Acalabrutinib in Combination with Venetoclax or Obinutuzumab for the Treatment of Treatment-naive Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

This phase II trial tests whether acalabrutinib in combination with venetoclax or obinutuzumab works to shrink tumors in patients with treatment-naive chronic lymphocytic leukemia . Acalabrutinib is also an inhibitor that works in the body to block the activation of certain cells that lead to the growth of cancerous B cells. Venetoclax is in a class of medications called B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2) inhibitors. It may stop the growth of cancer cells by blocking Bcl-2, a protein needed for cancer cell survival. Obinutuzumab is a monoclonal antibody that may interfere with the ability of cancer cells to grow and spread. Giving acalabrutinib in combination with venetoclax or obinutuzumab may help ease symptoms, decrease the amount of cancer suggestive of improvement, prolonged disease-free remission and/or survival, and increased knowledge about cancer treatment in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Patients will be treated with acalabrutinib for 12 cycles, and then randomized to receive 6 cycles of acalabrutinib plus obinutuzumab or acalabrutinib plus venetoclax.

PRIMARY OBJECTIVE:

I. To evaluate whether the addition of venetoclax or obinutuzumab for 6 cycles to patients receiving acalabrutinib for 1 year in treatment-naive (TN) chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) will improve rate of bone marrow (BM) undetectable minimal residual disease (uMRD).

SECONDARY OBJECTIVES:

I. To assess the safety and tolerability of a delayed approach to combination therapy in patients with TN CLL.

II. To determine the overall response rate (ORR) of the addition of venetoclax or obinutuzumab for 6 cycles to patients receiving acalabrutinib for 1 year in TN CLL.

III. To determine the progression free survival (PFS) of the addition of venetoclax or obinutuzumab for 6 cycles to patients receiving acalabrutinib for 1 year in TN CLL.

IV. To determine the duration of response (DOR) of the addition of venetoclax or obinutuzumab for 6 cycles to patients receiving acalabrutinib for 1 year in TN CLL.

V. To determine the time to next treatment (TTNT) of the addition of venetoclax or obinutuzumab for 6 cycles to patients receiving acalabrutinib for 1 year in TN CLL.

EXPLORATORY OBJECTIVES:

I. To determine the concordance rate between uMRD status as measured by next generation sequencing (NGS) versus standard flow cytometry as well as blood vs bone marrow, and examine implications for PFS.

II. To determine how acalabrutinib plus venetoclax or obinutuzumab changes numbers of T, B, and natural killer (NK) cells during and after therapy.

III. To determine how baseline genomic features predict outcomes following acalabrutinib plus venetoclax or obinutuzumab.

OUTLINE: Patients are randomized into 1 of 2 arms.

ARM I: Patients receive acalabrutinib orally (PO) twice daily (BID) on days 1-28. Patients also receive obinutuzumab intravenously (IV) on days 1, 2, 8, and 15 of cycle 13 and day 1 of cycles 14-18. Treatment repeats every 28 days for up to 18 cycles in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.

ARM II: Patients receive acalabrutinib PO BID on days 1-28. Patients also receive venetoclax PO once daily (QD) on days 1-28 days of cycles 13-18. Treatment repeats every 28 days for up to 18 cycles in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.

After completion of the study treatment, patients are followed up at 30 days and every 6 months up to 10 years.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Men and women \>= 18 years of age
* Diagnosis of CLL/small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL) meeting criteria established in the 2018 International Workshop (iw)CLL guidelines
* Must be treatment-naive: Received no prior chemotherapy, immunotherapy, or targeted therapy for the treatment of CLL, with the exceptions of palliative loco-regional radiotherapy, rituximab for autoimmune conditions, or corticosteroids for symptoms control
* Patients must meet criteria for treatment as defined by 2018 iwCLL guidelines which includes at least one of the following criteria:

  * Evidence of marrow failure as manifested by the development or worsening of anemia or thrombocytopenia (not attributable to autoimmune hemolytic anemia or thrombocytopenia)
  * Massive (\>= 6 cm below the costal margin), progressive or symptomatic splenomegaly
  * Massive nodes (\>= 10 cm) or progressive or symptomatic lymphadenopathy
  * Progressive lymphocytosis with a lymphocyte doubling time \< 6 months or an increase of \>= 50% over a 2 month period
  * Autoimmune anemia and/or thrombocytopenia that is poorly responsive to standard therapy
  * Symptomatic or functional extranodal involvement (e.g. skin, kidney, lung, spine)
  * Constitutional symptoms, which include any of the following:

    * Unintentional weight loss of 10% or more within 6 months
    * Significant fatigue
    * Fevers \> 100.5 degrees Fahrenheit (F) for 2 weeks or more without evidence of infection
    * Night sweats \>= 1 month without evidence of infection
* Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status of =\< 2
* Adequate bone marrow independent of growth factor support or infusion support at screening unless evidence shows that the cytopenia(s) is due to marrow involvement by CLL/SLL and/or disease-related immune thrombocytopenia, or anemia. If cytopenias are due to disease in the bone marrow any degree of cytopenias are allowed. Patients with active uncontrolled autoimmune cytopenias are excluded
* Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) \>= 1000/mm\^3
* Platelets \>= 30,000/mm\^3
* Hemoglobin \>= 7 g/dL
* Total bilirubin =\< 2.0 x upper limit of normal (ULN) (excepting Gilbert's syndrome)
* Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) =\< 2.5 x ULN
* Creatinine clearance \>= 30 mL/min/1.73m\^2

  * Using 24-hour creatinine clearance or modified Cockcroft-Gault equation
* Woman of childbearing potential (WOCBP) who are sexually active must use highly effective methods of contraception during treatment and for at least 2 days after last acalabrutinib dose, 30 days after last venetoclax dose, and 6 months after last obinutuzumab dose
* Willing and able to participate in all required evaluations and procedures in this study protocol
* Ability to understand the purpose and risks of the study and provide signed and dated informed consent and authorization to use protected health information

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patients with high-risk disease as defined by:

  * Presence of deletion 17p13 on cytogenetic analysis by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH)
  * Presence of TP53 mutation on next generation sequencing
  * Presence of complex karyotype on cytogenetic evaluation

    * Defined as \>= 3 karyotypic abnormalities
* Treatment with a moderate or strong CYP3A inhibitor or inducer within 7 days prior to first dose of acalabrutinib or venetoclax or need for treatment with a strong CYP3A inhibitor or inducer during the period or the study. Patients who have a need for treatment with a moderate CYP3A inhibitor or inducer during acalabrutinib or venetoclax dose escalation will also be excluded
* Known active involvement of the central nervous system by lymphoma or leukemia
* Subject with other malignancies that are associated with a life expectancy of \< 2 years or that would confound assessment of toxicity in this study
* Clinically significant cardiovascular disease such as symptomatic arrhythmias, congestive heart failure, or myocardial infarction within 6 months of screening, or any Class 3 or 4 cardiac disease as defined by the New York Heart Association Functional Classification. Note: Subjects with controlled atrial fibrillation can enroll on study
* Is unable to swallow oral medication, or has significant gastrointestinal disease that would limit absorption of oral medication
* Known history of infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
* Subjects with active infections requiring intravenous (IV) antibiotic/antiviral therapy are not eligible for entry onto the study until resolution of the infection. Subjects on prophylactic antibiotics or antivirals are acceptable
* Known history of hypersensitivity or anaphylaxis to study drug(s) including active product or excipient components
* Active bleeding or history of bleeding diathesis (e.g., hemophilia or von Willebrand disease)
* Uncontrolled autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) or idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) unrelated to underlying CLL
* Patients with uncontrolled autoimmune disease requiring \> 20 mg of daily prednisone or equivalent
* Presence of a gastrointestinal ulcer diagnosed by endoscopy within 3 months before screening
* Requires or receiving anticoagulation with warfarin or equivalent vitamin K antagonists
* Prothrombin time (PT)/international normalized ratio (INR) or activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) (in the absence of lupus anticoagulant) \> 2 x ULN
* History of significant cerebrovascular disease/event, including stroke or intracranial hemorrhage, within 6 months before the first dose of study drug
* Major surgical procedure within 28 days of first dose of study drug. Note: If a subject had major surgery, they must have recovered adequately from any toxicity and/or complications from the intervention before the first dose of study drug
* Hepatitis B or C serologic status:

  * Subjects who are hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc) positive and who are hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) negative will need to have a negative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and must be willing to undergo deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) PCR testing during the study to be eligible. Those who are HBsAg positive or hepatitis B PCR positive will be excluded
  * Subjects who are hepatitis C antibody positive will need to have a negative PCR result to be eligible. Those who are hepatitis C PCR positive will be excluded
* Breastfeeding or pregnant
* Vaccination with live vaccines 28 days prior to registration for study screening
* Concurrent participation in another therapeutic clinical trial