Blepharoptosis in Indonesia: A 5-Year Multicenter Study on Characteristics and Surgical Evaluation

The goal of this observational study is to learn about blepharoptosis cases in national referral hospitals in Indonesia. The main questions it aims to answer are:

- How is the clinical characteristics, types, and surgical evaluations of blepharoptosis in this particular setting

Participant who include in this study is a patient diagnosed with blepharoptosis cases and complete medical history from January 2016 to December 2020 across 10 tertiary hospitals in Indonesia from 5 provinces

The research obtained data from the medical records of 823 patients across 10 tertiary hospitals in Indonesia from 5 provinces including Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (Jakarta), JEC Eye Hospitals \& Clinics (Jakarta), Mohammad Hoesin Hospital, Saiful Anwar Hospital, Cicendo Hospital, Sanglah Hospital, M Djamil Hospital, Wahidin Sudirohusodo Hospital, Sardjito Hospital, Kariadi Hospital, and Soetomo Hospital. Inclusion criteria entailed fully completed patient data, while exclusion criteria encompassed duplicated patient data across different years.

Patient demographic data, encompassing gender, age, and ethnicity, were extracted from the collected data. Age was divided into two groups: children (0-18 years) and adults (19-40 years, and ≥40 years). This investigation incorporated pediatric participants to assess the occurrence of blepharoptosis in children, prompted by a study revealing an 8.0% prevalence of childhood blepharoptosis.8 In age-specific relative incidence of blepharoptosis, aponeurotic and myogenic ptosis was the majority in patients younger than 40 years, emphasizing the significant association between older age and blepharoptosis prevalence, hence a cut-off of 40 years was used.7 Patient blepharoptosis classifications were established according to etiology, dividing cases into congenital and acquired categories. Acquired instances encompassed diverse etiologies (myogenic, aponeurotic, mechanical, neurogenic, traumatic, and pseudoptotic ptosis). Physical examinations discerned specific blepharoptosis traits, categorizing types as unilateral (palpebral fissure asymmetry \>1 mm) and bilateral (marginal reflex distance (MRD) \>2mm in both eyes).9 Levator muscle function (LF) assessment classified into excellent (≥13 mm), good (8 to 11 mm), fair (5.0 to 7 mm), and poor (≤4 mm). Severity was gauged as mild (MRD ≤2 mm), moderate (MRD 3-4mm), or severe (MRD ≥ 4mm).10 For surgical outcome evaluation, analysis depended on surgical method, success rate, and complications, divided into recurrence requiring re-operation, undercorrection, overcorrection, lagophthalmos, and asymmetry. Utilizing SPSS Statistics 25, the study employed Chi-square or Fisher's exact test and logistic regression to explore variable relationships. Initially, odds ratios were determined with bivariate analysis to examine the raw relationship between each independent variable and the outcome, without any control for other variables. Furthermore, we also computed odds ratios with multivariate analysis, which consider the simultaneous effect of multiple variables on the outcome. For this purpose, we used the stepwise method. The adequacy of our logistic regression model was assessed using the Hosmer and Lemeshow Test. A non-significant result from the Hosmer and Lemeshow Test (p\>0.05) indicates that our model's predictions match the observed outcomes, suggesting that the model fits the data well.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* patients diagnosed with blepharoptosis
* complete medical record history

Exclusion Criteria:

* duplication of previously inputted cases