Stereotactic Ablative Body Radiotherapy (SABR) for Oligometastases

This is a study measuring toxicity while making observations about the survival benefits of treating participants with oligometastatic disease using stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR).

To assess quality of life and side effects in participants with up to 5 metastatic cancer lesions treated with a comprehensive oligometastatic SABR treatment program. Secondarily, the investigators will document the disease free and overall survival.

Rationale:

The oligometastatic state was first defined in 1995 and refers to a stage of disease where cancer has spread beyond the site of origin, but is not yet widely metastatic. In such a state of limited metastatic disease, it is hypothesized that eradication of all sites of metastatic disease could result in long-term survival, or even cure, in some participants. Ablation of metastatic deposits can be achieved through several techniques, including surgery, radiofrequency ablation (RFA), or through Stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy (SABR), a new radiotherapy technology that delivers very large, hypofractionated doses of radiotherapy to small tumor targets, with high rates of local control.

Clinical evidence to support the presence of an oligometastatic state is controversial. However, there is emerging low quality evidence in both the surgical and SABR literature that this state may exist. In a study of over 5200 participants with lung metastases who underwent surgical resection, a 5-year survival of 36% was reported in participants who achieved a complete resection, much higher than would be expected for stage IV disease.3 Similarly, in participants treated with SABR for 1-3 lung metastases from a variety of primary tumors, local control with SABR was 96% at 2-years, and 2-year survival was 39%. Long-term survival has been demonstrated in participants treated for oligometastases with surgery or SABR at several other tumor sites, including liver, brain, bone, and adrenal metastases. The risk of further metastases after ablative treatment is up to 60-80% in some studies. SABR can also be used for further salvage at newly progressive sites (oligoprogression).

Despite the apparent achievement of long-term survival with ablative treatment for oligometastatic disease, the level of evidence to support such treatments is weak, often based on single-arm studies without appropriate controls. Participants included in such reports are highly selected, based on good performance status and slow pace of tumor progression. It has been suggested that the long-term survival achieved with treatment of oligometastases is a result of the selection of fit participants with very slow-growing tumors, rather than the result of treatment intervention.

Randomized trials are therefore necessary to establish the utility of ablative treatment of oligometastatic disease, and therefore the BCCA oligometastatic SABR group, recommends that participants be considered for a randomized control before being offered SABR on this current trial. In some circumstances, participants may not be comfortable with this approach, or their physicians do not have clinical equipoise, and therefore SABR for oligometastatic disease may be appropriate. BCCA has decided that given the limited evidence for SABR in this setting, it will not be offered off trial. The main focus of this trial is to assess the side effects and quality of life post SABR. This trial aims to provide a clear informed consent process, including the limited evidence for SABR off trial, and potential harm from SABR, for participants opting to pursue SABR for oligometastases.

This is a non-randomized phase II trial where all participants will receive experimental SABR to all sites of metastatic disease. The investigators will accrue 200 participants to assess toxicity associated with this experimental treatment.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Able to provide informed consent
* Histologically confirmed malignancy with metastatic disease detected on imaging.

  * Biopsy of metastasis is preferred, but not required.
* Primary tumour treated radically or controlled by prior palliative radiotherapy or systemic therapy
* Maximum 5 metastases eligible for SABR (either 5 in total or 5 not controlled by prior treatment)
* Standard of care tests prior to SABR CT simulation within 14 weeks:

  * Brain CT or MRI imaging (for tumour sites with propensity for brain metastasis)
  * Body imaging:
* CT chest/abdomen/pelvis, with or without bone scan (at discretion of study doctor), required if no PET-CT is performed
* PET-CT or PSMA-PET is only required for specific evidence-based indications, and in such cases the CT neck/chest/abdomen/pelvis and bone scan are not required:
* MRI spine for patients with vertebral or paraspinal metastases

  * For other indications, at the discretion of the treating oncologists, e.g. PET-CT scans may be done but are not required.
  * Blood tests as per standard of care
  * Pregnancy test for women of child-bearing age
* ECOG performance status 0-2
* All sites of progressive disease can be safely treated based on criteria below
* For non-brainstem mets, maximum size of 3cm if using single fraction radiosurgery.

  * If size is from 3.1 to 4cm, 25-35Gy/5 can be considered
* All brain metastases cases need approval from Stereotactic Radiosurgery (SRS) rounds

  * Maximum size of 6 cm for lesions outside the brain, except:
* Bone metastases over 6 cm may be included, if in the opinion of the local PI it can be treated safely (e.g. rib, scapula, pelvis)
* Life expectancy \> 6 months

  * In many scenarios, this is best estimated by a multidisciplinary opinion from disease site experts, often obtained by presentation at multidisciplinary tumours rounds.
* Not a candidate for surgical resection at all sites: surgery to all sites not recommended by multidisciplinary team, or unfit or declining surgery.
* No chemotherapy agents (cytotoxic, or molecularly targeted agents) will be used within the period of time commencing 2 weeks prior to radiation, lasting until 1 week after the last fraction. Certain chemotherapy agents may require a longer break prior to or after SABR if protocols dictate. Hormonal therapy during SABR is allowed.
* Patients with metastases that have been previously treated may be eligible for this SABR protocol:

  * If the previous treatment was systemic therapy, the patient may be eligible, if the metastases have demonstrated a complete radiologic response
  * If the previous treatment was by a local non-radiation means (e.g. prior resection, RFA or microwave ablation), then SABR may be considered for residual/recurrent disease
  * If the previous treatment was SABR, the patient is not eligible unless the new site(s) was/were not previously treated
* If the previous treatment was conventional RT, SABR could be considered if it can be delivered safely. In such a circumstance it must be presented in a multidisciplinary setting for approval.
* Review and consensus by 3 disease site experts, or tumour group conference, for eligibility/prognosis Patients must be able and willing to complete quality of life questionnaires in English, and other assessments that are a part of this study, via paper or online using REDCap (if email address is provided by participant on the informed consent) Note: The potential treating SABR radiation oncologist reserves the right to require a multidisciplinary note documenting life expectancy, other treatment options and suitability for SABR.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Serious medical co-morbidities precluding radiotherapy
* Bone metastasis in a femoral bone if risk of pending fracture is high
* Participants with 1-3 brain metastasis and no disease elsewhere (these participants should not be accrued but treated with stereotactic radiotherapy as per results of published randomized trials)
* Complete response to first-line chemotherapy (i.e. no measurable target for SABR)
* Persistent malignant pleural effusion
* Inability to treat all sites of active disease with ablative intent
* Clinical or radiological evidence of spinal cord compression
* Dominant brain metastasis requiring surgical decompression
* a candidate for a clinical trial that randomizes between SABR and a standard treatment
* Pregnant or lactating women