UNelson_Mandela
Umkhankaso omkhulukazi wokulwa nemithetho yobandlululo owawaziwa ngokuthi yi-Defiance Campaign kanye nobuNgameli beTransifali ngo: 1950–54
Ngo-1952, i-ANC yaqala ukulungiselela umkhankaso we- Defiance Campaign wokulwisana nombuso wobandlululo, ngokusebenzisana namaNdiya kanye namaqembu amakhomanisi, kwasungulwa nebhodi elikhulukazi likazwelonke lamavolontiya elalibizwa ngokuthi yi-National Voluntary Board ukuqgugquzelala amavolontiya. Umkhankaso wawuhlelwe ngokuthi wenziwe ngendlela engenalo negwema udlame, ngenqubo eyayibizwa i-nonviolent resistance eyathelelwa kakhulu umthethelwa ngu-Mahatma Gandhi; abanye basekela lenqubo yomzabalazo ongenadlame ngokubonelela izizathu zezobu ethic, kodwa uMandela wayebona lokhu kuyinqubo ebambekayo nesebenzisekayo (pragmatic).<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson198644.E2.80.9346Meer198856.E2.80.9358Mandela1994182.E2.80.93183Smith201077.2C_80Meredith201088.26ndash.3B89Sampson201166.E2.80.9367_79-0" rel="dc:references"> [79]  <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson198644.E2.80.9346Meer198856.E2.80.9358Mandela1994182.E2.80.93183Smith201077.2C_80Meredith201088.26ndash.3B89Sampson201166.E2.80.9367_79-0" rel="dc:references"> EThekwini, uMandela wakhuluma kwirali yangomhla ka 22 Juni, uMandela wakhuluma kwizihlwele zabantu abalingana u 10 000, lokhu okwaqala umkhankaso wokubhikisha, kanti ngalokho waboshwa wagqunywa ejele laseMarshall Square.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandela1994183.E2.80.93188Smith201081.E2.80.9383Meredith201088.26ndash.3B89Sampson201169_80-0" rel="dc:references"> [80]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandela1994183.E2.80.93188Smith201081.E2.80.9383Meredith201088.26ndash.3B89Sampson201169_80-0" rel="dc:references"> Ngenxa yemizabalazo yemibhikisho, ubulunga be-ANC baya ngokukhula kakhulu ukusukela ku 20 000 ukuya ku 100 000; uhulumeni ekuphenduleni kwakhe, waphendula ngokubopha uquqaba lwabantu, waqala nomthetho omusha wangu 1953, owaziwa ngokuthi yi-Public Safety Act, 1953 ukwenzela ukuthi kuqhutshwe ngenqubo yokubopha kushankathelwe wonke umuntu, ngomtheteho we-martial law.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandela1994188.E2.80.93192Sampson201168_81-0" rel="dc:references"> [81]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandela1994188.E2.80.93192Sampson201168_81-0" rel="dc:references"> Ngenyanga kaMeyi, iziphathimandla zavala uMongameli we-ANC weTransfali, u-J. B. Marks nokumqabela ukuthi angakhulumi ebantwini, ngenxa yokuthi engakwazi ukuqhubeka nomsebenzi wakhe uJ B Marks esikhundleni sakhe, wancoma ukuthi uMandela athathe isikhundla sakhe. Ngisho noma labo ababengafuni uluthi umzabalazo uhlanganyelwe zinhlanga ezehlukene, babangamfuni, uMandela wakhethwa ukuba ngumongameli werijini ngenyanga ka Okthoba.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson198651Mandela1994194.E2.80.93195Smith201085Sampson201172.E2.80.9373_82-0" rel="dc:references"> [82]  <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson198651Mandela1994194.E2.80.93195Smith201085Sampson201172.E2.80.9373_82-0" rel="dc:references"> Ngenyanga ka Julayi ngo-1952, uMandela waboshwa ngaphansi komthetho omusha we-Suppression of Communism Act kanti futhi waquliswa icala nabanye abantu abangu 21, phakathi kwabo kwakukhona uMoroka, uSisulu, kanye no-Yusuf Dadoo – eJohannesburg. Watholakala enecala ngaphansi ngaphansi kwenqubo eyayibizwa i-"statutory communism", okwakuyithemu elalisetshenziswa ngumbuso wangaleso sikhathi, ukuchaza noma yibaphi ababephikisana nenqubo kanye nemithetho yobandlululo, isigwebo sabo kwakuwukuthi baye ejele basebenze khona kanzima izinynga eziyisishagalolunye, kodwa lesi sigwebo salengiswa iminyaka emibili.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson198650.E2.80.9351Mandela1994195.E2.80.93198Smith201083.E2.80.9384Meredith201092Sampson201171.E2.80.9372_83-0" rel="dc:references"> [83]  <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson198650.E2.80.9351Mandela1994195.E2.80.93198Smith201083.E2.80.9384Meredith201092Sampson201171.E2.80.9372_83-0" rel="dc:references"> NgoDisemba, uMandela wavalwa umlomo izinyanga eziyisithupha, engavunyelwe ukuhambela imihlangano noma ukukhuluma nabantu ababili ngasikhathi sinye, lokhu kwenza ukuthi ubungameli bakhe beTransfali bongasebenzi, kanti futhi ngalesi sikhathi, uMkhankaso we-Defiance Campaign waphela amandla ngenxa yalezi zenzo zencindezelo nokuboshwa.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeer198864Mandela1994199.E2.80.93200.2C_204Smith201086Sampson201173_84-0" rel="dc:references"> [84]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeer198864Mandela1994199.E2.80.93200.2C_204Smith201086Sampson201173_84-0" rel="dc:references"> NgoSeptemba ka 1953, u-Andrew Kunene wafunda inkulumo kaMandela ethi, Indlela eya enkululekweni inzima noma i- "No Easy Walk to Freedom" emhlanganweni we-ANC eTransfali, isihloko sale nkulumo sasicashunwe kunkulumo yomholo waseNdiya, u-Jawaharlal Nehru, kanti futhi lomholi waba nomthelela omkhulu kwinqubo yomqondo kaMandela. Le nkulumo yaba yisisekelo esikhulu sesu okwakumele lulandelwe lapho i-ANC ivalwa. Lelisu lwabizwa ngokuthi yi-Plan, noma iM-Plan, kanti lalibandakanya ukwaba inhlangano ngezikhawu ezincane ezazizwa ngouthi yi- cell structure kanti ubuholi babuzoba ngobusemkhakheni owodwa.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson198658.E2.80.9359Meer198860Mandela1994205.E2.80.93207.2C_231Meredith2010107.26ndash.3B108Smith2010116.E2.80.93117Sampson201181.E2.80.9382.2C_84.E2.80.9385_85-0" rel="dc:references"> [85]  <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson198658.E2.80.9359Meer198860Mandela1994205.E2.80.93207.2C_231Meredith2010107.26ndash.3B108Smith2010116.E2.80.93117Sampson201181.E2.80.9382.2C_84.E2.80.9385_85-0" rel="dc:references">