Bispectral Index and Levels of Sedation With Propofol With/Without Remifentanil in Healthy Volunteers (SONORA)

The purpose of this study is investigate the relationship between BIS™ and propofol with/without remifentanil across a wide range of hypnotic states.

This is a single-center, prospective, non-randomized, cross-over study to collect data to evaluate the relationship between BIS™ and anesthetic regimens. The subjects will receive two regimens of anesthesia with different drug combinations, with at least a 1-week washout period between regimens. Subjects will be sequentially assigned to start with either Propofol (P) or Propofol with 4 ng/ml of Remifentanil (R) regimens while BIS™ bilateral sensor placed on the subject's forehead. The Modified Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation (MOAA/S) scale, refer to Appendix A, will be used to measure the level of alertness in sedated subjects with Tetanic Electrical Stimulation (TES) being used once subjects reach a MOAA/S score \<2.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

1. Healthy (ASA physical status 1), male or female subjects between the ages of 18 to 60 years;
2. Completion of a health screening for a medical history by a licensed physician, nurse practitioner or physician assistant;
3. Vital signs must be within the following ranges to be included: Vital signs measured sitting after 3 minutes rest; heart rate: 45-90 bpm; systolic blood pressure: 110-140; diastolic blood pressure: 50-90. Out-of-range vital signs may be repeated once. \[Pre-dose vital signs will be assessed by the Principal Investigator or designee (e.g., a medically qualified sub-investigator) before study drug administration. The Principal Investigator or designee will verify the eligibility of each subject before dosing\];

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Has severe contact allergies that may cause a reaction to standard adhesive materials found in pulse oximetry sensors, ECG electrodes, respiration monitor electrodes, or other medical sensors \[self-reported\];
2. Known neurological disorder (e.g., epilepsy, the presence of a brain tumor, a history of brain surgery, hydrocephalic disorders, depression needing treatment with anti-depressive drugs, a history of brain trauma) \[self-reported and assessment by PI or delegate\];
3. Known cardiovascular disease (e.g., hypertension, coronary artery disease, prior acute myocardial infarction, any valvular and/or myocardial disease involving a decrease in ejection fraction, arrhythmias, which are either symptomatic or require continuous medication/ pacemaker/ automatic internal cardioverter defibrillator), current implanted pacemaker or automatic internal cardioverter defibrillator \[self-reported and assessment by PI or delegate\];
4. Has a clinically significant abnormal finding on medical history, physical examination, clinical laboratory tests, or ECG at the screening \[self-reported and assessment by PI or delegate\];
5. Recent use of psychoactive medication (e.g., benzodiazepines, antiepileptic drugs, ADHD medication, Parkinson's medication, anti-depressant drugs, opioids) \[self-reported and assessment by PI or delegate\];
6. Subjects with known gastric diseases \[self-reported and assessment by PI or delegate\];
7. Has a positive urine cotinine test or urine drug screen or oral ethanol test \[POC testing\];
8. Known history of allergic or adverse response to drugs to be administered \[self-reported\];
9. Known history of complications relating to previous general anesthesia or conscious sedation \[self-reported and assessment by PI or delegate\];
10. Known history of malignant hyperthermia \[self-reported and assessment by PI or delegate\];
11. Has a room air saturation less than 95% by pulse oximetry \[measurement by PI or delegate\];
12. Has a clinically significant abnormal ECG \[assessment by PI or delegate\];
13. Has a clinically significant abnormal pulmonary function test via spirometry \[assessment by PI or delegate\];
14. Pregnant or lactating women \[assessed by urine test and self-reported\];
15. Subjects with tattooed skin specific to the sensor placement areas (forehead, fingers, chest) \[self-reported and assessment by PI or delegate\];
16. The subject must not take any prescription medication, except female hormonal contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy, from 146 days before the dosing until the end-of-study visit without evaluation and approval by the Investigator. Subjects who participated in a previous clinical trial who received a required FDA approved concomitant medication, for example, naltrexone, but were not randomized may be considered for participation in this study if they meet the washout requirement \[assessment by PI or delegate\];