Evaluation of Community-based Mass Screening and Treatment for Malaria in Western Kenya

This study is a cluster-randomized controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy of community-based mass screening with a malaria rapid diagnostic test, and treatment of participants with positive tests with an appropriate antimalarial for reducing malaria transmission indices.

The investigators purposively selected ten health facilities in Siaya County, western Kenya based on malaria case loads. All villages whose midpoint was located within a 3 kilometer radius of each of the ten health facilities were included in the study. Contiguous villages were merged to form two clusters around each health facility. Clusters were randomly assigned to the control or intervention arm such that there was one control and one intervention cluster around each health facility. Approximately 30,000 and 60,000 people resided in intervention and control arms, respectively.

Once a year during the peak malaria transmission season in July, starting at baseline, the investigators selected a simple random sample of compounds within the study area for a cross-sectional survey to determine risk factors for malaria acquisition and parasite prevalence. Every person in each selected compound was consented into the cross-sectional survey. Community health volunteers (CHV) were trained to perform malaria rapid diagnostic tests, collect dried blood spots on filter papers, and provide treatment and referral recommendations for participants. Three times a year, in September, January, and April, for two years, CHVs visited every household in the intervention arm and tested and treated every consenting household member who was positive for malaria by rapid diagnostic test. Throughout the study period, malaria case counts from individuals located within the study clusters were recorded at each of the study health facilities. During the first two cross-sectional surveys we randomly selected 660 individuals to enter into an incidence cohort, 330 per arm. Cohort members were definitively treated for malaria at recruitment with artemether-lumefantrine, and were asked to visit a study health facility once a month for blood draws for malaria testing.

Every month, 18 households were randomly selected for entomological monitoring; 12 in the control arm, and 6 in the intervention arm. Pyrethrum spray catches were performed in each household. Live catches were performed one week in each month of the study. During live collection weeks, as many households were visited as possible, and prokopak aspirators were used to collect mosquitoes from the inner walls of houses.

Prior to the first round of mass screening and treatment and then again after the first round, 36 focus group discussions were conducted to evaluate community acceptance of community-based mass screening and treatment.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Cross sectional studies: Living within one of the study clusters, \>1 month of age
* Cohort: Living within one of the study clusters, ≥1 year of age
* Passive surveillance: Living within one of the study clusters
* Entomological surveillance- household in either control or intervention arm

Exclusion Criteria:

* Cohort study- pregnant at time of recruitment