123I-mIBG SPECT Imaging

This study is being done with a radioisotope, 123I-mIBG (Adreview), to develop a nuclear diagnostic imaging test for patients with decreased heart function which can be used to predict the progression of the heart disease and provide the appropriate clinical treatment. The types of patients to be studied include patients who have had a heart attack where heart muscle may be damaged and patients diagnosed with heart failure who have enlarged hearts. Both conditions may cause poor muscle contraction and disturbances in electrical signal conduction. There will also be a control group of participants with no evidence of heart disease.

123I-mIBG has been shown to be effective in assessing the areas of the heart being activated involuntarily by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). 123I-mIBG is an iodine based radioisotope that is chemically similar to norepinephrine (NE) in the heart. NE is responsible for the way the SNS regulates heart functions such as heart rate and the force of heart contractions. NE acts automatically to maintain a homeostasis or balance within the SNS. The amount of 123I-mIBG, mimicking NE, that appears on the nuclear image using the heart-to-mediastinum ratio (H/M ratio), was predictive of the progression of heart failure, arrhythmias (irregular heartbeats) and cardiac death.

Two different types of single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging will be used: standard SPECT and cadmium-zinc-telluride (CZT) SPECT. The investigators hypothesize that CZT SPECT will have greater H/M ratios than standard SPECT imaging.

123I-mIBG (MIBG) cardiac scintigraphy can be used to assess cardiac sympathetic activity and predicts prognosis in patients with heart failure. The results of prognostic studies were validated in the AdreView Myocardial Imaging for Risk Evaluation in Heart Failure (ADMIRE-HF) trial, which was a large multi-centre prospective international study of 961 patients with NYHA Class II - III Heart Failure and LV ejection fraction \> 35%2. This landmark study used planar imaging for calculation of the heart-to-mediastinal ratio (H/M) as a quantitative analysis of global uptake. The H/M on 4 hour delayed planar imaging was predictive of heart failure progression, arrhythmic events and cardiac death and provided incremental value to B-type natriuretic peptide and left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction.

In a study using quantitative MIBG SPECT, a new method for the calculation of the H/M ratio was developed, compared several reconstruction methods and demonstrated that the H/M ratio from SPECT was equivalent to the planar H/M ratio for differentiating normal participants from heart failure patients.

The ability of SPECT imaging to provide more accurate quantitative measurement of myocardial activity may also provide more accurate measurements of MIBG washout, which has been shown to be predictive of sudden cardiac death using planar imaging. SPECT imaging also can provide information about the regional distribution of MIBG, which has been demonstrated to be predictive of sudden cardiac death. Similarly, mismatch of regional MIBG uptake and perfusion reflecting deinnervation of viable tissue may identify myocardium with potential for development of ventricular arrhythmias. Thus, SPECT MIBG imaging may provide much useful prognostic information in addition to the H/M ratio.

Participants will have a single dose of the isotope and the H/M ratio will be measured using 3 types of imaging techniques with cameras and software currently used at the University of Ottawa Heart Institute:

1. Planar (2D) imaging, as used in the ADMIRE-HF trial
2. Hawkeye Infinia 3D SPECT imaging, which is conventional SPECT
3. Discovery NM-530 CZT 3D SPECT imaging, a newer SPECT technology

Images will be taken at predetermined time points over a 5 hour period on the study /injection day. Participants will be monitored for any clinical changes with routine lab work and physical observations during the study.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

For all participants:

1. Male or female ≥ 18 years at study entry.
2. Able and willing to comply with the study procedures.
3. Written informed consent.
4. Female subjects must be post-menopausal, surgically sterilized or have negative serum beta human chorionic gonadotropin pregnancy test at initial screening and maintain effective contraceptive methods throughout the trial and for 30 days following the end of dosing.

   For participants with coronary artery disease and documented myocardial infarction:
5. Diagnosis of coronary artery disease (CAD) based on one or more of the following: documented myocardial infarction, significant obstructive CAD on invasive or computed tomography (CT) coronary angiography or abnormal stress perfusion study consistent with ischemia or scar
6. LV ejection fraction \>40% on non-invasive imaging or invasive LV angiography.
7. NYHA Class 0, I or II heart failure symptoms.

For participants with nonischemic cardiomyopathy and LV ejection fraction between 30 and 40%:

5. Diagnosis of NYHA Class II - III heart failure. 6. No evidence of significant obstructive CAD on invasive coronary angiography or noninvasive stress imaging 7. Resting LV ejection fraction \<40% on noninvasive imaging within 30 days of research cardiac MIBG imaging 8. Current stable treatment regimen of medications including a betablocker and either an ACE inhibitor or ARB unless documented to be intolerant to these classes of drugs.

9. Clinically stable from at least 7 days prior to enrollment to the study to the time of the cardiac MIBG imaging.

For control participants:

5. Low likelihood of CAD and a normal stress myocardial perfusion study or stress echocardiogram within 6 months of study entry.

6. No significant CAD: defined as stenosis \>30% narrowing on invasive or CT coronary angiography within 6 months of study entry.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Previously received 123I-mIBG or 131I-mIBG.
2. Participation in any other investigational product or medical device study within 30 days of enrollment.
3. History or suspicion of significant allergic reaction or anaphylaxis to iodine or iodinated imaging agents.
4. Poorly controlled hypertension (\>180 mmHg systolic or \>110 mmHg diastolic) based on measurements made during the preceding 6 months.
5. Use of medications for non-cardiac medical conditions that are known to interfere with 123I-mIBG uptake and these medications cannot be safely withheld for at least 24 hours before study procedures.
6. Cardiac revascularization, insertion of an ICD or an acute myocardial infarction within the past 30 days.
7. Serious non-cardiac medical condition associated with significant elevation of plasma catecholamines including pheochromocytoma.
8. Claustrophobia or movement disorders that prevent the participant from lying still in a supine position for up to an hour at a time.
9. Renal insufficiency (serum creatinine \>3.0 mg/dL or \>265 mmol/L).
10. Diagnosis of or signs or symptoms of a neurologic disease such as Parkinson's disease, multiple systems atrophy or Parkinsonian syndromes, or other diseases known to affect the sympathetic nervous system.
11. Breastfeeding or pregnancy.