The Impact of Selected Factors on the Cardiovascular System in Chronic Kidney Disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD), is characterized by accelerated development of atherosclerosis and advanced remodelling of vessels and the heart. It is associated with many factors, including inflammation, arterial hypertension, hyperlipidemia, hyperhomocysteinemia, secondary hyperparathyroidism, and oxidative stress. Hypertension is one of the most critical risk factors for cardiovascular complications. It leads to the formation of structural changes in the vascular system: it impairs the activity of the endothelium, causes hypertrophy and remodelling of the vascular wall, reduces the susceptibility of the vessels and accelerates the development of atherosclerosis. This study aimed to identify the processes and their representative markers, the concentration of which in the serum may reflect the cardiovascular system status and can predict the increased mortality in HD patients.

Chronic Kidney Disease has a significant impact on the cardiovascular system. From many different complications of CKD, one to mention is arterial stiffness. This disorder results from many pathologies, including inflammation, arterial hypertension, carbohydrate metabolic disorders, lipid disorders, vascular calcification, chronic inflammation, and oxidative stress.

The main goal of this study was to analyze the mechanisms leading to the increased tendency to cardiovascular disturbances in CKD, with particular focus on the parameters of oxidative stress, inflammation and the results of imaging examinations (intima-media thickness (IMT) assessments) and other non-invasive cardiological examinations based on the results using the Portapres device (Finapres Medical Systems (FMS), the Netherlands), the SphygmoCor tonometer (AtCor Medical), the Colin blood pressure monitor (BMP)-7000 (Japan) Pulse Trace 2000 (Micro Medical Ltd., Rochester, Kent, United Kingdom) The Accuson CV 70 system (Siemens) with a 10 megahertz (Mhz) transducer.

Besides, studied participants were followed 2 years after enrollment to study for recording cardiovascular-related death.

Eligibility Criteria:
Criteria:

The following criteria of qualifying for the study were adopted for all respondents:

* 18 years of age or older,
* written consent to participate in the study,
* no active inflammatory process,
* no neoplastic disease or a neoplastic disease whose treatment was stopped at least 10 years ago,
* no history of immunosuppressive treatment,
* stable liver function (not more than two times increased activity of transaminases), HBs antigen and anti-HCV negative antibodies,anti-HIV negative antibodies.

In addition, for CKD patients (CKD1-2) and PREDIALYSIS GROUP, the following additional inclusion conditions were applied:

* no acute cardiovascular complications, ie acute heart failure, hypertensive crisis, acute coronary syndrome, at the time of study entry.

At the same time, depending on the technique of renal replacement therapy used, additional inclusion criteria were established for each of the subgroups:

in group HD:

* a minimum of 6 months of treatment with repeated hemodialysis, 3 times a week, for a minimum of 10 hours a week,
* arteriovenous fistula as a vascular access for hemodialysis,
* Estimated dialysis adequacy ratio (eKt / V) of at least 1.2. in the PD group:
* treatment duration UP to a minimum of 6 months, Kt / V ≥1.8 l / week / 1.73 m2.

For CARD patients, additional conditions include:

* no obvious evidence of renal impairment in the history and at the time of study entry, renal function assessed on the basis of eGFR and urine albumin/creatinine ratio,
* history of angina pectoris,
* documented history of at least one acute coronary syndrome,
* admission to the Department of Intensive Care of Cardiology and Internal Diseases in order to perform a planned coronary angiography, on the day of admission to the study without signs of the acute coronary syndrome, no additional comorbidities, ie those that do not result directly or indirectly from coronary heart disease.

In turn, for the HV group (control group), additional conditions include:

* no obvious evidence of renal impairment in the history and at the time of study entry, renal function assessed on the basis of eGFR and urine albumin/creatinine ratio,
* no obvious signs of cardiovascular impairment in the history and at the time of study entry, estimated on the basis of normal blood pressure (\<140/90 mmHg), no abnormalities in the medical history and physical examination,
* not taking any medications on a regular basis.