Evaluation the Palliative Effects of Colchicine on Primary Hepatic Malignant Tumors Unable to Receive Curative Treatment

This trial is to evaluate the palliative effects of colchicine on primary hepatic malignancy using the Department of Health R.O.C. approved doses and methods of administration. Colchicine will be started from 2 tablets after meal twice per day (total 2 mg), adjust the dose ranging from total minimum 1.5 mg to maximum 3 mg per day based on the condition and tolerance of the participant. One cycle of treatment is defined as 4 days treatment and 3 days off. The participants will receive repeated treatment cycles till the participants quit the trial. The control group will be originated from review of (1) patients treated by members of this research team with the same condition as the trial selected participants but not included in the trial, (2) patients with same condition as the trial selected participants reported in the literatures. The primary objective is to evaluate the palliative effects of colchicine on primary hepatic malignancy unable to receive curative treatment. The primary end point is survival of the participant. The Secondary objective is to evaluate the safety of patients treated by colchicine and the secondary end point is the side effects of colchicine.

Study procedures

1. Written informed consent before study specific procedures are undertaken. The investigators will explain the contents of the trial especially the information about the possible side effects, other alternative treatment and the right to withdraw based on the participant own willing to the candidates. Patient can choose to sign or not to sign the inform consent based on his/her own decision after completely understanding the investigators explanation.
2. The process of the experiment

Start to receive colchicine:

Participant will start to receive colchicine starting from 2 tablets after meal twice per day (total 2 mg).

Adjustment the dosage of colchicine during study: based on the following steps:

2 tablets-2 tablets-2 tablets (three times per day, after meal, total 3 mg, maximum dose)\<-\> 2 tablets -1 tablet -2 tablets (three times per day, after meal, total 2.5 mg)\<-\>2 tablets -2 tablets (twice per day, after meal, 2 mg, starting dose)\<-\>1 tablet -1 tablet -1 tablet (three times per day, after meal, 1.5 mg, minimum dose)

1. The colchicine dosage will be changed when the hepatic reserved function of the participant changes to Child score 8-9 points according to the following rules.

   1. 1 tablet after meal three times per day with total dose of 1.5 mg; continue 4 days and stop for 3 days (1 cycle)
   2. If the hepatic reserved function of the participant returns to Child score \< 8 points, the dosage changes to starting dose.
   3. If the hepatic reserved function of the participant changes to Child score \> 9 points, colchicine will be stopped and participant receives regular follow-up only.
2. If participant suffers from severe diarrhea, colchicine will be temporarily stopped. When the symptom of diarrhea subsides, colchicine will be given again according to the above steps of dose adjustment.
3. If the participant has one of the following conditions, colchicine will be temporarily stopped. When the condition of the participant improves, colchicine will be given again after the judgment from the doctor of the research team. For participants unable to receive colchicine again, they will receive regular follow-up only.

   1. . There are life-threatening hemorrhage including gastrointestinal hemorrhage and hemorrhage from other vital organs such as lungs or brain.
   2. . There are life-threatening bacterial, fungal or viral infection (not included hepatitis B and C virus).
   3. . Patient has serum creatinine level \> 1.5 mg/dL.
   4. . Patient has white blood cell count \< 1500/µL, platelet count \< 30000/µL or hemoglobin \< 9.0 gm/dL after medication.
   5. . The research team decides that the participant is not suitable to continue the study caused by abnormality of any vital organ or severe side effects caused by the study.
4. Colchicine will be temporarily stopped before non-curative operative resection of tumor or transcatheter arterial chemoembolization until participant has body temperature \< 38 ℃, same hepatic reserved function as before, and serum creatinine level \< 1.5 mg/dL.
5. no need to stop colchicine during irradiation therapy, pure ethanol injection or local radiofrequency abrasion
6. Colchicine needs to be temporarily reduced to half of the original dose when the participant will temporarily take P-Glycoprotein inhibitor or strong Cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibitor.

The conditions for the participant to withdraw or terminate the trial:

1. Participant suffers from systemic itching, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, fever, or skin rash after colchicine administration.
2. Participant is unable to tolerate 1.5 mg total daily dose of colchicine for at least 4 cycles. This does not include temporarily reduce dose to total 1 mg during temporarily application of P-Glycoprotein inhibitor or strong Cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibitor.

Follow-up procedures and items for the participants to co-operate:

All participants will be followed according to the guide line of the National Health Council and the clinical practice in the treatment of hepatic malignancy. Ultrasonography, contrasted-enhanced computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging will be performed within every 3 to 4 months. Chest x-ray and whole body bone scan will be followed based on the condition of the participants. Serum alpha-fetoprotein or CA19-9 will be determined within 3 months in participants with abnormal original levels. The complete blood count, hepatic and renal function will be determined at least one session every month. The participants are asked to visit investigators' outpatient clinic at least one session every month.

Concomitant treatment:

1. Permitted:

   non-curative operative resection of the tumor, local abrasion therapy, local irradiation therapy, transcatheter arterial chemoembolization, target therapy, immunotherapy
2. Prohibited:

systemic chemotherapy, other clinical trial testing drugs, Chinese traditional medicine, herb drugs

Statistical analysis

1.Statistical Method for Efficacy / Safety measurements: (A) Survival analysis for efficacy: (log-rank test and median survival)

* colchicine combined with other therapy is better than other therapy without target drug or immunotherapy
* colchicine combined with other therapy is not inferior than target drug or immunotherapy combined with other therapy (B) Safety measurements The safety assessment is presented in a narrative statistical manner for the collection of participants' severe adverse events and adverse events.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

(A). Primary hepatic malignancy including hepatocellular carcinoma, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma, poorly differentiated or undifferentiated primary hepatic malignancy.

1. Diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma: Patient has at least one of the following criteria: (1) positive for hepatocellular carcinoma evidenced by cytology or pathology, (2) serum alpha-fetoprotein level \> 400 ng/mL and has evidence of hepatocellular carcinoma on contrast-enhanced computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging.
2. Diagnosis of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: Patient has at least one of the following criteria: (1) evidenced by cytology or pathology, (2) serum CA19-9 level \> 10 times of normal upper limit and has evidence on contrast-enhanced computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging, and no evidence of extrahepatic original malignancy.
3. Diagnosis of hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma: concomitantly fit at least one of the items described in (a) and (b)
4. Diagnosis of poorly differentiated or undifferentiated primary hepatic malignancy: Patient fits all of the following criteria: (1) evidenced of malignancy other than hepatocellular carcinoma, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma or hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma by cytology or pathology, (2) no evidence of extrahepatic original malignancy

(B). Primary hepatic malignant tumors unable to receive curative treatment indicate that the malignancy can not be completely eliminated by operative resection, liver transplantation or local abrasion therapy. Patient also needs to fit at least one of the following criteria: (1) evidence of distant metastasis or large vessels (intrahepatic first branch portal vein, portal main trunk, major hepatic vein or inferior vena cava) invasion, (2) unable to be controlled by transcatheter arterial chemoembolization including appearance of new rather than incompletely treated nodules within 3 months of chemoembolization, or chemoembolization fails

(C). The performance status of the patient based on the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) belongs to 0 or 1 and the calculated Child score is below 8 points.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. . life-threatening hemorrhage at the present time
2. . life-threatening bacterial, fungal or viral infection (not included hepatitis B and C virus) at the present time
3. . extrahepatic original malignancy unable to be controlled
4. . serum creatinine level \> 1.5 mg/dL.
5. . Patient must receive long-term statin or fibrates drugs. The doses of these medications can not be altered.
6. . Patient has white blood cell count \< 1500/µL, platelet count \< 30000/µL or hemoglobin \< 9.0 gm/dL after medication.
7. . Pregnant woman or plan to be a pregnant woman
8. . allergy to colchicine or has history of severe side effects caused by colchicine
9. . Patient has received systemic chemotherapy within 2 months before enrollment or plans to receive systemic chemotherapy in the future.
10. . Patient is under or plans to receive other clinical trial testing drug.
11. . Patient has severe malfunction of vital organs and can not participate in this study justified by the member of the research team.
12. . Patient is under or plans to receive Chinese traditional medicine or herb drugs.
13. . Patient is under or plans to receive hospice care.
14. . Patient took other clinical trial testing drug within 3 months before enrollment.
15. . Patient can not quit drug abuse or heavy alcohol drinking.