PIONEER Trial:Hemodynamic Support With ECMO and IABP in Elective Complex High-risk PCI

To determine whether hemodynamic support combining VA-ECMO with IABP could mitigate the rates of Major Adverse Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Events (MACCEs), compared with IABP support alone, in patients undergoing elective and high-risk PCI.

Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) supported by mechanical circulatory device may be a viable alternative for these patients with complex coronary artery disease combined with multiple comorbidities and poor hemodynamics. Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) can direct blood flow out of the body, oxygenate it, and then return it, to either completely or partially replace the function of the heart and lungs, and potentially increase the likelihood of functional recovery. Limitations of ECMO include lack of direct LV unloading, and increased LV afterload with subsequent LV overload, which in turn can increase myocardial oxygen demand and therefore limit any cardioprotective benefits . Measures to concurrently decrease LV afterload during ECMO, such as use of an Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump (IABP), may in theory offset some of the disadvantages of ECMO. To date, ECMO has most commonly been used in patients suffering from cardiac arrest and cardiogenic shock . As far as we are aware, there exist very limited reported data from monocentric observational studies and individual case reports on the use of ECMO for elective, high-risk PCI in the literature . More importantly, no previous randomized studies to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a strategy combining VA-ECMO and IABP during high-risk PCI have been conducted to date. Most importantly, the strategy of combined VA-ECMO and IABP has never been investigated in any randomized trial that we could find.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients aged from 18 years to 85 years who meet any one of the following criteria

  1. Unprotected left main coronary artery disease with severe LV dysfunction (EF\<35% or NYHA grade Ⅲ and Ⅳ).
  2. Unprotected left main coronary artery disease without severe LV dysfunction (LVEF\>35% or NYHA Ⅰ and Ⅱ) must meet at least two of the complex procedure criteria (see Section II below).
  3. 3-vessel disease with severe LV dysfunction (EF\<35% or NYHA grade Ⅲ and Ⅳ) must meet at least two of the complex procedure criteria (see Section II below).

Criteria Defining a Complex Procedure

1. Bifurcation requiring PCI in two branches (including PTCA or stenting).
2. Calcification requiring atherectomy.
3. Tortuosity requiring device assistance.
4. Difficult CTO（J-CTO score≥2）.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Acute myocardial infarction within the previous 48 hours.
2. Pre-procedure cardiac arrest within 24 hours of enrollment requiring CPR.
3. Cardiogenic shock.
4. Complications of acute myocardial infarction (including ventricular septal defect, severe mitral regurgitation, and intractable ventricular arrhythmias).
5. Contraindications to IABP or ECMO use, including significant iliac or femoral arterial disease and more than mild aortic regurgitation as seen on echocardiography.
6. Bleeding diathesis or warfarin therapy with an international normalized ratio greater than 2.5.
7. Active internal bleeding (including menstruation) within the past month.
8. Recent ischemic stroke within the past month diagnosed by CT or MRI.
9. Previous hemorrhagic stroke diagnosed by CT or MRI.
10. Allergy to aspirin, clopidogrel, heparin, ticagrelor or glycoprotein IIb/ IIIa inhibitors; thrombocytopenia.
11. Pregnancy.
12. Current enrollment in any other study.