Brain Stimulation for the Treatment of Tourette Syndrome

The purpose of this trial is to determine whether a particular type of Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS), scheduled Deep Brain stimulation (SBS), is an effective and safe treatment for Tourettte syndrome (TS).

The trial will also examine the brain activity associated with TS and tics and explore the possibility of responsive brain stimulation (RBS).

DBS is a surgical procedure that seeks to change the brain's electrical signalling by means of applied electrical current. To this end, a wire with tiny stimulating electrodes is implanted into one or both sides of the brain. An electrode is a small piece of metal used to take an electric current to or from a power source. These electrodes are connected under the skin on the scalp to a small electrical unit called an INS (implantable neurostimulator), which is similar to a heart pacemaker. The device sends out electrical impulses that appear to change the normal flow of electricity in the brain.

The wires which house the electrodes will be implanted on both sides of the brain oriented towards the centromedian thalamus-parafascicular complex. This region of the brain has to date the greats number of documented cases revealing significant improvements in motor tics.

This region of the brain will also provide a target where physiological changes related to motor tics are likely to be discovered.

The device we propose for this study has several features that make it more suitable for use in the TS population than other devices. It is self-contained in the skull and brain, and contains no tunneled neck connector wire and no chest pacemaker deice. This will help to lessen infection, and will assist in limiting device-related fractures due to tics involving neck region. Also, the system can record electro-encephalograph data from the area of the electrodes, which will assist us in gathering information about what specific physiological changes are correlated with tics.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* diagnosis of TS must be made by both a neurologist and a psychiatrist and must meet standardized criteria
* must have a minimum score on the primary tic rating scale
* symptoms must be causing significant impairment in functioning, making it impossible or almost impossible to do daily activities, including work or school and interactions with friends and family, causing severe distress and a poor quality of life
* symptoms have not responded well enough to medications prescribed by a neurologist or psychiatrist experienced in treating TS. Must have had trials of drugs from three different classes of drugs that have not worked.
* must have received stable and effective treatment of any other existing medical or psychological problems for the past 6 months.
* current TS related-medication(s) must be stable for at least a month without a dose change prior to surgery and must be willing to keep these medications stable and unchanged throughout the study or must be off of TS-related medications for at least three months prior to surgery
* If tics involve only one group of muscles or might be controllable by botulinum toxin treatment, must try botulinum treatment before considering surgery.
* must have a negative urine drug screen
* must give informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

* have a simple motor tic or movement disorder other than TS, or medication-related movement disorders from TS medications
* have had any previous brain surgery including deep brain stimulation, ablative capsulotomy or cingulotomy
* have another psychiatric condition (including body dysmorphic disorder, a delusional disorder or a biological brain disorder), dementia or cognitive dysfunction that would place subject at risk for worsening cognition and/or may impact ability to comply with study procedures. Also included is any other psychiatric disorder that requires medications or treatments that would interfere with the functioning of the DBS device.
* have any significant substance abuse or dependence (e.g., stimulants, alcohol, opiates, benzodiazepines) within the past six months
* have a severe medical disease including cardiovascular disorder, lung disorder, kidney disease, chronic neurological disease, hematological disease, or frailty that impacts tolerability of the surgery as judged by the screening physicians
* pre-surgery MRI is considered abnormal. You may also be excluded if your brain is considered very small.
* have a history of serious suicidal behavior, are unable to control suicide attempts, or are currently at risk of suicide, in the judgement of the investigator
* have head-banging tics or tics that have the potential to damage the RNS System
* are currently pregnant or breast-feeding, plan to become pregnant during the study, or are not using effective contraception
* are currently enrolled in another investigational study
* have an implant such as a pacemaker or neurostimulator containing electrical circuitry or that generates electrical signals
* have any metal orthopedic pins or plates, metal orthodontics, or non-removable body jewelry
* require diathermy treatments during physical or occupational therapy
* have a problem that will require repeat Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans