Three-way, Cross-over Closed-loop Exercise Study

Blood glucose control systems that utilize both insulin and glucagon to manage blood sugar are paving the way to revolutionize the management of this disease. The benefit of improved control of blood sugar levels compared to standard insulin pump therapy has already been demonstrated. However, the risk of low blood sugar in type 1 diabetes increases considerably during exercise. The investigators research group has shown that small doses of glucagon can prevent low blood sugar when used in a blood sugar control system in patients with type 1 diabetes. However, as insulin sensitivity changes occur very rapidly during exercise, the ability to recognize the onset of physical activity in order to appropriately adjust the insulin and glucagon delivery is vital to helping prevent exercise-induced hypoglycemia.

The purpose of this study is to test how well a new modified blood sugar control system controls blood sugar during exercise compared to: 1) the current system without modifications and 2) standard insulin pump therapy.

Subjects will exercise during three study visits. During one visit, blood sugar will be controlled using standard insulin pump therapy. The investigators blood glucose control system will manage blood sugar for subjects during the other visits, with exercise announcement with insulin and glucagon delivery modifications during one visit. Treatment order will be randomized. Heart rate and accelerometry data will also be collected during each visit for the purposes of designing an exercise detection system for future studies.

Each subject will be asked to undergo an eligibility screening and to sign a consent form before any study procedures take place. At the screening appointment, after the consent form is signed, blood will be drawn for laboratory tests and a brief physical exam will be performed. An EKG and VO2max test will be completed at screening. Subjects that are enrolled in the study will come in for a sensor insertion visit up to 72 hours before each study visit. Subjects will undergo three 21-hour studies at an OHSU clinic or the OHSU clinical research center. Subjects will arrive at the research center at 8pm. Approximately 2 hours after a low-carbohydrate breakfast on Day 2, subjects will exercise for 45 minutes at 60% of their VO2max determined at screening. Three hours after completion of exercise, subjects will eat lunch. The study will end \~5 hours after lunch. Capillary blood glucose (CBG) will be measured every 2 hours during the day, every 3 hours at night and before and after exercise for studies using the blood glucose control system with subjects blinded to the CBG values. For studies using insulin pump therapy, the subject will sample CBG four times during the day as well as before and after exercise. Study staff will monitor studies remotely using a cloud server. An investigator or nurse practitioner with a specialty in endocrinology or internal medicine will be on site (located within the same complex) at all times.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Diagnosis of type 1 diabetes mellitus for at least 1 year.
* Male or female subjects 21 to 45 years of age.
* Physically willing and able to perform 45 min of exercise (as determined by the investigator after reviewing the subjects activity level)
* Current use of an insulin pump.
* Willingness to follow all study procedures, including attending all clinic visits.
* Willingness to sign informed consent and HIPAA documents.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Female of childbearing potential who is pregnant or intending to become pregnant or breast-feeding, or is not using adequate contraceptive methods. Acceptable contraception includes birth control pill / patch / vaginal ring, Depo-Provera, Norplant, an IUD, the double barrier method (the woman uses a diaphragm and spermicide and the man uses a condom), or abstinence.
* Any cardiovascular disease, defined as a clinically significant EKG abnormality at the time of screening or any history of: stroke, heart failure, myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, or coronary arterial bypass graft or angioplasty. Diagnosis of 2nd or 3rd degree heart block or any non-physiological arrhythmia judged by the investigator to be exclusionary.
* Renal insufficiency (GFR \< 60 ml/min, using the MDRD equation as report by the OHSU laboratory).
* Impaired liver function, defined as AST or ALT ≥2.5 times upper limit of normal, according to OHSU laboratory reference ranges.
* Hematocrit of less than or equal to 34%.
* History of severe hypoglycemia during the past 12 months prior to screening visit or hypoglycemia unawareness as judged by the investigator.
* Adrenal insufficiency.
* Any active infection.
* Known or suspected abuse of alcohol, narcotics, or illicit drugs.
* Seizure disorder.
* Active foot ulceration.
* Severe peripheral arterial disease characterized by ischemic rest pain or severe claudication.
* Major surgical operation within 30 days prior to screening.
* Use of an investigational drug within 30 days prior to screening.
* Chronic usage of any immunosuppressive medication (such as cyclosporine, azathioprine, sirolimus, or tacrolimus).
* Bleeding disorder, treatment with warfarin, or platelet count below 50,000.
* Allergy to aspart insulin.
* Allergy to glucagon.
* Insulin resistance requiring more than 200 units per day.
* Need for uninterrupted treatment of acetaminophen.
* Current administration of oral or parenteral corticosteroids.
* Any life threatening disease, including malignant neoplasms and medical history of malignant neoplasms within the past 5 years prior to screening (except basal and squamous cell skin cancer).
* C peptide level of ≥0.5 ng/ml
* Any concurrent illness, other than diabetes, that is not controlled by a stable therapeutic regimen.
* Beta blockers or non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers.
* A positive response to any of the questions from the Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire.
* Any clinically significant disease or disorder which in the opinion of the Investigator may jeopardize the subject's safety or compliance with the protocol.