A Single Dry Needling Session of the Obliquus Capitis Inferior for the Altered Sensorimotor Function in People With Neck Pain

Neck pain is the 3rd cause of disability worldwide and represents an enormous socioeconomic burden. It has been reported that people with neck pain, with traumatic and non-traumatic onset, have an alteration of the sensorimotor function compared to pain-free people, such as deficits in the head and neck repositioning or alteration of the body balance. It has been suggested that alterations on the proprioception of the suboccipital muscles may cause a decrease in head and neck repositioning accuracy and changes in head and neck positioning patterns. The suboccipital muscles, particularly the obliquus capitis inferior (OCI), has a greater density of muscular spindles compared to lower cervical segments, which is believed to play an important role in the proprioception. The alteration of the JPE is more often found in patients with a dysfunction in the upper cervical spine, but people with lower dysfunction can also exhibit it. However, no conclusive results on JPE have been reported with articular techniques targeting the upper cervical spine. On the contrary, positive results on this test have been observed after the retraining of the upper cervical muscles. As OCI is a deep muscle, dry needling seems to be the most appropriate passive modality of treatment to target that muscle and restore the abnormal cervical sensorimotor control. However, this hypothesis has never been tested.

The aim of the proposed study is to investigate if a single dry needling (DN) session modifies the altered sensorimotor function in people with neck pain. The secondary objectives will be to investigate the effects of a single DN session on muscle length (indirectly measured with FRT) and to investigate the effects of a single DN session on self-reported pain.

With this aim, a random control trial (RCT) design will be conducted with two groups; intervention group (dry needling of the OCI) and placebo group (sham needling). Sham needling has shown to be a valid control method in dry needling research.

The study will take two days. In the first day, the outcome measures will be measured before (baseline) and immediately after the intervention (immediate follow-up). In the second day (one-week follow-up), outcome measures will be measured again. Pain intensity, measured with the visual analogue scale, will be only measured at baseline and one-week follow-up.

The baseline and follow-up assessments will be performed by an independent assessor who will be blinded to the intervention allocation. The interventions will be provided by a therapist with dry needling training and 3-years of musculoskeletal experience who will be blinded to outcome measures.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Neck pain longer than 3 months (traumatic or non-traumatic)
* Neck disability index (NDI) ≥10
* Visual analogue scale (VAS) ≥3
* Joint position error (JPE) ≥4.5º determined in the physical examination prior to enrollment

Exclusion Criteria:

* Previous cervical spine surgery
* Spine fracture
* Any neurological signs
* Cervical stenosis
* Needle phobia/fear of needles
* Anticoagulant medication consumption
* Pregnancy
* Known or suspected vestibular pathology
* Vertigo or dizziness from ear or brain disorders, sensory nerve pathways (e.g. BPPV).