Cytomegalovirus Infection in Critically Ill Patients and Patients Receiving Anticancer Therapy

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most common member of the herpes viruses to infect humans. Its double-stranded linear DNA duplex contains 165 genes that encode viral proteins that mimic and interact with human cellular proteins and are related to its virulence and latency. CMV primary infection is usually acquired in the adolescence and follows a benign course; however it might reactivate in patients with immune suppression leading to a high mortality and morbidity in this group of patients. There is growing evidence that critically ill immunocompetent patients can develop CMV disease \[Limaye et al. JAMA. 2008;300(4):413; Ziemann et al. Crit Care Med. 2008;36(12):3145\]. However, results of the incidence of CMV disease in critically ill patients is unpredictable due to the wide range of these results, from a 0% to 98% \[Al-Omari et al. Ann. Intensive Care (2016) 6:110\]. This inconsistency could be explained by many factors such as (i) variation in the definition of CMV disease (old studies consider seropositivity as evidence of disease, while others use newer technologies like PCR and/or antigen detection), (ii) variation in inclusion criteria (some studies include only seropositive patients therefore assessing reactivation rate of CMV, others also include seronegative patients thus evaluating also new infections) or (iii) variation in studied populations (e.g. septic, surgical, burn or postcardiac surgery patients or patients under mechanical ventilation).

Evidence in the literature has demonstrated how different factors have been associated with CMV disease; however, the effect of new anticancer therapies (personalized chemotherapies, biological and immunological treatments, extreme surgery, etc.) on CMV disease is unknown. The investigators believe that studying this subgroup of patients should be one of the primary issues as the number of patients with these characteristics will increase significantly in the near future.

Likewise, it is important to point out that in the real world diagnosing CMV disease is a real challenge for the intensive care physician (due to subclinical or not specific clinical presentations, confusion factors, low clinical suspicions, etc.) thus its diagnosis and eventual treatment could be improved. These undesired diagnostic and therapeutic flaws provide a unique opportunity to (i) describe the natural evolution of the disease, (ii) address the effect of the disease in the outcome of the patients and (iii) estimate the potential number of patients that could benefit from a new management.

HM Hospitales (https://www.hmhospitales.com/) is a Spanish private group made up of five tertiary university hospitals in Madrid (HM Madrid, HM Torrelodones, HM Sanchinarro, HM Puerta del Sur y HM Monteprincipe). In addition, the group has a specialized center focused in cancer ("Clara Campal" oncologic center https://www.hmciocc.com/ ) with a phase I Unit (STAR-CIOCC http://startmadrid.com/index.php/en/2014-10-02-23-29-01/madrid-locations/2014-10-10-00-46-42), five medical-surgical ICUs (one in each hospital) that assist 1200 patients/year (35% with cancer) and a surgical department specialized in robotic and laparoscopic procedures.

To define the incidence of CMV reactivation and disease is of paramount importance as several studies have suggested an association between CMV disease and an increased mortality rate, prolonged mechanical ventilation as well as length of ICU and hospital stay. Furthermore, CMV disease increases the risk of acquiring a nosocomial infection that could also have an effect on the outcome of the patients \[Ziemann et al. Crit Care Med. 2008;36(12):3145; Sinclair. J Clin Virol. 2008;41(3):180\]. Likewise, as several anti-CMV treatments are (valacyclovir, valanciclovir, ganciclovir, foscarnet or cidofovir), or will be shortly (letermovir), available the increased morbidity and mortality associated to this infection in critically ill patients could be improved dramatically.

This research proposal is seeking to answer four questions in a general ICU cohort of patients and in the subgroup of critically ill patients receiving anti-cancer therapy:

1. Which is the incidence of CMV infection and disease?
2. What is the natural evolution of CMV infections that do not receive anti-CMV treatment?
3. What is the impact of anti-CMV treatment in the patient´s outcome (mortality, days under mechanical ventilation and days at ICU)?
4. What are the risk and protective factors for developing CMV infection after ICU admission?

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

1. age \>=18 y.o.,
2. admission to the intensive care unit with an expectancy to stay longer than 72 hours and requiring invasive mechanical ventilation.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. survival expectation previous to ICU admission less than 6 months,
2. intubation after 12 hours of ICU admission
3. limitation of the therapeutic effort previous or during the ICU stay,
4. admission to the ICU during the previous 3 months
5. not agreeing to sign an informed consent.