IUS Predicts Upadacitinib Efficacy in Patients With Moderate to Severe Crohn's Disease：a Prospective Study

Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic nonspecific inflammatory disease of the intestinal tract whose etiology is not yet fully understood, and can present with serious complications such as intestinal obstruction, perforation, abdominal abscesses, and fistulae. Currently, the main therapeutic drugs for CD include aminosalicylic acid preparations, glucocorticoids, immunosuppressants, and biological agents. With the development of medical technology, small molecule preparations have begun to be applied to moderate-to-severe Crohn's disease.

Upadacitinib is a novel oral small molecule agent that is a highly selective JAK-1 inhibitor. A large real-world study showed that in refractory moderate-to-severe CD, upadacitinib showed a clinical response rate of 76.5% and a clinical remission rate of 70.6% at 8 weeks of treatment.

Intestinal ultrasound (IUS) is a noninvasive, reproducible, convenient, and inexpensive test that can greatly increase the frequency of assessing treatment response and speed up the clinical decision-making process.The 2019 ECCO-ESGAR guidelines recommend intestinal ultrasound for disease monitoring in patients with CD. There are no validated indicators to predict the efficacy of upatinib treatment in patients with moderate-to-severe CD in the currently available studies.

Currently, there are no national or international studies in which intestinal ultrasound predicts the efficacy of upatinib therapy. Therefore, we propose for the first time that intestinal ultrasound be used as a method to predict the response to upadacitinib in CD patients, with the aim of providing evidence to guide the development of individualized treatment plans.

Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic nonspecific inflammatory disease of the intestinal tract whose etiology is not yet fully understood, and can present with serious complications such as intestinal obstruction, perforation, abdominal abscesses, and fistulae. In recent years, the incidence of CD has increased rapidly, causing a heavy social and economic burden. Currently, the main therapeutic drugs for CD include aminosalicylic acid preparations, glucocorticoids, immunosuppressants, and biological agents. With the development of medical technology, small molecule preparations have begun to be applied to moderate-to-severe Crohn's disease, providing new treatment options for patients with moderate-to-severe Crohn's disease. The application of small molecule agents has changed the course of CD. But such drugs need to be taken orally for a long period of time, and there are risks of secondary infections, tumors, and loss of response.So, effective prediction of the efficacy of small molecule agents in patients with moderate-to-severe CD is an urgent clinical problem to be solved.

Upadacitinib is a novel oral small molecule agent that is a highly selective JAK-1 inhibitor. A large real-world study showed that in refractory moderate-to-severe CD, upadacitinib showed a clinical response rate of 76.5% and a clinical remission rate of 70.6% at 8 weeks of treatment. Although upadacitinib offers a new treatment option for patients with refractory moderate-to-severe CD, there are still some patients who have poor outcomes or treatment ineffectiveness with these drugs. Therefore, early screening of patients who respond to upadacitinib and prediction of long-term efficacy are important to guide clinical strategies for CD.

Intestinal ultrasound (IUS) is a noninvasive, reproducible, convenient, and inexpensive test that can greatly increase the frequency of assessing treatment response and speed up the clinical decision-making process.The 2019 ECCO-ESGAR guidelines recommend intestinal ultrasound for disease monitoring in patients with CD. Multiple studies have shown that most ultrasound markers normalize within 12 weeks of treatment initiation, and in particular, normalization of bowel wall thickness is highly correlated with clinical response at 12 weeks. There are no validated indicators to predict the efficacy of upadacitinib treatment in patients with moderate-to-severe CD in the currently available studies.

Currently, there are no national or international studies in which intestinal ultrasound predicts the efficacy of upadacitinib therapy. Therefore, we propose for the first time that intestinal ultrasound be used as a method to predict the response to upadacitinib in CD patients, with the aim of providing evidence to guide the development of individualized treatment plans.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Age ≥ 18 years and ≤ 80 years;
* Patients with newly diagnosed or relapsed moderate to severe Crohn's disease
* Upadacitinib therapy is proposed to be applied within 1 month after baseline endoscopy and intestinal ultrasound,;
* No history of abdominal surgery;
* Clearly understand, voluntarily participate in the study, and sign an informed consent form.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Contraindications to upadacitinib: allergy, active tuberculosis or other active infections, moderate-to-severe heart failure (NYHA grade III/ IV), demyelinating lesions of the nervous system, live vaccination within the last 3 months, pregnancy and lactation;
* Patients with a history of extensive colectomy or recent proposed colectomy, history of colonic mucosal dysplasia;
* Hypersensitivity to the components of SonoVue contrast media.