Prospective Observational Study of the ICD in Sudden Cardiac Death Prevention

The overall hypothesis of this study is that subtle interactions between structural (substrate) and functional (trigger) abnormalities of the heart, some of which are genetically-determined, can be used to identify patients at high risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD). Such information may be used to better define patients most likely to benefit from replacement of an internal defibrillator (ICD). The prospective, observational study to enroll, categorize and follow patients who receive an ICD pulse generator replacement for primary prevention of SCD (PROSe-ICD) was established to :

1. to gain a better understanding of the biological mechanisms that predispose to SCD
2. to develop readily determined clinical, electrocardiographic, genetic and blood protein markers identify patients with an increased risk of dying suddenly

PROSe-ICD is a multicenter prospective cohort study of patients who undergo ICD implantation for primary prevention of SCD, designed to compare patients who sustain SCD (as measured by an appropriate ICD firing for rapid ventricular tachycardia (VT) or rapid ventricular fibrillation (VF) to those who do not. The cohort for this observational study consists of patients with cardiomyopathy who have an ICD implanted for primary SCD prevention according to recent trials (MADIT II, SCD-HeFT, DEFINITE) and practice guidelines.

Patients are followed longitudinally for clinical, ECG, genomic and proteomic markers and for index events. The primary outcome variable is an appropriate adjudicated ICD firing for rapid ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation.

The study standardizes initial therapeutic ICD settings, reflecting the current standard of care rather than an intervention, because by definition the study cohort consists of patients without a history of malignant arrhythmia, in whom the ICD functions simply as a defibrillator rather than as a more complex device employing anti-tachycardia pacing or tiered therapy. In order to facilitate the identification of rhythms prompting ICD therapy, programming includes far field ventricular electrogram storage. For patients who have firings (appropriate or not), all subsequent clinical care (including drug and device prescriptions) will be managed independently by the clinical attending electrophysiologist/cardiologist according to the local standard of care, unaffected by the study protocol. For safety reasons, any clinically-significant data (such as symptomatic complaints or documented episodes of ventricular arrhythmia) obtained during the study will be promptly communicated to the clinical attending physician both by telephone and in writing.

After informed consent, patients undergo an initial history and examination conducted by an attending electrophysiologist. Thereafter, patients are generally seen by an ICD nurse every 3 months and are evaluated for the purposes of the study every six months. The physician and/or nurse will record the variables shown in Table D1 on paper forms or directly into REDCap, web-based entry form. At each routine clinic visit (Q 3 month intervals) the ICD will be interrogated and any episodes of ventricular tachycardia lasting \>10 beats with a cycle length \< 400 ms, ventricular fibrillation, or any anti-tachycardia pacing or ICD therapies will be recorded. If a ventricular arrhythmia is detected blood will be drawn and a digital ECG will be performed as described for the 6 month follow up visits. Further evaluation and treatment of the arrhythmia will be managed independently by the clinical attending physician, who will be notified of the arrhythmia by telephone, with written confirmation and documentation. At alternate visits (every 6 months) the patient will be evaluated by an attending electrophysiologist, a 60cc blood sample will be obtained, a 5-minute digital ECG, and any additional laboratory and diagnostic testing will be performed as clinically indicated.

Data on clinical events (admission for myocardial infarction/acute coronary syndrome (MI/ACS), admission for congestive heart failure (CHF), diagnostic angiography, revascularization, ICD device revision) will be collected by medical record review. Patients will be followed for a minimum of ten years or until death, cardiac transplantation or ventricular assist device implantation. A patient who experiences an appropriate ICD firing will have been considered to meet the primary endpoint of the study but will continue to be followed, particularly for the development of adverse events. Investigators will continue to follow and leverage this population as well as enroll additional patients who have ICDs in place and are undergoing elective pacemaker generator (PG) replacement for end-of-life indicators. The aims of this proposal are:

1. To determine if a panel of serum proteins and metabolites measured at baseline and at replacement identifies patients who will experience atrial septal defect (ASD) after PG replacement.
2. To determine if cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) performed around the time of PG replacement identifies patients who will experience ASD after PG replacement.
3. To determine if baseline and serial ECG markers that are measures of conduction, repolarization, autonomic tone (heart rate variability (HRV), QT interval variability (QTV), novel metrics such as entropy), VT inducibility with programmed electrical stimulation at the time of PG exchange, and the history of ICD shocks identifies patients who will experience ASD after ICD replacement.
4. To determine if baseline levels and changes over time (up to 5-years) in clinical ECG, epigenetic, serum protein and metabolite markers predict ASD, overall survival and trajectory of the heart failure (HF) phenotype in patients with a primary prevention ICD.
5. To review for changes over time on the cardiac magnetic resonance late gadolinium enhancement (CMR-LGE) studies for previously obtained CMRs and for new baseline CMRs.
6. To test whether intra-myocardial fat on multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) is as effective or adds additional utility to risk stratification for VA above that of CMR-LGE characteristics in ischemic cardiomyopathy patients who are candidates for ICD therapy or have in situ ICDs.

A clinical events committee comprised of three experienced electrophysiologists, who are not investigators on this study or in the Hopkins Reynolds Center, adjudicate whether ICD firings are appropriate and whether episodes of VT/VF are related to ischemia, based on reports of device interrogation and other clinical documentation.The events committee will also adjudicate deaths in the study as cardiac or non-cardiac and sudden or non-sudden by review of the medical records, records of interviews of family and friends and ICD interrogation. Death within one hour of symptom onset and/or VT/VF on ICD interrogation that was not corrected by the device is considered SCD. All other deaths will be adjudicated as non-sudden including any terminal or hospice chronic care patient whose ICD is programmed off.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* History of acute MI at least 4 weeks old
* Non-ischemic LV dysfunction for at least 9 months
* Who have an ejection fraction (EF) \< or = to 35%
* Undergone elective replacement indicator (ERI) generator replacement of an FDA-approved ICD for primary prevention of SCD within 24 months of enrollment.
* Who have primary prevention implants.

Exclusion Criteria:

* ICD generator replacement for secondary prevention
* Inability or unwillingness to provide valid informed consent
* New York Heart Association Class IV heart failure
* Patients with pre-existing Class 1 indications for pacemaker therapy.