ml/min

Creatinine clearance (CrCl) may be calculated by Cockcroft -Gault formula:

CrCl = (140 - age \[in years\]) x weight \[kg\] (x 0.85 for females) / (0.815 x serum creatinine \[μmol/L\])

* Inadequate hematological function: hemoglobin \< 5.5 mmol/L,absolute neutrophil count (ANC) \< 1.0x10\^9/L or platelets \< 75x10\^9 /L
* Spontaneous international normalized ratio (INR) \> 1.5, activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) \>33
* Significant hepatic dysfunction (total bilirubin ≥ 1.5x upper limit of normal (ULN) or transaminases ≥ 2.5 x ULN), unless related to Gilberts syndrome.
* Clinical signs of severe cerebral dysfunction
* Patients with a history of uncontrolled seizures, central nervous system disorders or psychiatric disability judged by the investigator to be clinically significant and adversely affecting compliance to study drugs
* Major surgery within the last 4 weeks

Known or suspected infection

* Known active bacterial, viral, fungal, mycobacterial, parasitic, or other infection or any major episode of infection requiring treatment with IV antibiotics or hospitalization within 4 weeks before date of registration. Suspected active or latent tuberculosis needs to be confirmed by positive interferon gamma (IFN-γ) release assay
* Patients known to be human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive
* Active chronic hepatitis B or C infection
* Administration of a live, attenuated vaccine within 4 weeks before date of registration or anticipation that such a live attenuated vaccine will be required during the study and for a period of 5 months after discontinuation of atezolizumab

Auto-immune

* Any active or history of documented autoimmune disease, including but not limited to myasthenia gravis, myositis, autoimmune hepatitis, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, vascular thrombosis associated with antiphospholipid syndrome, Wegener's granulomatosis, Sjögren's syndrome, Guillain-Barré syndrome, multiple sclerosis, vasculitis, or glomerulonephritis. The following exceptions are allowed: Patients with autoimmune-related hypothyroidism or type 1 diabetes mellitus who are on stable treatment.
* History of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, organizing pneumonia (e.g., bronchiolitis obliterans), drug-induced pneumonitis, idiopathic pneumonitis, or evidence of active pneumonitis per chest CT scan at screening.
* Patients with uncontrolled asthma or allergy, requiring systemic steroid treatment
* Regular treatment with corticosteroids within the 4 weeks prior to date of registration, unless administered for indications other than non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) at a dose equivalent to \< 30 mg/day prednisone/prednisolone.

General

* Serious underlying medical conditions, which could impair the ability of the patient to participate in the trial (e.g. ongoing infection, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, gastric ulcers, active autoimmune disease)
* Current participation in another clinical trial interfering with this trial
* History of active cancer during the past 5 years, except basal cell carcinoma of the skin or stage 0 cervical carcinoma
* Life expectancy \< 6 months
* Any psychological, familial, sociological and geographical condition potentially hampering compliance with the study protocol and follow-up schedule

Prior treatment

* Prior treatment with atezolizumab, or anti PD1 or PDL1 antibodies.
* Prior treatment with CD137 agonists or immune checkpoint blockade therapies, including anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4) therapeutic antibodies.
* Treatment with systemic immunostimulatory agents (including but not limited to interferon (IFN), interleukin (IL)-2) within 6 weeks or 5 half-lives of the drug, whichever is shorter, prior to date of registration.
* Treatment with systemic immunosuppressive medications, including but not limited to prednisone, cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, methotrexate, thalidomide, and anti- tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) agents within 2 weeks prior to date of registration; inhaled corticosteroids and mineralocorticoids are allowed.