Impact of Obesity on Periodontal Health in a Sample of Adult Egyptian Patients: A Comparant Study

Periodontal disease is deﬁned as "an inﬂammatory disease of the tooth supportive structure caused by speciﬁc microorganisms or groups of speciﬁc microorganisms, resulting in progressive destruction of the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone with increased probing depth formation, recession, or both". According to WHO, overweight and obesity are defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health. Body mass index (BMI) can be considered as an indicator of obesity-related health risks. Obesity was considered a global epidemic problem by the World Health Organization in the 1990s as it has increased internationally over the last decades. Based on review in 2003 the periodontal disease onset, progression and response to therapeutic interventions have been shown to be inﬂuenced by several systemic, local and environmental modifying factors and the data collected from the literature suggests that nutritional supplementation has been suggested as a possible inﬂuencing factor on periodontal status and wound healing.

* Dental patients will be recruited in a consecutive manner from the outpatient Diagnostic center, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University.
* To estimate the level of overweight and obesity. commonly used the (BMI); was calculated as the body weight (kg) divided by the square of the height (m).
* A total number of 384 patients will be included in this study. The patient categorized as obese will serve as study group (S group) and the patients categorized as normal weight patients will serve as control group (C group).
* Medical history will be taken, thorough oral examination will be done, and a full questionnaire will be filled for each patient.
* Before filling the questionnaire, the aim of the study will be explained to the patient and the patient's acceptance to participate in the survey will be received.
* Non-respondent patients or patients refusing to participate will be reported with the cause of their refusal.
* The questionnaire will be filled through a face-to-face personal interview with the patient using simple, short, easily comprehended questions.
* Full questionnaire will be filled, then full mouth periodontal examination and charting will be done for each patient.
* The interview questions will be prepared in English, translated into Arabic and then reverse translated by a certified translator to ensure accuracy.
* All the interviews will be done by the same investigator.
* Clinical examination will be held on a dental unit using the light of the unit and a mirror. Periodontal health status will be evaluated by full mouth charting using UNC 15 periodontal probe, including assessment of Probing Depth (PD), Clinical Attachment Level (CAL), Bleeding on probing (BOP), plaque index (PI), body mass index (BMI) and health eating index (HEI).
* The questionnaire which was applied in study will include the following:
* Questions including section for demographic information of age, gender, marital status, income, weight, length.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

1. Patients whose age is between 18-60 years old.
2. Provide informed consent.
3. Patient have at least 20 natural teeth.
4. Patient had no received periodontal treatment within previous 4 months.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Individuals with chronic systemic diseases such as cancer, osteoporosis, endocrine and hematological Pathologies.
2. Patients having problem in opening their mouth or undergoing intermaxillary fixation where oral examination will not be possible.
3. Pregnant women.
4. Patients diagnosed with psychiatric problems or intoxicated with alcohol or drugs.
5. Patients with orthodontic appliances.
6. Patient had autoimmune condition.