Hypoglycemia Prevention After Exercise in Adolescent T1DM Patients Using a Control to Range System

In this protocol the investigators plan to demonstrate management of glucose using a modular insulin management system based on continuous glucose monitoring and targeted towards the avoidance of hypoglycemic and prolonged hyperglycemic episodes (i.e. control to range). The protocol is designed to challenge the insulin management system with meals and mild exercise, so as to demonstrate its capacity to avoid large glucose excursion with changing metabolic state. This system is designed to both

* monitor the meal boluses of the patient and correct it in case of observed/predicted under insulinization (avoidance of prolonged hyperglycemia), based on a coarse and subjective knowledge of the meal amount, a precise understanding of the subject's day to day insulin treatment, continuous glucose monitoring, and past insulin injections;
* predict and avoid hypoglycemic events, based on continuous glucose reading and past insulin injection.

The investigators plan to enroll 12 adolescent T1DM patients (expected retention 10/12) and compare glucose control performances under two treatments: standard vs. the new insulin management system. The protocol will include a total of 5 admissions per subject (3 out-patients and 2 in-patients): screening, CGM insertion 1, CGM insertion 2, inpatient 1 and inpatient 2. During the 24h inpatient admissions the patients will be challenged with 30 minutes of mild exercise and 3 meals, insulin coverage of these events will vary depending on the chosen treatment, each subject will be exposed to both studied treatments (repeated measure design). The order of treatment during the inpatient admissions will be randomized.


Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* 12 years of age and up to and including 18 years of age.
* Have type 1 diabetes mellitus as defined by American Diabetes Association criteria or judgment of physician for at least 1 year (including those who may also be treated with metformin).
* Use of an insulin pump
* If on antihypertensive, thyroid, anti-depressant or lipid lowering medication, have stability on the medication for at least 2 months prior to enrollment in the study
* Willingness to use lispro (Humalog) insulin for the duration of the inpatient study
* Demonstration of proper mental status and cognition for the study
* Willingness to stop using any dietary supplements for two weeks prior to admission and for the duration of their participation
* HemoglobinA1c \< 10.0
* A score of 2 or greater on the hypoglycemia unawareness scale, see Attachment A
* Tanner Stage II or greater (not pre-pubertal) on screening physical exam
* Body weight of 30 kg or more at screening
* BMI must be under 95th percentile for age based on published BMI reference standards

Exclusion Criteria:

* Age \<12 or \>18
* Pregnancy
* Hematocrit \<37% (females); \<36% (males)
* HemoglobinA1c ≥ 10.0
* Any symptomatic coronary artery disease, or a history of congenital heart abnormalities.
* Score of less than 2 on the hypoglycemia unawareness scale
* Tanner Stage I on screening physical exam
* Use of a medication that significantly lowers heart rate (beta blockers, reserpine, guanethidine, methyldopa, clonidine, cimetidine, digitalis, calcium channel blockers, amiodarone, antiarrythmic drugs, or lithium)
* Congestive heart failure
* History of a cerebrovascular event
* Use of a medication that significantly impacts glucose metabolism (oral steroids)
* Atrial fibrillation
* Uncontrolled hypertension (resting blood pressure \>140/90)
* History of a systemic or deep tissue infection with methicillin-resistant staph aureus or Candida albicans
* Use of a device that may pose electromagnetic compatibility issues and/or radiofrequency interference with the FreeStyle NavigatorTM CGM or DexCom Seven® (implantable cardioverter-defibrillator, electronic pacemaker, neurostimulator, intrathecal pump, and cochlear implants)
* Active enrollment in another clinical trial
* Allergy or adverse reaction to lispro insulin
* Known adrenal gland problem, pancreatic tumor, or insulinoma
* Current alcohol abuse by patient history, substance abuse by patient history, or severe mental illness
* Retinopathy and renal failure
* Uncontrolled anxiety or panic disorder
* Known bleeding diathesis or dyscrasia
* Renal insufficiency (creatinine \>1.5)
* Any comorbid condition affecting glucose metabolism
* Body weight of less than 30 kg at screening
* BMI equal to or greater than 95th percentile for age based on published BMI reference standards. See Appendix B.
* Asthma or exercise -induced asthma
* Any mobility-restrictive condition
* Children who are wards of state or at high risk for becoming wards of state