Novel Mental Health Therapies to Improve Military Readiness

To evaluate the efficacy of CES as a therapy to treat and mitigate symptoms of generalized anxiety in DoD beneficiaries in a prospective clinical trial and compare this to sham (placebo) CES.

Anxiety disorders are diverse. The Veterans Administration diagnostic code options for anxiety are Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), obsessive- compulsive disorder (OCD), Other Specified Anxiety Disorder, phobias and Social Anxiety Disorder, and panic disorder and/or agoraphobia. In the US Military, anxiety disorders are increasing in prevalence.

According to one DoD report, by 2012 anxiety disorders made up more medical encounters than any other mental disorder and was fourth in overall encounter categories including non-mental health related injuries and illnesses (Anxiety Disorders Active Component).

Traditional mental health therapies and active-duty military readiness are often mutually exclusive due to habit-forming and significant physical and mental adverse side effects resulting from standard mental health therapies. In veterans, while work readiness is less of an issue, traditional mental health therapies affect activities of daily living and overall quality of life.

Nonpharmacological approaches to mental health therapy in the military health system are therefore relevant and timely (Bravo).

Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES): Also known by the proprietary name Alpha-Stim, cranial electrotherapy stimulation is a noninvasive neuromodulation treatment commonly used to mitigate anxiety, posttraumatic stress, insomnia, and depression. The device is FDA cleared for the treatment of anxiety, insomnia, depression, and acute post-traumatic and chronic pain.

Active duty servicemembers and veterans using the device reported at least 50% improvement in each area (Kirsch). Newer cranial electrotherapy stimulation devices that attach to the patients' ears significantly improved general and state-anxiety (Kim, Morriss). Set up of alpha stim is demonstrated at the following website; https://youtu.be/ImDQ2HWAS6U

Cognitive behavioral therapy is a form of talk therapy shown to be effective for GAD. While its effectiveness is proven, it requires referral to a trained counselor or therapist, requires multiple visits and can cause patients to miss work or other events (Borza). Brief CBT is a specific method of CBT that consists of 1. psychoeducation on the Cognitive Behavioral Model 2.

assessment of frequency and severity of symptoms, as well as desired cognitive and behavioral change (ie goal setting) 3. Practice developing insight and cognitive disputation using the Antecedents, Behavior, Consequences (ABC) Model 4) Review subjects' homework (Thought Record) and reinforce cognitive disputation of unhelpful thinking patterns during appointments (Cully).

There are multiple screening/diagnostic scales to determine the presence and severity of GAD. The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview is a validated clinician administered brief structured interview for multiple major psychiatric disorders including anxiety (Sheehan). The Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) is a 21 item self-report and addresses comprehensive symptoms of anxiety.

This tool specifically can be used to monitor symptoms over time (Beck). The Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) is a 14-item validated clinician administered questionnaire that measures the severity of both psychic and somatic anxiety symptoms (Hamilton).

Heart Rate Variability (HRV) has been used as a surrogate marker for autonomic function

/balance. Low HRV correlates with increased sympathetic tone and studies indicate that patients with depression and anxiety disorders may have abnormally low HRV compared to controls (Servant).

This study will utilize the Firstbeat Bodyguard 2, a device designed to act as a professional grade sensor of short and long term HRV measurements. As a non medical device, it does not require FDA clearance.

Vagal efficiency is measured by the slope of the linear regression between heart rate and HRV. It represents the change in heart rate per unit increase/decrease in HRV. Clinically it is theorized that it measures the ability of the parasympathetic nervous system to adapt to dynamic changes in sympathetic tone (Kovacic).

This study will evaluate the efficacy of CES as a therapy to treat and mitigate symptoms of generalized anxiety in DoD beneficiaries in a prospective clinical trial and compare this to sham (placebo) CES.

Eligibility Criteria:
\*\*Patients must be able to get care at Nellis Air Force Base (a military installation) in order to participate in this study\*\*

Inclusion Criteria:

* Active Duty and DoD Beneficiaries aged 18 or older
* Threshold Generalized Anxiety symptoms based on MINI scoring and GAD-7 score of 10 or higher

Exclusion Criteria:

* Bi-polar disorder, schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders, manic depressive disorder, autism spectrum disorders, binge eating disorder, anorexia nervosa, bulimia, obsessive compulsive disorder, gender dysphoria (transgender is not an exclusion unless subject meets DSM-5 criteria for gender dysphoria), dementia, mental or other health disorders that prevent subjects from adhering to treatment.This will be verified by patient report or by chart review.
* Subjects taking anti-psychotic medications including but not limited to; risperidone, quetiapine, olanzapine, ziprasidone, paliperidone, aripiprazole and clozapine.
* Subjects taking any seizure medications (ex: Dilantin)
* Subjects who use nicotine in any form: Cigarettes, Vape pens, chewing tobacco, tobacco pouches, patches, gum.
* Subjects with medical implant devices such as pacemakers or any device contraindicated for CES treatment.
* Subjects who have started, altered, or discontinued use of any anti-depressant or anxiolytic in the past four weeks (including any medication in the following classes; selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors \[SSRI\], serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors \[SnRI\], Wellbutrin, beta blockers specifically taken for anxiety, monoamine oxidase inhibitors \[MAOI\], tricyclic antidepressants \[TCA\], benzodiazepenes).
* Pregnancy
* Current or previous use of a CES device.
* Experimental or clinical brain stimulation such as deep brain stimulation or transcranial magnetic stimulation for any indication (current or past 3 months).
* Psychotherapy for anxiety based on exposure therapy (current or past 6 weeks)
* Seizure disorder (current or history). History of febrile childhood seizures is allowed.
* Higher than low suicide risk on the Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (CSSRS).
* Known cardiac arrythmias
* Anything that would make participation in the study unsafe or medically unadvisable in the assessment of a study clinician.