Pilot Study of Tolcapone in Smokers

The goals of this within-subject pilot study are: (1) assess the feasibility and safety of administering the Catechol-O-Methyl-Transferase (COMT) inhibitor, tolcapone, to smokers, and (2) explore whether tolcapone may reduce abstinence-induced cognitive and affective symptoms that promote relapse. A secondary exploratory goal is to assess whether these effects may be more pronounced in smokers who carry a high risk COMT genotype for smoking relapse: COMT val/val.

Despite decades of research to develop pharmacotherapies for nicotine dependence (ND), with current FDA approved medications (bupropion, varenicline and NRTs) the majority (\>60%) of smokers relapse in the first year following treatment (Lerman, Patterson et al. 2005; Tonstad, Tonnesen et al. 2006). Testing novel medications that may reduce abstinence symptoms that prompt smoking relapse is a plausible route to identifying new treatments for nicotine dependence. The goals of this within-subject pilot study are: (1) assess the feasibility and safety of administering the Catechol-O-Methyl-Transferase (COMT) inhibitor, tolcapone, to smokers, and (2) explore whether tolcapone may reduce abstinence-induced cognitive and affective symptoms that promote relapse. A secondary exploratory goal is to assess whether these effects may be more pronounced in smokers who carry a high risk COMT genotype for smoking relapse: COMT val/val. Sixteen smokers (8 met/met genotype and 8 val/val genotype) who meet study eligibility criteria will complete two 10-day medication periods: one while taking tolcapone and one while taking placebo (order counterbalanced). The testing session will occur on day 7 of each medication phase and include three computerized tasks. Participants will be asked to refrain from smoking for at least 14 hours (overnight) prior to the testing day in each medication phase. There will be a 3-day medication taper on days 8-10 of each medication period, followed by a washout period of at least 7 days between medication periods. The main outcomes to be evaluated are participant enrollment and retention, side effects, and performance on computerized tasks. Positive results from this pilot study would provide a basis for a larger scale investigation to assess the efficacy of tolcapone as a medication that ameliorates abstinence induced neurocognitive symptoms in smokers.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

1. Healthy as determined by a responsible physician, based on a medical evaluation including history, physical and psychiatric examination, laboratory tests, liver function monitoring.
2. Smokers who are between 18 and 55 years of age and have an IQ greater than 90.
3. Capable of giving written informed consent, which includes compliance with the requirements and restrictions, listed in the consent form.
4. Based upon self-report, subjects must smoke \>10 cigarettes/day and be interested in quitting smoking in the next 6 months (i.e., treatment-seekers).
5. Women of childbearing potential must consent to using a medically accepted method of birth control (e.g., condoms and spermicide, oral contraceptive, Depo-provera injection, contraceptive patch, tubal ligation).

Exclusion Criteria:

Smoking Behavior

1. Use of chewing tobacco or snuff
2. Current enrollment or plans to enroll in another smoking cessation program in the next month
3. Plan to use other nicotine substitutes or smoking cessation treatments in the next month
4. Provide a baseline carbon monoxide (CO) reading \< 10ppm

Alcohol/Drug Exclusion Criteria

1. History of substance abuse and/or currently receiving treatment for substance abuse (e.g., alcohol, opioids, cocaine, marijuana, MDMA/ecstasy, or stimulants)
2. Current alcohol consumption that exceeds \>14 standard drinks/week for men and \>7 standard drinks/week for women over the last 6 months

Medication Exclusion Criteria

1. Current use or recent discontinuation (within last 4-weeks) of any medication including the following:

   * Any form of psychotropic medications including:

     * antipsychotics,
     * atypical antipsychotics,
     * mood-stabilizers,
     * anti-depressants (tricyclics, SSRI's, MAOI's, nonselective MAOIs, Wellbutrin/Zyban),
     * anti-panic agents,
     * anti-obsessive agents,
     * anti-anxiety agents, and
     * stimulants (e.g., Provigil, Ritalin)
     * Varenicline
   * Medication for chronic pain
   * Anti-coagulants (e.g., Warfarin)
   * Any heart medications
   * Daily medication for asthma
   * Apomorphine, dobutamine, isoproterenol, levodopa, methyldopa, or sympathomimetic (e.g., albuterol, pseudoephedrine)
2. Current use of any smoking cessation medication.

Medical Exclusion Criteria

1. Women who are pregnant, planning a pregnancy, or lactating.
2. History or current diagnosis of psychosis, major depression or bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, or any Axis 1 disorder as identified by the MINI.
3. Serious or unstable disease within the past 6 months (e.g., cancer \[except squamous cell carcinoma\], heart disease, HIV, liver disease, Parkinson's disease).
4. History of epilepsy or a seizure disorder.
5. History or current diagnosis (last 6-months) of abnormal rhythms and/or tachycardia (\>100 beats/minute); history or current diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cardiovascular disease (stroke, angina, coronary heart disease), heart attack in the last 6 months, uncontrolled hypertension (SBP\>150 or DBP\>90)
6. History of Kidney and/or liver failure (including transplant) or problems (e.g., cirrhosis); current liver disease or impairment.
7. History or current diagnosis of hepatitis.
8. Liver function tests more than 20% outside of the normal range.
9. Allergies to the study medication, tolcapone (Tasmar).
10. History of severe, uncontrolled muscle movements (e.g., uncontrolled jerking, twitching) or a certain severe muscle problem (rhabdomyolysis).
11. Experience of dizziness or lightheadedness upon standing on a regular basis (i.e., daily).

Genetic Profile

1. Individuals with the heterozygous genotype (val/met) on the catechol-methyl transferase (COMT) gene. (Note: this is a small pilot study comparing effects of Tolcapone on cognitive performance between val/val (n=8) individuals.) Future research done at our center will plan to include those carrying the val/met genotype.
2. Individuals with the homozygous genotype, met/met, on the COMT gene. As of December 2008, the study has accrued 8 met/met participants. To balance the genotype groups, the study will recruit an equal number of participants with the val/val genotype on the COMT gene and not include any further participants with the homozygous, met/met genotype. Future research done at our center will plan to include those carrying the met/met genotype.
3. Non-European ancestry as determined by self report at initial telephone screening; we expect there to be ethnic differences in allele frequencies for COMT; therefore, as of December 2008, to reduce ethnic admixture that could bias the genetic analysis of this small sample, the study will be restricted to individuals of European ancestry. All participants of non-European ancestry will be referred to other studies at our center.

General Exclusion

1. Any medical condition or concomitant medication that could compromise participant safety or treatment, as determined by the Principal Investigator and/or Study Physician.
2. Inability to provide informed consent or complete any of the study tasks as determined by the Principal Investigator and/or Study Physician.