Impact of Probiotics on Drug, Vitamin, and Hormone Metabolism

This is an open-label, fixed sequence study of the effect of probiotics supplementation on drug, vitamin, and hormone metabolism.

The investigators hypothesize that probiotic treatment (Visbiome) will alter the activities of major classes of drug metabolizing enzymes. Twelve healthy male subjects will participate in a pharmacokinetic study prior to and following supplementation with Visbiome probiotics for 28 days.

The investigators will determine the pharmacokinetics of oral and intravenous midazolam \[metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A enzymes, uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) and sulfotransferase (SULTs)\] and acetaminophen (metabolized by UGTs and SULTs), and the circulating concentrations of endogenous compounds (i.e., testosterone and vitamin D metabolites) prior to and following supplementation with Visbiome probiotics for 28 days. In addition, the investigators will compare the fecal microbiota composition and plasma lipidomic and metabolomics profiles to assess the impact of Visbiome supplementation.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Be 18 to 40 years old.
* Biological male participants only with no preference to ethnicity. Women are excluded as one of the aims is to determine the impact of probiotics supplementation on testosterone metabolism. As testosterone and metabolite levels are higher in men than in women, men will be recruited to have an increased ability to detect a difference.
* Have a body mass index between 25 and 3218.5 and 27 kg/m2.
* Be currently in good health without a self-reported history of liver, kidney, gastrointestinal or heart disease, and within the normal range or up to 15% of the upper end of the reference range on the Comprehensive and Hepatic Panel.
* Participants must agree to take 2 capsules of Visbiome, a probiotics supplement provided by the study coordinators, twice a day (morning and evening) from Study Day 2 to 29.
* Participants must agree not to take any prescription drugs for the entire duration of the study. This list includes, but is not restricted to, azole antifungal agents, macrolide antibiotics, anti-seizure medications, antihypertensive agents, cholesterol lowering agents, retinoids, corticosteroids, or immunosuppressant medications for the duration of the study.
* Participants must be willing to avoid ingesting grapefruit, grapefruit juice or other grapefruit juice containing products during the study.
* If an over-the-counter medication is needed, the participant should contact the study coordinator for verification and upon approval, the OTCs can be taken but should not be used 24 hours before each study visit and during the study visits.
* Willing to fast overnight before the pharmacokinetic study days.
* Willing to abstain from alcohol-containing beverages 24 hours before and during the study visits.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Milk allergy or lactose intolerance.
* Currently using prescription medications. Participants may participate in the study following a 2-week washout after discontinuing any prescription medication upon approval of the study team.
* Current cigarette smoker.
* Individuals with systemic disorders affecting the immune system (e.g., HIV, connective tissue disorders, cancers, etc.)
* Self-reported history of liver, kidney, gastrointestinal (e.g., Ulcerative Colitis or Crohn's Disease, intestinal stricture, stenosis, obstruction, fistula, abscess, or ileostomy) or heart disease.
* Abnormal liver or kidney function tests based on the Comprehensive and Hepatic Panel (below the lower end or greater than 15% of the upper end of the reference range).
* Known or suspected history of alcohol or drug abuse.
* Allergic to midazolam, triazolam, diazepam, or lorazepam.
* Recent ingestion (\<1 week) of any medication known to be metabolized by CYP3A4 or alter CYP3A activity.
* Unable to give informed consent.
* Participated in another clinical trial or study within 30 days.