Neuromotor Prosthetic to Treat Stroke-Related Paresis

The purpose of the research is to develop a new medical device prototype to restore functional movement of an arm made weak due to a chronic stroke

Microelectrode arrays implanted into the brain will decode signals to drive motors on the powered brace worn on the arm so that the patient can "power steer" his or her own arm. The ultimate goal is to create a fully implantable medical device that will restore movement in all parts of the body affected by a stroke. Independent movement will have functional benefits (e.g., being able to lift a fork to eat) and health benefits (e.g., decreasing the frequency of skin infections and preventing the formation of painful joint contractures).

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Must be 18 years or older.
* Clinical diagnosis of stroke (hemorrhagic or ischemic, cortical or subcortical), confirmed by brain computer tomography or magnetic resonance imaging, that occurred six or more months prior to enrollment
* Must have arm weakness due to stroke.
* Participant is willing to comply with all follow-up evaluations at the specified times.
* Participant is able to provide informed consent prior to enrollment in the study.
* The participant is fluent in English.
* \> 24 on the Mini Mental Status Examination
* Medically stable.
* Passive flexion of shoulder in weakened upper extremity with range of \> 30 degrees or more
* Passive abduction of shoulder in weakened upper extremity with range of \> 20 degrees or more
* Participant must have a caregiver willing to participate in the study who will help provide care for the surgical site.
* Must be willing to live at hospital or at nearby hotel for 90-day duration when implantable components were present.
* Plateaued post-stroke recovery with complete or incomplete hemiplegia due to stroke in one upper limb, as measured on two serial occasions (at least one month apart) without improvement, by the following standardized functional assessments of the weaker upper extremity, at their worst:

  * Manual Muscle Testing scores of 0/5 (no movement) or 1/5 (palpable contraction in muscle, without movement) in the biceps (elbow flexion), triceps (elbow extension), wrist flexors, wrist extensors or intrinsic hand muscles
  * Mild to plegia according to Medical Research Council Scale for Muscle Strength
  * Fugl-Meyer Motor Impairment Score of 38 or lower
  * Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) score of 35 or lower
  * Motricity Index score of 55 or lower
* No joint contracture or severe spasticity in affected upper limb precluding the operation of the MyoPro orthotic device.
* Sufficient sitting balance to participate with robotic brace activities.
* No condition (e.g., severe arthritis, central pain) that would interfere with administration of motor function tests, ability to understand verbal commands and cooperate with test procedures.

Exclusion Criteria:

* No medical condition requiring active anti-coagulation with a medication such as heparin, warfarin or rivaroxaban (note that anti-platelet agents such as aspirin or clopidogrel are acceptable)
* No active wound healing or skin breakdown issues.
* No history of poorly controlled autonomic dysreflexia.
* Visual impairment such that extended viewing of a computer monitor would be challenging even with ordinary corrective lenses
* Chronic oral or intravenous steroids or immunosuppressive therapy
* A score of 23 or lower on Folstein's Mini-Mental Status Examination
* Orthopedic conditions of either arm that would affect performance on study
* Untreated psychiatric disturbances that would affect motivation and trial participation
* Medical contraindications for general anesthesia, craniotomy, or surgery.
* Diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction or cardiac arrest within previous 6 months.
* Dementia
* Other implantable devices such as heart/brain pacemakers
* Participants who rely on ventilators
* Co-morbid conditions that would interfere with study activities or response to treatment, which may include:

  * Life expectancy \< 3 years
  * Severe chronic pulmonary disease
  * Seizure within three months prior to enrollment
  * History of uncontrolled seizures
  * Local, systemic acute or chronic infectious illness
  * Life threatening cardiac arrhythmias
  * Severe collagen vascular disorder
* Kidney failure or other major organ system failures History of a neurological ablation procedure.
* Labeled contraindication for MRI.
* History of HIV infection or ongoing chronic infection (such as tuberculosis).
* Pregnant or of child-bearing potential and are not taking acceptable methods of contraception.
* Participation in another investigational device or medication trial
* Excessive pain in the paretic upper extremity (\> 5 on a 10-point visual analog scale)
* Excessive spasticity at the paretic elbow, wrist, or digits as defined as a score of \> 2 on the Modified Ashworth Spasticity Scale
* Participating in any experimental rehabilitation or drug studies
* Moderate to severe apraxia (\< 2.5 on the Alexander scale)
* Received phenol injections to any portion of the paretic upper extremity within the past 12 months
* Other conditions or circumstances that, in the opinion of the investigators, would preclude safe and/or effective participation, including severe skin conditions, and/or other sequelae that may be contraindicated for arm orthosis use as well as personal circumstance