Bioequivalence Study of Apixaban 5 mg Film-coated Tablets in Healthy Thai Volunteers

The goal of this bioequivalence of two formulations of generic apixaban 5 mg film-coated tablets. Single-dose under fasting conditions and pharmacokinetics will be characterized for a total of 28 healthy adult human subjects. Twenty-eight (28) subjects will be randomly assigned to receive either generic apixaban 5 mg film-coated tablets (1 x 5 mg; Test) or ELIQUIS (1 x 5 mg; Reference) in Period 1 and after the washout period they will receive the other formulation as a crossover fashion in Period 2.

Twenty-eight (28) healthy adult male and female volunteers (preferably with approximately equal numbers of each sex, if possible) 18 to 55 years will be enrolled from the general population. Healthy adult male and female volunteers will be recruited in bioequivalence study as recommended in United States (US) Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Draft Guidance on Apixaban. (11) Apixaban is a drug that can be used in any sex. By these reasons, normal healthy males and females as general population will be screened and 28 subjects will be recruited and enrolled into the study. An attempt will be made by clinical study team to recruit subjects as per requirement.

Remark: The expected ratio of male to female subjects is 1:1; however, if necessary, the ratio can be varied but not more than 25% each.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Healthy Thai male or female subjects between the ages of 18 to 55 years. Subject must meet age requirements at the time of signing the initial informed consent and at the dosing day in Period 1.
* Body mass index between 18.5 to 30.0 kg/m2
* Normal laboratory values, including vital signs and physical examination, for all parameters in clinical laboratory tests at screening. Any abnormalities from the normal or reference range will be carefully considered clinically relevant by the physician as individual cases, documented in study files prior to enrolling the subject in this study.
* Non-smoker and non-consumer of nicotine containing products Non-smoker or non-consumer of nicotine containing products means any subject who has never smoked/consumed or stopped for at least 90 days.
* Non-pregnant woman (negative pregnancy test) and not currently breast feeding.
* Female subjects abstain from either hormonal methods of contraception (including oral or transdermal contraceptives, injectable progesterone, progestin subdermal implants, progesterone-releasing IUDs, postcoital contraceptive methods) or hormone replacement therapy for at least 28 days prior to check-in in Period 1. Injectable contraceptives e.g. Depo-Provera® will be discontinued at least 6 months prior to check-in in Period 1. Subjects agree to use acceptable non-hormonal contraceptive methods such as condom, diaphragm, foams, jellies, or abstinence for at least 14 days prior to check-in in Period 1 until 7 days after the end of study in Period 2. Female subjects of non-childbearing potential must meet at least one of the following criteria prior to check-in in Period 1:
* Postmenopausal for at least 1 year or
* Surgically sterile (bilateral tubal ligation, bilateral oophorectomy or hysterectomy) at least 6 months
* Male subjects who are willing or able to use effective contraceptive e.g. condom or abstinence after check-in in Period 1 until 7 days after the end of study in Period 2.
* Able to understand and voluntarily given written informed consent (signed and dated) by the subject prior to participating in this study.
* Adequate venous access in both arms for the collection of a number of samples during the study

Exclusion Criteria

* History of allergic reaction or hypersensitivity to apixaban or to any of the excipients
* History or evidence of clinically significant renal, hepatic, gastrointestinal, hematological (e.g. anemia), endocrine (e.g. hyper/hypothyroidism, diabetes), pulmonary or respiratory (e.g. asthma), cardiovascular (e.g. hyper-/hypotension), psychiatric (e.g. depression), neurologic (e.g. convulsion), allergic disease (including drug allergies, but excluding untreated, asymptomatic, seasonal allergies at time of dosing) or any significant ongoing chronic medical illness
* History or evidence of clinically significant active bleeding
* Have abnormality of prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) Have abnormality of prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)
* History or evidence of hepatic disease associated with coagulopathy and clinically relevant bleeding risk
* Have lesion or condition if considered a significant risk factor for major bleeding including current or recent gastrointestinal ulceration, presence of malignant neoplasms at high risk of bleeding, recent brain or spinal injury, recent brain, spinal or ophthalmic surgery, recent intracranial haemorrhage, known or suspected oesophageal varices, arteriovenous malformations, vascular aneurysms or major intraspinal or intracerebral vascular abnormalities.
* History or evidence of galactose intolerance, the Lapp lactase deficiency or glucose-galactose malabsorption
* History of problems with swallowing tablet or capsule
* History of sensitivity to heparin or heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
* Any condition possibly affecting drug absorption e.g. gastrectomy, enterectomy, gastritis or duodenal or gastric ulceration other than appendectomy
* History of diarrhea or vomiting within 24 hours prior to check-in in each period
* History or evidence of drug addict or investigation with urine sample shows a positive test for drug of abuse (morphine, marijuana or methamphetamine)
* 12-lead ECG demonstrating QTc \> 450 msec, a QRS interval \> 120 msec or with an abnormality considered clinically significant at screening. If QTc exceeds 450 msec, or QRS exceeds 120 msec, the ECG will be repeated two more times and the average of the three QTc or QRS values will be used to determine the subject's eligibility.
* Investigation with blood sample shows positive test for HBsAg.
* Abnormal liver function, ≥1.5 times of upper normal limit of reference range for ALT, AST or bilirubin levels at screening laboratory test
* Have eGFR (CKD-EPI) \< 50 mL/min/1.73 m 2 based on serum creatinine results, at the screening laboratory test or during enrollment.
* History or evidence of alcoholism or harmful use of alcohol (less than 2 years) i.e., alcohol consumption of more than 14 standard drinks per week for men and 7 standard drinks per week for women (A standard drink is defined as 360 mL of beer or 150 mL of wine or 45 mL of 40% distilled spirits, such as rum, whisky, brandy, etc.)
* History or evidence of alcohol consumption or alcohol-containing products and cannot abstain for at least 48 hours prior to check-in and continued for entire duration of the study or alcohol breath test shows positive result In case of alcohol breath test result represents the alcohol concentration range of

  1 - 10 mg% BAC and the physician carefully considers that the value came from other reasons, not from the alcohol drinking behavior of subjects, the test will be repeated two times separately, not more than 10 minutes. The result of the last time should be used for subject's eligibility which must be 0 mg%BAC.
* History or evidence of habitual consume of any caffeine- or xanthine-containing products e.g. tea, coffee, chocolate, colas etc. and cannot abstain for at least 72 hours prior to check-in and continued for entire duration of the study
* Consume or drink juice of grapefruit or orange or pomelo or its supplement/ containing products and cannot abstain for at least 14 days prior to check-in and continued for entire duration of the study
* Use of prescription or nonprescription drugs (e.g. NSAIDs, aspirin, paracetamol, erythromycin, ketoconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole, ritonavir, carbamazepine, phenytoin, rifampin, phenobarbital, atenolol or anticoagulant agent such as unfractionated heparins, heparin derivatives, enoxaparin, dalteparin, fondaparinux, vitamin K antagonists (e.g. warfarin), rivaroxaban, dabigatran, desirudin, dipyridamole, dextran, sulfinpyrazone etc), herbal medications or supplements (e.g. St.

John's wort), vitamins or mineral (e.g. iron) or dietary supplements within 14 days prior to check-in in Period 1 and continued for entire duration of the study

* Participated in other clinical trials within 90 days prior to check-in in Period 1 (except for the subjects who drop out or withdrawn from the previous study prior to Period 1 dosing) or still participates in the clinical trial or participates in other clinical trials during enrollment in this study
* Blood donation or blood loss ≥ 1 unit (1 unit is equal to 350-450 mL of blood) within 90 days prior to check-in in Period 1 or during enrollment
* Subjects with poor venous access or intolerant to venipuncture
* Unwilling or unable to comply with schedule visit, treatment plan and other study procedures until end of study
* Inability to communicate well (i.e. language problem, poor mental development, psychiatric illness or poor cerebral function) that may impair the ability to provide written informed consent or cooperate with clinical team.