Targeted Radiotherapy in Androgen-suppressed Prostate Cancer Patients.

This multi-center, phase II trial will be conducted in men with castration resistant prostate cancer. The aim of the TRAP trial is to test whether a new precise radiotherapy technique called stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) can slow down the growth of metastatic prostate cancer. If SBRT is effective it will represent a new treatment option in these patients, providing more prolonged control without having to resort to chemotherapy and its potentially unpleasant side effects.

In this trial, the investigators will identify men who, despite being on next generation androgen deprivation treatment (Abiraterone or Enzalutamide) have developed one or two new sites of worsening (growing) disease but the rest of their cancer is still responding to hormonal therapy. If it is the case that SBRT can successfully treat the cancer which is resistant to current treatment then the investigators hope they will be able to better control the spread of cancer in these patients for longer.

The investigators also hope that they will be able to use the tell-tale products (gene markers) that are released into the bloodstream in these patients, or identify characteristics on novel imaging such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to help identify patients in the future who will benefit the most.

For many men with metastatic prostate cancer, the cancer develops resistance to successive systemic therapies and eventually all treatment options are exhausted and the patient succumbs to their disease. It is therefore vital to find ways of evading prostate cancer resistance. Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) has the advantage that it destroys cancerous tissue irrespective of the underlying genetic deficit within the progressing metastasis. If the resistant clones are localized to 1-2 metastases and can be destroyed or ablated, the patient can continue to receive the benefit of their systemic (androgen deprivation) treatment (Abiraterone or Enzalutamide) which may continue to control the remainder of their disease for many months, possibly even years.

SBRT is a recognised technique for the elimination of isolated metastases in other tumour sites achieving local control of metastasis in 80-90% of cases. This is achieved with very few side effects. In the TRAP trial, the investigators wish to establish whether it is beneficial to target 1 or 2 metastatic sites with SBRT or whether patients will develop polymetastatic progression. Patients enrolled on the trial will receive 30 Gy in 5 fractions on alternate days over 10 days. They will continue their androgen deprivation treatment throughout and following SBRT. Side effects will be closely monitored throughout and patients will be seen at the end of radiotherapy and then 4 weeks after treatment. Thereafter patients will undergo trial follow up three monthly which will includes Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) monitoring.

In addition to the above procedures, the investigators will use a combination of whole body (WB) diffusion weighted (DW) magnetic resonance imaging (WB DW MRI) and circulating tumour (ct) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), 'ct DNA' biomarker analysis with the aim of identifying those patients which benefit most from the combination of SBRT and androgen deprivation treatment. WB DW MRI is a novel MRI technique which shows improved sensitivity compared to standard MRI. The marker ctDNA enables the investigators to explore genomic characterisation and variation of metastases and compare findings with previously explored genome mutations in prostate cancer patients.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

1. Be willing and able to provide written informed consent for the trial and be ≥18 years of age on day of signing informed consent.
2. Have metastatic Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer (CRPC) based on biochemical or pathological diagnosis and be on Enzalutamide or Abiraterone.
3. Have had a minimum of 6 months on Enzalutamide or Abiraterone with evidence of response (PSA, radiological or symptomatic)
4. Have 1 - 2 metastatic lesions progressing on imaging (CT, bone scan, MRI or other local imaging) or a clinical or imaging diagnosis of progression of a non-irradiated primary site with the remainder of their metastases currently controlled by Enzalutamide or Abiraterone.
5. Have had no previous radical radiation to the index area (defined as unable to deliver SBRT doses in this protocol without taking normal tissues beyond tolerance).
6. Have a Performance Status (PS) assessed using the Eastern Co-operative Oncology Group (ECOG) criteria of 0 - 1.
7. Have an oligoprogressing site, including those that have developed on treatment, in bone, lymph node, prostate or lung but not in liver, brain, adrenal or other sites.
8. Patients may be symptomatic in the oligoprogressing area. However, there is no urgent need to start radiotherapy.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. A clinical need exists to switch therapy immediately (e.g. suspicion of rapid clinical progression, urgent need for palliative radiotherapy).
2. Evidence of previous invasive cancer in the last 5 years, with the exception of non-melanoma skin cancer (non-invasive malignancies such as non-muscle invasive bladder cancer are not excluded).
3. There is a contra-indication to radiotherapy (e.g. inflammatory bowel disease).
4. There is a contra-indication to MRI where required for radiotherapy (e.g. cardiac pacemaker, internal defibrillator, shrapnel injury or claustrophobia).