Improving Social, Emotional, Behavioral, and Academic Functioning

This efficacy trial will evaluate the impact of an enhanced version of the Interconnected Systems Framework (ISFE) on elementary school-based team functioning, including use of evidence-based practices, and student emotional, behavioral, and academic functioning. The original interconnected systems framework (ISF) model was designed to improve the depth and quality of mental health services delivered within multi-tiered systems of support by integrating Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (PBIS) and school mental health (SMH) efforts to provide a continuum of high-quality services for students. Preliminary findings from a prior efficacy study show that the ISF improved team functioning and increased identification and services for students in need, particularly among youth of color, when compared to the other two conditions. Moreover, the ISF led to improvements in student social, emotional, and behavioral functioning. The current study builds on these findings by testing an enhanced version of the ISF designed to advance the model by adding/modifying several core components intended to further increase the impacts for youth with significant emotional and behavioral problems and reduce inequities in discipline and student service delivery.

The Interconnected Systems Framework (ISF) for School Mental Health (SMH) and Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (PBIS) has been in development since 2009, involving leaders from national centers dedicated to both school mental health and positive behavioral support. The ISF was fully articulated in two widely disseminated monographs and is being implemented in more than 30 sites around the nation, supported by the national PBIS center (www.pbis.org), the Midwest PBIS network (www.midwestpbis.org), and other national networks focused on PBIS (e.g., www.midatlanticpbis.org, www.schoolbehavioralhealth.org). A recently completed randomized controlled trial (RCT) operating in 24 elementary schools (12 in Charleston, SC, and 12 in Marion, FL), funded by the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) tested the impact of the ISF as compared to PBIS alone, or PBIS with SMH clinicians, operating separately, which is the norm. In the current study, researchers will build from the previous findings to improve implementation efficacy and to better understand the change processes of the ISF. Specifically, researchers will test an ISF enhanced, or ISFE, based on lessons learned from the previous trial, and test its benefits for students with and without disabilities, while also exploring its impact in reducing inequities in discipline and service delivery for racial/ethnic minority youth.

Traditionally, ISF leverages the strengths of PBIS and school mental health to improve the quality of services across three tiers of prevention by providing specific guidance on their systematic interconnection. The ISF includes a district-community leadership team (DCLT), memoranda of agreement between schools and mental health providers, community-based clinicians integrated into problem-solving teams, universal social, emotional, and behavioral screening, team and intervention fidelity monitoring, and district-level communities of practice. The ISFE model tested in this study will have seven enhancements: (1) consistent meetings of the DCLT, which will include education, mental health, other youth-serving systems, and family/youth leaders; (2) clear agreements indicating parameters for an effective problem-solving team with community mental health clinician involvement; (3) improved team meeting procedures and data-based decision making with consistent use of a systematic program to facilitate comprehensive and efficient data review, decision-making, and follow through; (4) improved progress monitoring and fidelity monitoring of targeted and individualized interventions; (5) improved data-based decision making; (6) general enhancements to screening and measurement, including measures with strong psychometric properties; and (7) increased focus on, and better assessment of, student achievement, attendance, tardiness, grades, and discipline outcomes.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Elementary schools from pre-selected North Carolina (NC) and South Carolina (SC) school districts
* Serving K-5 students
* Comparable sociodemographic characteristics and fidelity of PBIS implementation
* Principals' consent to Participate
* Students from participating schools
* 3rd grade

Exclusion Criteria:

* Elementary schools from pre-selected NC and SC school districts
* Serving K-8 students
* Students from participating schools
* Children identified with a moderate or severe intellectual disability resulting in inability to participate in student self-report measures
* Children whose parents have submitted an opt-out form
* Children who opt out the day of data collection