Transrectal MRI-Guided Biopsy in Identifying Cancer in Patients With Suspected Prostate Cancer

This pilot clinical trial studies transrectal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-guided biopsy to see how well it works in identifying cancer in patients with suspected prostate cancer who are scheduled to undergo standard biopsy. Transrectal MRI-guided biopsy uses a thin needle inserted through the rectum into the prostate and takes a sample of tissue, guided by MRI. MRI uses magnets to take pictures of the prostate and may be able to identify cancer. Transrectal MRI-guided biopsy may be more accurate and cause patients less pain than standard ultrasound-guided biopsy. It is not yet known whether transrectal MRI-guided biopsy is more effective than ultrasound-guided biopsy in identifying prostate cancer.

PRIMARY OBJECTIVES:

I. To improve the treatment of patients with prostate cancer utilizing diagnostic multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and MRI-guided prostate biopsy combined with molecular and clinical data to help determine the extent of prostate cancer and risk of disease progression.

II. To determine the relative accuracy of transrectal MRI-guided versus ultrasound-guided biopsy for the diagnosis of prostate cancer in patients with an appropriate dominant target lesion at multiparametric MRI, using pooled cancer diagnoses by either MRI-guided or ultrasound-guided biopsy as the reference standard.

III. To determine the proportion of positive transrectal MRI-guided biopsies that demonstrate a higher Gleason score than contemporaneous transrectal ultrasound guided biopsy.

IV. To determine the management impact of transrectal MRI-targeted biopsy results as compared to transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided systematic biopsy results.

OUTLINE:

Patients receive gadodiamide intravenously (IV) and undergo a diagnostic multiparametric endorectal MRI. Patients with lesions visible on the diagnostic multiparametric endorectal MRI undergo transrectal MRI-guided biopsy within 2 weeks of diagnostic multiparametric endorectal MRI. Patients then undergo TRUS-guided biopsy per standard clinical care approximately 2 weeks after transrectal MRI-guided biopsy.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Scheduled TRUS-guided biopsy because of clinically suspected prostate cancer (abnormal serum prostate-specific antigen \[PSA\] level and/or abnormal digital rectal examination)
* No treatment for prostate cancer has been administered or will be administered before TRUS guided biopsy
* Patient willing to undergo scheduled standard of care TRUS guided biopsy
* Patient willing and able to provide written informed consent, including willingness to undergo both endorectal multiparametric MRI and transrectal MRI-guided biopsy at Oregon Health \& Science University (OHSU)
* Laboratory values and anticoagulation management per consensus guidelines, including:
* International normalized ratio (INR) \>= 1.5
* Platelets \>= 50,000

Exclusion Criteria:

* Known contraindication to MRI (e.g., severe claustrophobia, intracranial aneurysm clips, intraocular metallic foreign body, cardiac pacemaker); an extensive screening questionnaire will be completed by the subject as part of standard OHSU MRI safety measures
* Known contraindication to intravenous gadolinium contrast administration (e.g., renal impairment, known allergy); standard institutional policies on gadolinium and renal function will be followed
* Contraindication to placement of endorectal MRI coil, biopsy device or ultrasound probe (e.g., severe hemorrhoids, anal fissure, recent rectal surgery, or prior abdominoperineal resection)
* Previous inclusion in the study (e.g., a patient who has had negative TRUS and MRI-guided biopsies but continues to have a rising PSA)
* Active urinary tract infection
* Member of vulnerable population including prisoners or mentally disabled patients, in accordance with U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) definitions