cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Ukuphuka kwepenile
Ukuphuka kwepenile ukuqhekeka kweyodwa noma zombili ze- tunica albuginea, izembozo ezinemicu emboza i- corpora cavernosa yepipi.Kubangelwa amandla asheshayo aqonde endondeni emile, imvamisa ngesikhathi sokuya ocansini, noma ukushaya indlwabu ngolaka.Kwesinye isikhathi kufaka nokuqhekeka okuyingxenye noma okuphelele kwe- urethra noma ukulimala kwezinzwa, imithambo nemithambo yegazi.
Izimpawu nezimpawu
Umsindo wokuqhuma noma wokuqhekeka, ubuhlungu obukhulu, ukuvuvukala, ukulahlekelwa ngokushesha kokwakhiwa okuholela ekuqothukeni, kanye ne- hematoma yesikhumba yamasayizi ahlukahlukene kuvame ukuhlotshaniswa nomcimbi wezocansi.
Izimbangela
Ukuphuka kwepenile yisimo somtholampilo esingajwayelekile. Ubulili besitho sangasese sowesilisa nokushaya indlwabu okunolaka kuyizimbangela ezivame kakhulu.Ucwaningo lwango-2014 lwamarekhodi ezingozi kanye nezimo eziphuthumayo ezibhedlela ezintathu eCampinas, eBrazil, lukhombisile ukuthi owesifazane osezikhundleni eziphezulu udale ingozi enkulu kakhulu ngokuthi isikhundla sezithunywa zevangeli sibe esiphephe kakhulu.Ucwaningo lubhekise ekutheni uma umlingani owamukelayo ephezulu, bavame ukulawula ukunyakaza futhi abakwazi ukuphazamisa ukunyakaza lapho ipipi lithola ukungena okungalungile.Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lapho umlingani ongena ngaphakathi elawula ukunyakaza, banamathuba angcono okuyeka ukuphendula ubuhlungu bokungalungiswa kahle, banciphise ukulimala.
Umkhuba we- taqaandan (obuye abe ngu- taghaandan ) nawo ubeka abesilisa engcupheni yokuphuka i-penile.Taqaandan, elivela Kurdish elisho "ukwetha chofoza" kuhilela eguqa phezulu ingxenye umthondo uqonde ngenkathi ebambe ingxenye engezansi kushaft esikhundleni, kuze ukuchofoza wezwa futhi wazizwa.UTaqaandan kuthiwa akanabuhlungu futhi useqhathaniswe nokuqhekeka imimese yomuntu, kepha umkhuba we-taqaandan uholele ekwandeni kokuqhekeka kwezintambo zepenile entshonalanga ye- Iran .Taqaandan kungase kwenziwe ukufeza detumescence.
Ukucwaninga izifundo
Ukuhlukumezeka kwe-penile kungavela ekulimaleni okungaqondile noma okungena ngaphakathi, lokhu okugcina kungaphenywa kakhulu ngezindlela zokucabanga, cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi kudinga ukuhlolwa ngokushesha kokuhlinzwa.Emthondweni omile, ukuhlukumezeka kubangelwa ukunwebeka nokuncipha kwe-tunica albuginea, engahle idilizwe ngokwengxenye eyodwa noma zombili ze-corpora cavernosa, okudala ukuphuka kwepenile. Ku-10-15% we-penile traumas, kungaba nesilonda esihambisana ne-urethral. Lapho kugcinwa igazi enyameni ye-urethral, ukuhlolwa okuthuthukisiwe kokuqhathanisa kwe-urethra kuyadingeka.Ezimweni lapho ukutholakala kwe-ultrasound kungahambelani, ukusetshenziswa kwemifanekiso yamagnetic resonance kungenza kube lula ukuxilongwa futhi kunconywe ababhali abahlukahlukene.
Ukwelashwa
Ukuphuka kwepenile kuyisimo esiphuthumayo sezokwelapha, futhi ukulungiswa kokuhlinzwa okuphuthumayo yindlela yokwelashwa ejwayelekile.Ukubambezeleka ekufuneni ukwelashwa kukhuphula izinga lokuxakaniseka.Izindlela ezingezona ezokuhlinzwa zibangela amazinga okuxakaniseka ayi-10-50% afaka ukungasebenzi kahle kwe-erectile, i- penile curvature yaphakade, ukulimala kwe- urethra nobuhlungu ngesikhathi sokuya ocansini, ngenkathi iziguli ezelashwa ngokuhlinzwa zithola isilinganiso se-11% sokuxakaniseka.
Izinkinga zomthetho
E- United States, icala likaDoe v. UMoe, iMisa lama-63. Uhlelo lokusebenza. Ct. I-516, 827 NE2d 240 (2005), isikweletu esivivinyiwe sokulimala kwepenile okwenziwe ngesikhathi sokuya ocansini.Inkantolo yenqabile ukuthola umsebenzi phakathi kwabantu abadala ababili abavumelana ngemibono.Ummangali kuleli cala, owesilisa owahlushwa isitho sangasese sowesilisa, wakhononda ngokuthi ummangalelwa, owayeyintombi yakhe, wamlimaza ngesikhathi ephezu kwakhe ngesikhathi benza ucansi.Inkantolo yamvuna, yanquma ukuthi ukuziphatha kwakhe kwakungeyona into engafanele ngokomthetho noma budedengu.
Ibutho laseningizimu afrika
Impi Yezwe Yokuqala
UGeneral Louis Botha, owayengundunankulu ngaleso sikhathi, wabhekana nokuphikiswa kwamaBhunu okusabekayo elwa neGreat Britain ngokushesha nje emva kweMpi Yesibili Yamabhunu, futhi kwadingeka ukuthi aqede ukuhlubuka kwezempi ngabathile ababenobudlova ngaphambi kokuba athumele iqembu labangama-67,000. amasosha ukuba ahlasele iSouth West Africa yaseJalimane (manje eyiNamibia ). Amasosha aseJalimane ayemi lapho agcina ezinikele emabuthweni aseNingizimu Afrika ngoJulayi 1915. Ngo-1920 iNingizimu Afrika yathola igunya leNhlangano Yezizwe lokuphatha leli koloni laseJalimane langaphambilini nokulilungiselela ukuzimela kungakapheli unyaka, kodwa umsebenzi waseNingizimu Afrika waqhubeka ngokungekho emthethweni kwaze kwaba ngu-1990. Kamuva, iSouth African Infantry Brigade, nezinye izinhlaka ezahlukahlukene ezifana neSouth African Native Labour Corps, bathunyelwa eFrance ngenhloso yokulwa neWestern Front njengeSouth African Overseas Expeditionary Force ngaphansi komyalo waseBrithani. IBrigade yokuqala yaseNingizimu Afrika ibinemibutho emine yamabutho asemasha, emele abesilisa abavela kuzona zozine izifundazwe zeNyunyana yaseNingizimu Afrika, kanye naseRhodesia. Ibutho lokuqala laqhamuka esiFundazweni saseKapa, eliBili lesibili lalivela eNatali nase- Orange Free State kanti elelesithathu lalisuka eTransvaal naseRhodesia. Ibutho lesine labizwa ngeSouth Scottish yaseNingizimu Afrika futhi wakhuliswa kumalungu eTransvaal Scottish kanye naseKapa iHighlanders ; babegqoke i- Atholl Murray tartan. Amayunithi Ukusekela kuhlanganisiwe ezinhlanu amabhethri wezikhali esindayo, a ensimini ambulensi iyunithi, a Royal Onjiniyela amasignali inkampani kanye esibhedlela samasosha. Isenzo esibiza kakhulu amasosha aseNingizimu Afrika eWestern Front alwa naso yimpi yaseDelville Wood ngo-1916 - emadodeni angama-3 000 avela ku-brigade angena ehlathini, angama-768 kuphela aphuma engenamyocu.Okunye ukulahleka okudabukisayo kwempilo yamabutho aseNingizimu Afrika ngesikhathi sempi ukucwila kweMendi ngomhla zingama-21 kuNhlolanja ngo-1917, lapho ibutho lezempi iMendi - ngenkathi lihambisa amalungu angama-607 eSouth African Native Labour Corps lisuka eBrithani liya eFrance - lashaywa lasikwa cishe phakathi ngomunye umkhumbi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, impi elwa namabutho amaJalimane nama- Askari eGerman East Africa nayo ibandakanye amabutho aseNingizimu Afrika angaphezu kwama-20 000; balwa ngaphansi komyalo kaGeneral Jan Smuts ngenkathi eqondisa umkhankaso waseBrithani wokulwa lapho ngo-1915. (Ngesikhathi sempi, ibutho laliholwa nguGeneral Smuts, owayesengene kabusha ebusosheni esikhundleni sakhe njengoNgqongqoshe Wezokuvikela lapho kuqala impi. )
Ngabantu abalinganiselwa ezigidini eziyisithupha, phakathi kuka-1914 - 1918, abantu baseNingizimu Afrika abangaphezu kwama-250,000 bazo zonke izinhlanga basebenzela izwe labo ngokuzithandela. Izinkulungwane eziningi zasebenza ngqo eButhweni LaseBrithani, nabangaphezu kuka-3 000 bejoyina iBritish Royal Flying Corps kanye nabangaphezu kuka-100 bezisebenzi zokuzithandela zeRoyal Navy. Abamhlophe abangaphezu kuka-146,000, ama-Afrika amnyama angama-83,000 kanye namaKhaladi angama-2 500 kanye nabase-Asiya nabo bakhonza eGerman South-West Africa, East Africa, Middle East, noma eWestern Front eYurophu. Ukuhlukumezeka kwabantu ababalelwa ku-19,000, abangaphezu kuka-7,000 baseNingizimu Afrika babulawa, kwathi ababalelwa ku-12,000 balimala ngesikhathi sempi.Abantu baseNingizimu Afrika abayisishiyagalombili banqobe iVictoria Cross ngokuqokwa ngamagoli, okuyindondo yamasosha ephakeme kakhulu futhi ehlonishwayo. Impi yaseDelville Wood kanye nokucwila kwe- SS <i id="mwmQ">Mendi okuyizigameko</i> ezinkulu kakhulu zokulahlekelwa yimpilo.
Isikhathi se-Interwar
Ukuncishiswa kwemali kubonakale i-UDF isiyonke inciphile. Ibutho lokugcina elalisele laseNingizimu Afrika i-Mounted Riflemen lahlakazwa mhla zingama-31 kuNdasa 1926 futhi isibalo sezifunda zamasosha sehliswa sisuka ku-16 saya kwayisithupha ngomhlaka 1 Ephreli 1926. IBrigade HQ yeSA Field Artillery nayo yahlakazwa. Ngo-1933 izifunda eziyisithupha zamasosha zakhiwa kabusha iMiyalo. :9 Ngenxa yezinqubomgomo zayo zokubuthelwa empini, i-UDF yenyusa amabutho ayo asebenza kanzima aya kuma-56,000 ngasekupheleni kwawo-1930; Amadoda ayi-100,000 nawo abengaphansi kweNational Riflemen's Reserve, ebihlinzeka ngokuqeqesha izikhali nokusebenza.
Impi Yezwe Yesibili
Ngesikhathi seMpi Yesibili Yomhlaba, Amasosha aseNingizimu Afrika alwa nemikhankaso yaseMpumalanga Afrika, eNyakatho Afrika nase- Italy. Ngo-1939, ibutho lasekhaya eNingizimu Afrika lahlukaniswa phakathi kwemiyalo eminingi yesifunda.Lokhu kubandakanya iCape Command (nendlunkulu yayo eseCastle of Good Hope, eKapa), i- Orange Free State Command, iNatal Command, iWitwatersrand Command (5th and 9th Brigades kanye neTransvaal Horse Artillery ), uRobert's Heights kanye neTransvaal Command(iHQ Robert's Heights ) kanye ne-Eastern Province Command e- East London.
Ngokumenyezelwa kwempi ngoSepthemba 1939, uMbutho waseNingizimu Afrika wawunezinkulungwane ezingama-5 353 kuphela, enamadoda angama-14,631 e-Active Citizen Force (ACF) anikeze ukuqeqeshwa isikhathi sokuthula kumavolontiya futhi ngesikhathi sempi kwakuzoba umzimba webutho. Amapulani Oku-impi akazange ukulindela ukuthi ibutho zaziyakulwa ngaphandle aseningizimu ye-Afrika futhi waqeqeshwa futhi ifakwe kuphela ehlathini impi.
Enye yezinkinga zokuqhubeka nokubhekana neNingizimu Afrika ngesikhathi sempi ukushoda kwabantu abakhona. Ngenxa yezinqubomgomo zayo zobuhlanga kuzobhekwa kuphela amadoda ahloma ngezikhali avela eYurophu anciphisa iqula lamadoda aphakathi kweminyaka engama-20 nengama-40 kuya kwangama-320,000. Ngaphezu kwalokho isimemezelo sempi ngeGerman sasisekelwa iningi elincane kuphela ephalamende laseNingizimu Afrika futhi sasingadumile emhlabeni wonke. Ngempela, kwakukhona idlanzana elibonakalayo elaliphikisana nempi futhi ngaphansi kwalezi zimo ukubuthwa kwakungakaze kube inketho. Ukunwetshwa kwempi nokuthunyelwa kwayo phesheya kwezilwandle kwakuxhomeke ngokuphelele kumavolontiya.
I- 1st South African Infantry Division yabamba iqhaza ezenzakalweni eziningi eMpumalanga Afrika ngo-1940, eNyakatho Afrika ngo-1941 nango-1942, kuhlanganisa neMpi Yesibili yase-El Alamein, ngaphambi kokuba ihoxiselwe eNingizimu Afrika.
Uphiko Lwesibili Lwezinsana lwaseNingizimu Afrika nalo lwabamba iqhaza ezenzakalweni eziningi eNyakatho Afrika ngonyaka we-1942, kodwa mhla zingama-21 kuNhlangulana 1942 amabutho amabili aphelele alesi sigaba kanye namayunithi amaningi asekelayo athunjwa lapho kuwa iTobruk.
Uphiko lwesi-3 lwe-Infantry Division lwaseNingizimu Afrika aluzange lubambe iqhaza elibonakalayo kunoma yiziphi izimpi kodwa kunalokho lwahlela futhi lwaqeqesha umbutho wezokuvikela wasekhaya waseNingizimu Afrika, lwenza imisebenzi yamabutho futhi lwaphindisela iSouth African 1st Infantry Division kanye ne-South African 2nd Infantry Division. Kodwa-ke, elinye lamabutho alesi sigaba - iBattalion yesi-7 yaseNingizimu Afrika ePhalaborwa - labamba iqhaza ekuhlaselweni kweMadagascar ngo-1942.
I- 6th South African Armored Division yalwa ngezenzo eziningi e-Italy kusuka ngo-1944 kuya ku-1945.
Kwabesilisa abangama-334,000 abavolontiya ukusebenza isikhathi esigcwele eMbuthweni waseNingizimu Afrika ngesikhathi sempi (kubandakanya abamhlophe abangaba ngu-211,000, abamnyama abangama-77,000 kanye namaKhaladi aseKapa nabase-Asiya abangama- 46,000), babalelwa ku-9 000 ababulawa besebenza, yize iCommonwealth War Graves Commission inamarekhodi angama-11 023 kwaziwa impi yaseNingizimu Afrika ifile phakathi neMpi Yezwe II.
Isikhathi sangemva kwempi
Ukunwetshwa kwesikhathi sempi kwaphinde kwalandelwa ukwehliswa ngamandla emuva kweMpi Yezwe II. Ngaleso sikhathi, ukungqubuzana kwekhulu lamaNgisi namaBhunu okwalandelwa amashumi eminyaka ethonya laseBrithani eNingizimu Afrika kwase kubhebhethekise intukuthelo yamaBhunu. I-Resurgent Afrikaner nationalism kwaba yinto ebalulekile ekukhuleni kweNational Party (NP) njengoba ukhetho luka-1948 lwalusondela. Ngemuva kokunqoba okhethweni oluncane kwe-NP ngo-1948, uhulumeni waqala ukwenza amaBhunu ngokungaguquguquki; yandisa izibopho zenkonzo yezempi futhi yaqinisa imithetho yokubuthwa. Iningi le-UDF labhaliswa izinyanga ezintathu zoCitizen Force onyakeni wabo wokuqala wokusebenza, kanye nokuqeqeshwa amasonto amathathu engeziwe unyaka nonyaka iminyaka emine ngemuva kwalokho.
Ngo-1948, uNgqongqoshe Wezokuvikela omusha, uFrans Erasmus, wayehlose 'ukulinganisa izinkundla zokudlala' eMbuthweni Wezokuvikela, eyayigxile kakhulu eBrithani ekusebenziseni, ezinhlakeni, kumayunifomu kanye naseziqeshini zamagama.Lokhu kuthuthukiswe kusuka ekuzameni kwesenzo sokuqinisekisa kwaba 'ukuhlanzwa okunezombusazwe'.
Amayunithi ahlukahlukene e-Commando, phambilini ayengama-'Skietverenigings ', kamuva abizwa ngama-Commandos wohlobo A, B noma C azimele aqhubeka njengebutho elilodwa noma amayunithi amancane azimele. Njengengxenye yokuhlelwa kabusha kwangemva kwempi, i-Defence Rifle Associations yahlakazwa ngo-1948 yathathelwa indawo yinhlangano entsha yeCommando enamandla amadoda angama-90,000.Ngasikhathi sinye, imibutho yamabutho ebutho elilodwa elalisetshenziswa ngesiBhunu eyasungulwa ngonyaka we-1934 yathola ukushintshwa kwegama okungenani okukodwa kwesinye isikhathi nangaphezulu. Isisulu sokuqala kwaba yiMiddellandse Regiment eyaziwayo, eyaba yiRegion Gideon Scheepers ngo-1954.
UMthetho Wezokuvikela (No. 44) wango-1957 waqamba kabusha i-UDF ngokuthi yiSouth African Defence Force (SADF) futhi wasungula ngaphakathi kuyo amanye amayunithi asabela ngokushesha, noma amaCommandos, ukuze aphendule ezinsongweni ezenziwa endaweni ethile. I-SADF,ebalwa cishe ngama-20 000 ngo-1958,ibizokhula ize ifinyelele cishe ku-80,000 emashumini amabili eminyaka ezayo.
"Impi Yomngcele" (1966–1989)
Ngasekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-1960, usongo lwezempi olwenziwa yiSouth-West Africa People's Organisation (SWAPO) kanye nabasekeli balo bamaKhomanisi eNingizimu Ntshonalanga Afrika lwashukumisela uhulumeni waseNingizimu Afrika ukuthi andise izibopho zomsebenzi wezempi futhi andise nezikhathi zomsebenzi osebenzayo. Umthetho Wezokuvikela (No. 12) wonyaka we-1961 wagunyaza ungqongqoshe wezokuvikela ukuthi athumele amasosha amaCitizen Force kanye namaComando "ekulawuleni udlame", imvamisa ukuvimba imibhikisho elwa nobandlululo, ikakhulukazi lapho yonakala yaba yizixuku zezixuku ngokufa kwabantu. Umthetho Wezokuvikela (No. 85) wango-1967 nawo wakhulisa izibopho zamasosha, ezazidinga izakhamuzi zesilisa ezimhlophe ukuba zenze umsebenzi kazwelonke, kufaka phakathi isikhathi sokuqala sokuqeqeshwa, isikhathi sokusebenza, kanye neminyaka eminingana esesimweni sokulondolozwa, kuncike ekubizweni ngokushesha.
Ukugcinwa kokuthula nokunye ukusebenza
Ibutho laseNingizimu Afrika langemva kuka-1994 selibambe iqhaza elikhulu emisebenzini yokugcina ukuthula ngaphansi komyalo weNhlangano Yezizwe kanye ne- African Union kwamanye amazwe ase-Afrika njenge- United Nations Mission eSudan (UNMIS), i- United Nations Operation eBurundi (ONUB) kanye ne- United Nations I-Organisation Stabilization Mission eDemocratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO), futhi yenza kahle ngalezi zinselelo, yize kunezingqinamba ezithile kanye nokuncishiswa kwesabelomali.
Eminye imisebenzi uMbutho ayethunywe yona nguhulumeni ihlanganisa: I-Operation Boleas ( iLesotho ), i-Operation Fibre ( iBurundi ), i-Operation Triton (amahlandla ayisihlanu eComoros ), i-Operation Amphibian ( iRwanda ), i-Operation Montego ( eLiberia ), i-Operation Espresso (i- Ethiopia ), I-Operation Cordite ( iSudan ), i-Operation Teutonic ne-Operation Bulisa (bobabili baseDemocratic Republic of the Congo ), i-Operation Pristine ( e-Ivory Coast ), i- Operation Vimbezela (i- Central African Republic ) ne-Operation Bongane (e-Uganda).
Isakhiwo
Kusukela ngomThetho wezokuVikela womnyaka we-1912, uMbutho weSewula Afrika sele unamaqoqo amathathu. Elokuqala ngumbutho omile, owaziwa kusukela ngama-1970s njengePermanent Force.Umbutho wamabutho ezempi nawo wasungulwa ngokwemigomo yoMthetho we-1912 futhi ekuqaleni waqoka i-Active Citizen Force
Umbutho wasungulwa ngomhlaka 1 Julayi 1913. Okunye ukuqokwa kuyo yonke le minyaka kufake phakathi i-Active Reserve Force, iCitizen Force, iCommunity Reserve kanye neTerritorial Reserve.Uhlelo lweDeloitte neTouche, kanye nezinqubomgomo ezahlukahlukene kule minyaka edlule kubhekiswe ku-'One Force Concept 'lapho ama-reservists kanye nama-reserve amayunithi kufanele aphathwe ngokulinganayo nozakwabo bamandla unomphela. Lokhu kaningi akunjalo.
Ngenxa yokwakhiwa kabusha kwama-Reserves, inani eliqondile lezinqolobane kunzima ukuliqinisekisa. Kodwa-ke umgomo wokuhlelela u-2011/12 kwakuyizinqolobane eziyizi-12,400.
Izisekelo
Umbutho waseNingizimu Afrika ugcina izisekelo ezinkulu kuzo zonke izifundazwe eziyi-9 zezwe, ikakhulukazi emadolobheni amakhulu noma amadolobha amakhulu: Umbutho unezisekelo eziyishumi ezijwayelekile zokusekelwa, ezibonakala ziyingxenye yeSisekelo Sokusekelwa Kwamasosha aseNingizimu Afrika.
ELimpopo
Indlunkulu enkulu Yamabutho aseNingizimu Afrika isendaweni yaseSalvokop, ePitoli eDequar Road Complex kanye ne- 102 Field Workshop SAOSC, Uphiko Lwezondlo eziyi-17 kanye noMnyango Wezempilo Wezempi waseNingizimu Afrika.
Isabelomali
Isabelomali esilinganiselwa kuRandi 9.98 billion sabelwe unyaka wezimali ka-2010/2011. NgoDisemba 2010, kwabikwa ukuthi ukushoda kwemali kwakudala izinkinga ezinkulu.
Iningi lemishini yamasosha selizophela impilo yalo yesevisi, nezinye izinto (njenge- Olifant Main Battle Tank ) ezisukela emashumini eminyaka adlule.
Umbutho Wezokuvikela Kazwelonke waseNingizimu Afrika nokho usuqalile ukulungisa isimo ngokuthengwa kwezimoto ezingama-238 ePatria AMV ezilwa namabutho angaphansi kohlelo lweHoefyster. Okunye ukuthengwa kuhlelwe futhi kufanele kulandelwe ngokuhambisana nomhlahlandlela wokuqondisa - i- Army Vision 2020. I-SANDF yethule iphrojekthi ebizwa nge "African Warrior" ehlose ukwenza imishini nezikhali ze-SANDF zibe zesimanje. Le phrojekthi ibe yimpumelelo enkulu eminyakeni edlule kanti uMbutho waseNingizimu Afrika manje ususebenzise isibhamu esihlasela iR4 sekhulu lama-21.
Suppasit Jongcheveevat
USuppasit Jongcheveevat (ศุภศิษฏ์ จงชีวีวัฒน์), isiteketiso Mew (มิว), ungumlingisi waseThailande, umculi-umbhali wengoma, i-CEO kanye nomdidiyeli. Waziwa ngendima yakhe njengoTharn kuTharnType: Uchungechunge. Uyiciko lokuqala lase-Thailande ukungena eshadini le-Billboard's World Digital Song Sales, ngezingoma zakhe ezinhlanu ezifinyelele kweziyishumi eziphezulu.
IFranklin
IFranklin yidolobha eliKwaZulu-Natali, eNingizimu Afrika.
Magude District
IMagude yisifunda se Maputo, eMozambiki.
IHarrismith
IHarrismith yidolobha eliseFuleyisitata, eNingizimu Afrika.
Hammam Chott
IHammam Chott ngumasipala futhi yidolobha elikwisifundazwe se Ben Arous, eThuniziya.
Ukugwamandwa kombuso
Ukugwamandwa kombuso noma ukugwamandwa kwamandla ombuso uhlobo lwenkohlakalo yezombangazwe ehlelekile lapho abantu abathile beba nethonya elikhulu ezinqubweni zombuso zokuthatha izinqumo ukuze kuzuze bona.
Izinsolo zokugwamandwa kombuso ziye zaholela ekubhikisheni ngokumelene nohulumeni wase-Bhulgariya ngowezi-2013–2014 nangowezi-2020–2021 nase-Romaniya ngowezi-2017, futhi kwabangela inkambabeyibuza kwelaseNingizimu Afrika kusuka ngowezi-2016.
Namutumba, Yuganda
INamutumba yidolobha elikwisifundazwe se Eastern, eYuganda. Leli dolobha liyisiqongo sesifunda se Namutumba.
Ukugwamandwa kombuso
Ukuchasisa ukugwamandwa kombuso
Incasiselo endala yokugwamandwa kombuso ibhekisela endleleni izinkambiso zomthetho (ezifana nemithetho nemikhuba yomphakathi) nokubusakwezikhulu zikahulumeni okuthonywa ngayo izikhulu zikahulumeni, imishumanqa exhaswa umbuso, imishumanqa esisulu noma abantu abasisulu, ukuze bathonye izinqubomgomo zombuso nemithetho kuvune bona.
Ukugwamandwa kombuso kuwukufuna ukuthonya ukushaywa kwemithetho, ukuze bavikele futhi baqhakambise abalingisi abathile abanethonya nezimfuno zabo. Ngalendlela kuyahluka kwezinye izinhlobo zenkohlakalo lapho kuzifunela ukuphoqwa kwemithetho ekhona ngokuchema.
Isici esikuhlukanisa nenkohlakalo ukuthi, nakuba imiphumela yamacala enkohlakalo (ngokwesinqumo senqubomgomo noma isiqondiso) ingaqinisekisiwe, emacaleni okugwamandwa kombuso umphumela uyaziwa futhi uthambekele ekubeni ngozuzisayo kulabo abagwamande umbuso. Ngowezi-2017 iqembu lezingqandavu laseNingizimu Afrika lavela nesicabango embikweni wokugwamandwa kombuso kulelizwe onesihloko esithi "Umbiko wokukhashelwa kwesithembiso". Inhlaziyo yagcizelela umdwambu wezombusazwe wokugwamandwa kombuso, futhi uphika ngokuthi eNingizimu Afrika izicukuthwane ezinamandla zaphula umthethosisekelo futhi zeqa UMthetho ukuze zikhonze inkebengo yezombusazwe, ezazikholelwa ekutheni ayinakufezwa ngaphansi kohlaka lobugemu/umthethosisekelo okhona.
Manhiça District
IManhiça yisifunda se Maputo, eMozambiki.
Messaâd District
IMessaâd yisifunda esingaphansi kwesifundazwe se Djelfa, e-Aljeriya.
Abalwi Nkululeko Yezomnotho v Somlomo woMkhandlu Kazwelonke
Abalwi Nkululeko Yezomnotho v uSomlomo woMkhandlu Kazwelonke kanye nabanye; IDemocratic Alliance v LikaSomlomo weSigungu Sikazwelonke kanye Abanye [2016] ZACC 11 isahlulelo ezinkulu Inkantolo Yomthethosisekelo waseNingazimu Afika lapho ithola ukuthi uMongameli waseNingizimu Afrika Jacob Zuma engalandeli soMthethosisekelo waseNingizimu Afrika ngokwehluleka ukusebenzisa izincomo uMvikeli woMphakathi ka- eNkandla bika.
Isendlalelo
Ngo-2009, ngesikhathi sekhefu lokuqala likaMongameli uZuma, ikhaya lakhe laseNkandla lavuselelwa kakhulu futhi laba ngcono. Ihhovisi likaMengameli lithe lezi zingqinamba ezenzelwe ukuvikeleka kwezokuphepha. Nokho, maduze nje kwavela ukuthi ngcono ayenezici khungekho-ukuphepha njengomuntu yokubhukuda nezinkomo esibayeni. UMvikeli woMphakathi, uThuli Madonsela, waqala uphenyo ngokusetshenziswa kabi kwezinsizakusebenza zikahulumeni. Ngomhlaka 19 Mashi 2014, wakhipha umbiko wakhe owawubizwa ngeNkandla, owathola ukuthi ezinye zezinto ezazithuthukisiwe azikho emthethweni futhi watusa ukuthi uMengameli uZuma abuyisele imali ababeyisebenzisela yona.
Lo mbiko ukhombise ukuphikisana kakhulu, njengoba uZuma nohulumeni wakhe we- ANC benqabile ukuwenza futhi bephikisana nokusebenza kwawo ngokusemthethweni. Izikhathi ezintathu ngonyaka ka-2014, iHhovisi likaMongameli libhalele uMvikeli Womphakathi izincwadi libhala ngokungakholelwa kulo mbiko. Ngo-14 Agasti 2014 uZuma uthe uzovumela iPhalamende, kanye noNgqongqoshe Wezamaphoyisa, ukuthi banqume ukuthi yiziphi izinyathelo zokulungisa, uma zikhona, okufanele bazithathe. Ubuye wakuphika ukuthi izincomo zoMvikeli Womphakathi zibopha ngokusemthethweni. Ukuxoshwa kukaZuma kuholele ekugxekeni okukhulu nokwandile, kufakwe namaqembu aphikisayo i- Abalweli benkululeko Yazomnotho. Amalungu ePhalamende le- EFF ahlala ephazamisa ukusebenza kwamalungu ePhalamende efuna ukuthi uZuma "abuyisele imali", okuholele ekutheni kube nokuxabana phakathi kwawo noSomlomo wePhalamende likazwelonke Baleka Mbete, ethathwa ngabathile njengokuthi akhethe uZuma ekuphatheni kwakhe iPhalamende. amacala. Kwesinye isigameko esinjalo, enkulumweni kaZuma Yesimo Sezwe kaZuma ka-2015, lezi ziphazamiso zaholela ekuxabaneni phakathi kwamaLungu ePhalamende nabasebenzi bezokuphepha kanye nesinyathelo esalandelwa yinkantolo (esanqunywa kuhulumeni). Ngesikhathi uZuma evela ePhalamende wayelokhu enganaki noma ehleka imibuzo ephathelene neNkandla. Ekugcineni i-EFF yamemezela, ngoMeyi 2015, ukuthi izofaka isicelo senkantolo sokuphoqa uZuma ukuthi enze lo mbiko woMvikeli woMphakathi. I-DA yafaka isicelo esifanayo kungekudala. Njengoba bekulindelekile, iPhalamende likazwelonke elilawulwa yi-ANC lenza ikomidi elibhekelele ukuphenya ngendlela efanayo eliholwa nguNgqongqoshe WezamaPhoyisa uNathi Nhleko, obike ukuthi adedele lo mbiko ngo-Agasti wonyaka ka-2015. Lo mbiko wamukelwa yiPhalamende ngomhlaka 18 Agasti 2015. Ngalesi sizathu, uZuma uqhubeke nokungazinaki izincomo zoMvikeli woMphakathi.
Ngomhlaka 8 Okthoba 2015 iNkantolo eNkulu yokuDluliswa kwamaCala yaseNingizimu Afrika yakhipha isinqumo odabeni oluhlukile (olubizwa ngeSABC v DA, mayelana noHlaudi Motsoeneng saga) oluthola ukuthi imibiko yoMvikeli woMphakathi ibopha ngokusemthethweni. Ngokwenza lokhu iNkantolo yabuyisela iNkantolo eNkulu, isinqumo sayo sangomhlaka 24 Okthoba 2014 sathi leyo mibiko iyiseluleko nje.
Ukuzwa
Isonto ngaphambi kokulalelwa kwecala, iHhovisi likaMongameli lenze umzamo wokumangala ukuyixazulula le ndaba futhi lahlanganisa incwadi eyayi-drafti eyayifuna ukuyibuyisela enye imali. Umvikeli Womphakathi waphawula ukuthi lo mbhalo ogciniwe ubonisa kuphela ukuthobela "ingxenye" yezincomo zakhe. I-EFF yenza isivumelwano sokuphikisana nohlelo lokuthi kubhalwe ukuthi incwadi yaseNkandla ibopha uZuma ngokusemthethweni nokuthi ngokwehluleka ukusisebenzisa isephule uMthethosisekelo waseNingizimu Afrika kanye nesifungo sakhe sokuba sesikhundleni. Amaqembu ahlulekile ukufinyelela kwisivumelwano.
Ukulalelwa kwecala kwenzeka ngomhlaka 9 Febhruwari 2016. Kuyo, umeluleki kaZuma, uJeremy Gauntlett SC, wenza uchungechunge olukhulu lokuvumelana, kubandakanya nokuthi umbiko waseNkandla ubopha uZuma, kodwa wacela inkantolo ukuthi ingasho ukuthi uZuma wenze ngokungahambisani noMthethosisekelo. Udaba lolu belubalulekile ngoba isimemezelo esinjalo bekuzoba yisisekelo sokufakwa kukaZuma. Isu likaZuma lithathwe njengemizamo yokugwema umthwalo wemfanelo nokujikisa ongqongqoshe bakhe ngaphansi kwebhasi. Ithimba lezomthetho likaNgqongqoshe uNhleko naye uthe "izandla zakhe ziboshwe" ngoba elandela imiyalo evela kuZuma kanye neNdlu Kazwelonke. Iseluleko sikaSomlomo Baleka Mbete, uLindi Lord-Thomas SC, siphikise kakhulu i-akhawunti ye-EFF ne-DA ngamaqiniso nomthetho, kodwa ekugcineni waphoqeleka ukuba abambe iqhaza futhi wagconwa kakhulu ngokusebenza kwakhe "ngokuxhamazela".
Isahlulelo
Isinqumo seNkantolo YoMthethosisekelo sikhiphe isinqumo senkantolo ngomhlaka 31 Mashi 2016 yiJaji eyiJaji uMogoeng Mogoeng. Kuqinisekisa ukubanjwa kwe-SCA ku- SABC v DA ukuthi izincomo zoMvikeli woMphakathi ziyabopha. Ikwenza lokhu ngesisekelo sokuchazwa okwenziwe ngenhloso koMthethosisekelo waseNingizimu Afrika ; ngaphandle kwamandla okwenza izincomo ezibophayo, iMogoeng CJ ephethe, uMvikeli woMphakathi ubengafanele:
Isichasiselo, ngokusho kukaMogoeng, ukuthi izincomo zoMvikeli Womphakathi kumele zisetshenziswe ngaphandle kokuthi zibekwe eceleni yinkantolo: Njengoba uMengameli uZuma angawunakanga lowo mbiko ngaphandle kokuthi abekele eceleni, uMogoeng ubephethe ukuthi wephule uMthethosisekelo waseNingizimu Afrika:
Umphumela
Ukwahlulelwa kukaMogoeng "onamandla" futhi "ngokujulile" kudalulwe ngokuthi "ukunqoba komthetho", futhi kwaba nethonya elikhulu kuMongameli osolwa kakhulu, ngokuziphatha kwakhe "kwakuhlazisa". Omunye ophawula wathi isahlulelo sikaMogoeng "kwakuyisikhathi sakhe sokunqoba nokuhlenga", futhi waphawula ukuguquka kwakhe kusuka ekucabangeni kokuthi "yithuluzi" lokusungulwa kwaba "iqhawe likazwelonke" ngendlela ekhumbuza u-Earl Warren. Umhlaziyi wezepolitiki uSteven Friedman uthe isahlulelo "ngumyalezo osobala nokho wokuthi uMthethosisekelo uyasebenza"; omunye umhlaziyi uthe ukubaluleka kwalesi sinqumo ukuthi "kungukugcizelela kwemisipha yokuthi yonke imibuso kuleli lizwe ingaphansi koMthethosisekelo". Owabe uMongameli uThabo Mbeki uthe abahluleli weNkantolo yoMthethosisekelo kufanele kube "bingelela" ngoba "ngendlela ngokucophelela lapho kukhishelwa yemfanelo alo ngokoMthethosisekelo njengoba inkantolo yethu isihloko". UJustice Edwin Cameron, obehlala kuleli cala, uphakamise inkulumo yakhe emphakathini wathi ngesinye sezinqumo ezimbili ezibaluleke kakhulu zeNkantolo. Omunye ophawula wathi, yize kunjalo, isinqumo sikaMongameli uZuma sivumelile amaphuzu amaningi iNkantolo inqume ngaye.
Butambala District
IButambala yisifunda esingaphansi kwesifundazwe se Central, eYuganda. Isiqongo salesifunda yi-Gombe.
Canruka (woreda)
ICanruka yi-woreda engaphansi kwesifundazwe se Afar, e-Itiyopiya.
Abalwi Nkululeko Yezomnotho v Somlomo woMkhandlu Kazwelonke
Umphumela
Ngaphandle kwalokho isimemezelo seNkantolo sokuthi uZuma wephule uMthethosisekelo, nokuyinto eyayingaba yisisekelo sokuthinteka kukaZuma. Ekuphakameni kwesinqumo ngokushesha, uJulius Malema noMmusi Maimane, abaholi bababili abafake izicelo kuleli cala, bafuna uZuma ehle esikhundleni. Kodwa-ke, uZuma ubefuna ukusibeka phansi isinqumo. Esitatimendeni sabezindaba kusihlwa esilandelayo, uthe usamukele lesi sinqumo futhi ubelokhu emukela imibiko yoMvikeli woMphakathi ebopha, futhi waphawula ukuthi iNkantolo ithole ukuthi wayenelungelo lokufaka inqubo ephenya ngokufana futhi wasebenze "ngokweqiniso" futhi "e- ukholo oluhle ". Abahlaziyi bezomthetho bazigxekile lezi zimangalo njengokudalulwa okungafanele kwesinqumo. Bakhomba ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi bekungekho cala, njengoba uZuma asho, ukuthi ubemukela indlela yaseNkantolo eNkulu yamandla oMvikeli woMphakathi ekwahlulelweni kwayo kwe- DA v kwaSABC, ngoba lokho kudluliselwe emavikini ayisithupha ngemuva UZuma usayine inhloso yakhe yokungahambisani nombiko wakhe. Abahlaziyi baphinde basigxeka isitatimende sikaMongameli sokuthi iNkantolo ayikaze imthole uZuma egqekeza ihhovisi lakhe, ngoba lokho bekungasho ukuthi lesi sinqumo asinakuphikwa.
Yize kunjalo, abahlaziyi abaningi bathi lesi sinqumo singamdonsisa ihlombe uZuma, yize izimpi ezikhona ngaphakathi ku-ANC zizoba yisona esihamba phambili. Omunye uphakamise ukuthi amalungu e-ANC anamandla alahlekelwe yithemba kuZuma futhi angahle amxoshe. I- South African Communist Party, eyingxenye yomfelandawonye wezakhe uZuma, ibikade ingabaza ngokwanele ukuphendula kwakhe kulesi sinqumo. Amanye amalungu e-ANC agxeka uZuma ngokuvela kwakhe olandelayo. Futhi amalungu amaningi avelele omphakathi kanye nalabo ababefake ngaphakathi ku-ANC, kubandakanya u-Ahmed Kathrada, uRonnie Kasrils, uTrevor Manuel, uCheryl Carolus kanye nejaji leNkantolo yoMthethosisekelo esethathe umhlalaphansi, uZak Yacoob, wacela ukuthi uZuma ashiye phansi,   nokuhoxa emuva kwabalingani bakaZuma abathile. UMkhandlu WamaSonto waseNingizimu Afrika wenze okufanayo, wathi uZuma "ulahlekelwe yigunya lonke lokuziphatha". I-ANC yaseGauteng, eholwa ngumgxeki uZuma uPaul Mashatile, isithathile isinqumo sokuthi uZuma kumele esule esikhundleni; ukungabaza kuphakanyisiwe ngobuholi bukaZuma ngisho nasezinhlwini zakhe zendabuko ezifana namagatsha e-ANC aseLimpopo ; kanye nememorandamu ye-ANC yangaphakathi ethunyelwe ngabasebenza ngamaqembu kwabakwaTop six ngenxa yokuthi bafuna ukuthi uZuma akhumbule futhi bamqhathanisa noMengameli Uhlelo lobandlululo PW Botha. Ekugcineni, amalungu omndeni wakwaGupta, acatshangelwe ukuthi angabalingani bakaZuma asebehlala isikhathi eside nababalulekile kwezemali, ashiya phansi inkampani yawo enkulu futhi abalekela Dubai ngesonto eledlule ngemuva kwesinqumo - eshiya uZuma, ngombono wabahlaziyi abathile, abasengozini enkulu. Ngemuva kwalezi zinguquko, uMalema uthe sekuyisikhathi manje 'sokuchoboza ikhanda lenyoka ". Ngo-12 Ephreli 2016, uMax du Preez uthe umbuzo osemqoka, "manje njengoba amandla kagesi esephendukele kuZuma", bekuyindlela yokuqinisekisa ukuthi uphuma ephethwe - futhi engenabo udlame.
Incasiselo
Incasiselo iwumusho wencazo yebizo (izwi, igama, umushwana, noma izimpawu). Izincasiselo zingajinjwa zibe iminxa emibili: izincasiselo ezicinene (ezilinga ukunikeza umqondo webizo), kanye nezincasiselo ezibanzi (ezilinga ukubalula izinto ezichaziswa ibizo). Omunye umunxa obalulekile wezincasiselo umjijo wezincasiselo ezicacile, ezidlulisa incazo yebizo ngokuveza izibonelo. Ibizo lingaba nemiqondo engafani nezincazo eziningana, kanjalo lidinge izincasiselo eziningana.
Dolo Odo
IDolo Odo yi-woreda engaphansi kwesifundazwe se Somali, e-Itiyopiya.
Ifonetiki
Ifonetiki yigama elisuselwa olimini lwesiGriki: (φωνή elisho umsindo, izwi). Ifonetiki yigatsha lwesifundo ngezilimi elibhekene nemisindo yenkulumo, noma  - izici zezimpawu ezisetshenziswa olimini lwabantu abayizithulu. Ifonetiki ibhekene nokuphinyiswa kwemisindo yenkulumo noma izimpawu: ibheka ukuthi imisindo iphinyiswa kanjani, isuke kanjani emlonyeni wokhulumayo iye endlebeni yolalele, izwakale kanjani kolalele, ifonetiki ibheka nokusebenza kwemizwa lapho kusebenza izitho zokuphimisa. Ifonoloji, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ibheka okwenzeka emisindweni noma ezimpawini zemisindo lapho isetshenziswa olimini.
Isifundo sefonetiki [ siyisifundo sezolimi ]esimkhakhamningi esibhekene nemisindo yenkulumo. Ezilimini ezikhulunywayo mithathu imikhakha ebhekwayo eyisisekelo:
Le mikhakha iyashiyelana. Yomithathu iphathelene nemisindo, ubude bamaza emisindo (iphimbo), ukuphakama kanye  nokunyakaza kwezitho zokuphimisa.
Umlando wefonetiki
Ifonetiki yayiyisifundo okwasekubhekenwe naso eminyakeni engamakhulu amathathu (3) BC ezwenikazini elincane laseNdiya, kubhekwa okwenziwe nguPanini ngezitho zokuphimisa kanye nendlela imisindo ephinyiswa ngayo ongwaqa olimini lwesiSanskrit. Namuhla ama-alphabhethi amaningi aseNdiya ahlela ongwaqa bawo ngokuhlela kukaPanini.
Ifonetiki  yamanje iqala ngemizamo yabantu abanjengoJoshua Steele (encwadini yakhe ethi Prosodia Rationalis, 1779) no-Alexander Melville Bell (encwadini yakhe ethi Visible Speech, 1867) ukwethula uhlelo lokubhalwa kwemisindo yenkulumo.
Isifundo sefonetiki sathuthuka ngokukhulu ukushesha eminyakeni yamakhulu ayi-19, ngenxa yokusungulwa komshini wokushicilela imisindo. Izingweti kwezefonetiki zazikwazi ukuthi zidlale imisindo ngokuphindiwe, zisebenzisa imishini yokwehlukanisa ukuhamba kwemisindo emsindweni ngokwawo. Ngokwenze njalo, umuntu wayekwazi ukusho ngokucophelela ukuthi yikuphi okuphathelene nokuhamba komsindo.
Kusetshenziswa umshini wokushicilela owaziwa ngokuthi yi-Edison, uLudimar Hermann wacubungula izici zonkamisa nongwaqa. Kukuwona la maphepha lapho kwasetshenziswa khona okokuqala ithemu elithi 'format'. UHermann wabuye wadlala okushicilelwe ngonkamisa okwakushicilelwe kusetshenziswa umshini wokushicilela ka-Edison ngesivinini esehlukile ukuze ahlole injulwazi yawoWillis noWheatstone eyayingokukhiqizwa konkamisa.
Ukuhambisana kwefonetiki nefonoloji
Uma iqhathaniswa nefonetiki, ifonoloji yisifundo esiphathelene nokuthi imisindo kanye nokunyakaza komzimba  okusetshenziswa nenkulumo (gestures)  kunamaphi amaphethini olimini nakwezinye izilimi, nokuthi lokhu kuhambisana kanjani namanye amazinga neminxa yolimi. Ifonetiki ibhekene nokuphinyiswa kanye nokuhamba kwemisindo yenkulumo, ukuthi le misindo ikhiqizwa kanjani, nokuthi kwenzekani uma izwiwa ngolalele. Njengengxenye yalolu cwaningo, izingcweti zefonetiki zibheka izici ezibonakalayo zemisindo ezetshenziswa ngabantu enkulumeni (ngokobulili, ubuhlanga, njll.). A
Noma kuvunyelwana ngokuthi ifonoloji yeyeme kufonetiki, ifonoloji yona iyisifundo esizimele sesifundo sezilimi, iphathelene nemisindo kanye nokunyakaza komzimba okusetshenziswa nenkulumo njengamayunithi angabonakali kanye nezinguquko ezihambisana nakho. Ifonoloji ihambisana nefonetiki ngezimo ezinokwehkukanisa, eziveza okungabonakali emisindweni.
Matutuíne District
IMatutuíne yisifunda se Maputo, eMozambiki.
IGroot-Jongensfontein
IGroot-Jongenfontein yindawo eseNtshonalanga Kapa, eNingizimu Afrika.
Marracuene District
IMarracuene yisifunda se Maputo, eMozambiki.
Twic East County
ITwic East yisifunda esingaphansi kwesifundazwe se Jonglei, eNingizimu Sudan.
Bou Mhel el-Bassatine
IBou Mhel el-Bassatine ngumasipala futhi yidolobha elikwisifundazwe se Ben Arous, eThuniziya.
Vatomandry
IVatomandry yidolobhakazi elikwisifundazwe se Atsinanana, eMadagasika.
IPitoli
IPitoli yidolobhakazi laseNingizimu Afrika. Ezindaweni eziningi njengo-Union Buildings, ePitoli Zoo, Transvaal Museum, kanye namahhovisi amakhulu womnyango wezasekhaya. EPitoli yiyona capital kanye esihlalweni uhulumeni waseNingizimu Afrika.
Aura (woreda)
I-Aura yi-woreda engaphansi kwesifundazwe se Afar, e-Itiyopiya.
IHobhouse, IFuleyisitata
IHobhouse yidolobha elincane eliseFuleyisitata, eNingizimu Afrika.
Ibhayibheli kanye nethiyori ebucayi
Abstracting kanye nenkomba
Iphephabhuku likhishwe futhi libhalwe ku- ATLA Religion Database nakuScopus.
Strawberry Prince
Strawberry Prince (すとぷり, Hepburn: SutoPuri) ibhendi yabafana base-Japan eyakhiwe ngoJuni 2016. Iqembu linamalungu ayisithupha: uNanamori, Jel, Satomi, Colon, Rinu, kanye no-Root. Ilungu ngalinye limelwe umlingiswa onezithombe lapho livela kwabezindaba.
Sidi Ladjel District
ISidi Ladjel yisifunda esingaphansi kwesifundazwe se Djelfa, e-Aljeriya.
Namaacha District
INamaacha yisifunda se Maputo, eMozambiki.
Moamba District
IMoamba yisifunda se Maputo, eMozambiki.
Chekfa District
IChekfa yisifunda esingaphansi kwesifundazwe se Jijel, e-Aljeriya.
Angoche District
I-Angoche yisifunda se Nampula, eMozambiki.
Vavatenina
IVavatenina yidolobha elikwisifundazwe se Analanjirofo, eMadagasika.
IKestell
IKestell yidolobha elincane eliseFuleyisitata, eNingizimu Afrika.
IHimeville
IHimeville yidolobha elincane eliKwaZulu-Natali, eNingizimu Afrika.
CA Brive
I-Brive Corrèze Limousin Athletic Club iyinhlangano yebhola lombhoxo eyasungulwa ngo-1910 ye-Brive Athletic Club, iklabhu yemidlalo eminingi yaseFrance, ezinze e-Brive-la-Gaillarde eCorrèze. Iqembu layo lokuqala livela ku-Top 14 ngo-2021-2022.
I-CA Brive iyiklabhu yomlando yebhola lombhoxo yaseFrance. Ubekhona ku-elite yebhola lombhoxo yaseFrance cishe ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka kusukela ngo-1930, ngaphandle kwamaphaseji amafushane asezingeni eliphansi, elokugcina lawo ngo-2018-2019. Uwine i-European Cup ngo-1997 futhi waba kowamanqamu kulo mcimbi ngonyaka olandelayo. Ubambe iqhaza kowamanqamu weChampionship amane, engakaze anqobe iShield of Brennus. I-CA Brive yawina isicoco sayo esikhulu kuphela sesizwe ngenselelo ye-Yves du Manoir ngo-1996.
Kusukela ngo-1921, i-CA Brive idlale enkundleni yezemidlalo iBrive, yaqanjwa kabusha inkundla ye-Amédée-Domenech ngo-2004 ukuhlonipha omunye wabadlali bayo abavelele, insika yamazwe ngamazwe ngeminyaka yawo-1950 kanye nawo-1960.
Qarsadula
IQarsadula yi-woreda engaphansi kwesifundazwe se Somali, e-Itiyopiya.
Ubuhlakani
Ubuhlakani Incasiselo ngezindlela eziningi: amandla okukhanyanga, umhluzamqondo, ukuqonda, ukuzilumuka, ukufunda, ulwazi lomzwelo, ukuhluza, ukuhlela, ubuchule, ukucabanga okujulile kanye nokuxazulula izinkinga. Ngokuvamile, bungachaziswa njengekhono lokuqonda ukwaziswa, kanye nokubugcina njengolwazi oluzosetshenziswa emicondozeni ezivumelanisa nesimo phakathi komongo othile.
Ubuhlakani bucwaningwa kakhulu kubantu kodwa sebuye baqashelwa nasezilwaneni nasezimileni nakuba kunempikiswano ngokuthi ingabe lezi zinhlobo zokuphila ziyabubonisa yini ubuhlakani. Ubuhlakani eziCikizini noma ezinye izinguxa bubizwa ngokuthi uhlakahlisombulu.
uMsuka
Igama elithi "ubuhlakani" elihlobene eduze nelithi "ukuhlakanipha" livela kwisenzokuthi esithi "hlaka".
iziNcasiselo
Incasiselo yobuhlakani kuyaphikiswana ngayo, kuhluke ngokuthi amakhono wabo ayini nokuthi bungangakaniswa na? Amanye amaqembu abachazingqondo asikisela izincasiselo ezilandelayo:
Minister of Home Affairs v Fourie
Ungqongqoshe Wezasekhaya kanye nelinye v Fourie nelinye; I-Lesbi ne-Gay Equity Project kanye nabanye v nguNgqongqoshe Wezasekhaya nabanye, [2005] ZACC 19, , yisinqumo esiyingqayizivele seNkantoloYoMthethosisekelo waseNingizimu Afrika lapho inkantolo ikhiphe isinqumo sayo ngaso leso sikhathi Imibhangqwana engashadanga inelungelo lomthethosisekelo lokushada. Isinqumo lesi, esalotshwa nguJustice Albie Sachs futhi sathunyelwa ngomhlaka 1 Disemba 2005, sanikeza iPhalamende unyaka owodwa ukuthi liphasise umthetho odingekayo. Ngenxa yalokhu,umthetho wezinyunyana waqala ukusebenza ngomhlaka 30 Novemba 2006, wenza iNingizimu Afrika yaba yizwe lesihlanu emhlabeni ukuqaphela umshado wobungqingili.
Icala laqulwa ngoMeyi 17, 2005, yiLanga ACJ, uMadala J,YvonneMokgoro, Moseneke J, Ngcobo J, O'Regan J, Albie Sachs , Skweyiya J, UZak Yacoob J noVan Der Westhuizen J. AbakwaMTK Moerane SC (beno-S. Nthai) babonakele abafaka izicelo, uP Postostost (kanye no-T Kathri) kwabaphendulile, uJJ Smyth QC we- amici curiae wokuqala nowesibili, uGC Pretorius SC (no-DM Achtzehn, PG Seleka noJR Bauer) okwesithathu kwe- amicus curiae, i-DI Berger SC (enoF Kathree) kwabafakizicelo, kanye no-M Donen SC wabaphenduli. Odabeni lukaFourie, izeluleko zabafakizicelo bezifundiswe ngummeli wombuso, kanye nabamangalelwa nguMnu van den Berg. I- amince curiae yesithathu yafundiswa uMotla Conradie. Odabeni lweLesbian ne-Gay Equity Project, izeluleko zabafakizicelo bezifundiswe nguNicholl, Cambanis & Associates, kanye nabaphenduli 'ngommeli kahulumeni.
Leli cala elithinta izicelo zekhefu lokufaka isicelo sokudlulisa icala nokudlulisa isinqumo esiphikisana nesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme Yokudluliswa Kwamacala (Icala leFourie) elihambisana nesicelo sokufinyelela ngqo kwiNkantolo Yomthethosisekelo (icala leLesbian and Gay Equity Project ).
Uror County
I-Uror yisifunda esingaphansi kwesifundazwe se Jonglei, eNingizimu Sudan.
Minister of Home Affairs v Fourie
Isizinda sezomthetho
Ukuchazwa komshado emthethweni ojwayelekile waseNingizimu Afrika kuthathwe umthetho wamaRom-Datch, futhi kuze kube yilapho icala likaFourie lichazwa ngokuthi "ukubumbana kwendoda eyodwa nowesifazane oyedwa, ukubekelwa eceleni, ngenkathi kuqhubeka, kubo bonke abanye". Le ncazelo ayizibandakanyi izinyunyana zabobulili obuhlukile; iphinde yahlukanisa inyunyana yesithembu noma yesithembu efana umshado wamaSulumane nemishado ngaphansi Umthetho wamasiko eNingizimu Afrika.
(2) Ukulingana kufaka phakathi ukuthokozela okugcwele nokulinganayo kwawo wonke amalungelo nenkululeko.
(3) Umbuso awunakudlulwa ngokungafanele noma ngokungaqondile kunoma ngubani ngesizathu esisodwa noma ngaphezulu, kufaka phakathi ubuhlanga, ubulili, ubulili, ukukhulelwa, isimo somshado, imvelaphi yobuhlanga noma yenhlalo, umbala, ukubhekisisa ezocansi, ubudala, ukukhubazeka, inkolo, unembeza, inkolelo, isiko, ulimi nokuzalwa.
(4) Akekho umuntu ongabandlulula ngokungafanele kunoma ngubani ngesizathu esisodwa noma ngaphezulu ngokwesigaba (3). Isigaba 10 soMthethosisekelo sihlinzekela ukuthi "wonke umuntu unesithunzi semvelo kanye nelungelo lokuthi isithunzi sabo sihlonishwe futhi sivikelwe."
Amaqiniso
Abafakizicelo kwakunguNkz Marié Adriaana Fourie noNkz Cecelia Johanna Bonthuys, umbhangqwana ongathandani nabathandanayo. Ngaphambi kokulalelwa kwecala, izicelo zenziwa ngabeDooms For Life International kanye nommeli waso wezomthetho, uMnuz John Smyth, ukuthi bavunyelwe njenge-amici curiae. Isicelo semukelwa njenge-amicus curiae sabuye senziwa yiMishado Alliance yaseNingizimu Afrika, sisekelwa encwadini efungelwe nguKhadinali Wilfred Napier.
Umoyambulunga
Umoyambulunga (inhlanganisela yamazwi amabili umoya + imbulunga) ubuhalalazi bohowo ebungunge umzulane, futhi bubanjwe umnyondo bendikimba yomzulane. Umzulane ugcina umoyambulunga lapho umnyondo umkhulu futhi izingalokushisa lomoyambulunga liphansi. Umoyambulunga wenkanyezi buyindwawana engaphandle yenkanyezi, ehlanganisa ubuhalalazi obungaphezu kwebanembulunga elingakhanyi; izinkanyezi ezinezingalokushisa eliphansi kungenzeka zinomoyambulunga ongaphandle iqukethe imixube yamachembe.
Isoshanguve
Isoshanguve ilokishi elisenyakatho nedolobha lePitoli. Igama elithi Soshanguve lisuselwe kwiSotho, Shangane, Nguni, Venda. Uma ungumuntu ongazi lendawo uzoyithola eNingizimu Afrika.Isifundazwe ongathola lelokishi iGauteng.
Minister of Home Affairs v Fourie
Isahlulelo
Amajaji ayisishiyagalolunye alalele leli cala avumelana ngokungananazi ukuthi abashadikazi bobulili obufanelwe banelungelo lokushada, bayichaza kanjalo-ke le ncazelo yomthetho ojwayelekile wokuthi umshado awuhambelani noMthethosisekelo futhi awusebenzi ngendlela yokuthi awuvumi ukuthi abantu abathandana nabobulili obuhlukile bajabulele Isimo nezinzuzo ezihambisana nemithwalo yemfanelo eyanikwa imibhangqwana engafani nobungqingili. Babengavumelani ngokuthola ikhambi. Iningi limise ukumenyezelwa kokungasebenzi isikhathi esingunyaka ukuze kuvunyelwe isikhathi sePhalamende sokulungisa iphutha. Iphinde yamemezela ukuthi okushiwo kusigaba 30 (1) soMthetho Womshado ngemuva kwamagama athi "noma umyeni" wamagama "noma oshade naye" akuhambelani noMthethosisekelo, futhi akuvumelekile ngezinga lokungahambelani. Futhi, isimemezelo sokungabonakali sasimisiwe unyaka wonke ukuze kuvunyelwe isikhathi sePhalamende sokulungisa iphutha. UJustice Kate O'Regan, ophikisana naye yedwa ngokwengxenye, ucabanga ukuthi lesi simiso kufanele siguqulwe ngokushesha.
Ukutholwa kwenkantolo bekuncike esigabeni 9 soMthethosisekelo waseNingizimu Afrika, ikakhulukazi ilungelo lokuvikelwa okulinganayo kanye nokuhlomula komthetho esigabeni 9 (1) kanye nokwenqatshelwa okucacile kokubandlululwa, kubandakanya nesisekelo Ukuya ocansini, esigabeni. 9 (3). Umthetho ojwayelekile nesigaba 30 (1) soMthetho Womshado wakwenqabela ukuvikela abashadikazi bobulili obufanayo nokuzuzwa komthetho, ngokungqubuzana nesigaba 9 (1) soMthethosisekelo, futhi kwahlangana ndawonye kwaholela ekutheni imibhangqwana yobungqingili eyodwa ifakwe ngaphansi ukucwaswa okungafanele nguMbuso, kungqubuzana nesigaba 9 (3) soMthethosisekelo. Lapho kuhlaziywa umongo wombuso wonke wezomthetho, incazelo yomthetho ojwayelekile ngomshado kanye nesigaba 30 (1) soMthetho Womshado ayibandakanyiwe, amaSach atholakala, futhi awahambisani noMthethosisekelo ngezinga lokuthi awazange enze sivumelwano esifanele Abantu abathandana nobungqingili ukugubha izinyunyana zabo ngendlela efanayo evumela ngayo imibhangqwana engafani nabobulili obuhlukile ukwenza. Lokhu kwephulwa kwamalungelo okulingana kanye nesithunzi semibhangqwana yobungqingili abulingani njengoba kuchaziwe esigabeni sama-36 soMthethosisekelo.
Ukwehluleka komthetho ojwayelekile kanye noMthetho Womshado wokuhlinzeka ngezindlela lapho imibhangqwana yobungqingili ingajabulela isimo esifanayo, amalungelo kanye nemithwalo yemfanelo enikezwe imibhangqwana engashadene nobungqingili ngomshado ngakho-ke lokho kuwukwephula ilungelo labo lokuvikelwa okulinganayo komthetho ngaphansi kwesigaba 9 (1), nokuthi singabandlululwa ngokungafanele ngokwesigaba 9 (3) soMthethosisekelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwehluleka okunjalo kuveze ukuphulwa okungenakulungiseka kwelungelo labo lesithunzi ngokwesigaba 10 soMthethosisekelo.