TRANSLATE: Transgender and Gender Nonconforming Individuals' Access to Healthcare

Transgender and gender nonconforming (TGNC) individuals face a number of health disparities, many of which can be tied to a lack of access to or use of primary care. Stigma and misunderstanding make simple doctor's visits into ordeals only worth enduring for the most serious of problems. This project addresses those issues by enlisting TGNC people as experts on their own experience. TGNC individuals will form a year-long cohort that will form the basis for this research. Collectively, they will define the scope of challenges faced when seeking healthcare, what medical advocacy training they desire, and how to address groups of healthcare providers and staff. Healthcare providers, including MDs, nurses, and Physicians Assistants (PAs), will attend two facilitated sessions with the TGNC cohort to meet as peers with knowledge exchanged in both directions. Similar meetings will occur with clinic staff, as TGNC individuals have expressed how stigma begins from the moment they call a medical office. Our hypothesis is that when TGNC individuals are given the tools to navigate the healthcare system and the ability to speak with medical professionals as peers, rather than patients, through a participatory action research design they will be better able to access appropriate care through increased confidence and mutual support. The complementary hypothesis for medical providers is that direct interaction with a variety of TGNC individuals who articulate their needs will decrease stigma and increase comfort when treating TGNC people as patients. As a partnership between academic, medical, and community institutions, this project has the potential to directly impact the lives of TGNC individuals who participate and indirectly impact others served by the LGBT Center. This proposal works on three levels: 1) at the academic level - an assessment of participatory action research as an intervention to decrease health disparities, 2) at the individual level - the potential for individuals to increase personal knowledge and skills, and 3) at the institutional level - as actors within the TGNC community develop relationships with individual healthcare providers, medical clinics and activist groups and community partners and educational institutions are concurrently forming networks that will have positive, although probably more diffuse, impact on TGNC individuals as these institutions come together to support TGNC health care.

RESEARCH QUESTION: Do interactive dialogues between trans and gender nonconforming (TGNC) - trained in health literacy and advocacy - and healthcare providers and staff seeking cultural competency around TGNC primary care result in 1) more confidence on the part of TGNC in navigating the healthcare system, 2) more confidence on the part of providers in responding to the needs of TGNC patients, (sub question - is there a measurable difference between types of providers' responses to trainings, i.e., medical doctors compared to nurse practitioners) 3) person-to-person networks between the two populations resulting in ongoing, sustainable dialogue, 4) TGNC individuals prepared to train other TGNC in a peer-to-peer role to act as advocates on behalf of the TGNC population within the healthcare system, all of which ultimately result in increased access to and use of primary care services and reduce the health disparities faced by TGNC individuals? SIGNIFICANCE: The LGBTQ+ community has historically acted on its own behalf out of necessity, including for the push to remove homosexuality as a mental disorder from the The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) and reframing the HIV/AIDS conversation and demanding research. Our project, driven by TGNC people's interests and advocacy, falls within this tradition of advocacy from inside the community. Our project aims to improve quality of life by addressing health disparities faced by TGNC individuals and by developing a self-sustained space to teach self-advocacy skills to navigate the healthcare system. The LGBT Community Center of Greater Cleveland (The LGBT Center) is in the process of hiring a new Youth Program Coordinator who will be responsible for the project management of this program. The ideal candidate will bring both professional and personal experience of working within the TGNC community and an interest in research. "TRANS in the CLE Conference," convened in October of 2017, had more than 130 attendees, 26 presenters, and 15 workshops. The LGBT Center regularly hosts the Queer Youth Initiative, serving an average of 100 people a month between the ages of 11 and 20. A majority of those individuals identify as transgender, non-binary, or gender nonconforming. This demonstrates both the significant presence of TGNC individuals in Cleveland and the LGBT Center's ability to reach this population.

INNOVATION: This project places TGNC community members and The LGBT Center in position to lead the direction of the research project, to gain research and health advocacy skills themselves, and the ability to form a cohort that will continue to operate beyond this pilot project. In Cleveland, TGNC affirming services are available at the Pride Network at MetroHealth, Cleveland Clinic's Center for LGBT Care, and University Hospital's navigator program. ECHO community partners receive technical assistance from experts in the field, but these are not necessarily informed by TGNC community input. Almost no other academic program is asking TGNC people what issues to prioritize, and no other program in the Cleveland area, to our knowledge. TGNC individuals are often research subjects and not recognized as experts themselves. Alpert's online survey asks LGBTQ+ individuals what they feel doctors should say and do, but the interaction is still mediated through an academic expert. The intervention closest to what is proposed is the Transgender Law's "Organizing for Transgender Healthcare: A Guide for Community Clinic Organizing and Activism", which defines transgender health care as "culturally appropriate primary health care, including access to sex-specific and transition-related procedures". In a case study in Los Angeles, a group of trans men formed an advocacy group (C3) that engaged with two community clinics to improve the clinics' cultural competency, medical forms, outreach materials, protocols for accessing hormones, and the referral process. This project is being proposed by cisgender women but is designed to be driven by TGNC individuals as partners and advocates navigating the healthcare system. In comparison to the model of C3 in Los Angeles, this project is innovative in that it calls for a sustained dialogue between the TGNC cohort and the health care providers and reaches a cross-section of practitioners from clinics that provide primary care.

METHODS: Over the course of the grant year, each step of the project is divided into three month portions. The first quarter will be dedicated to recruiting and forming a cohort of TGNC individuals, drawn mostly from the LGBT Center's extensive contact lists and centrality within the TGNC population. The investigators plan on recruiting 20 individuals to ensure the study meets the minimum retention of 12 subjects throughout the study needed for qualitative saturation, and individuals between 14-18 years of age will be able to participate with guardian permission. Interested individuals will fill out applications to identify their interests and ability to commit to the project and will allow us to create a cohort that reflects the diversity of the TGNC community in Cuyahoga County, including gender identity, types of gender-affirmative care required (including whether or not someone is considering, in the process of, or completed physical transition), racial and ethnic identity, age (over 14), and socio-economic class. Upon accepting the invitation to participate, each member of the cohort will complete a pretest that will elicit data on their experiences in the healthcare system, their knowledge of basic and transgender-specific medical terminology, their familiarity with healthcare providers in Cuyahoga County, and the likelihood of seeking care under a number of conditions (acute, chronic, moderate, severe). The investigators expect this to take one month. The following two months will consist of meeting as a cohort twice a month. The first two meetings will be dedicated to understanding the group's collective experiences with health care, what they would like to see change, and what strategies can be used to accomplish those ends. The investigators recognize that TGNC people come from a variety of backgrounds and each will bring their own strengths, networks, and perspectives to the table which will allow us to make full use of the indigenous expertise of the group. In consultation with the Nursing School of CWRU, the investigators will develop a health literacy training that meets the expressed needs of the cohort and Jesse Honsky will present it during the 3rd meeting. The goal here is not to provide all possible health education but rather to arm the cohort with the skills and language to empower them to act as advocates on their own behalf when navigating the healthcare system. The final meeting (the 4th) in this first quarter will be with a trained facilitator (Shemariah Arki) who will, under the direction of the TGNC cohort, plan a series of three interactive dialogues between the TGNC cohort and the healthcare providers. By meeting with the TGNC cohort first, without the healthcare providers, the TGNC cohort will have the opportunity to ensure the dialogues are designed to meet their objectives. Individual healthcare practitioners and medical staff will be recruited during the first quarter from the aforementioned clinics. The investigators will recruit at least twelve providers and twelve staff members. In the second quarter, the investigators will conduct a pretest that will collect data on attitudes towards TGNC individuals, TGNC-specific healthcare concerns, depth and breadth of referral networks for TGNC providers. Once the healthcare provider group is solidified, the LGBT Center will host three evening meetings (once per month) with the trained facilitator wherein TGNC individuals lead a conversation about what they see as barriers to their care, how they would like to be treated, and what they want healthcare providers to know about them as people. The first two meetings will be with healthcare practitioners and the final meeting will be medical staff so that the meetings can be more specific and without the interference of power dynamics within the provider groups. During this second quarter, the TGNC cohort will continue to meet on its own once a month to debrief from meetings, respond to what they have learned so far, and possibly refine the strategies for future meetings with healthcare providers as the series goes forward. At the end of the three months of dialogue, each participant, from both the TGNC cohort and healthcare provider, will be given a post-test to measure changes in attitude, practice, and knowledge. Participants will also have the opportunity to engage in a reflective interview.

The third quarter will diverge onto two different paths: the LGBT Center project coordinator will continue to engage with the cohort as they shift into the role of peer educators and advocates with other members of the TGNC community that interact at the LGBT Center. Luminais will conduct follow-up interviews with any TGNC cohort member that notifies the researchers that they have sought medical care and with any healthcare provider that notifies the researchers that they have had a clinical interaction with a TGNC individual. The investigators will not be seeking any protected medical information or the identity of patients, in the case of healthcare providers, but rather a discussion of the ease or difficulty in communication, levels of comfort, and comparison with other interactions in general.

Throughout the process, both Luminais and the LGBT Center coordinator will be engaged in participant observation and keep detailed field notes on all the meetings. All interviews will be transcribed; interviews and field notes will be coded with a priori codes derived from the literature on reducing health disparities and TGNC-specific health care by a research assistant. Pre- and post-tests will be analyzed to determine the success of facilitated dialogue in improving confidence and knowledge by both the TGNC cohort and the healthcare providers, and depending on sample size, the investigators will determine if there are any statistically significant changes. This analysis and write up will encompass the last quarter of the project.

Eligibility Criteria:
TGNC Inclusion Criteria:

* self-identify as transgender or gender nonconforming
* fluent English speaker
* above the age of 14 years old

TGNC Exclusion Criteria:

* non-fluent English speaker
* below the age of 14 years old
* does not identify as transgender or gender nonconforming

Healthcare Participants Inclusion Criteria:

* Currently employed as a medical provider or medical staff
* At least 18 years old
* fluent English speaker

Healthcare Participants Exclusion Criteria:

* Not currently employed as a medical provider or medical staff
* non-fluent English speaker
* below the age of 18 years old