Islet Transplantation With Recipient T-Reg Cells or Deceased Donor Vertebral Bone Marrow Therapy

The goal of this clinical trial is to learn if patients who have brittle type 1 diabetes receiving an islet transplantation will have better control of their sugars if they also receive one of 2 types of immune cells along with the islet transplant. The participants will receive either their own immune cells, called regulatory T cells, or immune cells from the bone marrow of the islet donor.

Islet transplantation success remains limited by the immediate loss of islet after transplantation, rejection, and side effect from immunosuppression. Preclinical animal models provide evidence that donor bone marrow cells OR regulatory T cells infused at the time of islet transplantation can improve the survival of islets after transplantation and reduce the need for immunosuppression. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the feasibility and safety of combining an islet transplant with the recipient's Tregs OR deceased donor bone marrow cells in patients with brittle type 1 diabetes.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Male and female patients age 18 to 70 years of age.
* Ability to provide written informed consent.
* Mentally stable and able to comply with the procedures of the study protocol.
* Clinical history compatible with T1D with onset of disease at \< 45 years of age, insulin- dependence for ≥ 5 years at the time of enrollment, or a sum of patient age and insulin dependent diabetes duration of ≥ 28.
* Absence of stimulated C peptide (\< 0.3 ng/mL) in response to a mixed meal tolerance test measured at 60 and 90 minutes after the start of consumption
* Involvement in intensive diabetes management defined as self-monitoring of glucose values no less than a mean of three times each day averaged over each week and by the administration of three or more insulin injections each day or insulin pump therapy. Such management must be under the direction of an endocrinologist, diabetologist, or diabetes specialist with at least 3 clinical evaluations during the 12 months prior to study enrollment.
* At least two episodes of severe hypoglycemia in the 12 months prior to study enrollment.
* Reduced awareness of hypoglycemia as defined by a Clarke score of 4 or more OR a HYPO score greater than or equal to the 90th percentile (1047) during the screening period and within the last 6 months prior to randomization.
* Women of childbearing potential may be enrolled if a pregnancy test is negative, and they agree to the use of 2 forms of contraception from Screening to the end of the study. Males must agree to use 2 forms of contraception from Screening to the end of the study if their partners are of childbearing potential.
* Acceptable methods of birth control which must be used together are:

  * Oral contraceptive and condom (combination oral contraceptives containing the second- generation progestin (levonorgestrel) and \<30 μg of estrogen should be utilized),
  * IUD and condom,
  * Diaphragm with spermicide and condom
* Subject must complete training on how to use the Tandem X2 pump with Control IQ technology by a certified Diabetes Educator or physician. Patients must complete at least 2 hour training to the satisfaction of the educator and show proficiency and understanding in its use as judged by the educator.
* Patients with prior kidney transplantation on immunosuppressive medications are eligible provided they meet all eligibility criteria above excluding the need for hypoglycemia unawareness. Patients should not be candidates for solid organ pancreas transplant or have declined the surgical option.
* Exclusion Criteria:
* Body mass index (BMI) \>30 kg/m2 or patient weight ≤50kg.
* Insulin requirement of \>1.0 IU/kg/day or \<15 U/day. 3. HbA1c \>10%.
* Treatment with any anti-diabetic medication other than insulin within 4 weeks of Screening
* Untreated proliferative diabetic retinopathy.
* Blood Pressure: SBP \>180 mmHg or DBP \>100 mmHg on optimal treatment.
* Estimated glomerular filtration rate of \<50 mL/min/1.73m2.
* Presence or history of macroalbuminuria (\>500mg/g creatinine).
* Presence or history of panel-reactive anti-HLA antibodies \>50%. Negative cross- match by flow cytometry and no DSA to organ donor by standard methods.
* For female subjects: Positive pregnancy test, presently breast-feeding, or unwillingness to use effective contraceptive measures for the duration of the study and 4 months after discontinuation. For male participants: intent to procreate during the duration of the study or within 4 months after discontinuation or unwillingness to use effective measures of contraception
* Presence of active infection including hepatitis B, hepatitis C, HIV, or tuberculosis (TB). Subjects with laboratory evidence of active infection are excluded even in the absence of clinical evidence of active infection.
* Negative screen for Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) by IgG determination.
* Invasive aspergillus, histoplasmosis, or coccidioidomycosis infection within one year prior to study enrollment.
* Any history of malignancy except for completely resected squamous or basal cell carcinoma of the skin.
* Known active alcohol or substance abuse.
* Baseline Hb below the lower limits of normal; neutropenia (\<1,500/7L), or thrombocytopenia (platelets \<100,000/7L).
* Any coagulopathy or medical condition requiring long-term anticoagulant therapy (e.g., warfarin) after islet transplantation (low-dose aspirin treatment is allowed) or patients with an international normalized ratio (INR) \>1.5.
* Severe co-existing cardiac disease, characterized by any one of these conditions:

  * recent myocardial infarction (within past 6 months).
  * evidence of uncorrectable ischemia on functional cardiac exam within the last year.
  * left ventricular ejection fraction \<30%.
* Persistent elevation of liver function tests at the time of study entry. Persistent serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT \[AST\]), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT \[ALT\]), or total bilirubin, with values \> 1.5 times normal upper limits will exclude a patient.
* Acute or chronic pancreatitis.
* Treatment with any anti-diabetic medication other than insulin within 4 weeks of enrollment.
* Use of any investigational agents within 4 or more weeks of enrollment, depending upon the pharmacokinetics of the investigational agent and durability of changes with treatment in immune function or glycemic regulation.
* Administration of live attenuated vaccine(s) within 2 months of enrollment.
* Any medical condition that, in the opinion of the investigator, will interfere with safe participation in the trial.
* A previous islet transplant.
* History of medical non-adherence or poor social support.
* Individuals with selective IgA deficiencies (IgA level less than 15 mg/dL) who have known antibody against IgA.