Rheumatology-based Adaptive Intervention for Social Determinants and Health Equity

Social determinants of health (SDoH), defined by the World Health Organization as "the conditions in which people are born, grow, work, live and age and the wider set of forces and systems shaping the conditions of daily life" are estimated to be responsible for nearly 90 percent of a person's health outcomes. SDoH are key contributors to racial, ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in care healthcare access and health outcomes. The goal of this clinical trial is to identify patients with inflammatory arthritis or with a systemic rheumatic condition with arthritis who may respond to the simplest and least expensive intervention to address their SDoH-related needs- a tailored list of resources, those who benefit from a community-based resource specialist to help address specific needs, and those who require a nurse-trained navigator to help both coordinate the services provided by the community-based specialist, and their medical and mental health care and needs. The main questions the clinical trial aims to answer are:

1. To test the efficacy of a rheumatology clinic-based nurse navigator and community resource specialist to reduce appointment no-shows and same-day cancellations in patients with systemic rheumatic conditions with arthritis.
2. To examine the cost-effectiveness of each of the different study interventions for individuals with systemic rheumatic conditions with arthritis with SDoH-related needs using questionnaires and cost-related care metrics.

Participants will be randomly assigned to 1 of 3 arms. In Arm 1, patients will receive a cultivated list of resources related to the needs that patients indicate on the social determinants of health questionnaire. Arm 1 is the control arm which receives the current standard of care. In Arm 2, patients will receive the assistance of a community resource specialist (CRS) - an individual without formal medical training with community-based expertise. In Arm 3, patients will receive the assistance of a nurse patient navigator with additional systemic rheumatic condition-specific training who will work with the CRS.

After 6 months, patients who do not respond to Arm 1 will move to Arm 2. Patients who do not respond to Arm 2, will move to Arm 3. Patients who do not respond to Arm 3 will remain in Arm 3. Patients who respond to any arm will graduate the program at 6 months. The patients who do not respond be in their new arm for 6 months. At 12 months, all patients remaining in the study will graduate.

Social determinants of health (SDoH), defined by the World Health Organization as "the conditions in which people are born, grow, work, live and age and the wider set of forces and systems shaping the conditions of daily life" are estimated to be responsible for nearly 90 percent of a person's health outcomes. SDoH are key contributors to racial, ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in care healthcare access and health outcomes. Among patients with chronic rheumatic conditions, SDoH including poverty, insurance status, and inadequate access to care have been shown to contribute to delayed diagnoses, frequent emergency department visits, medication nonadherence, worse quality of life, increased disease-related damage and poorer outcomes. Individuals with inflammatory arthritis often require complex, costly medication regimens and suffer from a high burden of comorbid conditions and physical disabilities. They face unique healthcare challenges including a high risk of care fragmentation from multiple subspecialty providers and medications that are both expensive and challenging to adhere to as prescribed. The role of SDoH on the care and outcomes of patients with inflammatory arthritis is understudied but living conditions, socioeconomic status and neighborhood income have been shown to contribute to treatments received and the likelihood of remission at 12 months. Disparities in inflammatory arthritis care and outcomes are likely multifactorial and involve both delayed access to subspecialty care as well as ongoing barriers to sustained, high quality care once referred. Separate comprehensive interventions are required to address the challenges at every stage of care.

Our ongoing quality improvement initiative aims to collect and document social determinants of health data for people with inflammatory arthritis across this multi-hospital system. In this initiative the investigators developed a standard of care where patients have their needs assessed and if they indicate that they would like information to help address these needs, they are sent resource lists. A community resource specialist is also available when indicated to help address needs. In this study, the investigators aim to test different interventions to address the needs that the investigators uncover using the SDoH screening protocol. Using an adaptive strategy, patients with SDoH-related needs and appointment no shows in the past, will be randomized to one of three arms, with the ability to change arms if they do not improve in their assigned arm. Cost-effectiveness analyses will also be conducted.

Using an adaptive intervention, this trial will help identify patients who may respond to the simplest and least expensive intervention - a tailored list of resources, those who benefit from a community-based resource specialist to help address specific SDoH-related needs, and those who require a nurse-trained navigator to help both coordinate the services provided by the community-based specialist, and their medical and mental health care and needs. A cost effectiveness analysis of the interventions will be conducted. The knowledge gained by this trial will help guide care and advocacy for vulnerable populations both in resource poor settings and at major medical centers that have not previously allocated the services needed to care for the highest risk populations. The overall goal of this study is to provide these essential data to advocate for a scalable, sustainable program to meet the needs of the most vulnerable patients with chronic rheumatic conditions with arthritis that can be scaled to other chronic systemic rheumatic diseases and other complex, subspecialty-managed conditions.

Specific Aims:

1. To conduct a randomized controlled trial with an adaptive intervention to test the efficacy of a rheumatology clinic-based nurse patient navigator and community resource specialist intervention to reduce appointment no shows. This intervention will allow for an understanding of these needs and test three strategies to begin to address them. The investigators anticipate that all of the interventions will benefit to some degree through connection to resources. The investigators currently have no data as to whether one type of intervention is better than another for patients with systemic rheumatic conditions with arthritis and therefore, the investigators are testing two types of navigator interventions with the ultimate goal of determining the most beneficial and cost-effective intervention for high-risk patients based on their specific needs. The adaptive nature of the intervention will allow the study team to study this further and will allow for as many individuals as possible to derive potential benefit from this study.
2. To examine the cost-effectiveness of each of the different study arms for individuals with systemic rheumatic conditions with arthritis with SDoH-related needs using the ED-5D questionnaire and cost-related care metrics.

Subjects will be identified using the EHR (EPIC review, EDW, RPDR), and through BRASS. Rheumatologists will also be asked to refer patients who they feel may be appropriate. Patients will be recruited via patient gateway, by mail or by rheumatologist referral. Rheumatologists and the clinic nursing team will also be given fact sheets and recruitment letters that they can give to patients they feel might be interested in participating. If a letter is sent to a patient via gateway, via mail, or introduced by the rheumatologist, if the patient does not opt out, at least one week later, a member of the study team will call the patient to follow up. If they cannot be reached by phone but have a rheumatology clinic visit \>=1 week after the letter is sent, a member of the research team may approach them in clinic to see if they might be interested in learning more about the study. The research assistants will be responsible for identifying and recruiting individuals beginning at the date of IRB approval. Communication for recruitment will occur in-person, through secure messaging in the EHR, through secure email (unless the patient opts out of secure email) and via the telephone. The patients enrolled in this study may have frequent appointment no shows and some may more frequently come to the Emergency Department or be admitted (either at BWH or at Faulkner). Therefore, the research team may approach patients for consent while they are in the ED or on an inpatient floor if unable to reach them by phone or in clinic. Similarly, the community resource specialist or nurse navigator may interact with the patients when they are in the ED or admitted due to the nature of their role (especially for those patients with frequent acute care use, who may also be those with the greatest SDoH-related needs).

Prior studies have demonstrated that individuals who experience poverty and increased SDoH-related needs have an increased burden of rheumatic conditions, more severe outcomes, and increased care fragmentation. As such, the investigators aim to enroll individuals in this intervention who are at highest risk for adverse outcomes and high acute care use to address SDoH-related needs and improve receipt of outpatient care. The study team aims to include a racially and ethnically diverse patient population in this study. The investigators expect that more females than males will be enrolled because rheumatic conditions are more prevalent among females. The investigators expect that the majority of patients enrolled will be English-speaking given the ethnicity distribution of patients served in the rheumatology clinics at BWH (\<10% identify as Latinx). To allow for the inclusion of Spanish-speaking patients, however, the study team has included translated materials.

The investigators anticipate recruiting 258 patients with systemic rheumatic conditions with arthritis across Mass General, Brigham and Faulkner hospitals and satellite rheumatology clinics to participate in the intervention components of this trial (N=86 per arm). Patients will be associated with the study in Epic so the study staff is notified if patients go to the ED or are hospitalized. The primary analysis will be intention-to-treat, and since the primary outcome metric can be obtained from the EHR, even if patients are lost to follow-up, the study team will still be able to collect these data. However, given the vulnerability of the patient population and potential loss to follow-up, the investigators will have statistical power to detect a clinically meaningful difference in medication and appointment adherence between the two intervention arms with 156 total patients (N=52 per arm) using a per protocol design, and examining secondary outcomes that require survey completion.

Study Team Interactions with Subjects Patients who agree to participate will be randomized to one of three arms. Arm 1 is the control arm which will receive the standard of care resource sheets. Patients in this arm will receive cultivated resource sheets for any SDoH-related needs that they screen positive for or request additional information on. Arm 2 will receive the assistance of a community resource specialist (CRS)- an individual without formal medical training with community-based expertise, who will help guide patients to the necessary community-based resources to help address their specific SDoH needs that impact their health and their ability to access sustained, high quality medical care. This may include forms to arrange for subsidized transportation to and from medical appointments or applications for Section 8 housing. The community resource specialist will reach out to patients in Arm 2 a minimum of 2 times per month, with more interactions guided by patients' needs. All outreach attempts and contacts will be documented in EPIC and in REDCap. Arm 3 will receive the assistance of a bilingual (English and Spanish) nurse patient navigator with nursing training and additional rheumatology-specific training who will both work with the CRS to connect the patient with community-based resources, independently connect the patient with relevant resources, and also help coordinate the patient's medical care and mental health needs. The nurse patient navigator will conduct her own needs assessment (the nurse navigator high risk assessment questionnaire at the time of the first conversation with the patient, originally developed as part of the MGB integrated care management program) and her actions will be guided by their responses. She will reach out to patients a minimum of 2 times per month with an increase in communication around patient appointments as reminders, and more frequent communication on a case-by-case basis depending on active illnesses, frequency of outpatient appointments, and needs of the patient. All outreach attempts and contact will be documented in Epic and REDCap and shared via EPIC with the care team as indicated.

Reassignments after 6 months After six months, individuals who do not respond to Arm 1 will be reassigned to the Arm 2 intervention (CRS). Response will be determined by \>=1 appointment no shows or same day cancellations during the 6-month period and/or persistence of \>=1 SDoH-related need that has not been addressed. Individuals without any no shows who had their needs addressed will graduate and will receive follow-up surveys at 12 months. Patients in Arm 2 or Arm 3 with no appointment now shows and who have had their SDoH-related needs addressed will graduate and complete follow-up surveys at 12 months. If individuals in Arm 2 had \>=1 no show and/or persistent SDoH-related needs, they will be reassigned to Arm 3 (nurse navigator). If individuals in Arm 3 had \>=1 no show and/or persistent SDoH-related needs, they will remain in Arm 3 for another 6 months. All individuals will complete 12-month surveys.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* English or Spanish-speaking
* 18+ years of age
* diagnosis of a systemic rheumatic condition with arthritis
* 1+ prior no-show(s) or same day cancellation(s) to an ambulatory care provider in the past year
* 1+ social determinants of health needs on Mass General Brigham questionnaire (excluding unemployment and education)
* Receiving rheumatology care at a Mass General Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital or Faulkner Hospital affiliated clinic

Exclusion Criteria:

* Incarcerated individuals
* Indicated through our EHR that they do not want to be contacted for research
* Patients already actively enrolled in an integrated care management program through their primary care provider
* Medical complexity that requires urgent nursing involvement and thus not medically appropriate for randomization