Eculizumab in Shiga-toxin Related Hemolytic and Uremic Syndrome Pediatric Patients - ECULISHU

The investigators aim to perform the first controlled randomized prospective study using ECZ in pediatric STEC-HUS. This is of great interest as there is still no efficient specific therapy in that potentially devastating disease.

Furthermore, published data concerning the use of ECZ in STEC-HUS are controversial, reflecting statistical bias in retrospective or uncontrolled studies, thus emphasizing the need for prospective studies.

Hemolytic and uremic syndrome (HUS), characterized by thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anemia and acute renal failure (ARF), mainly affects children younger than 5 years old. Shiga-toxin (Stx) related HUS (STEC-HUS) is due to Stx secreting bacteria (mainly enterohemorrhagic Escherichia Coli strains). Acute phase of STEC-HUS is severe with at least 50% of affected children requiring dialysis, 20% presenting neurological involvement and 5% cardiac involvement. Mortality rates can reach 5% in pediatric series and long-term renal sequels have been reported in at least 30% of surviving patients. Apart from supportive care, no specific treatment (such as plasma exchange) has proven its efficacy in this life-threatening disease.

Recently, activation of the complement alternative pathway (CAP) has been demonstrated in STEC-HUS patients and experimental studies have highlighted that Stx induce CAP activation on human endothelial cells and platelet-leucocytes complexes, in addition to its direct cell toxicity inducing apoptosis, both processes ending up in microvasculature thrombosis. CAP activation has been demonstrated as the cause of atypical HUS (aHUS) and ECZ, a monoclonal C5 antibody, which inhibits the terminal complement complex (TCC) formation, can efficiently prevent evolution to end stage renal disease in aHUS patients. In 2011, Lapeyraque et al. reported its possible efficacy in 3 severe STEC-HUS pediatric patients. Nevertheless, in STEC-HUS, ECZ has only been used in uncontrolled studies, mostly during the 2011 German outbreak, with conflicting results. Considering the lack of therapy to prevent life-threatening complications and renal sequels in STEC-HUS and the logically expected efficacy of ECZ, controlled studies are mandatory. In recruiting centers, STEC-HUS patients with ARF will be proposed to enroll the trial with the exception of patients with multiorgan. After parental consent, patients will be randomized to receive either ECZ or a dextrose-based placebo in a single blinded fashion. According to the patient body weight, there will be 3 to 5 injections at day (D) 0, D7, D14, D21 and D28. According to the length of initial hospital stay, patients may have the remaining injections in the day ward of the recruiting center. Dosage of ECZ will be based on previous trials using ECZ in pediatric aHUS patients. We designed a single blinded study because patients treated with placebo who will develop severe multiorgan involvement will be switched to the ECZ arm. ECZ or placebo will be administrated intravenously as a 30-minute injection. In patients receiving hemodialysis, ECZ injection will be performed after a dialysis session. Before first injection, patients will receive a tetravalent meningococcal vaccine and an oral antibiotic prophylaxis to be continued up to 14 days after last injection.

This is a single blinded, phase III, randomized, multi-center controlled versus placebo clinical trial of eculizumab in STEC-HUS patients.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Pediatric patient (1 month-18 years old)
* Affected by STEC-HUS defined by :
* Thrombocytopenia (\<150 000/mm3)
* Mechanic hemolytic anemia (Hemoglobin \< 10g/dL, haptoglobin \<LLN, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) \>upper limit of normal (ULN) and/or bilirubin \> ULN, presence of schizocytes)
* ARF defined by an estimated Schwartz 2009 creatinin clearance \<75ml/min/1,73m²
* With prodromal diarrhea and/or presence of an enterohemorrhagic strain of Escherichia Coli and/or identification of the Stx 1 or 2 genes in the stool sample or rectal swab
* Written consent of the 2 parents
* Female patients of childbearing potential must be practicing an effective, reliable and medically acceptable contraceptive regimen during the entire duration of the study and 5 months after the end of the participation.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Neonatal HUS
* Malignancy
* Known HIV infection
* Pregnancy or lactation
* Identified drug exposure-related HUS
* Infection-related HUS
* Known systemic lupus erythematosus or antiphospholipid antibody positivity or syndrome
* Patient already enrolled in a drug trial
* Patient with ongoing meningococcal infection
* Patient affected by aHUS or family history of aHUS
* STEC-HUS patient with severe multiorgan involvement at diagnostic:

  * Neurological involvement (seizures, coma, focal deficit) with signs of microangiopathy on cerebral Magnetic Resonance Imaging.
  * Cardiac involvement (cardiac failure, ischemic myocarditis, conduction or rhythm troubles)
  * Digestive involvement (severe pancreatitis defined by lipasemia\>500UI/L, severe hepatitis defined by transaminase \>x10ULN and/or prothrombin time\<60%, hemorrhagic colitis, bowel perforation, rectal prolapsus)