Prospective Evaluation of Iron Status in Cancer Patients Beginning Chemotherapy

In cancerology, anemia is a frequently-found situation, with a prevalence ranging from 30% to 90%, according to the series, disease stages, primary tumor locations and age (Scotte, Launay-Vacher et al. 2012). Although very probably a major cause of anemia, iron deficiency (ID) has been seldom investigated in the field of cancer. Its prevalence and incidence have never been assessed in a prospective study. It is well-known that anemia in the cancer setting is a source of asthenia and deterioration of quality of life, and can even reduce the efficacy of anticancer treatments such as radiotherapy. Correcting anemia therefore constitutes a daily challenge. Before 2004-2005, a very large proportion of patients were treated with erythropoietin (EPO). However, prescriptions for EPO appear to have considerably declined since the warnings issued by various scientific societies and governments on account of the possible increase in death rates and a higher incidence of thromboembolic events, as reported in 8 studies published to date (NCCN 2012). Simultaneously, the transfusion rate augmented from 3.4% to 8.7% and the median hemoglobin level fell from 10.8 to 8.9 g/dL (Feinberg, Bruno et al. 2012). The use of injectable iron appears to have improved the correction of anemia by EPO, as reported in several concordant studies versus oral iron and placebo (Pedrazzoli, Rosti et al. 2009; Steensma, Sloan et al. 2011). However, no monotherapy study has been conducted to evaluate the impact of injectable iron, alone without EPO, for the correction of ID (with or without anemia) in cancer treatment. Consequently, there exists a wide variety of practices, with an injectable iron prescription rate which, a priori, does not match the number of patients with iron deficiency. There exist other iron-based parameters to characterize ID but these are not yet used routinely during chemotherapy and need to be validated in the cancer field.

These parameters include:

* An assay of reticulocyte hemoglobin content (rHC)
* An assay of soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) Soluble transferrin receptors are mainly located on red blood line cells receiving iron delivered by transferrin.

In this study, we propose to make a prospective assessment of the iron status of cancer patients beginning chemotherapy. The aim is to determine the proportion of patients who might benefit from injectable iron treatment. All ID will be covered prospectively over a 2-year period.

Predictable risks The study will involve no increased risk or additional discomfort. Blood samples used in the study will be taken at blood samplings scheduled by the hospital practice of the reference institution. Only small amounts of blood will be taken for this study and they will have no repercussion on the patient's general status.

Evaluation of the expected results Improved knowledge of ID epidemiology in patients receiving chemotherapy would enable more effective targeting of potential patients specifically requiring management by injectable iron.

Expected benefits

Through the medium of this study :

* We hope to optimize ID screening, increase our knowledge of ID characteristics and enhance patient management.
* Management of anemia in the cancer setting could thus be modified, i.e. via injectable iron treatment involving no EPO, the dangers of which (increase in the number of thromboembolic events, and even its potentially negative impact on survival) are being more and more fully documented.
* Patients included in this study will benefit from the detection of ID, which otherwise would not have been discovered.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

1. Patients aged over 18 years of age.
2. Patients with a locally advanced or metastatic solid cancer (breast, colorectal, prostate, ENT, and lung) scheduled to receive first-line chemotherapy for metastatic disease or Patients with a lymphoma-type hematologic cancer scheduled for first-line chemotherapy
3. Patients who have read the information leaflet and have signed the informed consent.
4. Patients covered by national medical insurance.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Patients currently undergoing chemotherapy
2. Patients with diagnosed ID
3. Patients having received oral iron or injectable iron treatment during the previous 3 months
4. Patients receiving EPO or transfused during the 3 months prior to inclusion.
5. Patients unable to give their consent.
6. Patients over 18 but under guardianship or public guardianship.
7. Vulnerable individuals as defined by article L1121-5 to -8