Effect of Blood Flow Restriction on Cardiovascular Function in Elderly with Metabolic Syndrome X

The purpose of the study is to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise with Blood flow restriction training (BFR) on cardiovascular function and quality of life in hypertensive elderly patients.

Hypothesis There will be no significant effect of aerobic exercise with RBF on cardiovascular function and the quality of life in hypertensive elderly patients.

Sixty elderly patients with metabolic syndrome X aged from 65 to 75 years old. will be selected from Al-Ahrar teaching hospital -zagazig governorate.

Study Design:

This experimental comparative control study will be performed after patients' clinical assessment who will be randomly allocated into two equal groups:

Group A (aerobic exercise with BFR group):

Thirty patients will apply moderate aerobic exercise with RBF in form of a treadmill for 30 minutes for 12 weeks (3 sessions/ week).

Group B (aerobic training group):

Thirty patients will apply moderate intensity aerobic exercise without BFR for 30 minutes for 12 weeks (3 sessions/ weak).

Equipment:

A- Evaluative Equipment:

1. Weight and height scale: (ZT-120 model, health scale made in china).
2. Sphygmomanometer: (Model Number: GT001-110/111 aneroid sphygmomanometer, Zhejiang, China)
3. Pulse oximeter: (Pulse Oximeter GRANZIA Model No: AS-304).
4. Lab investigation: using blood sample to test the following factors A- Lipid Profile: Cobas Integra 400 Plus- Switzerland. B- Apolipoprotien: Cobas Integra 400 plus -Switzerland.
5. Functional assessment:

   A-Timed Up and Go (TUG) Test The Timed Up and Go (TUG) test is a reliable, cost-effective, safe, and time-efficient way to evaluate overall functional mobility.

   B- Fatigue Assessment Scale (FAS): it is a way of measuring physical activity intensity level.
6. Quality of life assessment by using HeartQoL questionnaire

B) Treatment Equipment:

1. Treadmill, (Model Grand Fit Ac 8885- china)
2. BFR Training Therapy Occlusion Air Cuffs.

III) Procedures:

A- Evaluating Procedure:

History will be carefully taken to collect data about his general condition, physical therapy, and current medication.

The procedure of this study will be divided into the following main parts:

Preparatory procedure:

A. All medical and demographic data of subjects will be collected. B. Vital signs will be measured to ensure that all subjects are medically stable.

c. Recording data sheet: All data and information of each patient who participated in this study including name, age, address, weight, and height were recorded in the recording datasheet.

1. Weight and height:

   A valid and reliable universal height and weight scale is used to determine the subjects' height and weight. Before treatment, each patient's height- and -weight were calculated to determine their body's mass index (BMI) using the following equation: BMI=weight (Kgs) /height (m2)
2. Blood pressure monitoring by (Aneroid Sphygmomanometers) Aneroid sphygmomanometers were used to obtain a BP reading.
3. Pulse rate by Pulse oximeter:

   It is widely used to noninvasively assess arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation (SpO2) and rate of heart (HR) during rest and activity.
4. Lipid profile:

   All patients will perform laboratory lipid profile before and after the study. The three main blood levels collected to assess for dyslipidemia is (TG, HDL-C, LDL-C and T.G) after fasting for 8-12 hours. (Rosenson et al.2021).
5. apolipoprotien test: test to detect the risk of cardiovascular disease
6. Functioal assessment

   A-time up and go test:

   A sturdy armchair with a back was placed at the end of a hallway adjacent to where height and weight measures are routinely taken in the process of rooming participants.

   A piece of tape was placed on the floor 3 m away from the front edge of the chair. Patients were seated in the chair with back against the chair back, arms resting on the armrests, and given general instructions about the task, including walking at a normal rather than a rapid speed.

   The TUG required patients to stand up out of the chair, walk 3 m, turn around, walk back to the chair, and sit down. Patients were given the following instructions: "stand up on the word 'go,' walk to the tape, turn around, walk back to the chair, and sit down." The timing of the test began at the word "go," and ended when the participant was seated.

   B- Fatigue Assessment Scale (FAS) The FAS is a 10-item scale evaluating symptoms of chronic fatigue. In contrast to other similar measures the FAS treats fatigue as a unidimensional construct and does not separate its measurement into different factors. However, in order to ensure that the scale would evaluate all aspects of fatigue, developers chose items to represent both physical and mental symptoms.

   Each item of the FAS is answered using a five-point scale ranging from 1 ("never") to 5 ("always"). Items 4 and 10 are reverse scored. Total scores can range from 10, indicating the lowest level of fatigue, to 50, denoting the highest.
7. HeartQoL questionnaire. According to European Journal of Preventive Cardiology 2016 HeartQoL is a recently developed core health-related quality of life instrument for patients with coronary heart disease. The current study aims to investigate its association with patients' coronary risk profile and to provide reference values for patients with coronary heart disease (Appendix II).
8. The double product (DP): consisting of the SBP multiplied by the pulse rate (PR), is an index of myocardial oxygen consumption.
9. Mean Arterial Pressure:

The definition of mean arterial pressure (MAP) is the average arterial pressure throughout one cardiac cycle, systole, and diastole. MAP is influenced by cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance, each of which is influenced by several variables. (DeMers D et al 2023).

A common method used to estimate the MAP is the following formula:

• MAP = DP + 1/3(SP - DP)

B) Therapeutic procedure:

- Aerobic exercise training

1. Target heart rate:

   Maximum Heart Rate Formula:

   HR max = 206.9 - (0.67 x age) (Jackson et al., 2007). Moderate intensity aerobic exercise: the rate of heart reaches 64-76 percent of their age predicted peak hearty rate (American College of Sports Medicine et al. 2018).
2. Determination of BFR To prescribe BFR training, Systolic blood pressure (SBP) will be measured using an automated oscillometer BP device

Blood pressure will be measured according to the recommendations of the American Heart Association. A bilateral restriction of 50% of the measured SBP will be applied to each lower limb for the application of BFR of lower limbs using the equipment. A wide cuff (18 cm wide) will be placed in the proximal portion of the thigh (inguinal fold region) and will be inflated until the absence of the tibial artery blood pulse. Thus, a 50% restriction of SBP will be applied in both legs during lower body exercises.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

1. sixty elderly patients.
2. Their ages will range from 60 to 70 years old.
3. Grade II Hypertensive patients (SBP 160-179 mmHg and/or DBP 100-109 mmHg)
4. Patients with dyslipidemia: at least one of the fasting lipid profile tests include the following results.

   A-Total Cholestrol more than 240 (mg/dl). B-LDL Cholestrol more than 160 (mg/dl). C-HDL Cholestrol less than 40 (mg/dl). D-Triglycerides more than 200 (mg/dl).
5. 'Body Mass Index: from 30: 40 kg/m2 calss I and II obesity.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Severe Chest diseases (either obstructive or restrictive).
2. Clinical signs of a severe cardiac event. (eg, severe atherosclerosis, congestive heart failure),
3. Severe psychiatric or cognitive impairment, who unable to follow comment.
4. Neurological disorders affecting respiratory muscles or any muscular dystrophies (cervical disc or bulge).
5. Patients with severe self-limiting illness (e.g., cancer).
6. Peripheral artery disease in lower extremities.
7. Systolic blood pressure \< 180 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure more than 110 mmHg, or resting heart rate above 120 bpm.
8. Patient with uncontrolled - diabetes.