cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
IsiNdebele saseNyakatho
IsiNdebele saseNyakatho noma isiNdebele limi lwesiNguni olukhulunywa isizwe samaNdebele ezweni laseZimbabwe. Ulimi lwesiNdebele saseZimbabwe lucishe lufane ncamashi nolimu lwesiZulu olukhulunywa eNingizimi Afrika. Into eyenza lokhu yingoba isizwe samaNdebele aseNingizimu sisukela esizweni somholi wamaZulu Mzilikazi kaMashobane owabe ongomunye wojenene neNkosi uShaka owabaleka ngesikhathi soMfecane wabaleka ezweni laseZimbabwe ngonyaka we1839.
UMbasa (u-Ephreli)
UMbasa (u-Ephreli) yinyanga yesine yonyaka. Ilapho kubaswa imililo sekubanda nasemnyango sekusheshe kube mnyama ntambama nelanga liphuze ukuphuma ekuseni.
The Last Supper
The Last Supper (Il Cenacolo ngoba L'Ultima Cena) singumdwebo wekhulunyaka ngo-15 eMilan, iTaliya nga-Leonardo da Vinci ubemenzela inkosana uLudovico Sforza nenkosazana uBeatrice d'Este. Umbonisa indlakusihlwa igcinile ngezinsuku igcinile weVangeli woJohn 13:21, ngesikhathi uJesu ubika umkrestu uzokuchilizela.
Umdwebo
The Last Supper ubukhulu 450 × 870 cm, umjika esonto Santa Maria delle Grazie eMilan, iTaliya.
Chibombo District
IChibombo yisifunda sesifundazwe se Central, eZambiya.
Imitholoji lamaGreki
Izinganekwane zamaGriki igatsha elikhulu lezinganekwane zasendulo, ezazixoxwa ngabantu baseGrisi lasendulo. Lezindaba ziphathelene nendabuko nemvelo yomhlaba, ukuphila nobuqhebeqhebe bezithixo, amaqhawe , nezidalwa zasezinganekwaneni, kanye nendabuko nobumqoka besiko nemikhuba yaseGrisi lasendulo. Ongoti banamuhla bafunda lezinganekwane ukuze basikhanyisele ngezikhungo zenkolo nezombusazwe zaseGrisi lasendulo, nokuthi basiqonde kangcono isimo sokuqamba izinganekwane.
Izifunda zase Namibhiya
INamibhiya inezifunda eziyi-121. Ngezansi uhlu lwezifunda zase Namibhiya ngaphansi kwezifundazwe ezitholakala kuzona.
India
iNdiya iyizwe e-Eshiya.
Chisamba District
IChisamba yisifunda sesifundazwe se Central, eZambiya.
IKamerooni
iKameruni izwe eAfrika.
Chitambo District
IChitambo yisifunda sesifundazwe se Central, eZambiya.
Reik
UReik yibhande laseMexico Latin pop, elenzelwa uJesús Alberto Navarro Rosas, uJulio Ramírez Eguía noGilberto “Bibi” Marín.
El Salvador
El Salvador iyizwe eMelika Wenkaba.
Reik
UReik yiqembu lomculo elinemvelaphi yalo ngo-2003, ngo-Okthoba 8, 2018 kanye neqembu laseSouth Korea iSuper Junior, ikhishwe i-One More Time (Ibuye), enevidiyo yomculo eshicilelwe ku-YouTube yi-akhawunti yi-SM Entertaiment efakwe kwi-albhamu yeSuper Junior mini enesihloko esithi Kunye futhi.
Isayiklopsi
Intshozi ( noma umdondoshiya oyintshozi), uhlobo lweqhakamela elineso elilodwa. Kunezinhlobo ezintathu zezintshozi ezihlukaniswayo. Encwadini ethi Theogony ka-Hesiyodi, izintshozi ezivela kuyo zingabobhuti abathathu ezakhandeka uZiyusi isiKhwali sakhe sendukumbani. Encwadini ethi odyssey ka-Honeri, izintshozi ziyiqembu labelusi abangamaqaba.
Judea Lyaboloma Constituency
IJudea Lyaboloma yisifunda esikwisifundazwe se Zambezi, eNamibhiya.
I-Alto Cauale
I-Alto Cauale yidolobha futhi ngumasipala okwisifundazwe se Uíge, e-Angola.
Kabwe District
IKabwe yisifunda sesifundazwe se Central, eZambiya.
IKhepi Vedhi
iKhepi Vehi (isiPutukezi: Cabo Verde) izwe eAfrika. Ulimi isiPutukezi.
Umdwebo wasendlini wamaNdebele
Umdwebo wendlu yamaNdebele isitayela sobuciko base-Afrika obenziwa ngabantu baseNingizimu Ndebele baseNingizimu Afrika.Kuvamise ukwenziwa ngabesifazane bamaNdebele uma bependa amakhaya.
William Blum
UWilliam Henry Blum (wazalwa ngomhlaka 6 ku Mashi, 1933 washona ngomhlaka 9 – Disemba 9, 2018) ubengumbhali wezincwadi, usomlandu, kanye nomgxeki wenqubo yomgomo wase-United States foreign policy. Ubehlala eWashington, DC.
Kabbe South
IKabbe South yisifunda esikwisifundazwe se Zambezi, eNamibhiya.
William Blum
Impilo yakhe ekuqaleni
UBlum wazalelwa eBrooklyn, eNew York City, ezalwa nguRuth (née Katz) kanye no-Isidore Blum, abazali bakhe babengabantu abangamaJuda abafika bebuya ePoland (Polish Jewish immigrants). Ubaba wakhe wayesebenza ngomshini. Yena wayeqede imfundo yase-Erasmus Hall High School kanti wathola iziqu ze-accountancy ngo 1955 esikhungweni se-City College School of Business and Civic Administration, kanti kamuva lekholishi yaziwa ngokuthi yi-Baruch College of the City University of New York. Waqala ukusebenza njenge-computer programmer kwa-IBM, ngemuva kwalokho wathathwa ngumyango kahulumeni i-State Department. Wayenogqozi lokuba yisikhule esisebenzela ezangaphandle njenge-foreign service officer ngokuchaza kwakhe ukuthi, "abambe iqhaza kwimpi nombhidlango wokulwa nobuKhomanisi we-anti-Communist crusade". UBlum waqala ukukhathazeka ngempi yemMelika yokulwa nezwe laseVietnam eyaziwa ngokuthi yi-Vietnam War kanti wagcina ngokuyeka esikhundleni sokusebenzela umbuso ngo 1967.
I-Iraki
I-Iraki iyizwe e-Eshiya.
William Blum
IJenalizimu (ububiki bezindaba)
Kulesi sikhathi wase eqale ukubamba iqhaza kwimibhikisho yokuphikisana nempi yaseVietnam, kanti futhi waqala iphephandaba nokuba ngumhleli walo, iphephandaba elaziwa ngokuthi yi- Washington Free Press, elalikhishwa kabili ngeviki, kodwa ubukhona balo abuthathanga isikhathi eside.
Itezhi-Tezhi District
Itezhi-Tezhi yisifunda sesifundazwe se Central, eZambiya.
William Blum
IJenalizimu (ububiki bezindaba)
Ngo 1969, wabhala imibhalo ayishicelela eyaveza amanyala e-CIA in which were revealed the names and addresses of more than 200 CIA lapho khona aveza amagama abasebenzi be-CIA. Wasebenza njenge-freelance journalist e-United States, e-Europe nase-South America. Phakathi kuka 1972–1973, uBlum wasebenza njengombiko wezindaba ezweni lase- Chile lapho abika khona ngohulumeni ka-Allende wemizamo yokuqala uhulumeni wobusashalizimu i-"socialist experiment". Phakathi neminyaka yoma 1970, wasebenza e-London esebenza nalowo owayesikhuli esasikade sisebenza e-CIA uPhilip Agee kanye nozakwabo "besebenza kwiprojekthi yokudalula amanyala nobubu obenziwa ngabasebenzi be-CIA". Wayezondla ngemibhalo yakhe kanye nokuhamba ekhuluma emakhempasi amakholishi.
Ezincwadini zakhe azibhala kanye nakumakholomu ayewashicilela kwi-online, uBlum wabhala imibhalo egxila kakhulu kububi obenziwa yi-CIA kwamanye amazwe nozungu lokubulala abaholi nabantu bakwamanye amazwe. UNoam Chomsky uthe incwadi kaBlum nge-CIA, "iyincwadi engcono kakhulu kunazo zonke kulesi sihloko se-CIA." UBlum wasekela umkhankaso kaRalph Nader wokuba ngumongameli. Ubesakaza i-newsletter abayikhipha kanye ngenyanga yesihloko esithi: "The Anti-Empire Report" abayithumela kubantu kuwo wonke umhlaba ngama-email. UBlum wachaza injongo yakhe enkulu empilweni kanjena: : "Uma kungekhona ukuphelisa i-American Empire, okungenani ukuyenza ukuthi ihambe ngonyawo lonwabu ebubini bayo kumazwe omhlaba ekwenzeni ububi kanye nokubangela isihluku nenhlupheko enkulu kumazwe omhlaba."
Umdwebo wasendlini wamaNdebele
Umlando
Phakathi nekhulu le-18, Ndzundza Ndebele abantu of South Africa wadala emasikweni abo siqu futhi isitayela endlini Umdwebo.Kuze kube ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1900, amaNdebele ayephawula amaqhawe nabanikazi bomhlaba abakhulu.Ekwindla ka-1883, baya empini namabhunu angomakhelwane.Ukuhlulwa kwempi kwaletha impilo enzima nezijeziso ezesabekayo kumaNdebele.Ngalezo zikhathi ezinzima izimpawu zokuveza zenziwa ngabantu abahluphekayo bezwakalisa usizi lwabo.Lezi zimpawu bekuyisiqalo sefomu lobuciko lase-Afrika.
Amaphethini
Lezi zindlu ezibukeka zilula kakhulu ziyisistimu eyinkimbinkimbi yesiko nokudalwa.Lesi siko esidwetshiwe sisaphila nanamuhla.Njengoba sonke isizukulwane sidlula phansi kunezinguquko ezincane eziqala ukuba khona.Le yindlela yabo yokuxhumana nokukhuluma emakhaya abo. Abesifazane basebenza isikhathi eside futhi kanzima ukuqeda lezi zindonga futhi bayaqashelwa umphakathi wangaphandle ngenxa yethalente labo kanye nokukhuluma kwabo.
William Blum
Isitatimende sika-Osama bin Laden
Ngonyaka ka 2006, uBlum waba yisihloko okukhulunywa ngaso kakhulu kwabezindaba, ngemuva kokuba u-Osama bin Laden ekhiphe isitatimende asikhiphela wonke umhlaba se-public statement lapho khona acaphuna kwimibhalo ka-Blum nokuncoma ukuthi bonke abantu baseMelika kumele bafunde incwadi kaBlum yesihloko esithi: Rogue State: A Guide to the World's Only Superpower. Ngenxa yokuthi u-Osama bin Laden ekhiphe lesi sitatimende, izinga lokuthengwa kwencwadi kaBlum senyuka ngesivinini esiphezulu. "Ngangimangele kakhulu kanye nokushaqeka kodwa ngokuhlekisayo lapho ngizwa lokho okushiwo nguBin ngencwadi yami," kuphawula uBlum. "Ngangithokozile. Ngangazi ukuthi lokhu kuzosiza intengiso yencwadi yami, kanti futhi ngangingakhathazeki ngokuthi lookhu kushiwo ngubani. Uma evumelana nami ngombono wokuthi abantu bawuzonda kanjani umgomo we-US maqondana nendlela ebhekana nawo namazwe angaphandle, ngeke ngaxabana naye uma lokho akushoyo kuvumelana nencwadi yami. Ngicabanga ukuthi ukuvumelana nemibono yami ngeke kwangiphazamisa." Maqondana nokwamukelwa kwencwadi yami ngu-Bin Laden, uBlum wabeka kanjena, "Lokhu kufana nokuthi incwadi yami ingezinye zezincwadi zika-Oprah book." Kwi-inthavyu ayenza ku-MSNBC Countdown, wabeka wathi: "Eqinisweni, ngumgomo wendlela i-US ebhekana nayo namazwe omhlaba okubangela inzondo yamaphekulazikhuni. Yizinto esizenza kumazwe omhlaba, akulona iqiniso lokho okushiwo yikomkhulu i-White House, kokuthi amazwe omhlaba azonda inkululeko yethu kanye nedimokhrasi. Lawo ngamampunge odwa ipropaganda."
Ngomhlaka 22 kuMeyi, 2006 kumbhalo we-article yesihloko esithi, "Come Out of the White House With Your Hands Up", uBlum wabhala wathi, "Selokhu u-bin Laden ancoma incwadi yami, ngomhla ka, 19 Januwari, angikaze nginikezwe ithuba lokukhuluma kunoma yiyiphi ikhempasi. . . . Lokhu kwenzeka ngisho noma isikhathi sika-Januwari–Meyi kuvamise ukuba yisikhathi engisuke ngimatasatasa kakhulu ngezinkulumo kumakhempasi."
Ukushona
UBlum ushone ngomhla ka 9 Disemba, 2018 e-Arlington, Virginia ngenxa yokuhluleka kwezinso ukusebenza kahle i-kidney failure ubeneminyaka engu 85 lokhu kwenzeke ngemuva kokuliama kwi-apartment yakhe ezinyangeni ezimbili ezedlule.
Mormonism and Nicene Christianity
UbuMomoni nobuNicaene ubuKrestu (obuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi ubuKhristu obujwayelekile) bunobudlelwano obuyinkimbinkimbi bezenkolo, bomlando nobudlelwano bezenhlalo.AmaMormon baveze izimfundiso zabo esebenzisa indinganiso amagama waseBhayibhelini futhi banemibono efanayo mayelana nohlobo uJesu Kristu ka- isihlawulelo, uvuko komzimba, futhi Coming Okwesibili njengoba bendabuko ubuKristu.Yize kunjalo, iningi lamaMormon aliyemukeli imfundiso kaZiqu -zintathu yobuNicaea ubuKristu, ehlanganiswe ku- Nicene and Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creeds of 325 and 381.Nakuba amaMormon cabanga iBhayibheli amaProthestani njengoba umbhalo, bengakholelwa e inerrancy waseBhayibhelini.Babuye futhi bamukela imibhalo eyengeziwe eBhayibhelini abakholelwa ukuthi yembulwe ngokwaphezulu nguJoseph Smith, kubandakanya neNcwadi kaMormoni, iMfundiso neziVumelwano, neParele Lenani Elikhulu. AmaMormon enza ukubhaphathizwa futhi agubha isakramente, kepha futhi abamba iqhaza kweminye imikhuba yenkolo. AmaMormon azibiza ngamaKristu.
Incwadi kaMormoni
[[File:The_Book_of_Mormon-_An_Account_Written_by_the_Hand_of_Mormon_upon_Plates_Taken_from_the_Plates_of_Nephi.jpg|right|thumb| Ikhasi lekhava le-Book of Mormon elivela kuhlobo lwangempela lwango-1830, nguJoseph Smith
(Isithombe esivela e-US Library yeCongress Rare Book kanye ne-Special Collections Division . )]] I- Book of Mormon (1830), ehlanganisa imfundiso yokuqala yamaMormon, yayihloselwe, ngokwengxenye, ukuxazulula izingxabano eziqhubekayo zemfundiso phakathi kwamahlelo obuKhristu nokwakha imfundiso eyodwa ehlanganyelwe.UJoseph Smith wayekholelwa eBhayibhelini futhi wabelana ngesiko lamaProthestani lokuthi iBhayibheli (ngaphandle kwe- Apocrypha ) ekuqaleni lembulwa uNkulunkulu esintwini futhi lalinokuqukethwe "kwevangeli". Yize kunjalo, uSmith wayekholelwa ukuthi iBhayibheli lesikhathi sakhe lalivele lisusele esimweni salo sokuqala.USmith usole iSonto LamaKhatholika ngokulahleka kwezincwadi zebhayibheli nangokwethula ukonakala kanye nokuphazamiseka embhalweni weBhayibheli.USmith uthe iNcwadi kaMormoni iveze "izinto ezicacile neziyigugu ezazithathiwe" eBhayibhelini.USmith uphinde waqeda ukubuyekeza okungashicilelwe kweBhayibheli ngo-1833, athe kulungisa amaningi ala maphutha,futhi wanezela ukuhlaziya okugqugquzelwe.USmith unikeze iNcwadi kaMormoni isikhundla esilingana neBhayibheli.
Isimo sikaNkulunkulu
Ukubukwa kohlobo lukaNkulunkulu ekuqaleni kweMormonism kube yindaba yokuphikisana.UThomas G. Alexander uthi imfundiso yenkolo yokuqala yamaMormon "empeleni yayinguZiqu-zintathu", Isitatimende esikwiLectures on Faith sisetshenziselwa ukuvikela le nkolelo:"Kunabantu ababili abakha amandla amakhulu, angenakuqhathaniswa, aphetheyo, futhi aphakeme ngaphezu kwazo zonke izinto, okwenziwa ngazo zonke izinto futhi zenziwa ngaye, ezidaliwe zenziwa.BanguYise neNdodana-uBaba ongumuntu womoya, inkazimulo, namandla aphethe konke ukuphelela nokugcwala, iNdodana, eyayisesifubeni sikaYise, umuntu wetabernakele."URobert L. Millet uphakamisa ukuthi uSmith wayengeke ambulelwe imvelo kaNkulunkulu lapho enikeza inkulumo:"Kungenzeka ukuthi uJoseph Smith wamane nje akazange aqonde isimo senyama noma somzimba kaNkulunkulu ngesikhathi kuhanjiswa Izinkulumo Zokholo.Ulwazi lwakhe lwezinto ezinjengalezo zabo bonke abesilisa nabesifazane-lwaluvame ukukhuphuka, futhi ukukhula kwakhe ekuqondeni ngakho-ke kwaba yintuthuko 'emgqeni owodwa'.Njengomphumela woMbono Wokuqala, umfana ongumprofethi wayazi ukuthi amazulu awasavaliwe; lowo sathane wayengaphezu kwenganekwane noma isingathekiso; nokuthi uBaba neNdodana babengabantu abahlukene nabahlukile."UMillet uphinde wathi isitatimende sikaTruman Coe ngo-1836 siqinisa umqondo wokuthi imfundiso yokuqala yamaMormon yayihlukile kubuProthestani obuvamile bosuku:"Bona (amaMormon) bakholelwa ukuthi uNkulunkulu weqiniso ungumuntu obonakalayo, owenziwe ngomzimba nezitho; nokuthi ngenkathi uMdali enza u-Adamu ngomfanekiso wakhe, wamenza walingana nobukhulu bukaNkulunkulu uqobo."UKurt Widmer uthe "amaMormon okuqala ayephambana nomqondo kaZiqu-zintathu onobuhlakani futhi onolwazi ngoNkulunkulu" futhi ubunjalo bukaNkulunkulu ekuqaleni babungeyona into ebaluleke kakhulu kuSmith.
Amanye amaphuzu emfundiso
I-Early Mormon soteriology, yize yayingalandeli isiko elalikhona, imvamisa yayiyi- Arminian.I-Early Mormonism yavumelana namaWeseli nabaFundi bakaKrestu ekwenqabeni izimfundiso zikaCalvin ngokuthanda ukuphelela kobuKristu nenkululeko yokuzikhethela (ebizwa ngenkululeko yokuzikhethela ).Futhi, ngenkathi iNcwadi kaMormoni iqinisekisa imfundiso yesono sokuqala,ibuye ivumelane namanye amahlelo ase-Arminian ukuthi izingane azikwazi ukwenza isono futhi zisesimweni somusa.
Kapiri Mposhi District
IKapiri Mposhi yisifunda sesifundazwe se Central, eZambiya.
John Langalibalele Dube
John Langalibalele Dube (11 ngoNhlolanja 1871 – 11 uNhlolanja 1946) wabe engumbhali, usopolitiki, umshicileli, usonkondlo, umhleli, futhi eyisazi sefilosofi. UDube wabe enguMongameli wokuqala le-South African Native National Congress (SANNC) eyabunjwa ngonyaka we-1912 eyashintshwa igama yaziwa njenege-African National Congress (ANC). UDube waphatha isikhundla sobumongameli we-SANNC kusukela ngonyaka we-1912 kuya kweye-1917. Ngonyaka we-1903 yena nonkosikazi wakhe wokuqala uNokutela Dube baqala iphendaba Ilanga Newspaper.
Amandebele aseNingizimu Afrika
I-Southern African Ndebele ungumhleli Nguni isizwe bomdabu ukuze iNingizimu Afrika abakhuluma Southern Ndebele, okuyinto ehlukile ulimi Zimbabwean Ndebele.
DBZ Ntuli
Deuteronomy Bhekinkosi Zeblon Ntuli (08 kuNhlaba we-1940) owaziwa ngoD.B.Z Ntuli okuyisifinyezo samagama akhe womathathu kanye nesibongo sakhe. UNtuli ungumbhali wamanoveli, izincwadi kanye nezindaba ezimfushane waseNingizimu Afrika, ubhala ngolimi lwesiZulu. UNtuli ungomunye wababhali abanegalelo elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni ukufundwa kanye nokuhlelwa kolimi lwesiZulu. Uphinde ahumushe izincwadi ezibhalwe ngolimi lwesiNgisi azihumushele esiZulwini, incwadi egqamile ayihumusha ile kaNelson Mandela, esihloko sithi Uhambo Olude Oluya eNkululekweni (Long Walk to Freedom). UNtuli ungomunye wabasunguli benhlangano yababhali eyaziwa ngokuthi Usiba.
Isiqalo sempilo nemfundo
UNtuli wazalelwa endaweni yasoGcotsheni, Eshowe, enyakatho neKwaZulu-Natali. Wafunda imfundo yamabanga aphakeme esikoleni samaKhatholika esiseMariannhill esaziwa ngokuthi iSt Francis College, lapho aqeda khona umatikuletsheni (ibanga le-12). Waphothula iziqu zakhe eNyuvesi yakwaZulu.
Umsebenzi
Ngenkathi eqeda kwethweswa iziqu zakhe waya kosebenza esiteshini sezokusakaza kwa-SABC lapho ayesebenza khona njengomdidiyeli kanye nomethuli wezinhlelo zesiZulu. Lomsebenzi wawenza iminyaka emithathu. Emumva kwalomsebenzi wathola umsebenzi eNyuvesi yaseNingizimu Afrika lapho ayezoba khona ngumfundisi eMnyangweni weZilimi zase-Afrika. Ngonyaka wezi-1978 wathweswa iziqu zobuDokotela weziNcwadi (D Litt Degree), wazithola khona eNyuvesi yaseNingizimu Afrika (UNISA). Waphinde waba yinhloko yomnyango omncane wesiZulu khona e-UNISA, lesi isikhundla asiphatha iminyaka engama-32 ngaphambi kokuthi athathe umhlalaphansi ngonyaka wezi-1999.
UMphemba wabhala izincwadi, ama-eseyi kanye nezindaba ezimfushane eziningi ezahlukahlukene. Usebhale washicilela izindaba kanye nama eseyi angama-16, eminye imisebenzi yakhe kubalwa izincwadi eziyi-10 kanye namaqoqo ezinkondlo ayisi-8. Kweminye imibhalo uphinde abhale ngokuhlanganyela eminye abe ngumhleli. Incwadi yakhe yokuqala esihloko sithi UBheka yashicilelwa eneminyaka engama-21 ngonyaka wezi-1962. Incwadi yakhe yesisbili, Ngiyoze Ngimthole yashicilelwa ngonyaka wezi-1970.
UNtuli lapho aba khona negalelo elikhulu isezindabeni ezimfishane kanye nakuma-eseyi, nokho uphinde ahumushe imibhalo eminingi ayiyise esiZulwini. Imisebenzi yakhe yokuhumusha egqamile kubalwa incwadi kaNelson Mandela i-Long Walk to Freedom, wayiguqula yaba nesihloko esithi Uhambo Olunde Oluya eNkululekweni. Enye incwadi ayihumusha ileyo ka Kahil Gibran esihloko sithi The Prophet ayihumusha yaba nesihloko esithi UMphulofethi.
Izindodo
Ngemisebenzi yakhe yemibhalo ehlukahlukene usahlabana izindondo ezingaphezu kwama-20. Izihlandla ezine zilandelalana, eminyakeni engama-20 usahlabana neNdondo iBW Vilakazi (BW Vikazi Award) okuyindondo yombhalo wesiZulu oseqophelweni eliphezulu. Lendondo wayeyehlabana ngezincwadi zakhe okubalwa kuzo: Imicibisholo kanye Izezizenze okuyizindaba ezimfishane kanye nama eseyi, Izimpande okungumlando wemibhalo yesiZulu, kanye nethi Imilando YakwaZulu okungumdlalo. Imibhalo eyisithupa yezifundo zobudokela esibhaliwe ngemisebenzi yakhe.
ITshedi
iTshedi izwe eAfrika.
ULwebu loMhlaba Wonke
ULwebu loMhlaba Wonke (LMW) noma uLwebu liwuhlelo lokwaziswa oluvumela imibhalo nezinye izinsizakusebenza zolwebu zifikelelwe ngoxhakaxholo.
Imibhalo nezinsiza ezithululekayo (downloadable) zenziwa ukuba zitholakale oxhoxhweni ngesiphakeli solwebu (web server) futhi zingafikelelwa ngezinhleleliso ezifana neziphequluli zolwebu. Iziphakeli nezinsizakusebenza ezikuLwebu loMhlaba Wonke zihlonzwa futhi zifunyanwe ngemicu yophawu ebizwa iziFumani ziNsiza (URL). Uhlobo lombhalo wendabuko nosavamile ubizwa ikhasi lolwebu, olunikinwa ngoLimi lweKhongco (HTML). Lolu limi lwesiqakaqo luxhasa isiqakaqo esicacile (plain text), imifanekiso, isiqikili semibukiso nezilalelwa, kanye neziqakaqo ezigununda ukwenanana kwabasebenzisi okuyinkimbinkimbi. Ulimi lweKhongco lubuye luxhase namakhongco ahlinzeka ngofukelelo kwezinye izinsizakusebenza zolwebu. Ukuphequlula ulwebu, kuyindlela elula nevamile yokulandela amakhongco kwizizindalwebu eziningi. Ukwaziswa okuselwebini kudluliswa kuxhakaxholo ngokusebenzisa igumelo lweKhongco lokudlulisa (HTTP).
Izinsizakusebenza zolwebu eziningana ezinesihloko esifanayo negama lesidlangala elifanayo zakha Isizindalwebu. Isiphakeli soLwebu esisodwa zihlinzeka izizindalwebu eziningana, kuyilapho ezinye izizindalwebu, ikakhulu ezidumile, zihlinzekwa iziphakeli eziningana. Isiqikili zesizindalwebu sona sihlinzekwa inqaba yezimishumanqa, izinhlangano, nezinhlangano zikahulumeni, kanye nangabasebenzisi; futhi sibandakanya intilibathwa yenani lokwaziswa okufundisayo, bezokuzojabulisa, bezentengiselwano, nobukahulumeni.
ULwebu loMhlaba Wonke seluphenduke umakhonya womhlaba wethala lamahlelokusebenza. Luyithuluzi eliyinhloko izinqindi zabantu ezilisebenzisa ukuze zinanane noxhakaxholo.
ULwebu laqanjwa ngu-Tim Berners-Lee e-CERN ngowe-1989 futhi lwavulelwa umphakathi ngowe-1991. Laluthathwa ngokuthi "isimiso sokwaziswa esikhongcwe jikelele".
uMlando
ULwebu lwaqanjwa ngusonzululwazi ongumNgisi uTim Benners-Lee ngesikhathi esebenzela inkampani ebizwa CERN. Waludala njengesimiso sokuphatha ukwaziswa esisebenzisa izicabango nezobuChwepheshe ezimbalwa, phakathi kwazo eziyisisekelo kakhulu kungukuxhumana okukhoba phakathi kokwaziswa. Isiphakamiso sokuqala salotshwa ngowe-1989, futhi isimiso esisebenzayo sagunundwa ekupheleni kowe-1990 kuhlanganisa nesiphequluli soLwebu loMhlaba Wonke kanye ngesiphakeli se-HTTP. Lobu buchwepheshe bakhululelwa nezinye izikhungo zocwaningo kusukela ngowe-1991 kuMasingana, ekugcineni emphakathini wonke ngomhla zingama-23 kuNcwaba 1991. ULwebu lwaba impumelelo e-CERN, futhi lwaqala ukusabalalela kwezinye izikhungo zenzululwazi nobungqandavu. Phakathi kweminyaka emibili elandelayo, kwakunezizindalwebu ezingama-50 ezidaliwe.
Ibhola lezinyawo
Ibhola lezinyawo (nabiza ngokuthi "ibhola") ngumdlalo. Lo ngumdlalo onesasasa kakhulu emhlabeni,yingakho nje aabanye bawubiza ngomdlalo wezigidigidi zabantu (Game of billions). Ngokuya ngomlando webhola lezinyawo lomdlalo waqala eNgilandi kwelamaNgisi eminyakeni eminingi eyedlula. Kulo mdlalo iqembu ngalinye linabadlali abayishumi nanye. Kukhona unozinti onguyena obheke ukuthi akukho bhola elingena ngaphakathi kwezinti. Abanye ababadlali badlala emuva, abanye phakathi esiswini kanti abanye badlale phambili babe amafolosi. Abadlala emuva banceda unozinti ukuthi abadlala nabo bangafaki igoli ngaphakathi, laba abavimbayo bazakusebenzisa izinyawo nekhanda ukuvimba ibhola ukuthi lingangeni ezintini. Uma kuke kwangena igoli ezintini izibukeli ziye zijabule zenqe ukkhombisa yona injabulo ngoba behlule. Omabili amaqembu aba nabadlali abalinganayo ngenani, kanti kuba khona unompempe, ohambisana nabasizi bakhe abathathu, omunye umsizi uma kwenye ingxenye kuthi omunye ame ngakwenye ingxenye. Abancedisi basebenza njengamehlo kanompempe ukubheka abadlali abadlalisa kabi abanye abadlali, abangalandeli imithetho yebhola njengalabo ababamba abanye abadlali nnoma abakhahlela abanye abadlali. Lapha ngunozinti kuphela ovumeleke ukubamba ibhola ngesandla, kanti naloyo ozophonsa ibhola uma liphumele ngaphandle. Unompempe uhlala aphethe indweba ykhe ayishaya ukukhuluma nabanye abadlali noma ukuyala ukuthi kwenzeke ini. Kanti nasemdlalweni webhola abadlali abadlala kabi bayajeziswa, kuya ngokuthi umdlali obeqonde ukudlala kabi kangakanani, uma ekhahlela omunye ngenhloso yokumlimaza, unikezwa ikhadi eliphuzi kanjalo uyakhalinywa, bese kuthi uma esephinde wadlala kabi futhi wathola elinye futhi eliphuzi, uye anikezwe elibomvu elishoyo ukuthi aphume emdlalweni angasadlali ngoba uyingozi kwabanye abadlali. Amaqembu agqoka izimpahla ezingafani ukwenzela ukuthi abadlali babonakale bengafani. Lo mdlalo ube nezikhuzeli abahlala ngaphandle kwebala, bakhuze, bakhalime, bakhuthaze abadlali babo. Kanti wonke lamaqembu anabaqeqeshi abo abasetha abadlali babo ukuthi badlale kanjani. Abaqeqeshi yibo abalolonga abadlali ukuze balungele umdlalo. Kuyothi iqembu elikwazile ukufaka amagoli amaningi kube yilo elinqobayo. Iningi Afrika ingelinye izwe elithanda umdlalo webhola lezinyawo. Baningi abadlali beNingizimu Afrika abababa nesasasa abake badlala ngaphesheya, ngikhuluma ngesilomo esedlula emhlabeni uSteve Kalamazooo Mokone, UJomo Sono, U-Ace Ntsoelengoe,Phil Masinga, Lucas Radebe, Benny McCarthy, Quinton Fortune, Hellman Mkhalele, David Nyathi, Doctor Khumalo, Siyabonga Nomvethe, John "Shoes" Moshoeu, Shaun Bartlett, Mark Fish nabanye abasadlala namaje oTokelo Rantie, Steven Pienaar, Kagiso Dikgacoi nabanye engeke ngaqeda ukubabala.
Iqembu lesizwe elibizwa ngokuthi yiBafana Bafana selike lanqoba indebe ye-Afrika,ngonyaka ka 1996, lapho amagoli ethu afakwa yisilomo uMark Williams. Iningizimu Afrika iye yancintisana namazwe amaningi afana no-Brazil, Argentina, France, Nigeria, Angola, namanye amazwe anesasasa emdlalweni webhola lezinyawo emhlabeni.
Luano District
ILuano yisifunda sesifundazwe se Central, eZambiya.
Benedict Wallet Vilakazi
UDokotela Benedict Wallet Vilakazi (6 ngoMasingana 1906 –  26 ngoMfumfu  1947 ) wabe engumbhali ovelele wenzincwadi, izinkondlo, izichazimazwi kanye namanoveli olimi lwesiZulu. Ngonyaka we-1946 waba nguwokuqala webala elinzundu eNingizimu Afrika ukwethweswa iziqu zobuDokotela (Ph.D.). Kepha nakuba iningi limazi ngemisebenzi yakhe elotshiweyo, bambalwa abazi ngempilo yalo leli qhawe.
Umlando Ngempilo kaDokotela Benedict Wallet Vilakazi
Mhla ziyi-6 uMasingangana 1906 uMshini wakwaVilakazi nowakwakhe uLeah uMaHlongwange bathola indododana eyabe ungumntwana wabo wesithupha kwabayisikhombisa. Bayetha ngelikaBhambatha ngenxa yesigigaba sempi kaBhambatha kaZondi eyaliwa ngawo lonyaka. UBhambatha kaMshini wazalelwa endaweni yase Groutville Mission Station eduzane naKwaDukuza, kwelaseNatali.
Umlando ngemfundo kaDokotela Benedict Wallet Vilakazi
UVilakazi waqala isikole ngonyaka we-1912 khona endaweni yaseGroutville, wafunda lapha waze waqeda ibanga lesi-4. Kwathi lapho eseneminyaka eyi-10 waphikelela e St Francis College, okuyisikole sameRoma Akhatholika esisendaweni yase Mariannhill, lapha waqhubeka nezifundo zakhe waze waqeda ibanga lesi-6. Kuso lesi sikole samaKhatholika wangena enkonzweni yamaKhatholika, maqede wabhabhathiswa ngengama likaBenedict nelika Wallet, umama wakhe wagcizelela ukuba isibongo sakhe "Vilakazi" singashintshwa. Emva kokuphothula ibanga lesi-6 wafundela izifundo zobuthithishela kulo lele Kolishi lase Mariannhill, waziphothula ngonyaka we-1923.
Emva kokuphothula izifundo zakhe eSt Francis College waqala ukufundisa khona eMariannhill nase Xobho, eMngungundlovu nasOhlange. UJ.C. noMathikuletsheni wakuphasa esefunda ngasese futhi eqhubeka efundisa. Ngonyaka we-1934 okaVilakazi wazuza iziqu ze-B.A. eNyuvesi yaseNingizimu Afrika, lapho aphumelea ngamalengiso kuso IsiZulu. Ngonyaka we-1936 eNyuvesi yaseWitswatersrabd ukuba ayofundisa isiZulu emnyangweni weBantu studies esebenza noSolwazi wezilimi uC. M. Doke. uVilikazi waba ngowokuqal kwanasundu eNingizimu Afrika ukuba afundise kuleNyuvesi okwabe kungeyabamhophe bodwa. Ngonyaka we-1936 uVilakazi wahlabana neziqu ze B.A Honors nazo ayezifundela ngasese. Ngonyaka we-1938 uVilakazi waphinde wahlabana neminye imiyezane, okwaba yiziqu zeM.A. Kuthe ngonyaka we-1946 waphinde wahlabana nezinye iziqu, kulesi sikhathi kwase kungezobuDokotela.
Imisebenzi
OkaMphephethwa uthi uzuza zonke iziqu zakhe wabe ebhala namabhuku. Ngonyaka we-1933 wakhipha inoveli yakhe yokuqala enesihloko esithi Noma Nini eyalanywa ngethiUDingiswayo kaJobe, ngonyaka we-1935 yalandelwa yiqoqo lezinkondlo elinesihloko Inkondlo kaZulu elaba yingqalabutho ezincwadini zezinkondlo zesiZulu. Ngonyaka we 1943 waphinde wakhipha inye incwadi eyabe ineshloko esithi Nje Ngempela. Ngonyaka we-1948 waphinde wakhipha enye inzwadi yezinkondlo elabe linesihloko esithi Amal' Ezulu, phakathi kwezinkondlo ezikulencwadi uVilakazi ubalisa ngekahlhulu ngokufa kukayise, umfowabo kanye nomkakhe wokuqala belandelana.
Ukuhlonishwa
• Isikole samabanga aphezulu eZola 3, eSoweto, i-Dr B.W. Vilakazi S.S siqanjwe ngaye.
UNcibijane
Ukugujwa
Ngalolu suku kuba khona imigubho eminingi ezindaweni eziningi,kubungazwa ukuqala konyaka omusha. Ezintathakusa zalulu suku, abantu baphumela ngapahandle ukuyobuka amakhrikhethi anemibala ekhangayo futhi aqhuma ngezindlela ezahlukahlene. Abangani, izinhlobo kanye nezithandani bonke bahlala ndawonye ukugubha lolu suku. Abantu balugubha ngzindlela ezahlukahlukene abnaye bosa inyama, abanye hahambele imicimbi eyahlukahlukene esuke ibanjelwe ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene.
ENingizimu Afrika sekwaba yisiko lokuthi ngesikhathi kushaya ihora le-00:00 ngesikhathi kushlukana unyaka iziteshi zomsakazo zidlale ingoma ngalesi sikhathi. Lengoma kuba yiyo ingoma yonkaya noma ehlukanise unyaka. Ingoma ehlukanisa unyaka esiteshini somasakazo sakwa-SABC, Ukhozi Fm kuba yiyo eba nedumela elikhulu.
IsiKhomorosi
isiKhomorosi izwe eAfrika.
Ubhanana
Ubhanana isithelo esidliwayo esingenzazo ezinhlamvu esimila ezindaweni ezinamanzi amaningi. Amakhasi kabhanana aba nombala oluhlaza uma ungakalungele ukudliwa, lapha usuke usaluhlaza. Kuthi lapho amakhasi awo ubhanana eba nombala ophuzi usuke usuvuthiwe lpaha usuke usukulungele ukudliwa.
Mkushi District
IMkushi yisifunda sesifundazwe se Central, eZambiya.
USizwe Banzi Ufile
USizwe Banzi Is Dead (owadidiyelwa futhi wakhishwa njenge: Sizwe Bansi is Dead ) ngumdlalo ka- Athol Fugard, owabhalwa ngokubambisana nabalingisi ababili baseNingizimu Afrika, uJohn Kani noWinston Ntshona, bobabili ababonakala emdlalweni wokuqala. Indunankulu yayo yomhlaba yenzeka ngomhlaka-8 Okthoba 1972 e- Space Theatre, eKapa, eNingizimu Afrika.Indunankulu yayo eyalandela yaseBrithani yawina i-London Theatre Critics Award ye-Best Play ka-1974 Indunankulu yayo yaseMelika yenzeka e- Edison Theatre, eNew York City, ngomhlaka 13 Novemba 1974.Ubekwe phakathi kwemidlalo ephambili eyake yenziwa yi- The Independent, lapho yachazwa khona njenge "umdlalo olula okhohlisayo nobuntu odlula isikhathi sobandlululo."
Isigcawu sendawo
Lo mdlalo uvula estudiyo sokuthwebula izithombe sowesilisa ogama lakhe linguStyles.Lesi situdiyo siseNew Brighton, ePort Elizabeth, eNingizimu Afrika. Ngemuva kokufunda udaba lwephephandaba ngomshini wezimoto, uStyles utshela abalaleli indaba ehlekisayo ngesigameko esenzeke ngesikhathi esebenza eFord Motor Company.
Encwadini, uSizwe utshela umkakhe ukuthi uSizwe Banzi ushonile.Ubhala ukuthi ngesikhathi efika ePort Elizabeth evela kubo eKing William's Town, wahlala nomngani wakhe uZola owazama ukusiza uSizwe ukuthi athole umsebenzi.Ukufuna kwakhe umsebenzi akuphumelelanga; ngenxa yalokho, watshelwa yiziphathimandla ukuthi kufanele ahambe ezinsukwini ezintathu.USizwe wayohlala kumngani kaZola, uBuntu.
Umdlalo ubuyela esikhathini samanje. Ukuhlala kwaBuntu, uSizwe utshela uBuntu ngezinkinga zakhe - ngaphandle uma kwenzeka isimangaliso, kuzofanele ahambe edolobheni ezinsukwini ezintathu.UBuntu uyazwelana nale nkinga futhi uphakamisa ukuthi asebenze ezimayini eziseKing William's Town. USizwe uyawuphika lo mqondo ngokuthi uyingozi enkulu.UBuntu unquma ukumkhipha ayophuza indawo eSky, endaweni yokucima ukoma yendawo.
Ukugxila kubuyela kuSizwe njengoba eqhubeka nokuqamba incwadi ayibhalele umkakhe.Uchaza okuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe eshibhini laseSky, lapho enikezwe khona utshwala ngowesifazane ngendlela enenhlonipho.
USizwe uqeda ukuyala umkakhe lencwadi.Kuyo, umtshela ukuthi uBuntu uyamsiza ekutholeni imvume yokungena.Isimo sibuyele emuva esitudiyo sezithombe seStyles; USizwe uthathwa isithombe sakhe.
I-akhawunti ebucayi yezakhi zofuzo
Ngokusho kukaMarie Rose Napierkowski, kwiDrama Yabafundi (iDetroit: Gale, 2006; eNotes.com ):"Uhlobo lukaSizwe Bansi Is Dead lungalandelwa kulokho okwenzeka kuFugard njengomabhalane wezomthetho eNkantolo Yekhomishana Yomdabu eGoli .Ngaleso sikhathi kwakudingeka ukuthi zonke izakhamuzi ezimnyama namakhaladi ezingaphezulu kweminyaka eyishumi nesithupha ziphathe [sic] incwadi kamazisi evimbela ukuqashwa nokuhamba ngaphakathi ezweni.Enkantolo, uFugard wabona imiphumela yalo mthetho: abamnyama bathunyelwa ejele ngesilinganiso esethusayo.Yize le mikhawulo ingeyaseNingizimu Afrika ngokukhethekile, abagxeki bakuqaphelile ukuthi indikimba yalo mdlalo yobunikazi igcwele umhlaba wonke.Abagxeki nezazi baphinde babona ukuthi iSizwe Bansi Is Dead iqukethe izinto ezingenangqondo, ikakhulukazi ukubekwa kwayo okuncane kanye nodaba lwe-surreal."
Katima Mulilo Rural
IKatima Mulilo Rural yisifunda esikwisifundazwe se Zambezi, eNamibhiya.
2019
Bheka futhi: Unyaka wezi-2019 eNingizimu Afrika (isiNgisi)
Mumbwa District
IMumbwa yisifunda sesifundazwe se Central, eZambiya.
Ukungcweka
Udlalwa Kanjani lomdlalo
Kwakukuthi lapho izinsizwa ihlangana enye iyaye ibuze enye ithi: "Uyiliphi?" uma iphendula ithi "Ngelendoda", kuphakanyiswa izinduku kubhulwane, ongazi angaze athi bayalwa okanye bayaxabana. Kuthi lapho kwenzeka iphendula khona ithi "Ingelomfazi", akwenziwa lutho lokhu kwakutshengisa ukuthi iyesaba. Uma kenzeka kwaliwa, lapho sekukhona insizwa esikhathele unkungcweka iyaye imemeze ithi: "Malushu!" lapho izinduku zibekwa phansi iphakamise nezandla ukutshenginsa ukuthi isidelile.
Ngabwe District
INgabwe yisifunda sesifundazwe se Central, eZambiya.
2019
Abadlula emhlabeni
=Imithombo=
Inkolo nendlwabu
Phakathi kwezinkolo zomhlaba, imibono ngokushaya indlwabu iyahlukahluka kakhulu. Ezinye izinkolo zikubheka njengomkhuba olimazayo ngokomoya, ezinye zikubona kungalimazi ngokomoya kanti ezinye zibuka isimo. Phakathi kwalezi zinkolo zakamuva, abanye babheka ukushaya indlwabu njengokuvumelekile uma kusetshenziswa njengendlela yokuzibamba ngokobulili, noma njengengxenye yokuzihlola okunempilo, kepha abakwenqabeli uma kwenziwa ngezisusa ezingalungile noma njengomlutha.
Ngokusho kukaBjörn Krondorfer, "ucansi oluzenzekelayo lwacatshangwa njengenhlangano ehlukile phakathi kwezono zocansi kuphela lapho kuvela amandla okuzimela." Uqhubeka ecaphuna iLaqueur, "Kuphela ngemuva kwenguquko kaFreudian ... lapho kwashintsha khona amasiko ukushaya indlwabu manje kwase kuthathwa njengomuntu omdala, okungeyona eyokugula, nokuthokozisayo. 'Kusukela ngawo-1950s, sithatha amandla nobufazi bama-1960s kanye nasekuqaleni kwawo-1970, ngezimpi zocansi ezalandela, kanye nenhlangano yomhlaba wonke yezitabane kwikota yokugcina yekhulu leminyaka, bekungaba inkundla yezepolitiki yezocansi kanye nobuciko emkhakheni obanzi womphakathi ... Ngenxa yalolu shintsho lwamasiko kulo lonke uhla, ngisho nokubuyekezwa kwezenkolo ngokushaya indlwabu njengomkhuba omuhle wezocansi bekungenzeka - kuyavunywa, akuvamile. "
I-2016 Psychology Today i-athikili yathi lapho abantu bekholwa ngokwengeziwe, maningi amathuba okuthi bavimbe imicabango yabo yezocansi, babe nabalingani abambalwa abaya nabo ocansini, basebenzise izithombe zocansi ezingatheni futhi bazwakalise ukungavumi okunamandla kokusetshenziswa kwamathoyizi ocansi.
UbuTao
Abanye othisha nabasebenza ngemithi yendabuko yamaShayina, ukuzindla ngeTaoist kanye nekarati bathi ukushaya indlwabu kungadala ukwehla kwamandla emadodeni. Bathi ukujula ngale ndlela kunciphisa i- "origin qi" kusuka e-dantian, isikhungo samandla esisesiswini esingezansi. Abanye bagcina ukuthi ukuya ocansini nomlingani akwenzi lokhu ngoba abalingani bagcwalisa i-qi yomunye nomunye. Abanye odokotela ngakho-ke bathi abesilisa akufanele basebenzise ubuciko bokulwa okungenani amahora angama-48 ngemuva kokushaya indlwabu ngenkathi abanye bebeka izinyanga eziyisithupha, ngoba ukulahleka kwe-Origin Qi akuvumeli ukuthi kudalwe i-qi entsha yalolu hlobo lwesikhathi.
Amanye amaTao ayekukhuza kakhulu ukushaya indlwabu kwabesifazane. Abesifazane bakhuthazwe ukuthi bazijwayeze izindlela zokuzihlikihla, kepha futhi bayalelwa ukuthi bagweme ukucabanga ngemicabango yocansi uma bezizwa benenjabulo. Ngaphandle kwalokho, i- "labia" yowesifazane izovuleka kakhulu futhi izimfihlo zocansi zigeleze. " Uma lokhu kwenzeka, owesifazane uzolahlekelwa yingxenye yamandla empilo yakhe, futhi lokhu kungaletha ukugula futhi kufushanise impilo
UbuHindu
NgokwesiHindu, ukufuna uKama kungenye yezinhloso ezine zempilo yomuntu. Ngaphandle komuntu owenze isifungo ngeBrahmacharya, amaHindu akhululekile ukuhlanganyela ezenzweni zocansi (kuphela ngemuva komshado). Ngokusho kobuHindu, impilo iqala eBrahmacharya lapho beqondiswa khona ukuthi bazithuthukise ngokwabo kwezemfundo nangokomoya ukuze bazilungiselele impilo yokuqhubekisela phambili i-dharma ne-karma yabo; kanye kuphela lapho befika esigabeni seGrihastya noma "somninikhaya", esiqala ngomshado, lapho bengafuna khona u-kama no-artha ngemisebenzi yabo.
Ububhudha
Ukwakheka okusetshenziswa kakhulu kokuziphatha kwamaBuddha yiMiyalo Emihlanu. Le mithetho ithatha ukwenziwa kokuzithandela komuntu siqu, hhayi igunya noma umyalo kaNkulunkulu. Umthetho wesithathu uthi "uyeke ukwenza amanyala ezocansi". Kodwa-ke, izikole ezahlukahlukene zobuBuddha zinezincazelo ezingafani zokuthi yini okuyikho okungaziphathi kahle kwezocansi.
IBuddhism yathuthukiswa nguGautama Buddha njengendlela abantu abangayiqeda ngayo i-dukkha (ukuhlupheka) futhi babalekele i-samsara (khona okujikelezayo). Imvamisa lokhu kufaka ukuzindla nokulandela amaqiniso amane ahloniphekile kanye nendlela ehloniphekile kasishiyagalombili njengendlela yokunqoba izinkanuko, kanye nama skandha, okubangela ukuhlupheka nokuzalwa kabusha. Ukushaya indlwabu (Pali: sukkavissaṭṭhi) kuthathwa njengokuyinkinga kumuntu ofisa ukuthola inkululeko. Ngokwenkulumo kaLama Thubten Zopa Rinpoche, kubalulekile ukugwema "ukuya ocansini, kufaka phakathi ukushaya indlwabu, noma isiphi isenzo esiletha isinengiso nokunye, ngoba lokhu kubangela ukuzalwa kabusha." Uyacacisa: "Ngokuvamile, isenzo esiphikisana nomthetho siletha umphumela omubi ophambene, usisuse ekukhanyeni, futhi usigcine isikhathi eside e-samsara. "
Unyaka wezi-2019 eNingizimu Afrika
Izehlakalo zonyaka wezi-2019 eNingizimu Afrika.
Inkolo nendlwabu
Ububhudha
Ukushaya indlwabu (sukkavissaṭṭhi) isenzo sokuvuselela izitho zakho zocansi (sambādha) esigabeni se-orgasm (adhikavega). E-Kāma Sūtra indlwabu yesilisa ibizwa ngokuthi "ukubamba ibhubesi" (siṃhākāranta). Abanye abantu ngesikhathi sikaBuddha babekholelwa ukuthi ukushaya indlwabu kungaba nomthelela wokwelapha engqondweni nasemzimbeni (Vin. III, 109), yize uBuddha engavumelani nalokhu. Ngokuya nge-Vinaya, kuyicala lokuthile kakhulu ukuthi izindela noma izindelakazi zishaye indlwabu (Vin. III, 111) yize uBuddha engazange anikeze siqondiso ngalolu daba ukubeka abantu. Kodwa-ke, ubuBuddha bungavumelana nombono wesimanje wezokwelapha ukuthi ukushaya indlwabu kuyindlela ejwayelekile yokuqhuba ucansi futhi akulimazi ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo, inqobo nje uma kungabi yinto exakekile noma esikhundleni sobudlelwano obujwayelekile bezocansi. Icala nokuzenyanya mayelana nokushaya indlwabu kuyingozi kakhulu kunokushaya indlwabu uqobo.
Imibono yakhe maqondana nabangewona amaBuddha, uBuddha wakhuthaza abafundi bakhe ababucayi ukuthi banciphise ukuziphatha kwabo ngokocansi noma bamukele ukungashadi. Ngempela, ukugcizelelwa kobumsulwa eBuddhism kunamandla kubhikkhus kanye ne-bhikkhunis (abaqashiwe), abafunga ukulandela imithetho ye-Vinaya. Akukhona nje kuphela ukuthi i-monastics ayishadi, kepha futhi bathatha izifungo eziningi futhi eziqinile ukuze banqobe izifiso zabo. Ngokwesiko laseTheravadin, ukushaya indlwabu kugcizelelwa njengokulimaza ama-upāsakas kanye nama-upāsikās (abazinikele) abenza Imiyalo Eyisishiyagalombili ngezinsuku ze-Uposatha, okuhola indlela yokuphila engazethembi engakuvumeli ukushaya indlwabu. Ngempela, ukushaya indlwabu kuchazwa ngokusobala njengokuziphatha kabi ngokocansi kwi-mahāyāna Upāsakaśīla sūtra:
"Uma kwenziwa ucansi ngaphansi kwezikhathi ezingafanele (izikhathi ezingavunyelwe ngemiyalo), [ezindaweni] ezingafanelekile (izindawo ezingavunyelwe ngemiyalo), nabangewona abesifazane, nezintombi, nabashadile unkosikazi, uma ucansi lumayelana nokuziphatha komzimba, lwaziwa njengokuziphatha kabi ngokocansi. "
Yize kunjalo, abanye ababhali besikhathi sobuBuddha basikisela ukuthi ukushaya indlwabu empeleni akulimazi kumuntu ozivumelanayo
I-Anglicanism
ISonto laseNgilandi alinaso isimo sokuthi ukushaya indlwabu kuyisono noma cha.
Ngokomlando, ngo-1948, umlobi we-Church Times wayesengathi, "Ukushaya indlwabu kuyalahlwa yibo bonke abaziphethe kahle abangamaKristu ngoba kusho ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kocansi okwenziwa wedwa kuhlose ukusetshenziselwa ukuzihlanganisa. Kuyalishaya indiva iqiniso ukuthi ngalawa mandla UNkulunkulu uhlinzeka ngezindlela zomzimba zokuzivocavoca ngokuhlanganyela nangokujwayelekile. "
Ngo-1945, kwaqokwa iKhomishani kaMbhishobhi Omkhulu ukuba icubungule udaba lokusatshalaliswa kokufakelwa komuntu. Umbiko owavela, owashicilelwa ngo-1948, "uxoxa ngokufaneleka kokushaya indlwabu kulo mongo futhi uphetha ngokuthi noma ukushaya indlwabu kuphazamisa ubunye bemvelo besenzo socansi, ukusetshenziswa kwaso njengesinqumo sokugcina kunesizathu. 'Isenzo esikhiqiza uketshezi lwesisu, ngokuba kuleli cala elibhekiswe ekuqedeni (okungenakwenzeka ngaphandle kwalo) kokuphela kokuzala komshado, kulahlekelwa isimilo sokuzihlukumeza. Ngokwalo mbono, ngeke kube yintando kaNkulunkulu ukuthi indoda nenkosikazi bahlale bengenazingane ngoba isenzo yalolu hlobo iyadingeka ukukhuthaza ukukhulelwa. '"
Encwadini ayibhalela uMnu. Masson yangomhla ziyi-6 kuNdasa 1956, u-CS Lewis uyabhala: "Kimi ububi bangempela bokushaya indlwabu kungaba ukuthi kuthatha isifiso sokudla, okuthi uma sisetshenziswa ngokomthetho, siholele kuye umuntu ekuqedeleni (futhi alungise) ubuntu bakhe kokunye (futhi ekugcineni ezinganeni ngisho nakubazukulu) abuye akubuyisele emuva; abuyisele le ndoda ejele layo, lapho ukuze kugcinwe izindlukazi zabomakoti abazicabangayo ... Ukushaya indlwabu kuhilela lokhu kuhlukumeza umcabango ezindabeni ezivusa inkanuko (engicabanga ukuthi kubi ngokwako) futhi ngaleyo ndlela kukhuthaze ukuhlukunyezwa ngendlela efanayo kuyo yonke imikhakha. Phela, cishe umsebenzi omkhulu wempilo ukuphuma emzimbeni wethu, uphume ejele elincane elimnyama sonke esizalelwa kulo. Ukushaya indlwabu kufanele kugwenywe njengoba kufanele kugwenywe zonke izinto ezibambezela le nqubo. Ingozi yilelo lokuthanda ijele. "
I-Anglican Diocese yaseSydney ikholelwa ukuthi ukushaya indlwabu "kungasisiza sithole ukukhululwa kwezocansi lapho singakwazi ukulawula isifiso sethu noma ukusenelisa ngobudlelwano bomshado futhi ngalomqondo kungasiza." Kodwa-ke, iDiocese iphawula ukuthi ingahlotshaniswa nesono uma iholela ekusetshenzisweni kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile noma ekubukeni abantu ngenkanuko empilweni yangempela ukuze bathuthukise amaphupho. Baxwayisa ngokuthi noma ikuphi kwalokhu kungamunca umuntu emjikelezweni ongalawulwa. Isayithi liqhubeka liphawula ukuthi, "uJesu ulahla ukubheka abesifazane noma amantombazane ukuze ubakhanuke. (Math 5:28) Ngakho-ke ukukhohliswa ... okungabafana abaningi abaneminyaka engu-17 ubudala abangakubheka njengokujwayelekile, kuyisono futhi kuyacasula UNkulunkulu Kulula ukuncela emjikelezweni obhebhethekisa isifiso sobulili kuze kube seqophelweni lokuthi ungalawulwa ... Lapho ukushaya indlwabu kuholela ekucabangeni okungasizi kocansi nokufisa uyona futhi udinga ukwenza okuthile ngakho., isinqumo esinolaka sokubheka kwenye indawo, noma ukuya kwenye indawo, noma ukucisha ikhompyutha noma yini edingekayo! UJesu uthembisa ukuthi lapho silingwa, uzosinika indlela yokuphuma. (1 Kor 10:13). Ngicabanga ukuthi kungcono kakhulu ukumelana nesilingo sokushaya indlwabu. "(Isixazululo I.10 se-Lambeth Conference sika-1998 sithi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuyisono futhi kuzifaka ohlwini lwamafomu ezenzo zocansi ngokwemvelo eziphikisana indlela yokuphila kobuKristu. Ukushaya indlwabu uqobo akukhulunywa ngakho esinqumweni, noma ku amagama amahle noma amabi
UbuRoma Katolika
KuCatechism of the Catholic Church, iSonto LamaKatolika lifundisa:
Ngokushaya indlwabu kufanele kuqondwe ukukhuthazwa ngamabomu izitho zangasese ukuze kutholakale injabulo yobulili. "Kokubili iMagisterium yeSonto, ngokwesiko elingaguquguquki, kanye nokuziphatha kwabathembekile bekungangatshazwa futhi kugcinwe ngokuqinile ukuthi ukushaya indlwabu kuyisenzo esonakele kakhulu." "Ukusetshenziswa ngamabomu kobuhlakani bezocansi, nganoma yisiphi isizathu, ngaphandle komshado empeleni kuphambene nenhloso yabo." Ngoba lapha ubumnandi bezocansi bufunwa ngaphandle "kobudlelwano bezocansi obufunwa ukuhleleka kokuziphatha nalapho kutholakala khona umqondo ophelele wokuziphana nokuzala komuntu esimeni sothando lweqiniso." Ukwenza ukwahlulela okulinganayo mayelana nesibopho sokuziphatha kwezifundo nokuqondisa isenzo sokwelusa, umuntu kufanele abheke ukungavuthwa okunamandla, amandla omkhuba awutholayo, izimo zokukhathazeka noma ezinye izinto ezingokwengqondo noma zenhlalo ezincishisayo, uma kungenjalo zehlise zibe ubuncane, ukuba necala lokuziphatha.
Yize "kuthiwa i-psychology kanye ne-sociology ikhombisa ukuthi [ukushaya indlwabu] kuyinto ejwayelekile yokuthuthuka kwezocansi, ikakhulukazi kwabancane," lokhu akulishintshi iqiniso lokuthi "kuyisenzo esonakele ngaphakathi" futhi nokuthi, noma yini isisusa sokwenza ngale ndlela, ukusetshenziswa ngamabomu kobuhlakani bezocansi ngaphandle kobudlelwano obujwayelekile bomshado empeleni kuyaphikisana nokuphela kwesikhundla.Ngokuba abunabo ubudlelwano bezocansi obudinga ukuhleleka kokuziphatha, okungukuthi ubuhlobo obubona 'umqondo ophelele wobumbano ukuzinikela nokuzala komuntu esimeni sothando lweqiniso. '"
Isinqumo esisemthethweni seSonto LamaRoma Katolika mayelana nokushaya indlwabu ngokwesibonelo: Ad Splendidum nitentis (1054) kaPapa Leo IX,isimemezelo seHhovisi Elingcwele sangomhla zi-2 Mashi 1679, i-Allocutio kaPapa Pius XII (Oct 8, 1953), no-Acta Apostolicae Sedis 48 wangomhla ziyi-19 Meyi 1956.
Izazi ezinjengoRobert Baker noSimon Lienyueh Wei bakholelwa ukuthi u-Augustine waseHippo (354-430), ubheka ukushaya indlwabu njengesono.Ezinye izazi, uMerry E. Wiesner-Hanks noCarly Daniel-Hughes, bathi u-Augustine uzilahla zonke izenzo zocansi eziphikisana nokuzala ezibandakanya izenzo zobungqingili nokushaya indlwabu - noma "ukuzijabulisa wedwa". UCarly uthi u-Augustine ubuye abheke "ukushaya indlwabu ngokuhlanganyela" "njengokuya ocansini okungokwemvelo" okususelwa kwabaseRoma 1. U-Isidore waseSeville, omunye uBaba weSonto lesiLatini kanye noDokotela weSonto, ubheka ukushaya indlwabu njengomkhuba "onamandla", yize ababhali bokuqala abazisolayo bebonakala bengavumelani naye. Ku-Etymologiae yakhe (c. 600-625), u-Isidre uthi ngokushaya indlwabu indoda ihlazisa "amandla obulili bayo ngomzimba wayo obuthaka".
Ngokusho kukaSimon Lienyueh Wei, njengoba kushiwo ezinye izifundiswa, uJohn Cassian no-Augustine waseHippo bathi kuyisono uma lokho kungumphumela "wokuhlangana okunesifiso noma ukukhumbula okujabulisayo"; ngaphandle kwalokho, kubhekwa "njengomsebenzi womzimba".
U-Aurélie Godefroy uchaza ukuthi ukushaya indlwabu akubonwa njalo "njengesono sokufa" esichazwa njengokuphambuka ngokocansi.
UMark W. Elliott uthi uPapa uGregory I (c. 540 - 604) - owaziwa kakhulu njengoGregory the Great, uBaba weSonto lesiLatin noDokotela weSonto — uphatha uLevitikusi 15, okhuluma ngokungcola okungumkhuba, ngokuthi "unikeza imithetho kubo bonke umphakathi wesonto ngokuxhumanisa ukuphuma kobulili kunencazelo yangaphambilini ye-monastic 'emission' emission ... Uyakwenza, kepha, ucacisa ukuthi ukuphuma ebusuku - uma kubangelwa ukuswela ngokweqile kwemvelo noma ukugula - akunankinga ebungcweleni, kepha lapho kukhona kuyimvume (okusho ukushaya indlwabu) ziyinkinga. Ukwenza ukufana phakathi kokuya esikhathini kwabesifazane kanye "nokulahleka kwesidoda ngokungazelele", uGregory uthi "izinto ezingekho emvelweni" azivimbeli abantu abavamile kanye nabefundisi ukuthi babambe iqhaza ku-Ekaristi.
Katima Mulilo Urban
IKatima Mulilo Urban yisifunda esikwisifundazwe se Zambezi, eNamibhiya.
Inkolo nendlwabu
UbuRoma Katolika
ICanon 8 yeSinodi yeSigungu Sokunqoba kusukela ngekhulu lesi-6 ibeka izinhlawulo "kulowo [onobudlelwano] phakathi