Stenting Versus Best Medical Treatment of Asymptomatic High Grade Carotid Artery Stenosis

Background. Carotid artery stenting (CAS) recently has become an accepted method for treatment of patients with high-grade carotid artery stenosis, who are at an increased risk for surgical carotid endarterectomy (CEA). The reported rates of neurological complications of CAS substantially decreased during the past years, and the routine use of cerebral protection devices and low profile catheter systems have further increased the procedure´s safety. In the early 90's large surgical trials in North America and Europe (NASCET, ECST and ACAS) demonstrated superiority of CEA compared to best medical treatment for symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. Provided that the ongoing randomized controlled trials comparing CAS and CEA confirm equivalence between the these methods, CAS similar to CEA is applicable to symptomatic and asymptomatic patients with high grade carotid stenosis. However, particularly in asymptomatic patients, the indication for revascularisation remains debatable. Protected CAS is associated with a very low rate of neurological complications, which are below the AHA recommendation for treating asymptomatic patients (3%). However, the introduction of new vascular protective medications like statins and clopidogrel during the recent years substantially improved the spectrum of best medical treatment, and the findings of NASCET, ECST and ACAS with respect to best medical treatment may therefore not be applicable any more.

Study hypothesis and aims. Given the low frequency of spontaneous neurological complications, the preferable therapeutic approach to patients with asymptomatic high grade ( \> 80%) carotid artery stenoses is currently unknown. Modern best medical treatment may manage to stabilize the atherosclerotic plaque, while CAS has the potential of resolving the carotid stenosis. Comparative data, however, are not available as yet. We hypothesized that protected CAS has a beneficial effect on occurrence of ipsilateral neurological complications and major adverse cardiac events in high-risk patients with asymptomatic \> 80% internal carotid artery stenosis. Therefore, the aim of the present randomized controlled trial was to analyze neurological and cardiovascular outcome of patients treated with elective CAS plus best medical treatment compared to best medical treatment only.

Carotid artery stenting (CAS) recently has become an accepted method for treatment of patients with high-grade carotid artery stenosis, who are at an increased risk for surgical carotid endarterectomy (CEA). The reported rates of neurological complications of CAS substantially decreased during the past years, and the routine use of cerebral protection devices and low profile catheter systems have further increased the procedure´s safety. In the early 90ies large surgical trials in North America and Europe (NASCET, ECST and ACAS) demonstrated superiority of CEA compared to best medical treatment for symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. Provided that the ongoing randomized controlled trials comparing CAS and CEA confirm equivalence between the these methods, CAS similar to CEA is applicable to symptomatic and asymptomatic patients with high grade carotid stenosis. However, particularly in asymptomatic patients, the indication for revascularisation remains debatable. Protected CAS is associated with a very low rate of neurological complications, which are below the AHA recommendation for treating asymptomatic patients (3%). However, the introduction of new vascular protective medications like statins and clopidogrel during the recent years substantially improved the spectrum of best medical treatment, and the findings of NASCET, ECST and ACAS with respect to best medical treatment may therefore not be applicable any more.

Given the low frequency of spontaneous neurological complications, the preferable therapeutic approach to patients with asymptomatic high grade ( \> 80%) carotid artery stenoses is currently unknown. Modern best medical treatment may manage to stabilize the atherosclerotic plaque, while CAS has the potential of resolving the carotid stenosis. Comparative data, however, are not available as yet. We hypothesized that protected CAS has a beneficial effect on occurrence of ipsilateral neurological complications and major adverse cardiac events in high-risk patients with asymptomatic \> 80% internal carotid artery stenosis. Therefore, the aim of the present randomized controlled trial was to analyze neurological and cardiovascular outcome of patients treated with elective CAS plus best medical treatment compared to best medical treatment only.

SYNOPSIS

BACKGROUND:

The preferable treatment - whether revascularization or conservative - of asymptomatic high-risk patients with \> 80% internal carotid artery stenosis (NASCET criteria) is currently unknown.

STUDY HYPOTHESIS:

We hypothesized that protected carotid artery stenting (CAS) plus best medical treatment is associated with reduced rates of ipsilateral neurological complications and major adverse cardiac events in high-risk patients with asymptomatic \> 80% internal carotid artery stenosis compared to best medical treatment only.

STUDY DESIGN:

The study is designed as a randomized controlled trial with 1:1 random assignment between two treatment modalities including 300 patients within an scheduled inclusion period of 18 months. The primary and secondary study endpoints are evaluated for an initial two year follow-up period after randomization. Secondary follow-up will be performed for 1, 1.5, 3, 5 and 10 years post randomization.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* Atherosclerosis is the underlying disease
* Patients with an asymptomatic stenosis \>80% (NASCET) with a documented progression of the degree of stenosis to \>80% within 6 months with a very tight stenosis ≥90% at initial presentation with a \>80% stenosis plus silent ipsilateral ischemia documented by CCT or MRI with ipsilateral \>80% stenosis plus contralateral \>80% stenosis or occlusion with \>80% stenosis plus planned major surgery
* Neurologist´s explicit consent to potentially perform CAS

Exclusion Criteria:

* Inability to provide informed consent
* Underlying disease other than atherosclerosis (inflammatory or autoimmune disease)
* Traumatic or spontaneous carotid dissections
* Life expectancy \<6 months
* Advanced dementia
* Advanced renal failure (serum creatinine \>2.5 mg/dL)
* Unstable severe cardiovascular comorbidities (e.g. unstable angina, heart failure)
* Restenosis after prior CAS or CEA
* Allergy or contraindications to study medications (clopidogrel, statins, ASA)