Relationship Between Bispectral Index, EEG Features, and Propofol Effect-site Concentration in Young and Elderly Patients.

The aim of this study is to describe the BIS values and electroencephalographic patterns during total intravenous anesthesia with propofol-remifentanyl, in patients from 18 to 85 years.

Propofol is an anesthetic drug regularly used in elderly patients requiring anesthesia. The electroencephalographic pattern recognized when propofol is administered is different from the pattern obtained in younger patients. Both groups present alpha and slow delta bands, but younger patients present more intense electroencephalographic bands than older patients (1). The correlation between BIS values and the power of electroencephalographic frequency bands during propofol-remifentanyl anesthesia has not been determined.

The investigators will describe the changes in BIS values and electroencephalographic patterns in young and elderly patients receiving propofol-remifentanyl anesthesia for elective surgery, at different propofol concentration levels. Formal characterization of the dynamic relationship between propofol concentrations at the effect site (Ce), spectral power, and BIS values may provide clinically relevant information to design propofol dose schemes in elderly patients.

The investigators will carry out a prospective observational clinical study at the Clinical Hospital of the Catholic University of Chile. 30 patients, aged 18-85 years, scheduled to undergo elective surgery will be recruited. Standard monitoring and 2 frontal EEG monitors will be installed: Sedline® and BIS®. The electroencephalographic signal from these monitors will be recorded simultaneously from anesthesia induction until extubation. Propofol will be started at a rate of 15-20 mg/kg/hr in patients \>65 years and 20-25 mg/kg/hr in younger patients (\<65 years) until a suppression rate (SR) \>1% appears in the BIS® EEG monitor. If the SR is not achieved, the infusion rate can be increased by 5 mg/kg/hr every 5 minutes until 25 mg/kg/hr in the elderly group and 30 mg/kg/hr in the younger group. When the SR appears, propofol infusion will be stopped. The induction phase will be considered completed at this point. Loss of response (LOR), defined as the timepoint when patients became unresponsive to verbal commands, soft shaking, and eyelash reflex, will be assessed every 30 seconds. When patients become apneic, positive pressure mask ventilation will be started gently at a rate of 10 breaths per minute. After induction of anesthesia, opioids and neuromuscular blocking drugs will be given to facilitate tracheal intubation. When BIS values increase to recommended hypnotic levels for surgery (40-60), the propofol infusion rate will be started again at half of the induction rate. This rate will be adjusted to maintain the alpha band present in the Sedline spectrogram and SEF95 between 8-12 Hz. BIS monitor will be covered and hidden from the attending anesthesiologist during the maintenance phase. After surgery ends, EEG monitoring will continue until the patient's extubation. One hour after extubation, the Brice questionnaire will be performed to detect intraoperative awakening. Propofol concentration will be estimated using the Schnider model.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Adult patients scheduled for elective surgery requiring general anesthesia.
* American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) Score I or II

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patients with neurological diseases or history of cognitive impairment.
* Requiring the use of two or more drugs affecting Central nervous system
* History of drugs or alcohol abuse
* Body mass index over 35 kg/m\^2
* Propofol allergy
* Cardiac congestive failure
* History of coronary syndrome