Effect of Mindfulness on Opioid Use and Anxiety During Primary Care Buprenorphine Treatment (R33 Phase)

This will be a randomized controlled trial (RCT) designed to compare live-online Mindful Recovery Opioid Care Continuum (M-ROCC) groups with a live-online control group on the primary outcome of number of biochemically confirmed opioid negative abstinent periods (defined by a negative oral fluid test \[negative for opiate, oxycodone, fentanyl, methadone\] AND no self-reported illicit opioid use) during the final six two-week periods of the study (study weeks 13-24).

The investigators will conduct a RCT comparing Mindful Recovery Opioid Care Continuum (M-ROCC), a 24-week motivationally-responsive, trauma-sensitive, Group-Based Opioid Treatment (GBOT) program to a live-online control group, on the number of biochemically confirmed opioid negative abstinent periods (defined by a negative oral fluid test \[negative for opiate, oxycodone, fentanyl, methadone\] AND no self-reported illicit opioid use) during the final six two-week periods of the study (study weeks 13-24).

Clinical secondary outcomes include level of anxiety measured by the Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System - Anxiety Short Form 8a (PROMIS-ASF), level of pain interference measured by the PROMIS Pain Interference Scale (PROMIS-PISF), and the number of positive oral fluid tests for BZD or cocaine during the final 12 weeks of the study. Other exploratory outcomes will be level of anxiety measured by the Beck anxiety inventory (BAI), 24-week intervention retention, as well as mechanisms of self-regulation assessed by self-report and behavioral measures (emotion regulation, decentering/metacognitive monitoring, interoception, experiential avoidance, self-critical rumination, and self-compassion) and their mediating effects on anxiety and opioid abstinence. Qualitative interviews will be conducted with a minimum of 12 and a maximum of 25 M-ROCC completers until thematic saturation to examine themes regarding live-online mindfulness delivery and to compare responses with our R21 qualitative outcomes from our in-person M-ROCC group model. Computerized Adaptive Testing for Mental Health (CAT-MH) will be used to assess changes in psychiatric co-morbidity. Finally, exploratory outcomes of stigma, mindfulness, perceived stress, pain catastrophizing, interpersonal conflict, and shared identity within group will be measured.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Participant lives in Massachusetts, Connecticut, Florida, Maine, New Hampshire, New York, Rhode Island, Texas, or Vermont.
* Diagnosis of opioid use disorder prescribed a stable dose of buprenorphine (at least 4 weeks)
* Less than 90 days of abstinence (from non-prescribed opioids or benzodiazepines, cocaine, or alcohol) OR OUD with a co-morbid anxiety or stress disorder (as evaluated by Computerized Adaptive Testing for Mental Health \[CAT-MH\] or PROMIS-ASF \> 55).
* Able to use an electronic device with a videocamera to attend study groups and complete questionnaires.
* Sufficient English fluency to understand procedures and questionnaires
* Ability to provide informed consent.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Active psychosis
* Bipolar I disorder history or severe level of mania on CAT-MH (\>71)
* Acute suicidality or self-injurious behavior or severe level of suicidality on CAT-SS (\>71)
* Cognitive inability as demonstrated by both the inability to complete an informed consent assessment AND complete the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Blind (MOCA BLIND) \<24 on two different days
* Current participation in another experimental research study
* Previous participation in an 8-week intensive Mindfulness-Based Intervention in past 3 years or participation in the MINDFUL-OBOT pilot study
* Expected medical hospitalization in next 6 months
* Expected incarceration in next 6 months
* Substance use severity requiring likely inpatient treatment in opinion of principal investigator (e.g., severe alcohol withdrawal symptoms, severe benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms, etc.).
* Inability to participate in group intervention without disrupting group in opinion of principal investigator or site PI.