Exploratory Study on Effect of Whitening Agent With Emulsion Gel in Xerostomic Population

Xerostomia, is a subjective sensation of dryness of the mouth. There are more than 700 medications that can lead to the salivary hypofunction that results in dry mouth. This study will investigate a semi solid cohesive gel (referred to as Whitening Gel) that has the primary marketed purpose of teeth whitening. We theorize that the whitening gel's retention in the oral cavity is longer than rinse forms and this is likely to promote the flow of saliva by stimulating taste buds which could alleviate the sensation of dryness in the oral cavity. This will be a single center, two visit study investigating the effectiveness of dryness in the oral cavity, whiteness of teeth, and teeth sensitivity after one week's use of whitening agent.

Aims:

* Primary aim: To see a reduction in the self-reported subjective perception of dryness in the oral cavity.
* Secondary aims: To measure self-reported sensitivity of the teeth,. self-reported perception of teeth whiteness, and objective measurement of improvement of saliva production.

Background and Rationale:

Xerostomia, is a subjective sensation of dryness of the mouth, which may have a significant effect in a persons quality of life. The sensation of dryness of the mouth may be caused by autoimmune diseases which attack the saliva producing glands irreversibly e.g., salivary glands, or the sensation of dryness could be caused by therapeutic radiation, which can destroy the salivary glands at the genetic level and impede their functions. Additionally, there are more than 700 medications including antihypertensives, anti-anxiety agents, psychiatric remedies, and antihistamines that can effect neural transmission. Neural transmission is when the neuro transmission is hindered reversibly leading to the salivary hypofunction that results in dry mouth. It is estimated that 12-47% of the elderly and 10-19.3% in their early 30's suffer from dry mouth (Thomson et al 2005)(Guggenheimer et al 2003). In a study, it was found that the prevalence of xerostomia was 10.0% (with no apparent gender difference) among 32-year-olds and was significantly higher among those taking antidepressants (odds ratio =4.7) (Murray et al 2006). At risk groups may present much higher (60+%) rates of xerostomia. A systemic literature review suggests a prevalence of 27 -32% of the medicated population suffer from xerostomia as a side effect (Guggenheimer et al 2003).

Saliva, the bulk fluid of the oral cavity is very important in maintaining the functions and balance in the oral cavity including candidiasis and enamel erosion prevention. In past studies, residual mucosal fluid levels were seen to vary in different oral cavity sites from an average of 70-100 μm (Collins et al 1987)(Pramanik et al 2010). In addition, the vault of the hard palate has much less mucosal fluid thickness than the floor of the mouth. Over the moisture layer is the lipid layer and reduction or loss of this moisture layer can contribute to the subjective perception of the dryness in the mouth. An addition of the lipid layer will also increase lubrication in the oral cavity.

Unstimulated salivary flow in dry mouth patients has shown an increased clinical oral dryness score and mucosal wetness is at a significantly reduced rate (p\<0.05) when compared with healthy subjects (Osailan et al 2010).

Historically, various products containing methylcellulose, water, oily emulsions etc., have been used to alleviate the subjective sensation of dryness in the oral cavity in the forms of rinse, gel, ointment and paste. However, the alleviation of the dry mouth symptoms has been varied.

The study product contains an inert hydrophobic phase in an amount from 30% to 98%, preferably from 40% to 90% by weight of the composition. It also contains an emulsifying system in an amount from 1% to 10%, preferably from 3% to 7% by weight of the composition.

P\&G's whitening gel emulsifying system is comprised of at least one surfactant having an hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) \<10, preferably comprised between 3 and 7, and at least one surfactant with HLB\>10, preferably comprised between 12 and 16.

The optimal duration and frequency of application for whitening is up to 4 times a day. For the purpose of this study, the whitening gel will set on the subject's teeth for 5 minutes during each use.

The product being used is a commercially available product, known as "Crest Whitening Emulsions", will be used as the investigative product. There will be no active control group. This is not the first time the P\&G whitening gel will be used in humans. We do believe this is the first study investigating dry mouth sensation from using a whitening gel.

The amount of each dose should be enough to cover the entire tip of the whitening wand, approximately ½ a tsp. The use of the study product in this study will be for what they are approved for. Per the manufacturer's instructions, study subjects will be asked to apply the study product up to 4 times a day.

Study Procedures

Visit 1 (1-1.5 hours) Screening/ Baseline (Day 0)

1. Subject will be called 1-2 days before their appointment to confirm that in order to participate, they must:

   1. Not consume alcohol for 24 hours prior to their visit.
   2. Not brush their teeth for 1.5 hours prior to their visit.
   3. Not have had anything to eat or drink (including chewing gum or eating candy) for 1.5 hours prior to their visit). Water is acceptable to drink up to 1 hour prior to the study visit.
   4. Not smoke 1.5 hours prior to their visit.
2. The subjects will be asked to read the informed consent form (ICF). Subjects will be given ample time to have any questions answered. If a subject decides to participate, he or she will be asked to sign the ICF. A copy of the ICF will be given to the subject.
3. Subject will be asked to complete demographic information and a medical history.
4. An oral exam, including evaluation of oral cavity, soft and hard tissues, will be completed following standard of care procedures in US dentistry using a mouth mirror and dental explorer.
5. Subject medications with potential side effects being dry mouth will be verified using the Physician's Reference Desk.
6. Saliva Collection 1 (pre-product application): Saliva will be collected by asking subjects to do nothing but drool into a pre-weighed vial for 5 minutes (referred to as the Drooling Method). The post collection weight will be subtracted from the pre-weight to determine the flow rate. The saliva samples will be discarded after they are weighed.
7. A paper questionnaire will be given to subject to complete before application of study product and after application of study product. Questionnaire includes Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) questionnaire on dry mouth, quantity of saliva, and perceived sensitivity of teeth.
8. Inclusion/exclusion criteria will be evaluated and eligibility for the study will be determined.
9. Demonstration and application of study product:

   a. A visual and oral demonstration of application of the whitening gel will be performed by a study team member. The script for the demonstration will be the one provided in the information packet in each study product box so the subject can bring the instructions home. The study team member will mimic the necessary steps to properly apply the gel, without using the product. The study team member will then have the subject complete the steps while applying the gel to their own teeth. Subjects will then be asked to sit for 5 minutes to let the gel set on their teeth. During that time, the subject can fill out the post-application questionnaire.
10. Saliva Collection 2 (post-product application): Saliva will be collected using the same Drooling Method as Saliva Collection 1. The saliva samples will be discarded after they are weighed.
11. Photographs of subject teeth will be taken by a standard dental camera. The photos will only contain subject teeth and oral cavity with no subject identifiers visible. In addition to the ICF, the subjects will be asked to sign a photo release form. If the subject does not wish to sign this form, their photographs will not be taken. Those who do not consent to having their photos taken will be tracked in the enrollment log
12. Distribution of study product and diary: One box of study whitening gel product, (0.88Oz) toothpaste, and a toothbrush will be dispensed by study team members. This is to ensure all participants are using the exact same dental products during the trial period. The subjects will be asked to not use any other oral tools or products during the trial period aside from the ones distributed by the study team at Visit 1. A diary will also be dispensed for the record keeping of the application of the products. A study team member will again verbally tell the participant the instructions that are provided with the study product and that per the instructions, they can apply the product up to 4 times per day until their next study visit. The same script from step 9.a. will be used.
13. Gift card will be distributed upon successful completion of visit.

Visit 2 (1-1.5 hours) Final Visit - 7 ∓ 2 days after visit 1

1. Subject will be called 1-2 days before their appointment to confirm that in order to participate, they must:

   1. Not consume alcohol for 24 hours prior to their visit.
   2. Not brush their teeth for 1.5 hours prior to their visit.
   3. Not have had anything to eat or drink (including chewing gum or eating candy) for 1.5 hours prior to their visit). Water is acceptable to drink up to 1 hour prior to the study visit.
   4. Not smoke 1.5 hours prior to their visit.
2. Medical history will be reviewed, and any changes will be noted. Any changes to medications will also be reviewed and noted.
3. Eligibility and subject withdrawal criteria will be reviewed to ensure the subject still qualifies for the study.
4. Subject medications with potential side effects being dry mouth will be verified using the Physician's Reference Desk. Subjects will be asked to confirm that they have taken their medications as prescribed since Visit 1.
5. An oral exam, including evaluation of oral cavity, soft and hard tissues, will be completed following standard of care procedures in US dentistry using a mouth mirror and dental explorer.
6. Saliva Collection 1 (pre-product application): Saliva will be collected using the drooling method for 5 minutes into a pre-weighed vial. The post collection weight will be subtracted from the pre-weight to determine the flow rate. The saliva samples will be discarded after they are weighed.
7. The paper questionnaire will be given to subject to complete before application of study product and after application of study product. The questionnaire includes the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) questionnaire on dry mouth, quantity of saliva, and perceived sensitivity of teeth.
8. Application of study product: A study team member will ask the subjects to apply the gel to their teeth. Subjects will then be asked to sit for 5 minutes to allow the gel to set on their teeth. During that time, subjects will fill out the post- application questionnaire.
9. Saliva Collection 2 (post-product application): Saliva will be collected using the same drooling method as Saliva Collection 1. The saliva samples will be discarded after they are weighed.
10. Photographs of subject teeth will be taken by a standard dental camera. The photos will only contain subject teeth and oral cavity with no subject identifiers visible.
11. The study diary and any leftover product will be collected.
12. Gift card will be distributed upon successful completion of visit.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

* At least 18 years of age.
* The inability to produce more than 0.18mL/min of unstimulated saliva.
* Score of 5 or more in the VAS dry mouth scale, evaluated in the mouth feel questionnaire.
* Evidence of currently taking Xerostomia-inducing medication such as, antihypertensives, anti-anxiety agents, psychiatric remedies, antihistamines.
* Subject not currently using any teeth whitening or desensitizing products that contain potassium nitrate such as Sensodyne or Pronamel.
* Subject willing to comply with the study regimen and products.

Exclusion Criteria

* Subjects who are currently pregnant (self-reported).
* Subjects able to produce more than 0.18mL/min of unstimulated saliva
* Subjects that have ever received therapeutic radiation in the head and neck area.
* Subjects with a diagnosis of conditions that would affect salivary flow such as Sjogren's Syndrome.
* Subjects with a condition the investigator believes not suitable for the study such as autoimmune diseases that impact salivary flow.
* Subjects that currently use whitening toothpaste, desensitizing toothpaste, or any other products causing similar results.
* Subjects currently participating in any other research studies.
* Subject unable to provide consent (ex. Cognitively impaired adults).
* Non-English speaking