CombinADO: Evaluation of an Intervention Aimed At Improving HIV Outcomes Among Adolescents and Young Adults Living with HIV in Mozambique

This is a cluster-randomized trial designed to compare the effectiveness of the CombinADO strategy versus optimized standard of care (SOC) on viral suppression, antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence and retention in HIV care among adolescents living with HIV (ALHIV) ages 10 to 24 years attending participating health facilities. Clinics are the units of intervention allocation and randomization. The control condition will be implemented at all facilities (n=12) participating in the trial. The enhanced intervention condition will be superadded to this at a randomly selected half (n=6) of facilities. The goal of this study is to learn whether an enhanced, tailored intervention helps AYAHIV do better with their HIV care (take their medications, stay in care) than the usual care that they receive.

HIV burden among adolescents and young people worldwide is substantial, with an estimated 1.7 million adolescents aged 10-19 years living with HIV in 2019, and 460,000 adolescents aged 15-24 newly infected reported in the same year. Adolescent girls continue to be disproportionately affected, accounting for 56% of new infections worldwide. With increased availability of antiretroviral therapy (ART), pediatric mortality has decreased and healthcare workers (HCW) are now challenged to meet the complex needs of the large number of surviving youth who must cope with HIV as a chronic, highly stigmatized, and transmittable illness. There are 1.8 billion people between ages 10 and 24 and it is projected that the number of people \<20 years will double by 2030. In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), youth aged 10-24 years comprise 30-35% of the countries' population. Failure to prevent new HIV infections among adolescents will result in increased numbers of adolescents and young adults living with HIV (AYAHIV) who will strain health and social service systems as they transition to adulthood.

Eligibility Criteria:
Adolescents and young adults living with HIV (AYAHIV):

Inclusion Criteria:

1. HIV-positive, per medical records and confirmed by health facility staff
2. Age 10 to 24 years
3. Registered as a patient at study site
4. Aware of HIV+ status
5. Provision of signed and dated informed consent form
6. For adolescents under 18 years of age, informed assent and parental informed consent to participate in the study
7. Stated willingness to comply with all study procedures

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Has an acute medical condition requiring immediate medical care

Caregivers of AYAHIV:

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Age 18 years and older
2. Attending a caregiver-specific support group
3. Willingness to be audio-recorded

Healthcare Workers (HCW) and Key Informants (KI):

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Age 18 years and older
2. Involved in the provision, management, or oversight of adolescent-focused HIV services at the 12 specified study sites
3. Willingness to be audio-recorded

For all study participants (AYAHIV, caregivers, HCW and KI):

Exclusion Criteria:

Any other condition, including but not limited to alcohol or substance abuse and uncontrolled medical condition and/or allergies, that, in the opinion of the study team, would preclude informed consent, make study participation unsafe, complicate interpretation of study outcome data, or otherwise interfere with achieving the study objectives would make the patient unsuitable for the study or unable/unwilling to comply with the study requirements.