Carolinas Cardiogenic Shock Initiative

To determine if deferred or delayed implantation of Impella device based on shock severity index is non-inferior with respect to 1 month and 1 year mortality compared to standard clinical protocols that do not differentiate based on shock severity in adult patients following an initial diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock (AMICS).

The Carolinas Cardiogenic Shock Initiative is a clinical pathway and process improvement protocol already agreed upon by participating sites, to improve care by using a standardized algorithm to treat patients with AMI and CS. This prospective registry will capture data from this protocol as a multi-site research project in parallel with this standardized non-research clinic workflow protocol. Participating providers will follow the clinical protocol as standard of care for AMICS patients, as clinically appropriate. Patients who have been admitted and diagnosed with AMICS and meet all eligibility criteria will have their data entered in this registry.

All eligible patients who are discharged alive from the hospital will be entered into the registry and follow-up via the EMR and/or SSDI will occur at 30 days and one year to assess mortality. No additional provider appointments or further testing will be required as a part of this Registry, other than what each provider feels is medically necessary and indicated as a part of the patients' care plan.

Treatment decisions and timing will follow an approved clinical protocol and algorithm (see Appendix A) based on shock severity classification. The research team at each site will capture data generated during standard of care lab tests and clinical procedures, as well as data collected during clinical visits from eligible patients. Our target accrual is approximately 672 patients, cumulative across all participating sites.

Many of the patient specific outcomes and variables of interest for this study, are already submitted to the National Cardiovascular Data Registry (NCDR). Some additional data elements, as described in Apendix C, will also be captured. There are no benefits in participation other than the scientific knowledge gained, and the only alternative to participation is not participating.

4.1.1 Primary Outcome Variable The primary outcome variable will be 30-day all cause mortality. 4.1.2 Secondary Outcome Variable(s)

Key secondary outcome variables for analysis may include but are not limited to:

* One year mortality
* length of ICU care
* requirement for renal replacement therapy
* dose and duration of catecholamine therapy
* requirement for implantation of an active LVAD or referral for cardiac transplantation
* time to support (arrival to tertiary facility to implantation)
* use of right heart catheterization
* Attainment of TIMI III flow post reperfusion
* Attainment of Cardiac power \> 0.6 watts after completion of therapy
* Reduction or elimination of vasopressors and inotropic agents.
* blood products during admission
* hemolysis requiring device discontinuation
* vascular complication requiring surgery

Study Procedures:

All inpatient data on eligible patients will come from the hospital inpatient records. Once the patient is deemed eligible, their clinical data will be entered or migrated into the research registry. Additional data will be collected at approximately one month and one year following AMICS, using the EMR and the SSDI.

The following are some of the variables which will be collected and recorded within the registry:

* Demographics
* Medical history
* Admission characteristics
* Diagnostic values
* Procedure dates and times
* Procedure characteristics
* Post-procedure information
* Discharge survival
* Survival at 1 month from AMICS
* Survival at 12 months from AMICS
* Additional Quality Metrics

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Symptoms of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) with ECG and/or biomarker evidence of S-T elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) or non-S-T elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI)
* Systolic blood pressure \< 90mm at baseline or use of inotropes or vasopressors to maintain SBP \> 90 + LVEDP \> 15
* Evidence of end organ hypoperfusion
* Patient undergoes PCI

Exclusion Criteria:

* Evidence of Anoxic Brain Injury
* Unwitnessed out of hospital cardiac arrest or any cardiac arrest in which return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) is not achieved in 30 minutes
* IABP placed prior to Impella
* Patient is already supported with an Impella
* Septic, anaphylactic, hemorrhagic, and neurologic causes of shock
* Non-ischemic causes of shock/hypotension (pulmonary embolism, pneumothorax, myocarditis, tamponade, etc.)
* Active bleeding for which mechanical circulatory support is contraindicated
* Recent major surgery for which mechanical circulatory support is contraindicated
* Mechanical complications of AMI (acute ventricular septal defect (VSD) or acute papillary muscle rupture)
* Known left ventricular thrombus for which mechanical circulatory support is contraindicated
* Mechanical aortic prosthetic valve
* Contraindication to intravenous systemic anticoagulation