Improving Cognition Through Telehealth Aerobic Exercise and Cognitive Training After a First Schizophrenia Episode

The participants in the study will receive psychiatric treatment at the UCLA Aftercare Research Program. All participants in this 12-month RCT will receive cognitive training. Half of the patients will also be randomly assigned to the aerobic exercise and strength training condition, and the other half will be randomly assigned to the Healthy Living Group condition. The primary outcome measures are improvement in cognition and level of engagement in the in-group and at-home exercise sessions. Increases in the level of the patient's serum brain-derived neurotropic factor (specifically Mature BDNF) which causes greater brain neuroplasticity and is indicator of engagement in aerobic exercise, will be measured early in the treatment phase in order to confirm engagement of this target. In order to demonstrate the feasibility and portability of this intervention outside of academic research programs, the interventions will be provided via videoconferencing. The proposed study will incorporate additional methods to maximize participation in the exercise condition, including the use of the Moderated Online Social Therapy (MOST) platform to enhance motivation for treatment based on Self-Determination Theory principles, and a "bridging" group to help the participants generalize gains to everyday functioning. In addition, the exercise group participants will receive personally tailored text reminders to exercise.

This R01 confirmatory efficacy clinical trial application involves telehealth delivery of a treatment approach to improving core cognitive deficits in schizophrenia, using an experimental therapeutic design that NIMH has advocated. This telehealth intervention approach combines neurotrophin-releasing aerobic exercise training with neuroplasticity-based cognitive training to enhance the impact of cognitive training on cognition. Telehealth cognitive training and telehealth physical exercise training address the NIMH strategic research priorities for creating innovative interventions that can be "disseminated broadly" and "readily taught to the existing workforce with minimal cost." Cognitive training and physical exercise have each been shown separately to improve cognitive deficits in schizophrenia to some degree, and previous research has shown that, when combined, show promise of improving cognition and work/school functioning more than either treatment alone. Preliminary studies, comparing the combined treatment with cognitive training without aerobic exercise, found evidence of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) target engagement, differential improvement in cognition, and prediction of later cognitive outcome from initial BDNF gain. The portability of the proposed intervention outside of academic research programs will be demonstrated by providing the interventions via videoconferencing. The proposed study will incorporate additional methods, such as Fitbit wrist-worn fitness trackers, web-based motivational support, and personalized text messages to encourage motivation and to maximize participation in the exercise condition. Mature BDNF will serve as the primary target and cognition will serve as the primary outcome. It is hypothesized that the increases in Mature BDNF associated with regular aerobic exercise provide a platform which allows neuroplasticity-based cognitive training to enhance cognition more quickly than is typically observed in studies of cognitive training alone. It is hypothesized that combining aerobic exercise with cognitive training will produce larger cognitive improvements, relative to cognitive training without exercise, with all interventions conducted remotely via videoconferencing. Further, it is hypothesized that a greater proportion of exercise sessions completed will be associated with greater cognitive improvement. The research will also test whether intrinsic motivation at baseline and increases in intrinsic motivation over time predict the extent of participation in the telehealth physical exercise program. Cognitive deficits in persons with schizophrenia are a major influence on their everyday functioning in the community. The study targets the period shortly after a first episode of schizophrenia to maximize the generalization of cognitive improvement to real-world functional outcome, before chronic disability is established. This telehealth cognitive training plus aerobic exercise clinical trial has the potential to test a hypothesized mechanism of action and to make a meaningful difference in the lives of individuals with severe mental illness.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

1. a first episode of a psychotic illness that began within the past three years;
2. a diagnosis by DSM-5 of schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, or schizophreniform disorder;
3. age 18 to 45 years of age;
4. sufficient acculturation and fluency in the English language to avoid invalidating research measures; and
5. residence likely to be within commuting distance of the UCLA Aftercare Research Program.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. premorbid IQ less than 70;
2. evidence of a known neurological disorder (e.g., epilepsy) or significant head injury;
3. evidence of moderate or severe substance use disorder within the six months prior to the first episode or evidence of a substance-induced psychosis.