Does Letrozole Improve Pregnancy Outcome in Fresh Embryo Transfer IVF/ICSI Cycle?

Letrozole (Femara), is an aromatase inhibitor which is used in the treatment of hormonally-responsive breast cancer after surgery. It is a good target for selective inhibition because estrogen production is a terminal step in the biosynthetic sequence.

Aromatase inhibitors are widely used as adjuvant endocrine therapy for postmenopausal women with breast cancer. They have been used off-label in the treatment of patients for increasing the number of ovarian follicles recruited in ovulatory women undergoing controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH). A shorter half-life (48 hours) which would predict a lower risk of teratogenicity. No direct antiestrogenic adverse effects on the endometrium, due to an absence of peripheral estrogen receptor blockade and the shorter half-life.

For ovarian normal responders, instead of hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin), luteal support with exogenous progesterone supplementation is the standard protocol for patients who received fresh embryo transfer for avoiding the risk of OHSS. In other normal responders who have increasing risk of OHSS, the strategy of freezing all embryos are more favored.

In previous studies, high estrogen-induced endometrial gland cells apoptosis might account for the defective endometrial receptivity in women with excessively high estrogen concentrations after ovarian hyperstimulation in IVF cycles. Since letrozole can reduce the serum level of estrogen due to its pharmacological properties, which in turn reduces the adverse effects of high estrogen on the endometrium and improve the endometrial receptivity for embryo implantation.

The investigators anticipate that infertility patients will receive short-term oral administration of letrozole (2.5 mg/tab) once a day when estrogen is elevated in the late stage of ovulation stimulation when receiving ovulation stimulation for two to three days. And transvaginal ultrasound was performed every two to three days for growth of ovarian follicles until two days before oocyte retrieval. Observing whether taking the drug can improve the maturity of the oocyte, pregnancy rate, implantation rate, miscarriage rate, ongoing pregnancy rate and live birth rate of the fresh embryo transfer cycle.

Letrozole, sold under the brand name Femara among others, is an aromatase inhibitor which is used in the treatment of hormonally-responsive breast cancer after surgery. Aromatase is a microsomal cytochrome P450 hemoprotein-containing enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the production of estrogens: the conversion of androstenedione and testosterone via three hydroxylation steps to estrone and estradiol, respectively. It is a good target for selective inhibition because estrogen production is a terminal step in the biosynthetic sequence. Aromatase activity is present in many tissues, including the ovaries, brain, adipose tissue, muscle, liver, and breast. The investigators use letrozole as routine for patients of breast cancer who want to keep chance of fertility in the future before receiving chemotherapy which may do damage to their ovarian function. After they complete the treatment protocol of breast cancer, they can practice the fertility plan with these frozen embryos or oocytes.

Aromatase inhibitors are widely used as adjuvant endocrine therapy for postmenopausal women with breast cancer. They have been used off-label in the treatment of patients for increasing the number of ovarian follicles recruited in ovulatory women undergoing controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH).

A shorter half-life (48 hours) which would predict a lower risk of teratogenicity. No direct antiestrogenic adverse effects on the endometrium, due to an absence of peripheral estrogen receptor blockade and the shorter half-life. In a previous report, the addition of letrozole to gonadotropins (compared with gonadotropins alone) during IVF resulted in a greater number of oocytes and blastocysts, similar pregnancy rates, and no increased risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome.

According to the current guidelines for the treatment course of IVF in NTUH (National Taiwan University Hospital), fresh embryo transfer (ET) cycle is considered for patients who have poor ovarian response because of its low risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). Patients who have high response to ovarian stimulation with freezing all the embryos should be the best policy for avoiding high risk of OHSS and have the advantage of increasing the cumulative pregnancy rate. For ovarian normal responders, instead of hCG, luteal support with exogenous progesterone supplementation is the standard protocol for patients who received fresh embryo transfer for avoiding the risk of OHSS. In other normal responders who have increasing risk of OHSS, the strategy of freezing all embryos are more favored.

In a prospective study had shown that in the population of ovarian normal responder, the cryopreservation group has a higher clinical pregnancy rate per ET transfer (84% vs 54.7%) compared to fresh ET group. The implantation rates were 70.8% and 38.9%, respectively. The ongoing pregnancy rates per transfer (at 10 weeks' gestation) were 78.0% and 50.9%, respectively. The attributable risk percentage of implantation failure due to reduced endometrial receptivity in the fresh group was 64.7%.

The estrogen serum level is about 200\~300pg/mL in a normal menstrual period. In previous studies, high estrogen-induced endometrial gland cells apoptosis might account for the defective endometrial receptivity in women with excessively high estrogen concentrations after ovarian hyperstimulation in IVF cycles. Since letrozole can reduce the serum level of estrogen due to its pharmacological properties, which in turn reduces the adverse effects of high estrogen on the endometrium and improve the endometrial receptivity for embryo implantation.

In IVF cycles, the data regarding coadministration of gonadotropins and letrozole for 5 days (days 2-6 or 3-7) in normal and high responders are quite limited. Favorable outcomes related to letrozole have been reported, including lower doses of gonadotropin consumed which decreased the cost of the IVF and increased the number of oocytes and mature oocytes while achieving the same pregnancy rate compared with conventional stimulation.

The investigators anticipate that infertility patients will receive short-term oral administration of letrozole (2.5 mg/tab) once a day when estrogen is elevated in the late stage when receiving ovulation stimulation for two to three days. Other follow-up examinations and general IVF treatments are exactly the same with control group, that is, the whole course of treatment takes about two to three days. Blood test is taken four to five times to check the concentration of hormones: including estrogen, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, progesterone, etc. (about 5 cc each time) And transvaginal ultrasound was performed every two to three days for growth of ovarian follicles until two days before oocyte retrieval. Observing whether taking the drug can improve the maturity of the oocyte, pregnancy rate, implantation rate, miscarriage rate, ongoing pregnancy rate and live birth rate of the fresh embryo transfer cycle.

The first endpoint of our study was to demonstrate higher implantation rates, pregnancy rates, ongoing pregnancy rates and live birth rates in the group of using letrozole. The second endpoint: the investigators want to discover the cut-off value for upper limit of estrogen serum level in fresh ET cycle which does not make significant difference in pregnancy rate between natural estrogen level and in letrozole cycle.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Women aged from 20 to 45 years old
* Receive IVF treatment due to infertility
* Plan to have fresh embryo transfer
* Total ovarian follicle number from 8 to 15 before oocyte retrieval
* Plan to have letrozole in IVF treatment routine

Exclusion Criteria:

* Systemic disease, such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, heart disease, hypothyroidism, liver or renal disease, cancer, autoimmune disease, etc.
* Treatment cycle with pre-implantation genetic screening (PGS)/ pre-implantation genetic diagnosis(PGD)
* Oocyte recipient
* Poor ovarian responders according to Bologna criteria
* Patients who have risk of Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome (OHSS)