Developmental Trajectory of Brain Structural Connectivity and Cognitive Function From Childhood to Adulthood

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a premier modality to investigate structures and functions of human brain. In studies of children and adolescents, noninvasiveness of MRI makes it especially applicable. Developmental trajectory of gray matter volume and cortical thickness has been well studied in western countries. However, significant variability of brain structure has been reported between Chinese and Caucasian, and the variation may also exist in developmental trajectory of the brain. However, the maturation processes of neural fiber tracts in white matter are less understood. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), which has been frequently used to investigate the integrity of fibertracts in the literature, is limited in dealing with crossing fibers. Diffusion spectrum imaging (DSI) is a newly developed technique to improve the resolution of crossing fibers, and it is more suitable for detailed tractography assessment. In addition to establishing the template of brain structure (T1 and T2) and structural connectivity of our child, adolescent, and young adult population, the study has the following three aims.

1. To describe gender effect and developmental change of brain volume of different cortical and subcortical regions, thickness of cortex brain, and structural connectivity (e.g., frono-striatal, fronto-pareital, fronto-temporal and fronto-cerebeller tracts and superior longitudinal fasciculus II) across childhood through adolescent to adulthood;
2. To examine the gender effects and developmental change of attention, executive function and visual memory from childhood to adulthood and whether gender moderates these developmental changes; and
3. To correlate the structural connectivity and brain size and neuropsychological function within the same subjects.

The investigators plan to recruit 140 healthy volunteers (70 males and 70 females), ages 8-21 without current and past history of any psychiatric disorder and autistic symptoms. All the participants will receive psychiatric interviews (K-SADS-E/SADS) and complete the Chinese AQ or SRS to screen for any psychiatric disorder or autistic symptoms. They will receive the WAIS-III or WISC-III (depending on their age) first to ensure their full-scale IQ greater than 80, followed by the CPT and CANTAB for a wide range assessments of attention, executive functions, and memory. The MRI assessments (T1 and T2 imaging, DSI, and resting-state fMRI) will be subsequently arranged within 2 weeks after psychiatric/neuropsychological assessments.

The investigators anticipate that this study (1) will establish the first template of brain anatomy and structural connectivity of children and adolescents in our population, (2) will be the first report on the developmental trajectory of brain of Chinese in both brain gross anatomy and tractography; (3) will provide evidence about how these development in brain structures associated with maturation in cognitive functions.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Ages 8-21 without current and past history of any psychiatric disorder and autistic symptoms.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Current symptoms or lifetime history of DSM-IV-TR diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, pervasive developmental disorder, schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, delusional disorder, other psychotic disorder, organic psychosis, bipolar disorder, depression, severe anxiety disorders or substance use.
* With neurodegenerative disorder, epilepsy, involuntary movement disorder, congenital metabolic disorder, brain tumor, history of severe head trauma, and history of craniotomy.
* With major systemic disease.
* Full-scale IQ \< 80.