Comparative Tobacco Interventions for Individuals With Severe and Persisting Behavioral Health Disorders

The aim of this pilot intervention is to examine the acceptability of a harm reduction intervention approach to tobacco use for individuals with serious behavioral health disorders and its association with a decrease in smoking. The intervention uses a "dynamic" approach to patient choice, allowing participants the option to explore different strategies for harm reduction, while providing support from counselors in the process. Therefore, the investigators have chosen an observational study design in order to document and explore the acceptability and outcomes of the intervention.

Background and Significance

The high rate of combustible tobacco use among persons with schizophrenia, affective, post traumatic stress and substance misuse disorders is well documented. Over 40% of the estimated 9.8 million Americans, or 4.0% of the total population, who have serious behavioral health disorders smoke cigarettes, at a rate two to three times higher than the general population. The adverse health consequences and abbreviated lifespan for these persons is also well documented. Given the greater rate of tobacco use, persons with behavioral health disorders are at greater risk for morbidity, e.g., respiratory and cardio-vascular illness, and pre-mature mortality. The relationship of individuals in these communities to combustible tobacco in its pharmacological, sensorimotor and behavioral aspects is compelling. There is a significant literature documenting the endorsement and benefit of nicotine and smoking behavior for individuals in these communities.

Clinical or personal context contribute to the barriers in making change, e.g., the social acceptability of smoking, lack of support, poor access to interventions, the need to mitigate stress and other symptoms of serious mental illness. The need for meaningful structure and daily engagement leads many to use tobacco to fill time and as a distraction. However, many individuals express a desire to quit or further reduce their tobacco consumption. Conventional tobacco interventions and approaches, e.g., smoking cessation, quit lines, informal telephone counseling, FDA approved Nicotine Replacement Therapies (NRTs) and medications have limited documented success. Existing evidence indicates that the combination of pharmacological intervention along with behavioral support is superior to either of these interventions alone. However the behavioral support aspect is usually limited to four to eight sessions.

Local Need

As documented by the State,California has led the way in the progressive decrease in combustible tobacco use. San Francisco County has a 10.8% rate of smoking. Over 25,000 adults received service on an annual basis from the San Francisco Department of Public Health. Of these service recipients at least 6028 adults or 24% (18 or older) are smokers, 5722 persons report having never smoked and for another 7926 (31.5%) smoking status is unknown. The larger department of public health offers smoking cessation services however there are no dedicated services targeting the behavioral health service user. Tobacco use is increasingly of concern for behavioral health program administrators and managers. Recruitment of programs for this research effort was met with enthusiasm and an unambiguous expression of a need for an intensive, harm reduction approach to tobacco intervention. The local Health Department division of Behavioral Health Services maintains a dedicated Harm Reduction policy regarding substance use behaviors.

Consultants were retained to conduct, record and analyze the experience, barriers, challenges and satisfaction with smoking and smoking cessation attempts for individuals with behavioral health disorders through the facilitation of four focus groups. In summary, focus group participants report an understanding of smoking as an addiction integral to their daily lives; that its pleasurable effects override health concerns; that cigarettes are a "friend" and something to pass time and overcome boredom; that they understood restrictions on smoking but also feel harassed or demeaned for smoking; and that not smoking requires "willpower" against a powerful addiction. Some felt that a "harm reduction" approach, e.g., gradual reduction was best and most acknowledge that relapse was a common experience. There was a wealth of experience with smoking cessation and a diversity of satisfaction with various intervention strategies. Gum and patch were generally reported as not satisfying; Chantix was found to be helpful and a curiosity about inhaler or vaping as long as it is safe. Individuals also reported on personal strategies to help with reduction or cessation. More generally, individuals wanted more information about the range of choices. Some noted that access through insurance was a barrier except for those who had both Medicaid and Medicare. It is notable that participants report that they did not appreciate preaching or lecturing about the need to stop smoking. The conclusion is that individuals express a desire to reduce or abstain from tobacco use and also express the need for more help in doing so. Interest in the various intervention choices is diverse however gradual reduction with some aide appears to be the modal choice.

Hypotheses

1. A Harm Reduction approach will result in a decrease in daily combustible tobacco use when compared to baseline use.
2. Support and harm reduction approaches will be important to acceptability.

Research Questions

1. Does this Harm Reduction approach reduce combustible tobacco use when compared to baseline use?
2. Which strategies or combination of strategies demonstrate a greater or lesser impact in combustible tobacco use?
3. At what service intensity points, e.g., intervention dose as defined by number of weeks, does combustible tobacco use decrease?
4. To what degree does this Harm Reduction approach retain individuals in this intervention, i.e., acceptability of intervention?
5. What are participants' experiences with factors that enable success or barriers?

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Individuals who are formerly or currently being served by San Francisco Bay Area Public Health behavioral health providers. These will include individuals with psychotic, affective, anxiety, personality and substance use disorders.
* Individuals who are not currently enrolled in another formal tobacco intervention or research study.
* Are at least 21 years of age and able to speak English\*
* Who score in the "low to moderate dependence" range on the Fagerstrom Test of Nicotine Dependence
* Have used tobacco for at least two years
* Express willingness to participate at least weekly in the intervention strategy
* Express a desire to make some change in their tobacco use pattern
* Express some reason to change their tobacco use pattern
* Have the cognitive capacity to be able to sign a consent to participate in the research

  * A concerted effort will be made to recruit bilingual Chinese and Spanish language staff

Exclusion Criteria:

* The individual does not currently smoke tobacco
* Individuals younger than 21 years of age at the time of enrollment
* Who score in the "low" range on the Fagerstrom Test of Nicotine Dependence
* Have used tobacco for less than two years;
* Express unwillingness to participate at least weekly in the intervention strategy
* Decline an interest in making some change in their tobacco use pattern
* Do not indicate the cognitive capacity to be able to sign a consent to participate in the research