Impact of Point-of-care (POC) Viral Load (VL) Testing During Pregnancy in Zimbabwe

The Ministry of Health and Child Care (MOHCC) in collaboration with Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI) will conduct an observational cohort study to determine the impact and cost-effectiveness of POC VL testing for pregnant women. It is hypothesized that POC VL testing will enable an increased proportion of pregnant women to be virally suppressed at delivery, which will avert vertical transmission.

Twenty public health facilities that offer HIV care to pregnant women and maternity services will be included in the study with half offering VL testing at the first antenatal care visit using the centralized VL system (standard of care cluster) and the other half offering onsite POC VL (POC cluster). The primary end-point will be the proportion of enrolled pregnant women who are virally suppressed at the time of delivery. Positivity rate will be measured as a secondary outcome. Primary and secondary outcomes will be compared between study arms. As well, a baseline assessment in each facility will be included to enable a difference in difference analysis within clusters, in which viral suppression rates at delivery and other outcomes are compared before and after the intervention.

The primary research question to be addressed by this study is: Does the availability of POC VL testing during ANC increase the proportion of women who are virally suppressed at the time of delivery?

The primary objective is to demonstrate the impact of POC VL on ensuring viral suppression at the time of delivery (defined as a viral load \< 1,000 cpm within 2 weeks of delivery) for pregnant women living with HIV (PWLHIV) who are on ART in order to avert vertical transmission.

In addition, this study will:

* document the at-birth and 4-6 week EID positivity rate
* document proportion of women who have undetectable VL at the time of delivery (defined as below the limit of detection (LOD) of the VL test)
* document the baseline coverage of VL monitoring during the first ANC visit for WLHIV on ART ≥ 6 months
* compare the timeliness of VL result receipt by clinics (HCW) and clients between facilities with POC VL and those using centralized testing
* calculate the cost-effectiveness of POC VL for increasing the proportion of women who are virally suppressed at delivery

Eligibility Criteria:
Sites will be selected for inclusion in the study based on following criteria:

* Offer HIV testing and antiretroviral therapy (ART) services
* Offer prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) and maternity services
* Offer Viral load monitoring either using POC or through referral
* Availability of Second line ART
* Located in 2 provinces in which VL testing labs are located
* Have historic monthly ANC cohorts of ≥ 6 pregnant women living with HIV (PWLHIV) already on ART

Patient Inclusion Criteria:

Baseline Cohort:

All women living with HIV on ART ≥7 months who deliver at the study facilities during the enrollment period, who do not meet the study criteria for the intervention cohort, were on ART at ANC1 and are of the age of consent (≥ 18 years old) will be offered participation. Informed consent will be obtained to collect a study-specific blood sample to perform a VL test in the central lab at the time of delivery. 7 months has been selected to be comparable to women in the intervention cohort who may present for ANC1 at 4 weeks prior to delivery who are on ART ≥ 6 months.

Intervention Cohort:

Pregnant women who are known to be living with HIV and on ART for ≥ 6 months and attend the study facilities for ANC services and have an anticipated due date ≥ 4 weeks, will be offered participation in the study. It is expected that a woman who is on ART \< 6 months may not yet have achieved viral suppression (using current NNRTI-containing regimens) and therefore conducting a VL at this time is not currently standard. According to Zimbabwe guidelines and consistent with normative guidance from the World Health Organization (WHO), any infant born to a woman living with HIV who is on ART for less than 4 weeks is considered at high risk of HIV transmission. Therefore, for this study the first ANC visit must be ≥ 4 weeks prior to delivery. Women must be at least the age of adult consent (≥ 18 years old) in Zimbabwe. If consent is obtained, a sample will be collected at ANC1 for VL testing.

Patient Exclusion Criteria:

Baseline Cohort

* PWLHIV not on ART at ANC1 or on ART \< 7 months at time of delivery
* Women who have enrolled in or are eligible for the intervention cohort
* Women who are not HIV positive
* Pregnant women who are newly diagnosed as HIV positive during pregnancy
* Women who cannot or do not provide informed consent

Intervention Cohort

* Pregnant women who are newly diagnosed as HIV positive during pregnancy
* PWLHIV not on ART or on ART \< 6 months at their first ANC visit
* Women who are not HIV positive
* Women who cannot or do not provide informed consent