Acceleration and Relapse Prevention With Triiodothyronine (T3) as an Adjunct to Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

The purpose of this study is:

* To evaluate liothyronine (Cytomel) as an accelerating agent (i.e. faster rate to clinical remission) to electroconvulsive therapy.
* To evaluate whether thyroid supplement acceleration can reduce the neurocognitive side effect of ECT treatment.
* To evaluate whether thyroid status at the time of remission is associated with subsequent relapse rate.
* To evaluate genetic polymorphisms in enzymes responsible for thyroid metabolism and the serotonin transporter promoter gene in depression (5-HTTLRP).

This is a single-site, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of concurrent triiodothyronine (Cytomel® 25-50 mcg/d) to electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in patients with a major depressive episode referred to ECT. Goals of this application are to: 1) evaluate whether thyroid status at time of sustained clinical response is associated with subsequent relapse rate, 2) evaluate triiodothyronine (Cytomel®) as an accelerating agent (i.e. faster rate to sustained clinical response) to electroconvulsive ECT treatment, and 3) evaluate whether thyroid acceleration can reduce the neurocognitive side effects of ECT. 4) To evaluate genetic polymorphisms in enzymes responsible for thyroid metabolism and the serotonin transporter promoter gene in depression (5-HTTLRP).

The primary outcome measure for this study, time to relapse, is defined as a Hamilton Depression Score (HAMD-24) ≥16 and an increase of ≥10 points from sustained response baseline. Secondary outcomes measures are time to sustained response, defined as a ≥60% reduction in the HAMD-24 score, and neurocognitive side effect burden as rated by the modified Mini Mental Status Examination at time of sustained clinical response.

Hypotheses:

1. Within a 6-month study period, mean serum free T3 at time of sustained clinical response will correlate with time to subsequent relapse \[defined as a HAMD-24 score ≥16 with an increase of ≥10 points from baseline (sustained response)\].
2. In comparison to placebo, triiodothyronine (Cytomel®, 25-50 mcg) will accelerate time to sustained clinical response \[defined as a ≥60% reduction in the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, 24-item, (HAMD-24) score and a HAMD-24 total score ≤10 for 2 consecutive visits\] in depressed patients referred to ECT.
3. In comparison to placebo, at time of sustained clinical response, there will be less ECT-related neurocognitive side effects, as rated by the modified Mini-Mental Status Examination (mMMSE), associated with triiodothyronine.
4. a. The 5-HTTLPR long allele (l) and (l)/(l) genotype will be associated with a faster treatment response.

   b. The DI-C785T allele will be associated with lower T3 levels at baseline and faster treatment response.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Ages 18-64, male and female, any race/ethnicity
* Current diagnosis of major depression (unipolar)
* Currently Hospitalized at Mayo Clinic Physician recommendation for ECT treatment at Mayo Clinic
* Willing to return to Mayo Clinic for follow-up

Exclusion Criteria:

* Inability to speak English
* Inability or unwillingness to provide written informed consent
* Psychotic depression (SCID-confirmed)
* Court-ordered involuntary ECT
* Currently receiving maintenance ECT
* Unstable current medical condition
* A condition that would deem triiodothyronine treatment unsafe
* Diagnosis of primary thyroid disorder
* Lithium treatment within 6 weeks of randomization
* Currently taking levothyroxine (Synthroid®) or triiodothyronine (Cytomel®)
* Subclinical hypo- or hyperthyroidism
* History of atrial fibrillation or any cardiac arrhythmia except sinus bradycardia
* History of myocardial infarction within the past 12 months or unstable coronary artery disease
* Pregnancy
* History of Osteoporosis