Mass Spectrometry-based Proteomics in Microvascular Inflammation Diagnosis in Kidney Transplantation.

Microvascular inflammation, the hallmark histological criteria of antibody-mediated rejection in kidney transplantation, remains an issue in routine practice, due to a lack of reproducibility in its recognition by pathologists and an incomplete comprehension of its pathophysiology, leading to a poor treatment efficacy. The main objective of this study is to assess the performances of tissue proteic signatures designed for the diagnosis of microvascular inflammation in kidney transplantation, from formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) allograft biopsies analyzed by mass spectrometry-based proteomics.

Antibody-mediated rejection (ABMR) is due to pathogenic antibodies produced by the donor (donor-specific antibodies, DSA) that are directed against Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA) or other antigens (non HLA) of the graft. ABMR is currently the leading cause of long-term kidney allograft failure. Histological lesions of microvascular inflammation (MVI) are the hallmark criteria of ABMR according to the 2019 Banff classification. Lack of reproducibility in the scoring of MVI by pathologists is still an issue of the diagnosis of ABMR in routine practice, while the understood pathophysiological mechanisms of MVI (anti-HLA DSA, DSA against non HLA antigens and/or NK cell-mediated) are poorly assessed in practice, possibly explaining the wide variability of treatment efficacy. In a prior study, the investigators confirmed the value of mass spectrometry for the analysis of the glomerular proteome during ABMR, compared to the one of stable grafts, from FFPE biopsies. The investigators identified 82 proteins, particularly involved in leukocyte activation and the interferons pathways, in accordance with transcriptomic approaches. Five proteins were validated by immunohistochemistry.

The investigators now propose to analyze kidney allograft FFPE biopsies of 92 patients by mass spectrometry, including 32 with MVI (with and without anti-HLA DSA) and 60 with relevant differential diagnoses. The main objective is to assess the diagnostic performances of tissue proteic signatures designed by machine-learning methods for the diagnosis of microvascular inflammation, the reference standard being the 2019 Banff classification. One of the secondary objectives includes the comparison of the protein profile of MVI with and without anti-HLA DSA, but also the proteomic analysis of 60 urine samples from the same population, in order to assess the performances of mass spectrometry in the non-invasive diagnosis of MVI in kidney transplantation.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Kidney transplant recipients
* Diagnosis based on the 2019 Banff classification (polyomavirus nephropathy, T cell-mediated rejection, borderline changes)
* Renal allograft biopsy allowing inclusion with at least 7 permeable glomeruli
* The microvascular inflammation group with anti-HLA DSA is defined as follows:

  * At least moderate microvascular inflammation: g + ptc \> 2
  * At least one anti-HLA DSA in the serum at the time of biopsy, with a Mean Fluorescence Intensity (MFI) \> 3000 for the immunodominant DSA or the sum of the DSA
* The microvascular inflammation group without anti-HLA DSA is defined as follows:

  * At least moderate microvascular inflammation: g + ptc \> 2
  * No historical anti-HLA DSA or at the time of biopsy, MFI \< 500
* The stable graft recipients group is defined as follows:

  * Glomerual Filtration Rate \> 40ml/min, without clinical proteinuria
  * No detectable DSA
  * Protocol biopsy at 1 year posttransplantation without specific lesion or nonspecific severe lesion
* The chronic nonspecific graft changes group is defined as follows:

  * Moderate to severe interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy, in the absence of specific lesions: active rejection (antibody-mediated or T cell-mediated), borderline lesions, recurrent or de novo nephropathy, polyomavirus associated nephropathy.
  * No C4d deposits on peritubular capillaries
  * No detectable anti-HLA DSA at the time of biopsy.
* The ischemic acute tubular injuries group is defined as :

  * Histological lesions of tubular injuries in the absence of significant microvascular inflammation or C4d deposits
  * No detectable anti-HLA DSA at the time of biopsy

Exclusion Criteria:

* Minor patients
* Mixed rejection (antibody-mediated and T cell-mediated)
* Recurrent or de novo nephropathy
* Specific treatment of rejection (T cell-mediated or antibody-mediated) in the last 6 months, excluding induction and
* Baseline immunosuppressive treatment.