Microbiome and Immune Profiling in Infant With Cow's Milk Allergy

Non-IgE-mediated cow's milk allergy (CMPA) is associated to gastrointestinal symptoms, and its cause remains poorly understood, limiting the identification of specific markers to help with the diagnosis.

Using a non-invasive method, the aim of this study is to identify new protein markers as well as to profile the bacteria (germs) released in stools of infants during the inflammatory process of this condition (acute and recovery phase).

The study group will include infants who are born at term by an uncomplicated birth and diagnosed with non-IgE-mediated CMPA in the first 4 months of life, while the control groups will consist of infants either healthy or infants diagnosed with IgE-mediated CMPA or with a non-allergic gastrointestinal inflammatory condition (NAGIC). All groups will be matched for age, gender, type of feeding and mode of delivery.

Stool, urine and blood samples (the latter only if already taken during the hospital admission in severe cases) will be collected at the acute and the recovery phase of this condition while the patient follows a diary free diet (breast milk or hypoallergenic formula milk).

Protein markers, bacteria and their products will be measured in stool, urine and blood samples. These measurements will be carried out at the University of Glasgow, Human Nutrition Section labs at Glasgow Royal Infirmary and other University of Glasgow research labs as required.

The ultimate aim is to explore the potential role of immune protein markers and bacteria in stools and urine and their possible use in diagnosing the condition non-invasively. Further understanding of the disease's cause may contribute to the development of new infant feed that could provide gut protection.

STUDY DESIGN

Study description:

This observational study will involve the analysis of clinical data, stool, urine and serum (if available) samples that will be collected from infants with suspected or confirmed non-IgE-mediated CMPA. Clinical data will be collected from the medical notes of the patients with the written consent of the parents/carers. Dirty and wet (stools and urine samples) nappies from infants with possible non-IgE-mediated CMPA before dairy exclusion at time of enrolment, will be collected during acute and recovery phase according to the following schedule:

visit 1: recruitment day (two stool samples on two consecutive bowel motions), ideally before introduction of dairy free diet; visit 2: end of week 1; visit 3: end of week 4; visit 4: week 5, challenge to Cow's Milk Proteins (CMP) (two stool samples on two consecutive bowel motions, 6 hours up to 24 hours post challenge); visit 5: within a week post CMP challenge; visit 6: week 6. Samples from infants with possible non-IgE-mediated CMPA while on dairy free diet at enrolment will be collected at baseline (2 samples on 2 consecutive bowel motions), week 1, week 4 and week 6. If these patients are challenged to CMP within the 6 weeks of the study, faecal and urine samples will also be collected before (last bowel movement before challenge) and after challenge to CMP (two stool samples on two consecutive bowel motions, 6 hours up to 24 hours post challenge). For the IgE-mediated CMPA infants and healthy participants, faecal and urine samples will only be collected at 3 time points: on recruitment day, on week 4 and on week 6.

Infants presenting to primary and secondary care within Greater Glasgow \& Clyde health board with symptoms suggesting possible non-IgE-mediated CMPA will be treated according to the local non-IgE-mediated CMPA guideline (for the formula fed infants a hypoallergenic formula milk will be offered; extensively hydrolyzed (eHF) or amino acid (AAF) formula, based on severity of the symptoms and history, while those on breast milk the mother will be advised to go on a dairy free diet). As per local guidelines, after 4 weeks of elimination diet (cow's milk from infant's and mother's if breast fed), infants with mild to moderated non-IgE-mediated CMPA will be offered an unsupervised oral food challenge (OFC) at home under the guidance of the community dietitian while more severe cases (such as CMPIE) will be offered an OFC under physician's supervision. In case of a convincing history such as repeated exposure to the incriminated food eliciting repetitive vomiting and/or diarrhoea within 24h, without any other cause for symptoms and absence of symptoms after elimination of cow's milk, the OFC will be omitted. Confirmed cases (following positive challenge or convincing history) will return to the exclusion diet (a hypoallergenic formula milk or breastfeeding with mother's dairy free diet) as per local guideline.

A follow up study will be set up to follow the subjects during their further development at 3 and 5 years of age as it will be scientifically interesting to evaluate specific outcomes at a later stage. Therefore, the participant information sheet and consent form will already address this option and ask parents/carers of the participants whether the parents/carers agree to be contacted in the future. Informed consent for participation in a follow up study will be requested at that time.

Subject discontinuation during the study:

Should the participant's parents/carers decide to withdraw their consent, samples already acquired will be kept for the study unless the participant's parents/carers tell us not to do so, in which case the samples will be destroyed.

Samples will be disposed of as per Greater Glasgow \& Clyde NHS policy. Should participants' parents/carers loose capacity to consent during the study, the infant's participation to the study will be withdrawn and identifiable data or samples collected with consent will be retained and used for the study. No further data or samples will be collected or any other research procedures carried out on or in relation to the participant.

SAMPLE COLLECTION FOR LABORATORY MEASUREMENTS

Faecal and urine samples:

Nappies will be collected by the researcher at a time and place which is convenient for the participant's parents/carers, including the hospital ward or clinic or the participant's home. If participant's parents/carers would find it helpful, courtesy calls will be made a few days before collection and gentle reminders via text, phone or email will be given a few days before and/or during sample collection to assist with any queries the participant may have. When a dirty and wet nappy becomes available, the participant's parents/carers will call/text the researcher (study's direct line number) immediately for collection and transportation of the samples to the laboratory; the sample will be either collected by a pre-paid taxi or by the researchers themselves. For non-IgE-mediated CMPA participants, stool and urine samples will be collected at baseline (visit 1: recruitment day, two samples on 2 consecutive bowel motions), week 1 (visit 2, day 7), week 4 (visit 3, day 28) and week 6 (visit 6: day 37). If an OFC is performed, additional faecal and urine samples will be collected prior to milk reintroduction (last bowel movement before OFC), on food challenge day (2 samples on 2 consecutive bowel motions, 6 hours up to 24 hours post challenge) and post food challenge (within one week post challenge). 3 stool and urine samples will be collected from the IgE-mediated CMPA and healthy control groups, one at baseline (recruitment day), one on week 4 (day 28) and a last one on week 6 (day 37). Attempts should be made to schedule visits (assessments) on the exact date. If this is not possible these should be scheduled within a 48-hour window.

Microbiota analysis:

Bacterial diversity: Diversity, richness and relative abundance of all microbial genera will be explored with Next Generation sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene on the IlluminaMiSeq® platform. Bacterial functional capacity: Whole genome sequencing (shotgun metagenomics) will be performed on an IlluminaHiSeq® platform. Shotgun metagenomics will generate functional profiles of the microbiota and metabolic pathways by mapping unassembled reads to the KEGG database of metabolic pathways using HUMAnN. Bacterial metabolic activity: Metabolic phenotyping of samples will be performed with NMR/LC/GC-FID/MS and other assays as described previously. Faecal metabolomics analysis will enable correlations of the metabolic signatures directly with the functional profiles and the annotated bacterial abundances and hence, determination of the metabolic roles of the key community members. Disease markers \& Immunophenotyping: Faecal calprotectin will be measured from faecal samples in order to identify possible colonic inflammation in these patients.

Upon study completion all samples will be stored and may be used to address the same research questions as this study as new lab methods arise. This is particularly relevant for microbiological analysis, as novel methods may offer us a better understanding of the role of the microbiota in gut inflammation. Permission to store samples and use in future research will be gained by written consent.

Blood samples:

With regards to venous blood samples collection, this will apply only for any infant included in the study who will undergo blood testing for clinical reasons (no additional needle insertion is required). Blood samples collected for clinical purposes which are no longer needed (redundant samples), will be requested from the haematology lab of the Royal Hospital for Children and transferred to Professor Milling's lab at the University of Glasgow where the samples will be prepared and stored for the purpose of this study. Collected blood samples will be used to measure blood inflammatory and immune markers, and to assess the immunophenotype, by techniques that may include conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), cytokine multiplex analysis, flow cytometry, and gene expression analysis.

Inflammatory analysis:

Various immune cells and cytokines will be measured in stool supernatants, urine and blood. The investigators will look for the following cytokines including the following: Th1 cytokines: Interleukin (IL) 12, Interferon gamma (IFN-γ), Th2 cytokines: IL-5, IL-13, IL-4, IL-9, Th17 cytokines: IL17, IL22, Treg cytokines: IL-10, Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and inflammatory cytokines: Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, and IL-8. The humoral immune response will be assessed by quantification of antigen-specific and total secretory Immunoglobulin A (sIgA), IgG, IgM and IgE, calprotectin and Eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN). The above inflammatory markers in stools, urine and serum may be assessed by ELISA, cytometric bead array (CBA) assay, multiplex protein analysis, or flow cytometry.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion criteria

* Infants ≤4 months (prior to weaning)
* Infants born at term (≥37and ≤42weeks), by uncomplicated normal birth or caesarean section and appropriately grown for gestational age.

Exclusion criteria for study population and controls

* Infants who present with pre-existing risk factors for altered intestinal perfusion, among others intrauterine growth restriction, birth asphyxia, exchange transfusion, cyanotic congenital heart disease or polycythemia as these infants are at increased risk of necrotizing enterocolitis.
* Other congenital malformations (chest and abdomen) and infections (such as HIV, hepatitis B and C)
* Those who received antibiotics or need endotracheal, feeding or suctioning tubes will also be excluded as these manipulations could result in modification of microbial flora and could have an impact in intestinal development.
* Participants whose parents/carers cannot speak or understand English will be excluded from the study.