Pilot Study of Denileukin Diftitox Plus High-Dose IL-2 for Patients With Metastatic Renal Cancer

RATIONALE: Combinations of biological substances in denileukin diftitox may be able to carry tumor-killing substances directly to kidney cancer cells. Interleukin-2 may stimulate the white blood cells to kill kidney cancer cells. Giving denileukin diftitox together with interleukin-2 may kill more tumor cells.

PURPOSE: This randomized phase I trial is studying the side effects of denileukin diftitox and interleukin-2 in treating patients with metastatic kidney cancer.

OBJECTIVES:

Primary

* Determine the toxic effects of denileukin diftitox and high-dose interleukin-2 in patients with metastatic renal cell cancer.

Secondary

* Perform transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta promoter and TGF-beta receptor genotyping to search for variants that may be associated with tumor response to therapy.
* Determine the overall response rate (partial and complete) in patients treated with this regimen.
* Determine the time to progression in patients treated with this regimen.

OUTLINE: This is a randomized, pilot study.

The first 3 patients enrolled in the study receive high-dose interleukin-2 (IL-2) IV over 15 minutes, 3 times daily, on days 1-5 and 15-19 and denileukin diftitox IV over 15-60 minutes once daily on days 8-10. If no dose-limiting toxicity occurs after receiving denileukin diftitox, subsequent patients are randomized to 1 of 2 treatment arms.

* Arm I: Patients receive denileukin diftitox (at a higher dose than for the first 3 patients enrolled in the study) IV over 15-60 minutes once daily on days -4 to -2 and high-dose IL-2 IV over 15 minutes, 3 times daily, on days 1-5 and 15-19.
* Arm II: Patients receive high-dose IL-2 as in arm I and denileukin diftitox (at a higher dose than for the first 3 patients enrolled in the study) IV over 15-60 minutes at a higher dose once daily on days 8-10.

All patients may receive additional treatment with IL-2 alone in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.

After completion of study treatment, patients are followed periodically for at least 4 years.

PROJECTED ACCRUAL: A total of 13 patients will be accrued for this study.

Eligibility Criteria:
DISEASE CHARACTERISTICS:

* Documented histologically confirmed metastatic renal cell carcinoma

  * Clear cell histology
* Disease must be measurable as defined by lesions that can be accurately measured in at least one dimension with longest diameter \> 20 mm using conventional techniques or \> 10 mm with spiral CT scan

  * Must have at least one measurable lesion
  * If the measurable disease is restricted to a solitary lesion, its neoplastic nature should be confirmed by cytology/histology
  * Clinical lesions will only be considered measurable when they are superficial (e.g., skin nodules and palpable lymph nodes)
  * The following are considered nonmeasurable lesions:

    * Bone lesions
    * Leptomeningeal disease
    * Ascites
    * Pleural/pericardial effusion
    * Inflammatory breast disease
    * Lymphangitis cutis/pulmonis
    * Cystic lesions
    * Abdominal masses not confirmed and followed by imaging techniques
* No CNS metastases

PATIENT CHARACTERISTICS:

* ECOG performance status \< 2
* Life expectancy of at least 4 months
* Serum creatinine \< 2.0 mg/dL OR creatinine clearance \> 50 mL/min
* Total bilirubin normal
* Platelets \> 100,000/mm³
* WBC \> 3,500/mm³
* No evidence of congestive heart failure
* No symptoms of coronary artery disease
* No serious cardiac arrhythmias
* A pretreatment cardiac stress test must be performed within 42 days of IL-2 treatment if any cardiac symptoms are present (patients with documented ischemia on the pretreatment cardiac stress test will be excluded from the study)
* Adequate pulmonary reserve

  * Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) must be performed within 42 days of IL-2 treatment

    * FEV_1 \> 2.0 liters of \> 75% predicted for height and age
    * Patients unable to perform PFTs will be excluded
* Women who are pregnant or lactating are not eligible
* Women of childbearing potential and sexually active males must commit to the use of effective contraception while on study
* Negative pregnancy test
* No known HIV-positive patients
* No evidence of active infection requiring antibiotic therapy
* Must not have a contraindication to treatment with pressor agents
* Must not have any significant medical disease that, in the opinion of the investigator, may interfere with completion of the study
* No history of another malignancy within the past 5 years other than basal cell skin cancer

PRIOR CONCURRENT THERAPY:

* Recovered from all toxic effects of prior therapy
* Must not currently receive chronic medication for asthma
* No prior interleukin-2 (IL-2) therapy
* No prior organ allografts
* No systemic corticosteroids in the 4 weeks prior to treatment
* No concurrent systemic steroids
* No radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or immunotherapy in the 4 weeks prior to the first dose of study treatment
* No concurrent radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or other immunotherapy
* No previous investigational agent within 4 weeks prior to the start of study treatment