HYbrid CoronAry Revascularization in DiabeticS

To evaluate whether an HCR strategy is more or less effective than conventional coronary artery bypass grafting (cCABG), in diabetic patients with multivessel CAD involving the left anterior descending artery (LAD), who do not present in the context of acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).

Globally, diabetes mellitus has become a major threat to human health. An increase in the prevalence of diabetes has been observed, which in part can be attributed to the aging of the population, as well as to an increase in the rate of obesity and sedentary lifestyle in Canada and the United States.1 Diabetes mellitus is an emerging epidemic with an estimate, currently, of almost 18 million confirmed cases and another 20 million patients with impaired glucose tolerance at risk to diabetes, in the United States alone.2,3

Diabetes mellitus, either Type-I or Type-II, is a very strong risk factor for the development of coronary artery disease (CAD) and stroke. Eighty percent of all deaths among diabetic patients are due to atherosclerosis, compared to about 30% among non-diabetic patients.2 A large NIH cohort study, the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, revealed that heart disease mortality in the general population is declining at a much greater rate than in diabetic patients. In fact, diabetic women suffered an increase in heart disease mortality over the same time period.4,5 Furthermore, despite recent reductions in cardiovascular events amongst adults with diabetes, the absolute risk of cardiovascular events remains 2- fold greater than amongst non-diabetic individuals.6

There are various methods by which we can treat multivessel CAD in diabetic patients. Although conventional bypass (cCABG) is more beneficial than percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with drug eluting stents (DES) for myocardial revascularization in diabetics with multivessel CAD, diabetics are also the patients who experience the most complications, infections, and highest costs with cCABG through a sternotomy. Recently, we developed and diffused MICS CABG, which can be combined with PCI/DES to vessels other than the one at the front of the heart in order to constitute hybrid coronary revascularization (HCR). The safety and efficacy of MICS CABG was recently validated in a multicentre study from our research team, with 100% patency of the left internal thoracic artery (LITA)-LAD axis on angiography7. Potential advantages of an HCR approach in diabetics include the avoidance of a sternotomy and the potential for earlier recovery, less bleeding and transfusions, fewer infections, decreased costs, increased patient acceptance, while potentially maintaining the benefits of cCABG due to the LITA-LAD axis in a diabetic population.

Despite HCR's theoretical advantages as outlined above, it is a novel innovative approach that has not been studied in a randomized setting, nor in the context of diabetic patients. Its rationale and main research question stem from MICS CABG work by the principal investigator, as well as his recent, collaborative Lancet meta-analysis which revealed that diabetic patients with multivessel coronary disease (CAD) have better much survival with bypass surgery than with stents8. However, diabetics are also the patients who experience the most complications and infections from cCABG with incision of the breastbone. The investigators main hypothesis is therefore that a HCR strategy in diabetics with multivessel CAD will combine the benefits of bypass surgery on the artery at the front of the heart (the LAD), nearly eliminate the risk of complications and wound infection, and allow for faster recovery and improved quality of life when compared to cCABG. Other blockages would be treated with a PCI/DES to reduce the invasiveness of the procedure.

Overall, the investigators believe that the equipoise as to whether HCR is better than cCABG in diabetic patients with multivessel CAD constitutes the next important question in the diabetes/CAD field. The investigators propose to evaluate the feasibility of a definitive trial examining this question by conducting the present pilot trial.

Upon study approval, the time frame will be one year of recruitment, followed by 1 year of follow-up. Since this is a pilot trial, the investigators are assessing the feasibility of conducting this trial on diabetic patients with multivessel coronary artery disease. Should this trial be feasible, the investigators will extend the study to a full-scale study. At that time, an application will be submitted to conduct the study.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

1. Male or Female, aged 18 years or older;
2. Diabetes Mellitus (Type 1 or Type 2) undergoing treatment;
3. Multivessel disease involving the LAD + at least one other coronary territory (stenosis ≥ 70% in a 1.5 mm artery) in a patient referred for cCABG;
4. Angiographic lesion characteristics amenable to both PCI/DES and MICS CABG;
5. Indication for revascularization based upon objective ischemia.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Severe congestive heart failure (class III or IV NYHA) at enrollment;
2. Left ventricular ejection fraction less than 20%;
3. Prior CABG surgery;
4. Prior heart valve surgery;
5. Prior PCI within the previous 6 months;
6. Previous tuberculosis or trauma to the chest that may have caused adhesions or LITA damage;
7. Previous stroke within 6 months or patients with stroke at more than 6 months with significant residual neurologic involvement, as reflected by a Rankin Score \> 1;
8. Prior history of significant bleeding that might be expected to recur with MICS CABG or PCI/DES related anticoagulation;
9. STEMI or Q-wave MI within 72 hours prior to enrollment;
10. Planned simultaneous surgical procedure unrelated to coronary revascularization (e.g. valve repair/replacement, aneurysmectomy, carotid endarterectomy or carotid stenting);
11. Contraindication to either cCABG, MICS CABG, or PCI/DES because of a coexisting clinical condition;
12. Significant leukopenia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, anemia, or known bleeding diathesis;
13. Intolerance or contraindication to aspirin or both clopidogrel and ticagrelor;
14. Dementia with a Mini Mental Status Examination (MMSE) score of \< 20;
15. Extra-cardiac illness that is expected to limit survival to less than 5 years;
16. Suspected pregnancy. A pregnancy test (urine or serum) will be administered to all women not clearly menopausal;
17. Concurrent enrollment in another clinical trial;
18. Geographic inaccessibility for the follow-up visits required by protocol.