Non-adherence to Immunosuppressives in Kidney Transplantation in Brazil Multicenter Study

The purpose of the study are: 1. To estimate the prevalence of non-adherence to immunosuppressants, and to other treatment-related aspects (smoking cessation, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and appointment keeping), in KT recipients among different KT centres across different regions of Brazil; 2. To explore multilevel factors associated to immunosuppressive adherence at the level of patient (socio-demographic, clinical), healthcare provider (patient satisfaction with the interpersonal dimension of care, trust in the transplant team, social support), healthcare organization (composition of the team, operational access, CIM transplant program practice patterns), and healthcare system and policies (perceived financial burden of the treatment regimen, insurance status, barriers to access to the immunosuppressive drugs, Brazilian region);

Kidney transplant (KTx) is considered the best therapeutic option for patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), based not only on medical reasons, but also on socioeconomic ones1. One of most important determinants of kidney transplants survival is the adherence to immunosuppressive drugs. Adherence may be defined as a patient's behavior agreement regarding the prescribed treatment, including the extent to which a person takes medications, follows a diet and/or implements lifestyle changes as prescribed by health care providers. In the setting of transplantation, a recent consensus conference stated nonadherence (NAd) as "deviation from the prescribed medication regimen sufficient to adversely influence the regimen's intended effect". Risk factors for NAd, have been categorized by the WHO into five dimensions: socioeconomic factors, disease, treatment factors, patient condition and health care team and health system characteristics. 2 Looking at all vascularized transplant recipients, KTx patients are reported like the most non-adherent.3 In Brazil, which is currently the second country in the absolute number of TxR, there are only two studies about prevalence of NAd, lacking in representativeness of the Brazilian scenario4,5. In 2012, 5.385 TxR were performed, but have clear regional differences in that activity: localized mostly in the South and Southeast regions, and performed by big services with high transplant activity transplantation. In this context, the approach of NAd can be fundamental importance in view of their influence on the results.6 The scientific literature recommends to use more than one a method for assessing adherence of the therapeutic regimen. Each method has advantages and disadvantages, and no method is actually considered the gold standard. On the other hand, a combination of measures maximizes accuracy to diagnostic of NAd.7,8 We intent to identify the prevalence of NAd to immunosuppressives in Brazilian kidney transplant patients, by using the more appropriated methodology of triangulation. As secondary objectives we will design the differences between centers and regions of the country as well the risk factors to NAd.

SAMPLE, SETTING AND DATA COLLECTION

Sample, Setting: The sample size was defined based on data from the 2012 Brazilian Registry of Transplant (2012 RBT)6 available by the Brazilian Association of Transplantation (ABTO). The total number of patients transplanted in Brazil from 2000 to 2012 was 59,001 , and 20,504 patients have been registered to be monitored in transplant centers who contribute to that register. Using the OpenEpi stats program, the sample was calculated for studies of population frequency, considering the hypothetical 50% confidence interval of 5% and design effect ranging from 2.0 to 3.0. The obtained sample size ranged from 755 to 1130 patients.

Selection of the centers participating in the study: According to 2012 RTB, there are 123 active transplant center in Brazil, distributed by 22 states, which performed 5.385 KTxs in that year. We will arbitrarily divide the centers in two regions, according to their transplantation activity: Region 1 or high activity, including centers from South and Southeast region, and Region 2 or low / moderate activity accomplishing centers from North, Northeast and Midwest. To ensure representativeness of the characteristics of the centers we will also take in account other characteristics: transplantation activity, university or not, presence of multidisciplinary team. We arbitrarily made a pre-selection of the centers, considering the above questions, to invite to participate of the study. The number of patients per center will be set in relation to the number of patients being followed. Patients will be randomly selected in a regular office visit using routine computerized method previously defined.

Data Collection: Data will be collected in 6-12 months and directly register in the Research Electronic Data Capture (RedCap) system during a regular office visit to transplant service, by a trained professional. The RedCap is a safe internet program, created by the Vanderbilt University, designed exclusively for capture and storage of data that can be powered remotely by trained people. The Federal University of Juiz de Fora is part of the consortium of institutions authorized to use this program. It allows data to be collected, organized and stored in the same action, making the process of data analysis (http://www.project-redcap.org/).

VARIABLES AND MEASUREMENTS

The implementation phase of medication adherence (taking and timing dimensions, drug holidays and dose reduction) to immunosuppressive drugs is measured using three methods: a validated self-report (Basel Assessment of Adherence with Immunosuppressive Medication Scale - BAASIS), blood assay and collateral reports by health care workers.

Non-adherence to immunosuppressive drugs:

1. Self-reported non adherence: It will be measured using the four-item validated self-report The Basel Assessment of Adherence Scale for Immunosuppressive (BAASIS) which was recently validated to Brazilian Portuguese by our group5.
2. Collateral report: In addition, we will use a qualitative method of measuring adherence - the collateral report. We will ask to the nurse and to the medical assistant directly responsible for the follow-up care of the KTx recipients to score patients' adherence in one of three categories: good, fair or poor. "Good" or "fair" answers by one of the professionals classifies the patients as non-adherent.8
3. Blood assay: Patients´ adherence will also measured checking if the trough blood levels of the immunosuppressive drugs are within the therapeutic range.9 Composite adherence score: In order to increase diagnostic accuracy, a composite adherence score will be calculate based on findings of the BAASIS, collateral report and blood assay. Overall NAd will be define as an indication of NAd by one of the three methods.7,8

The current physical activity level (till 150minutes/week of moderate exercise), smoking status (current), alcohol use \[(\>1 drink/day (women), \>2 drinks/day (men)\] , and appointment keeping (missed ≥ 1 appointment/last 5) are assessed by using investigator-developed questions based on previous transplant research.

Risk factors of NAd: All the five WHO dimensions will be evaluated: socio-economic (age - years; gender; race - self-defined, white or other; highest level of education; employment; marital status - married or not; family income - per month; patient-related (smoking and alcohol intake - yes,no or social, ability in identifying the immunosuppressants in use); condition/disease-related (time on dialysis - months, dialysis modality - peritoneal or hemodialysis or preemptive transplant, post transplant time - months, previous acute rejection - as recorded in the file, creatinine, actual chronic kidney disease(-CKD) stage, estimated by CKD-EPI study formulae), therapy/treatment-related (donor - deceased, living-related, or living-unrelated donor graft; number of prescribed medications, number of dosing times) and healthcare system/healthcare worker-related factors (city of origin-same or different from transplant´s center, distance to transplant center -in miles, private insurance - yes or no, and subjective evaluation of the health workers (physician and nurse; if satisfied or not). Data will be collected from medical files and directly by a complementary questionnaire.

STATISTICAL PROCEDURES Baseline characteristics will be described as continuous variables as mean ± standard deviation or median with range whenever will appropriate. Categorical variables were represented as frequencies. For checking the normality of the sample, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk tests will be conducted. T-Test, Mann-Whitney and Chi-square or Fisher´s Tests will be use to assess association between explanatory variables and adherence status. Multivariate Logistic Regression analysis will be performed to assess the association between the variables on the outcome of adherence. Statistical analysis will be performed using SPSS software v.19.0 for Windows (EUA, Chicago). A p value \<0.05 will consider significant.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Being at least 18 years old
* More than 1 year posttransplant
* Willing to participate in the study by signing a written informed consent form.

Exclusion Criteria:

- Retransplant