Hypertonic Saline for COVID-19 Symptoms

Rationale:

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is spreading rapidly in the world with no proven effective therapy to date. Some patients with COVID-19 develop sever respiratory disease requiring ICU care. There is in vitro evidence that hypertonic saline (HTS) may be beneficial in reducing the inflammatory component in similar viral illnesses.

Objective:

To assess whether wearing a face mask sprayed with HTS (in addition to other COVID-19 treatments) leads to decreasing the severity of the respiratory symptoms resulting from COVID-19.

Study design:

Multi-centre trial

Study population:

Any patient older than 18 years of age with confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis who has any of the following respiratory symptoms or signs:

* cough,
* shortness of breath,
* tachypnea (respiratory rate of 20 breaths / minute or more),
* hypoxemia (O2 saturation 90% or less on room air)

Intervention:

Participants will be asked to wear a face mask for 20-30 minutes every 6 hours for the duration of their respiratory symptoms and/or signs. This inside surface of the face mask will be sprayed with 10-15 ml of HTS and allowed to air dry before the participant is permitted to wear it. A new face mask will be given to the patient every 24 hours. All participants will continue to receive their other COVID-19 treatments as per local hospital guidelines.

Main study parameter:

Improvement of the respiratory symptoms and signs on repeated measurement.

Nature and extent of the burden and risks associated with participation, benefit:

The burden of COVID-19 is very severe world wide. The trial duration is 3 months, with potential extension if deemed needed by interim analysis at the end of 3 months. There are no additional risks for participation in this study as only face masks will be used with no additional medications being given to the participants. In the future, the results of this study could lead to improved care for COVID-19 patients.

Since its emergence as severe outbreak in China in December 2019, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread so rapidly in the world that more than 780,000 cases have so far been reported worldwide and since then the WHO has declared it as a pandemic. The rapid spread of the disease is imposing major threats on healthcare systems in many countries in the world The major threat to these healthcare systems so far has been the large number of patients who will need respiratory support (ventilators) because of the severe lung injury associated with COVID-19.This disease shares similar pathogenetic, epidemiological and clinical features to the two previously reported coronavirus epidemics (severe acute respiratory syndrome \[SARS\] and Middle East respiratory syndrome \[MERS\]) to COVID-19. However little is currently known about SARS-CoV-2 with no established therapy or vaccine.

Lai et al in their 2005 publication showed that "Even with a relatively high virus load (SARS-CoV) in the droplet, rapid loss of infectivity was observed for paper and cotton material" and that "all disinfectants (used in the study) reduced the virus load (SARS-CoV) by 13 log within 5 min after incubation". In addition, it has been shown that viruses (including corona family of viruses) can be de-activated when they come in contact with surfaces covered with sodium chloride (table salt). This can be explained by "physical destruction of virus during recrystallization of coated salts. When the salt-coated fiber is exposed to virus aerosols, salt crystals below the aerosol droplet dissolve to increase osmotic pressure to virus. Due to evaporation, the salt concentration of the droplet significantly increases and reaches the solubility limit, leading to recrystallization of salt. As a consequence, virus particles are exposed to increasing osmotic pressure during the drying process and are physically damaged by crystallization." In 1961, Spier et al showed that viral replication is inhibited by the presence of chloride / halide salts. In addition, a recent report showed that non-myeloid cells (e.g. epithelial, fibroblast and hepatic cells) have an innate immune mechanism, which is augmented in the presence of salt (NaCl). The same report also showed that, in cell culture models, DNA, RNA, enveloped and non-enveloped viruses are all inhibited in the presence of NaCl. The antiviral effect was dependent on the availability of chloride ions (and not sodium ions). In the presence viral infection and the availability of NaCl, cells utilize the chloride ions to produce hypochlorous acid (HOCl). Since HOCl is the active ingredient in bleach, which is known to have an antiviral effect, the mechanism could be augmented by supplying chloride ions through NaCl to treat viral infections. The Edinburgh and Lothians Viral Intervention Study (ELVIS), a pilot RCT of hypertonic saline nasal irrigation and gargling (HSNIG) versus standard care in adults with URTI showed a reduction in the duration of illness by 1.9 days (p = 0.01), less over-the-counter medications use by 36% (p = 0.004), less disease transmission within household contacts by 35% (p = 0.006) and less viral shedding by ≥0.5 log10/day (p = 0.04).

Hypertonic saline (HTS) has also been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects on lung epithelium. In addition, inhaled HTS has been shown to have beneficial effects when used for patients with lung diseases (e.g. cystic fibrosis).

Therefore, the combination of the antiviral properties on surfaces and the anti-inflammatory effects of HTS renders such widely available, affordable and cheap therapy amenable for exploring as potentially beneficial in reducing the severity of lung injury in patients with symptomatic COVID-19 with very minimal risk to the patients.

This proposal aims at testing the effect of spraying the routinely used face masks (or for that matter any material to cover nose and mouth) with HTS on the severity of respiratory symptoms and signs of patients with confirmed COVID-19. In addition, the rate for ICU utilization will be monitored.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Age 18 years and older
* confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 by PCR and
* Any of the following

  * cough
  * shortness of breath
  * Respiratory rate more than 20 per minute or
  * oxygen saturation 90% or less on room air

Exclusion Criteria:

* Age younger than 18 years
* Pregnancy
* Participation in other COVID-19 intervention trial