UNelson_Mandela
Izingxoxo ze-CODESA: 1991–92
Ingqungquthela enkulukazi yezingxoxo eyabizwa ngokuthi yi-Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA) yaqala ngoDisemba ka 1991, eJohannesburg endaweni ye-World Trade Centre, yayihanjelwe zithunywa ezingu 228, ukuvela kumaqembu ezepolitiki angu 19. Ngisho noma u-Cyril Ramaphosa nguye owayehola ithimba le-ANC, uMandela nguye owangokhuza phambili, kanti futhi ngemuva kokuba uDe Klerk agxeka udlame lwe-ANC, uMandela wasukma ngemuva kukaDe Klerk watshela uDe Klerk ezikabhoqo ngokuthi ungumholi kahulumeni wegcunswana elincane lenkohlakalo elingenagunya nokwesekelwa yiningi labantu bezwe, ("head of an illegitimate, discredited minority regime"). Izingxoxo ezazishushuzelwa kakhulu yi-National Party kanye ne-ANC, azifezanga lutho olutheni olubambekayo.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber200445.2C_69Meredith2010443.E2.80.93446Sampson2011456.E2.80.93459_213-0" rel="dc:references"> [213]  <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber200445.2C_69Meredith2010443.E2.80.93446Sampson2011456.E2.80.93459_213-0" rel="dc:references"> Kwabuye kwabanywa enye iCODESA 2 ngoMeyi ka-1992, lapho khona uDe Klerk wayecindezela ukuthi izwe leNingizimu Afrika ngemuva kobandlululo, kumele libe yizwe elikrayiwe nokwehlukaniswa, ngenqubo eyeziwa ngokuthi yi-federal system lapho khona okuyoba nabengameli abayoshintshashintshana ngesikhundla ukuvikela abezinhlanga ezinezibalo ezincane (ethnic minorities); uMandela lokhu wakukhahlela ngazo zombili, wathi izwe ngekalakraywa ngokobuhlanga, liyizwe elilodwa ngaphansi kwenqubo ye-unitary system eliyobuswa yiningi lapho khona wonke umuntu ovotayo. Ngemuva kobulawo lwabantu abaningi kwi-Boipatong massacre kubulawa abantu baselokishini nabasekeli be-ANC bebulawa ngamabutho eNkatha ayesekelwe ngamasosha namaphoyisa ombuso wobandlululo, uMandela wamisa izingxoxo, ngaphambi kokuthi ahambele umhlangano wamazwe ase-Afrika i-Organisation of African Unity eSenegal, lapho khona amemezela ukuthi abe-UN Security Council babenesesheni yesipesheli, lapho aphakamisa khona ukuthi kube nebutho lamazwe omhlaba lokugcina uxolo elaziwa ngokuthi yi-UN peacekeeping force okwakumele liphakwe eNingizimu Afrika, ukuvimbela udlame lombuso lwe-"state terrorism". A-UN bathumela inxusa labo u-Cyrus Vance ukuza ezweni ukuzolekelela izingxoxo.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber200472.E2.80.9373Meredith2010462.E2.80.93463Sampson2011461.E2.80.93462_215-0" rel="dc:references"> [215]  <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber200472.E2.80.9373Meredith2010462.E2.80.93463Sampson2011461.E2.80.93462_215-0" rel="dc:references"> I-ANC yamemezela imikhankaso kawonkewonke ezweni, kanti ngo-Agast, i-ANC yagqugquzelela isiteleka sikawonkewonke eNingizimu Afrika, kanti abasekeli be-ANC bamasha baya ePitori. Ngemuva kokubulawa kweningi labantu kwi-Bisho massacre, lapho khona okwabulawa abantu abasekeli be-ANC abangu 28 ANC kanye nesosha elilodwa, bebulawa ngokudutshulwa amasosha e-Ciskei Defence Force ngesikhathi sokumasha, uMandela wabona ukuthi imikhankaso kawonkewonke ibangela kudlame oluningi, wabuya waqhuba izingxoxo ngoSeptemba. Wavuma ukuqhuba izingxoxo ngaphansi kwesimo sokuthi zonke iziboshwa zezepolitiki zikhululwe, nokuthi amabutho amazulu ephucwe izikhali zawo ayehlasela ngazo abantu, kanye nokuthi kufanekelwe imifensi emide emahhositela amaZulu, ukuvimbela ukuthi abantu beNkatha bangahlaseli abantu emalokishini; lokhu kwabangela ingcindezi kuDe Klerk, kanti uDe Klerk waphoqeleka ukukuvuma lokhu noma wayengafuni. Izingxoxo zavumelana ngokuthi kumele kubanjwe ukhetho lukawonkewonke, ukuphetha ngokuthi kube nohulumeni weminyaka emihlanu, uhulumeni owaziwa ngokuthi uhulumeni we-coalition government of national unity kanye nenkundla yomthethosisekelo kazwelonke, lokhu kwenza ukuthi i-National Party iqhubeke ukuba nomthelela kwezepoliltiki. I-ANC yavuma ukuvikela imisebenzi yabasebenzi bakahulumeni abamhlophe, kanti futhi lokhu kwasolwa kakhulu ngabantu ngaphakathi.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber200479_218-0" rel="dc:references"> [218]  <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber200479_218-0" rel="dc:references"> UMandela noDe Klerk bavumelana ngomthethosisekelo wesikhashana (an interim constitution) owawulandela inqubo eyaziwa ngokuthi yi-liberal democratic model, eguyaza ukwehlukana kwemikhakha kahulumeni, ukubanga ukuthi kube nenkundla yomthethosisekelo, kanti futhi kumthethosisekelo kwafakelwa nomthetho-mkhulu wamalungelo owaziwa ngokuthi yi-bill of rights efana neyase-US; kanti futhi izwe lehlukaniswa ngezifundazwe noma amaprovinsi ayisishagalolunye, kanti iprovinsi neprovinsi ibe no-premier noma undunankulu wayo kanye nabasebenzi bophiko lukahulumeni kwiprovinsi ngayinye, lokhu kwakusho ukuhambisana nesifiso sikaDe Kleri kanye noMandela sokuthi kube nenqubo ye-federalism kodwa kube kuyizwe elilodwa nohulumeni oyedwa wobumbano lesizwe.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber200480_219-0" rel="dc:references"> [219]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber200480_219-0" rel="dc:references">