Cryoneurolysis for Acute Postoperative Pain Following Total Knee Arthroplasty

Cryoneurolysis is a regional anaesthetic technique that works by freezing peripheral sensory nerves. This technique can potentially provide analgesia after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). However, the technique is expensive and comprehensive. Pain 24 hours after surgery is associated with high amounts of late acute pain. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to compare the effect of postoperative cryoanalgesia with a sham treatment on acute postoperative pain in TKA patients with moderate to severe pain on the first postoperative day. The cryoanalgesia treatment will be performed 24 hours after surgery. Afterward, the patients will be followed for 24 weeks to determine the level of pain among other outcomes.

Background Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a frequently performed procedure and is expected to increase in numbers due to the aging population and growing obesity rates. Fast-track regimes with multimodal opioid-sparing analgesia have improved postoperative outcomes. However, a subset of patients still experiences unsatisfactory levels of postoperative pain in the weeks following surgery, potentially delaying mobilization and recovery as well as increasing the need for opioid analgesics. Current recommendations for pain management following TKA according to the Procedure Specific Postoperative Pain Management (PROSPECT) Working Group include paracetamol, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), glucocorticoids, local infiltration analgesia, and single shot adductor canal block (ACB). However, the role of ACBs for pain after TKA has been under extensive debate in recent years. While an ACB may provide some pain relief, the duration of pain control is usually less than 24 h and the effect on length of stay (LOS) and opioid consumption is questionable.

In the past decades, cryoneurolysis has been used to treat acute pain following herniorrhaphy, tonsillectomy, and thoracotomy via the surgical incision. The emergence of percutaneous cryoprobes and the use of ultra-sound guided techniques has allowed for an increase in potential applications. Recently, the use of cryoneurolysis has gained attention as a potential regional anesthetic technique for the treatment of knee pain. Cryoneurolysis works by freezing peripheral nerves with temperatures in the range of -20⁰C to -100⁰C, causing a Wallerian degeneration of nerve axons distal to the treatment site. This process involves loss of the relative continuity of the axon and its covering of myelin but with a preservation of the surrounding endo-, peri-, and epineurium, thus allowing normal axonal regeneration and remyelination. Axons regenerate at a rate of 1-2 mm/day. Thus, resulting in a nerve block that typically will resolve with full recovery within weeks to months depending on the site of treatment.

The effect of cryoneurolysis on knee pain has been documented in a few studies. A randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled trial found that cryoneurolysis reduced symptoms of knee osteoarthritis for up to 150 days. A retrospective chart-review of 100 patients undergoing TKA found that cryoneurolysis significantly lowered LOS, reduced opioid consumption until 12 weeks after surgery, and reduced pain at the 2- and 6-weeks follow-up. Another retrospective analysis in 267 patients undergoing TKA found a comparable reduction in opioid requirements, pain, and LOS in patients treated with cryoneurolysis compared with historic controls. A recent RCT comparing cryoneurolysis to standard of care in 124 patients undergoing TKA found that cryoneurolysis reduced opioid consumption at 72 h, 6 weeks and 12-week follow-ups.

Although these findings are promising, cryoneurolysis is expensive and comprehensive, and might not be relevant in all patients receiving multimodal analgesia with COX-2 inhibitors, paracetamol, local infiltration analgesia, and high-dose steroid in a fully implemented enhanced recovery program. Several risk factors have been associated with a high pain response including age, gender, preoperative pain, psychological profile, and quantitative sensory testing (QST). However, when including postoperative pain in the prediction of acute pain, movement-evoked pain 24 h postoperatively is the best predictor for pain the week following surgery.

Using postoperative pain 24 h after surgery as a predictor of a sustained high pain response, we hypothesized that postoperative cryoanalgesia compared to a local anesthesia (LA) block with sham cryo treatment would reduce pain in patients with moderate to severe pain following TKA 2-7 days after surgery.

Aim To compare the effect of postoperative cryoanalgesia with a sham treatment consisting of LA block only on postoperative pain in the first week after surgery in TKA patients with moderate to severe pain on the first postoperative day.

Study plan In the outpatient clinic, the screening procedure will be performed among patients planned for TKA by the surgeons. Patients will be asked by orthopedic staff whether they may be contacted regarding the research project. The research staff will then contact potential patients either in person or via telephone. The written study information will be explained - either at the outpatient clinic or via telephone by the investigator.

All patients receive both spoken and written information. Information is given in a separate closed room without interruptions. All patients are given the chance of an additional meeting with the chance of bringing a relative. All patients must give a signed informed consent on paper prior to inclusion to participate in the study. The patient will sign the consent form on day 1 after surgery.

Perioperative treatment The pre-, intra-, and postoperative treatment-course follows the local operating procedures and common clinical guidelines implemented at the Dept. of Orthopedic Surgery, Hvidovre Hospital.

Preoperative standard treatment Preoperatively, the patient is examined by a specialized arthroplasty surgeon, and a basic preoperative health examination is done, along with a specialized anesthesiologic assessment planning the anesthesia for the TKA operation.

On the morning of surgery the patient will be given:

Celebra 400 mg Paracetamol 1 g

Anesthesia All included patients will receive general anesthesia or a neuraxial blockade in the form of a spinal anesthesia administered at level L2-L4, by injecting 2-3 ml of hyperbaric bupivacaine 0.5%. If spinal anesthesia is performed, perioperative sedation with propofol or other sedatives is optional and done in agreement with the patient. According to local guidelines, dexamethasone 0.3 mg/kg or 1 mg/kg IV rounded up to nearest 10 mg will be administered prior to surgery to patients with a pain catastrophizing scale score ≤ 20 or \> 20, respectively. A supplement of local infiltration analgesia is administered directly into the surrounding tissue of the knee at the end of surgery, according to local operating procedure.

Tranexamic acid is administered as 1 g preoperatively, 1 g 3 h postoperatively, and 1 g in the surgical ward according to local operating procedure to prevent bleeding.

Surgical procedure A medial parapatellar approach will be used. No tourniquet is used. Following insertion of the prosthesis, local infiltration analgesia (LIA) with 200 mL 0.2% Ropivacaine will be injected in the posterior capsule, periarticular tissues and subcutaneous tissue. Joint capsule, subcutis and skin are closed with standard 3-layer closure and a compression bandage is applied. No drains are used. All patient will be operated with cemented components and patella resurfacing.

Standard postoperative treatment

The postoperative multimodal analgesic regimen consists of:

Celebra 200 mg x 2, for 7 days. Paracetamol 1 g x 4, for 7 days. Morphine 10-20 mg or opioid equivalents administered only as rescue opioids.

Intervention The intervention will take place after the inclusion at 20-32 h after TKA surgery. The procedure will be performed at the Dept. of Anesthesiology.

Cryoneurolysis mechanism of action Cryoneurolysis will be performed on the superficial genicular nerves (Cryo-S, Metrum Cryoflex, Blizne Laszczynskiego, Poland). The cryoprobe works by passing carbon dioxide at a relatively high pressure down the shaft, through a small orifice and into a closed tip at a much lower pressure. According to the Joule-Thomson effect, this drop in pressure causes a dramatic decrease in temperature which leads to a rapid expansion and absorption of heat. Afterwards the gas moves back up through a larger diameter tube. Importantly, this closed loop allows no gas to escape into the surrounding tissue. The intense cold created (approximately -70⁰C) causes a Wallerian degeneration, thereby reversibly destroying the nerve axon with retention of the endo-, peri-, and epineurium. Since the architecture of the nerve remains intact, the nerve axon can grow out along its normal path which occurs with approximately 1-2 mm/day. The drop in temperature cannot be lower than the boiling point for the gas used, which for carbon dioxide is -79⁰C. Irreversible degeneration of nerve tissue occurs at about -100⁰C which allows for a wide safety margin.

Procedure technique

Cryo-group:

The patient is placed in a supine position with a sheet between the upper and lower part of the body, thus blinding the patient from the intervention allocation. The procedure is performed using a linear array ultrasound probe. Local anesthesia is injected in the skin. The superficial genicular nerves, more specifically the ISN and the AFCN, are visualized. A nerve stimulator (Stimuplex HNS 12, B Braun, Melsungen, Germany) is used to verify the visualized nerves., 2-3 ml of ropivacaine 5 mg/ml is injected around the nerves. After 5-15 minutes the effect is evaluated by assessing pain in the surgical area and asking the patient whether there is a pain relief. Following this evaluation, cryoneurolysis (Cryo-S, Metrum Cryoflex, Blizne Laszczynskiego, Poland) is performed unilaterally along a treatment line, the location of which was guided by visualization and palpation of anatomic landmarks. The ISN treatment line is located along the line that connects a point located 5 cm medial to the lower pole of the patella and a point located 5 cm medial to the tibial tubercle. The AFCN treatment line is located at one-third the length of the distance from the center of the patella to the top of the femur, with a width equal to the width of the patella.

Sham-group:

The exact same procedure as in the cryo-group is performed, except that the nerves are not frozen with the cryoneurolysis apparatus. Sound effects from the machine are replicated to give the patient the same experience as in the active intervention group.

Study specific assessments Pain is rated by the patient before the intervention, after the initial LA injection, at home on days 2-7 and at the 2-, 4-, 12-, and 24 weeks follow-up via telephone.

A Visual Analog Scale (VAS 0-100) is used. On days 1-7 patients mark their pain in the electronic CRF twice a day (Appendix 5). If the patient is not able to complete the ratings electronically, a physical pain diary will be provided. Pain is rated by the patient at rest, during a 5-meter walk test, and during sleep. At the hospital and at the follow-ups patients are asked to rate their pain at rest and during a 5-meter walk test.

Use of rescue-analgesics (opioids) or other specific pain-relieving actions that differ from standard treatment is noted in the CRF.

The presence of dysesthesia or other side effects will be evaluated at each follow-up.

Other clinical data collected

* Demographical data (gender, age, height, weight, co-morbidity, American Society of Anesthesiologist (ASA) score)
* Preoperative opioids/strong analgesics
* Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS)
* Surgical data (date of surgery, indication, surgical time, procedure information, intraoperative bleeding, transfusion data, perioperative analgesics)
* Type and dosage of analgesics.
* Deviations from standard treatment
* Quality of sleep, lethargy, dizziness, and nausea, pre- and postoperative registration, on a NRS (0-10)
* Adverse events throughout the hospitalization and at each follow-up
* Neuropathic Pain Scale for Postsurgical Patients (NeuPPS)

Data protection The study will be conducted according to the General Data Protection Regulation and The Data Protection Act. All information will be treated confidentially, and all data will be pseudonymized with a code.

All research personnel are subject to professional secrecy. The investigators will keep an ID-list on all patients included in the study, containing full name, social security number and participant-ID.

A screening log is kept electronically in REDCap containing date of screening/surgery, age, reasons for not including in study on all patients screened for participation.

Collected data will be entered in the electronic CRF. This CRF and the EPJ will be made available for third parties in accordance with Danish Law. This means available for inspection by the Danish Medical Agency or other health authorities.

Patients will be informed that results will be stored and analyzed, and that anonymity will be respected. Data will always be stored in accordance with the regulations by DPA. Furthermore, participants will be informed of the possibility of inspection of the data from public authorities. Investigator ensures that the study follows the principles of Good Clinical Practice.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Age ≥ 18
* Primary unilateral total knee arthroplasty
* Ability to participate in the study (understand written and spoken Danish language, self-reported pain and satisfaction)
* Signed written informed consent form
* Pain (VAS 0-100 mm) ≥ 45 during a 5-meter walk test at 24 h (20-28h) postoperatively

Exclusion Criteria:

* Ongoing treatment of systemic glucocorticoids or other immunosuppressant treatment apart from inhaled steroids
* Insulin-dependent diabetes
* Pregnancy or breastfeeding
* Mental disability that could impair a patient's decision-making capability of giving informed consent and not enabling valid data collection.
* Patients with known diagnoses of schizophrenia, ongoing psychosis, bipolar disease and/or a history of ongoing anti-psychotic treatment.
* Patients with modulated pain-reception (experience) based on other diseases or injuries, e.g. spinal cord or brain injury, severe polyneuropathies or neurologic disorders.
* Posttraumatic osteoarthritis as reason for total knee arthroplasty
* Bleeding disorder
* Localized infection in the treatment area
* Cryoglobulinemia, cold urticaria, paroxysmal cold haemoglobinuria, or Raynaud's syndrome
* Perioperative peripheral nerve block