Time for a Diagnostic Paradigm Shift From STEMI/NSTEMI to OMI/NOMI

The investigators hypothesize that occlusion myocardial infarction(MI)/non-occlusion MI approach to MI treatment will better predict acute coronary occlusion on coronary angiography, better limit infarct size, better preserve left ventricular function and result in lower long-term adverse cardiac events (all cause mortality, all cause rehospitalization) compared to standard ST-elevation/non-ST-elevation MI paradigm.

I. BACKGROUND AND SIGNIFICANCE

The patients with acute coronary occlusion (ACO) or potentially imminent occlusion, with insufficient collateral circulation, have myocardium that is at risk of infarction unless they undergo immediate reperfusion via thrombolytics or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). One of the most important tasks in emergency cardiology is to immediately identify acute coronary occlusion (ACO) myocardial infarction (OMI) among all patients who present with symptoms compatible with acute myocardial infarction (MI), and distinguish them from those without MI, and from those with MI that does not have ongoing myocyte loss (Non-OMI, or NOMI) who can be managed with medical therapy and for whom potentially harmful invasive interventions can be deferred. The electrocardiogram (ECG) plays a central role in this process.

The presence or absence of ST-segment elevation (STE) is principally used to define patients who need emergent coronary revascularization, since subgroup analyses of the Fibrinolytic Therapy Trialists' (FTT) meta-analysis indicated that patients with STE on ECG gain a slightly better survival benefit from emergent reperfusion. After fine-tuning of STE cutoffs used in this analysis, universally agreed STEMI criteria became the current guideline-supported ECG paradigm.

It is not clear why a disease of a known pathophysiology (ACO) was named with an inaccurate surrogate ECG sign (Q-wave MI/non-Q-wave MI or STEMI/non-STEMI) instead of the pathologic substrate itself (ACO-MI/non-ACO-MI or OMI for short), but this fundamental mistake created important implications for our current practice. As briefly outlined above, ACO can be reliably recognized with the help of many other ECG findings, such as minor STE not fulfilling STEMI criteria, STE disproportionate to preceding QRS, unusual patterns with contiguous leads showing opposite ST deviations and some patterns not showing STE at all.

Recently, the DIagnostic accuracy oF electrocardiogram for acute coronary OCClUsion resuLTing in myocardial infarction (DIFOCCULT) study, compared OMI/non-OMI approach with STEMI/non-STEMI paradigm. This is the largest study specifically designed to question the STEMI/non-STEMI paradigm, in which a set of predefined ECG findings in addition to STEMI criteria were used, and the final outcome was a composite ACO endpoint. In accordance with the previous observations, over one-fourth of the patients initially classified as having non-STEMI were re-classified by the ECG reviewers, blinded to all outcome data, as having OMI. This subgroup had a higher frequency of ACO, myocardial damage, and both in-hospital and long-term mortality compared to the non-OMI group. The OMI/non-OMI approach to the ECG had a superior diagnostic accuracy compared to the STE/non-STEMI approach in the prediction of both ACO and long-term mortality.

II. THE HYPOTHESIS

Our hypothesis is that the new OMI/NOMI approach will be superior to the established STEMI/NSTEMI paradigm in early detection of ACO, limiting infarct size, reducing rehospitalizations and most important of all, reducing mortality.

III. METHODS

1. Application for Institutional Review Board (IRB)/Ethics board approval IRB/Ethics board approval is obtained from Marmara University Ethical Board. Each principal investigator at each individual study site will be required to obtain IRB/Ethics board approval from his/her own institution.
2. Study population The adult patients (age \>18 years) who are admitted to the emergency department with a clinical picture compatible with acute coronary syndrome will be screened for enrollment into the study. patients with an ECG or clinical (see below) diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction will be enrolled into the study.

   An ECG will be acquired as soon as possible in all screened patients and serial ECGs will be taken if the first one is not diagnostic. The ECGs will be scanned and digitized via an artificial intelligence (AI)-powered mobile phone application. If the patient gets a STEMI or OMI diagnosis by the ECG or clinical gestalt (refractory pain, hemodynamic instability, arrhythmia, cardiac arrest) they will be included in the study even if the later troponin results turn negative. If the ECG is not diagnostic for OMI or STEMI, a myocardial infarction diagnosis with a positive troponin will be necessary for the inclusion in the study. According to 4th universal definition of MI, the term acute MI will be used when there is acute myocardial injury (detection of a rise and/or fall of cTn values with at least one value above the 99th percentile upper range limit) with at least one of the following clinical indicators of acute myocardial ischemia:
   * Symptoms of myocardial ischemia;
   * New ischemic ECG changes;
   * Development of pathological Q waves;
   * Imaging evidence of new loss of viable myocardium or new regional wall motion abnormality in a pattern consistent with an ischemic etiology;
   * Identification of a coronary thrombus by angiography or autopsy;
   * Post-mortem demonstration of acute atherothrombosis in the artery supplying the infarcted myocardium.

   All non-procedure related (excluding type 4a and 5 MIs), including type 1 (MI caused by atherothrombotic coronary artery disease which is usually precipitated by atherosclerotic plaque disruption (rupture or erosion)), type 2 (evidence of an imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand unrelated to acute atherothrombosis), type 3 (cardiac death in patients with symptoms suggestive of myocardial ischemia and presumed new ischemic ECG changes before cTn values become available or abnormal) and type 4b and c (stent/scaffold thrombosis ore restenosis associated with percutaneous coronary intervention) will be included in the study. Patients with myocardial injury (either acute, as in acute heart failure or myocarditis, or chronic, as in chronic kidney disease or stable increased troponin levels with structural heart disease) without ischemia (abovementioned following clinical indicators of acute myocardial ischemia) will be excluded from the study.

   Randomization The patients will be randomized to the current STEMI/NSTEMI versus OMI/NOMI approaches using a cluster randomized trial design. Although the STEMI/NSTEMI approach is the current norm (a diagnosis of STEMI requires emergent catheterization, whereas the patients with NSTEMI are stabilized first and then electively undergo catheterization unless there are high-risk features), it would be unethical for a ECG reviewer, who is trained in recognizing the signs of ACO not fulfilling the current STEMI criteria, to suspend emergent reperfusion therapy after an OMI diagnosis has been made. Therefore, the ECG interpreters who are trained in OMI diagnosis cannot be randomized to STEMI/NSTEMI versus OMI/NOMI approaches. Hence, the groups will be randomized in the following fashion: In each center, a STEMI/NSTEMI and an OMI/NOMI intervention group will be formed. After these two groups are formed, the patients will be block-randomized into STEMI/NSTEMI and OMI/NOMI cohorts according to the team on-duty, i.e., the approach that center will follow on a certain day will be defined by the team on duty. The interventional cardiologists in both groups will be ensured to have a similar experience level (in terms of years of training, and angiography and primary PCI counts in the past year).

   All possible first responders in the network of a study center (who contact the patient first, according to the center this can be either a referring physician, an emergency physician or a cardiologist) will be provided with an AI-powered application for ECG diagnosis. These responders will receive diagnostic prompts from the application according to the center's on-duty team. If an OMI team member is on duty, the ECG interpretation will be OMI or not-OMI. If a STEMI team member is on-duty, the ECG interpretation will be disabled and will read "follow standard care". The first responder will thus elect to go for catheterization based on this approach and, whether that is by OMI or STEMI paradigm, the patient will be enrolled accordingly and the reason for proceeding to the catheterization laboratory will be written on the study form (or electronic sheet on the dedicated website).

   In the STEMI/NSTEMI arm, the contributors will blindly continue their usual practice, the ECG interpretation and decision to activate the catheterization laboratory will be done as usual. The STEMI/NSTEMI group will use the following criteria for the diagnosis of STEMI: (1) New ST-segment elevation at the J-point in two contiguous leads with the cut-point: ≥ 1 mm in all leads other than leads V2-V3 where the following cut-points apply: ≥2 mm in men ≥40 years; ≥2.5 mm in men \<40 years, or ≥1.5 mm in women regardless of age, and (2) a peak troponin level above 99th percentile with a characteristic rapid rise and fall (retrospectively) and (3) a clinical picture compatible with acute coronary syndrome. If the decision to proceed to the cath lab was done only with the first criterion, the participant will remain in the study, even if the second criterion is not met. The patients meeting only criteria (2) and (3) will be classified as NSTEMI.

   On OMI/NOMI days, physicians are encouraged to actively search for ACO, regardless of whether STEMI criteria are present on the initial ECG. A diagnosis of OMI can be based on clinical gestalt, ECG findings, and adjunct modalities. Clinical gestalt includes hallmark presentations such as almost pathognomonic chest pain, and ischemic arrhythmias, hemodynamic instability, or cardiac arrest following typical symptoms. ECG diagnosis, whether interpreted by physicians or aided by an AI-powered smartphone application, incorporates static or serial changes for ACO using the DIFOCCULT-1 study algorithm. On OMI/NOMI days, the smartphone application is activated and available to all first responders associated with this center. This application assists diagnosis, but the final decision is left to the interventionalist on duty. Adjunct modalities include bedside echocardiography demonstrating new or presumed new wall motion abnormalities in patients with ongoing or recurrent chest pain, and significantly elevated initial troponin levels. For high-sensitive cardiac troponin (hs-cTn) T, it has been shown that a level exceeding 1000 ng.mL-1 is highly specific for major epicardial coronary artery occlusion. Similarly, a hs-cTn I \>200 times the upper limit of normal (e.g., Architect, Abbott Diagnostics, Illinois, USA: 5000 ng/L; ADVIA Centaur, Siemens Healthcare, Tarrytown, USA: 5000 ng/L; Access, Beckman Coulter, Brea, USA: 2400 ng/L) is defined as a marker for OMI in patients with ongoing or fluctuating chest pain. In patients diagnosed with OMI, immediate catheterization laboratory activation with the intent to perform PCI is pursued. In NOMI patients, initial medical stabilization is prioritized, followed by elective catheterization per the NSTEMI pathway unless high-risk features are identified.

   STEMI and OMI patients (will be taken as STEMI equivalents for therapeutic purposes) will be managed according to the current STEMI guidelines, whereas NSTEMI and NOMI patients are managed according to the current NSTEMI guidelines. A separate diagnostic group with 'probable OMI' and 'high-risk STEMI' is also allowed for patients who do not fulfil STEMI/OMI criteria but need urgent catheterization for other high-risk features or high clinical suspicion for having an ACO. These patients will also be managed according to the current guidelines. However, patients will be excluded from analysis if their early catheterization is based solely on social or logistical considerations, and not based on the medical need. For example, a patient would be excluded if he/she is brought to the cath lab early based on the immediate availability of cath lab or because the patient is already scheduled for elective coronary angiography. The patients who have alternative diagnoses (myocarditis, pericarditis, pulmonary embolism etc.) but were not included due to a clinical or ECG diagnosis of STEMI/NSTEMI or OMI/NOMI will be excluded from the study. Similarly, the patients without a characteristic troponin kinetics who were not included due to a clinical or ECG diagnosis of STEMI/NSTEMI or OMI/NOMI will be excluded from the study.

   Endpoints The primary composite endpoint is all-cause mortality and all-cause re-hospitalization during follow-up across the entire cohort. The study places equal emphasis on a predefined evaluation of the OMI (+) NSTEMI. The secondary comparisons will be done for the presence of ACO on angiogram, false positive catheterization laboratory activation rate, the infarct size as defined by 24-72 hour peak troponin, wall motion score index (WMSI), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), in-hospital CPR, intubation and mortality. These will be analyzed both with intention to treat and per protocol approaches.

   To define this subgroup in the OMI/NOMI arm, all ECGs diagnosed as OMI during the study will be randomly assigned to researchers in the STEMI/NSTEMI arm after study completion. The researchers will then assess whether the ECG is compatible with STEMI or NSTEMI. Patients diagnosed as NSTEMI within the OMI group will be classified as the OMI (+) NSTEMI subgroup in the OMI/NOMI arm. In the STEMI/NSTEMI arm, patients diagnosed with NSTEMI will have their ECGs scanned and interpreted by the AI-powered application. If the ECG is interpreted as OMI, these patients will be included in the OMI (+) NSTEMI subgroup within the STEMI/NSTEMI arm. The OMI diagnosis also includes clinical variables, such as clinical gestalt and very high first troponin levels. However, clinical gestalt cannot be acted upon retrospectively (e.g., bedside echocardiography or serial ECGs). Nevertheless, if a patient is recorded with ongoing chest pain and a very high first troponin level (based on center-specific and troponin kit-specific values), this will be included in the OMI (+) NSTEMI subgroup in the STEMI/NSTEMI arm, even if the ECG is not interpreted as OMI by the AI-powered application.

   The primary source of outcome data will be the Turkish national electronic database (e-nabız), which provides comprehensive, real-time updates on all deaths and hospitalizations nationwide. To ensure the completeness and accuracy of data, direct phone contact with participants or their families will be conducted as a secondary measure. All collected outcomes will be reviewed by an independent outcome adjudication board blinded to the study arms.

   Estimated number of subjects to be submitted:

   For the overall cohort, we estimated that enrolling 3,185 participants would provide 95% statistical power to detect a hazard ratio (HR) of 0.87, corresponding to a 13% relative risk reduction in the combined primary endpoint for the OMI/NOMI approach compared to the STEMI/NSTEMI approach. To account for the hierarchical nature of our study design and the structured nature of PCI-based STEMI/NSTEMI treatment pathways, we selected an intra-cluster correlation coefficient of 0.015 and an average cluster size of 50 patients per interventionalist team. Applying a design effect correction of 1.74, this adjustment increased our required sample size from 3,185 to 5,526 participants. To maintain feasibility and account for potential dropouts, the final target enrollment was rounded to 6,000 patients.

   For the OMI (+) NSTEMI subgroup analysis, this sample size was also sufficient. This sample size is also expected to provide sufficient power to detect at least a 10% relative improvement in infarct size, left ventricular ejection fraction, and wall-motion score index among STEMI (-) OMI (+) patients undergoing early revascularization in the OMI arm compared to those receiving standard-timing revascularization in the STEMI/NSTEMI arm, assuming a 30% OMI prevalence in the NSTEMI cohort and for a ROC comparison.
3. Participating centers Listed elsewhere.
4. Data Collection From September 1, 2024, AI-powered ECG App will be distributed to the referring hospitals by the participating centers. The study will start at all participating centers on October 1, 2024. A dedicated website (difoccult.org) will be used for data entry and storage. Study data is collected and managed using REDCap (Research Electronic Data Capture) tool hosted at a dedicated server. REDCap is a secure, web-based software platform designed to support data capture for research studies, providing (1) an intuitive interface for validated data capture; (2) audit trails for tracking data manipulation and export procedures; (3) automated export procedures for seamless data downloads to common statistical packages; and (4) procedures for data integration and interoperability with external sources. A data monitoring board ensures the completeness, integrity, and accuracy of the entries, providing feedback to the data entry team and requesting explanations or modifications as needed.

Baseline variables Collected baseline variables and their definitions are listed in the REDCap printout in the supplemental file.

Electrocardiogram

ECGs will be acquired using standard conventions. If the first ECG is non-diagnostic, serial ECGs will be acquired every 15 minutes for an hour and the first diagnostic ECG will be used in the analyses. If all of them are non-diagnostic the physician may still use additional tools such as the clinical picture, bedside echocardiogram, troponin results to diagnose 'high-risk NSTEMI' or 'possible OMI'. All pre-intervention ECGs and at least one pre-discharge ECG will be uploaded to a central cloud database to be retrospectively reviewed by core lab investigators. The absence of a technically adequate pre-cath ECG will be a reason for the exclusion of the participant. If ECG diagnosis is not compatible with the inclusion criteria for the assigned group, this will be noted and the patient will be excluded from the per-protocol analyses. Following coding will be used for ECGs:

Type 1 EGGs: New ST-segment elevation at the J-point in two contiguous leads with the cut-point: ≥ 1 mm in all leads other than leads V2-V3 where the following cut-points apply: ≥ 2mm in men ≥ 40 years; ≥ 2.5 mm in men \< 40 years, or ≥ 1.5 mm in women regardless of age.

Type 1a: The amplitude, morphology, extent of STE and the presence of additional findings (hyperacute T waves, Q-waves, terminal QRS distortion) make ECG highly obvious for MI presumably due to acute, thrombotic occlusion. These ECGs will be included in both STEMI and OMI definitions.

Type 1b: There is ST-segment elevation that meets criteria for STEMI, but it is uncertain whether it is due to MI or to another condition, such as benign variant STE, left ventricular hypertrophy, left bundle branch block, prior MI, pericarditis, etc. These ECGs will be included in the STEMI definition but not in the OMI definition, unless there are additional findings suspicious for acute coronary occlusion as follows: Differential diagnosis for benign variant STE: Type 1b, if fulfills STEMI criteria. But re-classified as Type 2b, if the Aslanger/Smith formula is positive. Aslanger's formula: (R-wave amplitude in lead V4 + QRS amplitude in V2) - (QT interval in millimeters + STE60 in V3) \<12 (Aslanger E Am J Cardiol, 2018). Differential diagnosis for left ventricular hypertrophy: Type 1b unless ST segment to R-S-wave magnitude is equal or greater than 15% (then indicates OMI, Type 2b) (Armstrong EJ et al. Am J Cardiol, 2012, Aslanger et al. Arch Turk Soc Cardiol, 2021). Differential diagnosis for isolated left bundle branch block: Will be coded as Type 1b, unless one of the modified Sgarbossa criteria is positive (then indicates OMI, Type 2b): ≥ 1 lead with ≥1 mm of concordant ST elevation, ≥ 1 lead of V1-V3 with ≥ 1 mm of concordant ST depression, ≥ 1 lead anywhere with ≥ 1 mm STE and proportionally excessive discordant STE, as defined by ≥ 25% of the depth of the preceding S-wave (Smith SW et al. Ann Emerg Med 2012). Differential diagnosis for prior MI: Type 1b, unless Smith's rule is positive (then indicates OMI, Type 2b): Smith's rule: If any 1 lead between V1-V4 has a T-wave amplitude to QRS amplitude ratio greater than or equal to 0.36 (Klein LR et al. Am J Emerg Med 2015). Differential diagnosis for pericarditis: Type 1b, unless there is ST-depression in aVL (then indicates OMI, Type 2b) (Bischof JE et al. Am J Emerg Med. 2016).

Type 1c: There is ST-segment elevation that meets criteria for STEMI, but there is also T-wave inversion and pathologic Q waves indicative of subacute MI. These ECGs will be excluded from per-protocol analyses, since these patients have ACO on angiogram and higher long-term mortality but gain little, if not any, benefit from reperfusion with both approaches. Patients with preserved QRS complexes (Wellens' pattern) will be included in type 2c ECGs.

Type 2 EGGs: ECG that meets acute myocardial ischemia criteria recommended by fourth universal definition of MI.

Type 2a: The ECG has "primary'', i.e. cannot be completely explained as secondary to a depolarization disorder, ST-segment depression or T-wave inversion that is nondiagnostic of STEMI but is diagnostic of myocardial ischemia.

Type 2b: Does not meet recommended criteria for STEMI, but highly suggestive for ACO, despite being subtle and difficult. Possible findings are minor STE with or without minor reciprocal ST-depression not fulfilling STEMI criteria, hyperacute T-waves or DeWinter's pattern, subtle anterior STE hard to differentiate from benign variant STE and nonconsecutive STE. These ECGs will be included in the OMI definition but not in the STEMI definition. The detailed algorithm defined in the DIFOCCULT trial (Aslanger et al. In J Cardiol Heart Vasc, 2020; Aslanger et al. J Electrocardiol, 2021; Aslanger et al. Arch Turk Soc Cardiol, 2021) will be used for recognizing these ECGs.

Type 2c: Patients with preserved QRS complexes (Wellens' pattern), with or without some STE, but with significant T wave negativity will be included in type 2c ECGs. These ECGs will be excluded from per-protocol analyses, since these patients may not gain benefit from emergent reperfusion in both approaches.

Type 3 ECGs: Nonspecific ECG that is abnormal but nondiagnostic of any kind of acute coronary syndrome. Minor abnormalities including left ventricular hypertrophy without ST-T changes, arrhythmias, impulse generation and conduction diseases etc.

Type 4 ECGs: Completely normal ECG.

AI-Powered ECG Application In OMI/NOMI arm ECGs can be digitized and interpreted by AI-powered ECG application prospectively. In STEMI/NSTEMI arm, interpretation will be done retrospectively.

The application's functionality varied based on the study arm determined by the team on duty. On OMI/NOMI days, the AI application is fully activated and accessible to all first responders associated with that center. When a user captures a photo of an ECG, the application digitalizes the image, interprets the data, and displays one of two messages: "OMI" or "Not-OMI." First responders were instructed to promptly inform the interventionalist on duty for potential catheterization laboratory activation if result shows "OMI". On STEMI/NSTEMI days, the AI-supported application is deactivated for that center. If a first responder attempts to capture a photo of an ECG, a warning message is displayed: "We are now following the standard STEMI/NSTEMI approach. Please continue your usual practice." A commercial version of the same smartphone application by the same company is also available on the market. During the study, if a network address is detected accessing both the commercial and study-specific applications, the commercial version is deactivated by the company, and a notification mail is sent explaining that the commercial smartphone application will not be available to users in Türkiye for the duration of the study. Additionally, all ECGs stored in the study database will be cross-referenced with the commercial smartphone application's ECG history. If any matches are identified, the corresponding patient will be excluded from the study.

After the study completion, ECGs in both study arms will be reviewed and coded as defined above for intention-to-treat and per-protocol analyses. This will be done by two separate ECG interpreter. Should there be any discrepancy between these interpreters, a third interpreter (from data monitoring board) will be consulted.

Type 1a, 1b and 1c ECGs will be deemed as compatible with STEMI. Type 1a, 2b and 2c ECGs will be deemed compatible with OMI diagnosis.

Troponins The troponin levels will be measured at admission, hourly if needed for the diagnosis, every 6 hours until it peaks after an MI diagnosis is made, and then daily. The 24-72 hour peak troponin level (usually 48h) will be used as a surrogate for infarct size.

Angiograms Coronary angiography will be undertaken according to the standard conventions. Each angiogram will be reviewed by two interventionalist. Should there be any discrepancy between these interpreters, a third interpreter (from data monitoring board) will be consulted.

Following points will be noted for the presence of an ACO: (1) the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction Study (TIMI) flow level in the infarct-related vessel. The presence of well-developed collaterals to the distal vessel, appearance of the total occlusion, easiness of guidewire crossing will also be assessed to determine if the total occlusion is acute in nature. If necessary, the primary operator will also be contacted. (2) The presence of an acute lesion with definitive culprit features, which was defined based on several angiographic properties including critical stenosis, irregular lesion borders, presence of angiographic thrombus or staining.

ACO Adjudication

Because the infarct-related artery may spontaneously open by the time of the angiogram or total occlusion may be chronic in nature, a composite ACO using following criteria is defined:

1. An acute culprit lesion with TIMI 0-2 flow PLUS a peak troponin level equal to or greater 5 than five times the ULN PLUS at least 20% rise within the first 24 hours
2. A highly elevated peak (for troponin T\>1000 ng/mL and for troponin I 200 times of the average of ULN (known to be highly correlated with ACO)) without an obvious alternative diagnosis or with supporting evidence (ECG evolution, culprit-looking lesion on angiogram in a coronary territory compatible with ECG/echocardiographic area at concern)
3. cardiac arrest before any troponin rise has been documented with supporting clinical evidence of possible ACO.

Follow-up The last participant in the study will be followed up to one year. The survival status and re-hospitalization will be checked from the national database and a phone call, if required.

Statistical Analysis Baseline characteristics will be summarized using standard descriptive statistics. Comparisons of relevant parameters between groups will be performed by chi-square, Fisher's exact test, Mann-Whitney U, and student t-test, as appropriate. Patients with missing values will be excluded pairwise from analyses. A Cohen's κ test will be used for determination of the intra- and inter-observer agreement for ECG classifications and ACO adjudication.

Kaplan-Meier analysis will be performed to determine the cumulative long-term mortality rates in different ECG subgroups. The mortality across groups will be compared using a log-rank test. A Cox-regression model will be used to perform a survival analysis according to basal GRACE risk score, intervention timing and treatment status. Baseline characteristics with a P value of 0.05 or less in the univariate analysis will be included and a step-down procedure will be applied for selection of final covariates.

To address potential variability in outcomes due to interventionist or center-related factors, we will incorporate a random effects (frailty) term into the Cox model. The calibration cohort (the patients with type 1a ECGs and treat with the same manner in both arms) will be used to estimate variability attributable to interventionist practices. The random effect variance (σ2) calculated from this cohort will inform the frailty term in the full Cox model, ensuring that differences in outcomes due to interventionist-related variability are appropriately adjusted. The final model will include patient-level covariates, random effects for interventionists or centers, and calibration adjustments based on the calibration cohort.

The sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy of STEMI/NSTEMI or OMI/NOMI ECG approaches will be calculated using receiver operating characteristics analysis. As these parameters are highly dependent on the pre-test probability of the disease and pre-test probability of ACO and long-term mortality are closely associated with the presentation type, the investigators will also repeat these analyses after weighing cases for the total number of hospital admissions in the study period.

Statistical analyses will be performed with SPSS (version 24.0; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL) and MedCalc Software (version 18.2.1 \[Evaluation version\]; MedCalc Software, Ostend, Belgium).

5. Safety monitoring and reporting Study REDCap forms necessitate in-hospital adverse events to be actively collected to monitor and report any in-hospital adverse events. An independent Data Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB) has been established to oversee the safety and progress of the trial. The DSMB convened via teleconference during the pretrial period, upon enrollment of 20% of the participant sample size, and will continue to meet after each subsequent 20% enrollment milestone. The primary objective of the DSMB is to monitor enrollment milestones and the safety of the interventions. A four-point combined safety endpoint will be closely monitored: (1) myocardial infarction size by 48.hour troponin, ejection fraction and wall motion score index; (2) integrity of coronary intervention by in-hospital stent thrombosis; (3) integrity of in-hospital care by in-hospital intubation, in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation and in-hospital mortality and (4) long-term therapy by discharge treatment. If a statistically significant increase in this four-point combined safety endpoint is observed in either of the study arms after the enrollment of any 20% of the participant sample size, the DSMB will make a recommendation regarding the revision, rearrangement or potential exclusion of the study participants or the study center.

6. Study integrity The study is an investigator-initiated trial conducted under the auspices of the Turkish Society of Cardiology. The Turkish Society of Cardiology supports the investigator team in developing the trial design and organizing the participating centers. The steering committee oversees the processes of recruitment, consent and assent, follow-up, and ensures the validity and integrity of data acquisition. The trial has been approved by the Ethical Board of Marmara University (09.2021.523), any change in protocol or centers will be addressed by this board. The study will be conducted in accordance with Good Clinical Practice guidelines.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion criteria

* Age \>18 years
* ECG and/or clinical diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction

Exclusion criteria

* Active pregnancy or a suspicion of pregnancy
* Rejection or withdrawal of consent
* Failure to acquire any of the pre-participation ECGs
* Non-ischemic myocardial injury
* Application of thrombolytic therapy instead of primary PCI
* Re-occlusion of the culprit lesion after intervention\*
* New vessel occlusion during hospital stay\*
* Exclusion from final analyses.