Pre-Implementation Enhancement Strategy To Improve Teachers' Intention to Implement Evidence-Based Practices

Background: As the most common setting where youth access behavioral health services, the education sector frequently employs training and follow-up consultation as cornerstone implementation strategies to promote the uptake and use of evidence-based practices (EBPs), which are often insufficient to produce desired implementation outcomes (e.g., intervention fidelity) and changes in youth behavioral health outcomes (e.g., reduced externalizing behaviors). There is a need for theoretically-informed pre-implementation enhancement strategies (PIES) that increase the yield of training and follow-up consultation. Specifically, social-cognitive theory explicates principles to inform the design of strategy content and specific mechanisms of behavior change, such as intentions to implement (ITI), to target via a PIES that increase provider to more active implementation strategies. Methods: This triple-blind randomized controlled trial preliminarily examined the efficacy of a pragmatic PIES (SC-PIES) to improve the implementation of universal EBPs in the education sector. Participants were randomly assigned to the treatment (PIES) or active control condition (meeting with administrators). The investigators assessed participants' ITI, intervention fidelity, and youth behavioral health outcome before, immediately after, and six-week following treatment.

1. Background and study aims:

   As the most common setting where youth access behavioral health services, the education sector frequently employs training and follow-up consultation as cornerstone implementation strategies to promote the uptake and use of evidence-based practices (EBPs). However, these strategies alone are not sufficient to promote the desired implementation (e.g., intervention fidelity) and youth behavioral health outcomes (e.g., externalizing behaviors). Theory-informed pragmatic pre-implementation enhancement strategies (PIES) are needed to increase the yield of training and consultation. Specifically, social-cognitive theory explicates principles to inform the design of strategy content and specific mechanisms of behavior change (e.g., "intentions to implement"; ITI) to target to increase providers' responsiveness to training and consultation. This triple-blind parallel randomized controlled trial preliminarily examined the efficacy of a pragmatic PIES based on social-cognitive theories (SC-PIES) to improve the implementation and youth outcomes of universal EBPs in schools. Four aims will be examined:
   1. As compared to control, does the pre-implementation enhancement strategy based on social-cognitive theories (SC-PIES) significantly improve teachers' implementation intentions to implement PCBM practices at posttest after adjusting baseline and covariates?
   2. As compared to control, is receiving SC-PIES associated with significantly improved teachers' intervention fidelity and class-wide youth behavioral health outcome at the 6-week follow-up after adjusting for baseline and covariates?
   3. Does teachers' intention to implement mediate the association between study condition and intervention fidelity?
   4. Does teachers' intervention fidelity mediate the association between their intentions to implement and class-wide youth behavioral health outcomes?
2. Who can participate? Any teacher who has no prior training about or experience of implementing Proactive Classroom Behavioral Management Strategies (PCBM) targeting youth behaviors in a school district. No restriction on age, gender, experience, or other demographic variables.
3. What does the study involve? The participating teachers will be randomly assigned to either the treatment (SC-PIES) or active control condition (administrative meeting). The SC-PIES was delivered to teachers as a one-hour professional development session immediately before receiving specific training about evidence-based PCBM practices and subsequent follow-up consultation. Teachers in the active control condition will meet with their administrators to talk about their work irrelevant to SC-PIES or student behaviors. The investigators assessed teachers' ITI, intervention fidelity, and youth behavioral outcome (academic engagement as an incompatible behavior to externalizing disorders) before treatment, immediately after training, and six weeks afterward.
4. What are the possible benefits and risks of participating? Teachers participating in this study will benefit from expert training and consultation to improve their intentions and skills to implement a set of EBPs to help their students' behavioral problems. No risks to participants were expected based on relevant literature in education and implementation science.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Teachers who have no prior training about Proactive Classroom Behavioral Management Strategies (PCBM) targeting youth behaviors in an urban school district.
* Teachers who have no prior experience in implementing Proactive Classroom Behavioral Management Strategies (PCBM) targeting youth behaviors in an urban school district.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Teachers who have attended more than three training sessions about Proactive Classroom Behavioral Management Strategies (PCBM) targeting youth behaviors in an urban school district.
* Teachers who have more than one month of experience in implementing Proactive Classroom Behavioral Management Strategies (PCBM) targeting youth behaviors in an urban school district.