cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
UNelson Mandela
Isiqiwi se-Robben Island: 1964–82
Ngokuhambela izinkonzo zobuKhresto zangeSonto, uMandela wafunda ngenkolo yobusulumane ebizwa i-Islam.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeredith2010301.2C_313Sampson2011232_150-0" rel="dc:references"> [150]  <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeredith2010301.2C_313Sampson2011232_150-0" rel="dc:references"> Kanti futhi wabuye wafunda nolimi lwe-Afrikaans, ngethemba lokuthi uzokwazi ukukhuluma nonogada kanye nokuba guqula ukuze baqonde umzabala.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeredith2010295.2C_299.E2.80.93301Sampson2011229_151-0" rel="dc:references"> [151]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeredith2010295.2C_299.E2.80.93301Sampson2011229_151-0" rel="dc:references"> Waba nezivakashi eziningi zodumo ezazimuvakashela ejele, njengomeli weqembu lama-liberal ephalamende u-Helen Suzman weqembu le-Progressive Party, owaba nguye owayemvakashela kakhulu ejele nokuzama ukulwela ukumsiza ejele.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeredith2010301.E2.80.93302Sampson2011221_152-0" rel="dc:references"> [152]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeredith2010301.E2.80.93302Sampson2011221_152-0" rel="dc:references"> NgoSeptembe ka-1970, wahlangana nelunga lephalamende yaseBrithani weqembu le-Labour Party MP Dennis Healey.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeredith2010337Sampson2011222_153-0" rel="dc:references"> [153]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeredith2010337Sampson2011222_153-0" rel="dc:references"> Ungqongqoshe waseNingizimu Afrikak wophiko olalubizwa ezobulungiswa ngaleso sikhathi u-Jimmy Kruger wamuvakashela ngoDisemba ka-1974, kodwa yena noMandela babengazwani.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeredith2010334Sampson2011241_154-0" rel="dc:references"> [154]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeredith2010334Sampson2011241_154-0" rel="dc:references"> Umama wakhe wamvakashela ngo-1968, kanti umama wakhe washona maduzane nje ngemuva kwalokho, kanti indodana yakhe yokuqala uThembi yashona engozini yemoto ngonyaka olandelayo, uMandela akavunyelwanga ukuya kuleyo mingcwabo yomibili kamama wakhe kanye nowendondana yakhe.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeredith2010303.E2.80.93304Sampson2011246.E2.80.93247_155-0" rel="dc:references"> [155]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeredith2010303.E2.80.93304Sampson2011246.E2.80.93247_155-0" rel="dc:references"> Kanti umkakhe wayengakwazi ukumvakashela njalo ngoba naye wayede eboshwa njalo eboshelwa ezepolitiki, kanti indodakazi yakhe, yamvakashela okokuqala ngoDisemba ka-1975; uWinnie yena ekuphumeni kwakhe ejele ngo-1977, wadingiselwa endaweni yase-Brandfort, kanti futhi nalapho uWinnie wayengakwazi ukuyobona umyeni wakhe ejele.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson1986192.E2.80.93194Meer1988306.E2.80.93307Meredith2010287.E2.80.93288.2C_304.E2.80.93310Sampson2011248.E2.80.93254.2C_302_156-0" rel="dc:references"> [156]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson1986192.E2.80.93194Meer1988306.E2.80.93307Meredith2010287.E2.80.93288.2C_304.E2.80.93310Sampson2011248.E2.80.93254.2C_302_156-0" rel="dc:references">
Lupane District
ILupane yisifunda esingaphansi kwesifundazwe se-Matabeleland North, eZimbabwe.
UNelson Mandela
Isiqiwi se-Robben Island: 1964–82
Ngo-1975, uMandela wase eyisiboshwa esisezingeni le-Class,<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESampson2011228_162-0" rel="dc:references"> [162]  <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESampson2011228_162-0" rel="dc:references"> esasimvumela ukuthi avakashelwe zivakashi eziningana kanye nokuthola izincwadi eziningana, kanti futhi waxhumana nosopolitiki owayelwa nombuso wobandlululo uMangosuthu Buthelezi kanye noDesmond Tutu.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESampson2011314.E2.80.93315_163-0" rel="dc:references"> [163]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESampson2011314.E2.80.93315_163-0" rel="dc:references"> Ngalowo nyaka waqala ukubhala incwadi ngomlando wempilo yakhe, eyashushumbiswa yasiwa eLondon, kodwa ayezange ishicilelwe ngaleso sikkhathi, ngoba izikhulu zasejele zathola amakhasi ambalwa aleyo ncwadi, kanti wephucwa nelungalo lokuqhubeka nezifundo zakhe, lokhu okwenziwa iminyaka emine.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeer1988268Meredith2010317Sampson2011242.E2.80.93243_164-0" rel="dc:references"> [164]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeer1988268Meredith2010317Sampson2011242.E2.80.93243_164-0" rel="dc:references"> Wasebenzisa leso sikkhathi ukunaka ingadi yakhe, kanye nokuqhubeka nokuzifundela nje, kwaze kwalapho esivunyelwe futhi ukuthi aqhubeke nokufundela iziqu zakhe ze-LLB ngo-1980.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESampson2011285.E2.80.93286_165-0" rel="dc:references"> [165]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESampson2011285.E2.80.93286_165-0" rel="dc:references">
La Goulette Delegation
ILa Goulette yisifunda esingaphansi kwesifundazwe se Tunis, eThuniziya.
Marsa Ben M'Hidi
IMarsa Ben M'Hidi ngumasipala futhi yidolobha elikwisifundazwe se Tlemcen, e-Aljeriya.
UNelson Mandela
Ejele lePollsmoor: 1982–88
Ngo-1985, uMandela wahlinzwa ngenxa youvuvukala kwemvilaphi, ngaphambi kokuthi ahlaliswe yedwa kuphiki lwangezansi lwejele e-ground floor.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson1986254Meredith2010358Sampson2011343.E2.80.93345_181-0" rel="dc:references"> [181]  <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson1986254Meredith2010358Sampson2011343.E2.80.93345_181-0" rel="dc:references">   ama-"seven eminent persons", laba kwakuyizithunywa, ezazithunywe ukuthi zizoxoxisana nombuso kaBotha ukuthola isixazululo, kodwa uBotha wenqaba ukuhlangana nalaba balisa balezi zithunywa, ngoJuni walowo nyaka wamemezela umthetho omusha wesimo esibucayi owaziwa ngokuthi yi-state of emergency, kanye nokuphaka amaphoyisa kuzo zonke izindawu zabantu abamnyama ukuthi baboshwe ngobuningi. Kanti izidlamlilo ezaziwa nombuso nenqubo yobandlululo zavuka indlobana zawuvuthela kakhulu umzabalazo, kanti nabe-ANC nabo baqinisa isandla kakhulu ngohlaselo, lapho abahlasela izihlandla ezingu 231 ngo-1986 kanti eingu 235 ngo-1987. Udlame lwabhoka ngamandla ezweni njengoba uhulumeni waphaka kakhulu amasosha kanye namaphoyisa ukuzama ukucisha umlilo wemikhankaso yomzabalazo, kanti futhi uhulumeni wobandlululo wanikeza nezikhali amanye amaqembu amaZulu ngaphansi kwenhlangano ye- Inkatha, ukuhlasela abantu emalokishini, kanti lokhu nakho kwavuthela kakhulu nokubhebhethekisa udlame ne-ANC.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeredith2010359.E2.80.93360Sampson2011347.E2.80.93355_182-0" rel="dc:references"> [182]  <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeredith2010359.E2.80.93360Sampson2011347.E2.80.93355_182-0" rel="dc:references"> UMandela wacela ukubamba umhlangano noBotha, kodwa uBotha wenqaba, kunalokho uMandela wahlangana ekhusini noNgqongqoshe owayebhekene nezamaphoyisa ezweni u-Kobie Coetsee ngo-1987, kanti futhi waphinda waba neminye imihlangano engu 11 eminyakeni elandelayo engu 3. UCoetsee, wahlela imihlangano yokuxoxisana noMandela, kanti futhi wahlangana nezinye izikhulu zikahulumeni ezine, kwimihlangano eyaqala ngoMeyi 1988, futhi leli qembu lavuma ukukhulula abanye ababoshwa bezepolitiki kanye nokuthi kumele kuvulwe umlomo inhlangano ye-ANC kodwa uma ingathembisa ukuhlukana nomzabalazo wezikhali kanye nokunqamula ubudlelwane nenhlangano yamakhomanisi, iCommunist Party, kanti futhi oMandela bangaqikeleli ukuthi kumele kube novoto olubandakanya wonke umuntu lokubusa kweningi ngenqubo ye-majority rule. UMandela wazenqaba zonke lezi zimo abombuso wobandlululo ababezibeka, washo nokuthi umzabalazo wezikhali, uyyokwa uma uhulumeni wobandlululo naye engayeka udlame kubantu.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeredith2010362.E2.80.93368Sampson2011363.E2.80.93378_183-0" rel="dc:references"> [183]  <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeredith2010362.E2.80.93368Sampson2011363.E2.80.93378_183-0" rel="dc:references">
Ukuqeda konyaka wobu 70 kaMandela ngoJulayi ka 1988, kwahuha amehlo abantu bamazwe omhlaba kakhulu, okwaba nedumela kakhulu yinkhonsathi eyaziwa ngelokuthi yi-tribute concert eyabanjelwa eLandani eWembley Stadium eyafakelwa kumathelevishini amazwe omhlaba futhi yabukelwa ngabantu abalinganiselwa kuma 200 million kuwo wonke umhlaba.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber200435Sampson2011368_184-0" rel="dc:references"> [184]  <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber200435Sampson2011368_184-0" rel="dc:references"> Ngisho noma ayebonwa njengeqhawe elikhulu kumazwe omhlaba, kodwa wayenezinkinga emndenini wakhe, ngoba abaholi be-ANC, bamazisa ukuhti umkakhe uWinnie, usezihlome njengomholi wegenge yezigelekeqe zezigebengu ezazizibiza ngokuthi yi- "Mandela United Football Club", kanti le genge yayihamba ihlasela abantu nokubabulala lapho khona okwakubandakanya noubulawa kwezingane  – eSoweto. Abanye abantu bameluleka ukuthi adivose nomkakhe, kodwa yena waqoka ukuhlala nomkakhe kanye nokwethembeka kuye, umkakhe waquliswa icala maqondana nezenzo zale genge watholakala enecala.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeer198820.E2.80.9323Meredith2010371.E2.80.93383Sampson2011373.E2.80.93380_186-0" rel="dc:references"> [186]  <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeer198820.E2.80.9323Meredith2010371.E2.80.93383Sampson2011373.E2.80.93380_186-0" rel="dc:references">
Ejele lase-Victor Verster kanye nokukhululwa: 1988–90
Lapho ephuma ejele lase-Victor Verster Prison ngomhla ka 11 Februwari, uMandela waphuma ebambe isandla sikaWinnie phambi kwezihlwele zabantu kanye nabezindaba, kanti lokhu kwasakazwa kuwo wonke amazwe omhlaba .<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeredith2010399.E2.80.93402Sampson2011407_197-0" rel="dc:references"> [197]  <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeredith2010399.E2.80.93402Sampson2011407_197-0" rel="dc:references"> Washayelwa ngemoto waya eCape Town's City Hall lapho ayelindwe khona zihlwele zabantu, wanikeza inkulumo yakhe, yokuzinikela ukusebenzela uxolo nokubuyisana kwezinhlanga zabamhlophe, kodwa wakubeka wakucacisa uuthi umzabalazo wezikhali we-ANC awukapheli uzoqhubeka njengendlela yezenzo zokuvikela abantu kudlame lombuso wobandlululo ("a purely defensive action against the violence of apartheid.") Wathi unethemba lokuthi uhulumeni uzovuma ukubanga isimo sokuthi kungasabi bikho isidingo somzabalazo wezikhali ("there may no longer be the need for the armed struggle"), kunalokho, kube nokugxila ekuletheni uxolo nokuthula emiphakathini yeningi labantu abamnyama, kanye nokubanikeza ilungalo lokuvota kukhetho lukawonkewonke nolwezindawo.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber20042Meredith2010400.E2.80.93402Sampson2011408.E2.80.93409_199-0" rel="dc:references"> [199]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber20042Meredith2010400.E2.80.93402Sampson2011408.E2.80.93409_199-0" rel="dc:references"> Ezinsukwini ezilandelayo, wahlala emzini ka-Desmond Tutu, uMandela kanye nabangani bakhe kanye namashanhliziyo, abezindaba, wanikeza inkulumo lapho okulinganiselwa khona ukuthi kwakunabantu abangu 100 000 eJohannesburg, esitediyamu se-Soccer City.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeredith2010403.E2.80.93405Sampson2011409.E2.80.93410_201-0" rel="dc:references"> [201]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeredith2010403.E2.80.93405Sampson2011409.E2.80.93410_201-0" rel="dc:references">
Ukuqala kwezingxoxo: 1990–91
UMandela waqhubeka wavakashela amazwe eAfrika, lapho ahlangana khona nabasekeli, kanye nosopolitiki, eZambia, eZimbabwe, eNamibia, eLibya nase-Algeria, waqhubekela eSweden lapho ahlangana khona noTambo, waya naseLandani, lapho avela khona kwikhonsathi enkulukazi yenkululeko ye-Nelson Mandela: An International Tribute for a Free South Africa concert eyabanjelwa eWembley Stadium.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber200457Meredith2010409.E2.80.93410Sampson2011412.E2.80.93414_202-0" rel="dc:references"> [202]  <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber200457Meredith2010409.E2.80.93410Sampson2011412.E2.80.93414_202-0" rel="dc:references"> Wakhuthaza amazwe ukuthi aqhubeke nokunswinya umbuso wobandlululo, eFrance wemukelwa khona nguMongameli wakhona, uFrançois Mitterrand, eVatican City wamukelwa nguPope John Paul II, kanti eUnited Kingdom wahlangana noThatcher. E-United States, wahlangana noMongameli uGeorge H.W. Bush, wakhuluma kwizinkundla zakhona zombili ze-Congress wavakashela amadolobha ayisishagalombili, ikakhulukazi enedumela kubantu abamnyama baseMelika okungama- African-American.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber200458.E2.80.9359Sampson2011415.E2.80.93418_203-0" rel="dc:references"> [203]  <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber200458.E2.80.9359Sampson2011415.E2.80.93418_203-0" rel="dc:references"> Ezweni lase-Cuba wahlangana noMongameli uFidel Castro, okwakungumuntu owayesemhloniphe kakhulu nokumbuzana isikhathi eside, kanti bobabili babangabangani abakhulukazi.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber200460Meredith2010410Sampson2011420_204-0" rel="dc:references"> [204]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber200460Meredith2010410Sampson2011420_204-0" rel="dc:references"> Wahlangana  noMongameli u-R. Venkataraman waseNdiya, uMongameli u-Suharto wase-Indonesia, UNdunankulu u-Mahathir Mohamad eMalaysia, uNdunankulu uBob Hawke wase-Australia, wavakashela nezwe lasse-Japan; akazange esaya e-Soviet Union, izwekazi elalisekele i-ANC isikhathi eside.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber200460Sampson2011418.E2.80.93420_205-0" rel="dc:references"> [205]  <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber200460Sampson2011418.E2.80.93420_205-0" rel="dc:references">
Izingxoxo ze-CODESA: 1991–92
Ngokukhthazeka ukuthi inqubo yedimokhrasi yayisikazeka isikazwa wudlame lontamolukhuni leqembu elalizibiza ngokuthi yi-Concerned South Africans Group (COSAG), okwakuyi-alayense noma umbimbi lwamaqembu ontamolukhuni bma-Afrikaner, kanye namaqembu aye funa ukukraya izwe libe zizwana eziseceleni ezingeyona ingxenye yezwelonke nesizwe sonkana, amaqembu afana neNkatha, ngoJuni 1993, iqembu lontamolukhuni le-Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging (AWB) lahlasela abantu ezingxoxweni ezazibanjelwa e-Kempton Park World Trade Centre.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber200446Meredith2010449.E2.80.93450.2C_488Sampson2011466.2C_470.E2.80.93471_221-0" rel="dc:references"> [221]  <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber200446Meredith2010449.E2.80.93450.2C_488Sampson2011466.2C_470.E2.80.93471_221-0" rel="dc:references"> Ngemuva kokubulawa komholi we-ANC u-Chris Hani, uMandela wenza isimemezelo ngenkulumo kazwelonke, encenga abantu ukuthi behlise imimoya bangenzi uvukelo, ngemuva kwalokho wavela emngcwabeni kaTambo eSoweto, uTambo wabulawa yi-stroke. NgoJulayi 1993, uMandela noDe Klerk bavakashela e-US kodwa bengahambisani ndawonye, bahlangano noMongameli wakhona wangaleso sikkhathi u-Bill Clinton kanti bobabili banikezwa indondo ye-Liberty Medal. Ngemuva kwalokho, uMandela noDe Klerk bayonikezwa indondo yomhlaba  yoxolo bobabili, indondo ebizwa ngokuthi i-Nobel Peace Prize ezweni laseNorway.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber200468Meredith2010494Sampson2011474_224-0" rel="dc:references"> [224]  <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber200468Meredith2010494Sampson2011474_224-0" rel="dc:references"> Ngokututuzelwa nguThabo Mbeki, uMandela waqala ukuhlangana nosomabhizinisi abakhulu, kanti futhi washayela phansi ngenqubo yokuthathwa kwempahla yesizwe ibe ngaphansi kombuso, inqubo ebizwa ngokuthi yi-nationalisation, ngokwesabela ukuthi izokwesabisa abotshalomali bamazwe angaphandle. Ngisho noma le nqubo yakhe yakamuva yasolwa yilabo abangasohlangothini lobusoshalizimi be-ANC, waqala ukukhuthaza inqubo yokuthengiswa kwempahla yombuso ukuthi ibe sezandleni zosomabhizinisi, inqubo eyezwa ngelokuthi i-privatisation nomai- private enterprise kanti lokhu wakwenza ngokukhuthazwa amaqembu obukhomanisi aseShayina ne-Vietnam, la maqembu ahlangana nawo engqungqutheleni yamazwe omhlaba ngoJanuwari ka 1992, ingqungquthela ye-World Economic Forum eSwitzerland. Kanti futhi uMandela wabuye wavela nakwifilimu eyayenziwa ngenkokheli noma umholi wabamnyama yaseMelika, wavela eklasini njengothisha, enza inkondlo yaleyo nkokheli kwisiqephu sokugcina, inkokheli engu-Malcolm X kwisiqephu sokugcina sefilimu sango 1992 esasenziwa ngayo le nkhokheli yaseMellika u- Malcolm X.
Ukhetho lukawonkewonke lezwe ngo: 1994
Njengoba ukhetho lwase luhlelelwe umhla ka 27 Epreli ngo-1994, i-ANC yaqala ukukhankasela lolu khetho, yavula amahovisi ezokhetho angu 100, kanye nokusungula inqubo yokubhonisana nabantu eyayibizwa ngokuthi ama-People's Forums kulo lonke izwe, lapho khona uMandela wayehamba ekhuluma khona, kanti futhi engumholi owaziwayo nohlonishwa kakhulu yibo bonke abantu eNingizimu Afrika.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeredith2010495Sampson2011467.E2.80.93477_227-0" rel="dc:references"> [227]  <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeredith2010495Sampson2011467.E2.80.93477_227-0" rel="dc:references"> I-ANC yakhankasa ngaphansi kohlelo lwemvuselelo nentuthuko olwabizwa nge-Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP) ukwakha izindlu eziyisigidi noma imiliyoni eminyakeni emihlanu, ukuqala inqubo yemfundo yabo bonke abantu, kanye nokutholakala kwamanzi nogesi. Isiqubulo noma isilogeni sayo sasithi, impilo engcono kubo bonke abantu  ("a better life for all"), noma kwakungacacile kahle ukuthi le ntuthuko izozithola kuphi izimali.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber200476.E2.80.9377Meredith2010495.E2.80.93496Sampson2011478_228-0" rel="dc:references"> [228]  <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber200476.E2.80.9377Meredith2010495.E2.80.93496Sampson2011478_228-0" rel="dc:references"> Ngaphandle kwephephandaba le-Weekly Mail ne-New Nation, Abaningi bemigude yezindaba, babephikisana nokhetho lukaMandela, ngoba besabela ukuthi kuzoba nokuvukelana kwesizwe, kunalokho, abezindaba babesekela uukhethwa kwe-National Party noma i-Democratic Party.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESampson2011479_229-0" rel="dc:references"> [229]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESampson2011479_229-0" rel="dc:references"> UMandela wachitha isikhathi esiningi egqugquzelela i-ANC ukuthola imali, wahambela amazwe enyakatho neMelika, eYuropha, kanya namazwe ase-Asia, ukuhlangabe nezicebi zakhona, ezibandakanya labo ababesekela umbuso wobandlululo.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESampson2011_230-0" rel="dc:references"> [230]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESampson2011_230-0" rel="dc:references"> Kanti futhi wabuye wakhankasela nokuthi izingane ezineminyaka engu 14 zivunyelwe ukuvota okusho ukuthi iminyaka yokuvota yehliswe ku-18 iye ku-14; kanti lokhu kwakhahlelwa yi-ANC, ingavumelani nalo mgomo futhi lokhu bakwenza inhlekisa ngaye.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELodge2006188Sampson2011477.E2.80.93478Meredith2010484_231-0" rel="dc:references"> [231]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELodge2006188Sampson2011477.E2.80.93478Meredith2010484_231-0" rel="dc:references">
Ngokukhathazeka ukuthi i-COSAG yayizophazamisa ukhetho nokulucikela phansi, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yezinxushunxushu ezenzeka e-Bophuthatswana kanye nekomkhulu le-ANC i-Shell House Massacre – lapho okwenzeka khona izehlakalo zodlame, olwalubandakanya i-AWB neNkatha ngokunjalo, uMandela wahlangana nosopolitiki bama-Afrikaner, namajenerali, abandakanya o-P. W. Botha, uPik Botha kanye nooConstand Viljoen, ukuze abancenge ukusekela kanye nokusebenza ngaphansi kwenqubo yedimokhrasi, kanti futhi enoDe Klerk bahlangana noButhelezi neNkathi yakhe, ukumncenga ukuthi angenele ukhetho, kunokuthi aqale impi yokukraya izwe iziqeshana ngezinhlanga.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeredith2010488.E2.80.93489.2C_504.E2.80.93510Sampson2011480.E2.80.93489_232-0" rel="dc:references"> [232]  <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeredith2010488.E2.80.93489.2C_504.E2.80.93510Sampson2011480.E2.80.93489_232-0" rel="dc:references"> Njengabaholi bamaqembu amabili amakhulu, uDe Klerk noMandela, bavele kuthelevishini benengxoxo-mpikiswano, ngisho noma uDe Klerk wabonakala ekhuluma kangcono kuleyo ngxoxo, uMandela welula isandla waxhawula uDe Klerk, okwamumangaza, lokhu okwenza ukuthi abantu baphawule ngokuthi uMandela wuye ongqobile kwingxoxo-mpikiswano.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeredith2010500.E2.80.93501Sampson2011488_233-0" rel="dc:references"> [233]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeredith2010500.E2.80.93501Sampson2011488_233-0" rel="dc:references"> Ukhetho lwaqhubeka noma kwabakhona okusadlame okwathanda ukuphazamisa ngoba i-AWB  yatshala ibhomu elabulala abantu abangu 20 ibhomu elatshalwa ngemoto. Njengoba kwakulindelekile, i-ANC yawina ukhetho ngama 63% wamavoti, okusho ukuthi yacishe yathola iningi eliyinxenye yokubili-kokuthathu (two-thirds majority) ukuze ikwazi ukushintsha umthethosisekelo yodwa. Kanti i-ANC yawina kumaprovinsi ayisikhombisa, lapho khona iNkatha ne-National Party abathatha khona amaprovinsi amabili, okuyiKwaZulu-Natali kanye neNtshona-Kapa.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber200482Meredith2010512Sampson2011491_234-0" rel="dc:references"> [234]  <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber200482Meredith2010512Sampson2011491_234-0" rel="dc:references"> UMandela wavotela esikoleni sOhlange High School eDurban, kodwa ngisho noma ukuwina kwe-ANC kwaqinisekisa ukuthi uMandela abe nguMongameli, wakwemukela ukuthi ukhetho luye lwaphazanyiswa yinkwabaniso eyenzeka kwezinye izindawo kanye nokucikelwa phansi okwenzeka ngesikhkathi sokhetho.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeredith2010510.E2.80.93512Sampson2011490_236-0" rel="dc:references"> [236]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeredith2010510.E2.80.93512Sampson2011490_236-0" rel="dc:references">
UbuNgameli bakhe eNingizimu Afrika: 1994–99
NgoDisemba ka 1994, uMandela washicilela incwadi yomlando wakhe, esihloko sithi, indlela ende eya enkululekweni (Long Walk to Freedom,) okuyi-autobiography yemibhalo ayibhala esesejele, kodwa yafakelwa imibono emisha yezingxoxo azenza nombhali owaziwayo wejenalisti yaseMelika u-Richard Stengel.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELodge2006186Meredith2010517_250-0" rel="dc:references"> [250]  <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELodge2006186Meredith2010517_250-0" rel="dc:references"> Kamuva kwikhonferense yama 49 ye-ANC, eyabanjelwa e-Bloemfontein, kanti kule khonferense kwakhethwa ikomidi lesigungu likazwelonke lezidlamlilo, phakathi kwalabo abakhethwa kwakunoWinnie Mandela. Kodwa ngisho noma uWinnie abonisa umoya wokuthi ufuna babuyelane noMandela, uMandela waqhubeka nedivosi yabo ngo-Agast 1995.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeredith2010539.E2.80.93542Sampson2011500.2C_507_251-0" rel="dc:references"> [251]  <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeredith2010539.E2.80.93542Sampson2011500.2C_507_251-0" rel="dc:references"> Ngo 1995, uMandela wayesenobudlelwane no-Graça Machel, unkosikazi wase-Mozambican owayekwezepolitiki futhi emncane kuye ngeminyaka engu 27, owayengumfelwa wawolo owayengumongameli waseMozambique u-Samora Machel. Babeqale bahlangana ngo 1990, lapho unkosikazi kaMachel wasesililweni sokubulawela umyeni, kanti ubudlelwane babo baqhubeka njengabalingani, kanti futhi uGraca wayevame ukumphelekezela kuhambo lwakhe oluningi lapho ehambele amanye amazwe. Okokuqala lapho emcela umshado, uGraca akafunanga ukushada naye ngoba wayefuna ukuhlala engumuntu ozimele, kanti lokhu kwakusho ukuthi uMandela kufuneka ahlukanise isikhathi sakhe phakathi kokuvakasha eMozambique kanye nokuba se-Johannesburg.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELodge2006222.E2.80.93223Meredith2010574.E2.80.93575Sampson2011546.E2.80.93549_252-0" rel="dc:references"> [252]  <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELodge2006222.E2.80.93223Meredith2010574.E2.80.93575Sampson2011546.E2.80.93549_252-0" rel="dc:references">
Umoya wokubuyisana kweSizwe
UMandela ngokwakhe qobo wavakashela izikhulu zombuso wobandlululo, ezibandakanya umfelokazi ka-Hendrik Verwoerd uBetsie Schoombie kanye nommelil owamshushisa ngokuboshwa kwakhe uPercy Yutar, akanye nokuyobeka izimbali ethuneni leqhawe lama-Afrikaner u-Daniel Theron.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELodge2006212Meredith2010523.E2.80.93524Sampson2011520.2C_522.E2.80.93523_259-0" rel="dc:references"> [259]  <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELodge2006212Meredith2010523.E2.80.93524Sampson2011520.2C_522.E2.80.93523_259-0" rel="dc:references"> Wayegcizelela kakhulu ukuxolelana nokubuyisana, nokumemezela ukuthi "abantu abanezibindi abesabi ukuxolela abanye abantu nokubuyisana nabo, ukuze kube noxolo ("courageous people do not fear forgiving, for the sake of peace)."<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeredith2010523.E2.80.93524Sampson2011520.2C_522.E2.80.93523_260-0" rel="dc:references"> [260]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeredith2010523.E2.80.93524Sampson2011520.2C_522.E2.80.93523_260-0" rel="dc:references"> Wakhuthaza abantu abamnyama ukuthi basekele iqembu likazwelonke lomdlalo we-rugby elalingathandwa ekuqaleni, iqembu le-Springboks, ngesikhathi iNingizimu Afrika, kuyiyo eyayingamele indebe yomhlaba yalo mhlalo we-1995 Rugby World Cup. Ngemuva kokuba ama-Springboks kuma-final ewine indebe ngokushaya iqemu lezwe lase-New Zealand, UMandela nguwe owethula indebe, kukaputeni, u-Francois Pienaar, ongumu-Afrikaner, egqoke ijezi lama-Springbok lenombolo yakhe u-Pienaar unombolo 6 ngemuva ejezini. Lokhu kwamufakela idumela nakakhulu, njengoba kwakubona njengomoya wokubuyisana phakathi kwabamhlophe nabamnyama baseNingizimu Afrika, njengoba uDe Klerk asho kamuva ukuthi "uMandela unqobe izinhliziyo zezigidi-gidi zababukelli abamhlophe bomdlalo we-rugby."<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELodge2006212Meredith2010525.E2.80.93527Sampson_261-0" rel="dc:references"> [261]  <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELodge2006212Meredith2010525.E2.80.93527Sampson_261-0" rel="dc:references"> Imizamo kaMandela yokubuyisana yenza ukuthi iningi labantu abamhlophe bangasabi navalo, kanti futhi lokhu kwasolwa kakhulu abantu abamnyama bamashanhliziyo.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELodge2006213Meredith2010517.2C_536Sampson2011491.2C_496.2C_524_263-0" rel="dc:references"> [263]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELodge2006213Meredith2010517.2C_536Sampson2011491.2C_496.2C_524_263-0" rel="dc:references">   Phakathi kwalabo ababemsola, kwakungunkosikazi wakhe uWinnie, owathi i-ANC isha amagqangqu kakhulu ngokubonelela izidingo zabamhlophe, kunokusiza iningi labantu abamnyama abasenhluphekweni.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeredith2010517.2C_536Sampson2011491.2C_496.2C_524_264-0" rel="dc:references"> [264]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeredith2010517.2C_536Sampson2011491.2C_496.2C_524_264-0" rel="dc:references">
UMandela wasingatha ukusungulwa kwekhomishana yamaqiniso nokubuyisana i-Truth and Reconciliation Commission ukuze iphenyisise ngezenzo zubugebengu ngaphansi kombuso wobandlululo, ezenziwa ngumbuso wobandlululo kwabamnyama kanye nezenzo ze-ANC, kanti futhi waqoka uDesmond Tutu ukuthi abe ngusihlalo wale khomishina. Ukuze abanamacala bangesabi, iKhomishana yabeka ukuthi izonikeza ushwele ngobugebengu ngesikhathi sobandlululo kulabo abadalula amaqiniso bakhiphe ubufakazi bezenzo zabo ngesikhathi sombuso wobandlululo. Ukusukela ngoFebruwari 1996, ikhomishana yabamba izinkundla zokulalela iminyaka emibili, lapho khona okwalalelwa khona ubufakazi bobugebengu bokudlwengula, ukuhlukumeza ngokomzimba nengqondo, ukutshala amabhomu, kanye nokubulawa kwabantu ngomshoshaphansi, lokhu eyakwenza ngaphambi kokunikeza umbiko wayo wokugcina ngo 1998.UDe Klerk kanye noButhelezi benza isicelo enkantolol ukuthi ubufakazi obuqondene nabo kokuthile embikweni wekhomishana bucindezelwe bungavezwa, kanti futhi lesi sicelo savunyelwa yinkantolo.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeredith2010527.2C_551.E2.80.93564Sampson2011528.E2.80.93532_265-0" rel="dc:references"> [265]  <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeredith2010527.2C_551.E2.80.93564Sampson2011528.E2.80.93532_265-0" rel="dc:references"> UMandela wancoma umsebenzi weKhomishana, wabeka nokuthi, ikhomishana "isize ukuthi siqhele kwinqubo yesikhathi esedlule, ukuze sikwazi ukubhekana nesikhathi samanje kanye nekusasa" .<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeredith2010563Sampson2011532_266-0" rel="dc:references"> [266]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeredith2010563Sampson2011532_266-0" rel="dc:references">
Izinhlelo zangaphakathi zezwe
Umbuso kaMandela wathola izwe elalinegebe elikhulu lokungalingani nokwehlukana, kanti futhi izinga lomcebo labamhlophe liphezulu, kuthi abamnyama babesezingeni eliphansi kakhulu futhi namasevisi engaphakelwa ngokulinganayo phakathi kwemiphakathi yabamhlophe nabamnyama.Kwinani labantu abangama 40miliyoni, abantu abangu 23miliyoni bebengenawo ugesi, izindlu zangasese, abantu abangu 12 miliyoni bebengenawo amanzi ahlanzekile, kuthi izingane ezingu 2miliyoni bezingekho esikoleni zingafundi, kanti inani labantu abalinganiselwa kwingxenye yokubili-kokuthathu, bebengakwazi ukubhala. Kwakunenani labantu abangamaphesenge angu 33% abaswele imisebenzi, cishe uhafo wesizwe bekungabantu abaphila ngaphansi komkhawulo ofanele wendlala nokuhlupheka.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeredith2010518.E2.80.93520_267-0" rel="dc:references"> [267]  <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeredith2010518.E2.80.93520_267-0" rel="dc:references"> Umthombo wezimali kahulumeni kwakucishe kungenalutho kuwo, kanti ingxenye yokukodwa-kokuhlanu kwebhajethi kahulumeni yayisetshenziselwa ukhokha izikweledu zikahulumeni, okusho ukuthi kwakufanele kuphungulwe kakhulu inani elalizosetshenziselwa uhlelo lwemvuselelo nentuthuko i-Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP) uhulumeni ayeluthembisile, kanti futhi kungenzeki ukuthi uhulumeni impahla ayifake ngaphansi kophiko lwakhe ngenqubo ye-nationalisation, nemisebenzi ingadaleki.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeredith2010519Sampson2011514.E2.80.93515_268-0" rel="dc:references"> [268]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeredith2010519Sampson2011514.E2.80.93515_268-0" rel="dc:references"> Ngo-1996, uhlelo we-RDP lwasusa esikhundleni salo kwafakelwa umgomo we-Growth, Employment and Redistribution (Gear), owawuqinisekisa ukuthi eNingizimu Afrika kunenqubo yomnotho ohlangene ngenqubo eyaziwa ngelokuthi yi-economic growth ngokusebenzisa uhlaka lomnotho wezimakethe olwaziwa ngokuthi yi-market economics kanye nokukhuthaza abatshali-zimali bangaphandle ukuthi batshale izimali ezweni; kanti abaningi kwi-ANC babona ukuthi le nqubo, yomgomo ongafuneki we-neo-liberal umgomo ongayiqendi inqubo yokungalingani ngokwenhlalisano, kodwa uMandela wawuvikela lo mgomo wezimakethe.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber2004122.E2.80.93124.2C_162_269-0" rel="dc:references"> [269]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber2004122.E2.80.93124.2C_162_269-0" rel="dc:references"> Ngokusebenzisa lo mgomo we-neo liberal, uhulumeni kaMandela kwakusho ukuthi unamathela kulokho okwazi ngelokuthi yi-"Washington consensus" okwakuyinqubo ekhuthazwa nokuvuthelwa ngabezinhlangano ze-World Bank kanye ne-International Monetary Fund.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuthienKhosaMagubane2000369.E2.80.93370Meredith2010520.E2.80.93521_270-0" rel="dc:references"> [270]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuthienKhosaMagubane2000369.E2.80.93370Meredith2010520.E2.80.93521_270-0" rel="dc:references">
Ezinye izinkinga zabangwa ukuthi iningi labantu abamhlophe bamakhono, baphuma ngobuningi ezweni leNingizimu Afrika befudukela kwamanye amazwe, laba bamhlophe bathi babaleka ezweni ngoba bebalekela ubugebengu obabuya ngokudlanga, kanye nokubalekela ukukhokhela izinga eliphezulu lentela, kanye nomphumela wenqubo yokubonelela nokunikeza abamnyama amathuba emisebenzini ngenqubo abamhlophe ababeyibiza ngokuthi yi-positive discrimination enikeza abamnyama amathuba emmisebenzi. Lokhu kufuduka ngobuningi kwabamhlophe ezweni, kwabangela ukulahleka kwalabo abanamakhono okwaziwa ngokuthi yi-brain drain, kanti uMandela wayegxeka labo abamhlophe abafudukayo ezweni beya kwamanye amazwe.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber2004131_285-0" rel="dc:references"> [285]  <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber2004131_285-0" rel="dc:references"> Kanti ngakolunye uhlangothi, izwe leNingizimu Afrika laba neningi labantu abayizigidi-gidi ikakhulukazi abamnyama ababengena ezweni ngokushushumba ngelokwaziwa ngokuthi ama-illegal migrants laba bantu babebuya kumazwe ase-Afrika ahlupheke kakhulu, kanti futhi kwakunombono ongemuhle ngalaba bantu abangena ezweni, abanye babebasho ngamagama aziswana besho nokuthi balethe izifo ezweni kanye nobugebengu, uMandela wancenga abantu bezwe ukuthi bamukele laba bantu abangena ezweni "njengabafowethu nodadewethu".<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber2004133_287-0" rel="dc:references"> [287]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber2004133_287-0" rel="dc:references">
Ezangaphandle kwezwe
UMandela wasekela isimemezelo sikaMbeki sokuvuselela i-Afrika ezaziwa ngelokuthi yi-"African Renaissance", kanti wayekhathazeka ngezinto ezenzeka kwizwekazi lekhontinente ye-Afrika.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber2004124.E2.80.93125Sampson2011556.E2.80.93557_300-0" rel="dc:references"> [300]  <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber2004124.E2.80.93125Sampson2011556.E2.80.93557_300-0" rel="dc:references"> Wazama ukwenza izingxoxo zokubuyisana nondlovukayiphikiswa wezempi eNigeria u-Sani Abacha military junta ukuthi aphume esikhundleni sokwengamela izwe, kodwa akangaphumelela kulo mzamo, yingakho ekugcineni wamemezela ukuthi umbuso ka-Abacha untswinywe ngenqubo eyaziwa ngokuthi ama-sanctions, lapho u-Abacha eqhubeke nokucikela phansi amalungelo abantu ezweni lakhe.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber2004108.E2.80.93110Lodge2006215Sampson2011556.E2.80.93557_301-0" rel="dc:references"> [301]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber2004108.E2.80.93110Lodge2006215Sampson2011556.E2.80.93557_301-0" rel="dc:references"> Ngonyaka ka 1996, waqokwa uuba nguSihlalo wezizwe eziseningizimu ne-Afrika, ezaziwa ngelokuthi yi-Southern African Development Community (SADC) kanti futhi wazama nokwenza izingxoxo zokubuyisana kwabantu baseCongo nomholi wakhona wangaleso sikhathi, lapho kuqala impi eyaziwa ngelokuthi yi-First Congo War eZaire.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber2004176.E2.80.93177Lodge2006216Sampson2011558_302-0" rel="dc:references"> [302]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber2004176.E2.80.93177Lodge2006216Sampson2011558_302-0" rel="dc:references"> Wazama nokuxazulula inkinga yempi yobuhlanga phakathi kwamaqembu ezepolitiki ama-Tutsi nama-Hutu kwempi yokuvukelana ngobuhlanga eBurundi eyaziwa ngokuthi yi-Burundian Civil War, wasiza ukuqala izingxoxo zokubonisana, okwenza ukuthi isimo sakhona siye ngokuzinza kodwa noma singaqedanga uvukelwano lodlame.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELodge2006217.E2.80.93218_303-0" rel="dc:references"> [303]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELodge2006217.E2.80.93218_303-0" rel="dc:references"> Kwisenzo sokuqala sokusebenzisa amasosha aseNingizimu Afrika okwaziwa nge-South Africa's first post-apartheid military operation, ngoSeptemba ka 1998, kwathunyelwa amasosha eLesotho ukuyovikela umbuso kaNdunankulu wakhona u-Pakalitha Mosisili ngemuva kokuba kube nokhetho imiphumela yakhona okungavunyelwana ngayo, kanti lokhu kwabanga uvukelano lwesizwe. Isinqumo ngokwaso sokuthumela amasosha, asikhishwanga nguMandela uqobo, ngoba wayengaphandle kwezwe ngesikhathi kwenzeka lokho, kodwa isinqumo sakhishwa nguButhelezi, owayeyibambela likamongameli uMandela, ngesikhathi engekho.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber2004111.E2.80.93113Sampson2011558.E2.80.93559_304-0" rel="dc:references"> [304]  <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber2004111.E2.80.93113Sampson2011558.E2.80.93559_304-0" rel="dc:references">
Ukuhoxa kwezepolitiki
UMthethosisekelo omusha weNingizimu Afrika (Constitution of South Africa) kwavunyelwana ngawo ephalamende ngoMeyi 1996, kanti wawubeka izikhungo eziningi ukuqikelela ukuthi kukhona izikhungo zezepolitiki nezokuphatha esisekelwe kwinqubo yedimokhrasi yomthethosisekelo.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuthienKhosaMagubane2000366_305-0" rel="dc:references"> [305]  <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuthienKhosaMagubane2000366_305-0" rel="dc:references"> UDe Klerk waphikisana nokusetshenziswa kwalo mthethosisekelo omsuha, kanti futhi yingakho yena neNational Party yakhe, baqoka ukuphuma kumbuso wobambiswano, ngoba bekhalazela lo mthethosisekelo omusha, kanti futhi uDe Klerk lona, wabika nokuthi abakuhulumeni abaku-ANC ababaphathi njengabalingani abalinganayo kumbuso.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber2004128.E2.80.93129Lodge2006204Meredith2010529.E2.80.93530Sampson2011534_306-0" rel="dc:references"> [306]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber2004128.E2.80.93129Lodge2006204Meredith2010529.E2.80.93530Sampson2011534_306-0" rel="dc:references"> I-ANC yathathela kuyo zonke izikhundla zekhabhinethi ezazibanjwe ngabe-National Party bengakaphumi, kanti uMbeki waba nguSekela Mongameli oyedwa.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESampson2011535_307-0" rel="dc:references"> [307]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESampson2011535_307-0" rel="dc:references"> Inkatha yona yasala iyingxenye yohulumeni wobambiswano,<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber2004128.E2.80.93129_308-0" rel="dc:references"> [308]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber2004128.E2.80.93129_308-0" rel="dc:references"> kanti lapho uMandela noMbeki bengaphandle kwezwe, uButhelezi waqokwa ukuba yibamba likaMongameli, kanti lokhu kwenza ukuthi kube nobudlelwane obungcono phakathi kwakhe noMandela.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELodge2006207Sampson2011536_309-0" rel="dc:references"> [309]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELodge2006207Sampson2011536_309-0" rel="dc:references"> Ngisho noma uMandela ezikhathini eziningi, wayethatha izinyathelo ezibambekayo ekubuseni kwakho eminyakeni emibili yokuqala njengoMongameli,<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELodge2006211_310-0" rel="dc:references"> [310]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELodge2006211_310-0" rel="dc:references"> ekugcineni wayesegunyaza uMbeki kwimisebenzi yakhe ekugcineni, ngemuva kwalokho, yena nje wayesebheka ezobunhloli kanye nezokuvikeleka.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber2004130Lodge2006211_311-0" rel="dc:references"> [311]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber2004130Lodge2006211_311-0" rel="dc:references"> Ngo 1997, kuhambo wakhe lokuvakashela eLondon, watshela abantu lapho ukuthi umbusi wansuku zonke eNingizimu Afrika, nguThabo Mbeki, mina sengidlulisela kuye okuningi."<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELodge2006211_310-1" rel="dc:references"> [310]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELodge2006211_310-1" rel="dc:references">
UMandela wabeka phansi izintambo zokuba nguMongameli we-ANC ngoDisemba 1997 kwikhonferense. Wayenethemba lokuthi Ramaphosa nguye ozothatha izintambo zobungameli ngemuva kwakhe, ngoba wayebona uMbeki enjengomuntu ongakwawzi uguquguquka ngokwesimo, kanti futhi wayembona engumuntu ongafuni neze ukuphikiswa, kodwa noma kunjaloi, i-ANC yakhetha uMbeki ukuba nguMongameli.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELodge2006211Meredith2010568Sampson2010537.E2.80.93543_312-0" rel="dc:references"> [312]  <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELodge2006211Meredith2010568Sampson2010537.E2.80.93543_312-0" rel="dc:references"> Lapho kuthathwa isikhundla sokuba nguMongameli kukaMandela, isigungu esiphezulu, sakela u-Jacob Zuma, ukuba yisekela likaMongameli, kanti uZuma ngumZulu owayekade eboshiwe esiqiwini sase-Robben Island ngeminyaka yangaphambilini ngaphambi kokuba aye ekudingisweni, kanti uWinnie wamnikeza inselele kulesi sikhundla, ngoba uWinnie wayesekelwa kakhulu enedumela, kodwa-uZuma nguye owathola isikhundla sokuba ngusekela mongameli kukhetho, kanti futhi uZuma wawina ngamavoti amaningi adlula akaWinnie kulolo khetho.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeredith2010568Sampson2011537.E2.80.93543_313-0" rel="dc:references"> [313]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeredith2010568Sampson2011537.E2.80.93543_313-0" rel="dc:references">
Ubudlelwane bukaMandela noMachel baya ngokuqina; kangongokuthi nguFebruwari ka 1998, waze wathi, ngithandana nowesimame oyisimanga, kanti futhi kwathi lapho ecindezelwa ngumngani wakhe uDesmond Tutu, owamcindezela ukuthi kumele bashade noGraca ukuze babeyisibonelo esihle kubantu abasha, ngakho-ke walungiselela umshado, ukuthi uqondana nokuqeda kwakhe iminyaka engama 80 kwinyanga kaJulayi.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeredith2010576Sampson2011549.E2.80.93551_314-0" rel="dc:references"> [314]  <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeredith2010576Sampson2011549.E2.80.93551_314-0" rel="dc:references"> Ngakusasa kwakhona, wahlela idili nezikhulu zamazwe ehlukene angaphandle.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESampson2011551.E2.80.93552_315-0" rel="dc:references"> [315]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESampson2011551.E2.80.93552_315-0" rel="dc:references"> Ngisho noma umthethosisekelo wawuvumela umongameli ukusebenza esikhundleni amahlandla amabili eminyaka emihlanu kabili, uMandela wakhetha ukusishiya isikhundla sobungameli ngoba wayengazimisele ukuba ngumongameli kwisihlandla sesibili. Wanikeza inkulumo yakhe yokuvalelisa ePhalamende ngomhla ka 29 March 1999, lapho inkundla yephalamende izovala ukulungiselela ukhetho lukazwelonke lwango 1999, ngemuva kwalokho wathatha umhlalaphansi.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESampson2011578_316-0" rel="dc:references"> [316]  <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESampson2011578_316-0" rel="dc:references"> Ngisho noma uhlolo zimvo (opinion polls) eNingizimu Afrika, ukuthi abantu basebeqala ukungayisekeli kakkhulu i-ANC, kodwa uMandela ngokwakhe wahlala enedumela, kangangokuba wayesekelwa kakhulu eNingizimu Afrika ngabantu abalingana inali lama  80% futhi abantu bebonisa ukuneliseka ngokusebenza kwakhe njengomongameli wezwe.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELodge2006219_317-0" rel="dc:references"> [317]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELodge2006219_317-0" rel="dc:references">
Ukuqhubeka nentshukumo yemisebenzi yakhe yangasese kanye nokusiza abantu ngesihe: 1999–2004
UMandela waya ekhuluma kakhulu ngousezidlangalaleni ukusola abemibuso yaphesheya. Wasola kakhulu uhlaselo lwe-NATO ngohlaselo lwango 1999 lokungenela eKosovo lwe-NATO intervention in Kosovo kanti futhi lolu hlaselo walibiza ngokuthi yithi le mibuzo yaphesheya izama ukuzenza amaphoyisa kwamanye amazwe omhlaba. Ngo 2003, wakhuluma ezikabhoqo ngesikhathi esola nokugxeka iplani ye-US ne-UK yokuqala impi ezweni lase-Iraq nge-War in Iraq, le mpi wayechaza njengento ewubuwula obuyingozi, kanti futhi wamtshela ezikabhoqo uMongameli waseMelika wangaleso sikhathi u-George W. Bush kanye noNdunankulu wangaleso sikhathi wase-UK u-Tony Blair wabasola nangokuthi bacikela phansi inhlangano yeziwe ezihlangane i-UN, washo nokuthi okukhulu okufunwa ngu-Bush ngempi yase-Iraq ukuqhwaga  i-oyela yase-Iraqs (Iraqi oil"). Futhi walibeka ngembaba elokuthi i-US yenze ubugebengu obukhulukazi bokuhamba ihlasela amanye amazwe omhlaba, ukudlala ezinye izizwe, esho ngokulinganisa nangokuhlaselwa kweJapan nge-atomic bombing of Japan; kanti le nkulumo yakhe yokusola nokugxeka la mazwe amabili i-US ne-UK, kwasolwa kakhulu ngabanye, kodwa kamuva wabuye waba nobudlelwane nokuxolelana no-Blair.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBattersby2011591.E2.80.93592_329-0" rel="dc:references"> [329]  <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBattersby2011591.E2.80.93592_329-0" rel="dc:references"> Wahlala elokhu ebheke ngeso elinzulu udaba lokuxabana kwe-Libya ne-UK, kanti futhi wabuya wavakashela ejele, lowo waseLibya owayeboshelwe ukuqhuma kwebhomu endizeni, u-Megrahi wamuvakashela ejele lase-Barlinnie prison kanti futhi wababaza nokukhuza ngesimo sasejele u-Megrahi ayekuso, nangendlela embi ayephethwe ngayo ejele, washo nokukubeka ukuthi impatho yakhe isho ukuhlumhlukumeza engqondweni nasemoyeni ngenqubo eyaziwa njenge-"psychological persecution".
"Ukuphuma kumhlalaphansi, ukwenzela ukuthatha umhlalaphansi": 2004–13 <span id=""Retiring from retirement": 2004–2013">
Waqhubeka nokungenela ezinye izinhlelo zezindaba zamazwe omhlaba. Ngo 2005, wasungula i-Nelson Mandela Legacy Trust, wavakashela izwe lase-US, lapho anikeza khona inkulumo kwi-Brookings Institution kanye naku-NAACP ngesidingo sokulekelela kwezomnotho we-Afrika. Wakhuluma nalowo owayengu-Senator e-US, u-Hillary Clinton kanye noMongameli uGeorge W. Bush kanti futhi wahlangana okokuqala nalowo owayeyi-Senator e-US uBarack Obama. Kanti futhi uMandela wabuye wakhuthaza noMongameli waseZimbabwe uRobert Mugabe ukuthi aqede ukucikelwa phansi kwamalungelo abantu baseZimbabwe, ngoba kwakunokuhlukunyezwa kwamalungelo abantu kulelo lizwe. Lapho ukunceka kwakhe uMugabe kungasebenzi, waqala ukumgxeka esidlangalaleni ngo-2007, futhi wamncenga nokuthi abeke phansi izintambo zokubusa ngesidima nangesithunzi."<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBattersby2011_336-0" rel="dc:references"> [336]  <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBattersby2011_336-0" rel="dc:references">   Kulowo nyaka uMandela, uGraca Machel, kanye noDesmond Tutu bahlela ingqugquthela yabaholi bamazwe omhlaba ukuhlangana eJohannesburg, ukuze basize ngemibono ejulile njengabantu abadala bomndeni omnyama, futhi umbono owawuzolalelwa wobukhaliphi nobudala, ukubhekana nezinkinga zamazwe omhlaba ezinzima. UMandela wamemezela ukubunjwa kwaleli qembu lomsipha isiqinile nobukhaliphi, leli qembu laziwa ngokuthi umkhandlo wabadala i- The Elders, kwinkulumo yakhe yosuku lokuzalwa kwakhe lapho eqeda iminyaka yama-89. Usuku lokuzalwa lukaMandela lwagutshwa kulo onke izwe lapho eqeda iminyaka engama 90, ngomhla ka 18 Julayi, 2008, kanti futhi wayezimisele ukugubha lolu suku eseQunu, kanti futhi kwahlelwa nekhonsathi egameni lakhe e-Hyde Park, London. Kwinkulumo yakhe yangalolo suku, uMandela wamemezela ukuthi bonke abazigwili kuwo wonke umhlaba, kumele basize abantu abahluphekile emhlabeni. Ngaso sonke isikhathi so bungameli bukaMbeki, uMandela waqhubeka ukusekela i-ANC, ngisho noma isithunzi sakhe sasembozwa ngumsebenzi kaMbeki lapho ababevela khona emphakathini bobabili. UMandela wayenamela ubudlelwane nalowo owalandela esikhundni sobungameli u-Jacob Zuma,<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeredith2010598Battersby2011594.E2.80.93597_340-0" rel="dc:references"> [340]  <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeredith2010598Battersby2011594.E2.80.93597_340-0" rel="dc:references"> kodwa noma kunjalo, abe-Nelson Mandela Foundation, baxhwaya lapho umzukulu kaMandela uMandla Mandela, endiziza uMandela ngendiza ukuze aye eMpuma Kapa ukuhambela irally kaZuma ngesikhathi kunezimpikiswano nemibango phakathi kukaMbeki noZuma ngo 2009.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeredith2010598Battersby2011594.E2.80.93597_340-1" rel="dc:references"> [340]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeredith2010598Battersby2011594.E2.80.93597_340-1" rel="dc:references">
IKyoto
IKyoto iyidolobha eJaphani.