Effect of Immunosuppression in IgA Nephropathy

IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common glomerulonephritis worldwide, leading to end stage renal disease (ESRD) in up to 30 to 40% of patients with in a few decades after diagnosis. Several therapeutic options have been used in clinical practice. However, no treatments can completely stop the progression of IgAN. Given the pathogenic mechanism of IgAN, many researchers have tried to treat patients with IgAN using immunosuppression such as corticosteroids. To date, there have been conflicting results on the effects of immunosuppression in IgAN. Earlier studies from Italian groups showed that corticosteroid treatment significantly attenuated kidney function decline and decreased the development of ESRD. Since then, the beneficial effects of corticosteroids have generally been accepted for treatment of IgAN particularly in patients with high degree of proteinuria \> 1.0 g/day despite maximal conservative care during 3 to 6 months. However, a recent interventional study by German group, known as the Supportive Versus Immunosuppressive Therapy for the Treatment of Progressive IgA Nephropathy (STOP-IgAN) trial, showed that immunosuppressive treatment in addition to intensive supportive care did not significantly improve renal outcome and resulted in more treatment-related side effects. Moreover, the Therapeutic Evaluation of Steroids in IgA Nephropathy Global (TESTING) study, another randomized controlled study from China, was early terminated because of safety concern related to corticosteroids. Interestingly, the primary composite outcome occurred significantly less in the methylprednisolone group as compared to the placebo group despite more serious adverse events in the former group. With this background in mind, we designed a multicenter prospective randomized controlled open-label trial; a step-wise therapeutic approach with corticosteroids or add-on cyclophosphamide therapy in IgAN patients with persistent proteinuria who have preserved eGFR of ≥ 30 ml/min/1.73 m2. A total of 19 hospitals will participate in this study. During 12 weeks before the enrollment, all patients will receive maximal supportive care including the use of RAS blockers, blood pressure control with a target of \<130/80 mmHg, and protein restriction diet. If proteinuria does not decrease \< 1.0 g/g creatinine, patients will be randomly assigned to continue supportive care, or to receive corticosteroids. At 3 months after randomization, patients in the corticosteroid arm who have persistent proteinuria of ≥ 1.0 g/g creatinine, or fast decline in eGFR ≥ 15% from the baseline value, will additionally receive cyclosphosphamide during the following 3 months. Patients who have substantial decreased amount of proteinuria \< 1.0 g/g creatinine at 3 months will continue protocol-based corticosteroids during the same period. At 6 months after randomization, patients who receive add-on cyclophosphamide will switch to azathioprine as a maintenance therapy and those who receive corticosteroids alone will discontinue the treatment and will be followed up during 24 months thereafter. At least 87 subjects (a total of 174) would be required for each group to detect 13.5% difference in response rates between the two groups based on previous studies if type I error rate is 5% and type II error is 20% given 20% of drop-out rate during the study period. The primary endpoint is the development of a ≥ 30% decline in eGFR from the baseline or the onset of ESRD. This study will unveil conflicting results on the effects of immunosuppressive treatment in IgAN patients at high risk of progression.

The investigators will conduct a multicenter prospective randomized controlled open-label trial; a step-wise therapeutic approach in IgAN patients with persistent proteinuria who have preserved eGFR of ≥ 30 ml/min/1.73 m2. During 3-6 months before the enrollment, all patients will receive maximal supportive care including the use of RAS blockers, blood pressure control with a target of \<130/80 mmHg, and protein restriction diet. If proteinuria does not decrease \< 1.0 g/g creatinine, patients will be randomly assigned to continue supportive care, or to receive corticosteroids. At 3 months after randomization, patients in the corticosteroid arm who have persistent proteinuria of ≥ 1.0 g/g creatinine, or fast decline in eGFR ≥ 15% from the baseline value, will additionally receive cyclosphosphamide during the following 3 months. Patients who have substantial decreased amount of proteinuria \< 1.0 g/g creatinine at 3 months will continue protocol-based corticosteroids during the same period. At 6 months after randomization, patients who receive add-on cyclophosphamide will switch to azathioprine as a maintenance therapy and those who receive corticosteroids alone will discontinue the treatment and will be followed up during 24 months thereafter. At least 87 subjects (a total of 174) would be required for each group to detect 13.5% difference in response rates between the two groups based on previous studies if type I error rate is 5% and type II error is 20% given 20% of drop-out rate during the study period.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Biopsy-proven IgA nephropathy within 5 years of enrollment
* Persistent proteinuria of UPCR ≥ 1.0 g/g creatinine during 12-week supportive care including RAS blockers
* baseline eGFR ≥ 30 ml/min/1.73 m2 assessed by CKD-EPI equation

Exclusion Criteria:

* Nephrotic syndrome, atypical IgA nephropathy
* Crescents ≥ 25%
* Overt pulmonary tuberculosis
* Malignancy within 5 years of enrollment
* Pregnancy or breast feeding
* Active hepatitis, chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, HIV
* Kidney transplant
* Current use of immunosuppressive treatment or prior use of immunosuppressive drugs within 1 year of enrollment
* Uncontrolled hypertension (\> 160/100 mmHg)
* Aged \< 19 years
* Secondary IgA nephropathy such as lupus nephritis, chronic liver disease, or Henoch-Schlein purpura
* Involvement of other clinical trials within 3 months of enrollment