cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Imfundo Yamasiko Amaningi
UJoe Kincheloe kanye no Shirley Steinberg
U-Kincheloe kanye no -Steinberg babonise ukunganeliseki ngendaba yoku setshenziswa kwegama " amasiko aminingi " kanye "nemfundo yamasiko amaningi". Banikeza umhlahlandlela yezindlela amagama asetshenziswa ngayo. Ababhali baxwayisa abafundi babo ukuthi bakhulumela ngokungananazi isimo esibucayi samasiko amaningi nokuthi abafundi kufanele bakunake lokhu njengoba becabangela intela yabo. Ababhali bahlukanise lokhu kwaba yizigaba ezinhlanu futhi esibalulekile. Lezi zigaba zibalulekile futhi ziqanjwe ngemva kwezinkolelo zobunhloli kanye nezoku gcina kwamasiko emphakathini wase Melika, zidalula ngamunye ngamunye isimo sezopolitiki.
Umbono weDemocratic Equality, uzama ukuvumela abafundi ukuba bazizwe sengathi bangamalungu ekilasi, : 45 Isekela imfundo yamasiko amaningi ngoba "enkundleni yezombangazwe yentando yeningi, sonke sithathwa njengabalinganayo (ngokomthetho womuntu oyedwa, ivoti elilodwa), kodwa lokhu kulingana kwezombusazwe kungabukelwa phansi uma ukungalingani kwezenhlalakahle kwezakhamuzi kukhula kakhulu". : 42 Ngokubandakanya abafundi abanamasiko ahlukene, amakhono, kanye nezinhlanga abafundi bajwayelana kakhulu nabantu abahlukile kubo, ngethemba lokuvumela ukwamukelwa okukhulu emphakathini. Ngokwethula amasiko ahlukahlukene, abafundi bazozizwa sengathi banezwi noma indawo esikoleni.
Masiphumelele
Masiphumelele iyi-suburb yaseKapa, eNingizimu Afrika.
Tshivhase
Tshivhashe iyidolobha eRiphabliki waseNingizimu Afrika.
MaPulana
I Pulana noma Mapulana, Uyi ephansi esigangeni Zulu-Tswana uhlanga atholakala engxenyeni esenyakatho-mpumalanga Mpumalanga futhi mpumalanga Limpopo izifundazwe.Ulimi lwabo lubizwa ngeSepulana (SeKutswe nePai) futhi lubhekwa njengolimi lweqembu lolimi lwesiSuthu saseNyakatho.
Indawo lapho kuhlala khona abakwaPulana ibizwa ngokuthi iMapulaneng, isuka emfuleni iCrocodile eningizimu ize ifike emngceleni waseSwazini (Mapulana waseMashego) isuke eNgwenya iye Olifants River enyakatho, izintaba zaseLebombo empumalanga futhi ibandakanya nedolobha lonke iHazyview, Lepunama ( Nelspruit ), Sabie, Graskop, Hoedspruit, Barberton, Lydenburg futhi Dullstroom entshonalanga.Ngolimi lwesiPulana noma iSepulana, uMapulaneng usho ukuthi "Indawo yabantu bakwaMapulana"; lesi sizwe sithola igama laso kumholi waso ongumsunguli, uLepulana owagcina eguqule igama lakhe laba nguChiloane. UMapulana uyinzalo kaMorolong kanti imvelaphi yabo ingabuyela emuva eKgalagadi ngaphambi kokuba bayohlala eThaba Chueu, okuyindawo esempumalanga yeLesotho kanye naseShakwaneng (Carolina) ngeminyaka yama-1500.UMapulana waseMatshwe ngathola igama labo kumholi wabo uPulane futhi bangamahlumela ama-Amazizi futhi bangabokudabuka kabeNguni.
Kufra
IKufra yisifunda futhi yidolobha elikwisifundazwe se Kufra, eLibhiya.
MaPulana
Umlando
Imvelaphi kaMaPulana nomlando wokuthi sekunesikhathi esingakanani behlala endaweni enkulu yeMapulaneng kuyisihloko senkulumompikiswano eshubile.Ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi kunamaqembu amathathu akwaMapulana, aMapulana akwaMohlomi angamaBakwena kanye noMapulana wokuqala ukuhlala eThaba Chueu, uMapulana waseMatshwe I, wasePulane angama-Amazizi futhi ayehlala ngasemfuleni iTugela futhi kamuva ajoyina elinye iMapulana eThaba Chueu.AbaMapulana bakwaChiloane abangabokudabuka eBarolong futhi bashiya isizwe esikhulu saseBarolong ngesikhathi sokubusa kukaTau.INkosi yakwaMapulana uMalele yayinamadodana amabili avelele, endala kwakunguMorale owaziwa ngoChiloane jnr noMashego. Laba bobabili babengamaqhawe angcono futhi behlonishwa kahle ngabalandeli babo.Kwaqubuka ingxabano eshubile phakathi kwalezi zelamani ngenxa yowesifazane osemncane okwakuthiwa ungumzala wabo kanti ingxabano yafihlwa abomndeni wasebukhosini yatshela abantu ukuthi abazalwane balwela isibaya samabele (seshego sa mabele) Ngemuva kokubona ukuthi abantu esekela umfowabo omdala, uMashego wahamba nabalandeli bakhe wayozinza ngaseBakwena kulokho okukhona namuhla iSwazini futhi wazihlukanisa nesizwe esikhulu sakwaMapulana.UChiloane noMashego bobabili bahlonishwa njengamakhosi akwaMapulana kanti uChiloane nguyena ophakeme.AbakwaMapulana baseChiloane babehlala ePhageng (Empakeni) eningizimu empumalanga yeNelspruit kanye nomfula iLepunama (Nelspruit) kanti uMapulana waseMashego wayehlala eMotsheteng (Emjindini, eBarberton lapho umzukulu kaMasoyi II kaMashego angcwatshwa khona) Isazi-mlando seMaPulana uMoses Mashego usitshela "Babenamakhosi amabili, uMashego noChiloane, bonke abanye babeyizikhonzi nezinduna."
NgoDisemba 1864, aMaPulana anqoba amaSwazi empini yaseMoholoholo ngaphansi kobuholi bezinduna ezine, uMaripe Mashile, uChiloane noMohlala, noSekakole Maatjie owayeyiqhawe elinesibindi futhi eyisangoma.AbaBaPedi abangaphansi kweNkosi uSekhukhune benqabile ukusiza futhi abakwaMapulana bavikela inqaba yabo yezintaba zaseMoholoholo ekuhlaselweni amaSwazi okwakuthunyelwe yiNkosi uMswati II.AbakwaSwazi babhujiswa kwathi owokuqala ukubhekana nokushona kwabo esiqongweni sentaba kwakungumfowabo omncane wenkosi yaseSwazini uZimase.Amatshe aguqulwa ukuze avikele isitha, futhi ukuhlaselwa okuningi enqabeni yabo kwaxoshwa.Amathambo abantu abalimele eSwazini agcwala intaba isikhathi eside ngemuva kwalokho.Umfula ongaphansi kweNtaba waqanjwa ngokuthi iMotlasedi (iKlaserie)
Kunezinganekwane phakathi kukaMaPulana mayelana nesibindi nobuhlakani bukaSekakole (owayesevele eyikhehla) empini yaseMoholoholo.Kuthiwa ubephethe izibhamu abezithengisile, futhi wenza imilingo eminingi ukujabulisa amasosha aseSwazini ngenganekwane eyodwa ephawuleka ngendlela aziphendula ngayo waba yindlwana yokudida isitha sakhe abaleke.
Inkolo
Njengamaqembu amaningi oSuthu-Tswana, uMaPulana ukholelwa kuBadimo (okhokho).Uma benza ukukhulekelwa kwabo kokhokho (go phasa badimo) babhekana nokuya eShakwaneng, ebheke empumalanga.Akekho unkulunkulu oyedwa kepha wonke amadlozi noma imimoya iyahlonishwa.Ukushweleza nemimoya oyidingayo ngezikhathi ezithile.Ngesikhathi seminikelo kwenziwa ubhiya bendabuko futhi isilwane (imbuzi / inkukhu / inkomo) kufanele kuhlatshwe.Elinye igazi lesilwane esihlatshiwe kanye nelinye ubhiya lithelwa ku-legandelo (ipulatifomu yomhlatshelo) njengokunikela kwimimoya.Ilungu eliphezulu kakhulu lomndeni elikhona kulo mhlatshelo libiza amagama amadlozi ngokwezigaba ezihambisana nokushaywa kwezandla kwamanye amalungu omndeni.Isihlahla se-Mmalo (Coral) sivame ukutshalwa endaweni yesikhulumi.
Umuthi
Imithi yesintu ibilokhu futhi iseyinto ekhethekile kaMapulana.Lokhu kungabangelwa isimo sezulu esishisayo saseMapulaneng esenza amakhambi akhule ngobuningi. Imithi yesintu ikhishwa uDingaka (odokotela bendabuko).Ukuze umuntu abe ngudokotela wendabuko kumele aqeqeshwe kanzima nangesikhathi eside ngaphansi kweGobela (Guru).Udokotela oqeqeshwayo wendabuko ubizwa ngokuthi yi-letwasane (Sangoma).Ukwenza imvula nakho kwakungokukhethekile kukaMapulana.
Tatenda Taibu
UTatenda Taibu (owazalwa zi-14 kuNhlaba 1983) wayengumdlali wekhilikithi waseZimbabwe owayengukapteni weqembu lesizwe lekhilikithi laseZimbabwe.Uyena wicket-umgcini -batsman.Kusukela mhla ziyisi-6 kuNhlaba wezi-2004 kuya kumhla zi-5 kuMandulo wezi-2019, ubephethe irekhodi lokuba ukaputeni omncane kunabo bonke emlandweni ngesikhathi engukaputeni weqembu lakhe libhekene ne- Sri Lanka kwaze kwaba yilapho u- Rashid Khan wase- Afghanistan ethatha irekhodi.
MaPulana
Uhlelo lomndeni
UMapulana unohlelo lwezigaba, olwaziwa ngeDikgoro (Clans lit. "kraals").Kukhona labo abavela ku-Kgorong e ezinkulu (clan ephakeme) noma Kgorong ea nyana (low clan).Labo abavela kuKgorong e ezinkulu bangabantu begazi lasebukhosini noma bazalwa kunkosikazi omkhulu futhi kulindeleke ukuthi babe dikata-pele (abaholi) ngesikhathi semikhosi yokwethwasa.Lolu hlelo lusetshenziswa futhi kwi-go loma maraka (umkhosi wokuvuna kokuqala) nangesikhathi sokutshala.
Tatenda Taibu
NgoJulayi 2012 uTaibu, oneminyaka engu-29 kuphela, wanquma ukuyeka ukudlala ikhilikithi ukuze agxile emsebenzini wakhe esontweni.NgoZibandlela wezi-2018, kwabikwa ukuthi usebuyela emdlalweni wekhilikithi.Kamuva ngayo leyo nyanga, wadlalela ikhilikithi yesigaba sokuqala seBadureliya Sports Club emqhudelwaneni wePremier League ka -2018-19 eSri Lanka.
Kommetjie
Kommetjie iyi-suburb yaseKapa, eNingizimu Afrika.
Tatenda Taibu
Umsebenzi wamazwe ngamazwe
UTaibu waqala umdlalo wakhe wokuqala wekhilikithi eneminyaka engu-16 ubudala, futhi waqala ukudlala eqenjini lesizwe laseZimbabwe ngo-2001, eneminyaka engu-18.Ngo-2003, waqokwa njengephini likakaputeni ku- Heath Streak ohambweni lweqembu lase- England, futhi waqokwa ukapteni kazwelonke ngo-Ephreli 2004, okumenza waba ukapteni omncane kunabo bonke emlandweni we-Test, kwaze kwaba yilapho u-Rashid Khan wase-Afghanistan ethatha irekhodi ngo-2019.URashid Khan wayemncane ngezinsuku ezingu - 8 kuTaibu ngenkathi engukaputeni we - Afghanishtan ibhekene neBangladesh.
MaPulana
Uhlelo lomndeni
Izizinda eziyinhloko zaMaPulana yilezi bagaMashego, bagaMalele, bagaMogane, bagaChilwane, bagaNonyane, bagaMashile.Bobabili uMashego noMalele bangamakhosi endaweni yaseBushbuckridge, uChilwane uyinduna endaweni yase-Acornhoek nasePilgrem Rest kanye noMogane noNonyane endaweni yaseGraskop naseSabie kanye noBagaMashile eMatibidi kuya eLydenburg.UMapulana unezinduna ezimbili eziphezulu bagaChiloane noMashego Masoyi.Inkosi eyinganekwane yengxenye ethile kaMapulana ingcwatshwe eMmadiokane (Manaledi) Village eBotswana ngemuva kokufuduka isuka eMmalebogo nomndeni wayo waseBa ga Mogoma kukamalume wayo uKgungu Disikalala.
Marek Grechuta
Marek Michał Grechuta (10 ngoZibandlela 1945 — 9 ngoMandulo 2006), Pholisi umculi, imbongi umpendi. Ngo-1966 yena wasungula iqembu Anawa. Izingoma zakhe aziwa kakhulu: "Niepewność", "Dni których nie znamy", "Korowód".
MaPulana
Umshado
Umndeni womfana wawukhomba umndeni lapho kwakufanele umfana ashade khona.Umfana wabe eseqola intombazane ehlangabezana nokuthanda kwakhe kulowo mndeni okhethiwe. Kokunye umfana ubekhomba intombazane yakhe.Ngazo zonke izinhloso, umshado wahlelwa njengoba imindeni inikela ngezibusiso zayo ngemuva kwesigcawu.Umndeni womfana uxoxisane ngodikgomo tsa bogadi okumele ukhokhelwe umndeni wentombazane.Isithembu sasenziwa.Unkosikazi wokuqala nenzalo yakhe babephethe isikhundla esiphakeme.Ifa lidlula kunkosikazi wokuqala ngaphambi kokudluliselwa kunkosikazi omncane kanye nenzalo yakhe.
Ukuqamba igama
Lapho izingane zizalwa "ba ya relela" (zithola igama lokhokho wazo).Uma igama lomuntu othile kunguThadishe, ngokwesibonelo, angaba nguThadishe 6. Ogogo nobabekazi bakayise bayazi ukuthi yiliphi igama abazolinika ingane.Lokhu bekuvame ukwenziwa ngemuva kokubonisana noNgaka ozobatshela ukuthi ngubani ozalwa kabusha ngokuzalwa kwengane.Lapho ingane ingalali noma igula, ikhonjwa enyangeni ngugogo wayo noma ubabekazi wayo.Ugogo uzomemeza athi: "mogwera wa go ke yela, gola o reme diphate, o tshware lerumo noma lwe dintwa!" (Kukhona umngani wakho / Umngani wakho yinyanga, khulisa futhi usike izihlahla (ukhuni), khula, thatha imikhonto ulwe izimpi! ).Empeleni, khula ube namandla.
Tatenda Taibu
Umsebenzi wamazwe ngamazwe
Uthathe ikhefu leminyaka emibili eZimbabwe kusukela ngo-2005 kuya ku-2007 lapho edlale isizini njengokaputeni weNamibia nenye isizini kuCape Cobras yaseNingizimu Afrika.
Bir Bouhouche District
IBir Bouhouche yisifunda esingaphansi kwesifundazwe se Souk Ahras, e-Aljeriya.
Tatenda Taibu
Umsebenzi wamazwe ngamazwe
Wabuyela eqenjini laseZimbabwe ochungechungeni olubhekene ne-India A ngoJulayi 2007, wabhalisa iminyaka eyikhulu.Ngenyanga elandelayo iZimbabwe isingathe iNingizimu Afrika ngochungechunge lwemidlalo emithathu ye-ODI futhi emdlalweni wokugcina u-Taibu washaya i-career best 107 engaphumanga.Bekuyikhulu lokuqala le-ODI ngumuntu waseZimbabwe ebhekene neNingizimu Afrika.
MaPulana
Imfuyo
ILeruo (imfuyo) neMashemo (umhlaba okwakulinywa kuwo) bebehlukanisa umuntu ocebile nendoda empofu.Umhlaba wawungowabo bonke abahlali bendawo futhi uNduna wabela indawo yokulima.Indawo yokudla kwamadlelo yayihlangene.Uhlelo lokuqashwa komhlaba kwaMapulana lwalungukuthi umhlaba wawungathengwa noma uthengiswe.IDipholwane (umdlalo) ibizingelwa ukudla, ukwelapha noma imigubho.
Ikhalenda
Unyaka Omusha umemezela ukuqala kwenkathi yokutshala izitshalo ezikhiqiza ukudla okuyisisekelo kwaMapulana.Ukutshala bekuvame ukwenziwa ngokobudala bomndeni, izinhlekelele zakhula kuqala kuqala kanti ezinye ziyalandela.UMabele (umbila namabele) batshalwa kuqala, uDintlu (jugobeans) agcine.Ezinye izitshalo ezinjengoMjumbula (umdumbula), iMathape (i-colocasia), iMatlapala njll zitshalwa nganoma yisiphi isikhathi sonyaka.
Lapho izitshalo sezikulungele ukuvunwa, umdala womndeni uzokhetha ukukhetha okuncane kwesivuno.Uzobiza amagama amadlozi bese enikela isivuno kubo.Lonke ilungu lalowo mndeni lizokwenzelwa ukuba liqhume kulokho okukhethiwe okuncane.Lokhu kuzoba umkhosi wokuvuna kokuqala.Akuvunyelwe neze ukudla noma ikuphi ukukha ngaphandle kokuthi lezi zinqubo ezibizwa nge-go loma (to nibble) zenziwe.
I-Etymology kanye nophawu
Igama elithi MaPulana lisho ukhokho ovamile ogama lakhe linguLepulana, igama lakhe libhekisa ekulandiseni okuyindumasi kwamakhono akhe okwenza imvula.ULepulana wayaziwa nangokuthi uChiloane.
Uphawu lwe- totem lukaMaPulana yingonyama.
Insimu
Iningi likaMaPulana lihlala kule ndawo kusuka eHoedspruit kuya eHazyview namaphethelo.Le ndawo enkulu njalo ibizwa ngokuthi "iMapulaneng" okusho ukuthi "Indawo yabantu bakaPulana (Lepulana)".Emazweni awo yokhokho ngokomlando, Nokho ayesuka Klaserie (enyakatho Hoedspruit enyakatho kuya kwaze kwaba seningizimu njengoba eMbombela (Nelspruit) kuhlanganise namuhla Graskop, Sabie futhi Ohrigstad.
Kukhona nesibalo esikhulu sabakwaMaPulana abahlala eMabopane, eWinterveld naseKlipgat enyakatho nentshonalanga yePitoli kanye naseDaveyton empumalanga yeGoli lapho kukhona umgwaqo oqanjwe ngoMaPulana.Amanye amadolobhana akwaMapulana afaka phakathi [[Chochocho] Lilydale, Cottondale, Dwarsloop, Mariti, Mgandusweni, Manyeleti, Lephong, Moloro, Matibidi, Leroro, Greenvalley, GaJosefa, Jerusalema, Oakley, Rolle, Wales, ]
Deder, Itiyopiya
IDeder yidolobha futhi yi-woreda engaphansi kwesifundazwe se Oromia, e-Itiyopiya.
Tatenda Taibu
Umsebenzi wamazwe ngamazwe
Ngo-2010 uTaibu uqhubekile nokwenza kahle wathola amaphuzu angu-73 bedlala neNingizimu Afrika njengoba iZimbabwe iphume yonke ku-268.Abantu baseNingizimu Afrika bajahe ingqikithi ngokukhululeka ngoHashim Amla no- AB de Villiers abashaye amakhulu eminyaka.
Ushaye ama-runs angu-98 eqenjini lakhe ku- ICC World Cup 2011 njengoba iqembu labo lanqoba ngama-run angu-175 lidlala neCanada eNagpur.U-Taibu udlale i-innings encomekayo esimweni okumele siwine kwiNdebe yoMhlaba.
Middle Shabelle
IMiddle Shabelle yisifundazwe sase Somaliya.
Mbalabala
IMbalabala yisigodi esikwisifundazwe se Matabeleland South, eZimbabwe.
Tatenda Taibu
Umsebenzi wamazwe ngamazwe
Lapho iZimbabwe ibuyela kumdlalo weTest ngomnyaka ka2011, uTaibu wakhethwa ukuthi adlale kumidlalo yeTest eyodwa leqembu leBangladesh, Pakistan kanye leNew Zealand lanxa ekhulume amazwi ahlabayo ngokuphathwa kwekhilikithi.Ushaye isigamu sekhulu ku-Test ngayinye kwemithathu.
U-Taibu ube ngumdlali wesihlanu waseZimbabwe ukuthola ama-run angu-3,000 ngesikhathi efaka ama-run angu-53 (74) edlala neKenya e- Eden Gardens, e- Kolkata ngesikhathi seNdebe Yomhlaba ka-2011 ngomhla zingama-20 kuNdasa wezi-2011.Yena kanye no- Stuart Matsikenyeri baqophe umlando wokubambisana kuma-ODI ngewikhethi yesithupha ye- Zimbabwe (188)
Umhlalaphansi
Ngomhla ziyi-10 kuJulayi 2012, uTaibu wabiza isikhathi somsebenzi wakhe oneminyaka engu-29.Uthe uzokwenza umsebenzi webandla kuphela.UTaibu utshele uZimeye ukuthi: “Ngizwa sengathi ubizo lwami lwangempela manje lulele ekwenzeni umsebenzi weNkosi, futhi nakuba nginenhlanhla futhi ngiziqhenya ngokudlalela izwe lami, isikhathi sesifikile sokuthi ngigxilise ingqondo yami yonke kuleyo ngxenye yempilo yami. impilo.”
Ushaye ama-run angu-1,546 kuma-Test wabamba angu-57 nezintini ezinhlanu, ngesikhathi enza ama-run angu-3,393 kuma-ODI abambe angu-114 kanye nezigingqi ezingu-33.Uqeda engowesine oshaye ama-run amaningi e-Zimbabwe kuma-ODI kanye nesibili ukuxoshwa njengonompempe, ngemuva kuka- Andy Flower.
Ngaphandle kwekhilikithi
Ngemva kokuthatha umhlalaphansi uTaibu wathuthela eLiverpool, eNgilandi. Wajoyina i-Hightown St. Mary's Cricket Club ngo-2016 njengomqeqeshi-umqeqeshi-ukuthuthukiswa-isikhulu esigabeni sesibili se- Liverpool &amp; District Cricket Competition. Ngesikhathi ebhala umlando wakhe wabona ukuthi kuzomele abuyele eZimbabwe.NgoJuni 2016 wamukele indima yokuba ngumxhumanisi weZimbabwe Cricket of selectors and development officer, ekhuthazwa nguPeter Chingoka .UBrendan Taylor noKyle Jarvis bashiya izivumelwano zesifunda ngoSepthemba 2017 ukuze bayodlalela iZimbabwe futhi, izithelo zemizamo kaTaibu yokubayenga ukuthi babuye.
Ngo-2019, uTaibu wabhala incwadi enesihloko esithi 'Umgcini Wokholo', lapho ekhuluma ngesimo senhlalo nepolitiki eZimbabwe, ukushaywa kwakhe esemncane, umbono wakhe ngemva kokubona abadlali bekhilikithi abamhlophe ababenenhlanhla kanye nezinsongo ngokuthola izithombe zezidumbu.Ubengumqeqeshi ongakholakali
Jerissa Delegation
IJerissa yisifunda esingaphansi kwesifundazwe se Kef, eThuniziya.
Capri Village
Capri Village iyi-suburb yaseKapa, eNingizimu Afrika.
Kilgoris Constituency
IKilgoris yisifunda esingaphansi kwesifundazwe se Narok, eKhenya.
IThusi
IThusi liyisiqungo esakhiwe ngokuyinhloko ngosoklele, kanye nesithanambi esingaba yi-12 ekhulwini futhi imvama kufakwa nezinye izinkimbi (ezihlanganisa isAlumbe, uManyazini, INimbi noma iZethe) futhi ngezinye izikhathi kufakwa nokungenkimbi, okufana nepholoba, noma iSiphemba. Lezenezelo zikhiqiza izinhlobo zeziqungo ezingaba eziqatha kunosoklele uwodwa, noma ezinezinye izakhi eziwusizo, ezifana nobukhwepha, ukulembuluka (ductility) noma ukuguxazela.
Bethanie, Namibhiya
IBethanie yisigodi esikwisifundazwe se ǁKaras, eNamibhiya.
IThusi
Inkathi yasemivubulukweni lapho ithusi laliyinkimbi eqatha kakhulu futhi lisetshenziswa kabanzi yaziwa ngokuthi inkathi yethusi. Lenkathi yethusi yaqala entshona naseYurashiya naseNdiya phakathi nekulungwane yesine BCE, nasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yesibili BCE eShayina; yasabalalela kwezinye izindawo kancane kancane ezifundeni zonke. Inkathi yethusi yalandelwa inkathi yensimbi kusuka ngowe-1300 BCE futhi yafinyelela eYurashiya cishe ngowama-500 BCE, nakuba ithusi laqhubeka nokusetshenziswa kabanzi ngokungafani nanamuhla.
Ngenxa yokuthi imisebenzi yobuciko yayivame okwenziwa ngosoklele nezethe futhi amathusi anezakhiwo ezihlukile, izindluzokugcina (museums) kanye nezincaziso zongoti zemisebenzi yobuciko emidala, zisebenzisa kakhulu ibizo elithi "isiqungo sosoklele."
Ndlovu, Robert
Imfundo nomsebenzi
UNdlovu wazalwa ngomhlaka-25 Disemba 1955 eTshongokwe, eMatabeleland, eRhodesia. Ufundiswe eMarist Brothers Dete eDayosisi yaseHwange ngaphambi kokungena eMajor Seminary eChishawasha.Wagcotshwa waba ngumfundisi ngomhlaka 28 Agasti 1983 eneminyaka engamashumi amabili nesikhombisa eHwange, eZimbabwe.
Ukubhoboza iClitoris
{Ukubhoboza i-clitoris ukubhoboza izitho zangasese zesifazane okubekwe ngqo ekhanda (glans) le clitoris uqobo.Kuwukubhoboza okungajwayelekile ngokuzikhethela ngenxa yamandla omonakalo wezinzwa, futhi ngoba abesifazane bangakuthola kukhuthaza kakhulu ukuvumela ukugqokwa njalo kweringi encane noma i-barbell.Kuvame ukudideka nokubhoboza okuvame kakhulu kwe- clitoral hood, okubhoboza kuphela isembozo esimboze i-glitoral glans, okuvumela ubucwebe ukuthi buxhumane kuphela ngezikhathi ezithile nendawo ebucayi kakhulu.
Kalk Bay
Kalk Bay iyi-suburb yaseKapa, eNingizimu Afrika.
Ndlovu, Robert
Imfundo nomsebenzi
Ngo-9 Febhuwari 1999, eneminyaka engamashumi amane nantathu, waqokwa njengoMbhishobhi waseHwange futhi wagcotshwa ezinyangeni ezintathu kamuva.
Ukubhoboza iClitoris
Jikelele
Ukuthuthuka kwakamuva kwezobuciko bokubhoboza kuvumele izindawo eziningi ezihlukile ukuthi zenziwe zithandwe ngenhloso yokukhuthaza kakhulu kunalokho okungafinyelelwa ngokugqoka ubucwebe ku-hood, kepha okuncane ukwedlula okuvela ngqo ku-clitoris.
Misisi
IMisisi yidolobha elikwisifundazwe se Lusaka, eZambiya.
Ukubhoboza iClitoris
Jikelele
Ngokuya ngesimo somuntu ngamunye, ukubhoboza i-clitoris, ikakhulukazi ukubhoboza i-clitoral hood, kungabhekiswa ngokuqondile noma ngokuvundlile. I-clitoris inikezwe ukuqina okuphezulu kakhulu kweziphetho zezinzwa futhi njengokubhoboza izitho zangasese zowesilisa okungena ngaphakathi kumthondo we-glans, ukubhoboza okwehlisayo kungashukumisa kakhulu ngokocansi lapho kwenziwa ukuphathwa kabi, noma ukudlidliza, yingakho ukuthandwa kwabo emasikweni athile we-S &amp; M, lapho imihlobiso emincane esindayo ivame ukufakwa ukukhulisa ukuzwa.
Ndlovu, Robert
UMbhishobhi Omkhulu waseHarare
Ngomhlaka 10 Juni 2004, eneminyaka engamashumi amane nesishiyagalombili, uNdlovu waqokwa njengoMbhishobhi Omkhulu waseHarare futhi wabekwa mhla zingama-21 kuNcwaba 2004.
Ukubhoboza iClitoris
Jikelele
UPiercer Elayne Angel uthe "kwabesifazane abambalwa kakhulu abafisa ngempela ukubhoboza i-clitoris (hhayi ukubhoboza i-clitoral hood), amaphesenti angama-90 kuye kwangama-95 akhiwe ngendlela efanelekile ukufaka ubucwebe ngekhanda lamakhosombe."Umuntu obhoboza intshontsho kufanele abe nesigaxa esikhulu esanele ukuvimbela ukufuduka kokugwazwa kanye nokulahleka okulandelayo ngoba isilinganiso sobucwebe obuningi bujwayele ukusetshenziselwa ukuvimbela umphumela we-'ish-cutter 'uma ubanjwa ezingutsheni, noma udonswa kanzima ngesikhathi socansi umsebenzi.
Ndlovu, Robert
UMbhishobhi Omkhulu waseHarare
UNdlovu usegxeke obala umbuso waseZimbabwe ngokukhishwa kwabantu ngenkani nokunye okwephula amalungelo abantu.Uveze ukuthi "indima kabhishobhi neyebandla lilonke ukumela isithunzi somuntu, futhi kusukela esithunzi sesintu kugeleza amalungelo abantu " .Lokhu kuthukuthelise abanye kuhulumeni abaphendula ngokuthi uMbhishobhi Omkhulu uhlwanyela imbewu yokungezwani kohlanga.Ngo-Agasti 2020 iPapa Nuncio for Zimbabwe yavakashela i-archbisop, futhi yazwakalisa ubumbano ngezikhundla zayo ekwelapheni izakhamizi zaseZimbabwe.
Ukubhoboza iClitoris
Umlando namasiko
Lokhu kubhoboza kungokwemvelo yesimanje futhi akuvamile.Ngo-1989, umgibeli uJim Ward, okwaxoxwa naye no-Andrea Juno kwi- Modern Primitives, wathi "Sengineminyaka engaphezu kwengu-10 ngisebhizinisini futhi angikaze ngenze okungaphezu kwesigamu kweshumi nambili."
Ndlovu, Robert
Izindima zesevisi
UNdlovu usebenza njengoShansela waseZimbabwe Catholic University. Uphinde wasungula isikole iMother Patrick Primary eWaterfalls.
Njengoba u-Archbishop eHarare Ndlovu kuyinto uMongameli we Zimbabwe Catholic Bishops 'Conference (ZCBC).
NgoMeyi 2011, uNdlovu wangcwelisa isikhungo sabakhubazekile iSt Bakhita Catholic eMakumbi.
Amalungelo abantu
Imfundiso yamalungelo abantu ibe nomthelela omkhulu ngaphakathi komthetho wamazwe, wezifundazwe kanye nezikhungo zomhlaba jikelele. Izenzo zezifunda kanye nezinhlangano ezingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni zakha isisekelo senqubomgomo yomphakathi emhlabeni wonke. Umbono wamalungelo abantu uphakamisa ukuthi "uma inkulumo yomphakathi igqugquzela isikhathi sokuthula, umhlaba wonke kungathiwa unolimi olujwayelekile lokuziphatha okuyilelo lwamalungelo abantu". Izimangalo eziqinile ezenziwa imfundiso yamalungelo abantu ziyaqhubeka nokubangela ukungabaza okukhulu kanye nezinkulumo-mpikiswano mayelana nokuqukethwe imvelo kanye nokufaneleka kwamalungelo abantu kuze kube namuhla. Incazelo enembayo yegama elithi ilungelo iyimpikiswano futhi iyisihloko senkulumompikiswano yefilosofi eqhubekayo ;   nakuba kukhona ukuvumelana kokuthi amalungelo abantu ahlanganisa amalungelo anhlobonhlobo amaningi njengelungelo lokuqulwa kwecala ngendlela efanele, ukuvikelwa ekugqilazweni, ukuvinjelwa kokubulawa kwabantu, inkulumo ekhululekile noma ilungelo lemfundo, kukhona ukungaboni ngaso linye mayelana nokuthi yimaphi kulawa malungelo athile okufanele afakwe phakathi kohlaka olujwayelekile lwamalungelo abantu; abanye ongqondongqondo banenkomba yokuthi amalungelo abantu kufanele abe imfuneko encane kakhulu ukuze kugwenywe ukuhlukunyezwa okubi kakhulu, kuyilapho abanye bekubona njengezinga eliphakeme kakhulu. Kubuye kuphikiswane ngokuthi amalungelo abantu “aphiwe uNkulunkulu ”, nakuba lo mbono uye wagxekwa.
Imibono eminingi eyisisekelo eyanyakazisa inhlangano yamalungelo abantu yathuthukiswa ngemva kwempi yezwe yesibili kanye nezehlakalo zokuqothulwa kwesizwe. i-United Nations General Assembly ngonyaka ka 1948 yafinyelela kuvuthondaba ngokwamukelwa kwesimemezelo somhlaba wonke samalungelo abantu e-Paris. Abantu basendulo nabantu besimanje banombono ohlukile mayelana namalungelo wabantu. Isandulela sangempela senkulumo yamalungelo abantu kwakuwumqondo wamalungelo emvelo owavela njengengxenye yesiko lomthetho wemvelo wangenkathi ephakathi owagqama ngesikhathi sokukhanyiswa kwase- Yurophu nezazi zefilosofi ezinjengoJohn Locke, Francis Hutcheson noJean -Jacques Burlamaqui futhi owawunenhlanganiso ikakhulukazi enkulumweni yezepolitiki neNguquko YaseMelika kanye neNguquko YaseFrance. Kusukela kulesi sisekelo, izimpikiswano zanamuhla zamalungelo abantu zavela kungxenye yokugcina yekhulu lamamashumi amabili,   ngokungokwenzeka njengokusabela ebugqilini, ukuhlukunyezwa, isimemezelo sokuzimela njengokuqaphela ubuthakathaka bemvelo yomuntu kanye nanjengombandela wokuba khona komphakathi onobulungiswa. Ukulwela amalungelo abantu kuqhubekile kwaze kwaba ngasekuqaleni kwekhulunyaka lama-21, kugxile ekuzuzeni inkululeko enkulu yezomnotho nepolitiki.
Izenzo zomnotho
Izijeziso zezomnotho zivame ukukhokhiswa abantu noma izifunda ezephula amalungelo abantu. Izijeziso zivame ukugxekwa ngenxa yesici sayo sokujezisa ngokuhlanganyela ekulimazeni abantu bezwe ngokwezomnotho ukuze kwehliswe umbono wabantu ngohulumeni wabo. Kuyaphikiswa futhi ukuthi unswinyo olulimaza ohulumeni abanegunya luqinisa isikhundla saloyo hulumeni ngoba ohulumeni basezoba nezindlela eziningi zokuthola uxhaso kunalabo abagxekayo nabaphikisayo,okuyibo abazoba buthakathaka kakhulu.
Ankober
I-Ankober yidolobha elikwisifundazwe se Amhara, e-Itiyopiya.
Amalungelo abantu
Izenzo zomnotho
Ingozi yokwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu iyanda ngokwanda kwezibalo zabantu abasengozini yezezimali. Amantombazane avela emindenini empofu emazweni angkho embonini ngokuvamile abhekwa njengomthwalo wezezimali emndenini futhi ukushada kwabo basebancane kuqhutshwa ngethemba lokuthi bazokondliwa futhi bavikelwe imindeni ecebile. Ukucwiywa kwezitho zangasese zabesifazane kanye nokuncelisa amadodakazi ngenkani kuqhutshwa njengenye yezindlela zokwandisa amathuba omshado wabo kanjalo nokulondeka kwawo ngokwezimali ngokufeza izinhloso ezithile zezindinganiso zobuhle. Ezindaweni ezithile, amantombazane adinga isipiliyoni semikhuba yokuqalisa ucansi nabesilisa kanye nokuphasa ukuhlolwa kokuqeqeshwa kobulili, lokhu kuklanyelwe ukuwenza akhange kakhulu njengendlela yokwandisa amathuba omshado. Izinyathelo zokusiza isimo sezomnotho samaqembu asengozini ukuze kwehliswe ukwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu zihlanganisa imfundo yamantombazane kanye nemali encane eqinisekisiwe nokudluliswa kwemali okunemibandela, njenge- Bolsa umndeni oxhasa abazali abagcina izingane esikoleni kunokuba banikele emalini yomndeni, kube impumeleloekwehliseniukusetshenziswa kwezingane.
I-UN Human Rights Council, eyasungulwa ngo-2005, inegunya lokuphenya izinsolo zokuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu. Amazwe angama-47 kwangu-193 angamalungu e-UN ahlala emkhandlwini, akhethwe ngevoti eliyimfihlo ku- United Nations General Assembly. Amalungu asebenza isikhathi esingaphezu kweminyaka eyisithupha futhi angase amiswe ubulungu bawo ngenxa yokuhlukumeza amalungelo abantu ngendlela embi kakhulu. Umkhandlu uzinze eGeneva, futhi uhlangana kathathu ngonyaka; ngemihlangano eyengeziwe yokusabela ezimeni eziphuthumayo.
UMkhandlu Wamalungelo Abantu
I-UN Human Rights Council, eyasungulwa ngo-2005, inegunya lokuphenya izinsolo zokuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu. Amazwe angama-47 kwangu-193 angamalungu e-UN ahlala emkhandlwini, akhethwe ngokweningi ngevoti eliyimfihlo ku- United Nations General Assembly. Amalungu asebenza isikhathi esingaphezu kweminyaka eyisithupha futhi angase amiswe ngenxa yokuhlukumeza amalungelo abantu. Lo mkhandlu uzinze eGeneva, futhi uhlangana kathathu ngonyaka; uphinde ungeze imihlangano ukuze usabele ezimeni eziphuthumayo.
Ongoti abazimele (ababhali) bagcinwe umkhandlu ukuze baphenye izinsolo zokuhlukumeza amalungelo abantu kanye nokubika emkhandlwini.
UMkhandlu wamalungelo abantu ungacela ukuthi uMkhandlu Wezokuphepha udlulisele amacala ku-International Criminal Court (ICC) noma ngabe udaba oludluliswayo lungaphandle kwamandla okusebenza okujwayelekile e-ICC. [lower-alpha 2]
Ifilosofi yamalungelo abantu
Kunezindlela eziningi zethiyori ezithuthukisiwe ukuze zichaze ukuthi kungani futhi kwenziwa yini ukuthi amalungelo abantu abe yingxenye yezinto ezilindelwe umphakathi.
Enye yamafilosofi amadala aseNtshonalanga ngamalungelo abantu iwukuthi awumkhiqizo womthetho wemvelo, osuka ezisekelweni ezihlukene zefilosofi noma zenkolo.
Eminye imibono ithi amalungelo abantu ahlanganisa ukuziphatha okuhle okuwumkhiqizo wenhlalo yabantu othuthukiswe inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kanye nezenhlalo. Amalungelo abantu aphinde achazwe njengephethini yezenhlalo yokubeka imithetho (njengakuthiyori yezenhlalo yomthetho kanye nomsebenzi we- Weber ). Lezi zindlela zibandakanya umbono wokuthi abantu ngabanye emphakathini bamukela imithetho evela kwabasemagunyeni abasemthethweni ukuze bathole ukuvikeleka nenzuzo yezomnotho (njengaku- Rawls ) - inkontileka yomphakathi.
Ukungahlukaniswa nokuhlukaniswa kwamalungelo
Ukuhlukaniswa okuvame kakhulu kwamalungelo abantu ukuwahlukanisa abe amalungelo omphakathi nawepolitiki, namalungelo ezomnotho, ezenhlalakahle namasiko. Inhloso yabantu abakhululekile abajabulela inkululeko yomphakathi neyepolitiki kanye nokuswela kungafezwa kuphela uma izimo zidalwa lapho wonke umuntu engajabulela amalungelo ezepolitiki, ezenhlalo, ezomnotho kanye namasiko. Lokhu kuthathwa njengokuyiqiniso ngoba ngaphandle kwamalungelo omphakathi nawepolitiki, umphakathi awukwazi ukugomela umnotho namasiko wawo.
Ukugxekwa
Abagxeki bophiko lwesokudla bamalungelo abantu bathi "ayizinkambiso ezingenangqondo nezingenakuphoqeleka kanye nokugxambukela okungafanele ebukhosini bombuso", kuyilapho abagxeki abangakwesokunxele bamalungelo abantu bephikisana ngokuthi bayehluleka "ukufeza - noma ukuvimbela izindlela ezingcono zokufeza - imigomo eqhubekayo".
Cairo Governorate
ICairo yisifundazwe sase Gibhithe.
Heddada District
IHeddada yisifunda esingaphansi kwesifundazwe se Souk Ahras, e-Aljeriya.
Mkushi
IMkushi yidolobha elikwisifundazwe se Central, eZambiya.
Fedis (woreda)
IFedis yi-woreda engaphansi kwesifundazwe se Oromia, e-Itiyopiya.
Tazirbu
ITazirbu yisifunda futhi yidolobha elikwisifundazwe se Kufra, eLibhiya.
Plumtree, Zimbabwe
IPlumtree yidolobha elikwisifundazwe se Matabeleland South, eZimbabwe.
Ocean View, Cape Town
Ocean View iyi-suburb yaseKapa, eNingizimu Afrika.
Noordhoek
Noordhoek iyi-suburb yaseKapa, eNingizimu Afrika.
Koës
IKoës yisigodi esikwisifundazwe se ǁKaras, eNamibhiya.
Mandla Mandela
UZwelivelile "Mandla" Mandela, iLungu lePhalamende (owazalwa ngomhlaka 21 Juni 1974) uyinduna yesizwe soMkhandlu Wendabuko waseMvezo futhi ungumzukulu wesithunzi uNelson Mandela.Uphothule eRhodes University ngeziqu zePolitiki ngo-2007.
Aketi Territory
I-Aketi yisifunda esingaphansi kwesifundazwe se Bas-Uélé, eKhongo-Kinshasa.
Pietermaritzburg
Pietermaritzburg iyidolobha emasipala umGungundlovu eRiphabliki waseNingizimu Afrika.
Palermo F.C.
Palermo F.C. kuyinto football club esekelwe edolobheni lasePalermo elidlala ku-Serie C.
National
Okokugcina Kwendebe ye-Italy :: 1973-1974, 1978-1979, 2010-2011 I-Italian Serie B Championship: 5 1931-1932, 1947-1948, 1967-1968, 2003-2004, 2013-2014
Mandla Mandela
Ukulandelana ebukhosini
Uyise, uMakgatho Mandela, ushone ngo-2005, okwamhlahlela indlela yokuba yinhloko yobukhosi. Njengoba lesi sizwe singazange sixoxe ngokukhetha ilungu lomndeni wakwaMandela kuze kube ngu-2007, wakhethwa njengozothatha izintambo.UNelson Mandela wayelahle ilungelo lomholi wabaThembu cishe eminyakeni engama-70 ngaphambi kokulwa nokubusa kwabamhlophe eNingizimu Afrika.Ngenkathi isizwe manje sesibheke kuye ukuthi abuye athole isihloko sakhe, waphakamisa ukuthi umzukulu wakhe athathe le ndima.Lapho Mandela abasebasha baba abakhulu ngo-2007, eneminyaka engu-32 kuphela ubudala futhi iningi imisebenzi yakhe Kwakuthiwa ukubandakanya emikhosini tribal, lokuxazulula izingxabano phakathi amalungu emindeni, futhi ezimele esizweni ezindabeni zezombusazwe.
Umsebenzi kanye nemfundo
UMandela ubeyilungu lephalamende le- African National Congress kusukela okhethweni lwango-2009.
Ngaphambi kokulandela kwakhe sobukhosi kanye nokukhethwa kwakhe ephalamende, wayefunda eWaterford Kamhlaba, i- United World College eSwaziland (manje eyi-Eswatini), kwaze kwaba ngu-1995.
Narok North Constituency
INarok North yisifunda esingaphansi kwesifundazwe se Narok, eKhenya.
St James, Cape Town
St James iyi-suburb yaseKapa, eNingizimu Afrika.
Kahama Rural District
IKahama Rural yisifunda esingaphansi kwesifundazwe se Shinyanga, eThanzaniya. Lesifunda sinezingxenye ezimbili, enyakatho-mpumalanga kunoMkhandlu weMsalala, eningizimu-ntshonalanga kunoMkhandlu we-Ushetu.
Ugwayi
Ugwayi igama elivamile izitshalo ezimbalwa Nicotiana bohlobo we Solanaceae umndeni, kanye ligama lelivamile yimuphi umkhiqizo okulungiselelwe kusukela belashwa amahlamvu kulezi izitshalo.Izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-70 zikagwayi ziyaziwa, kodwa isivuno esikhulu sokuhweba yi- <i id="mwJg">N</i>. tabacum. Ukwahluka okunamandla kakhudlwana <i id="mwKA">N. rustica</i> kuyasetshenziswa nakwamanye amazwe.
Amaqabunga kagwayi omisiwe asetshenziselwa ukubhema osikilidi nogwayi, kanye namapayipi kanye nama- shisha.Zingasetshenziswa njenge- snuff, ugwayi ohlafunwayo, ukucuba ugwayi kanye nesnus.
Bulilimamangwe District
IBulilimamangwe yisifunda esingaphansi kwesifundazwe se-Matabeleland South, eZimbabwe.
Ugwayi
Ugwayi liqukethe kakhulu umlutha ivuselela alkaloid -nicotine kanye alkaloids harmala Ukusetshenziswa kukagwayi kuyimbangela noma ingozi engozini yezifo eziningi ezibulalayo; ikakhulukazi lezo ezithinta inhliziyo, isibindi, namaphaphu, kanye nomdlavuza eminingi .Ngo-2008, i- World Health Organisation yabiza ukusetshenziswa kogwayi njengenye yezimbangela zokufa ezivikelwa kunazo zonke emhlabeni.
Igama lesiNgisi elithi ugwayi lisuselwa egameni lesiSpanish nelesiPutukezi elithi "tabaco".Imvelaphi eqondile yaleli gama iyaphikiswa, kepha ngokuvamile kucatshangwa ukuthi ithathwe, okungenani ngokwengxenye, kusuka eTaíno, ulimi lwase- Arawakan lwaseCaribbean.ETaíno, kwathiwa kushiwo umqulu wamaqabunga kagwayi (ngokusho kukaBartolomé de las Casas, 1552), noma ku- tabago, uhlobo lwepayipi elimise okwe -L elisetshenziselwa ukuhogela intuthu kagwayi (ngokusho kuka-Oviedo, namaqabunga uqobo okukhulunywa ngakho njenge- cohiba ).
Kodwa-ke, mhlawumbe kwaqondana nje, amagama afanayo ngeSpanishi, isiPutukezi kanye nesiNtaliyane asetshenziswa kusuka ku-1410 ukuthola amakhambi athile okwelapha.Lezi kungenzeka lisukela Arabhu طُبّاق ṭubbāq (futhi طُباق ṭubāq ), igama elibikwa ukuthi langekhulu le-9, elibhekisa kumakhambi ahlukahlukene.
Ukusetshenziswa kwendabuko
Ugwayi sekuyisikhathi eside usetshenziswa emazweni aseMelika, kunezindawo ezithile zokulima eMexico ezisukela emuva ngonyaka we-1400-1000 BCE. Izizwe eziningi zomdabu waseMelika ngokwesiko zitshala futhi zisebenzise ugwayi.Ngokomlando, abantu abavela emasikweni aseNyakatho -mpumalanga yeWoodlands baye bathwala ugwayi emaphaketheni njengento yokuhweba eyamukelwa kalula.Kwabhenwa kokubili emphakathini nasemikhosini, njengokufaka isivumelwano sokuthula noma isivumelwano sokuhweba. Kwamanye amasiko aboMdabu, ugwayi uthathwa njengesipho esivela kuMdali, lapho intuthu kagwayi eyimikhosi ihambisa imicabango nemikhuleko kuMdali.
Ukuthandwa
Ukukhiqizwa kukagwayi wokubhema, ukuhlafuna, nokuhogela isinemfu kwaba imboni enkulu eYurophu nasemakoloni ayo ngonyaka we-1700.
Ugwayi ube yisilimo esikhulu semali eCuba nakwezinye izingxenye zeCaribbean kusukela ngekhulu le-18. Ama-cigar aseCuba adume umhlaba wonke.
Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 leminyaka, ugwayi waduma. UJames Bonsack wasungula umshini wokuzenzela ukukhiqizwa kogwayi.Lokhu kwanda komkhiqizo kwavumela ukukhula okukhulu embonini kagwayi kuze kube ukuvela kwezempilo ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20.
Okwamanje
Ngemuva kokudalulwa kwesayensi maphakathi nekhulu lama-20, ugwayi wagwetshwa njengengozi yezempilo, futhi ekugcineni waziwa njengembangela yomdlavuza, kanye nezinye izifo zokuphefumula nezokujikeleza kwegazi.E-United States, lokhu kwaholela esivumelwaneni seTobacco Master Settlement Agreement, esaxazulula amacala amaningi asezweni laseMelika ngokushintshanisa ngokuhlanganiswa kwemali ekhokhwa minyaka yonke ezifundazweni kanye nemikhawulo yokuzithandela yokukhangisa nokumaketha kwemikhiqizo kagwayi.
Ngawo-1970, uBrown &amp; Williamson bahlanganisa uhlobo lukagwayi ukuze bakhiqize i- Y1, uhlobo oluqukethe okuqukethwe kwe-nicotine ephezulu ngokungajwayelekile, cishe okuphindwe kabili kusuka ku-3.2-3.5% kuya ku-6.5%.Ngawo-1990, lokhu kwagqugquzela abakwaFood and Drug Administration ukuthi basho ukuthi izinkampani zikagwayi zazisebenzisa ngenhloso okuqukethwe ugwayi.
Isifiso sababhemayo abaningi ababhemayo sokuyeka ukubhema siholele ekwakhiweni kwemikhiqizo yokuyeka ugwayi.
Ngo-2003, ngenxa yokukhula kokusetshenziswa kukagwayi emazweni asathuthuka, i-World Health Organisation yahlanganisa ngempumelelo amazwe ayi-168 ukuthi asayine i-Framework Convention on Tobacco Control.Isivumelwano senzelwe ukuphoqa ukuthi umthetho usebenze kahle kuwo wonke amazwe ukunciphisa imiphumela emibi kagwayi.
UNicotiana
Izinhlobo eziningi zikagwayi zisezinhlotsheni zamakhambi uNicotiana .Kuyinto ingxenye nightshade umndeni ( Solanaceae ) zendabuko North futhi i-Ningizimu Melika, e-Australia, eningizimu ntshonalanga Afrika, kanye naseNingizimu Pacific.
Ama-nightshades amaningi aqukethe inani elihlukahlukene le- nicotine, i- neurotoxin enamandla ezinambuzaneni .Kodwa-ke, ama-tobaccos athanda ukuba ne-nicotine ephakeme kakhulu kunaleyo eminye.Ngokungafani nezinye izinhlobo eziningi zeSolanaceae, aqukethe ama-tropane alkaloids, avame ukuba nobuthi kubantu nakwezinye izilwane.
Yize iqukethe i-nicotine eyanele namanye amakhemikhali afana ne- germacrene ne- anabasine namanye ama- alkaloid e-piperidine (ahlukahluka phakathi kwezinhlobo) ukuvimbela imifino eminingi edliwayo,izilwane eziningi ezinjalo ziguqule ikhono lokudla izinhlobo zezinhlobo zeNicotiana ngaphandle kokulimala.Yize kunjalo, ugwayi awunambitheki ezinhlotsheni eziningi ngenxa yezinye izici zalo.Isibonelo, yize iklabishi looper iyisilokazane esijwayelekile, i-gummosis kagwayi nama-trichomes kungalimaza ukusinda kwezibungu zakuqala. Ngenxa yalokhu, ezinye izitshalo zikagwayi (ikakhulukazi iN. Glauca ) sezakhiwe njengokhula oluhlaselayo kwezinye izindawo.
Ukukhangisa
Imboni kagwayi ikhangisa imikhiqizo yayo ngezinhlobonhlobo zezindaba, okubandakanya ukuxhaswa, ikakhulukazi ngemicimbi yezemidlalo.Ngenxa yobungozi bezempilo bale mikhiqizo, manje lokhu kungenye yezindlela zokulawula ezilawulwa kakhulu.Ezinye noma zonke izinhlobo zokukhangisa ngogwayi zivinjelwe emazweni amaningi.
Kalaat Khasbat Delegation
IKalaat Khasbat yisifunda esingaphansi kwesifundazwe se Kef, eThuniziya.
Narok East Constituency
INarok East yisifunda esingaphansi kwesifundazwe se Narok, eKhenya.
Bedele
IBedele noma Buno Bedele yidolobha elikwisifundazwe se Oromia, e-Itiyopiya.
Scarborough, Cape Town
Scarborough iyi-suburb yaseKapa, eNingizimu Afrika.
N1
I-N1 yindlela kazwelonke eNingizimu Afrika esuka eKapa idlula eBloemfontein, eGoli, ePitoli nasePolokwane iya eBeit Bridge emngceleni weZimbabwe. Yakha isigaba sokuqala seKapa lodumo kuya kuCairo Road.
Izifundazwe zase Jibhuthi
IJibhuthi inezifundazwe eziyisithupha (6). Ngezansi uhlu lwalezozifundazwe.
Chris Hunsinger
UChris Hunsinger (owazalwa ngomhla ka- 23 Okthoba 1962) ungusopolitiki waseNingizimu Afrika, Ilungu lePhalamende laseNingizimu Afrika kusukela ngo-2014, uCaucus Whip noMgcinimafa kanye neDemocratic Alliance (South Africa). Waqokwa nguMholi wangaleso sikhathi weqembu eliphikisayo uMmusi Maimane mhla ziyi-5 kuNhlangulana 2019 futhi wagcinwa nguMholi wamanje weqembu eliphikisayo uJohn Steenhuisen ngo-Okthoba 2019 waphinde futhi ngoDisemba 2020, waba nguNgqongqoshe Wezokuthutha.UHunsinger waphinde wakhethwa ePhalamende ngomhlaka 6 Juni 2019.Ukhuluma futhi abhale ngezinkinga eziphathelene nezidingo zabathengi nezimpahla kwezokuthutha, kufaka phakathi ezokuphepha,ukuhlela, ezezimali kanye nokuphathwa ngomgwaqo waseNingizimu Afrika, ujantshi, olwandle, nabahlinzeki bezinsizakalo zezindiza.
Impumelelo enkulu
UHunsinger uthole ukuqashelwa ngeqhaza lakhe elibalulekile ekuhlanganiseni okukhulu kwawo wonke amaqembu aphikisayo ezingqungqutheleni zokugcina zePhalamende ngoDisemba 2018 ngesikhathi kucutshungulwa 'iRABS Bill'. Kubhekiswe kuye njengo; "... ushintsho olumangalisayo" (Times Live) le nkulumo ePhalamende Likazwelonke e-RSA iveze ukusilela koMthethosivivinywa Womthetho Wokuhlomula Ngengozi Yomgwaqo, ka-2017 futhi wethula icala elingenangqondo design & manipulated in the Second Reading Debate on 4 December 2018, kanti i-RABS yayihlose ukufaka esikhundleni se-Road Accident Fund Act 56 ka-1996.Ngawo wonke amanye amaqembu aphikisayo alandela umbandela, imvume ayiphumelelanga ngalolo suku futhi yagcina ihluliwe okwesibili ngomhla ziyi-6 kuZibandlela 2018 kanti eminye imizamo (5 kuZibandlela 2018) yamiswa ngempumelelo ngokusetshenziswa ngobuqili kweMithetho ye-NA. Yize izichibiyelo zoMthethosivivinywa ezethulwe nguHunsinger 'zenziwe kabi' esihlalweni, wonke amaqembu aphikisayo aphuma - okwenza iNdlu yabuza futhi yangakwazi ukuvota ekufundweni kwayo kwesibili futhi uMthethosivivinywa waphela ngenxa yalokho.Esigabeni sokuqala sokubuyiselwa kabusha ngesikhathi sePhalamende lesi-6 "uHunsinger waqinisekisa iKomidi" ukuthi angaqhubeki noMthethosivivinywa weRABS.Impumelelo engajwayelekile, evunyelwe yiPhalamende ngomhlaka 3 Septhemba 2020.
UHulumeni Wendawo yaseBergrivier usezuze imiphumela emihlanu elandelanayo yocwaningomabhuku olungenacala kusukela ukuqokwa kukaHunsinger njengenhloko yesifunda ngoFebhuwari 2017 kwathi ngonyaka wezi-2019 umasipala wabekwa endaweni yesi-8 eNingizimu Afrika, owesi-3 esifundazweni saseNtshonalanga Kapa, nowesibili esifundeni saseNtshonalanga eGood I-Governance Africa Performance Index iqhutshwe phakathi komasipala abangama-213, kusetshenziswa imininingwane yezinkomba eziyi-15 ezingqikithini ezintathu: ukuphatha, ukuthuthukiswa komnotho kanye nokulethwa kwezidingo.
Impilo
Ilungu leKomidi Likazwelonke Lesigungu Esibhekele Ezokuthutha lifaka:
UHunsinger wayengusomabhizinisi embonini yezinsizakalo zokuthengisa nezimali.Waqokwa njenge-SA Best Practice Top 10 Finalist ngo-2009 futhi wawina umklomelo weCelestis Best Practice Award wesiFundazwe saseWestern Cape ngawo lowo nyaka
Njengomuntu obonakala emphakathini, uHunsinger uthatha isikhathi ekwabelaneni ngemisebenzi yakhe nabalandeli be-Facebook nabakwa-Twitter abayi-7 000 futhi uphatha nebhulogi yakhe: Ikhaya likaChris Hunsinger.co.za elinama-hits angama-50 740 nezindatshana ezingama-34 (Juni 2020) ngenkathi egcina isilinganiso sababekhona ngaphezulu kwama-90% ekuzibandakanyeni nasezindabeni ezisemthethweni zePhalamende.
Uneziqu ze-Master Degree in Public Administration (MPA) ne-MANCOSA futhi uyi-HTML coder nesitifiketi esiqinisekisiwe.
Ezombusazwe
Uhole ithimba lamabhidi laseSwartland ngo-2013 elanqoba izimali zomhlaba wonke ngephrojekthi yokuqala ye-VPUU ne-RSEP (Violence Prevention through Urban Upliftment and Regional Socio-Economic) eNingizimu Afrika ezindaweni zasemakhaya.Isiphakamiso esiyingqayizivele samukelwa njengebhidi ehamba phambili ngokuya ngomqondo, okuqukethwe okusha, kanye nezinga lokulethwa.Ubuye futhi wasebenza njengelungu loMkhandlu oPhethe esiFundazweni saseWestern Cape eSouth African Local Government Association nanjengoSihlalo wesifundazwe wamaqembu amathathu asebenzayo ezingeni lesifundazwe nakuzwelonke: Ingqalasizinda Nokuhlela Komasipala, Ukuhweba Kwezinsizakalo Nezinsizakalo ZikaMasipala, kanye Nesimo Sezulu Nokuhlelwa Kwezemvelo.NjengoMholi Wezepolitiki kwiDemocratic Alliance, uHunsinger usebenze njengelungu le-Federal, Provincial, kanye ne-Regional Council.NjengeMenenja Yomkhankaso Wesifunda SaseNtshonalanga okhethweni lukazwelonke lwango-2014, olubandakanya iziFunda ZikaMasipala eziyishumi, iDemocratic Alliance yathuthuka ngoxhaso lwama-23% uma kuqhathaniswa nokhetho lukaZwelonke lwangaphambilini ngo-2009 kanye naseSwartland Constituency - ukwesekwa kwe-DA okungu-65% okhethweni lohulumeni basekhaya ngo-2011 kwandisiwe kuya kuma-67% - kugcinwa isithunzi sendawo yokhetho ehamba phambili eNingizimu Afrika emiphumeleni yokhetho lwasekhaya, lwesifundazwe nolukazwelonke.Okhethweni Lohulumeni Basekhaya lwangonyaka wezi-2016, wayephethe umsebenzi wokulandela umkhondo wabantu abafuna ukulandela umkhondo esifundeni saseNtshonalanga, okwenyuka ngo-19% kunemiphumela yokhetho lwango-2011.Njengekhansela lesigceme kuMasipala Wendawo yaseSwartland, uHunsinger wenze ngcono ukwesekwa kweDemocratic Alliance kuwadi 10 kusuka ku-68% ngo-2006 kuya ku-93% ngo-2014 ngokuhlanganyela kwabavoti okungu-73%.Ngenkathi esebenza njengeNhloko Yesifunda eMatzikama, iDemocratic Alliance inqobe amawadi ayi-7 kwangu-8 ku-LGE yowezi-2016.Ngaphambi kwalokhu, waphinde wasebenza njengeNhloko Yesishayamthetho ePhillipi lapho kwaqoshwa khona inzuzo ezokweseka i-DA. Kusukela ngoFebhuwari 2017, usebenza njengoMholi Wezepolitiki kanye neNhloko Yezobumbano eBergrivier, esinye sezifunda zohulumeni basekhaya kuphela ngaphansi kokuphathwa kwe-DA, eziphethe ngokugcwele zonke izigceme ze-Constituency kusukela ngoJanuwari 2019.
Sebokeng
Sebokeng iyidolobha eGauteng.
Towla, Zimbabwe
ITowla yisigodi esikwisifundazwe se Matabeleland South, eZimbabwe.
Ango Territory
I-Ango yisifunda esingaphansi kwesifundazwe se Bas-Uélé, eKhongo-Kinshasa.
Tses
ITses yisigodi esikwisifundazwe se ǁKaras, eNamibhiya.
2015
Bheka futhi: Unyaka ka-2015 eNingizimu Afrika (isiNgisi)
Dakahlia Governorate
IDakahlia yisifundazwe sase Gibhithe.
Mongu
IMongu yidolobha elikwisifundazwe se Western, eZambiya.
Tuli, Zimbabwe
ITuli yisigodi esikwisifundazwe se Matabeleland South, eZimbabwe.
Mabopane
Mabopane iyidolobha eRiphabliki yaseNingizimu Afrika.
Girawa (woreda)
IGirawa yi-woreda engaphansi kwesifundazwe se Oromia, e-Itiyopiya.
Beica
IBeica noma Begi yidolobha elikwisifundazwe se Oromia, e-Itiyopiya.
Bay, Somaliya
IBay yisifundazwe sase Somaliya.
De Waterkant
De Waterkant iyindawo esemaphethelweni aseKapa, eNingizimu Afrika.
Mechroha District
IMechroha yisifunda esingaphansi kwesifundazwe se Souk Ahras, e-Aljeriya.
Jikharra
IJikharra yisifunda futhi yidolobha elikwisifundazwe se Al Wahat, eLibhiya.
Aru Territory
I-Aru yisifunda esingaphansi kwesifundazwe se Ituri, eKhongo-Kinshasa.
Kalaat Senane Delegation
IKalaat Senane yisifunda esingaphansi kwesifundazwe se Kef, eThuniziya.
Kahama Urban District
IKahama Urban yisifunda esingaphansi kwesifundazwe se Shinyanga, eThanzaniya.
IsiGreki
IsiGreki singulimi waseGreki
Chatsworth
Chatsworth iyidolobha eRiphabliki waseNingizimu Afrika.
West Nicholson
IWest Nicholson noma Tshabezi yisigodi esikwisifundazwe se Matabeleland South, eZimbabwe.
2018
Bheka futhi: Unyaka ka-2018 eNingizimu Afrika (isiNgisi)