Study of Fixed vs. Flexible Filgrastim to Accelerate Bone Marrow Recovery After Chemotherapy in Children With Cancer

This randomized phase III trial studies flexible administration of filgrastim after combination chemotherapy to see how well it works compared to fixed administration of filgrastim in decreasing side effects of chemotherapy in younger patients with cancer. Cancer chemotherapy frequently results in neutropenia (low blood counts) when patients are susceptible to severe infections. A medicine called G-CSF (filgrastim) stimulates bone marrow and daily filgrastim shots are commonly used to shorten neutropenic periods and decrease infections after chemotherapy. Since filgrastim is customarily used on a fixed schedule starting early after chemotherapy and there are data that early doses may not be needed, this study tests new flexible schedule of filgrastim to optimize its use by reducing the number of painful shots, cost of treatment, and filgrastim side effects in children with cancer receiving chemotherapy.

PRIMARY OBJECTIVES:

I. To compare the effect of flexible vs. fixed administration of G-CSF (filgrastim) on the parameters of hematological recovery including duration of absolute neutrophil count (ANC) \< 500/uL; time to ANC recovery \>= 1,000/uL and time to platelet recovery \>= 75,000/uL in children receiving myelotoxic chemotherapy.

SECONDARY OBJECTIVES:

I. To compare the effect of flexible vs. fixed administration of G-CSF on the incidence of febrile neutropenia and number of hospital days on antibiotics following myelotoxic chemotherapy.

II. To evaluate the number of days of platelet transfusion events after chemotherapy cycles with flexible vs. fixed administration of G-CSF.

III. To evaluate on the incidence and duration of G-CSF-related side effects including extremities/back pain and headaches after chemotherapy courses followed by flexible vs. fixed administration of G-CSF.

IV. To evaluate the peripheral blood progenitor responses and subsets of progenitor cells (cluster of differentiation \[CD\]34/41/61/117/10/19/11b/33) to chemotherapy followed by flexible vs. fixed administration of G-CSF.

OUTLINE:

CHEMOTHERAPY: Depending on their diagnosis patients are assigned to 1 of 3 chemotherapy regimens.

ICE: Patients receive etoposide intravenously (IV) over 1 hour on days 1-3, ifosfamide IV over 3 hours on days 1-3, and carboplatin IV over 1 hour on day 4. Patients with recurrent Hodgkin lymphoma receive etoposide and ifosfamide on days 1-3 and carboplatin on day 3.

ICT: Patients receive topotecan hydrochloride IV over 30 minutes on days 1-3, and ifosfamide and carboplatin as in ICE.

OPEC: Patients receive vincristine sulfate on days 1, 8, and 15; etoposide IV over 1 hour on days 1-3; cyclophosphamide IV over 1 hour on days 1-2; and cisplatin IV over 6 hours on day 4.

For all chemotherapy regimens, treatment repeats every 21 days for 2 courses. Patients are then randomized to 1 of 2 treatment arms.

ARM I (fixed filgrastim): Patients receive filgrastim subcutaneously (SC) once daily (QD) started at 24 hours after completion of chemotherapy and stopped when ANC reaches at least 1,000/uL post nadir.

ARM II (flexible filgrastim): Patients receive filgrastim SC QD started on the first day after chemotherapy when ANC falls below 1,000/uL and stopped when ANC reaches at least 1,000/uL post nadir.

After completion of the first filgrastim treatment, patients cross-over to the other filgrastim arm and repeat the same course of chemotherapy as before. After completion of the second filgrastim treatment, chemotherapy treatment may continue for up to 5 (OPEC) or 6 (ICE, ICT) courses in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Subjects must have or have had at initial diagnosis, histologic proof of their malignancy; young children with primary embryonal brain tumor treated according to Head Start protocol are eligible; subjects with bone marrow involvement are NOT eligible for study
* Patients will receive repeated cycles of identical chemotherapy that will likely result in grades III-IV hematological toxicity; patients will be treated outside of Children's Oncology Group (COG) protocols with specific requirements for schedule of G-CSF administration; the following categories of patients treated at Children's Hospital of Michigan are eligible for this study:

  * Patients with brain tumors treated according to Head Start II protocol with vincristine, etoposide, cyclophosphamide, and cisplatin (OPEC) chemotherapy;
  * Patients with recurrent Hodgkin lymphoma treated with ICE (ifosfamide, carboplatin, etoposide) chemotherapy;
  * Patients with recurrent solid tumors including sarcomas, Wilms' tumor, neuroblastomas, or brain tumors treated with high dose ICE or ICT (ifosfamide, carboplatin, topotecan) chemotherapy
  * Patients with UH Wilms' tumor treated with CE (cyclophosphamide, etoposide); patients with neuroblastoma treated with CE (carboplatin, etoposide);
  * Patients with soft tissue sarcomas treated with IA (ifosfamide, doxorubicin);
  * Patients with osteosarcoma treated with high dose ifosfamide
* Subjects must have fully recovered from the toxic effects of any prior therapy; at least 3 weeks should have elapsed since the last dose of chemotherapy (6 weeks in the case of nitrosourea containing therapy); subjects must have recovered from previous colony-stimulating factor therapy and have been off colony-stimulating factors (G-CSF, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor \[GM-CSF\], interleukin \[IL\]-11) for more than 10 days and off erythropoietin for 30 days
* ANC \> 1000/uL
* Platelet count \> 100,000/uL
* Creatinine clearance or glomerular filtration rate (GFR) which is greater than or equal to 70 ml/min/1.73 m\^2
* Bilirubin less than 1.5 x normal limit (NL)
* Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) or serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) less than 2.5 x NL for age
* Subjects should have a normal ejection fraction (per institutional limits), no evidence of cardiac arrhythmias requiring therapy, and a fractional shortening of \> 28%
* All subjects must have a life expectancy of 12 weeks or more
* Diagnostic categories

  * Sarcoma (soft tissue and bone)
  * Kidney tumors
  * Brain tumors
  * Other solid tumors (gonadal and germ cell tumors, retinoblastoma, neuroblastoma, and miscellaneous tumors)
  * Hodgkin lymphoma
* Performance status must be \> 60 from Lansky (age 1 to 16) or Karnofsky (age \> 16)

Exclusion Criteria:

* Subjects with any of the following will NOT be eligible for study:

  * Bone marrow involvement
  * Active myelogenous leukemia, or history of myelogenous leukemia
  * Pregnancy