A Comparative Study of MRI, US and CE for Assessing Treatment Response in Known Crohn's Disease

The aim of this study is to evaluate non-invasive imaging techniques for assessing treatment response in known Crohn's disease.

1. Comparing imaging modalities:

   The applicability of small bowel colon capsule endoscopy (SBCCE), magnetic resonance enterocolonography (MREC) and ultrasound (US) for diagnosing ulcer healing after medical treatment in patients with symptomatic Crohn's disease compared to ileocolonoscopy.
   1. Sensitivity and specificity for ulcer healing
   2. Changes in activity parameters for SBCCE, MREC and US before and after medical treatment.
   3. Feasibility of SBCCE, MREC and US for assessing treatment response in known Crohn's disease.
2. Treatment induced bowel wall alterations visualized with ultrasound:

   1. A non-blinded study of bowel wall changes detected with repeated US examination during medical treatment of known Crohn's disease.
   2. Changes in bowel wall thickness, vascularity and elastography parameters, and time to normalization of the bowel wall.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the applicability of SBCCE, MREC and US for diagnosing ulcer healing after medical treatment in patients with symptomatic CD compared to the current gold standard (ileocolonoscopy).

This is a prospective, blinded, multicenter study. Patients are recruited from 3 centers in the Region of Southern Denmark managing adult patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. Each patient goes through a standardized work-up including medical history, physical examination, C-reactive protein, fecal calprotectin, ileocolonoscopy, SBCCE, MREC and US before and 10-12 weeks after medical treatment with corticosteroids or biological therapy (Infliximab, Adalimumab, Vedolizumab or Ustekinumab). All examinations are reviewed and described in a standardized fashion. The radiologists and physicians describing SBCCE, MREC, and US are blinded to the findings at ileocolonoscopy and the other imaging modalities. Ileocolonoscopy serves as the diagnostic gold standard, and endoscopic disease activity is assessed with SES-CD.

LOGISTICS: Patients go through an accelerated diagnostic work-up at inclusion and after 10-12 weeks of medical treatment. In patients undergoing their first diagnostic work-up, ileocolonoscopy with biopsies is performed last to avoid false positive lesions at SBCCE. In patients with an established diagnosis, examinations can be performed in a random order provided that tissue samples are not taken during ileocolonoscopy. All diagnostic procedures should be completed within two weeks. If one imaging modality is contraindicated it is classified as "not performed". If ileocolonoscopy (gold standard) is contraindicated, the patient is excluded from the study. All radiological examinations are performed in the Department of Radiology, Lillebaelt Hospital Vejle. Ileocolonoscopy and SBCCE are performed at the local gastroenterology department.

During the pre- and post-treatment assessment, radiological examinations and SBCCE are analyzed by physicians blinded to the result of ileocolonoscopy and the other bowel examinations. However, at the post-treatment assessment, physicians are not blinded to the pre-treatment examinations. After completing all diagnostic procedures, the treating gastroenterologist is provided with the results of SBCCE, MREC and US.

EXTENDED ULTRASOUND STUDY: Patients are scheduled for additional US procedures after 2 and 4 weeks. Procedures are performed without blinding, i.e. the physician is aware of the results of the pre-treatment assessment and the preceding US examinations. If the bowel wall normalizes at week 2, the subsequent procedure is cancelled. Fecal calprotectin is measured before each US procedure.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* An established diagnosis of CD
* Age \> 18 years
* Ileocolonoscopy: Endoscopically active CD (SES-CD ≥ 3)
* Clinically active CD (Harvey-Bradshaw Index ≥ 5 or Crohn's Disease Activity Index ≥ 150)
* Clinical indication for medical treatment with corticosteroids or biological therapy
* Signed informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

* Acute bowel obstruction
* Intake of NSAIDs or acetylsalicylic acid ≤ 4 weeks before inclusion except prophylactic treatment with low dose Aspirin (≤ 150 mg per day)
* Pregnancy or lactation
* Alcohol or drug abuse
* Known gastrointestinal disorder other than inflammatory bowel disease
* Renal failure defined by a plasma-creatinine above the normal reference range
* Claustrophobia, cardiac pacemaker or implanted magnetic foreign bodies that precludes MREC
* Interpreter required or inability to understand the oral and written information
* Bowel surgery performed between pre- and post-treatment assessment