Insulin-based Strategies to Prevent Hypoglycemia During Two Types of Exercise

Regular exercise is associated with many health benefits for individuals with type 1 diabetes. However, immediate and delayed exercise-induced hypoglycemia is frequent and thus the main limiting factor for physical activity practice in this population. To reduce the risk of exercise-induced hypoglycemia, two types of adjustments may be considered by patients with type 1 diabetes : pre-meal insulin-dose reduction and carbohydrate supplements. Few evidence-based recommendations are available for patients using insulin pump to adjust insulin doses in order to limit exercise-induced hypoglycemia. The objective of this study is to address the magnitude of the needed reduction during two types of frequently practiced exercise (continuous vs. interval exercise) known to have a different impact on blood glucose reduction.

Each study participant will be admitted at IRCM one to five days after sensor insertion. Participants will be asked to change their pump catheter 24 to 36 hours prior to the intervention visit. On the day of the intervention visit, participants will have a standardized lunch (45-65g CHO for females and 60-80g CHO for males ) at 12:00 and will be asked not to eat afterwards (except for correction of hypoglycemia). Participants will be asked not to exercise (excluding light exercise such as walking or taking the stairs) the day before and the day of the intervention visit. Participants will be asked not to consume caffeine after 12:00 the day of the intervention. The day before the intervention and the day of the intervention, participants will be asked to refrain from alcohol consumption. Participants will be blinded to the strategy used during the exercise intervention. Participants will be admitted at IRCM at 14:00. A catheter will be installed for plasma glucose and insulin measurements. At 14:30, insulin basal rate will be reduced by 40% or 80% depending of randomization. At 15:30, participants will undertake a continuous exercise (60-minute exercise on the ergocycle at 60% of VO2 peak) or an interval exercise (2-minutes alternating intervals at 85% and 50% of VO2peak for 50-minutes, with 5-minutes at 45% VO2peak at the start and the end of exercise). As a safety measure, plasma glucose will be measured every 10 minutes. Participants will be blinded to sensor glucose levels as well as plasma glucose measurements. At 17:00, the participant will be discharged if glucose levels are above 5.5 mmol/L. Participants will be asked to eat a standardized dinner at home (45-65g CHO for females and 60-80g CHO for males). Participants will have the freedom to choose at what time they wish to have dinner but it will have to be similar on all intervention visits.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

1. Males and females ≥ 14 years of old.
2. Clinical diagnosis of type 1 diabetes for at least two years.
3. The subject will have been on insulin pump therapy for at least 3 months.
4. Last (less than 2 months) HbA1c ≤ 10%.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Clinically significant microvascular complications: nephropathy (estimated glomerular filtration rate below 40 ml/min), neuropathy or severe proliferative retinopathy as judged by the investigator.
2. Recent (\< 3 months) acute macrovascular event e.g. acute coronary syndrome or cardiac surgery.
3. Abnormal blood panel and/or anemia.
4. Ongoing pregnancy.
5. Severe hypoglycemic episode within two weeks of screening.
6. Other serious medical illness likely to interfere with study participation or with the ability to complete the exercise periods by the judgment of the investigator (e.g. orthopedic limitation).
7. Failure to comply with team's recommendations (e.g. not willing to change pump parameters, etc.).