cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Isitolo sezocansi
i-United Kingdom
Ngawo-1980, ukususwa kwamaphoyisa akhohlakele, kanye nokulawulwa kwamalayisense amasha futhi okuqinile yiDolobha laseWestminster, kwaholela ekuqothulweni kwezakhiwo ezingekho emthethweni eSoho.Ekuqaleni kwawo-1990, umkhandlu waseLondon waseHackney wafuna ukuvala iSh! I-Women's Erotic Emporium, ngoba babengenayo ilayisense.Sh! yaletha umkhandlu enkantolo futhi ngenxa yalokho yazuza ilungelo lokuhlala ivulekile, ngoba zazingekho izizathu ezanele zokuvalwa.Ngo-2003, i- Ann Summers chain yezingubo zangaphansi nezitolo zamathoyizi ocansi yawina ilungelo lokukhangisa ngabasizi bezitolo eJob Centres, okwakungavunyelwe ekuqaleni ngaphansi kwemingcele yalokho ukukhangisa okungenziwa umkhakha wezocansi.Ngo-2007, isitolo socansi saseNyakatho Ireland sanqatshelwa ilayisense nguMkhandlu Wedolobha laseBelfast.Isitolo sanxusa futhi sanqoba, kepha lokhu kwagumbuqelwa yiNdlu Yamakhosi.
Ukunikezwa amalayisense noma ukuvalwa kwezitolo zocansi ezingekho emthethweni, kanye nezinguquko zamasiko njengokukhululeka okukhulu kokuvinjelwa okujwayelekile kanye nokutholakala okulungile kocansi olungeyona eyokuhweba, nokutholakala kwempahla yocansi online, kunciphise isifunda samalambu abomvu eSoho indawo encane.Leli dolobha linezitolo zocansi ezinamalayisense eziyi-15 neziningana ezisele ezingenazo izincwadi.I-Islington neCamden ngayinye inezitolo eziningi zocansi; owokuqala unamabhayisikobho amathathu wezithombe zocansi.
Izitolo zocansi eScotland zilawulwa ngaphansi kweCivic Government (Scotland) Act 1982.
EMelika
E-United States, uchungechunge lwezinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ngawo-1960 (ngokususelwa ekuchitshiyelweni kokuQala koMthethosisekelo wase-United States ) zazivunyelwe ngokusemthethweni izitolo zocansi, ngenkathi zisavumela izifundazwe neziphathimandla zendawo ukuba zikhawulele ngokuklanywa .Imithetho yokwabiwa kwezindawo imvamisa ibangela ukuthi izitolo zitholakale emaphethelweni edolobha, noma zigaxwe endaweni eyodwa, kwakheke uhlobo lwesifunda selambu elibomvu lezitolo zabantu abadala namabhizinisi. Ngawo-1980, cishe zonke izitolo zocansi zaseMelika zaziqondiswe kumakhasimende cishe angabesilisa ngokuphelele.Amaningi afaka phakathi izingoma zabantu abadala, futhi cishe zonke zazenzelwe ukuthi amakhasimende abo angabonakali emgwaqweni: zazingenawo amafasitela, futhi iminyango ivame ukubandakanya ukujika okwenziwe ngo-L ukuze abantu abasemgwaqweni bangaboni phakathi.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1980 kanye nasekuqaleni kwawo-1990, izitolo ezazibuye zibe nezindawo zemidlalo yaseshashalazini noma izindawo zokulala ngezinye izikhathi zazivalwa ngomyalo kahulumeni, zikhomba ukusakazeka kwengculaza njengesisusa.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kunezitolo ezifana ne-Ann Summers yase-UK, ezibheke kulayini womkhiqizo "othambile".Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kukhona izitolo ezavela ikakhulukazi esikweni elikhuthaza ubulili, njengeSan Francisco 's Good Vibrations neXandria.Isigaba sakamuva sezitolo sijwayele ukuba ngamabhizinisi aqonde kakhulu emphakathini, axhase uchungechunge lwezifundo futhi ahileleke kakhulu ezindabeni ezihlobene nezocansi, njll.
Abantu BaseNandi
I-Etymology
Ngaphambi komaphakathi nekhulu le-19, uNandi Chemwalindet (ip. Chemwalin noma uChemwal (pl. Chemwalek ) ngenkathi eminye imiphakathi ekhuluma Chemngal . Akucaci ukuthi la magama avela kuphi, yize emibhalweni yokuqala leli gama lakamuva lalihlotshaniswa ne- ngaal okusho ukuthi ikamela eTurkana futhi iziphakamiso zenze ukuthi igama lingaba "... libhekisele ekubolekeni, ngqo noma ngokungaqondile kwesiko lokusoka emakameleni agibele amaSulumane". Imithombo yakamuva ayenzi iziphakamiso ezifanayo noma izinkomba ezifanayo kulesi sikhundla.
Igama elithi Nandi laqala ukusetshenziswa emuva maphakathi nekhulu le-19 leminyaka futhi lasetshenziswa kakhulu ngemuva kokunqotshwa kwe- Uasin Gishu kanye nomzila wabathengisi baseSwahili nabama-Arab. Leli gama kucatshangwa ukuthi lisuselwa ekufaneni kobudlova bamaqhawe maphakathi nawo-1800 kuya emikhubeni ye-cororant evuthayo eyaziwa ngokuthi mnandi ngesiSwahili.
Isikhundla sikaNandi nohlangothi kuKalenjin
Abantu baseNandi bayingxenye yomfelandawonye wezinhlanga eziseningizimu-mpumalanga yeNilotic ezihlala ezindaweni eziphakeme zaseMpumalanga Afrika esifundeni sase-African Great Lakes esaziwa ngokuthi iKalenjin. I Kalenjin zihlanganisa: uNandi, Kipsigis, Tugen, Okiek, Marakwet, Sengwer, Sabaot, Terik, Pokot futhi Sebei. I ukuhlanganyela kwathi Maliri abantu abavela eTopiya neSouth Sudan bafudukela ku-Uganda naseKenya, ngaleyo ndlela uxhumana ne Maasai futhi Iraqw abantu.
AmaKalenjin akhuluma izilimi zasendulo nesizwe ngasinye sinokuhlukahluka kwaso kepha bayakwazi ukuxhumana futhi baqondane. AbakwaNandi basebenzisa igama lesibizo elifana nazo zonke ezinye izizwe ngaphandle kweMarakwet amagama abo abantu aphendukezelwe ukuhlakanipha ngokobulili; lokhu kuthiwa kungenzeka kungenxa yokuqothulwa kohlanga okungenzeka ukuthi kuhlose abesilisa noma abesifazane baseMarakwet. ITheism iyafana kulo lonke elaseKalenjin futhi kuhlolisiswa ukuthi yavela emndenini wakwaKibasisek odabuka eMarakwet. Umndeni wakwaKibasisek otholakala kakhulu noma wonke amaKalenjin asabalalisa ukukhonzwa kwelanga (inkolo yase-Asiya). Kodwa-ke, ezinye izivivinyo zithola ukuthi iMaliri Kalenjin (Pokot noSebei) babhekane nenkolo yaku-Kalenjin (inkolo yamaTororutian).
Amagugu acishe afane eKalenjin kepha ukusoka akukho kwezinye izizwe. U-Kalenjin ngokwesiko angashada ngaphakathi kwe-Kalenjin njengokungathi kwakungaphakathi kwesizwe somuntu ngamunye. Imindeni ingatholakala ezizweni ezahlukahlukene ngakho-ke, ngokwesibonelo, amaKipsigis kanye namaNandi ayinkimbinkimbi ikakhulukazi okwenza bobabili babonakale njengabantu abangabodwa kuze kube manje. Isiko liyafana futhi amandla esiko anqamula kuwo wonke amaKalenjin. Systems yokuphathwa ayefana yonkana Kalenjin kodwa uNandi futhi Kipsigis kamuva waboleka Laibon wobukhosi ukuthumela kusukela Maasai futhi christened ke njengoba Orkoiyot e uNandi futhi Oorgoiiyoot eKipsigiis.
Umlando
Inani eliphelele lamasiko ahlukahlukene ahlanganisa ukulandisa kokuHlaliswa kwaNandi kubonakala sengathi lavela njengomsuka wobunikazi obuhlukanisiwe bamaNandi emashumini eminyaka okuqala ekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye futhi kungakadluli amashumi eminyaka akamuva wekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili. Ukuthuthukiswa kobunikazi bukaNandi kuxhumene ngaphakathi nokuhlala kweNandi County.
Ukuhlaliswa kukaNandi
Phakathi uNandi isiko, ukuba khona umahluko uNandi ungubani siqondwa njengoba inqubo ahlukile lapho ezihlukahlukene Kalenjin futhi Maa -speaking kwamaqembu wafika hlala khona usuku uNandi County. I-akhawunti yendabuko kaNandi ukuthi abafuduki bokuqala ezweni labo bavela e-Elgon ngesikhathi seMaina  futhi kwakheka umndeni wakwaKipoiis; igama elingasho ukuthi 'imimoya'. Babeholwa owesilisa ogama lakhe linguKakipoch, umsunguli wengxenye yeNandi yaseKalenjin futhi kuthiwa bahlala e- emet (esifundeni) e- Aldai eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeNandi.
Ucwaningo lwephethini yokuhlala luveza ukuthi izifunda eziseningizimu yizo ezaqala ukuxazululwa, i-emet yase-Aldai entshonalanga kanye ne- emet yaseSoyin empumalanga, yaba eyokuqala ukusungulwa. Kucatshangwe ukuthi i- pororosiek yokuqala kwakunguKakipoch e-Aldai naseTuken eSoyiin.
Kuyinto eyisimanga ukuthi Sirikwa izimbobo (olwaziwa uNandi njengoba mukowanisiek) bacishe lumane ezindaweni lokuqala ixazululwe, yilabo abakhona kuphela uNandi ophakeme uqobo. Nokho batholakala ngobuningi ezifundeni ezisenyakatho yeNandi.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwe- Emotinua
Abafuduki bangaphakathi kanye nokwanda kwenani labantu kucatshangwa ukuthi kuholele ekwandeni ngasenyakatho kobunikazi obukhulayo ngekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili. Lesi sikhathi kucatshangwa ukuthi sabona ukuhlala nokusungulwa kwe- emotinwek yaseChesume, Emgwen neMasop. Ngalesi sikhathi bekuzobuye kusungulwe amanye ama- pororosiek.
Ukunwetshwa kokugcina kuzokwenzeka phakathi nekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye lapho uNandi ethatha ithafa lase-Uain Gishu e- Uasin Gishu.
Inhlangano ye-Emotinua
Uhlelo lwe- emotinwek lwenhlangano yendawo lwalufana kakhulu nolweminye imiphakathi yamaKalenjin. Insimu kaNandi kwase kuthi ngasekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka ihlukaniswe yaba izifunda eziyisithupha ezaziwa ngokuthi i- emet (pl. Emotinwek ). Lawa kwakunguWareng, asenyakatho, iMosop esenyakatho-mpumalanga, iTindiret empumalanga, iSoyiin nePelkut eningizimu, i-Aldai neChesumei entshonalanga ne-Emgwen maphakathi. I- emotinwek ihlukaniswe yaba izifunda ezaziwa ngokuthi i- bororiet ( borororisiek ) kanti lezi bezihlukaniswe ngezigodi ezaziwa ngokuthi okwet ( okwotinwek ). Uhlelo lokuphatha iNandi lwaluhlukile kumaKalenjin ngokuba nohla lwezokuphatha lwe-bororiosiek.
Ngaphakathi kohlelo olubanzi lokuphatha lwaseKalenjin, iKokwet yayiwuphiko olubaluleke kakhulu kwezepolitiki nakwezobulungiswa mayelana nezinkinga zansuku zonke. Abadala okwet kwakungabaphathi bendawo ngokwabela umhlaba wokulima, futhi babeyisidumbu lapho ilungu elijwayelekile lesizwe lalizobheka kuye isinqumo engxabanweni noma enkingeni eyaphikisana nesisombululo ngokuvumelana okuqondile phakathi kwamaqembu. Ubulungu bomkhandlu we- kokwet butholwe ngobukhulu nangobuntu futhi ngaphakathi kwawo izinqumo zithathwa yidlanzana labadala igunya labo elisuselwa emandleni abo emvelo obuholi. Phakathi kukaNandi kodwa, iBororiet yayiyisikhungo esibaluleke kakhulu futhi uhlelo lwezepolitiki lwaluzungeza lona.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwamasiko
INandi yekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye ibingumphakathi wamasosha ngokuyinhloko futhi nentuthuko encane yamasiko yabhekana nesikhathi esiningi. U-Hollis (1905) ubonile ukuthi "ubuciko bomculo abukafiki ezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu kuNandi".
Isimo senhlalo (bheka u- First Mutai no- Second Mutai ) siholele ekusungulweni kohlelo lokufunda olwaziwa nge- Kamuratanet olwalugxile kakhulu ekulungiseleleni izimpi, zombili ezazivikelayo nezicasulayo. Yahlukanisa ubulili besilisa babafana, amaqhawe nabadala ngenkathi ubulili besifazane buhlukaniswe ngamantombazane nabesifazane abashadile. Isigaba sokuqala saqala ngesikhathi sokuzalwa saqhubeka kwaze kwaba sethwasa.
Bonke abafana ababesokwa ndawonye kwakuthiwa bangabakwa-ibinda (iminyaka ebekiwe) futhi bake baba yizinsizwa ze- ibinda bafika eminyakeni yobudala, babenomsebenzi wokuvikela umhlaba wezizwe kanye nomphakathi, isikhathi lapho babephethe ukuvikelwa komphakathi sasaziwa njengeminyaka yaleyo ibinda. ibinwek eziyisishiyagalombili zeminyaka noma i-ibinwek, nokho uNandi korongoro ngesikhathi esithile ngenxa yenhlekelele. Inganekwane ithi amalungu ale ibinda aqothulwa empini. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi batshelwa ukuthi bangayi kuleyo mpi kodwa abakwazanga ukulalela. Kuthiwa bona, lelo ibinda, korongoro babeka ezindlebeni zabo septook (izingcezu eziphukile zama-calabashes) ukugwema ukulalela amagama ahlakaniphile we- Orkoiyot. Ngesikhathi sempi abaphumelelanga. Ngenxa yokwesaba ukuphindeka, umphakathi uthathe isinqumo sokuthatha umhlalaphansi eminyakeni esethiwe.
Ubunikazi bukaNandi
Bokuqala Ukukhuluma alotshiwe Arab mahele e uNandi ngomlomo idethi ibe 1850s phakathi nesikhathi lapho Sawe ibinda (ubudala isethi) ayengabantu abanamandla. Ukuthintana lokhu bekuphikisana nokugasela kwamahamba nendlwana okwenziwa ngamasosha kaNandi. Ngo-1854, igama elithi Mararma ("ongenandaba nomlilo") lase lidluliselwe kusethi encane yamaSawe mhlawumbe ngenxa yokugasela okuphumelelayo kwamaqembu ama-Arab noma mhlawumbe ngenxa yokwehlulwa okukhulu eKipsoboi.
Amaqhawe kaNandi ayengakaze ahlangane nesitha esasihlome ngezibhamu phambilini futhi kwakudingeka asungule amaqhinga amasha ezempi ukunqoba ukusebenza kwenani elikhulu lezibhamu. NjengamaMasai, amaqhawe adonsa umlilo wesitha ngokujaha okungazelelwe okuyisikhathi lapho aye khona "aya phansi." Ngemuva kwalokho amaqhawe akhokhisa abathwali bezindlwana ngaphambi kokuba izibhamu zifakwe ngomlomo. Abathwali bathwala izibhamu ezilayishwa kabusha zilandelwa eduze ngamaqhawe amaNandi futhi kulokhu kudideka, amaqhawe kaNandi ayengahola amadoda atatazelayo. Leli qhinga lizosetshenziswa ngempumelelo kuze kube yimpi yaseKimondi ngo-1895. Ingxenye yesizathu sempumelelo kaNandi kwaba ukufinyelela okulinganiselwe. Indlela elula kunazo zonke yayivela enyakatho-mpumalanga, kodwa ikharavani kwakudingeka ihambe izinsuku ezimbili noma ezintathu ngaphambi kokufika ezindaweni eziyinhloko zaseNandi. Lokhu ngokusobala kwakungathandeki njengoba izindwendwe zama-Arabhu zaziphambukisela empumalanga ziya eKavirondo naseMumias lapho kwakukhona khona ukudla nokuvikelwa.
Ngenxa yokulimala kwabahamba ngezinyawo, ukuhweba okuqondile kwaba nzima. AmaKharavani ayengavamisile ukungena noma ukukhempa eNandi futhi uhlelo olungajwayelekile "lomuntu ophakathi" lwavela ngemuva kweminyaka yama-1850. Abathenjwa bakwaSotik nabakwaDorobo baqashwa ukuba basebenze "njengabantu abaphakathi" abazohweba izimpondo zendlovu nezinye izimpahla ezisogwini ngezinkomo kuNandi ukuze bathumele ikhomishini enkulu.
"Abadayisi base-Arab abasafufusa abanethemba lokugwema lolu hlelo bavame ukuba yizisulu zetulo likaNandi. Amasosha amadala aseNandi ayehlangana nekharavani elihlomile abatshele ukuthi ukutholakala okukhulu kwezinyo lendlovu kwakungohambo lwezinsuku ezimbili noma ezintathu kuphela ukusuka kulendwendwe. Kodwa-ke, uNandi babezimisele ngokujabulisa iqembu elincane lama-Arab ukuze baxoxisane ngokuhweba. Ngokufanelekile, iqembu labesilisa abangamashumi amabili belizothunyelwa ngendwangu, ucingo nezinye izinto zokuhweba bese lihlaselwa yiNandi bese libulawa. " "Elinye iqhinga elalisetshenziswa uNandi kwakuwukuthumela iqembu elincane lamaqhawe ukuhola leli karavani elalizoba khona lize lingene ekujuleni kweNandi ngomgwaqo ongafanele bese lihlasela ebusuku. Abathengisi abangama-Arabhu bazama ngisho iqhinga elalisebenze nezinye izizwe, ubuzalwane begazi . Lokhu kwakuhlanganisa ukuhlala ngokubhekana, ukusika ngemuva kwesandla somunye nomunye nokumunca igazi esandleni somunye nomunye. UNandi akazange akholelwe emcimbini wakwamanye amazwe, futhi kwaba elinye iqhinga lokuthola kalula impahla yasogwini. "
Ekhungathekiswe ukwehluleka, abathengisi base-Arabhu bazama iqhinga lokugcina. Basungula uchungechunge lweziteshi ezinezivikelo eziqinile eKimatke, eKibigori, eChemelil, eKipsoboi, naseKobujoi, base beqala umkhankaso wokusabisa. Izimbongolo zadedelwa ukuze zinyathele amasimu amabele, amahloni amaNandi ahlaziswa, abafana bakaNandi baboshwa, kwathi abesifazane namantombazane amaNandi badlwengulwa. E-Kipsoboi izihlangu ezine zikaNandi zaphakanyiselwa esihlahleni kwathi uNandi wanikezwa ithuba lokudubula imicibisholo ezihlangu. Lapho lokhu sekufeziwe, ama-Arabhu adubula amabhola e-musket ngezihlangu ezazimise imicibisholo. Ama-Arabhu abe esethela ubudlwangudlwangu emakhanda kaNandi abehambele lawo ashefa izingidi zawo eziyigugu.
Amaqhawe kaNandi ayesenele. Bacele imvume kuKaptalam Orkoiyot yokubulala ama-Arabhu. Wanikeza imvume, futhi okuthunyelwe kwahlaselwa. Amanye ama-akhawunti Orkoiyot Izintelezi zokwenza izinhlamvu zomvikeli zanyamalala, kanti abanye badumisa iphutha lomkhuzi wamasosha ukuhlinzeka izinhlamvu kubasolwa. Kungakhathalekile ukuthi yisiphi isizathu, ibutho laseKipsoboi labhujiswa. I-Nandi kiptaiyat (ama-raiding band) abe esehlasela ngempumelelo abulala ikamu laseKobujoi. Lokhu kwakwanele ukuphoqa abadayisi base-Arab ukuthi bahoxe kuNandi futhi bagweme indawo.
Arzu
Arzu kuligama labesifazane, kungenzeka kubhekisela emaqenjini:
Abantu BaseNandi
Ubunikazi bukaNandi
Ukwehlulwa kwama-Arabhu kwakha "inganekwane kaNandi." AbakwaNandi babengehlulwa. Abathwali bezimoto bebengaqashwa kanti nemikhankaso ibingengethulwa eNandi iminyaka ecishe ibe ngamashumi amane. Amaqhawe kaNandi ame ngokuziqhenya aqhelelene nezehlakalo ebezizungeza kubo bezethemba ukuvikela inkululeko yabo.
Ukumelana noNandi
Emashumini eminyaka akamuva wekhulu le-19, ngesikhathi lapho abahloli bamazwe baseYurophu bokuqala beqala ukungena ngaphakathi eKenya, indawo yaseNandi kwakuyizwe elivaliwe iThompson ngo-1883 laxwayiswa ukuba ligweme izwe lamaNandi, elalaziwa ngokuhlaselwa abantu ongabazi kanye nohele oluzozama ukukhulisa imfumba enkulu yeMau.
Udweshu luzophela ngomhlaka 19 Okthoba 1905, lapho uCol Richard Meinertzhagen efuna umhlangano wokuthula. Esikhundleni salokho, uMeinertzhagen namadoda akhe babulala uKoitalel kanye nethimba lakhe ngezizathu zalokho manje okuyiNandi Bears Club.
USosten Saina, umzukulu womunye wabaqaphi baka-Arap Samoei uphawula ukuthi "Babengabalelwa kwabangu-22 babo abaya emhlanganweni nomzuzu ngalolo suku. UKoitalel Arap Samoei ubelulekwe ngokuthi angaxhawulane ngoba uma enza kanjalo lokho kuzomnikeza njengomholi. Kodwa welule isandla wadutshulwa ngokushesha ". Kungekudala ngemuva kwalo mcimbi, iNandi Resistance yaphela futhi uNandi wahlanganiswa neBritish East Africa Protectorate.
Impi Yezwe I (1914-1918)
Amarekhodi asemthethweni e-KAR akhombisa ukuthi bangu-1,197 sebonke abaqashwe ngesikhathi sempi.Ngaleso sikhathi inani labantu baseNandi lalilinganiselwa kubantu ababalelwa ku-40-50,000.Iningi lalabo ababeqashiwe kwakungelonyaka wakwaNyongi owawusungulwe phakathi neminyaka emine ngaphambi nje kwempi. UGreenstein (1978) ngemuva kwezingxoxo nezingqalabutho zempi wathola ukuthi ukubamba iqhaza empini akwenzi mthelela omkhulu kuNyongik, njengabaxhumanisi bezinguquko, maqondana nokuguqula izindlela zasentshonalanga.Futhi nemali etholwayo ayibonanga idala uthando ngomnotho osemthethweni futhi akuzange kwenziwe mzamo wokubamba iqhaza kwinqubo yezepolitiki.
Ngokwenhlalo, iNyongik yayiqaliwe ngaphambi nje kwezimpi, yingakho bahamba babuya bengashadile.Lokhu akuzange kuphazamise amaphethini ajwayelekile ngoba bekujwayeleke kakhulu kunokungajwayelekile ukuthi izinsizwa zilinde iminyaka embalwa ngaphambi komshado. Lesi sikhathi sisetshenziswe ukufuna ingcebo yomakoti, futhi ukukhonza empini kungashiwo ukuthi kufezile le nhloso. Kamuva izingxoxo nabomakadebona zikhomba ukuthi bamukelwe ngemfudumalo ngabazali nabantu besikhathi sabo. Futhi bebengabathandi abantu asebekhulile ababebalekele ubunzima benkonzo yamasosha, abanye babo ababeshadile futhi bathola izinkomo esikhathini esiphakathi.Empeleni, omakadebona bakubonile ukuthi bazwakalise ukubonga kubona ngokunakekela izinkomo zabo nenye impahla njengoba bebezungeza iTanganyika neMozambique.
Ngokomnotho, kuyaziwa ukuthi omakadebona abayitholanga impesheni njengoba bebekulindele kodwa babuya nemali yabo abayikhokhela emuva okwathi kwabanye kwabalelwa kumakhulu ezinkulungwane zamarandi, okuyisamba esikhulu impela ngaleso sikhathi.Kuyaziwa ukuthi cishe bonke omakadebona ababebuya basebenzise umholo wabo emuva ukuthenga izinkomo, ezinye zazo kanye nemali kwakusetshenziswa njengomcebo womakoti.kwakunezimo zokuthengwa komhlaba emaphethelweni esiqiwu kepha lokhu kwakuncane.Njengoba uHulumeni ayehlukanise ingxenye yeNandi Reserve ingcindezi yabantu yayingakabi nkulu ngokwanele ukushiya iningi lamadoda lingenelisekile ngenani lomhlaba abangawuthola ngezindlela zendabuko. Kubhekwe ukuthi lapho kuthengwa khona kwenziwa kancane ngesisusa sezamabhizinisi kunangesifiso sokwandisa umhlaba wedlelo.
Kwakukhona nezinguquko ezincane emaphethini wokuqashwa. Bambalwa uNandi phambilini abathola ukuthi amathuba emisebenzi ekhokhelwayo aheha ngokwanele ukushiya ayofuna imisebenzi. Isibonelo ngo-1914 kuphela i-100 kubantu abangu-45,000 ababeqashwe ngaphandle kwesiFunda. Izinombolo zikhuphuke zaya ku-352 ngo-1915/6 kanye no-612 ngo-1916/7, ikakhulu ngenxa yezidingo zesikhathi sempi seProtectorate kodwa ngo-1919 zase zibuyele ku-185. Ngenkathi umsebenzi wezempi uqhubeka ukhanga kulezi zinsizwa, inkonzo yomphakathi ayizange.UKhomishani wesiFunda kwakunzima ukuthi abeke ngo-1922 ngokwesibonelo ukukhiqiza izinsizwa ezingama-200 ezinamandla okuzosebenza ekwakhiweni komgwaqo wendawo.Uzophendukela ekubabumbeni ngaphansi kwe-'Native Authority Ordinance ', isekhula lezabasebenzi elidume kabi elabhalwa ngo-1919 ngaleso sikhathi owayengumbusi we-BEA u-Edward Northey.
Ngokwezepolitiki, kuyabonakala ukuthi iNyongik yabuye yangena ezinhlakeni zamandla endabuko ezindaweni ezifanayo naleyo ababeyishiye eminyakeni emithathu noma emine ngaphambili. Ngaphakathi kwalesi sakhiwo, ubudala hhayi izinkanyezi nemivimbo ebalwa njengobukhulu.Izibopho nezibopho abaziphinde zaqala emindenini yabo, kubekwe iminyaka yobudala kanye ne-korotinwek okusho ukuthi izintshisekelo ezijwayelekile zabomakadebona zavumela izinhlangano zendabuko zendoda. UGreenstein uphawula ukuthi umqondo wenhlangano esemthethweni yama-veteran kubonakala sengathi awenzekanga noma mhlawumbe awuthandanga kubo.Ngisho nodaba lwempesheni aluzange lubangele iNyongik ukuba yakhe noma yiluphi uhlobo lwenhlangano ebumbene.
Ezemidlalo
Njengabanye oKalenjin, iNandi ikhiqize inqwaba yabasubathi baseKenya.Lapha kubalwa abagijimi bamabanga amade njengoKipchoge Keino wodumo (Kip Keino), osethole indondo yegolide eMexico (1968) naseMunich (1972) imidlalo yama-Olimpiki noProf. UMike Boit, indondo yeBronze eMunich 1972 Olimpiki.Abanye kubalwa uPeter Koech, uBernard Kipchirchir Lagat omele i-USA noWilson Kipketer owagijimela ikhaya lakhe lokutholwa laseDenmark. Ngokunjalo, abasubathi abanjengoPamela Jelimo,owesifazane wokuqala waseKenya ukunqoba indondo yegolide yama-Olimpiki, uWilfred Bungei, uRichard Mateelong noSuper Henry Rono, Inxusa Lokuzwana leZizwe Ezihlangene uPeter Rono, uTecla Chemabwai, umdlali waseKenya okhubazekile uHenry Kirwa phakathi kwabanye uNandi.Ubaba wabakwaKeeplechasers baseKenya u-Amos Kipwambok Biwott uqhamuka emphakathini njengoJulius Yego, ongowokuqala waseKenya ukunqoba indondo yegolide yeWorld Championships emcimbini obusenkundleni.
Ezombusazwe
Abantu bakwaNandi babe nabantu abadumile kwezepolitiki abanjengoJean-Marie Seroney,oyilungu lokuqala lePhalamende likaNandi noTindiret. USeroney waboshwa wavalelwa ngaphandle kokuquliswa icala iminyaka emithathu nohhafu ngenxa yokuvikela inkululeko yePhalamende ngesikhathi lapho laliba yingalo yeSigungu Esiphezulu. Usebenze kanzima ukwethula iMithethosivivinywa ezosusa noma okungenani ihlole amandla ngokweqile anikezwe uMongameli ngenxa yezichibiyelo eziningi kuMthethosisekelo waseKenya.Uphinde waletha uMthethosivivinywa wokuqala weLungu Elizimele ukusiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukhetho lwaseKenya lukhululekile, alunankinga futhi lubandakanya wonke umuntu.Ngokunjalo futhi uNandi ubenabaholi abanjengoHenry Kosgey, elinye lamalungu ePhalamende (MP) asebenze isikhathi eside eKenya, uKimayo Arap Sego,uJoseph Arap Leting owaqala ukusebenza njengenhloko yezemiSebenzi kaHulumeni ngaleso sikhathi njengelungu lePhalamende.USamwel Ngeny, Kipruto Kirwa, Stanley Metto no-Ezekiel Barng'etuny, uDkt Joseph Misoy noWilliam Morogo SainaUGerald Nathaniel Kalya owayeyilungu lePhalamende laseMosop lokuqala futhi elisebenza isikhathi eside, uTamason Barmalel owayeyilungu lePhalamende laseChepalungu no- Isaac Ruto owayeyilungu lePhalamende laseChepalungu futhi kamuva, uMbusi weSifunda saseBomet kanye neNhloko yoMkhandlu Wababusi ngo-2013-2018. UWilliam Samoei Ruto njengamanje oyiPhini likaMongameli weRiphabhulikhi yaseKenya ungowokudabuka eKipsigis odabuka esigodini sakwaKomosi nohlu lozalo lwakhe aluthole kuSigowet-Soin.
Abezombusazwe besifazane bakwaNandi bahlanganisa uPhilomena Chelagat Mutai, isishoshovu sempilo yonke sokufakwa kwabesifazane kwezepolitiki nasemphakathini waseKenya,noSally Kosgei, owayeyilungu lePhalamende lase- Aldai.
Caombo
ICaombo yidolobha futhi ngumasipala okwisifundazwe se Malanje, e-Angola.
Igembe North Constituency
I-Igembe North yisifunda esingaphansi kwesifundazwe se Meru, eKhenya.
Kyotera
IKyotera yidolobha elikwisifundazwe se Central, eYuganda. Leli dolobha liyisiqongo sesifunda se Kyotera.
Ad-Damazin
I-Ad Damazin yidolobha eliyisiqongo sesifundazwe se Blue Nile, eSudan.
Bita (woreda)
IBita yi-woreda engaphansi kwesifundazwe se SNNPR, e-Itiyopiya.
Igembe Central Constituency
I-Igembe Central yisifunda esingaphansi kwesifundazwe se Meru, eKhenya.
Lukaya, Yuganda
ILukaya yidolobha elikwisifundazwe se Central, eYuganda.
Hamet Jerid
IHamet Jerid noma El Hamma du Jérid ngumasipala futhi yidolobha elikwisifundazwe se Tozeur, eThuniziya.
Igembe South Constituency
I-Igembe South yisifunda esingaphansi kwesifundazwe se Meru, eKhenya.
Bonga, Itiyopiya
IBonga yidolobha futhi yi-woreda engaphansi kwesifundazwe se SNNPR, e-Itiyopiya.
Cuaba Nzoji
ICuaba Nzoji yidolobha futhi ngumasipala okwisifundazwe se Malanje, e-Angola.
Kunda-dia-Base
IKunda-dia-Base yidolobha futhi ngumasipala okwisifundazwe se Malanje, e-Angola.
Necdet Turhan
UNecdet Turhan (owazalwa ngo-1957) ungumgibeli wezintaba ongaboni kahle waseTurkey nomsubathi kazwelonke wokugijima ibanga elide.Ngo-2017 uqedele iphrojekthi ebifuna ukuthi kusetshenziswe ama-marathoni amahlanu kumazwekazi amahlanu ahlukene, futhi akhuphuke izingqungquthela ezinhlanu emazwenikazi ahlukene amahlanu.
Isiqalo sokuphila
UNecdet Turhan wazalelwa eBalıkesir, eTurkey, ngo-1957.Wafundiswa eBursa ngenxa yesabelo sikayise sobungcweti.Ulahlekelwe ukubona ngenxa yesifo se-corneal esaqala lapho eneminyaka engu-23.Ngemuva kokuqeda isikole samabanga aphezulu, wafunda isayensi yezepolitiki nokuphathwa komphakathi eMiddle East Technical University e- Ankara.Uphothule ngama-honours ngo-1994.
Umsebenzi
UTurhan uqale izintaba ngokujoyina i- "Mountain Climbing and Winter Sports Club" eyunivesithi yakhe.Uqale wabhekana nokuphikiswa ngamalungu ekilabhu ngenxa yokungaboni kwakhe, kodwa ngemuva kwalokho wavunyelwa ukuba abambe iqhaza emisebenzini yokuqwala.Ufinyelele eziqongweni zeBey Dağları, iMt. Erciyes, nezinye iziqongo eTurkey.Waba nentshisekelo yokugijima ibanga elide ngemuva kokuhlangana nabadlali abanekhono abazivocavoca eBursa Atatürk Stadium.Ngo-2000, wabamba iqhaza kwi- Istanbul Marathon, egijima ku- 15 I-km (9.3 mi) isigaba.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Njengamanje, uTurhan uhlala eBursa.
Chena (woreda)
IChena yi-woreda engaphansi kwesifundazwe se SNNPR, e-Itiyopiya.
Dongola, Sudan
IDongola yidolobha eliyisiqongo sesifundazwe se Northern, eSudan.
Estuaire Province
I-Estuaire yisifundazwe sase Gabhoni.
Mkoani
IMkoani yidolobha futhi yisifunda esingaphansi kwesifundazwe se Pemba South, eThanzaniya.
Tunis
ITunis yidolobhakazi eliyisiqongo sesifundazwe se Tunis futhi liphinde libe yisiqongo sezwe lase eThuniziya.
Kusini District
IKusini yisifunda esingaphansi kwesifundazwe se Unguja South, eThanzaniya. Inani labantu abahlala kulesifunda yizi-39,242.
Necdet Özel
Jikelele Necdet Özel (owazalwa ngo-1950) is a Army Turkish jikelele, owakhonza njengelungu 28 uMphathi Jikelele Abasebenzi we -Turkish Armed Forces.Ubuye futhi wakhonza njengomphathi weTurkey Land Forces. UGeneral Necdet Özel ungowesibili kuphela kulesi sikhundla ukungabi nesipiliyoni seNATO.
Umsebenzi wezempi
U-elzel wakhonza njengomholi weqembu kanye nomkhuzi wenkampani emaqenjini ahlukahlukene eTurkey Land Forces Command (TLFC) kwaze kwaba ngo-1978.Ngemuva kokuthweswa iziqu kwakhe e-Army War College e1980 njengesisebenzi, usebenze njenge-Operations Plan Officer eTurkey Peace Forces HQ eCyprus, Chief Branch futhi waba nguNobhala Jikelele e-General Secretariat of Turkish Land Forces, Chief of Staff at i-Turkish Military Academy, nanjengoMkhuzi we-17th Infantry Regiment.
Ngemuva kokukhushulelwa kuBrigadier General ngo-1995, wasebenza njengoMkhuzi we-172nd Armored Brigade nanjengoMqondisi Wezokusebenza Kwangaphakathi Kwezokuphepha, i-TLFC.
Ngemuva kokukhushulelwa esikhundleni sakhe kuMajor General ngo-1999, wathatha isikhundla sokuba yi- 39th Mechanised Infantry Division kanye ne-Army War College.
Umyalo ophakeme
Ngo-2003, wakhushulelwa esikhundleni sokuba nguLieutenant General futhi wasebenza njengoMkhuzi we-7th Corps waphinde waba yiPhini likaMkhuzi Wokuqeqesha Nokufundisa, iTLFC.
NjengoGeneral, wasebenza njengoMkhuzi we-Aegean Army phakathi kuka-2007–2008, njengoMkhuzi we- 2 Army phakathi kuka-2008-2010, nanjengoMkhuzi weGendarmerie phakathi kuka-2010-2011.Ngemuva kokusebenza njengoMkhuzi we-TLFC nanjengoMlawuli Obambile Wezempi ZaseTurkey phakathi kuka-29 Julayi no-4 Agasti 2011, wathatha isikhundla sokuba ngumkhuzi weTurkey Armed Forces (TAF) ngomhlaka 4 Agasti 2011. Phakathi kuka-4 Agasti 2011 no-18 Agasti 2015, wasebenza njengeNduna yama-28 yabasebenzi baseTurkey General Staff, elandelwa nguHulusi Akar.
Kati District
IKati yisifunda esingaphansi kwesifundazwe se Unguja South, eThanzaniya. Inani labantu abahlala kulesifunda yizi-76,346.
Necdet Özel
Impilo yomuntu siqu
U-Ezel ushade noKamuran Özel.Banengane eyodwa.
Chake Chake
IChake Chake yidolobhakazi futhi yisifunda esitholakala kwisiqhingi se Pemba, esifundazweni se Pemba South, eThanzaniya.
Delgo, Sudan
IDelgo yidolobha elikwisifundazwe se Northern, eSudan.
Necdet Calp
UNecdet Calp (Septhemba 7, 1922 - Septhemba 13, 1998) wayeyisisebenzi sikahulumeni saseTurkey futhi engusopolitiki.
Isiqalo sokuphila
Wazalelwa eKaramürsel ilçe esifundazweni saseKocaeli, eTurkey ngo-7 Septhemba 1922.Uthole iziqu e- Faculty of Political Science yase- Ankara University e-1944.Ubuye wafunda eLondon School of Economics.Usebenze njengombusi wesifunda, umhloli eMnyangweni Wezangaphakathi kanye nomphathi wesifundazwe waseSiirt nase- mzmir.Ubuye wasebenza njengomsizi omkhulu ku- İsmet İnönü, owayengundunankulu waseTurkey ngaleso sikhathi.Ngesikhathi sokubusa kwezempi phakathi kuka-1980 no-1983, wayengunobhala ongaphansi kukandunankulu uBülent Ulusu.
Ingqungquthela
Okhethweni lwasekhaya olwalungo-21 Mashi 1984, lapho i- SODEP nayo yayincintisana khona, i-HP yathola u-8.8%, okwakusho ukulahleka cishe kwama-75% amavoti ayo ezinyangeni ezingaphansi kwezinhlanu.Ngemuva kokufunda le miphumela, uCalp wesula esikhundleni, kodwa kungekudala waphinde wakhethwa njengosihlalo.Kodwa-ke, ngesikhathi sokukhethwa kabusha, iqembu eliphikisayo eqenjini lathola amandla.Engqungqutheleni yeqembu ebibanjwe ngomhlaka-29 Juni 1985, walahlekelwa ngusihlalo ku- Aydın Güven Gürkan.
Luquembo
ILuquembo yidolobha futhi ngumasipala okwisifundazwe se Malanje, e-Angola.
Necdet Calp
Iminyaka yamuva
Ngemuva kuka-1985, akazange abambe iqhaza kwezepolitiki, futhi okhethweni luka-1987, akazange angenele isikhundla sephalamende.Ngo-13 Septhemba 1998, washona e-Ankara ngenxa yesifo senhliziyo.
UHlakahlisombulu
uHlakahlisombulu lungubuhlakani—ukushwaya, ukulumbanisa, nokugqibelela ukwaziswa— obuboniswa izinguxa, obuphambene nobuhlakani bemvelo obuboniswa izilwane nabantu. Izinsebenzo eziyisibonelo okwenziwa kuzo lokhu zihlanganisa Ukuhlonga izwi lomuntu, umbono wesiCikizi, ukuhumusha izilimi zemvelo, kanye nokunye ukuguqulwa kwamagalelo.
Izinhlelozokusebenza zohlakahlisombulu zihlanganisa iziphequluli ezithuthukisiwe zolwebu (isb., Google ), izinhlelo zezincomo (ezisetshenziswa i- YouTube, i-Amazon ne- Netflix ), ukuqonda izwi lomuntu (njenge- Siri ne- Alexa ), izimoto ezizishayelayo (isb., Tesla, Waymo ), amathuluzi aphehlayo nokucikoza (I-ChatGPT nobuciko bohlakakahlisombulu) ukwenza izinqumo okuhlelelekiwe kanye nokuncintisana ezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu ezinhlelweni zomfeketho weqhinga-su (ezifana noThimba nomHaqo ).
Njengoba izinguxa ziba nekhono ngokwengeziwe, imisebenzi ebhekwa njengedinga "ubuhlakani" ivamise ukususwa encazelweni yohlakahlisombulu, okuyinto eyaziwa ngokuthi 'umthelela wohlakahlisombulu'. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuqaphela iziqakaqo ngokukhanya (optical character recognition) kuvame ukungabalwa ezintweni ezithathwa njengohlakahlisombulu, njengoba sekuphenduke ezobuchwepheshe ezisebenza njalo.
uHlakahlisombulu lwasungulwa njengomkhakha woqeqesho lobungqandavu ngo-1956, futhi eminyakeni eyalandela lwabhekana namagagasi ambalwa ethemba, alandelwa ukudumala nokulahlekelwa uxhaso (okwaziwa ngokuthi " ubusika bohlakahlisombulu "),  okwalandelwa izindlela ezintsha, impumelelo kanye noxhaso oluvuselelwe. Ucwaningo lohlakahlisombulu luye lwazama futhi lwalahla izindlela eziningi ezihlukene kusukela ekusungulweni kwalo, okuhlanganisa ukulingisa ubuchopho, ukufanisela ukuxazulula izinkinga zomuntu, ukucabanga okuhlelekile, isizindamininingo esikhulu solwazi kanye nokulingisa ukuziphatha kwezilwane. Eminyakeni eyishumi yokuqala yekhulu lama-21, ukufunda kwenguxa okugxile kumchazazibalo nezibalomininingo kuye kwahamba phambili kulomkhakha, futhi lobunyonico buye baphumelela kakhulu, baba usizo ekuxazululeni izinkinga eziningi eziyinselele kwezezimboni nasemfundweni.
Imikhakha engaphansi kohlakahlisombulu ehlukene igxile emigomweni ekhethekile nasekusetshenzisweni kwamathuluzi akhethekile. Izimpokophelo zocwaningo olungokwesiko lohlakahlisombulu zihlanganisa inhluzeko ehlelelisiwe, ubusempu bolwazi, ukuhlela okuhlelelisiwe, ukufunda, ukudludlunga ulimi lwemvelo, intshwayo, kanye nekhono lokunyukuza nokuthonya izinto. Ubuhlakani obuvamile (obuyikhono lokuxazula izinkinga) bungenye yezimpokophelo zesikhathi eside zalomkhakha. Ukuze baxazulule lezinkinga, abacwaningi bohlakahlisombulu baye bamukela futhi bahlayiza ubunyoninco bokuxazula izinkinga obunhlobonhlobo - obuhlanganisa ukuhlwaya nokungqandanisa komchazazibalo (search and mathematical optimization), umhluzamqondo osemthethweni (formal logic), amaxhoxho ezinzwa ambulu (artificial neural networks), kanye nezindlelasu ezisekwe kwizibalomniningo, umsongahle (probability) kanye nomnotho. Uhlakahlisombulu lubuye lugqobe kwinzululwazi yesicikizi, umchazangqondo, ezezilimi, injulalwazi, neminye imikhakha eminingi.
Lomkhakha wasungulwa kucatshangwa ukuthi ubuhlakani bomuntu "bungachaziswa ngokunembile kuze kwenziwe nenguxa ukuba ibufefenyeke". Lokhu kwavusa izimpikiswano zenjulalwazi ngokuphathelene nomqondo kanye nemiphumela yomcondozo ekukhandeni izidalwa ezimbulu ezinikezwe ubuhlakani obunje ngobomuntu; lezi kwakuzinto ezake zahlwaywa ngaphambili izinganekwane, izingeneko, nenjulalwazi kusukela endulo. Osonzululwazi besicikizi kanye nosonjulalwazi sebasikisele ukuthi uhlakahlisombulu lungaba ingcupho yokuphila kwabantu uma amakhono enhluzeko yalo awaqondiswa ngasemigomweni ezozuzisa uluntu.
uMlando
Ucwaningo lwenhluzeko yezinguxa noma 'inhluzeko engokomthetho' lwaqalwa osonjulalwazi nabachazizibalo endulo. Ukufundwa komhluzangqondo womchazazibalo kwaholela embonweni wokucikiza ka-Alan Turing, owasikisela ukuthi inguxa, ngokushadaza izimpawu ezifana ne-"0" kanye no- "1", ingakwazi ukufefenyeka noma isiphi isenzo esicatshangwayo sesisuso somchazazibalo. Lomqondo wokuthi izicikizi zezezibhangqiwe zingafefenyeka noma iyiphi inqubo yenhluzeko esemthethweni waziwa ngokuthi umbono ka-Church-Turing. Lokhu, kanye nokuvubukulwa obekwenzeka ngasikhathi sinye kwezochazozinzwa (neurobiology), umbono wokwaziswa kanye nezokululezwa (cybernetics), kwaholela abacwaningi ekutheni bacubungule ukuba kungenzeka yini bakhe ubuchopho bamazuba. Umkhiqizo wokuqala namuhla owaziwa ngokuthi uhlakahlisombulu kwaba umklamo osemthethweni ka-McCullouch and Pitt ngowe-1943 abawenzela "izinzwa zokuzakhela" ze-Turing-ephelele.
Ngaseminyakeni ye-1950, kwavela imibono emibili yokuthi ubuhlakani benguxa bungafezwa kanjani. Umbono wokuqala, owaziwa ngokuthi uHlakahlisombulu olungokoMfanekiso noma GOFAI, wawuzosebenzisa izicikizi ukukhanda unongo olungokomfanekiso lwezwe nezimiso ezikwazi ukuhluza ngokuphathelene nezwe. Abagqugquzeli balombono babehlanganisa u+Allen Newell, u-Herbert A. Simon, no-Marvin Minsky. Okuyamaniswa eduze nalombono kwakuyindlela "yokuhlwaya okusobozelayo" "heuristic search", eyayifanisa ubuhlakani nenkiyankiya yokuhlwaya umkhathinga wezimpendulo ezingasebenza. Umbono wesibili, owaziwa indlela yabaxhumanisi, wawufuna ukufeza ubuhlakani ngokufunda. Abagqugquzeli balombono, ubhongoza wabo okwakungu Frank Rosenblatt, babefuna ukuxhuma i-Perceptron ngezindlela ezifuze uxhumano lwezinzwa. U-James Manyika nabanye baqhathanise lezindlela zokuya emqondweni ezimbili (uhlakahlisombulu olungokomfanekiso) kanye nobuchopho (ukuxhumanisa). UManyika uveza ukuthi izindlela ezingokomfanekiso zaziqhoqhobele ukufuqwa okuvuna uhlakahlisombulu kulenkathi, ngenxa yoxhumano namasiko wokuhlakanipha wabantu abanje ngo-Descarte, uBoole, uGottlob Frege, uBertrand Russell, nabanye. Izindlela zabaxhumanisi ezisekwe kwezokululeza noma amaxhoxhox weziNzwa ambulu zafuqelwa ngemuva kodwa ziye zazuza ukubaluleka emashumini eminyaka yakamuva.
Umkhakha wocwaningo lohlakahlisombulu wazalwa ngonyaka we-19556 eshabhu lase-Dartmouth College. Izihambeli zaphenduka abasunguli nabaholi bocwaningo lohlakahlisombulu. Zona kanye nabafundi zakhiqiza izinhlelo abezindaba abazichazisa ngokuthi "ezimangazayo": iziCikizi zazifunda amaqhingasu woThimba, zixazuluka izinkiyankiya zamazwi e-algebra, zifakazela ama-logical theorems futhi zifunda ukukhuluma isingisi. Maphakathi neminyaka ye-1960, ucwaningo kwelaseMelika lwaluxhaswa uMnyango wezokuVikela futhi izingqalaba zazisunguliwe ezweni lonke.
Abacwaningi eminyakeni ye-1960 naseminyakeni ye-1970 babegculisekile ukuthi izinsondelo ezingokomfanekiso zazizophumelela ekudaleni inguxa enohlakahlisombulu oluvamile (artificial general intelligence) futhi bathatha lokhu njengempokompelo yomkhakha wabo. UHerbet Simon wabikezela wathi, "phakathi neminyaka engamashumi amabili, izinguxa zizoba nekhono lokwenza noma imuphi umsebenzi owenziwa ngumuntu". UMarvin Minsky wavuma lapho ebhala wathi, "phakathi nesizukulwane esisodwa ... inkinga yokukhanda "uhlakahlisombulu" izoxazululwa ngokuphelele". Bahluleka ukuqaphela ubunzima neminye yemisebenzi eyayisasele. Ukuqombola kwagqoza futhi ngowe- 1974, ekusabeleni kokugxeka kuka-Sir James Lighthill nasengcindezeni eqhubekayo eqhamuka kumgwamanqa waseMelika wokuxhasa izinkebengo ezikhiqizwayo kakhulu, bobabili ohulumeni baseMelika naseBrithani banqamula ucwaningo oluhlwayayo kuhlakahlisombulu. Iminyaka eyalandela embalwa yabizwa ngokuthi "ubusika bohlakahlisombulu", inkathi lapho ukuthoka uxhaso lwezinkebengo zohlakahlisombulu okwakunzima ngayo.
Imigomo
Inkinga evamile yokufefenyeka (noma ukudala) ubuhlakani seyiqhezulwe yaba izinkingana ezintathu. Lezi zihlanganisa izinkondolo ezikhethekile noma amakhono athile abacwaningi abalindele ukuba isimiso esinobuhlakani siziveze. Izinkondolo ezichaziswa ngezansi yizona eziye zanakwa kakhulu.
Inhluzeko, nokuxazula izinkinga
Abacwaningi bangaphambili bathuthukisa imikholezima elingisa inhluzeko ngayinye esetshenziswa abantu lapho bexazulula izinkila noma benza izgqibo ezihluzekile. Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka ye-1990, abacwaningi bohlakakahlisombulu bathuthukisa izindlelasu zokubhekana nokwaziswa okungacacile noma okungaphelele, besebenzisa izicabango zomsongahle nezomnotho.
Iningi laleyo mikholezima yaba ngengalo usizo ekuxazululeni zinkinga ezinkulu zenhluzeko ngokuba yayibhekana 'nezinkinga ezixakayo": yayiba lusilili kakhulu lapho izinkinga zikhula. Ngisho nabantu babengazisebenzisi izigqibo ucwaningo lokuqala lohlakahlisombulu olwaluzinonga. Baxzulula iningi lezinkinga zabo besebenzisa ukwahlulela okusheshayo.
Isimelelo soLwazi
Isimelelo soLwazi kanye nomngcikisho wolwazi yizinto ezivumela izinhleleluso zohlakahlisombulu ukuba ziphendule imibuzo ngobuhlakani futhi zenze izigqibo ngeziminya zezwe langempela.
Isimelelo "salokho okukhona" siwufuza: iqoqo lezinto, ubuhlobo, izicabango, nezakhi ezichaziswayo ukuze izenzi zehlelokusebenza zikwazi ukuzihlakahla. Iningi lezimfuza zajikelele zibizwa ngokuthi izimfuza zaphezulu (upper ontologies), ezilinga ukuhlinzeka ngezisekelo lonke olunye ulwazi futhi zenza okwabalamuli phakathi kwezimfuza zesidlangala ezimboze ulwazi oluqondile mayelana nesidlangala solwazi olukhethekile. Inhleleliso enobuhlani ngempela izodinga ukufikelela olwazini lokuqonda okuvamile; iqoqo leziminya ezaziwa uwonkewonke.
Cheta (woreda)
ICheta yi-woreda engaphansi kwesifundazwe se SNNPR, e-Itiyopiya.
El Madher
I-El Madher ngumasipala futhi yidolobha elikwisifundazwe se Batna, e-Aljeriya.
North Imenti Constituency
INorth Imenti yisifunda esingaphansi kwesifundazwe se Meru, eKhenya.
Le Bardo
ILe Bardo ngumasipala futhi yidolobha elikwisifundazwe se Tunis, eThuniziya.
Moyen-Ogooué Province
IMoyen-Ogooué yisifundazwe sase Gabhoni.
Marimba, Angola
IMarimba yidolobha futhi ngumasipala okwisifundazwe se Malanje, e-Angola.
Le Kram
ILe Kram ngumasipala futhi yidolobha elikwisifundazwe se Tunis, eThuniziya.
Haut-Ogooué Province
IHaut-Ogooué yisifundazwe sase Gabhoni.
Kilwa District
IKilwa yisifunda esingaphansi kwesifundazwe se Lindi, eThanzaniya.
El Hassi, Batna
I-El Hassi ngumasipala futhi yidolobha elikwisifundazwe se Batna, e-Aljeriya.
Ngounié Province
INgounié yisifundazwe sase Gabhoni.
Berber, Sudan
IBerber yidolobha elikwisifundazwe se River Nile, eSudan.
Lindi Rural
ILindi Rural yisifunda esingaphansi kwesifundazwe se Lindi, eThanzaniya.
Babanusa
IBabanusa yidolobha elikwisifundazwe se West Kordofan, eSudan.
Central Imenti Constituency
ICentral Imenti yisifunda esingaphansi kwesifundazwe se Meru, eKhenya.
La Goulette
ILa Goulette ngumasipala futhi yidolobha elikwisifundazwe se Tunis, eThuniziya.
Buwaidhaa
IBuwaidhaa noma Al-Buwaidhaa yidolobha elincane elimaphakathi nezwe lase eSudan. Leli dolobha lisempumalanga yomfula iBlue Nile.
Isakhangqamu
Ngokomchazampilo wengqamuzana, Isakhangqamu ibizo elibhekisela kuzo zonke izithako ezingaphakathi kwengqamuzana lemvelendeni, elingungwe ulwelwesi lwengqamuzana, ngaphandle kwendeni yengqamuzana. Izithako ezingaphakathi kwendeni neziqukethwe ulwelwesi lwendeni zona zibizwa ngokuthi isicabandeni (nucleoplasm). Izigcoyi eziyinhloko zesakhangqamu siyindikingqamu (cytosol) (isiqa esindikindiki), izithokazane (organelles) (izinhlaka zengqamuzana ezingaphakathi), kanye nezinye izithako ezakha ingqamuzana. Isakhangqamu ngokwaso singamanzi angama-80 ekhulwini futhi imvama asinambala. Imisebenzi eminingi ebalulekile yengqamuzana yenzeka kwizithokazane, ezifana nezinsimbi zenguxa yokwenza imisebenzi eminingi. Isakhangqamu sakhiwe kahle.
Inyanga zase-Ningizimu Afrika
Abelaphi bendabuko baseNingizimu ne-Afrika ngabelaphi bendabuko e-Afrika eseNingizimu ye-Afrika. Bafeza izindima ezahlukahlukene zenhlalo nezombusazwe emphakathini, kufaka phakathi ukubhula, ukuphulukisa ukugula ngokomzimba, ngokomzwelo nangokomoya, ukuqondisa amasiko okuzalwa noma okufa, ukuthola izinkomo ezilahlekile, ukuvikela amaqhawe, ukulwa nobuthakathi, nokulandisa umlando, i-cosmology, nemibono yesiko labo. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zabelaphi bendabuko emiphakathini yamaNguni, iSotho-Tswana, kanye namaTsonga aseNingizimu ye-Afrika: umbhuli (isangoma), kanye nomelaphi (inyanga). Laba belaphi bangabenzi bemilingo baseNingizimu Afrika abahlonishwa kakhulu futhi abahlonishwayo emphakathini lapho kucatshangwa ukuthi ukugula kubangelwa ubuthakathi, ukungcola (ukuxhumana nezinto ezingcolile noma okwenzekayo) noma ngokunganaki okhokho. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi kunabelaphi bendabuko abangaba ngu-200 000 eNingizimu Afrika uma kuqhathaniswa nodokotela abangama-25,000 abaqeqeshwe emithini yokwelapha ngamakhemikhali (bio-medical medicine) .Abelaphi bendabuko kuxoxiswana nabo cishe ngama-60% abantu baseNingizimu Afrika, imvamisa behlangana nezinsizakalo zesimanje zezokwelapha.
Massango
IMassango yidolobha futhi ngumasipala okwisifundazwe se Malanje, e-Angola.
Isakhangqamu
Indikingqamu iqukethe ingxube eyinkimbinkimbi yemicu yesixhakangqamu, kufaka phakathi i-endoplasmic reticulum kanye nezinto zikaGolgi. Kubandakanya amachembe ancibilikisiwe, namanzi agcwalisa ingxenye enkulu yengqamuzana. Ngenxa yale nethiwekhi yemicu, ulwelwesi nama-macromolecule amaningi ancibilikile njengamaprotheni, i-cytosol ayisebenzi njengoketshezi olulula. Umsebenzi oyinhloko we-cytoplasm ukubamba ama-organelles endaweni.
Gesha (woreda)
IGesha yi-woreda engaphansi kwesifundazwe se SNNPR, e-Itiyopiya.
Nyanga Province
INyanga yisifundazwe sase Gabhoni.
Decha (woreda)
IDecha yi-woreda engaphansi kwesifundazwe se SNNPR, e-Itiyopiya.
Carthage (Umasipala)
ICarthage ngumasipala futhi yidolobha elikwisifundazwe se Tunis, eThuniziya.
I-Glycolysis
IGlycolysis yindlela yokuguqula umzimba eguqula i-glucose C6H12O6, ibe yi-pyruvic acid, i-CH3COCOOH. Amandla amahhala akhishwe kule nqubo asetshenziselwa ukwakha ama-molecule anamandla aphezulu adenosine triphosphate (ATP) futhi anciphise i-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). I-Glycolysis ukulandelana kokuphendula okuyishumi okukhuthazwe ama-enzyme.
Ginbo (woreda)
IGinbo yi-woreda engaphansi kwesifundazwe se SNNPR, e-Itiyopiya.
Atbara
I-Atbara yidolobha elikwisifundazwe se River Nile, eSudan.
Gewata (woreda)
IGewata yi-woreda engaphansi kwesifundazwe se SNNPR, e-Itiyopiya.
Ghassira
IGhassira ngumasipala futhi yidolobha elikwisifundazwe se Batna, e-Aljeriya.
Malanje
IMalanje yidolobhakazi eliyisiqongo sesifundazwe se Malanje, e-Angola.
Liwale District
ILiwale yisifunda esingaphansi kwesifundazwe se Lindi, eThanzaniya.
Quirima
IQuirima noma Kirima yidolobha futhi ngumasipala okwisifundazwe se Malanje, e-Angola.
Menjiwo (woreda)
IMenjiwo yi-woreda engaphansi kwesifundazwe se SNNPR, e-Itiyopiya.
Tigania West Constituency
ITigania West yisifunda esingaphansi kwesifundazwe se Meru, eKhenya.
Nachingwea District
INachingwea yisifunda esingaphansi kwesifundazwe se Lindi, eThanzaniya.
El-Gadarif
I-El Gadarif yidolobha eliyisiqongo sesifundazwe se Al Qadarif, eSudan.
Quela
IQuela yidolobha futhi ngumasipala okwisifundazwe se Malanje, e-Angola.
Gosbat
IGosbat ngumasipala futhi yidolobha elikwisifundazwe se Batna, e-Aljeriya.
Chuka/Igambang'ombe Constituency
IChuka/Igambang'ombe yisifunda esingaphansi kwesifundazwe se Tharaka–Nithi, eKhenya.
Sayilem (woreda)
ISayilem yi-woreda engaphansi kwesifundazwe se SNNPR, e-Itiyopiya.
Kassala
IKassala yidolobha eliyisiqongo sesifundazwe se Kassala, eSudan.
Sidi Bou Said
ISidi Bou Said ngumasipala futhi yidolobha elikwisifundazwe se Tunis, eThuniziya.
Alto Zambeze
I-Alto Zambeze ngumasipala okwisifundazwe se Moxico, e-Angola. Ngonyaka ka-2014, lomasipala wawunabantu abayizi-110,900 futhi ubukhulu bendawo yalomasipala bungamakhilomitha ayizi-53,000.
Babati Urban District
IBabati Urban yisifunda esingaphansi kwesifundazwe se Manyara, eThanzaniya.
Ogooué-Lolo Province
I-Ogooué-Lolo yisifundazwe sase Gabhoni.
Lindi, Thanzaniya
ILindi noma Lindi Urban yidolobha futhi yisifunda esingaphansi kwesifundazwe se Lindi, eThanzaniya.
Bab El Bhar
IBab El Bhar ngumasipala futhi yidolobha elikwisifundazwe se Tunis, eThuniziya.
Tharaka Constituency
ITharaka yisifunda esingaphansi kwesifundazwe se Tharaka–Nithi, eKhenya.
Hidoussa
IHidoussa ngumasipala futhi yidolobha elikwisifundazwe se Batna, e-Aljeriya.
Damboya (woreda)
IDamboya yi-woreda engaphansi kwesifundazwe se SNNPR, e-Itiyopiya.
Bab Souika
IBab Souika ngumasipala futhi yidolobha elikwisifundazwe se Tunis, eThuniziya.
Inoughissen
I-Inoughissen ngumasipala futhi yidolobha elikwisifundazwe se Batna, e-Aljeriya.
Léua
ILéua yidolobha futhi ngumasipala okwisifundazwe se Moxico, e-Angola. Ngonyaka ka-2014, lomasipala wawunabantu abayizi-32,457 futhi ubukhulu bendawo yalomasipala bungamakhilomitha angama-62.
Telo (woreda)
ITelo yi-woreda engaphansi kwesifundazwe se SNNPR, e-Itiyopiya.
Khartoum North
IKhartoum North noma Khartoum Bahri yidolobha elikwisifundazwe se Khartoum, eSudan.
Ogooué-Maritime Province
I-Ogooué-Maritime yisifundazwe sase Gabhoni.
La Marsa
ILa Marsa ngumasipala futhi yidolobha elikwisifundazwe se Tunis, eThuniziya.
Babati Rural District
IBabati Rural yisifunda esingaphansi kwesifundazwe se Manyara, eThanzaniya.
Cité El Khadra
ICité El Khadra ngumasipala futhi yidolobha elikwisifundazwe se Tunis, eThuniziya.
Luchazes
ILuchazes yidolobha futhi ngumasipala okwisifundazwe se Moxico, e-Angola. Ngonyaka ka-2014, lomasipala wawunabantu abayizi-14,451.