Effect of Nutritional Supplementation and Pulmonary Rehabilitation on the Clinical Status of HF and COPD

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of death in the world and our country. The prevalence of Heart Failure (HF) is 1-2% in the adult population in developed countries, up to 10% among people 70 years of age. Concerning COPD, it is estimated that by 2030 will be the third leading cause of death in the world; the prevalence in Mexico is 18.4%. Also, according to INEGI data, it is the 5th cause of death in people over 65.

50% of patients with COPD die of cardiovascular causes, and they are at higher risk of developing HF, hospital readmissions, and death.

Subjects with HF and COPD concomitant have alterations such as; systemic inflammation, loss of muscle mass and strength of both skeletal and respiratory muscles, reduced tolerance to exercise, and lung function, which has an important impact on clinical status, quality of life and prognosis.

The objective of nutritional treatment in HF is to reduce heart overload and reduce cardiovascular risk. On the other hand, in COPD, it is to improve lung function. However, this is not enough to maintain the protein reserves of patients due to previously affected factors. Therefore, it is vitally essential to contemplate the supplementation with amino acids that prevent and delay the loss of protein reserves, as well as the delay in clinical status.

The β-hydroxy-β-methyl butyrate (HMB) is a metabolite of leucine, with an anticatabolic and anabolic effect. HMB improves the synthesis of proteins, muscle mass, strength, and muscle functionality. Citrulline has been associated with increased muscle mass, VO2, and exercise tolerance.

On the other hand, pulmonary rehabilitation (RP) has improved exercise tolerance, mass, and strength of skeletal and respiratory muscles, quality of life, reduction of hospitalizations, and mortality. However, in concomitant HF and COPD, there are no guidelines that specify the type of RP or if there is a synergistic effect with nutritional supplementation and its impact on clinical status.

Heart Failure

Heart Failure (HF) is a complex syndrome consequence of any structural or functional abnormality that impairs the capacity of filling or ejected of the heart. (1, 2).

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive, systemic, and multi-organic disease with structural and functional changes, mostly in the lungs. It is characterized by a progressive limitation of airflow as a response to external factors such as airflow contamination, smoking, biomass, which are associated with chronic inflammation. (3).

Epidemiology

The cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide (4); The HF prevalence goes from 1-2% in developed countries and increases to 10% in older \>70 years old.

COPD is an important global load affecting more than 600 million people corresponding to the 5 % off all cause of death worldwide (5).

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Heart Failure

COPD and HF are related between them, sharing the same risk factors and pathogenic mechanisms. They are growing in time and are epidemic diseases because of multiple factors. The cardiovascular disease takes an essential role in COPD, 30 to 50% of deaths are because of them; one of the most important is HF. COPD patients have three times the risk to developed HF (6), and between them, the risk of hospital readmission and death is higher than those without HF (7).

Nutritional Supplementation

β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate (HMB) HMB is a leucine metabolite, are a branch chain amino acid, and a regular potent in the muscular protein replacement and endogen sub-production that occurs in the muscles and liver. The first stage of change is through the transamination of the leucine to KIC, occurring in the mitochondrial and cytosol of the muscular cell. In the mitochondria, the KIC oxidates into isovaril-CoA, subsequently by other metabolism processes, it produces 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). Approximately 90% of KIC oxidize into isovaril CoA in the hepatic mitochondrial, lastly, acetoacetate and Acetyl-CoA. While the last 10% oxides into HMB in the cellular cytosol (8-10).

Supplementation with HMB

HMB develops a nutritional role; the daily supplementation has an anti-catabolic effect in the protein synthesis, increasing the muscular mass and diminished the muscular damage in adulthood.

Several studies evaluate the effects of supplementation with HMB, isolated, or combined in muscle functionality, strength, mortality, and indifferent pathologies(11). Recently, in a meth analysis and systemic review of randomized clinical trials made by Wu et al. to evaluate the effect of the administration with HMB over the corporal composition and muscular strength in adulthood in 65 years with pathologies. The study includes supplementation of HMB at 3mg doses at least eight weeks to increase the muscular strength and functionality (12). Supplementation with Ca-HMB with or without resistance exercise in older than 75 years' old was evaluated by Stout et al., in a pilot study, they made 2 phases: the first one (without exercise) supplementation with 3g of CaHMB vs. placebo and the second (with resistance exercise) with and without supplementation. They observed that the supplementation in the long term has better benefits, and increase lean mass, strength, quality, and functional muscle without exercise. In this study, they showed that there is no synergic effect with the exercise combined with supplementation (10).

Citrulline-arginine The principal precursor of citrulline is glutamine, representing 60% of the total synthesis of arginine de novo (13). Citrulline is released into the portal circulation because the enterocytes do not have the succinate arginine synthase. The liver absorbs one quantity in a normal hepatic function and goes to the systemic circulation and finally is transformed by the kidney into arginine (14). The supplementation is a potent nutrient-drug that helps to restore the arginine metabolism in different populations (14, 15).

Citrulline is considered a safe supplementation (16)with a maximum consumption of 15g/day and 13 g/day for arginine (17, 18). The blood levels in a healthy individual are 40 µmol/L (19). L citrulline increases the concentration of L arginine more efficiently than the supplementation of L-arginine; this is an amino acid, endogen precursor of the synthesis of oxide nitric (ON) (20).

Different studies with supplementation show a reduction in adhesion cells and leucocyte activation, as well as an improvement in endothelial function (21). Besides, in heathier subjects, it has been associated with less muscular fatigue, better VO2, and exercise tolerance. (22) In a randomized clinical trial (RCT) with healthy subjects, where they receive oral supplementation with citrulline, they showed an increase of 57% of the nitrogen balance 12 hrs. after (17)

Pulmonary rehabilitation

Pulmonary rehabilitation and physic therapy are essential components of the non-pharmacologic treatment, for HF and COPD, the guidelines' treatment recommends the pulmonary rehabilitation or physic therapy, to improve the exercise tolerance, skeletal and respiratory muscular function, also the quality of life of the patients (23, 24). On the other side, it has been demonstrated that pulmonary rehabilitation and physic therapy have benefits in the number of hospitalization and mortality of patients.

Ancanfora et al., in a randomized clinical trial evaluate the effect of cardiovascular training in patients with HF. The program consists of resistance activities and abdominal exercises, depending on the clinical characteristics of each patient, they were followed by four weeks, resulting in an improvement over-exercise tolerance, O2 maximum consumes and ventilatory threshold (25). Similarly, Keteyian et al., evaluated the physiological adaptation resulting by the physical training in patients with HF with Left ventricle ejection fraction. Also reduced the effects and security in clinical results, had a followed of 2-5 weeks, it consists by resistance exercises such as walking and the use of the static bicycle by 20-30 minutes (23). They conclude that the exercise was secure and improves the state of health, exercise capacity. O´connor et al., evaluated the effects of a regular aerobic exercise (bicycle, treadmill) in patients with HF plus the habitual care, followed by 30 months, they observed that the mortality and hospitalization decreases (26).

Additionally, Benefits have also been seen in patients with COPD; Petersen et al., after seven weeks, show that the resistance exercises twice a week improved exercise tolerance and diminished the fast degradation of proteins (27). Nevertheless, patients with HF and COPD have no guidelines that specified the type of exercise as well as the duration of it, or if there is a synergic effect with nutritional supplementation and which is the impact over the clinic stage.

General objective:

To assess the effect of nutritional supplementation and pulmonary rehabilitation on the clinical status of patients with HF and COPD compared to those subjects who do not receive nutritional supplementation or pulmonary rehabilitation.

Specific objectives

To evaluate the effect of pulmonary rehabilitation and supplementation over body composition in COPD and HF patients compared to those subjects who receive non-pharmacology treatment based on guidelines treatment.

To evaluate the effect of pulmonary rehabilitation and supplementation over the exercise tolerance in COPD and HF patients compared to those subjects who receive non-pharmacology treatment based on guidelines treatment.

To evaluate the effect of pulmonary rehabilitation and supplementation over pulmonary function in COPD and HF patients compared to those subjects who receive non-pharmacology treatment based on guidelines treatment.

To evaluate the effect of pulmonary rehabilitation and supplementation over endothelial function in COPD and HF patients compared to those subjects who receive non-pharmacology treatment based on guidelines treatment.

To evaluate the effect of pulmonary rehabilitation and supplementation over muscle function in COPD and HF patients compared to those subjects who receive non-pharmacology treatment based on guidelines treatment.

To evaluate the effect of pulmonary rehabilitation and supplementation over cognitive function in COPD and HF patients compared to those subjects who receive non-pharmacology treatment based on guidelines treatment.

Evaluated the effect of nutritional supplementation and pulmonary rehabilitation over prognosis in COPD and HF patients compared to those subjects who receive non-pharmacology treatment based on guidelines treatment.

Hypothesis Subjects with HF and COPD who receive nutritional supplementation and pulmonary rehabilitation will have a better clinical status than those who do not receive nutritional supplementation or pulmonary rehabilitation.

Methodology

Design Study:

Randomized clinical trial

Study Population:

Patients with Heart failure and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease diagnosisStatistical Analysis

Descriptive analysis will be present as frequency and percentage if categorical variables and mean \& standard deviation if the variable is continuous with normal distribution; if not, it will report as median and percentiles (25-75). The normality distribution will be evaluated through a Shapiro-Wilk test.

At the beginning of the study, we will compare both groups to determine statistical significance differences. X2 will run in categorical variables and an independent t-study test in continuous variables with normal distribution, if not, U de Mann Whitney will be run.

To identifying the differences between groups along with the study, repeated analysis of variance measures will be done if the variable has a normal distribution. Otherwise, Friedman tests will be made. McNemar will be made for categorical variables. Furthermore, changes between groups along the time at student will be made with a normal distribution; otherwise, Wilcoxon will be done.

Alpha type error: it considered as a statistical significance a p\<0.05

Sample size A simple size space of 100 patients, 25 subjects per group will be included if prior consent is acquired, and they meet the inclusion criteria.

Procedures Invitation to participate All the patients who complete the inclusion criteria will be invited to the protocol. They shall be informed about the study, the possible risks and benefits of the treatment, and the possibility of leaving the study at any moment if the patients want. Those who accept participated will be enrolled in a list and then randomized into different groups of treatment.

Allocation to the treatment groups The allocation sequence will be generated in the site http://www.randomization.com; therefore, the patients will be assigned into one of the next groups: 1) control group 2)pulmonary rehabilitation 3) rehabilitation pulmonary group plus beta-hydroxy beta-methyl butyric (HMB) (4g) 4) pulmonary rehabilitation group plus Citrulline (4g). The cardiologist, nutritionist, the physic therapist, will be blinded to the assignation group treatments.

Baseline evaluation During the first evaluation, the clinical stage will be assigned, and the next valuations will be made: pulmonary function, endothelial function, exercise tolerance, functional class, signs, and symptoms. anthropometric and body composition indicators by electric bio-impedance, biochemical test, dietetics, handgrip strength Following visits All the patients, no matter the group, will have a follow up for three months. In the beginning, 6week later and finally at three months.

Survival follow-up wil be after two years treatment initiation

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients that accept and signed the study consent.
* \> 40 years old
* Patients with Heart failure diagnosis confirmed by echocardiographic criteria according to the European Society of Cardiology guidelines (2).
* Heart failure patients in functional class I to III according to NYHA
* Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease diagnosis according to GOLD guidelines with a post-bronchodilator spirometry VEF1/FVC index \<0.70 (50)

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patients with recent (\<3 months) exacerbations
* Terminal Chronic Renal Kidney Disease with a creatinine clearance \<30 ml/min/1.73m2
* Patients with a cancer diagnosis
* Patients with limitation to exercise
* Patients enrolled in another study protocol