cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Minister of Home Affairs v Fourie
Isahlulelo
Yinto eyodwa, abhalwe ngabakwaSach, ukuthi iNkantolo Yomthethosisekelo ivume iqhaza elibalulekile elethwa yinkolo empilweni yomphakathi; kungenye futhi ukuthi isebenzise imfundiso yenkolo njengomthombo wokuhumusha uMthethosisekelo. Kungaba ngaphandle kokusebenzisa imizwa yenkolo yabathile njengesiqondisi samalungelo omthethosisekelo abanye. Abahluleli babeyobekwa esimweni esingenakubekezeleleka uma bebizelwe ukuba benze imibhalo yenkolo futhi babambe iqhaza ezindabeni ezibangele ukungezwani okujulile ezinhlanganweni zezenkolo.
UMthethosisekelo, ama-Sachs uyaqhubeka, uqukethe izinhlinzeko eziningi ezigcizelela inani lomthethosisekelo lokuvuma ukwahlukahluka kanye nobuningi emiphakathini yaseNingizimu Afrika, futhi unikeze ukuthungwa okuthile kwilungelo elibanzi elibanzi lokukhululeka lokuqukethwe eliqukethwe esigabeni 18. Behlangene, baqinisekisa ilungelo labantu lokuzikhulumela ngaphandle kokuphoqwa ukuthi bazithobe emasikweni nakwinkolo yabanye, futhi bagcizelela ukubaluleka kwabantu nemiphakathi ukukwazi ukujabulela lokho okubizwa ngokuthi "ilungelo lokuhluka . " Kuwona womabili la mazwe, kutholakele indawo kumalungu emiphakathi ukusuka esimeni esikhulu.
Inkantolo yaphawula ukuthi iNingizimu Afrika inenqwaba yezindlela zokwakheka kwemindeni ezivela ngokushesha njengoba umphakathi uthuthuka, ngakho-ke akufanelekile ukufaka noma yiluphi uhlobo uhlobo njengokuphela kokumukeleka emphakathini nokwamukelekayo ngokusemthethweni. Kunesidingo esikhulu somthethosisekelo sokuvuma umlando omude waseNingizimu Afrika nakwamanye amazwe ngokubhekelwa phansi kanye nokushushiswa kwezitabane Lesbians, yize kuye kwenziwa impumelelo ethile ezindaweni ezithile. Inkantolo iphinde yathola ukuthi akukho mthetho ophelele olandelwayo wamalungelo omndeni wokuziphatha kwabantu abathandana nabobulili obufanayo, nokuthi uMthethosisekelo umele ukuqothuka okudala okwedlule okuhambisana nokubekezelela kanye nokungafakwa, kanye nokuqhubekela phambili ekwamukelweni kwesidingo sokuthuthukisa umphakathi osuselwa ekulinganeni nenhlonipho yibo bonke. INkantolo iveze ukuthi obekudingida lesi yisidingo sokuqinisekisa isimo somphakathi njengenye esekelwe ekubekezeleni nasekuhloniphaneni.
Ezzahra
I-Ezzahra ngumasipala futhi yidolobha elikwisifundazwe se Ben Arous, eThuniziya.
Iqhwambulunga
Iqhwambulunga ibizo elihlanganisa lezo zingcosi zobuso bomhlaba lapho amanzi asesimweni esinqumile, ezihlanganisa ulwandle oluyiqhwa, isiziba esiyiqhwa, umfuka oyiqhwa, isivalo seqhwa, amaqheqheba, isimbozo seqhwa, isibheqe seqhwa, kanye nezwe elikhazisiwe. Ngalokho, kukhona ukuchaphazeleka okubanzi namanzimbulunga.
Annobón
I-Annobón noma Anabon yisiqhingi futhi yisifundazwe sase Nkabazwe Gini.
Nebbi
INebbi yidolobha elikwisifundazwe se Northern, eYuganda. Leli dolobha liyisiqongo sesifunda se Nebbi.
Vohemar
IVohemar yidolobhakazi elikwisifundazwe se Sava, eMadagasika.
IHartenbos
IHartenbos yidolobha eliseNtshonalanga Kapa, eNingizimu Afrika.
Izambane
Izambane liphekwa ngezindlela ezahlukene. Lingabiliswa ngamanzi nosawoti, noma liphekwe nomvubo (stew) wenyama, noma liphekwe enkangwini yomlilo wawo.
Inyosi
Izinyosi ziyizinambuzane ezinamaphiko ezihlobene eduze neminyovu nezintuthwane, ezaziwa ngeqhaza lazo ekusakazeni impova, futhi endabeni yezinhlobo zezinyosi ezaziwa kakhulu, inyosi yoju yasentshonalanga, yaziwa ngokukhiqiza uju.
Djimla District
IDjimla yisifunda esingaphansi kwesifundazwe se Jijel, e-Aljeriya.
Gomba District
IGomba yisifunda esingaphansi kwesifundazwe se Central, eYuganda. Isiqongo salesifunda yi-Kanoni.
Baoshu
U-Li Jun (李峻李峻; owazalwa ngo-1980), owaziwa ngegama lepeni elithi Baoshu (宝树), ungumbhali waseShayina obhala amanoveli aqanjiwe esayensi kanye namanoveli eziyinganekwane. Enye yezincwadi zakhe, i-Three Body X (eshicilelwe njenge-The Redemption of Time ngesiNgisi), iyengezela inoveli elithi Ukuphela kokufa ka-Liu Cixin. U-Baoshu uthole iziqu ze-Master of Philosophy eNyuvesi yasePeking, kanye ne-master yesibili ngemva kokufunda e-Katholieke Universiteit Leuven. Ngo-2012 waqala ukusebenza njengombhali wensumansumane yesayensi wesikhathi esigcwele.
IMarquard
IMarquard yidolobha elincane eliseFuleyisitata, eNingizimu Afrika.
Eráti District
I-Eráti yisifunda se Nampula, eMozambiki.
UmBumane
UmBumane ( Brassica oleracea ) isitshalo esiwumfino esidliwayo emndenini weklabishi (umndeni wakwa-Brassicaceae, uzalo lwe- Brassica ) esinekhanda elikhulu eliqhakazayo, isiqu kanye namaqabunga amancane ayamaniswa naso adliwa njengesilimo.
Lalaua District
ILalaua yisifunda se Nampula, eMozambiki.
Malema District
IMalema yisifunda se Nampula, eMozambiki.
El Ancer District
I-El Ancer yisifunda esingaphansi kwesifundazwe se Jijel, e-Aljeriya.
Gura Damole
IGura Damole yi-woreda engaphansi kwesifundazwe se Somali, e-Itiyopiya.
Guit County
IGuit yisifunda esingaphansi kwesifundazwe se Unity, eNingizimu Sudan.
Brickaville
IBrickaville yidolobha elikwisifundazwe se Atsinanana, eMadagasika.
Bioko Norte
IBioko Norte yisifundazwe sase Nkabazwe Gini.
Isiqavithi
Isiqavithi siyihlelokusebenza elisetshenziselwa ukuqhuba izingxoxo zokuqavitha kuxhakaxholo ngomqhafazo noma umqafazo-nkulumo, esikhundleni sokuxoxa nomuntu ngokuqondile. Izinhlelo zesiqavithi, ziklanyelwe ukufefenyeka ngokugculisayo indlela umuntu angacondoza ngayo engoxoxweni, futhi ngokuvamile zidinga ukulungiswa nokuvivinywa okuqhubekayo, futhi eziningi ezikhiqizwayo kusenzima ukuba ziqavithe ngokuqephuza, kuyilapho kungekho neyodwa eqoqode indinganiso yovivinyo luka-Turing.
IHeidelberg, INtshonalanga Kapa
IHeidelberg yidolobha eliseNtshonalanga Kapa, eNingizimu Afrika.
Ukuhumusha
Ukuhumusha ngenye yezindlela ezindala zokwenza abantu abakhuluma izilimi ezingefani bezwe noma bafunde umbhalo bathole umqondo ofanayo.Ubufakazi bokuthi ukuhumusha ngenye yezindlela zokwenza ukuxhumana kube lula phakathi kwabantu abakhuluma izilimi ezingafani ibhayibheli. Ibhayibheli umbhalo omdala kakhulu, labo abalifunda ngesiZulu bafunda isihumusho kanjalo nabezinye izilimi. Uma umuntu ecaphuna amavesi ebhayibhelini noma ngabe elesiNgisi noma isiZulu basho into efanayo.
Umuntu ohumushayo uhlale asengcupheni yokufakela amagama wolimi alihumishayo engazimisele, angafakela amagama, ubhalomagama, ukuhleleka kwamazwi, olimi ahumushela kulo. Kolunye uhlangothi, ngezinye izikhathi "amachaphazi" anjengalawa kube ukuthathwa kwamagama ayimfakela aphenduka imifakela enothisa ulimi okuhunyushelwa kulo. Abahumushi, kuhlanganisa nabahumushi bangaphambili bemibhalo engcwele, baba usizo ekubumbeni izilimi abahumushela kuzo.
Umkleshe
Umkleshe ( Spinacia oleracea ) isitshalo esiqhakazayo samaqabunga ayimifino esidabuka enkabeni nasentshonalanga ye-Asia.
IKokstad
IKokstad yidolobha eliKwaZulu-Natali, eNingizimu Afrika. Leligama elithi "Kokstad" lithathelwa egameni yenkosi yama Griqua u-Adam Kok III owafika kulendawo ngo-1863.
Radès
IRadès ngumasipala futhi yidolobha elikwisifundazwe se Ben Arous, eThuniziya.
Vohipeno
IVohipeno yidolobha elikwisifundazwe se Vatovavy-Fitovinany, eMadagasika.
Ngora
INgora yidolobha elikwisifundazwe se Eastern, eYuganda. Leli dolobha liyisiqongo sesifunda se Ngora.
Umzimkhulu
Umzimkhulu yidolobha elikwisifundazwe saKwaZulu-Natali, eNingizimu Afrika.
Bioko Sur
IBioko Sur yisifundazwe sase Nkabazwe Gini.
ULiv noMaddie
ULiv noMaddie (Liv and Maddie) iyiuchungechunge lukamabonakude wamahlaya waseMelika olwakhiwe ngu-John D. Beck noRon Hart olwadlala kuDisney Channel kusukela ngomhlaka-19 Julayi 2013 kuya ku-Mashi 24, 2017. Uchungechunge oluyinkanyezi uDove Cameron, uJoey Bragg, uTenzing Norgay Trainor, uKali Rocha, uBenjamin King, kanye noLauren Lindsey Donzis.
Gulina (woreda)
IGulina yi-woreda engaphansi kwesifundazwe se Afar, e-Itiyopiya.
Meconta District
IMeconta yisifunda se Nampula, eMozambiki.
Memba District
IMemba yisifunda se Nampula, eMozambiki.
UXhoxho lwezokuxhumana
UXhoxho lwezokuxhumana luyiqoqo lamaqhuzu wamakhongco ezokuxhumana axhumanisiwe asetshenziselwa ukunanana ngemiyalezo phakathi kwamaqhuzu. Amakhongco angasebenzisa izinhlobonhlobo zezobuchwepheshe ezisekwe kwezindlelasu zentandelo yokuqhebeza, ukuqhebeza umyalezo, noma ukuqebeza ikhukhu ukuze kudluliswe imiyalezo neziyabizo.
Kalangala District
IKalangala yisifunda esingaphansi kwesifundazwe se Central, eYuganda. Isiqongo salesifunda yi-Kalangala.
UXhoxho lwezokuxhumana
Amaqhuzu amaningana angasebenzisana ukudlulisa umyalezo kusuka eqhuzwini lendabuko kuya eqhuzwini lempokophelo. Ngalomsebenzi wokukhondisa (routing function), iqhuzu ngalinye oxhoxhweni linikwa ikheli loxhoxho lokulihlonza nokubona ukuthi likuphi oxhoxhweni. Iqoqo lamakheli oxhoxhweni libizwa umkhathi wekheli loxhoxho.
Izibonelo zamaxhoxho ezokuxhumana zihlanganisa amaxhoxho esicikizi, uxhakaxholo, uxhoxho locingo oluqhebezwa sobala, uxhoxho lwe-Telex lomhlaba, uxhoxho lwe-ACARS kwezokundiza, kanye namaxhoxho omsakazo angenantambo wabahlinzeka ngezokuxhumana kukamakhalekhukhwini.
Umbhoxo
Umbhoxo/iRaghbi uhlobo lomdlalo othi awufani nomdlalo webhola lezinyawo. Kulo mdlalo ku kudlalwa ngebhola ilimise okweqanda. Leli bhuthi ola kugijinywa nalo libanjwe ngezandla. Kanti futhi libuye likhahlelwe ngezinyawo uma sekushaywa i-penalti. Lo mdlalo ubuye ufake phakathi ukusunduzana. Ngenkathi kuzanywa ukuba kuthathelwane ibhola. Kanti ebholweni lombhoxo kudlala abadlali abayishumi nanhlanu izingxenye zombili. Kanti abadlali badlala ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene,kanti benza imisebenzi ehlukile. Ukwakheka kwebhola lombhoxo akufani nebhola lezinyawo,ngoba lombhoxo lakhekhe njengeqanda, liyakhahlelwa ngenyawo bese kugijinywe libanjwe ngezandla liphoswe kwabanye abadlali,kwenziwa njalo kuyagijinywa kuyiwa phambili. Kanti lo mdlali ophonselwayo kufanele abe semuva kwalo mdlali ophonsayo.Lapha kusebenza amaphuzu (amaphoyinti phela, lapha abanye abadlali bayajeziswa ngokudlala kabi nangokungalandeli imithetho yomdlalo. Kukhona okubizwa ngokuthi yiphenali(penalty),kanti yona uma ikhahlelwe yangena ezintini iqembu elishaye igoli linikezwa amaphuzu amathathu.Kulandele lapho umdlali weqembu elinye wakwazi ukwenqa umugqa ekugcineni kwebala lelinye iqembu ayokubeka ibhola phansi, lelo qembu linikezwa amaphuzu amahlanu,libizwa ngokuthi phecelezi (try) kanti ihamba nelungelo lokukhahlela ibhola, lingene ezintini ezinde lokho kubizwa ngokuthi yi(conversion). Unompempe ongaphakathi kwenkundla uba yedwa, kanti kube khona abancedisi bakhe abama emigqeni ngaphandle kwenkundla.Iqembu elifake amaphuzu amaningi yilo kanye elinqobayo. Iningizimu Afrika, ingelinye lamazwe asatshwa kakhulu ngomdlalo wombhoxo,Kanti iqembu lesizwe lombhoxo libizwa ngokuthi amaBhokobhoko (Springbok) ngikusho lokhu ngoba ukusukela ngombuso wentando yeningi seyike yanqoba izindebe ezimbili zalomncintiswano wendebe yomhlaba. INingizimu Afrika yanqoba ngo-1995 yaphinda futhi yanqoba ngo 2007. Kanti kulomnyaka ka 2015, iye yaphuma isithathu. Uma sikhuluma ngabadlali abamkantshubomvu kulomdlalo singakhuluma ngobani uma singakhulumi ngo Brian Habana, JB Pieterse, Victor Matfield, Schalk Burger,kanye nabanye asebathatha umhlala phansi abanjengo John Smit, Os Du Preez nabanye abaningi futhi.
IHerbertsdale
IHerbertsdale yindawo eseNtshonalanga Kapa, eNingizimu Afrika.
Mégrine
IMégrine ngumasipala futhi yidolobha elikwisifundazwe se Ben Arous, eThuniziya.
Vondrozo
IVondrozo yidolobha elikwisifundazwe se Atsimo-Atsinanana, eMadagasika.
Mogincual District
IMogincual yisifunda se Nampula, eMozambiki.
El Aouana District
I-El Aouana yisifunda esingaphansi kwesifundazwe se Jijel, e-Aljeriya.
El Milia District
I-El Milia yisifunda esingaphansi kwesifundazwe se Jijel, e-Aljeriya.
Yalo (woreda)
IYalo yi-woreda engaphansi kwesifundazwe se Afar, e-Itiyopiya.
ILadybrand
ILadybrand yidolobha elincane eliseFuleyisitata, eNingizimu Afrika.
Mogovolas District
IMogovolas yisifunda se Nampula, eMozambiki.
Kalungu District
IKalungu yisifunda esingaphansi kwesifundazwe se Central, eYuganda. Isiqongo salesifunda yi-Kalungu.
AmaTeletubby
AmaTeletubby (Teletubbies) iyiuchungechunge lwethelevishini lwezingane lwaseBrithani olwakhiwe ngu-Anne Wood no-Andrew Davenport be-BBC. Uhlelo lugxile kubalingiswa abane abanemibala ehlukene abaziwa ngokuthi amaTeletubby, aqanjwe ngezikrini zikamabonakude eziseziswini zabo.
Insimbi
Insimbi iyinhlwa yevanga enophawu u- Fe kanye nenani lobuchwe elingama- 26. Iyinkimbi yeqembu lesi-8 lecansi lezinhlwa. Iyinhlwa eyinala kakhulu ngesisindo sayo emhlabeni, ngaphambidlana kwesOhwe, kulezo ezibumba umnyombo ongaphakathi womhlaba. Futhi iyinhlwa yesine eyinala egobohleni lomhlaba.
IHerolds Bay
IHerolds Bay yidolobha elincane eliseNtshonalanga Kapa, eNingizimu Afrika.
Moma District
IMoma yisifunda se Nampula, eMozambiki.
Leer County
ILeer yisifunda esingaphansi kwesifundazwe se Unity, eNingizimu Sudan.
Underberg
i-Underberg yidolobha eliKwaZulu-Natali, eNingizimu Afrika.
INelesi
INelesi iyinhlayiyana yechwe ezizinzile, uphawu, H +, noma 1 H + enomlelesa wamazuba +1 nobuzuba. Isisindo sayo sincane kunesentunge futhi inesisindo esiphindwa izikhathi ezíyi-1836 kunesenzuba (iqhatho lesisindo senelesi nenzuba). Izinelesi nezintunge, ngazodwa zinesisindo ezingamacishelo elilodwa lesisindo sechwe, ngokuhlanganyelwa zibizwa ngokuthi 'ezasendenini' (izinhlayiyana zasendeni yechwe).
Kié-Ntem
IKié-Ntem yisifundazwe sase Nkabazwe Gini.
Bokolmayo
IBokolmayo yi-woreda engaphansi kwesifundazwe se Somali, e-Itiyopiya.
Mossuril District
IMossuril yisifunda se Nampula, eMozambiki.
Kampala
IKampala yisifunda futhi yidolobhakazi eliyisiqongo sezwe lase Yuganda.
Centro Sur
ICentro Sur yisifundazwe sase Nkabazwe Gini.
Ambovombe-Androy
I-Ambovombe-Androy yidolobhakazi eliyisiqongo sesifundazwe se Androy, eMadagasika.
Monapo District
IMonapo yisifunda se Nampula, eMozambiki.
Jijel District
IJijel yisifunda esingaphansi kwesifundazwe se Jijel, e-Aljeriya.
Mohamedia-Fouchana
IMohamedia-Fouchana ngumasipala futhi yidolobha elikwisifundazwe se Ben Arous, eThuniziya.
IFouriesburg
IFouriesburg yidolobha elincane eliseFuleyisitata, eNingizimu Afrika.
IBallito
IBallito yidolobha eliKwaZulu-Natali, eNingizimu Afrika.
Ntungamo
INtungamo yidolobha elikwisifundazwe se Western, eYuganda. Leli dolobha liyisiqongo sesifunda se Ntungamo.
Imfundo yabadala
Imfundo yabadala yinqubo lapho khona abantu abadala bengenela khona imisebenzi eqhubekayo yokuzifundisa ukuze bathole ulwazi olusha, amakhono, imibono noma ama-value. Lokhu kuchaza noma yiyiphi imfundo abadala abayingenelayo ngaphandle kwesikole esivamile, okubandakanya umkhakha wokuqala ukufunda ukubhala komuntu okuyisisekelo noma ukuqhubeka nokufunda komfundi impilo yakhe yonke. Ngokuqondane nalolu daba, imfundo yabadala ikhombisa ifilosofi eqondene nokuthize maqondana nokufunda kanye nokufundisa ngokulandela ukuthi abantu abadala bangakwazi ukufunda futhi bayafuna ukufunda, nokuthi ukufunda ngokwakho kumele kubhekane nezidingo zabo. Ngokugqugquzelwa yilokho okudingwa ukufundwa ngumuntu noma umuntu afuna ukukufunda, amathuba akhona, kanye nendlela umuntu afunda ngayo, ukufunda komuntu omdala kubandakanywa yindlela isizwe esihleleke ngayo, njengobuningi babantu ezweni nobulili (demographic), ukuhlobana kwamazwe nezimakethe zamazwe omhlaba (globalisation), kanye netheknoloji. Ukufunda kwenzeka ngezindlela ezehlukene futhi ngaphansi kwezimo ezehlukene njengoba nezimpilo zabantu abadala zehlukene. Ukufunda kwabantu abadala kungenzeka ngaphansi kwezimo ezintathu, Isibonelo sazo nazi lapha ngezansi:
Isimo nobunjalo (characteristics)
EMelika kanye nezindawo eziningi zase-Canada, isibonelo esivamile, yilapho kuba nesidingo sokuthi abantu abadala abayeka isikole bengaqedanga babuyele ezikoleni ukuyoqedelela imfundo yabo yesikole. Izikhundla eziningi eziphezulu zidinga ukuthi abantu babe nediploma yesikole semfundo ephezulu (high school) noma elinye izinga elilingana nayo. Umuntu omdala osebenzayo akavamile ukuba nenkululeko yokuthi avele ayeke umsebenzi wakhe ukuze abuyele esikoleni ayofunda ngokuphelele. Izikole zohulumeni noma amakholishi emiphakathi avamise ukuhlinzeka ngamaklasi abanjwa ngezimpelasonto ngenxa yalesi sizathu. EYuropha lokhu kuvamise ukubizwa ngokuthi "yithuba lesibili" kanti izikole eziningi zihlinzeka ngamakhozi ahlelelwe inhloso ethize ngolulandela izidingo kanye nezinhlelo zemfundo zalaba bafundi. Kanti-ke futhi okunye, abantu abadala abanamakhono ezinga eliphansi lokufunda bangathola usizo kwizinhlelo zobuvolontiya zalaba bafundi ababuyela ukuyofunda. Lezi zinhlangano zikazwelonke zihlinzeka ngoqeqesho, izitifikedi zokufunda, kanye nama-accreditation ezinhlelo zobuvoluntiya zendawo. EMelika, kuvamise ukuba nezinhlangano ezihlinzeka ngamasevisi emiphakathi kwizinhlelo zobuvolontiya zokufundisa abasaqalayo ukufunda.
Izinhloso zemfundo yabadala zingehluka, izinhloso ezivamile zingafinyezwa ngokulandelayo: Enye yezinhloso kungaba ukusiza a bantu abadala ukufezekisa izidingo zabo ziqu kanye nokufinyelela izinhloso zezamaprofeshini. Ngakho-ke, inhloso eyisiphetho yemfundo, kungaba ukufezekisa izinhloso zokuzenelisa kountu. Inhloso ingaba ukufezekisa izidingo zesikhungo. Isibonelo, lokhu kungabandakanya ukuthuthukisa ikhono lokwenza umsebenzi kanye nezinga lokukhiqiza endaweni yomsebenzi. Inhloso ebanzi yemfundo yabadala kungaba kungaba ukukhula kwesizwe ngokwenza uuthhi izakhamizi ezindala zikwazi ukuba sezingeni nezinguquko ezenzekayo esizweni kanye nokuthi kuqhubeke kube nenqubo elungile esizweni.
Inhloso yemfundo yabadala emakholishi noma emayunivesithi yehlukile. Kulezi zikhungo, inhloso ivamise ukuthi iqondane nentuthuko yomuntu siqu kanye nomsebenzi ofundelwayo kanye nokuba ngolungele umsebenzi othile ofundelwayo. Enye inhloso kungaba ukuqondana nokufakela izinselele esizweni kanye nokuthuthukisa umumo esizwe, kungekhona nje kuphela ukuqhubela phambili isizwe senqubo yedimokhrasi.
Omunye umkhakha okhula masishane wemfundo yabadala ukufundiswa kwe-English kubantu abangakhulumi lolu limi, okubizwa ngokuthi yi-Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL), kanti futhi lezi zifundo zibuye zibizwe nangokuthi yi-English as a Second Language (ESL) noma i-English Language Learners (ELL). La makhozi alezi zifundo asiza abantu abasuke bebuya kwamanye amazwe bengena kwamanye lapho okukhulunywa khona i-English, ukuthi bafunde i-English kanye nokuba nolwazi kanye nokujwayela amasiko alawo mazwe abangena kuwo, njengamazwe aseMelika kanye namanye amazwe okukhulunywa kuwo i-English, afana nase-Canada, e-Australia nase-New Zealand.
Inkinga evamile e-US ukusweleka kwamathuba okuthuthuka ngezeprofeshini kubantu abafundisa abantu abadala. Abantu abaningi abafundisa abantu abadala baqhamuka kwamanye amaprofeshini kanti futhi abaqeqeshiwe kahle ukubhekana nezinto eziphathelene nokufunda kwabantu abadala. Izikhundla eziningi ezikhona kulo mkhakha zivamise ukuba ngezingezona izikkhundla zokwenza umsebenzi ngokugcwele (part-time) kanti futhi kulezo zikhundla abantu abatholi ama-benefit nokuba sezikhundleni ezinzile, ngoba zivamises ukuxhaswa ngezimali zamagranti kahulumeni kanti futhi le mixhaso kahulumeni ayivamile ukuba ngeqhubeka ngaso sonke isikhathi, ivamise ukuba ngeminyakana ethize. Kodwa e-Canada, ukuthuthuka ngezeprofeshini kuyatholakala kuwo wonke amaprovinsi kanye nezindawo, ezikhungweni ezingaphezulu kwe kwemfundo yesekondari kanti amaProvinsi amaningi ahlinzeka intuthuko yezeprofeshini okwenziwa ngaphansi kophiko lukangqongqoshe wemfundo noma amabhodi ezikole noma izinhlangano ezingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni. Nangaphezu kwalokho, kukhona izinhlelo eziqondene nemfundo yabadala kulabo vele asebenza lo msebenzi, kumkhakha weze-akhademiki, ezenziwa emayunivesithi, emakholishi nasezinhlanganweni zamaprofeshini.
Principles (Izimiso)
Izimiso (principles) zendlela nenqubo yokufundisa abantu abadala (androgogy) zisuselwa kuma-characteristics abantu abadala njengabafundi kanti futhi zingabonwa lapho siqondisisa ama-characteristics abantu abadala, nokubona indlela lawo ma-characteristics anomphumela ngayo kwindlela abantu abadala abafunda kangcono ngayo. Othisha abalandela lezi zimiso ze-androgogy lapho bekhetha izinto zokuqeqesha ngazo (amametheriyali okuqeqesha) kanye nalapho bedizayina indlela abethula ngayo uhlelo, bayebathole ukuthi abafundi babo baqhubeka ngokushesha nakangcono, kanti futhi ngempumelelo kakhulu ekufinyeleleni izinhloso zabo. Uhlelo lwase-Canada lwe-Canadian Literacy and Learning Network, luchaza izimiso ezingu 7 ezibalulekile ekufundeni kwabantu abadala. Ngamanye amagama, lezi zimiso ezingu 7, zenza umehluko phakathi kokufunda kwabantu abadala kanye nezingane kanye nentsha.
Izinselele kanye nezinto ezifakela ugqozi
Abantu abadala banemisebenzi esemahlombe abo ababhekene nayo ezimpilweni okufanele ukuthi bayibhalanse maqondana nezidingo zokufunda. Ngenxa yale misebenzi ababhekenenayo emahlombe abo, abantu abadala banezihibe nezinselele ekufundeni kanye nasekuqhubekeni nemfundo. Izihibe zingabekwa ngaphansi kwale mikhakha: Ezinye zalezi zihibe, zibandakanya ukuswela isikhathi sokubhalansa umsebenzi kanye nezidingo zomndeni, ezezimali, izinto zokugibela, ukuzethemba, noma ukuthokozela okuthile, ukuswela ulwazi ngamathuba okufunda, izinkinga zokubeka izikhathi zokwenza okuthile, izidingo zezimfuneko zokungena kwezemfundo kanye nezinkinga zonakekelo lwezingane. Ezinye izihiibe ezivimbela abantu abadala ukuqhubeka nemfundo, ukwesaba, amahloni, ukuzibona, noma ukubonelwa phansi. Abantu abasebenza amatoho behola ngosuku bamanqika ngokujoyina isikole ngoba lapho beya esikoleni balahlekelwa umholo wosuku okuyiwona kumphela umvuzo abanawo. Ukufunda umuntu ekude (distance learning) kungaba yisixazululo sezinye zalezi zihibe zokufunda nezikhungo, ezifana nokubekwa kwesikhathi samaklasi kanye nezidingo eziyimfuneko ukungena ohlelweni lwemfundo. Ukwesaba, ukuba namahloni, ukuzibona noma indlela umuntu abonwa ngayo nakho kungavimbela abantu abadala ukuthi baqhubeke nemfundo.
Ukwenza ukuthi abantu abadala bahlale benegqozi lokufunda, ukufakela ikhono lokuzethemba kanye nokwenza ukuthi bazibone ngesithombe esihle kwenza ukuthi baqhubeke nokufunda impilo yabo yonke. Izinto eziwugqozi, zibandakanya isidingo sokuba nekhono noma ilayisense, ukuthola ipromoshini noma ukulindela ukuthola ipromoshini, isidingo sokuqinisa amakhono noma ukufunda amakhono amasha, isidingo sokwazi kahle umsebenzi noma ukwazi izinguquko emsebenzini, noma isidingo sokufunda ukuze umuntu akwazi ukulandela imiyalelo yenkampani. Indlela engcono yokufakela ugqozi lokufunda kubantu abadala ukuthi kuthuthukiswe izizathu zabo zokungenela imfundo kanye nokunciphisa izihibe. Abafundisi babantu abadala kumele bazi kungani izitshudeni zabo zingenele uhlelo lokufunda (izinto ezibafakele ugqozi); kumele bathole ukuthi yini ezihibe ekufundeni kwabo. Ebese abafundisi babantua badala kumele bahlele amasu abo okubafakela ugqozi. Isu elinempumelelo libandakanya ukukhombisa abafundi abadala ubudlelwane phakathi koqeqesho kanye nepromoshini elindelwe, bangaboniswa ukuthi ikhozi abayenzayo inanzuzo enjani ebambekayo, bozokwazi ukusebenza kangcono kanti izinzuzo ngezesikhathi eside. . Kubalulekile kothisha ukwazi ama-characteristics abafundi babo nokuthi bahlele izifundo ezibhekana nalapho abafundi abanamandla khona kanye nezidingo zomfundi ngamunye.
UKhisimusi
USuku luka Khisimusi (IsiNgisi: Christmas Day) isikhathi esiletha injabulo kubantu abaningi. Lesi sikhathi senza ukuba kube khona ukuhlangana nemindeni okudala yagcinana, kuphunyulwe, futhi kuncokolwe. Kubazalwane ukhisimuzi usho usuku lapho uJesu Khrestu azalwa ngalo.Uma sokusondele lesi sikhathi sibona ngemihlobiso emihle futhi ehlukahlukene emigwaqeni, ezitolo, nasemakhaya.
Air
Air yigama inhlanganisela amagesi ezakha emkhathini.
Muecate District
IMuecate yisifunda se Nampula, eMozambiki.
Air
Air yakhiwa ngokuyinhloko nitrogen, umoya-mpilo, argon , okuyinto ndawonye eziyimisebenzi iningi amagesi umkhathi. Amagesi asele incluem1 greenhouse gases ezifana umhwamuko, carbon dioxide, i-methane , i-nitrous oxide , futhi ozone. Elicwengekileyo air aqukethe iminonjana namanye amakhemikhali eziningana. Izinto eziningi ezingokwemvelo ezilwa kufanele zibe khona okuncane in a isampula air unfiltered, kuhlanganise uthuli , impova ezinhlamvu , umlotha wentaba-mlilo , fluorine compounds , metallic mercury nesibabule anezela ezifana sulphur dioxide.
IKeurboomstrand
IKeurboomstrand yidolobha elincane eliseNtshonalanga Kapa, eNingizimu Afrika.
Isilimo
Imifino uhlobo lwezitshalo ezimila engadini. Eziningi zakhona ziyaphekwa ngaphambi kokuba zidliwe, kodwa ezinye ziyadliwa zingaphekiwe. Imifino engadliwa ingaphekiwe ifaka phakathi utamatisi; ukharoti; nokunye okuningi. Imifino lena inezakhimzimba eziningi ezahlukahlukene, futhi ezibaluleke kakhulu emizimbeni yethu. Imifino idliwa ngokuhluka kwezitho zawo. Eminye idliwa ingamacabunga njengombhido, eminye iyizimpande njengokharoti, eminye ingamagaja njengommbila. Kubalulekile ukuba sidle imifino njengoba yenza imizimba yethu ibenamandla.Lamandla siwathola ngoba yona imifino iyakwazi ukudal izakhamzimba ngelanga noma ukushisa, ngomoya futhi nangamanye amaphunga thina esingawathandi. Isibonelo, abantu basebenzisa umanyolo onganuki kamnandi ukuze benze ummbila imkhulu nomnandi. Kodwa thina singabantu asikwazi ukuzenzela ukudla okunempilo ngaphandle kokuba sikhosele kwezinye izinto. Kwimifino ungathola izakhimzimba ezifana novithamini, amaminerli nokunye okwenza umuntu akhule kahle.
Indlu
Indlu indawo eyakhiwe yambhozeka phezulu eyenzelwe ukuba kuhlalwe noma kusetshenzelwe kuyo. Indlu yezinsizwa ibizwa ngokuthi Ilawu. Isaga sesiZulu sithi indlu yegagu iyanetha.
Indlu yisakhiwo esisebenza njengekhaya. Zingasukela ezindlini ezilula ezifana nezindawo zokuhlala eziyinqaba yezizwe eziguqukayo kanye nemijondolo ethuthukisiwe emijondolo ibe yizakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi, ezinqunyelwe zokhuni, izitini, ukhonkolo noma ezinye izinto eziqukethe amapayipi, umoya omncane, kanye nezinhlelo zikagesi. Izindlu zisebenzisa uhla lwezinhlelo ezihlukene zophahla ukugcina imvula efana nemvula ingangeni endaweni yokuhlala. Izindlu zingaba neminyango noma okhiye ukuvikela indawo yokuhlala futhi zivikele abantu bakhona nokuqukethwe ezebelweni noma kwezinye iziphambeko. Izindlu eziningi zesimanje ezijwayelekile kumasiko aseNtshonalanga azoba namakamelo okulala elilodwa noma amaningi, ekhishini noma indawo yokupheka, nendawo yokuhlala. Indlu ingaba negumbi lokudlela elihlukile, noma indawo yokudlela ingahlanganiswa kwelinye igumbi. Ezinye izindlu ezinkulu eNyakatho Melika zinezindawo zokuphumula. JOHO-Designboden Uhlaka lwenhlalo oluhlala endlini lwaziwa ngokuthi yindlu.
Okuvamisile ukuthi, ikhaya liwumndeni wohlobo oluthile, yize amakhaya nawo engaba amanye amaqembu omphakathi, anjengamagumbi ahlala kuwo noma, endlini enamagumbi, abantu abangaxhumani. Some houses are housing for a family or group. Many family homes are called large houses or townhouses. Indlu ingahle ihambisane nokwakhiwa okwakhiwayo, njengegaraji lezimoto noma indawo yokusebenzela engadini namathuluzi. Indlu ingaba negceke elingemuva noma igceke langaphambili, elisebenza njengezindawo ezengeziwe lapho abahlali bengaqabula noma badle khona.
Teru (woreda)
ITeru yi-woreda engaphansi kwesifundazwe se Afar, e-Itiyopiya.
ILobolo
iLobolo mandulo kwakulisiko olwabe lwenziwa ukuhlanganisa imindeni emibili eyabe ifuna ukuba zihlobo ngokushadiselana.
Ingqikithi
Ilobolo mandulo kwakulisiko olwabe lwenziwa ukuhlanganisa imindeni emibili eyabe ifuna ukuba zihlobo ngokushadiselana. Izinkomo zamaloboloke zimele izipho ezivela kumkhwenyana, lapho ebonga abazali bentombi afuna ukuyithatha ibe ngumfazi. Lapho umkhwenyana esuke ethi, ngiyabonga Mkhwekazi noMkhwe wami ngokungizalela intokazi eyongitholela abantwana, ngikhulise umuzi kababa. Mandulo amalobolo kwabe kuyizipho ezazimelwe zinkomo. Ngesimanjemanje kodwa izinkomo kwesiye isikhathi sezamelwa yimali, kodwake, noma sekuyiyo imali, isamele zona izinkomo ezazikhishwa kusadliwa ngoludala.
Mandulo izinkomo zamalobolo zabe ziyisithupha (6) nje kuphela;inkomo kamama/Ingquthu (inkomo enkulu, nebiza kunazo zonke ezinye), inkomo kababa, inkomo yomqholiso, inkomo yesikhumba, inkomo yesibhoma nenkomo yebeka. Lezinkomo zabezibizwa ngezinkomo zamaBheka. Kodwake ngesikhathi abantu abamyama besacindezelwe kakhulu amabhunu, ukuze abantu basebenzele amabhunu iskhathi eside beqongelela imali eningi. Umlungu owayebizwa ngo Sir Theophilus Shepstone owayedume ngelika Somtsewu ka Sonzica owelutha amantu ukuba balobole ngezinye izinkomo ngaphezulu kwalezi eziyisithupha, ngezinkomo eziyisihlanu (5). Zithi mase ziphelele zonke zibe yishumi nanye (11). Kulezinkomo ezinhlanu okuzo zibaleka kanje;inkomo yemvulamlomo,inkomo yenhlabisamthimba, inkomo yesiwunkulu, inkomo yesiqondo nenkomo yomncamo.
Indlela Yokwenziwa Kwezinto
Insizwake mase izimisele ukuthatha intombi, iyaye ibikele uyise ngalezinhlelo zayo. Uyise ebese ebiza abalingani bakhe abayomsiza ukuyoxoxisana nalabo akakwantombazane undodana azimisele ukuyithatha ibe ngumfazi. Abalingani mase bechazeliwe ngohlelo, kwakubeke sebenquma usuku lokuyovela lena ekhaya lentombi abazimisele ukuyilobola. Ngosuku oluhheliwe, abakhongi laba masebefika emzini wendoda lapho intombi abazoyilobola ihlala khona, bagibela emthini bese bekhuleka behaya ngezithakazelo nezibongo zedoda ephethe lelikhaya okuziwe kulo. Bayo haya lendoda ngezibongo zanyo nezithakazelo kuze omele umdeni wakwa ntombi le ezolotsholwa bazobona ukuthi labantu abazobanga umsindo emzini wendoda bezengani. Mebefika esangweni, omele ikhaya uyathula angasholutho baze abakhongi laba bakhiphe lenkomo emizwa “Imvulamlomo”. Sekuyothi mase ikhishiwe lenkomo, omele abomndeni wankwantombi ezolotsholwa bese ebuza ukuthi amadoda lawa ezengani nakhu bebanga umsindo emzini wendoda. Babeke sebechazake udaba abeze ngalo abakhongi. Uma umndeni uzithanda lezindaba abeze ngazo labakhongi, babeke sebemvunyelwa ukungena ngaphakhathi emzini wendoda bezoqedela izingxoxo abezengazo. Umdeni ubeseke ubiza izintombi zomdeni bacele ukuba abakhongi bakhombe intombi abezengayo. Mase beyikhombile, intombi ibeke isibuzwa ukuthi iyabazi yini labantu. Uma ivuma ithi iyabazi, kubeke sekujatsulwa sekuqhutshekwa nodaba losuku. Izinkomo, amagama azo, izindlela eziphuma ngazo, kanye nezizathu zakhona zichaziwe lapha ngenzansi ngokulandelana kwazo :
Uhlelo lobandlululo
Uhlelo lobandlululo, olwaziwa ngolimi lwesiBhunu ngokuthi yi-apartheid, okuyigama elisho "isimo sokwehlukanisa", kwakuwuhlelo lokwehlukanisa izakhamizi zaseNingizimu Afrika ngokobuhlanga. Lokhu kwakwenziwa ngamandla emithetho yeNational Party, okwakuyiyona eyayibusa ukusuka nge-1948  ukuya nge-1994. Ngaphansi kohlelo lobandlululo, amalungelo, izinhlangano kanye nokunyakaza kwazakhamizi eziningi ezimpisholo nezinye izinhlanga kwancishiswa kwasekuthi umbuso wedlanzana lamaBhunu kwabayiwona osimamiswayo. Umbuso wobandululo waqala ngemuva kwempi yesibili yomhlaba yiNational Party eyayiholwa ngamaBhunu kanye nenhlangano yeAfrikaner-Broederbond. Lo mcabango wokubusa izakhamizi ngokwahlukanisa waqhutshekiselwa phambili naseNingizimu Ntshonalanga Afrika, eyayenganyelwe yiNingizimu Afrika ngaphansi kwegunya leLeague of Nations (elachithwa  ngo-1966 nge-United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2145), yaze yathola ukuzimela njengeNamibhiya ngo-1990. Igama elithi ubandlululo lisetshenziswa namuhla ukubhekisa ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zokwahlukanisa, okumiswa yiziphathimandla zikahulumeni kulelo zwe, okuphikisana namalungelo omphakathi nawezakhamizi ezisemaqenjini athile, ngenxa yokubandlulula ngokohlobo.
Ubuciko bomlomo
Ubuciko bomlomo bucitha isizungu futhi buyayala buphinde bufundise.Mandulo njengoba bekungekho izinto eziningi zokuzijabulisa, loluhlobo lwenxoxo beludume kakhulu. Ngesikhathi samanje sinomabonakude, nomakhalekhukhwini one-internet. Okhokho bethu bakhule ngayo lenxoxo.
Uhlelo lobandlululo
Ubandlululo ngokobuhlanga eNingizimu Afrika kwaqala ngezikhathi zamakholoniyali ngaphansi kwamaDashi, kwaze kwaba ngo-1795 ngenkathi amaNgisi ethatha elaseCape of Good Hope. Uhlelo lobandlululo njengomgomo osemthethweni lwaqala ukusetshenziswa ngemuva kokhetho luka-1948. Umthetho wawehlukanisa izakhamizi ngokobuhlanga ngezigaba  ezine, - "abampisholo",  "abamhlophe", "abebala" kanye nama-"Ndiya', kwathi izinhlanga zaphinde zehlukaniswa ngezigatshana ezimbalwa nezindawo zokuhlala nazo zehlukaniswa ngokobuhlanga. Ukusuka ngo-1960 ukuya ku-1983, izigidi ezingu-3.5 zabantu abamnyama baseNingizimu Afrika zasuswa emakhaya azo, zaphoqelelwa ukuba ziyohlala ezindaweni ezehlukanisiwe, okwakuwukususwa kwabantu okukhulu emlandweni wanamuhla. Ukumelwa kwabantu kwezepolotiki kwapheliswa ngo-1970, futhi ukusuka ngalowo nyaka abantu abamnyama bephucwa amalungelo obuzwe ngokusemthethweni banikezwa amalungelo ezabelo zabamnyama ezizimele ezazaziwa ngokuthi ngamaBantustans, ezine zazo ezagcina ziyimibuso ezimele geqe. Uhulumeni wehlukanisa nemfundo, ezokwelashwa, amabhishi, kanye nezinye izinkonzo zomphakathi, wanikeza abantu abamnyama izinkonzo ezazivame ukuba ngeziphansi ngezinga kunalezo ezazinikezwa abantu abamhlophe.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">
Uhlelo lobandlululo lwasusa ukuzabalaza nodlame oluningi ngaphakathi nezwe, kanye nokunswinywa kweNingizimu Afrika kwezezikhali nokuhwebelana. Ukusuka ngawo-1950, ukuqhubuka kodlame nokuphikisana nemithetho yezwe okuningi kwahlangabezana nokuvalwa kwababephikisa imithetho yezwe kanye nokuboshwa kwababe ngabaholi ababephikisana nohlelo lobandlululo. Ekusabalaleni kothuthuva lwembesa izwe,  izinhlaka zikahulumeni zaphendula ngokucindezela abantu nangokusebenzisa udlame. Lokhu kuhambisana nokunswinywa kweNingizimu Afrika ngamazwe omhlaba, kwenza ukuthi kube nzima kakhulu ukuthi uhulumeni aqhubeke nokubusa. Ukulungiswa kohlelo lobandlululo kwawo -1980 kwehluleka ukudambisa ukuphikisana nemithetho yobandlululo eyayiya iphakama, uMongameli Frederik Willem de Klerk waqala izingxoxo zokuqeda uhlelo lobandlululo, ezaholela okhethweni lwazo zonke izinhlanga ngo-1994. Kulolu khetho i-African National Congress ngaphansi kukaNelson Mandela yaphuma phambili. Okusele kohlelo lobandlululo kusenawo amandla kwezepolitiki nasemiphakathini. UDe Klerk waqala  isenzo sokudiliza uhlelo lobandlululo ngokukhulula umeluleki kaMandela kanye nezinye iziboshwa zepolitiki ejele ngo-Okthoba 1989. Noma ukuqedwa kohlelo lobandlululo lwenzeka ngo-1991, ukuchithwa kwemithetho yokugcina ephathelene nobandlululo kwenzeka ngo-1991,abantu abamnyama babengavunyelwe ukuvota kwaze kwaba ngu-1993 kanti ukuqedwa kohlelo lobandlululo kuthathwa ezindaweni eziningi njengento eyavuka ngo-1994 okhethweni lwentando yeningi.
INhlayiyana yeChwe
Ngokwenzululwazi yomchazandalo, inhlayiyana yechwe iyinhlayiyana eyakha ichwe. Ngokonongo oluyindinganiso yomchazandalo wenhlayiyana, inhlayiyana yechwe kungaba inhlayiyana eyinhlanganiselo, eyakhiwa ezinye izinhlayiyana (isb. intunge, ibane). Umchazandalo wenhlayiyana nomchazandalo wenuzi ucwaninga lezinhlayiyana nendlela ezinanana ngayo.
Imigcanso ibonisa ukuthi ukukhanya kungacondoza njengendululo yezinhlayiyana (ezibizwa amabane) futhi kuveze izakhi ezifana nezomsebe. Lokhu kwaholela esicabangweni sobubili benhlayiyana-msebe ukuze kuveze ukuthi izinhlayiyana zomlinganiso womngako zicondoza njengezinhlayiyana nangeZa; ingakho ngesinye isikhathi zibizwa ngokuthi izinhlayiyamaza ukuze kuveze lokhu.
Usoklele
Usoklele uyinhlwa yevanga enophawu Cu futhi enenani lobuchwe lama- 29. Usoklele uyinkimbi ethambile, egobekayo, futhi iyajijeka kuyilapho ikwazi ukudlulisa amazuba nokushisa. Usoklele ocwebile olulaza ebusweni unombala othanda ukuba ndwebu-ntshungwa. Usoklele usetshenziswa njengesakhi seziqungo zenkimbi ezingafani, ezifana nesiqungo secwebe esisetsenziswa ebucwebeni usoklesinimbi, osetshenziswa ukwenza impahla yasolwandle nezinhlamvu zemali.
INhlayiyana eyisiseko
KumChazandalo wezinhlayiyana, inhlayiyana eyisiseko noma eyisisekelo iyinhlayiyana yechwe engakhiwa ezinye izinhlayiyana. Izinhlayiyana kuyimanje okucatshangwa ukuthi ziyisisekelo zihlanganisa izinzuba, ezikafelimi eziyisiseko (izinkemfe, izinhlamvana, iziphikazinkemfe, iziphikazinhlamvana, imvama okuyizinhlayiyana zotho nezinjelwane zotho), kanye nezikaboshu eziyisisekelo, imvama okuyizinhlayiyana eziyiziphoqi ezihlanganisa okwenanana phakathi kwezikafelimi. Inhlayiyana equkethe izinhlayiyana eziyisiseko ezimbili noma ukweqa ibizwa inhlayiyana eyinhlanganiselo.
Ngokuvamile utho lwakhiwa amachwe, okwakucatshangwa ukuthi ayizinhlayiyana zesiseko, okwenza ubukhona bamachwe baphenduka impikiswano kwaze kwaba ngowe-1905, njengoba abanye abafundindalo abaphambili babethatha amachembe njengamalumbo womchazazibalo, notho njengolwakhiwa impekumpeku. Izakhi zechwe zahlonzwa okokuqala eminyakeni yowe-1930 nokweva; inzuba nenelesi, kanye nebane inhlayiyana yomiyonzi wenzubawonga. Ngaleso sikhathi, ukuvela kobunguxa bomngako kwakuguqula isicabangelo ngenhlayiyana, njengoba inhlayiyana eyodwa yayingagcwala indawo njengoba kwenza iza, okusayisixakaxaka esingenancazelo egculisayo.
Koch County
IKoch yisifunda esingaphansi kwesifundazwe se Unity, eNingizimu Sudan.
MILF
I-MILF ( /m ɪ l f /, sengathi ifundwe njenge- "milf") isichazamazwi esimele " Umama Engingathanda Ukumncela ".Lesi sifinyezo sisetshenziswe esiNgisini esihlanganayo, esikhundleni salo lonke ibinzana. Kusho owesifazane osekhulile okhangayo ngokobulili, imvamisa onezingane. Ukusetshenziswa kwale nkulumo kusuke kungacaci kangako kuya kokujwayelekile kwabezindaba nakwezokuzijabulisa.Igama elihlobene nelithi cougar, eliphakamisa owesifazane osekhulile ekuphishekeleni ngenkuthalo abesilisa abasebasha.
Umlando
Isazi sezilimi uLaurel A. Sutton uthi i-MILF ibingenye yamagama ayi-9 athi "abesifazane abakhangayo" aqoqwe kulabo abathola iziqu ekilasini elikhulu lezilimi eBerkeley entwasahlobo ka-1992.Abasebenzisi be-stereotypical bazoba "abafundi basekolishi abavela e- East Contra Costa, eCalifornia ".Leli gama laziwa kakhulu yifilimu iAmerican Pie (1999), lapho umlingiswa kaJohn Cho (obizwa nje ngokuthi 'MILF Guy No. 2') wasebenzisa leli gama ukubhekisa kumlingiswa kaJennifer Coolidge uJeanine Stifler.
I-athikili yango-2007 kumagazini waseNew York yathi ubufakazi bokuthi leli gama selibe yinsakavukela kuhlanganisa "ama-mugs namatshisi abhalwe uphawu lwe-MILF angama-25,000 ku- Café Press ukuqhuma kwezincwadi ezishisayo ( The Hot Mom's Handbook, Confessions of a Naughty Mommy, I-MILF Anthology ), imibukiso yethelevishini ( Desperate Housewives, The Real Housewives of Orange County, the ujao  umncintiswano Umama Oshisa Kakhulu eMelika, nomshayeli wendiza othuthukayo obizwa nge- MILF & Cookies ), futhi, futhi, uhlobo oluhambisana nocansi ".
Amagama afanayo
Igama elithi yummy mummy liyasetshenziswa kanye ne-MILF.I- Oxford English Dictionary ichaza leli gama ngokuthi "umama osemusha okhangayo futhi onesitayela".
Yize kungakasakazeki kakhulu kumasiko adumile wonkana, amafomu i-DILF (athi "Ubaba / Ubaba Engingathanda Ukumncoma ") noma i-FILF (ka "Baba Ngingathanda Ukuncela") asetshenziswa phakathi kwama- androphiles ukubhekisa ku indoda ekhangayo ngokocansiokungenzeka ukuthi ingubaba.
KwaDukuza
KwaDukuza yidolobha elikwisifundazwe saKwaZulu-Natali, eNingizimu Afrika.
IMemel, IFuleyisitata
IMemel yidolobha eliseFuleyisitata, eNingizimu Afrika.
Hargelle (woreda)
IHargelle yi-woreda engaphansi kwesifundazwe se Somali, e-Itiyopiya.
Khalidia
IKhalidia ngumasipala futhi yidolobha elikwisifundazwe se Ben Arous, eThuniziya.
Litoral, Nkabazwe Gini
ILitoral yisifundazwe sase Nkabazwe Gini.
Kayunga District
IKayunga yisifunda esingaphansi kwesifundazwe se Central, eYuganda. Isiqongo salesifunda yi-Kayunga.
Dalifage (woreda)
IDalifage yi-woreda engaphansi kwesifundazwe se Afar, e-Itiyopiya.
Settara District
ISettara yisifunda esingaphansi kwesifundazwe se Jijel, e-Aljeriya.
IKnysna
IKnysna yidolobha eliseNtshonalanga Kapa, eNingizimu Afrika.
Inyuvesi yethekhinoloji yaseTshwane
ITshwane University of Technology ( TUT ) (i-Afrikaans: iTshwane-Universiteit vir Tegnologie ) yisikhungo semfundo ephakeme eNingizimu Afrika esaba khona ngokuhlanganiswa kwamatheknoloji amathathu - iTechnikon Northern Gauteng, Technikon North-West kanye neTechnikon Pretoria.
Njengoba inani labafundi ababhalisa minyaka yonke likhula ngokushesha, amarekhodi akhombisa ukuthi iTshwane University of Technology ibhekele cishe abafundi abangama-90,000 futhi isibe yisikhungo semfundo ephakeme esikhulu kunazo zonke eNingizimu Afrika.
Amakhampasi
Inyuvesi inamakhampasi ayisishiyagalombili: iPitoli, iSoshanguve, iGa-Rankuwa, iWitbank ( eMalahleni ), iMbombela ( Nelspruit ) nePolokwane. Amakhono amabili, okuyiFakhalthi yeSayensi nezoBuciko, anezikhungo ezinikele enkabeni yedolobha lasePitoli.
Ukubhaliswa kwabafundi
Kwakunabafundi abangama-88,078 ababhalisela unyaka wezi-2012 eTshwane University of Technology. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi, ngonyaka we-2014, ukuthi inani lezicelo zabafundi zonyaka wokuqala ezitholwe yunivesithi zazingama-80,000. ITshwane University of Technology ihlinzeka kakhulu ngeziqu zokufundela umsebenzi njengezidiploma zeminyaka emithathu. Izinketho zokuchaza zikhona ngesimo samadiploma athuthukile, iziqu kanye namakhosi kanye neziqu zobudokotela.Lezi ziqu zihlinzekwa ngamakhono la alandelayo:
Usezingeni
Ku-2010 Webometrics ibeke eyunivesithi indawo ye-15th ehamba phambili eNingizimu Afrika kanye ne-5662th emhlabeni.Ku-2018, eyunivesithi ibekwe eyunivesithi ehamba phambili ye-9th eNingizimu Afrika
I-United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (i-UNESCO) ibeka uMnyango Wezobuntatheli eyunivesithi njengenye yezikhungo eziyishumi nambili ezingaba namandla eProfessional Journalism Training e-Afrika.
Wele-Nzas
IWele-Nzas yisifundazwe sase Nkabazwe Gini.
Nampula District
INampula yisifunda se Nampula, okuyisifundazwe sase Mozambiki.
Nacarôa District
INacarôa yisifunda se Nampula, eMozambiki.
Dewe (woreda)
IDewe yi-woreda engaphansi kwesifundazwe se Afar, e-Itiyopiya.
IMozambiki
IMozambiki (isiPutukezi: Moçambique) yizwe elise zwenikazi iMozambiki. Leli zwe linabantu abahlukahlukene, abaphila futhi basebenze kulo. IMozambiki njengezwe ixube izilimi ezahlukene, kepha ulimi olukhulunywa kakhulu isiPutukezi. Isiqongo saseMozambiki iMaputo.
Mornag
IMornag ngumasipala futhi yidolobhana elikwisifundazwe se Ben Arous, eThuniziya.
Oyam, Yuganda
I-Oyam yidolobha elikwisifundazwe se Northern, eYuganda. Leli dolobha liyisiqongo sesifunda se Oyam.
Izifundazwe zase Malawi
IMalawi inezifundazwe ezintathu eziqukethe izifunda ezingama-28.
Mayiandit County
IMayiandit yisifunda esingaphansi kwesifundazwe se Unity, eNingizimu Sudan.
Ribáuè District
IRibáuè yisifunda se Nampula, eMozambiki.
Baarey (woreda)
IBaarey yi-woreda engaphansi kwesifundazwe se Somali, e-Itiyopiya.
IKranshoek
IKranshoek yidolobha eliseNtshonalanga Kapa, eNingizimu Afrika.
IPaul Roux
IPaul Roux yidolobha elincane eliseFuleyisitata, eNingizimu Afrika.
Lago District
ILago yisifunda se Niassa, eMozambiki.
Taher District
ITaher yisifunda esingaphansi kwesifundazwe se Jijel, e-Aljeriya.
Kyankwanzi District
IKyankwanzi yisifunda esingaphansi kwesifundazwe se Central, eYuganda. Isiqongo salesifunda yi-Kyankwanzi.
Izinga Lentuthuko Yabantu
Izinga Lentuthuko Yabantu (ILY) (IsiNgisi: Human Development Index) yindlela yokuhlola amazinga entuthuko yabantu emazweni omhlaba. Uma kusetshenziswa i-ILY kubhekwa intuthuko yabantu phecelezi kwezemfundo, kwezomnotho, amathuba omsebenzi, ukuvota kanye nezinye izingxenye zempilo. Loluhlelo lokubheka amazinga entuthuko yabantu yasungulwa ngu-Mahbub ul Haq owazalelwa  ePhakistan.
Lichinga District
ILichinga yisifunda se Niassa, eMozambiki.
Djibloho
IDjibloho yisifundazwe sase Nkabazwe Gini.
Mayom County
IMayom yisifunda esingaphansi kwesifundazwe se Unity, eNingizimu Sudan.
Bizerte
IBizerte ngumasipala futhi yidolobha eliyisiqongo sesifundazwe se Bizerte, eThuniziya.
IPetrus Steyn
IPetrus Steyn yidolobha elincane eliseFuleyisitata, eNingizimu Afrika.
Cuamba District
ICuamba yisifunda se Niassa, eMozambiki.
Mahlabathini
Thokozani langa lishonile ilanga 2005
Intatheli yezithombe
Intatheli yezithombe noma ubuthombe-ntatheli iwuhlobo lobuntatheli ngokusebenzisa izithombe ezithwetshuliwe kanye nezidwetshiwe (illustration) ukubika izindaba.
IKurland, INtshonalanga Kapa
IKurland yilokishi eliseNtshonalanga Kapa, eNingizimu Afrika.
Majune District
IMajune yisifunda se Niassa, eMozambiki.
Isipontshi Bob Amabhulukwe Ayisikwele
SpongeBob SquarePants iwuchungechunge lwethelevishini lwamahlaya lwaseMelika olwakhiwe uthisha wesayensi yasolwandle kanye nomdidiyeli wopopayi uStephen Hillenburg weNickelodeon. Uchungechunge lulandisa ngezigigaba zomlingisi wesihloko nabangane bakhe basemanzini edolobheni lenganekwane elingaphansi kwamanzi lase-Bikini Bottom. Njengoba iwuchungechunge lwesihlanu olude kakhulu lopopayi lwaseMelika, ukuduma kwalo okuphezulu kulwenze lwaba yibhizinisi labezindaba. Iwuchungechunge olukalwe kakhulu oluzosakazwa ku-Nickelodeon kanye nempahla enenzuzo enkulu ye-Paramount Consumer Products, ekhiqize ngaphezu kwe- $13 bhiliyoni emalini engenayo yokuthengisa kusukela ngo-2019.
SpongeBob SquarePants iwine imiklomelo eyahlukene okuhlanganisa i-Annie Awards eyisithupha, i-Golden Reel Awards eyisishiyagalombili, i-Emmy Awards emine, i-18 Kids' Choice Awards, kanye ne-BAFTA Children's Awards emibili. Umculo we-Broadway osuselwe ochungechungeni owavulwa ngo-2017 ukuze utuswe kakhulu.
NgesiZulu, lolu chungechunge lusakazwa kuma-Nicktoons, abizwa ngesiZulu anemibhalo engezansi yesiNgisi.
EMandeni
IMandeni noma Mandini yidolobha eliKwaZulu-Natali, eNingizimu Afrika.
Cherati (woreda)
ICherati yi-woreda engaphansi kwesifundazwe se Somali, e-Itiyopiya.
Hadele Ele (woreda)
IHadele Ele yi-woreda engaphansi kwesifundazwe se Afar, e-Itiyopiya.
IPhuthaditjhaba
IPhuthaditjhaba yidolobha eliseFuleyisitata, eNingizimu Afrika.
Texenna District
ITexenna yisifunda esingaphansi kwesifundazwe se Jijel, e-Aljeriya.
Luweero District
ILuweero yisifunda esingaphansi kwesifundazwe se Central, eYuganda. Isiqongo salesifunda yi-Luweero.
Marrupa District
IMarrupa yisifunda se Niassa, eMozambiki.
Imifino
Imifino, ebizwa nangokuthi imibhido iyizitshalo okudliwa amaqabunga azo njengezilimo. Nakuba itholakala ezitshalweni ezinhlobonhlobo, iningi layo iyefana neminye imifino ngomsoco nangezindlela zokupheka.
Cishe kunemiqhinqo eyaziwayo eyinkulungwane yezitshalo ezinamaqabunga adliwayo. Imifino eminingi ivela ezitshalweni eziphila isikhashana ezifana nomSenge (lettuce) nomkleshe (spinach). Izitshalo ezisakhuni zemiqhinqo ehlukile nazo zinawo amahlamvu adliwayo.
Amacembe amaningi ezitshalo eziwukudla kwezilwane ayadliwa nangabantu, kodwa imvama zidliwa ngaphansi kwezimo zesomiso. Izibonelo zihlanganisa (alfalfa), (clover), neningi lotshani olungamafuzadla (Poaceae grasses), ahlanganisa ukolweni (wheat) ne (barley). Lezitshalo zithela kakhulu kunezitshalo ezaziwayo zemifino, kodwa ukuxhashazwa komsoco wazo omningi kunzima, ngenxa yesiqikili esiphezulu senxoza yazo.
Pader, Yuganda
IPader yidolobha elikwisifundazwe se Northern, eYuganda. Leli dolobha liyisiqongo sesifunda se Pader.
ILittle Brak River, Idolobha
ILittle Brak River yindawo eseNtshonalanga Kapa, eNingizimu Afrika.
IHarding
IHarding yidolobha eliKwaZulu-Natali, eNingizimu Afrika.
Panyijar County
IPanyijar yisifunda esingaphansi kwesifundazwe se Unity, eNingizimu Sudan.
Mandimba District
IMandimba yisifunda se Niassa, eMozambiki.
Maúa District
IMaúa yisifunda se Niassa, eMozambiki.
Ceelkarri (woreda)
ICeelkarri yi-woreda engaphansi kwesifundazwe se Somali, e-Itiyopiya.
Telalak (woreda)
ITelalak yi-woreda engaphansi kwesifundazwe se Afar, e-Itiyopiya.
Zanele Sifuba
UNtombizanele Beauty Sifuba usopolitiki waseNingizimu Afrika kanye nothisha osebe nguSomlomo wesiShayamthetho sesiFundazwe saseFreyistata kusukela ngoMeyi 2019. Wakhethwa esiShayamthetho ngenyanga efanayo. uSifuba uyilungu le- African National Congress.
Umsebenzi
USifuba usebenze njengothisha kusukela ngo-1999 kuya ku-2019. Uphinde wasebenza njengesekela lomqondisi obhekele ukuqapha nokuhlola eMnyangweni wezokuThuthukiswa koMphakathi wesifundazwe.