Curcumin on NFE2L2 Gene Expression, Antioxidant Capacity and Renal Function According to rs35652124 in Diabetic Nephropathy

The increase in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the greatest public health challenges worldwide. Epidemiological studies have shown that DM is the leading cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in patients initiating renal replacement therapy. In our country, diabetes accounts for about 60% of all incidents of dialysis. On the other hand, CKD is currently considered a noxious disease because patients not only have the likelihood of progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD), but because these renal alterations are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular complications and premature death for the same cause. Most studies have focused on traditional risk factors (poor diet, physical inactivity and obesity) for the development and progression of renal damage, and less information exists on non-traditional factors such as oxidative stress and mainly, the low antioxidant response that characterizes both DM and nephropathy. In addition, there is a great variation in the susceptibility to and progression of kidney disease between different populations that is not explained by the presence of traditional factors and that could be triggered by genetic variations and its interaction with other components related to the environment and lifestyle. Fortunately, there is sufficient scientific evidence that early detection and modification of negative lifestyle factors can not only delay or halt the progression of the renal function decline to ESRD but can also significantly reduce the incidence of cardiovascular disease leading to premature death in most of these patients. Therefore, it is suggested that this risk may be determined by the interaction of lifestyle factors with the presence of susceptibility alleles, which may vary from one population to another. It is now known that hyperglycemia causes a state of oxidative stress and inflammation that can be counteracted by diet supplementation with some natural antioxidants such as curcumin. It has been shown that this molecule has multiple pharmacological properties: antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, renoprotective, among others. In clinical trials a positive effect of curcumin has been seen in the treatment of diabetes and its complications. This has generated a relative optimism in the search for new curcumin treatment targets where oxidative stress is of great relevance, as is the case with CKD. However, there are still doubts about its efficacy as an adjuvant in the prevention of CKD. Additionally, the role played by interindividual variability in genes involved in the mechanism of action of curcumin is still incipient, more studies in this knowledge area are necessary.

Aim: To evaluate the interaction between rs35652124 polymorphism and curcumin supplementation on the levels of NFE2L2 gene expression, antioxidant capacity and renal function in patients with early diabetic nephropathy (EDN).

Subjects and Methods. Parallel clinical trial with randomized and triple blind. From a database of diabetic patients newly diagnosed with CKD, those with EDN will be identified and located by telephone to complete a total of 275 subjects over 18 years of age. Subsequently, they will be cited in the office of Biomedical Unit 02, will verify that they meet the selection criteria, will be informed about the objectives of the study and invited to participate. Those who agree to participate will be given an informed consent letter, they will be asked to read it carefully and if they have any doubts, they will be clarified at the moment. Once they have signed the written consent they will be cited for the first blood sample collecting (5 mL) to be used for genomic DNA extraction and genotyping for the rs35652124 polymorphism. All patients entering the study will undergo a physical and dietary examination and will record the data on a clinical record card. They will be prescribed a meal plan according to ADA recommendations and K/DOQI guidelines two weeks prior (week \<2) at the start of the clinical trial, which will be maintained throughout the follow-up. They will then be scheduled monthly for medical and nutritional assessment. At the visits of weeks 2, 0 (start of supplementation), 12, and 24, three peripheral blood tubes (5 mL each) will be drawn. The first, to extract total mRNA and expression analysis of the NFE2L2 gene, the second, to determine the levels of NRF2, SOD, GPx and HO1 and the third, to perform renal function tests and control of possible confounding variables (creatinine, glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, lipid profile and uric acid). In addition, they will be asked to collect a sample of the first morning urine to quantify albuminuria/creatinuria on the same day that blood samples were taken. The time of the study since the first evaluation is 26 weeks and the total number of medical and nutrition visits will be six, one monthly. Genotyping will be performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) coupled to four pairs of oligonucleotide primers specific for the alleles of interest. The gene expression assay will be performed by real-time PCR, while the determination of the concentrations of NRF2, SOD, GPx and HO1 will be carried out by the ELISA method with kits designed for this purpose. The analysis of the data includes descriptive statistics expressed in averages and standard or median deviations according to the parametric or non-parametric distribution, the nominal variables will be presented as numbers or percentages and the comparison between these will be by Chi square or Fisher exact. Inferential statistics included U-Mann Whitney or Student t tests for independent and paired samples as appropriate to evaluate the NRF2, SOD, GPx and HO1 concentrations with the different interventions and the individuals in the control group. A covariance analysis will be performed taking into consideration the factor supplementation, genetic factor and the interaction of both with the concentrations of NRF2. A value of p\<0.05 and 95% CI will be considered significant.

Resources and infrastructure. The CIBO and the Medical Research Unit in Renal Diseases have the human resources to coordinate and develop the present research. Also, they have the necessary infrastructure and equipment to carry out the procedures contemplated in this project. The project will be submitted to calls for funding to obtain the necessary resources for its development.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* With T2DM according to the American Diabetes Association
* With any time of T2DM evolution
* With CKD stage 1-3a according to the K/DIGO guidelines

Exclusion Criteria:

* Incomplete evaluations
* That they have not been attached to the assigned intervention with an established frequency of \<80%
* Decide to withdraw from the study