cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Lubefu
ILubefu yidolobha elikwisifundazwe se Sankuru, eKhongo-Kinshasa.
Bubi District
IBubi yisifunda esingaphansi kwesifundazwe se-Matabeleland North, eZimbabwe.
Bu'ale
IBu'ale yidolobha eliyisiqongo sesifundazwe se Middle Juba, eSomaliya.
Hwange District
IHwange yisifunda esingaphansi kwesifundazwe se-Matabeleland North, eZimbabwe.
EBella
I-eBella kwakuyisiteshi sethelevishini saseNingizimu Afrika sedijithali esenziwe futhi esasiphethwe yi-e.tv 's eMedia Investment ye- Openview ne- DStv.
Umlando
Ngemuva kokuthi iMedia Investments nePlatco Digital bethule ngempumelelo ipulatifomu yayo ye-OpenView, banquma ukukhulisa imindeni yabo yeziteshi.Njengoba i-eExtra idume kakhulu kuma-telenovelas asakazwayo anjengeSanta Diabla, abakwa-e.tv banqume ukungena kakhulu emidlalweni nakuchungechunge lwamazwe omhlaba.
Ukwethulwa kwalokhu kungenxa yesiteshi esisha sokuqukethwe ku-DStv esibizwa ngeMoja Love, esethulwe ngomhlaka 14 kuFebhuwari 2015.Isiteshi besigxile kubathandi nabathandi bobudlelwano, okuyi-e.tv edale i-eBella ukuba ibe yisiteshi esithandwa ngabesifazane.
I-eBella inqanyulwe ekupheleni kukaMashi 2019 ngenxa yokubukwa okuphansi. Konke okuqukethwe kuhanjiswe kwa- eExtra.Ngenxa yokususwa kweStar Life,i-OVHD imemezele ukuthi maduzane lesi siteshi sizovula kabusha.
Ukuhlela
I-eBella ikhombisa uchungechunge oluningi lwasekhaya nakwamanye amazwe, ama-movie, amadrama nama-telenovelas.
Beyra
IBeyra yidolobha elikwisifundazwe se Mudug, eSomaliya.
Ntahangwa Commune
INtahangwa yisifunda esingaphansi kwesifundazwe se Bujumbura Mairie, eBhurundi.
Chemora District
IChemora yisifunda esingaphansi kwesifundazwe se Batna, e-Aljeriya.
UNelson Mandela
Mandela]]'
UNelson Rolihlahla Mandela ( / m <span title="/æ/ short 'a' in 'bad'">æ <kspan title="'n' in 'no'">n <span title="/ˈ/ primary stress follows">ˈ d <span title="/ɛ/ short 'e' in 'bed'">ɛ l <span title="/ə/ 'a' in 'about'">ə /   ;   wazalwa ngomhla ka 18 Julayi 1918 – washona ngomhla ka 5 Disemba 2013) wayengumlweli wenkululeko eNingizimu Afrika, owayelwa nembuso wobandlululo,usopolitiki, kanye nosiza abantu ngesihle ngezimali, owaba nguMongameli weNingizimu Afrika ukusukela ngo 1994 ukuya ku 1999. Waba nguMongameli wokuqala omnyama osebenza kuhulumeni, kanti futhi owayekhethwe kukhetho lokuqala lwenqubo yedimokhrasi. Uhulumeni wakhe wagxila kakhulu ekuqedeni izinsalela zenqubo yombuso wobandlululo ngokususa izikhungo zobandlululo ngokwebala ezazenziwe ngokomthetho wobandlululo lwebala kanti futhi egxila nasekubangeni umoya wokubuyisana phakathi kwezinhlanga zabamhlophe nabamnyama. Wasebenza kwezepolitiki njengomuntu omnyama womdabu onguMongameli weqembu le-African National Congress (ANC), ukusukekela ngo-1991 ukuya ku-1997.
UMandela wahlala ejele iminyaka engu 27, waqala wahlala esiqiwini se-Robben Island, kanti kamuva wadluliselwa ejele lase-Pollsmoor, nasejele lase-Victor Verster Prison. Ngenxa yengcindezi yemizabalazo yamazwe omhlaba, kanye nokwesabela impi yobuhlanga phakathi kwabamhlophe nabamnyama, uMongameli uF.W de Klerk wakhulula uMandela ngo-1990. UMandela no-De Klerk bangenela izingxoxo zokuqeda umbuso wobandlululo kwase kugqugquzelwa ukhetho lwazo zonke izinhlangano ngo-1994, lapho khona uMandela ahola khona i-ANC ukunqoba okhethweni kanti waba nguMongameli. Emuva kwalokhu waqhuba uhulumeni kazwelonke wobunye (Government of National Unity), owahlahla uMthethosisekelo omusha, uMandela wagxila kakhulu kwinqubo yomoya wokubuyisana kwezinhlanga zabamhlophe nabamnyama ezweni, kanti futhi lokhu kwaholela ekusungulweni kweKhomishana Yamaqiniso nokuBuyisana eyayaziwa ngelokuthi yi-Truth and Reconciliation Commission ukuphenya ngokucikelwa phansi kwamalungelo obuntu ngesikhathi esedlule. Ngisho noma uhulumeni kaMandela waqhubeka nenqubo yohulumeni wesikhathi esedlule inqubo ye-liberalism kwezomnotho, uhulumeni wakhe, wasungula izindlela zokukhuthaza izinguquko kwezomhlaba, ukulwa nenhlupheko, kanye nokunabisa amasevisi onakekelo lwezempilo. Emkhakheni wamazwe omhlaba, wasebenza njengomlamuli kwicala lokubhonywa kweNdiza ye-Pan Am Flight 103, kanti futhi waba nguNobhala-Jikelele wenhlangano ye-Non-Aligned Movement ukusukela ngo-1998 kuya ku 1999. Kwisihlandla sesibili sombuso wazikhulula ukuba nguMongameli, isikhundla sobungameli sathathwa yisekela lakhe uThabo Mbeki. UMandela njengomhlonipheki ezweni, noma engeseyena uMongameli, waqhubeka nemisebenzi yokusebenzela isizwe ngesihle, esebenza kumkhankaso wokulwa ne-HIV/AIDS esebenza ngaphansi kwehlangano yakhe ayisungula ye-Nelson Mandela Foundation.
UMandela wayengumuntu abantu abangomqondi uhlangothi aye kulo empilweni yakhe yonke. Abamsolayo ngasohlangothini lwesokudla noma ontamolukhuni babemgxeka bethi uyikhomanisi, kanti labo abangasohlangothini lwesinxele abazishoshovu zomzabalazo babemgxeka ngokuthi ongumuntu ofuna ukusheshe axoxisane nokuxolela abasekeli bombuso wobandlululo. Kodwa waba ngumuntu ohlonishwa kakhulu kumazwe omhlaba ngentshiseko yakhe emzabalazweni nasekubangeni uxolo, wathola izindlondlo zokuhlonishwa ezingu 250, ezibandakanya i-Nobel Peace Prize, kanye nendlondlo yePresidential Medal of Freedom yaseMelika, kanye nendlondlo ye-Lenin Peace Prize yaseSoviet. Uhlonishwa kakhulu eNingizimu Afrika, lapho abizwa khona ngesithakazelo sakhe sesiXhosa sikaMadiba, noma uTata ("Ubaba"), kanti futhi uchazwa njengo"Baba Wesizwe".
Ubungane bakhe: 1918–34
Omunye wamadodana enkosi yakhe, ogama lakhe linguMandela, waba ngumkhulu kaNelson lokhu okuwumthombo wesibongo sakhe.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuiloineauRowe200226_6-0" rel="dc:references"> [6]  <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuiloineauRowe200226_6-0" rel="dc:references"> Ngoba uMandela wayeyingane yenkosi ngonkosikazi wesibongo seXhiba, okusho Indlu yangesokuKhohlwa, isizukulu segatsha labesilisa kwindlunkulu yomendo wabantu abangalingani ngezikhundla, wayengakufanele ukuthatha isikhundla sobukhosi kodwa ukwamukelwa njengomunye womkhandlu wezibonda noma izinduna zasebukhosini <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuiloineauRowe200226Lodge20061Mafela2008102.26ndash.3B103_7-0" rel="dc:references"> [7]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuiloineauRowe200226Lodge20061Mafela2008102.26ndash.3B103_7-0" rel="dc:references"> Ubaba wakhe uGadla Henry Mphakanyiswa, kwakuyinkosi yendawo kanye nenduna yasebhukhosini; wayeqokwe kuleso sikhundla ngo 1915, ngemuva kokuba lowo owayekuleso sikhundla wayebekwe icala lenkohlakalo, icala alibekwa ngumantshi kahulumeni wabamhlophe <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201019_8-0" rel="dc:references"> [8]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201019_8-0" rel="dc:references"> Ngonyaka ka 1926, uGadla naye waxoshwa ngecala lenkohlakalo, kodwa uNelson watshelwa ukuthi ubaba wakhe ulahlekelwe ngumsebenzi ngoba wayephikisana nomantshi, owayeyindlovu kayiphikiswa owayenezidingo ezimbi.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandela19948.E2.80.939Smith201021.E2.80.9322Sampson20114_9-0" rel="dc:references"> [9]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandela19948.E2.80.939Smith201021.E2.80.9322Sampson20114_9-0" rel="dc:references"> Umuntu owayekhonza umvelingqangi wabo uQamata,<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandela199417Meredith20101_10-0" rel="dc:references"> [10]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandela199417Meredith20101_10-0" rel="dc:references"> UGadla wayengumuntu ogane amakhosikazi amaningi, wayenamakhosikazi amane, amadodana amane kanye namadodakazi ayisishagalolunye, ayehlala ezigodini ezehlukene. Umama kaNelson kwakungunkosikazi wesithathu kababa wakhe uGadla, igama lakhe kwakunguNosekeni Fanny, owayeyindodakazi kaNkedama, owayeyinkosikazi yeSandla sangakweSokudla, kanye nelunga lesibongo samaMpemvu esiXhosa.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson198615Mandela19947.E2.80.938Smith201016.2C_23.E2.80.9324Meredith20101.2C_3Sampson20114_11-0" rel="dc:references"> [11]  <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson198615Mandela19947.E2.80.938Smith201016.2C_23.E2.80.9324Meredith20101.2C_3Sampson20114_11-0" rel="dc:references">
"Akekho emndenini wakithi owaya esikoleni [...] Ngosuku lokuqala esikoleni, uthisha wami, uNkosazana Mdingana, sonke wasinika amagama esiNgisi. Lokhu kwakuyinkambiso phakathi kwama-Afrika ngalezo zinsuku, kanti lokhu kwakwenziwa ukulandela usiko lwesingizi lwaseBrithani kwezemfundo. Ngalolo suku, uNks Mdingane, wangitshela ukuthi igama lami nginguNelson. Angazi ukuthi kungani anginika leli gama." Mandela 1994.
Kamuva ukuchaza ukuthi impilo yakhe esemuva yayigxila kumasiko nenkambiso yamaThembu kanye neziyila zakhona,<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandela199415Meredith20103_13-0" rel="dc:references"> [13]  <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandela199415Meredith20103_13-0" rel="dc:references"> UMandela wakhula nodadewabo ababili endlini kamamawakhe esigodini sakubo saseQunu, lapho khona owayengumelusi wezinkomo, echitha isikhathi esiningi nabanye abafana .<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson198616Mandela199412Smith201023.E2.80.9324Meredith20102.2C_4_14-0" rel="dc:references"> [14]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson198616Mandela199412Smith201023.E2.80.9324Meredith20102.2C_4_14-0" rel="dc:references"> Yena nabazali bakhe babengafundile, kodwa babengamaKrestu, umama wakhe wamthumela esontweni lendawo lamaWeseli (Methodist) ngesikhathi eseneminyaka ecishe ibe yisikhombisa. Wabhabhathiswa, wanikezwa igama lesiLungu elungu-"Nelson" alinikezwa nguthisha wakhe<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandela199418.E2.80.9319Lodge20063Smith201024Meredith20102.2C_4.26ndash.3B5Sampson20115.2C7Forster201491.E2.80.9392_15-0" rel="dc:references"> [15]  <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandela199418.E2.80.9319Lodge20063Smith201024Meredith20102.2C_4.26ndash.3B5Sampson20115.2C7Forster201491.E2.80.9392_15-0" rel="dc:references"> Lapho uMandela eseneminyaka ecishe ibe yisishagalolunye, ubaba wakhe weza wazohlala eQunu, lapho afela khona ebulawa yisifo esingaziwa, kodwa uMandela ukholelwa ukuthi wabulawa yisifo samaphaphu .<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandela199420Lodge20063Smith201025Meredith20105Sampson20117_16-0" rel="dc:references"> [16]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandela199420Lodge20063Smith201025Meredith20105Sampson20117_16-0" rel="dc:references"> Ngokuzizwa ehlukile, kamuva wathi ufuze ubaba wakhe ngokuba umuntu olwayo nonekhanda eliqinile kanye nomuntu ozimisele kakhulu ukulwa nenqubo enganabulungiswa nozimisele kakhulu ukulwela inqubo yobulungiswa <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandela19948.2C_20_17-0" rel="dc:references"> [17]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandela19948.2C_20_17-0" rel="dc:references">
Umama kaMandela wamthatha waya naye eNdlunkkulu eMqhekezweni, lapho abekwa khona ngaphansi kweso nonakekelo lweNkosi uJongintaba Dalindyebo. Ngisho noma engakwazanga ukubona umama wakhe iminyaka eminingi, uMandela wayezwa ukuthi uJongintaba kanye nonkosikazi wakhe uNoengland babemphethe kahle njengengane yabo, bamkhulisa njengendodana yabo kanye nendodana yabo uJustice kanye nendodakazi yabo uNomafu.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson198617Meer19884Mandela199422.E2.80.9325Lodge20063Smith201026.E2.80.9327Meredith20105Sampson20117.E2.80.939_18-0" rel="dc:references"> [18]  <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson198617Meer19884Mandela199422.E2.80.9325Lodge20063Smith201026.E2.80.9327Meredith20105Sampson20117.E2.80.939_18-0" rel="dc:references"> Njengoba uMandela wayehamba isonto eya enkonzweni njalo ngeSonto kanye nabanakekeli bakhe, ubuKrestu kwabayingxenye enkulu yempilo yakhe.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeer19887Mandela199427.E2.80.9329Meredith20108.26ndash.3B9_19-0" rel="dc:references"> [19]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeer19887Mandela199427.E2.80.9329Meredith20108.26ndash.3B9_19-0" rel="dc:references"> Wangena isikole se-mission yamaWeseli (Methodist) esasiseduzane nendlu yobukhosi, wafunda i-English isiNgisi), isiXhosa, ezomlando noma i-history, kanye nejoyigrafi.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeer19887Mandela199425Smith201027Meredith20109_20-0" rel="dc:references"> [20]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeer19887Mandela199425Smith201027Meredith20109_20-0" rel="dc:references"> Waba nothando kakhulu nogqozi ngomlando wama-Afrika, elalela imilando yabantu abadala ababevakasha ekhaya, kanti futhi udaba lokulwa nenqubo yobukoloni ne-imperialism yabamhlophe yamufakela ugqozi kakhulu, ikakhulukazi kwizindaba ezazixoxwa nguNkosi Joyi<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeer198811.26ndash.3B12Mandela199431.E2.80.9334Lodge20063Smith201018Meredith20108_21-0" rel="dc:references"> [21]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeer198811.26ndash.3B12Mandela199431.E2.80.9334Lodge20063Smith201018Meredith20108_21-0" rel="dc:references"> owayethanda ukuvakashela ebukhosini. Ngaleso sikhathi wayengababoni amakoloni abamhlophe baseYuropha njengabacindezeli kodwa njengabantu abazosiza, abaletha imfundo eningizimu ne-Afrika.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandela199443Meredith201011_22-0" rel="dc:references"> [22]  <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandela199443Meredith201011_22-0" rel="dc:references"> Kodwa lapho eneminyaka engu 16, yena noJustice, kanye nabanye abafana, bahamba bavakashela eTyhalarha ukuyokwenza  usiko lokusoka  (circumcision) lokhu okwakukwenza ukuthi badlule ebufaneni babe ngamadoda, lapha emcimbini wobusoka wanikezwa igama lokuthi unguDalibunga.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson198617Mandela199436.E2.80.9342Lodge20068Smith201029.E2.80.9331Meredith20109.26ndash.3B11Sampson201114_23-0" rel="dc:references"> [23]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson198617Mandela199436.E2.80.9342Lodge20068Smith201029.E2.80.9331Meredith20109.26ndash.3B11Sampson201114_23-0" rel="dc:references">
Kitengela
IKitengela yidolobha elikwisifundazwe se Kajiado, eKhenya.
Hurghada
IHurghada yidolobha elikwisifundazwe se Red Sea, eGibhithe.
Amboasary Sud
I-Amboasary Sud yidolobha elikwisifundazwe se Anosy, eMadagasika.
UNelson Mandela
eClarkebury, eHealdtown, nase-Fort Hare: 1934–40
Ngokuzimisela ukuthola amakhono okuba yisobonda nomeluleki wendlu yobukhosi bamaThembu, uMandela waqala imfundo yesekondari esikoleni seClarkebury Methodist High School, Engcobo, okuyisikhungo semfundo yenqubo yabamhlophe, okwakuyisikole esikhulu sabantu abamnyama bama-Afrika, eThembuland.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandela199445.E2.80.9347Smith201031Meredith201012.26ndash.3B13Sampson201115_24-0" rel="dc:references"> [24]  <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandela199445.E2.80.9347Smith201031Meredith201012.26ndash.3B13Sampson201115_24-0" rel="dc:references"> Kanti futhi wayezihlanganisa nabanye abafundi ngokulinganayo nabo engazibeki phezulu, uchaza ukuthi lapha kulesi sikhathi ukuhlangana nabanye abafundi kwamenza angasazibeki phezulu, wahlobana kakhulu nentombazana okokuqala, waqala ukudlala nemidlalo yasemabaleni kanti futhi waba nothando olukhulu  kwimpilo yakhe yonke lokwenza nokunakekela ingadi<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandela199448.E2.80.9350_25-0" rel="dc:references"> [25]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandela199448.E2.80.9350_25-0" rel="dc:references"> Lapho eqeda imfundo yakhe ye-Junior Certificate eminyakeni emibili,<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESampson201117_26-0" rel="dc:references"> [26]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESampson201117_26-0" rel="dc:references"> ngonyaka ka 1937, waya eHealdtown, Methodist College eFort Beaufort okwakuyikholishi engenwa kakhulu umndeni wobukhosi wamaThembu lapho afunda khona noJustice.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandela199452Smith201031.E2.80.9332Meredith201014Sampson201117.E2.80.9318_27-0" rel="dc:references"> [27]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandela199452Smith201031.E2.80.9332Meredith201014Sampson201117.E2.80.9318_27-0" rel="dc:references">   Utshishomkhulu wale kholishi wayegcizelela kakhulu ukubaluleka kolimi lwe-English kanye nosiko lwesiNgisi kanye nokubaluleka kohulumeni, kodwa uMandela waqala ukuthokozela kakhulu amasiko esi-Afrika, waba nomngani wakhe wokuqala owayengeyena uMxhosa, owayengumSuthu, kanti futhi, uthisha wakhe waba nomthelela kakhulu kuye, okwakungumXhosa owenza inkambiso engajwayelekile nokwephula isiyilo ngokugana umSuthu.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandela199453.E2.80.9354Smith201032Meredith201014.26ndash.3B15Sampson201118.E2.80.9321_28-0" rel="dc:references"> [28]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandela199453.E2.80.9354Smith201032Meredith201014.26ndash.3B15Sampson201118.E2.80.9321_28-0" rel="dc:references"> Wayechitha isikhathi esiningi esubatha egijima ibanga elide kanye nokwenza umdlalo wezingqindi, onyakeni wakhe wesibili waba ngu- prefect.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandela199456Smith201032Meredith201015_29-0" rel="dc:references"> [29]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandela199456Smith201032Meredith201015_29-0" rel="dc:references">
Ukufika kwakhe eJohannesburg: 1941–43
Ngokuhola iholo elincane, uMandela warenta ikamela emndenini wakwaXhosa e-Alexandra township; ngisho noma le ndawo yayiyindawo yabantu abahluphekile, futhi inobugebengu, kanye nokungcola komoya, i-Alexandra, kwakuyindawo uMandela ayeyithanda kakhulu.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson198623Meer198826Mandela199499.2C_108.E2.80.93110Smith201044.E2.80.9345Meredith201033Sampson201133_45-0" rel="dc:references"> [45]  <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson198623Meer198826Mandela199499.2C_108.E2.80.93110Smith201044.E2.80.9345Meredith201033Sampson201133_45-0" rel="dc:references"> Ngisho noma wayezizwa ephoxekile ukuhlupheka kwakhe, washela intombi yomSwazi, ngaphambi kokuba ashele intombi eyayiyindodakazi<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandela1994113.E2.80.93116Lodge200623Smith201045.E2.80.9346Sampson201133_46-0" rel="dc:references"> [46]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandela1994113.E2.80.93116Lodge200623Smith201045.E2.80.9346Sampson201133_46-0" rel="dc:references"> kamasitende wakhe. Ukuze alondoloze imali, nokuthi abe seduzane nedolobha eJohannesburg, uMandela wasuka wayohlala enkomponi ye- Witwatersrand Native Labour Association, lapho ayehlala khona nabesilisa bezinhlanga ezehlukene, njengoba inkomponi yayivakashelwa ngamakhosi abomdabu bezinhlanga ezehlukene, yilapho ahlangana khona neNkosi yabeSuthu, eyayivela eliving among miners of various tribes; as the compou-Basutoland.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandela1994118.E2.80.93119Lodge200624Meredith201033Sampson201134_47-0" rel="dc:references"> [47]  <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandela1994118.E2.80.93119Lodge200624Meredith201033Sampson201134_47-0" rel="dc:references"> Ekupheleni konyaka ka 1941, uJongintaba wavakasha, waxolela uMandela ngokubaleka. Lapho ebuyela ekhaya uNkosi wabaThembu washona ngobusika buka-1942; kanti uMandela noJustice bafika ngosuku sekwedlule ngalo umngcwabo .<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandela1994116.E2.80.93117.2C_119.E2.80.93120Lodge200622Smith201047Meredith201033.26ndash.3B34Sampson201133_48-0" rel="dc:references"> [48]  <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandela1994116.E2.80.93117.2C_119.E2.80.93120Lodge200622Smith201047Meredith201033.26ndash.3B34Sampson201133_48-0" rel="dc:references"> Ngomu a kokuphasa uvivinyo lwe-BA ngo-1943, uMandela wabuyela eJohannesburg ukuyongenela umzabalazo wezepolitiki njengommeli,l kunokuthi abe yinduna yomkhandlu wabaThembu.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandela1994122.2C_126.E2.80.9327Smith201049Meredith201034Sampson201134_49-0" rel="dc:references"> [49]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandela1994122.2C_126.E2.80.9327Smith201049Meredith201034Sampson201134_49-0" rel="dc:references"> Kamuva washo ukuthi lokhu akumenzanga akhumbule ukubuyela emuva ukuyoba yisibonda sebambela lenkosi, kodwa uthi, "ngazithola ngenza lokho engangibona kufanele ngikwenza.."<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandela1994135_50-0" rel="dc:references"> [50]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandela1994135_50-0" rel="dc:references">
Ukufundela ukuba ngummeli kanye nokungenela uphiko lwentsha ye-ANC Youth League: 1943–49
NgoJulayi 947, uMandela waphuthumisa uLembede owayegula esibhedlela, lapho ashonela khona, kwasekuthi esikhundleni sakhe sokuba ngumengameli we-ANCYL, kwangena uPeter Mda owayengesona isishoshovu kakhulu ngenqubo yokuthi bangasebenzisani nezinye izinhlanga ezingezona ezabomdaba abamnyama kanye namakhomanisi, uPeter Mda, wavuma ukuthi basebenzisane nezinye izinhlanga, lokhu okwenza ukuthi bangavumelani noMandela, kanti uMandela waqokwa ukuba ngunobhala we-ANCYL. UMandela akavumelananga nenqubo kaMda, ngoDisemba ka 1947, wasekela inqubo yokuthi kuxoshwe amakhomanisi ku-ANCYL, ngoba wayethi inqubo yabo ayihambelana nombono wesi-Afrika.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandela1994154Sampson201142_63-0" rel="dc:references"> [63]  <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandela1994154Sampson201142_63-0" rel="dc:references"> Ngo 1947, uMandela wakhethwa ukuba yilungu lesigungu le-ANC egatsheni le-Transvaal Province esebenza ngaphansi kukamongameli werijini, uC.S Ramohanoe. Lapho uRamohanoe ethatha isinqumo esiphikisana nekomidi, ngokusebenzisana namaNdiya kanye namakomanisi, uMandela waba ngomunye walabo abamphoqelela ukuthi ashiye isikhundla.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandela1994154.E2.80.93157Smith201066Sampson201149_64-0" rel="dc:references"> [64]  <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandela1994154.E2.80.93157Smith201066Sampson201149_64-0" rel="dc:references">
Kukhetho lwaseNingizimu Afrika lwango 1948, lapho khona abamhlophe kuphela ababevunyelwe ukuvota, iqembu elikhulukazi lama-Afrikaner  le-Herenigde Nasionale Party ngaphansi kuka-Daniel François Malan yilo elawina, ngokushesha lahlangana nelinye iqembu lama-Afrikaner, elalibizwa i-Afrikaner Party ukubumba iqembu lama-Afrikaner elabizwa i-National Party. Leli qembu elalinobandlululo Ngokusobala,yilo elagxilisa nokunabisa imithetho yobandlululo nokwenza imithetho emisha yobandlululo kanye nokwehlukanisa izinhlanga ngokobuhlanga. Kanti iqembu le ANC, laya ngokukhula nokuba nomthelela kakhulu, uMandela kanye namaqabane akhe baqala ukugqugquzela ukuthi kuthathwe izinyathelo ezinqala nezingqonde ngqo ekulwiseni ubandlululo, ngokwenza imibhikisho efana nogwayimbo kanye neziteleka, lokhu bakwenza ngokulandela inqubo eyalandelwa yimiphakathi yamaNdiya aseNingizimu Afrika. UXuma wayengasekeli lezi zinyathelo kanti futhi ngenxa yalokho wasuswa esikhundleni sobungameli, isikhundla sakhe sathathwa nguJames Moroka, kanye nekomidi lesigungu lezindlamlilo ezifana noSisulu, uMda, uTambo noGodfrey Pitje.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson198636.E2.88.9237Mandela1994162.E2.80.93165Smith201072.E2.80.9373Meredith201078.26ndash.3B79Sampson201153.E2.80.9355_66-0" rel="dc:references"> [66]  <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson198636.E2.88.9237Mandela1994162.E2.80.93165Smith201072.E2.80.9373Meredith201078.26ndash.3B79Sampson201153.E2.80.9355_66-0" rel="dc:references"> Kamuva uMandela wachaza ukuthi kamuva, "sasesiqala ukufaka i-ANC endleleni yokuba yinhlangano yokuthatha izinyathelo ezinqala kanye nokwenza i-ANC ukuthiibe yinhlangano yerivolushini."<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandela1994165_67-0" rel="dc:references"> [67]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandela1994165_67-0" rel="dc:references"> Ngoba wayesezinikele kakhulu kwezepolitiki, uMandela wafeyila unyaka wokugcina eYunivesithi yaseWitwatersrand, kathathu, wagcina ngokunqatshelwa ukuthi athole idigri yakhe ngoDisemba ka-1949.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201068.E2.80.9370Sampson201135_68-0" rel="dc:references"> [68]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201068.E2.80.9370Sampson201135_68-0" rel="dc:references">
Umkhankaso omkhulukazi wokulwa nemithetho yobandlululo owawaziwa ngokuthi yi-Defiance Campaign kanye nobuNgameli beTransifali ngo: 1950–54
UMandela wathatha isikhundla sikaXuma kwisigungu sikazwelonke se-ANC ngoMashi ka-1950,<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandela1994168Sampson201155.E2.80.9356_70-0" rel="dc:references"> [70]  <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandela1994168Sampson201155.E2.80.9356_70-0" rel="dc:references"> kanti ngawo lowo nyaka wakhethwa ukuba ngumongameli wophiki lwabasha i-ANCYL.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson198641Mandela1994176Smith201078Meredith201088Sampson201163.E2.80.9364_71-0" rel="dc:references"> [71]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson198641Mandela1994176Smith201078Meredith201088Sampson201163.E2.80.9364_71-0" rel="dc:references"> NgoMashi, kwabanjwa ingqungquthela enkulu eyayibizwa iDefend Free Speech Convention eJohannesburg, eyahlanganisa ama-Afrika, AmaNdiya, kanye nezishoshovu nezishukumi zamakhomanisi ukwenza isimemezelo sesiteleka sikaMeyi se-May Day ukubhikisha ukulwa nenqubo yobandlululo kanye nombuso wedlanzana labamhlophe. UMandela waphikisana nesiteleka ngoba sasigqugquzelwa zinhlanga ezehlukene kanti futhi singaholwa yi-ANC, kodwa iningi labasebenzi abamnyama labamba iqhaza kulesi siteleka, lokhu okwakhulisa kakhulu ingcindezi yencindezelo yabamnyama kanye nokusungulwa komthetho wokuvalwa komlomo amakhomanisi, umthetho owawaziwa ngokuthi yi-Suppresion of Communism Act, 1950, lokhu okwathinta kakhulu imizabalazo nezinyathelo zamaqembu ehlukene.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson198638.E2.80.9340Meer198848.E2.80.9349Mandela1994165.E2.80.93167Smith201074.E2.80.9375Meredith201081.26ndash.3B83Sampson201161.E2.80.9362_72-0" rel="dc:references"> [72]  <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson198638.E2.80.9340Meer198848.E2.80.9349Mandela1994165.E2.80.93167Smith201074.E2.80.9375Meredith201081.26ndash.3B83Sampson201161.E2.80.9362_72-0" rel="dc:references"> Kwikhonferense ye-ANC yangoDisemba ka-1951, uMandela waqhubeka nokulwisa umzabalazo ohlanganisa izinhlanga ezehlukene, kodwa ivoti lamudla ngoba iningi labantu abavumelananga nombono wakhe.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandela1994176Smith201078Sampson201163.E2.80.9364_73-0" rel="dc:references"> [73]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandela1994176Smith201078Sampson201163.E2.80.9364_73-0" rel="dc:references">
Ukusukela lapho, waphikisana nombono ka-Lembede wokuthi umzabalazo ungenelwe ngama-Afrika kuphela, waqala ukungamela umbono wokuthi izinhlangano ezehlukene kumele zisebenzisane ukulwa nombuso wobandlululo.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson198642Meer198855Meredith201094_74-0" rel="dc:references"> [74]  <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson198642Meer198855Meredith201094_74-0" rel="dc:references"> Abantu abanengoMoses Kotane baba nomthelela omkhulu kumbono wakhe ngenqubo yomzabalazo, kanti futhi namazwe e-Soviet Union ngokusekela izimpi zokulwela inkululeko yabacindezelwe, umbono kaMandela wokungathembi amakhomanisi, waqala uya ngokuphela, kanti wafunda kakhulu nemibhalo yama-Marxists afana no-Karl Marx, Vladimir Lenin, noMao Zedong, ekugcineni wamukela nokwengamela inqubo ye-Marxist ye-dialectical materialism.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandela1994177.E2.80.93172Smith201075.E2.80.9376Meredith201087Sampson201164.E2.80.9365_75-0" rel="dc:references"> [75]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandela1994177.E2.80.93172Smith201075.E2.80.9376Meredith201087Sampson201164.E2.80.9365_75-0" rel="dc:references"> Lapho ephawula ngobukhomanisi, kamuva wathi, "ngazithola ngidonseleka kumbono wokuba nezwe lapho okungenakubandlululana nokwamaklasi abantu abakuwo ukuze kube ne-classless society lokhu ngokubona kwami, kwakuhambisana kakhulu nosiko nenkambiso yama-Afrika, lapho khona impilo okwabelwana khona ngezinto nokusingathana komphakathi ngenqubo ebizwa i-communalism."<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandela1994172_76-0" rel="dc:references"> [76]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandela1994172_76-0" rel="dc:references"> Ngo-Epreli ka-1952, uMandela waqala ukusebenza kwinkampani yabammeli i-H.M. Basner,<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandela1994165Smith201077Meredith201092_77-0" rel="dc:references"> [77]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandela1994165Smith201077Meredith201092_77-0" rel="dc:references"> ngenxa yokungena kakhulu emzabalazweni, lokhu kwakusho ukuthi uchitha isikhathi esincane kakhulu nomndeni wakhe.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandela1994170Smith201094Meredith2010103_78-0" rel="dc:references"> [78]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandela1994170Smith201094Meredith2010103_78-0" rel="dc:references">
UMandela wathola umsebenzi njengommeli kwinkampani ye-Terblanche and Briggish, ngaphambi kokuba aye kwinkampani yama-liberal ka-Helman and Michel, kanti waphasela ukuba ngummeli ngokuphelele.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandela1994209.E2.80.93210Smith201087Meredith201095Sampson20117_86-0" rel="dc:references"> [86]  <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandela1994209.E2.80.93210Smith201087Meredith201095Sampson20117_86-0" rel="dc:references"> Ngo-Agast ka 1953, uMandela and Tambo, baqala inkampani yabo yabameli eyayisebenzela emaphakathi ne-Johannesburg. Kwakuyiyona yodwa inkampani yabantu abansundu ezweni, yayihlala igcwele abantu abamnyama ababenezikhalazo eziningi, kanti yayibhekana kakhulu namacala okuhlukunyezwa kakhulu ngamaphoyisa (police brutality). Inkampani yabo, yayizondwa kakhulu yiziphathimandla zangaleso sikhathi, ngakho-ke yaphoqelelwa ukuthi isuke kule ndawo eyayikuyo iye kude, ngoba bathathelwa imfume ngaphansi komthetho wokwehlukanisa izinhlangano ngokuhlala owawaziwa ngokuthi yi-Group Areas Act; ngenxa yalokho baya bebanamakhasimende ambalwa. Ngisho noma indodakazi yabo yesibili uMakaziwe Phumia yazalwa ngoMeyi ka-1954, kodwa ubudlelwane bakhe no-Evelyn babaphansi kwengcindezi, kanti futhi u-Evelyn wayethi kuMandela akekho qotho ebudlelwaneni babo. Kunamahlebezi okuthi wayethandana nelunga le-ANC u- Lillian Ngoyi kanye nonobhala uRuth Mompati; uRuth waba nengane naye.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeredith2010103.E2.80.93104Smith201095.E2.80.9399.2C_105.E2.80.93106_88-0" rel="dc:references"> [88]  <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeredith2010103.E2.80.93104Smith201095.E2.80.9399.2C_105.E2.80.93106_88-0" rel="dc:references"> Ngokucasulwa yindlela  yokuziphatha kwendodana yakhe, uNosekeni umama wakhe wabuyela eTranskei, kanti u-Evelyn wajoyina ibandla loFakazi bakaJehova  elaziwa ngokuthi yi- Jehovah's Witnesses kanti futhi waphikisana nokukhahlela inqubo kaMandela yokuzinikela emzabalazweni wezepolitiki.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandela1994293.E2.80.93294Meredith2010104.26ndash.3B105Smith201098.E2.80.9399.2C_105.E2.80.93106Sampson201176.E2.80.9377_89-0" rel="dc:references"> [89]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandela1994293.E2.80.93294Meredith2010104.26ndash.3B105Smith201098.E2.80.9399.2C_105.E2.80.93106Sampson201176.E2.80.9377_89-0" rel="dc:references">
Ingqungquthela enkulukazi eyaziwa ngelokuthi yi-Congress of the People kanye nokuquliswa icala elikhulukazi elaziwa ngokuthi yi-Treason Trial: 1955–61
Ngemuva kokungenela ubhikisho olungaphumelelanga, ukuvimbela ukususwa kwabo bonke abantu abamnyama eSophiatown, eJohannesburg ngoFebruwari ka-1955, uMandela wabona ukuthi impi yezikhali isifanele ukuqeda inqubo nombuso wobandlululo wedlanzana labamhlophe.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandela1994218.E2.80.93233.2C_234.E2.80.93236Meredith2010114.26ndash.3B117Smith2010120.E2.80.93123Sampson201182.E2.80.9384_91-0" rel="dc:references"> [91]  <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandela1994218.E2.80.93233.2C_234.E2.80.93236Meredith2010114.26ndash.3B117Smith2010120.E2.80.93123Sampson201182.E2.80.9384_91-0" rel="dc:references"> Wseluleka uSisulu ukucela izikhali kwiRiphabhuliki yeShayina i-People's Republic of China, ngisho noma umbuso waseShayina wawusekela umzabalazo wokulwa nobandlululo, kodwa bababona ukuthi inhlangano ayikazimiseli kahle ukuthatha umzabalazo wezikhalli ngenqubo yomshoshaphansi eyaziwa ngokuthi yi-guerilla warfare.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandela1994226.E2.80.93227Meredith2010108.26ndash.3B109Smith2010118Sampson201184_92-0" rel="dc:references"> [92]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandela1994226.E2.80.93227Meredith2010108.26ndash.3B109Smith2010118Sampson201184_92-0" rel="dc:references"> Ngokusebenzisana nezinhlangano ezilandelayo, i-South African Indian Congress, i-Coloured People's Congress, kanye ne-South African Congress of Trade Unions kanye ne-Congress of Democrats, i-ANC, yahlela ingqungquthela enkulukazi i-Congress of the People, yamemezela kubo bonke abantu baseNingizimu Afrika ukuthumela iziphakamiso, iziphakamiso ezathunyelwa ngabantu, zahlanganiswa ukuba yiShatha yenkululeko eyaziwa ngelokuthi yi-Freedom Charter eyabhalwa phansi ngu-Rusty Bernstein, eyayimemezela ukuthi kube nombuso ongenabandlululo, yenqubo yedimokhrasi, engenabandlululo ngokwebala, kanti futhi eyokwenza ukuthi umnotho wezwe ube ngaphansi kombuso ngenqubo ebizwa i-nationalisation kwizimbono ezinkulu. Lapho kwemukelwa ishatha yenkululeko kwikhonferense eyabanjwa ngoJuni 1955, e-Kliptown eyayihanjelwe zithunywa ezingu 3000, amaphoyisa ahlakaza le ngqungquthela, kodwa yaba yiyo eyabayisisekelo se-idiyoloji kaMandela.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson198664.E2.80.9367Meer198871.E2.80.9375Mandela1994243.E2.80.93249Meredith2010129.E2.80.93133Smith2010118.E2.80.93120.2C_125.E2.80.93128Sampson201187.E2.80.9395_93-0" rel="dc:references"> [93]  <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson198664.E2.80.9367Meer198871.E2.80.9375Mandela1994243.E2.80.93249Meredith2010129.E2.80.93133Smith2010118.E2.80.93120.2C_125.E2.80.93128Sampson201187.E2.80.9395_93-0" rel="dc:references">
Ngo-Epreli ka 1959, labo ababengafuni ukuthi umzabalazo wama-Afrika uhlangane nezinye izinhlangana (ama-Africanist), ababenganelisekile yinqubo ye-ANC yokuhlanganyela  nezinye izinhlanga, basungula inhlangano ye-Pan-Africanist Congress (PAC); Umngani kaMandela u--Robert Sobukwe wakhethwa ukuba ngumengameli wayo, ngisho noma uMandela wayengavumelani nenqubo yabo yokungafuni ukusebenzisana nezinye izinhlanga ngoba wayekuthatha lokhu njengonqubo engavuthiwe nokuhluzeka, futhi ebonisa ukuswela ulwazi.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson198679Meer198890.E2.80.9392.2C_141.E2.80.93143Mandela1994327.E2.80.93330Meredith2010167.E2.80.93168Smith2010171.E2.80.93173Sampson2011117.E2.80.93122_104-0" rel="dc:references"> [104]  <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson198679Meer198890.E2.80.9392.2C_141.E2.80.93143Mandela1994327.E2.80.93330Meredith2010167.E2.80.93168Smith2010171.E2.80.93173Sampson2011117.E2.80.93122_104-0" rel="dc:references"> Omabili la maqembu akhankasela ukuqedwa kwamapasi ekuqaleni kanyaka ka 1960, kanti kulowo mkhankaso, ama-Afrika ashisa amapasi ababephoqelelwa ukuthi bawaphathe ngaso sonke isikhathi. Enye yemibhikisho eyayihlelwe yi-PAC, amaphoyisa adubula kuyo abantu, lokhu okwabangela ukuthi kufe abantu abangu 69 ababebhekisha eSharpeville massacre. Lesi sehlakalo sabangela ukuthi amazwe omhlaba agxeke kakhulu umbuso wawamhlophe eNingizimu Afrika, kanti futhi lokhu kwabangela ukuthi kube nemibhikisho eminingi eNingizimu Afrika, lapho khona uMandela ashisa khona ipasi lakhe esidlangalaleni ukubonisa ukuzwelana nabantu abahlaselwa bebhikisha.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson198683.E2.80.9384Meer1988144.E2.80.93147Mandela1994342.E2.80.93346Meredith2010167.E2.80.93170Smith2010173.E2.80.93175Sampson2011130.E2.80.93131_105-0" rel="dc:references"> [105]  <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson198683.E2.80.9384Meer1988144.E2.80.93147Mandela1994342.E2.80.93346Meredith2010167.E2.80.93170Smith2010173.E2.80.93175Sampson2011130.E2.80.93131_105-0" rel="dc:references">
I-MK, i-SACP, nokuhambela amazwe eAfrika: 1961–62
Lopho ezifihle njengomshayeli wezimoto, uMandela wahambela lonke izwe kungekho obonayo, ehamba egqugquzelela izakhiwo zomshoshaphansi ze-ANC, kanye nokuhlelela isiteleka sokuhlala emakhaya kungayiwa emsebenzini. Kwabezindaba namaphephendaba wethiwa igama lokuthi ngu-"Black Pimpernel"  – igama elalivela kumbhali u-Emma Orczy wencwadi yenoveli ayibhala ngo-1905 yegama elithi-The Scarlet Pimpernel – kwakhishwa iwaranti yokuboshwa kwakhe ikhishwa ngamaphoyisa.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson198699Mandela1994283.E2.80.93287Meredith2010192.E2.80.93193Smith2010186.E2.80.93188.2C_193Sampson2011144.E2.80.93146.2C_154_110-0" rel="dc:references"> [110]  <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson198699Mandela1994283.E2.80.93287Meredith2010192.E2.80.93193Smith2010186.E2.80.93188.2C_193Sampson2011144.E2.80.93146.2C_154_110-0" rel="dc:references"> UMandela wabamba imihlangano yemfihlo, kanti ngemuva kokuba uhulumeni ehluleke ukumisa isiteleka, waxwayisa ukuthi izishukumi zomzabalazo ziiyosebenzisa udlame ngokusebenza ngamaqembu ePAC Poqo.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandela1994289.E2.80.93291Smith2010188.E2.80.93189Sampson2011147.E2.80.93149_111-0" rel="dc:references"> [111]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandela1994289.E2.80.93291Smith2010188.E2.80.93189Sampson2011147.E2.80.93149_111-0" rel="dc:references"> Wakholelwa ukuhti i-ANC kumele ibumbe iqembu elihlomile ukuze udlame lwenziwe ngendlela ehlelekile nelawulekayo, kanti futhi wabonisana nomholi we-ANC u- Albert Luthuli – yena ngokombono wakhe owayengavumelani nodlame kanti kwakungewuye yedwa owabona udlame lungafanele, nabanye abahambisana naye babebona kanjalo.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandela1994393.E2.80.93396Meredith2010199.E2.80.93200Smith2010206.E2.80.93210Sampson2011150.E2.80.93151_112-0" rel="dc:references"> [112]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandela1994393.E2.80.93396Meredith2010199.E2.80.93200Smith2010206.E2.80.93210Sampson2011150.E2.80.93151_112-0" rel="dc:references">
Ngokufakelwa ugqozi zinyathelo zomkhankaso omkhulukazi owawuqhutshwa ngu-Fidel Castro's 26th of July Movement ngomzabalazo we-Cuban Revolution, ngo-1961, uMandela, uSisulu noSlovo baqala ibutho lo- Umkhonto we Sizwe ("Spear of the Nation", kanti uma leli gama lifingqwa libizwa i-MK). Ngokuba ngusihlalo wequmbu lamasha-nhliziyo, uMandela wathola ulwazi ngokufunda imibhalo ye-Marxist nemizabalazo yokulwa ngomshoshaphansi ka-Mao no-Che Guevara kanye nezinye izinkakha zababhali ngethiyori yezempi zemishoshaphansi abafana no- Carl von Clausewitz.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson1986107Mandela1994397.E2.80.93398Meredith2010197.E2.80.93198.2C_200.E2.80.93201Smith2010209.E2.80.93214Sampson2011151.E2.80.93154_113-0" rel="dc:references"> [113]  <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson1986107Mandela1994397.E2.80.93398Meredith2010197.E2.80.93198.2C_200.E2.80.93201Smith2010209.E2.80.93214Sampson2011151.E2.80.93154_113-0" rel="dc:references"> Ngisho noma lo mzabalazo wezikhali waziswa njengohlukene ne-ANC ngokosiko, ukuze ukuchaphazeli kabi igama le-ANC, kodwa kamuva leli butho laziwa njenge-MK okuyibutho elihlomile leqembu le-ANC.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2010209.E2.80.93210Sampson2011151_114-0" rel="dc:references"> [114]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2010209.E2.80.93210Sampson2011151_114-0" rel="dc:references"> Amalunga amaningi e-MK, kwakungamakhomanisi abamhlophe, ababefihla uMandela emakhaya abo; ngemuva kokucasha eflethini lika-Wolfie Kodesh endaweni yase-Berea, uMandela wasuka waya ePulazini, umnikazi walo owakuyikhomanisi, ipulazi le-Liliesleaf Farm elalitholakala endaweni yaseRivonia, lapho ajoyinana khona no-Raymond Mhlaba, uSlovo, kanye noBernstein, okwaba nguye owabhala umthethosisekelo we-MK.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson1986107Mandela1994397.E2.80.93409Meredith2010201.E2.80.93204Smith2010191.2C_222.E2.80.93229Sampson2011154.E2.80.93156_115-0" rel="dc:references"> [115]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson1986107Mandela1994397.E2.80.93409Meredith2010201.E2.80.93204Smith2010191.2C_222.E2.80.93229Sampson2011154.E2.80.93156_115-0" rel="dc:references"> Ngisho noma kamuva uMandela waphika ukuthi wake waba yilunga lenhlangano yamakhomanisi, i-Communist Party, ucwaningo olwashicilelwa ngo-2011, lukhombisa ukuthi wake wayijoyina inhlangano yamakhomanisi ekupheleni kweminyaka yango 1950, kanti ekuqaleni kweminyaka yango 1960.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllis2011667.E2.80.93668_116-0" rel="dc:references"> [116]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllis2011667.E2.80.93668_116-0" rel="dc:references"> Lokhu kwaqinisa yinhlangano ye-SACP kanye ne-ANC ngemuva kokushona kukaMandela. Ngokusho kwe-SACP, wayengelona nje ilunga kuphela, kodwa wayeyilunga lesigungu esiphezulu sikazwelonke i-Central Committee, kodwa lokhu ngezizathu zezepolitiki kwaphikwa kamuva.
Ngokusebenza ngezakhiwo zomshoshaphansi zama-cell, iMK yahlela izinyathelo zokucikela phansi izakhiwo zikahulumeni, lokhu kwakuzokwenziwa ukucindezela uhulumeni kodwa kungalimali abantu. I-MK yahlela ukutshala amabhomu kwizakhiwo zezobusosha zikahulumeni, ukutshala amabhomu kwizikhiwo zamaplanti kagesi, olayini bezingcingo, kanye nezixhumanisi zezokugibela, lokhu kwenziwa ebusuku, lapho kwakuhlelwe khona ukuthi abantu bazobe bengasekho kulezo zindawo. UMandela wachaza ukuthi bakhetha ukucikela phansi izakhiwo ngoba lokhu kwakungenabungozi kakhulu kuluntu, kwakungafanele kufe abantu ngezenzo zokucikela phansi, kanti futhi ukuthi kungafi muntu kwakuzoba yithemba lokuhlanganisa izinhlanga ngemuva kocikelo phansi; kodwa wakwemukela ukuthi, uma umkhankaso wokucikela phansi izakhiwo, ungaphumeleli, kuyolandela umzabalazo we-guerilla warfare uma kunesidingo.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson1986108Meer1988171Mandela1994411.E2.80.93412Meredith2010204_119-0" rel="dc:references"> [119]  <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson1986108Meer1988171Mandela1994411.E2.80.93412Meredith2010204_119-0" rel="dc:references"> Maduzane nje, umholi we-ANC uLuthili, wanikezwa indondo yamazwe omhlaba yoxolo eyeziwa ngelokuthi yi-Nobel Peace Prize, i-MK yamemezela ubukhona bayo ngokuthi kuqhushumbiswe amabhomu angu 57 ngomhla wosuku olwaziwa ngokuthi olukaDingane, okuyi- Dingane's Day (ngomhla ka16 Disemba) 1961, okwalandelwa ngolunye ucikelo phansi lwangosuku olwandulela olokuqaka konyaka okungu-New Year's Eve.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson1986110Meer1988170Mandela1994413.E2.80.93415Meredith2010206Smith2010239.E2.80.93246Sampson2011158.E2.80.93159_120-0" rel="dc:references"> [120]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson1986110Meer1988170Mandela1994413.E2.80.93415Meredith2010206Smith2010239.E2.80.93246Sampson2011158.E2.80.93159_120-0" rel="dc:references">
Ukuboshwa kanye necala le-Rivonia: 1962–64
Ngo 1963 ngoJulayi, amaphoyisa ahlasela iPulazi leLilies, babopha labo abatholwa lapho, kanye nokushaqa amaphepha aye lapho, lapho abathola khona amaphepha ayebonisa imisebenziye-MK, kanti abanye ababebhalwe kulawo maphepha kwakungu-Mandela. Ukuqulwa kwecala le-Rivonia Trial kwaqala eNkantolo ePhakeme ePitori ngo-Okthoba, lapho uMandela namaqabane akhe khona ashajwa khona ngamacala amane okucikela phansi kanye nozungu lokuwisa umbuso ngodlame, uMshushusi wabo omkhulu kwakungu-Percy Yutar.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson1986134.E2.80.93137Meer1988223.E2.80.93226Mandela200427.E2.80.9332Meredith2010242.E2.80.93250Smith2010292.E2.80.93295Sampson2011183.E2.80.93186Broun20126.E2.80.9310.2C_19.E2.80.9320_136-0" rel="dc:references"> [136]  <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson1986134.E2.80.93137Meer1988223.E2.80.93226Mandela200427.E2.80.9332Meredith2010242.E2.80.93250Smith2010292.E2.80.93295Sampson2011183.E2.80.93186Broun20126.E2.80.9310.2C_19.E2.80.9320_136-0" rel="dc:references"> Ijaji kwakungu-Quartus de Wet kanti futhi ngokushesha ijaji labonisa ukungeneli kobufakazi, kwasekuthi uYutar wahlela kabusha amashaji, lapho aqala khona icala elisha ukusukela ngoFebruwari ka 1964, lapho abiza khona ofakazi abangu 173, kanye nokuletha imiqulu yezinkulungwane kanye nezithombe ekuqulweni kwecala.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson1986138.E2.80.93139Meer1988226Mandela200433.E2.80.9342Meredith2010252.E2.80.93254.2C_256Sampson2011186.E2.80.93190Broun201243.E2.80.9349_137-0" rel="dc:references"> [137]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson1986138.E2.80.93139Meer1988226Mandela200433.E2.80.9342Meredith2010252.E2.80.93254.2C_256Sampson2011186.E2.80.93190Broun201243.E2.80.9349_137-0" rel="dc:references">
Ngisho noma abane ababebekwe icala, baphika uulthi bebengenele kwi-MK, uMandela nabanye abahlanu bavuma ukuthi yibo ababecikela phansi izakhiwo, kodwa baphika ukuthi babengenele impi yomshoshaphansi ye-guerilla ukulwa nombuso.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson1986160Meer1988232.E2.80.93233Mandela200442.E2.80.9344Meredith2010252.2C_259_138-0" rel="dc:references"> [138]  <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson1986160Meer1988232.E2.80.93233Mandela200442.E2.80.9344Meredith2010252.2C_259_138-0" rel="dc:references"> Basebenzisa ukuqulwa kwecala ukukhombisa izizathu zomzabalazo wabo wezepolitiki; ekuvulweni kwecala ngabammangalelwa, uMandela wanikeza inkulumo yakhe yamahhora amathathu, eyayithi uzimisele ukufa ("I Am Prepared to Die"). Leyo nkulumo yayifakelwe ugqozi, yinkuluma yegqala elingu-Castro kwinkulumo eyayithi umlando uyongikhulula ("History Will Absolve Me") – kanti le nkulumo yabikwa kakhulu ngabezindaba ngisho noma kwakuyinkulumo eyayingavumelekile ngokomthetho ukwaziswa (censorship).<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson1986140Mandela200443.E2.80.9357Meredith2010258.E2.80.93265Smith2010298.E2.80.93302Sampson2011191.E2.80.93194Broun201268.E2.80.9375_139-0" rel="dc:references"> [139]  <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson1986140Mandela200443.E2.80.9357Meredith2010258.E2.80.93265Smith2010298.E2.80.93302Sampson2011191.E2.80.93194Broun201268.E2.80.9375_139-0" rel="dc:references"> Ukuqula kwaleli cala kwaba nedumela kakhulu, kwaba neningi kumhlaba wonke elalimemezela ukuthi bakhululwe abammangalelwa Abanhlangano yezizwe ezihlangane i-United Nations kanye nenhlangano ye-World Peace Council, kanti futhi iyunivesithi ye-University of London Union yavoteoa uMandela ukuba nguMongameli wayo.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandela200462Meredith2010268Smith2010303Sampson2011194.E2.80.93195Broun2012102.E2.80.93104.2C_107_140-0" rel="dc:references"> [140]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandela200462Meredith2010268Smith2010303Sampson2011194.E2.80.93195Broun2012102.E2.80.93104.2C_107_140-0" rel="dc:references"> Ngomhla ka 12 Juni 1964, ujaji justice De Wet, wathola uMandela kanye nababili ayeshajwe nabo ukuba namacala kuwo womane amashaji; kodwa ngisho noma umshushiswi wayefuna kube nesigwebo sentambo (death sentence) ijaji labanikeza isigwebo sokudilikelwa yije noma isikwego sokuthi baphile impilo yabo yonke besejele (life imprisonment).<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson1986161.2C_163Mandela200463.E2.80.9368Meredith2010268.E2.80.93272Smith2010306Sampson2011196.E2.80.93197Broun2012116.E2.80.93128_141-0" rel="dc:references"> [141]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson1986161.2C_163Mandela200463.E2.80.9368Meredith2010268.E2.80.93272Smith2010306Sampson2011196.E2.80.93197Broun2012116.E2.80.93128_141-0" rel="dc:references">