Immediate Versus Postponed Single Blastocyst Transfer in Programmed or Stimulated Cycle Frozen Embryo Transfer

The aim of this randomized controlled trial is to examine whether single blastocyst transfer in the first cycle after oocyte retrieval (immediate) is non-inferior to single blastocyst transfer in a subsequent cycle (postponed) in stimulated or programmed cycle frozen embryo transfer (FET). The primary outcome is live birth rate.

This is a multicenter randomized controlled trial with the aim of investigating if FET in the first cycle after oocyte retrieval (immediate) is non-inferior to the standard treatment where FET is postponed to a subsequent cycle.

Patient inclusion is set to begin in February 2024 and continue til August 2028. A total of 484 patients will be included according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Patients will be randomized 1:1 to either immediate or postponed FET. Randomization is stratified for stimulated FET with letrozole, stimulated FET with gonadotropins and programmed FET (estradiol and progesterone treatment).

The study groups will be:

1. FET immediate: Programmed cycle (PC) or Stimulated cycle (SC) FET in the first cycle after oocyte retrieval and fresh embryo transfer or freeze-all.
2. FET postponed: PC or SC FET after at least one cycle following oocyte retrieval and fresh embryo transfer or freeze-all.

Participants will have a visit on cycle day 2-4 of the first period after oocyte retrieval where baseline characteristics will be assessed. Patients start treatment according to the randomization, thus women in the FET immediate group will start FET immediately whereas women randomized to postponed FET will wait for at least one cycle (natural or induced by sequential estradiol-Provera treatment in oligo-anovulatory women).

SC-FET: Patients undergoing stimulated cycle FET will start the mild ovarian stimulation with either letrozole 5 mg (2,5) daily for five days starting on cd 3-5, or with gonadotropins hMG/rFSH 50-75 IE daily (initial dose may be higher if needed based on previous treatments). Ovulation trigger (hCG) are administered when the leading follicle reaches ≥18 mm (letrozole) or ≥17 mm (gonadotropin). Blastocyst transfer will be performed 6-7 days after trigger.

PC-FET: Patients undergoing PC FET will start treatment with estradiol 6 mg/day from cycle day 3-5, and after 10-12 days an ultrasound scan will be performed. If the endometrial thickness is \<7 mm, plasma levels of estradiol can be measured and additional estradiol is added according to local clinical practice. After another 4-6 days a new ultrasound scan is performed and progesterone supplementation will be added no matter of the endometrial thickness and blastocyst transfer will be performed on the 5th or the 6th day of progesterone supplementation.

Blood samples will be drawn on the baseline visit (all patients), on cycle day 2-4 in the postponed FET group, on the day of hCG trigger (SC) or on progesterone supplementation day 10-12 (PC), on the day the blastocyst transfer, and on the day of pregnancy testing.

In case of pregnancy, pregnancy and delivery data will be collected from the patients medical records and the new borns birth record. This will be done in accordance to an informed consent form, which is signed by the participants at inclusion.

The primary outcome of the study will be live birth rates (LBR). Secondary outcomes include 1) LBR per blastocyst transfer 2) Clinical pregnancy rate (CPR) 3) ongoing pregnancy rate (OPR) 4) miscarriage rate (MR) 5) cancelled cycle rate including reason for cycle cancellation 6) endocrinology of the luteal phase by means of hormone levels at predefined time-points 7) number of ovarian follicular structures \>10 mm at cycle day 2-5 of the treatment cycle and on the first day of progesterone supplementation 8) time to pregnancy and live birth from start of ovarian stimulation in the fresh cycle.

Pregnancy related complications, such as preeclampsia, pregnancy related hypertension, medically assisted delivery and postpartum hemorrhage (\>100 mL), and neonatal outcomes including preterm birth, low birth weight, small or large for gestational age and perinatal mortality, will also be assessed and compared between groups.

An interim analysis will be performed after inclusion of the first 150 patients (n=75 in each group). The mean number of scans will be compared between the two groups. This will be done to evaluate if the mean number of ultrasoundsscans in the intervention group exceeds that of the control group by more than two scans, if this is the case we will consider terminating the trial.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Eligible for FET in a programmed- or stimulated cycle immediately following a fresh embryo transfer or freeze all cycle
* Oligo-anovulatory women (cycle length \> 35 days)
* Ovulatory women (cycle length 21-35 days)
* At least one vitrified day 5 or 6 blastocyst with Gardner score of ≥ 3BB at the day of vitrification

Exclusion Criteria:

* Uterine malformation
* Presence of hydrosalpinx, submucosal uterine myomas or uterine polyps
* Allergies or contraindication to standard fertility medication
* Male or female HIV or Hepatitis B or C
* Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) in the fresh cycle
* Testicular sperm aspiration (TESA)
* Severe OHSS with hospital admission and ascites drainage during the fresh cycle
* Oocyte donation