Visuospatial Attention, Eye Movements and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) in Alzheimer's Disease

The aim is to understand which components of attentional deployment and selection are impaired in AD during searching in realistic scenes on a computer screen (Experiment 1) and in a natural setting (Experiment 2).The investigators will also examine how deficits in visual exploration may be related to impairments in semantic, long-term memory (LTM) and working memory (WM) representations by manipulating the semantic consistency between the target and its visual surroundings, and the type of target cue (abstract vs. precise), respectively. Perceptual saliency of target and distractor objects will be also manipulated in Expt.1, In Expt.2, in order to determine how deficits in visual exploration may be involved in the IADL deficits shown by AD patients, participants at each trial will be required to search in a natural settings different types of targets and then to perform an IADL using five objects, among which one of the searched targets. Measures analysed: for the search tasks (Expt. 1 and 2): eye movements in different search phases, accuracy and response times; for IADLs tasks (Expt. 2): eye movements during action planning and execution, motor efficiency (number and types of action performed), time to terminate the activity. Compared to controls, the investigators expect that AD patients will have reduced ability using scene semantic LTM in order to locate the objects, greater attentional capture from highly salient features and greater search performance impairment when higher WM resources are required (abstract target cues). The investigators also expect that their performance at IADLs will be less efficient and, in particular, less organized than control, with reduced advantage of eye guidance.

It has been well established that visual attention declines early in Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Little is known about visual search in AD, in particular in relation with functional autonomy. The crucial role of the parietal cortex in visuospatial attention and instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs), and the presence of early parietal damage in AD suggest that IADLs may also be impaired early. The aim is to understand which components of attentional deployment and selection are specifically impaired in AD during searching in static realistic scenes presented on a computer screen (Experiment 1) and in a natural setting (Experiment 2: different regions of a room, furnished with different types of objects indicating different possible daily-living environments, like a kitchen or an office). More precisely, the investigators will examine how deficits in visual exploration during search for a target objects may be related to impairments in semantic, long-term memory (LTM) and in working memory (WM) representations by manipulating, respectively, semantic consistency between the target and type of its visual surrounding (scene context, in Expt. 1, or type of co-occurring objects, in Expt 2).and the type of prior information supplied about the target object (abstract - i.e., verbal - or precise, - i.e., pictorial), In Expt. 1 the investigators will also manipulate the perceptual salience (low-level feature: luminance, colour, orientation, etc.) of the target and the distractor objects within the scene. Second, to determine how deficits in visual exploration during search for specific objects may be involved in the deficits of IADL in AD, the investigators will analyse search behaviour in the natural setting, requiring location of three different targets (semantically consistent/related to an IADL, semantically consistent/ non-related to an IADL, semantically inconsistent/non-related). The investigators will required participants to perform an IADL after each search (four trial in total) using, among other four objects, the IADL-related searched target). In Expt. 1 the investigators will test three groups of participants: the AD group (at early stage of the disease), a matched control group of healthy elderly people and a control group of young, healthy individuals. The investigators will examine search performance (accuracy and response time) and oculomotor behaviour during the different search phases (initiation, scene scanning, target verification). They expect that AD patients will have reduced search performance compared to both control groups, which will be also reflected by reduced oculomotor efficiency during the overall search process. Moreover, they hypothesize that patients will be less able to use semantic memory of the type of scene in order to locate the target (reduced benefit of scene consistency), will be strongly disadvantaged in case of higher WM load (abstract target cue) and, finally, will be more influence by perceptual, low-level factors (stronger effect of salience). In Exp. 2, they will test an AD group and a control group of healthy, matched, old controls. With respect to the search tasks, they will analyse the effect of target semantic consistency, target relatedness to IADL and type of target cue (abstract vs. precise). In doing so, they will consider search performance (accuracy and response times) and oculomotor behaviour during search in terms of order and number of object fixated, and duration of their fixation. With respect to the IADLs, they will analyse eye guidance on current action and efficiency of the whole IADL in terms of type and number of actions performed and time to perform the overall activity. They expect that the patterns of eye movements in AD patients will be similar during search and IADLs, with numerous intrusions of distractors and frequent reselections of the same objects. Moreover, they expect that their performance at IADLs will be less efficient than controls, in terms of both action speed and organisation. The use of a natural setting and the analysis of spontaneous oculomotor behavior of patients will improve the ecological validity of research on attentional deficits in AD. This study can also contribute to innovative solutions for diagnosis and treatment, and help research on subjective change in attention and visuospatial function in AD

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria: Control participants

* Male and female
* Age between 65 and 75 years old
* MMSE score equal or \> 27
* Normal visual acuity (with or without correction to normality)
* Subjects with a score of 0 on " tremors " and " rigidity " items of UPDRS III scale
* Subjects without major depression criteria according to DSM IV-R
* No apathy according to diagnostic criteria of apathy
* Signed informed consent

Inclusion Criteria: Alzheimer's disease patients

* Male and female
* Age between 65 and 75 years old
* Probable diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease with a mild impairment (MMSE 20-26) according to DSM IV diagnosis criteria
* Normal visual acuity (with or without correction to normality)
* Subjects with a zero score on " tremors " and " rigidity " items of UPDRS III scale
* Signed informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

* Controls with neurological and/or psychiatric pathologies
* AD patients with neurological and/or psychiatric pathologies unrelated to AD
* AD patients with vascular dementia suspicion in addition to the probable diagnosis of AD
* AD patients with MMSE score \< 20
* Individuals with abnormal visual acuity (i.e., glaucoma, cataract sufficiently severe that limited vision...)
* Individuals with motor disorders, Parkinsonism...
* Receiving drug treatments that could alter cognitive functions