Approach-Avoidance Conflict-a Multi-level Predictor for Therapy Response

This project aims to identify brain and behavioral characteristics of individuals experiencing symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder that will predict the effectiveness of Exposure-based therapy versus Behavioral Activation Therapy. Brain imaging aspects of the study will use functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and electroencephalography (EEG). Behavioral assessments will include self-report questionnaires, computer-based and observational tasks, and interviews. Assessments will focus on how individuals process positive information (such as reward) and negative information (such as distressing images), as well as how people make decisions. These assessments will be conducted across 2-3 in-person sessions prior to beginning the treatment, and will be repeated across 2-3 in-person sessions after completing treatment. A blood draw will also be conducted pre- and post- treatment. Both the Exposure-based and Behavior Activation therapy will consist of 10, 90-minute weekly therapy sessions conducted in small groups.

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is the most common anxiety disorder in primary care, with lifetime prevalence rates of 6%. GAD leads to significant individual and socioeconomic burden (e.g., due to days lost at work and increased health care utilization). Although there is significant comorbidity with major depressive disorder (MDD), a GAD diagnosis conveys a much poorer prognosis, with only 58% with GAD vs. 80% with MDD alone obtaining remission in two years. This highlights the importance of effectively treating GAD, for improving mental and physical health and decreasing socioeconomic burden. First-line treatments include medication (e.g., selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors \[SSRIs\]) and psychotherapy (e.g., cognitive behavioral therapy \[CBT\]). While both are superior to placebo, only 40-60% experience significant improvement, with at least 25% relapsing within a year. Thus, long-lasting improvements are occurring in less than 50% of patients. This ineffectiveness has been moderately associated with symptom severity, illness duration, and comorbidity, but these findings do not provide any strategies for improving treatment effectiveness. The current study will seek to identify behavioral or cognitive-affective predictors that indicate how well a patient is responding to treatment so that interventions can be further individualized to more effectively treat refractory patients.

The overall aim of this study are to identify whether neural, biological, and behavioral responses related to the arbitration of conflicting avoidance and approach drives can predict response to Exposure-based versus Behavioral Activate therapy for individuals with generalized anxiety disorder (with or without co-morbid major depressive disorder). This will be accomplished using behavioral, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and genetic analyses pre and post Behavioral Activation therapy. Research subjects will include treatment-seeking individuals with clinically significant symptoms of unipolar depression. Diagnosis will be assessed using structured clinical interviews. Anxious and depressive symptom severity, personality characteristics, and general functioning will be collected via self-report paper-and-pencil questionnaires. Objective measures of approach, avoidance, and conflict behavioral responses will be collected using computer-administered testing and related neural responsivity will be measured using fMRI. For exploratory aims, a blood draw will be collect pre and post-treatment to examine genetic factors that may predict response to behavior therapy. This research has the potential to identify neural and behavioral approach-avoidance characteristics that can help predict which patients are likely to respond to Exposure-based versus Behavioral Activation therapy (i.e., predictors of treatment effectiveness) and reveal targets for future treatment modifications.

Aim 1: Examine relationships among approach-avoidance behavior and neural responses, and baseline GAD symptom severity.

Hypothesis 1.1: Approach and conflict arbitration behavior will explain significant variance in baseline symptoms above and beyond avoidance-related behavior.

Hypothesis 1.2: Approach (striatum) and conflict arbitration (lateral PFC) neural activity will explain significant variance in baseline symptoms above and beyond avoidance-related (amygdala) neural activity.

Aim 2: Examine how multi-level approach-avoidance behavior and neural responses predict individualized response to Exposure-based therapy for GAD (compared to Behavioral Activation).

Hypothesis 2.1: Approach-related and conflict arbitration behavior will help predict treatment response above and beyond avoidance-related behavior and baseline symptom severity.

Hypothesis 2.2: Activity in approach-related and conflict arbitration neural circuitry will predict treatment response above and beyond activity in avoidance-related neural circuitry.

Aim 3: Identify the changes in approach-avoidance processes that relate to Exposure therapy elicited functional improvement (compared to Behavioral Activation).

Hypothesis 3.1: The degree to which conflict arbitration abilities increase with treatment will positively relate to functional improvement from pre- to post-treatment.

The statistical analysis plan was described within a protocol paper published in 2020 (Santiago et al., 2020), which is cited in the References section.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

1. Age: 18-55
2. All genders
3. All races
4. Eligibility as clinically significant anxiety will be determined by:

   * Scoring greater than 7 on the Overall Anxiety Severity and Impairment Scale (OASIS) or greater than 10 on the generalized anxiety disorder 7-item scale (GAD-7) and/or diagnosis of Generalized Anxiety Disorder.
   * Self-report that they are interested in obtaining treatment for anxiety.
   * Anxiety symptoms are the primary disorder of concern.
5. Able to provide written, informed consent
6. Have sufficient proficiency in English language to understand and complete interviews, questionnaires, and all other study procedures

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Has a history of unstable liver or renal insufficiency; glaucoma; significant and unstable cardiac, vascular, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, endocrine, neurologic, hematologic, rheumatologic, or metabolic disturbance; or any other condition that would make participation not be in the best interest (e.g., compromise the well-being) of the subject or that could prevent, limit, or confound the protocol-specified assessments.
2. A history of drug or alcohol abuse in the past 6 months,
3. Has any of the following diagnostic and statistical manual (DSM-5) disorders:

   * Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders
   * Bipolar and Related Disorders
   * Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
   * Anorexia or Bulimia Nervosa
   * Substance use disorder within 6 months
4. Moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (\>30 min. loss of consciousness or \>24 hours posttraumatic amnesia) or other neurocognitive disorder with evidence of neurological deficits, neurological disorders, or severe or unstable medical conditions that might be compromised by participation in the study.
5. Active suicidal ideation with intent or plan
6. Current use of a medication that could affect brain functioning (e.g., anxiolytics, antipsychotics, mood stabilizers). However, participants reporting current use of prescribed antidepressants (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors \[SSRIs\]) will be included as long as the dose has been stable for 6 weeks prior to enrolling in the study.
7. Prescription of a medication outside of the accepted range, as determined by the best clinical practices and current research
8. Taking drugs that affect the fMRI hemodynamic response.
9. MRI contraindications including: cardiac pacemaker, metal fragments in eyes/skin/body (shrapnel), aortic/aneurysm clips, prosthesis, by-pass surgery/coronary artery clips, hearing aid, heart valve replacement, shunt (ventricular or spinal), electrodes, metal plates/pins/screws/wires, or neuro/bio-stimulators (TENS unit), persons who have ever been a professional metal worker/welder, history of eye surgery/eyes washed out because of metal, vision problems uncorrectable with lenses, inability to lie still on one's back for 60-120 minutes; prior neurosurgery; tattoos or cosmetic makeup with metal dyes, unwillingness to remove body piercings, and pregnancy
10. Unwillingness or inability to complete any of the major aspects of the study protocol, including magnetic resonance imaging (i.e., due to claustrophobia), blood draws, or behavioral assessment. However, failing to complete some individual aspects of these assessment sessions will be acceptable (i.e., being unwilling to answer individual items on some questionnaires or being unwilling to complete a behavioral task)
11. Non-correctable vision or hearing problems
12. Report of severe depressive symptoms, as indicated by a score greater than 17 on the Patient Health Questionnaire 9-item (PHQ-9).