CLEAC (Comparison of Late Versus Early Antiretroviral Therapy in HIV-infected Children)

The study aims to define and compare the immunological characteristics (lymphocyte subpopulations, specific immunity against HIV, lymphocyte activation, inflammatory parameters) and the virological characteristics (study of viral reservoir) between 2 groups of vertically-HIV-1-infected children, between 5 and 17-year-of-age, who started cART before 6 months-of-age ("early treatment" group) or after 24 months-of-age ("late treatment" group) with an initial virologic success (HIV-1 RNA \<400 copies / mL reached no later than 24 months after the start of cART), whatever the later evolution of the viremia.

Moreover, the viral reservoir will be deeply characterized in 10 children (5 patients in each group) with sustained control of the HIV-1 viremia under cART (≥ 90% of HIV-1 RNA measures \<400 copies /mL): quantification of the reservoir in the lymphocyte subpopulations and study of the inductibility of the viral reservoir.

This is a cross-sectional study, multicenter, without direct benefit, among vertically HIV-1 infected children, aged 5 to 17 years, followed in centers participating in the ANRS CO10 EPF cohort located in Ile-de-France. Eligible children are not necessarily included in the cohort. The sample will consist of two age groups of equal size (5-12 years and 13-17 years).

Patient recruitment will be conducted in the centers of the ANRS CO10 EPF cohort located in Ile de France (Paris area). 80 children will be included, previously included or not in the ANRS CO10 EPF cohort. Our investigations will involve two blood samples, taken during two successive visits of the children in the hospitals where they are usually followed. Finally, a third blood sample will be taken during a third visit only for the 10 children participating in the substudy of the viral reservoir. All medical data since birth will be prospectively collected for children included in the ANRS CO10 EPF cohort, and retrospectively collected in the other cases.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* 5 to 17 years old
* Vertically HIV-1 infected, not HIV-2 co-infected
* Diagnosed \< 13 years old
* Usually followed in a center participating in the ANRS CO10 EPF cohort located in Ile de France
* Have received cART treatment:

  * started later than 6 months-of-age ("early treatment" group) or after 24 months-of-age ("late treatment" group)
  * with an initial virologic success (HIV-1 RNA \<400 copies / mL reached no later than 24 months after the start of cART),
* Affiliated person or beneficiary of a social security system (Article L1121-11 of the Code of Public Health) (medical aid of state or AME is not a social security system)
* Participant agreement if in age to give an opinion
* Free, informed and written consent, signed by at least one parent and the investigator

Exclusion Criteria:

* \< 5 years old or ≥ 18 years old at first sample for the study
* Obviously HIV-1 infected after the perinatal period
* HIV-2 co-infected
* Diagnosed ≥ 13 years old
* Started cART treatment between 7 and 23 months
* No HIV-1 RNA \<400 copies / mL within 24 months after initiation of treatment (considered as a failure of the first line therapy)
* Not affiliated to the French social security, or beneficiary of a social security system
* Refusal to participation of parent(s) (or the holders(s) of parental authority)
* Refusal to participation if in age to give an opinion.