Brain Stimulation and Robotics in Chronic Stroke Motor Recovery

Motor skill training and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) have separately been shown to alter cortical excitability and enhance motor function in humans. Their combination is appealing for augmenting motor recovery in stroke patients, and this is an area presently under heavy investigation globally. The investigators have previously shown that the timing of tDCS application has functional significance, that tDCS applied prior to training can be beneficial for voluntary behavior, and that tDCS effects may not simply be additive to training effects, but may change the nature of the training effect. The investigators have separately reported in a randomized-controlled clinical trial, that upper limb robotic training alone over 12 weeks can improve clinical function of chronic stroke patients. Based on our results with tDCS and robotic training, the investigators hypothesize that the same repeated sessions of robotic training, but preceded by tDCS, would lead to a sustained and functional change greater than robotic training alone. The investigators will determine if clinical function can be improved and sustained with tDCS-robotic training and cortical physiology changes that underlie functional improvements.

The primary aim of this study is to evaluate whether multiple sessions of combined tDCS and robotic upper limb training in chronic hemiplegia, leads to clinical improvement in upperlimb motor impairment. In chronic stroke patients (\>6months post-injury, stable unilateral motor deficit) using a within-subjects repeated-measures design we will evaluate the effects of 12 weeks of robotic upperlimb training (3x/week, 36 sessions, shoulder/elbow/wrist in each session) with real or sham tDCS before the robotic training. Clinical improvement will be determined by a change in upper-limb Fugl-Meyer (primary), the Medical Research Council motor power score (MRC), Wolf Motor Function Test, Barthel Index, and Stroke Impact Scale (secondary) outcome measures following the training, and assessed again six months later.

The investigators further aim to identify and compare the neurophysiological characteristics between intervention groups. The relationship between clinical improvement and neurophysiological measures pertaining to robotic motor training following stroke are presently not described in the literature. By measuring the EMG response from forearm musculature to Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation the investigators will establish: (i) plasticity associated with training, and (ii) the neurophysiological characteristics of patients who respond to training. By understanding how brain excitability changes underpin motor dysfunction, and motor recovery, interventions can be more effectively prescribed and prognoses established.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* A first single focal unilateral lesion with diagnosis verified by brain imaging (MRI or CT scans) that occurred at least 6 months prior;
* Ability to follow 1-2 step commands
* Fugl-Meyer assessment of 7 to 58 out of 66 (neither hemiplegic nor fully recovered motor function in the muscles of the shoulder and elbow and wrist).

Exclusion Criteria:

* A fixed contraction deformity in the affected limb;
* A complete and total flaccid paralysis of all shoulder and elbow motor performance;
* A hemorrhagic stroke
* Presence of tDCS / TMS risk factors
* Presence of an electrically, magnetically or mechanically activated implant (including cardiac pacemaker), an intracerebral vascular clip, or any other electrically sensitive support system
* A history of medication-resistant epilepsy in the family
* Past history of seizures or unexplained spells of loss of consciousness