Effect of in Vitro Haemolysis on Serum High Sensitivity Troponin T Measurements From Patients in Accident & Emergency

This study will be investigating how a common blood test for identifying heart damage (Troponin T) is affected by red blood cell damage in the blood sample (Haemolysis). It is already known that damage to the red blood cells during or after blood sample collection can cause falsely low test results however the exact amount is not clear. Some previous studies suggest that a much higher amount of red blood cell damage could be allowable when reporting the test results. This study will mimic the type of red blood cell damage that occurs in the hospital and determine what degree of damage or 'haemolysis' causes a significant reduction in the test result and therefore determine an allowable limit for safely reporting the test result. The results of this study may help provide an evidence based approach to improving current practice and may lead to fewer rejected blood samples, fewer repeat tests, improved A\&E treatment times, general cost savings and an improved service to patients.

This study will be investigating how a common blood test for identifying heart damage (Troponin T) is affected by red blood cell damage in the blood sample (Haemolysis). It is already known that damage to the red blood cells during or after blood sample collection can cause falsely low test results however the exact amount is not clear. Some previous studies suggest that a much higher amount of red blood cell damage could be allowable when reporting the test results. This study will mimic the type of red blood cell damage that occurs in the hospital and determine what degree of damage or 'haemolysis' causes a significant reduction in the test result and therefore determine an allowable limit for safely reporting the test result. The results of this study may help provide an evidence based approach to improving current practice and may lead to less rejected blood samples, fewer repeat tests, improved treatment times in Accident and Emergency (A\&E), general cost savings and an improved service to patients.

This study will be conducted as a Masters research project in Biomedical sciences (Clinical Biochemistry) as well as providing evidence to evaluate current laboratory practice. Participants attending Poole Hospital accident and emergency who are already having blood samples taken for the heart damage blood test, high sensitivity Troponin T (hs-cTnT), are chosen for this study. As the participants are already having the hs-cTnT blood test performed it means the investigators will not be determining any new information about them from the tests and they are also the population that the results of the study will benefit.

Whilst the participants are having the routine blood samples taken for their medical investigation, an extra two blood samples will be collected (a maximum of 9 ml; less than two teaspoons) following verbal permission. Only patients with the capacity to give verbal consent will be included in the study and then their blood will only be taken once. The extra blood samples will be labelled with the time and date of collection (to ensure stability when analysing). No patient identifying information will be written on the samples and they will be sent to the laboratory in a separate bag from the routine specimens to ensure anonymity.

Once received in the laboratory, one of the study samples will be analysed for hs-cTnT and haemolysis index (a measured value that equates to the amount of haemoglobin in the sample and therefore red blood cell damage). The results from these initial tests will determine if the hs-cTnT and haemolysis are within the desired range for the study.

If the sample meets the requirements for the study, a sample specific haemolysate (Haemolysed serum) will be created from the second sample. Using both samples, varying controlled degrees of haemolysis will be created and then tested for hs-cTnT. The results from the varying degrees of haemolysis will be compared to the original unhaemolysed result to determine whether a significant change in the result has occurred.

Null hypotheses:

* There is no significant difference in hs-cTnT results between baseline and up to 100 haemolysis index. There is a significant difference in hs-cTnT results between baseline and all haemolysis index levels greater than 100.
* There is no significant difference in mean percentage change of hs-cTnT up to 100 Haemolysis index and there is a significant difference in mean percentage change of hs-cTnT at all Haemolysis levels greater than 100 haemolysis index.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Adult patients attending Poole emergency department having High Sensitivity Troponin T measurements performed on their blood as part of their medical investigations.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Serum samples with Haemolysis Index \>20.
* Serum High sensitivity Troponin T result \<5 ng/l and \>100 ng/l
* Patients lacking capacity to give verbal consent.
* Under 18 years of age.
* Patient has previously been approached about this study.