Radiofrequency Ablation for the Treatment of Post-knee Arthroplasty Chronic Pain.

Knee osteoarthritis pain is one of the conditions commonly seen in general and specialized medicine. Knee arthroplasty is one of the most successful orthopedic surgeries for the treatment of this disease, significantly improving pain, disability, and the overall quality of life for patients who undergo it. However, there is a subgroup of individuals in whom the pain persists or even worsens. Radiofrequency has been introduced over 10 years ago as a neuroablative technique targeting the genicular nerves, which innervate the sensory terminals of the knee joint, for the treatment of chronic pain in that region before or after arthroplasty. However, the results have not been entirely consistent. Recent anatomical studies have demonstrated the presence of other sensory terminal branches of the femoral nerve, such as the infrapatellar branch of the saphenous nerve, medial vastus nerve, intermediate vastus nerve, and lateral vastus nerve, which could be useful targets for the treatment of post-knee arthroplasty pain. To date, no studies have been conducted to address post-knee arthroplasty pain through the application of thermal radiofrequency on the sensory branches of the knee from the femoral nerve (infrapatellar branch of the saphenous nerve, medial vastus nerve, intermediate vastus nerve, lateral vastus nerve). Therefore, The investigators aim to conduct a randomized double-blind clinical trial where The investigators will apply thermal radiofrequency on the sensory terminal branches of the femoral nerve in the knee, based on recent anatomical studies. The objective of the study is to determine if radiofrequency ablation of sensory nerves in the knee improves pain and disability in patients with post-knee arthroplasty chronic pain at the L'Alt Penedés-Garraf Health Consortium. Method: This is a randomized double-blind clinical trial with two arms. Two groups will be used, where one group will receive thermal radiofrequency of sensory nerves in the knee, and the other group will receive a placebo treatment. The hypothesis The investigators propose is that radiofrequency ablation will alleviate at least 50% of baseline pain and disability in at least 50% of the patients.

Degenerative knee osteoarthritis pain is one of the main reasons for consultation in general and specialized medicine. Its assessment and treatment impose a high cost on healthcare systems, accounting for 0.5% of Spain's gross domestic product. Given the magnitude of the disease and the disability it causes in affected individuals, multiple therapies have been proposed, ranging from pharmacological therapy with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, opioids, antidepressants, capsaicin cream treatment, and physiotherapy, to intra-articular treatments with corticosteroids and viscosupplements like hyaluronic acid, platelet-rich plasma, etc. Knee arthroplasty is one of the most successful orthopedic surgeries in current medicine, significantly improving pain, disability, and the overall quality of life for patients who undergo it. However, postoperative pain following knee arthroplasty remains a challenging problem, with incidence rates of pain and disability after the procedure ranging from 48% to 34%, respectively, at 3 and 6 months post-surgery, with iatrogenic nerve injury being the most common cause. There are limited therapeutic alternatives available from this point onwards.

Since the first description of using radiofrequency for the treatment of intractable chronic pain, it has become not only a tool for pain management but also a cornerstone in pain units' treatment. The use of radiofrequency ablation for pain is based on the premise that the transmission of radiofrequency current near nociceptive pathways would interrupt the pain stimulus through the destruction of the nervous tissue. Thermal radiofrequency has been successfully used in the treatment of facetogenic low back pain, sacroiliac joint pain, and discogenic low back pain.

In the year 2011, the first study was conducted on radiofrequency of the sensory nerves of the knee, known as the genicular nerves, using femoral and tibial condyles as anatomical references and fluoroscopy as an imaging guide. Unfortunately, discrepancies in terminology and anatomical descriptions have led to confusion among interventional physicians. Other researchers have demonstrated discrepancies with the studies published in 2011, making it more difficult to standardize the technique of neuroablation of these nerves. More recently, other researchers demonstrated a specific anatomical-ultrasound correlation of sensory terminal branches of the femoral and sciatic nerves that innervate the knee. The involved nerves include the infrapatellar branch of the saphenous nerve, the nerve to the medial vastus muscle, the nerve to the intermediate vastus muscle, the nerve to the lateral vastus muscle, the anterior branch of the obturator nerve, the recurrent peroneal nerve, and the lateral retinacular nerve.

Study justification:

Post-knee arthroplasty pain remains an unresolved problem, with various techniques applied to different anatomical targets yielding inconsistent results. To date, no studies have addressed post-knee arthroplasty pain through the application of thermal radiofrequency on sensory branches of the femoral nerve, namely the infrapatellar branch of the saphenous nerve, nerve to the medial vastus muscle, nerve to the intermediate vastus muscle, and nerve to the lateral vastus muscle guided by ultrasound.

Therefore, The investigators propose to conduct a randomized double-blind clinical trial where The investigators will apply thermal radiofrequency on the sensory terminal branches of the knee from the femoral nerve, including the medial vastus nerve, lateral vastus nerve, intermediate vastus nerve, and infrapatellar branch of the saphenous nerve.

Hypothesis:

Patients who receive radiofrequency ablation would experience a percentage reduction of at least 50% in baseline pain and disability at 3 months, which The investigators consider a clinically significant effect.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Individuals who have undergone knee arthroplasty.
* Chronic knee pain post-knee arthroplasty for at least 6 months after the procedure and less than 5 years.
* Pain intensity on the numerical visual scale ≥ 5 out of 10 points.
* Stable pain for the last 30 days.
* The knee is the location with the highest intensity of pain, in the case of patients with multiple joint pains.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Acute knee pain.
* Psychiatric illness or dementia that may interfere with or hinder study assessments.
* Diagnosis of fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, or central sensitization syndrome.
* Knee infiltration with corticosteroids in the past 30 days.
* Changes in oral analgesic medication in the past 30 days.