An Outcome Evaluation of the Project CHANGE-MS Violence Intervention Program

This is a prospective randomized control trial design to evaluate the effectiveness of a hospital based violence intervention program. Participants will be randomized into a "treatment as usual" group who will receive written referrals for services and an "enhanced services" group who will receive intensive case management over a one year period. Primary outcome will be rate of violent reinjury after enrollment. Follow-up will be for one year.

Potential study participants are all adult, male survivors of community violence treated at the study site.

After a potential study participant is screened and deemed eligible for participation in the study consent will be obtained to participate in the study. At stage one a participant can either accept or refuse services and at stage two can consent or refuse to consent in the study.

If a patient consents to both receive services and participate in the study, the participant will be randomly assigned to either the "Treatment as Usual" (TAU) intervention, which receives the referral card for services, or the "Enhanced Treatment" (ET) intervention prior to assessment so that the results of the assessment do not influence program staff which group the potential study participant is assigned. At the beginning of the study, 400 identical envelopes will be created, 200 with a slip of paper labeled "Treatment as Usual" and 200 with a slip of paper labeled "Enhanced Treatment." These will be shuffled and will be used to assign the random group of those patients that consent to participate.

Those who refuse services and refuse the study will not be included in the study. Finally, those who accept services but refuse to be in the study will not be in the study.

Participation in the study will take place in five stages. At stage one, after consenting to the study and being randomly assigned to TAU or ET care groups, the patient will undergo an interview. The interview will take place at bedside granted that privacy can be guaranteed or in an office if the patient is mobile. In some cases it may be appropriate to set up an appointment after discharge to conduct the interview. Patients that agree to participate in the study will be entered into a secure Excel Database on a MedStar password protected server. Only study personnel will have access to this database, which will contain a key with patient name and a unique identifier. This database will also be used to assess study quality measures of approaches to eligible participants and percent uptake. This database and the signed consents will have identifiable patient information. An additional SpreadSheet Web tool, provided by the DC Department of Health Office of Victims Services and Justice Grants will be used to track outcomes and follow-up of participants. This will include only de-identified information. The internal secure Excel database will have a link between patient name and unique identifier.

At stage two, the participant engages the project depending on which group they are in. Those in the ET group will receive a case manager whereas those in the TAU group will receive a referral card. Those in the ET will receive case management services and receive information and other counseling services whereas those who receive the referral card will be expected to engage the services on the referral cards provided.

At stage three, the study participants will be asked to conduct a smaller interview at month 6 after entry into the program to determine subsequent injury. The results of this interview will be recorded in the DC DOH-OVSJG SpreadSheet Web tool. In addition, partnership with CRISP (Chesapeake Regional Information System for our Patients) will be used to actively query whether or not participants have been seen in regional hospitals, EDs, or outpatient settings for repeat violent injury.

CRISP is a regional health information system and is entirely HIPAA compliant and has health information level security. It has been designated as Maryland's statewide health information exchange. Under a contract with CRISP, each site will be able to securely submit the names of patients that have agreed to participate in research. CRISP will then send notifications of patient care and each site will be able to have accurate follow-up of the main outcome (recidivism). This will allow validation of answers from telephone interviews at 6 and 12 months as well as gain accurate information on those participants that may be lost to follow-up. Patient information is relayed securely using specially designed HIPAA and confidentiality compliant email addresses, created for this purpose. All participants will specifically be asked for their permission to access CRISP for this purpose.

At stage four, approximately twelve months after entry into the study, the study participants will be engaged in the post-interview. Answers to this post-interview will be recorded and tracked in the DC DOH OVSJG SpreadSheet Web de-identified database.

Stage five will entail an invitation to a focus group. Four focus groups will be conducted after the quantitative data collection. Two of the focus groups will focus on those who have not successfully completed the program and two more will randomly sample among those who have successfully completed the program. The four focus groups will have no more than seven individuals. Focus groups will be conducted in a private, unlabeled conference room at the hospital.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

1. identify as male
2. be 18 years of age or older
3. speak English
4. have experienced a violent injury in the form of a gunshot wound, stabbing, or assault within two years of first contact with the program (verified through trauma registry)
5. experienced the injury within the borders of the east coast city where the study is taking place.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. identifying as female
2. reporting an age ≤ 17
3. experiencing a self-inflicted violent injury
4. experiencing a traumatic brain injury
5. being under police custody
6. not being injured within the borders of the east coast city where the study is taking place
7. not being able to provide informed consent