cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Anime
Imboni
Ngasekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-1990, izinkampani eziningana zaqala ukuzama ukunikezwa kwelayisense yezinto ezingaphansi kwezingane. Abanye, abanjengo- AD Vision, neCentral Park Media kanye nemibhalo yayo, bazuze impumelelo enkulu kwezentengiselwano futhi baba ngabadlali abakhulu emakethe yama-anime yaseMelika manje enenzuzo enkulu. Abanye, abanjengo- AnimEigo, bathole impumelelo elinganiselwe. Izinkampani eziningi ezenziwe ngqo yizinkampani zabazali baseJapan azange zenze kahle, iningi lakhipha isihloko esisodwa noma ezimbili ngaphambi kokuphothula imisebenzi yazo yaseMelika.
Isikhathi sanamuhla
UNeon Genesis Evangelion (1995), uchungechunge lwethelevishini olwenziwa nguGainax futhi lwaqondiswa nguHideaki Anno, lwaqala esinye isikhathi sezihloko ze-anime zokuhlola, njengeGhost in the Shell (1995) noCowboy Bebop (1998). Ngawo-1990, i-anime nayo yaqala ukuheha intshisekelo enkulu emazweni aseNtshonalanga; impumelelo enkulu ngamazwe zihlanganisa Sailor Moon futhi Dragon Ball Z, zombili ezazenzelwe awakholelwa ngezilimi ezingaphezu kweshumi nambili emhlabeni wonke. Ngo-2003, i- Spirited Away, ifilimu ye- Studio Ghibli eqondiswa ngu- Hayao Miyazaki, yawina i- Academy Award ye-Best Animated Feature kuma- 75th Academy Awards. Kamuva yaba yifilimu ye-anime ephezulu kakhulu, [lower-alpha 2] ehola ngaphezu kuka- $ 355 isigidi. Kusukela ngeminyaka yama-2000, inani elandayo lemisebenzi ye-anime kube ukuguqulwa kwamanoveli alula namanoveli abukwayo ; izibonelo eziphumelele zifaka iMelancholy kaHaruhi Suzumiya neFate / stay night (both 2006). I-Anime yehluka kakhulu kwezinye izinhlobo zokugqwayiza ngezitayela zayo zobuciko ezahlukahlukene, izindlela zokugqwayiza, ukukhiqizwa kwayo, nenqubo yayo. Ngokubuka, imisebenzi ye-anime ikhombisa izitayela ezahlukahlukene zobuciko, ezahlukile phakathi kwabadali, abaculi, nezitudiyo. Yize singekho isitayela sobuciko esisodwa esilawula i-anime yonkana, babelana ngezimpawu ezifanayo ngokuya ngamasu wokugqwayiza nokwakhiwa kwezinhlamvu.
Amasu
Ngaphambi kwenkathi yedijithali, i-anime yayikhiqizwa ngezindlela zokugqwayiza zendabuko kusetshenziswa iposi ukwenza indlela.Iningi le-anime ejwayelekile lisebenzisa ozimele bokhiye abambalwa nokuningi phakathi kokugqwayiza.
Izinhlamvu
Izilinganiso zomzimba zezinhlamvu ze-anime zabantu zivame ukukhombisa ngokunembile ubukhulu bomzimba womuntu empeleni. Ukuphakama kwekhanda kubhekwa ngumdwebi njengeyunithi eyisisekelo yokulinganisa. Ukuphakama kwamakhanda kungahluka, kepha izinhlamvu eziningi ze-anime zingamakhanda ayisikhombisa kuya kwayisishiyagalombili ubude.Abaculi bama-anime ngezikhathi ezithile benza ukuguqulwa ngamabomu kokulingana komzimba ukukhiqiza izinhlamvu ezikhubazeke kakhulu ezinomzimba omncane ngokungalingani uma kuqhathaniswa nekhanda; izinhlamvu eziningi ezikhubazeke kakhulu zinamakhanda amabili kuya kwamane ubude. Abanye imisebenzi anime efana Crayon Shin-chan bambalala ngokuphelele kulezi olinganise, ngendlela ungafunga uthi ziyindawo caricatured Western opopayi.
Amasu
I-anime yesimanje ilandela inqubo ejwayelekile yokukhiqiza izithombe, efaka ukubekwa kwezindaba, ukulingiswa kwezwi, ukwakheka kwezinhlamvu nokukhiqizwa kwe-cel. Kusukela ngama-1990s, ama-animators asebenzise kakhulu izithombe zekhompyutha ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwenqubo yokukhiqiza. Imisebenzi yokuqala yama-anime yayiwukulinga, futhi yayiqukethe izithombe ezidwetshwe kumabhodi amnyama, ukumisa izithombe zokunyakazisa ezisikiwe zamaphepha, ne- silhouette animation. I-animation ye-Cel yakhula ithandwa yaze yafika ekulawuleni okuphakathi. Ekhulwini lama-21, ukusetshenziswa kwamanye amasu wokugqwayiza kukhawulelwe kumafilimu amafushane azimele, kufaka phakathi umsebenzi wokugqwayiza onodoli wokuma owenziwe nguTadahito Mochinaga, Kihachirō Kawamoto noTomoyasu Murata. Amakhompiyutha ahlanganiswa nenqubo yokugqwayiza ngawo-1990, nemisebenzi efana neGhost kuShell nakuPrincess Mononoke ehlanganisa izithombe ze-cel nezithombe ezenziwe ngekhompyutha. Fuji Film, inkampani enkulu yokukhiqiza i-cel, imemezele ukuthi izomisa ukukhiqizwa kwe-cel, ikhiqize ukwethuka kwemboni ukuthola ukungena kwe-cel nokusheshisa ukushintshela kuzinqubo zedijithali.
I-Etymology
I-etymology yethemu elithi anime iyaphikiswa. Igama lesiNgisi elithi "animation" libhalwe nge-Japanese katakana njengo-アニメーション( animēshon ) nanjengoアニメ(i- anime, pronounced [a.ɲi.me] ( ngesimo sayo esifushane. Eminye imithombo ithi leli gama lisuselwa egameni lesiFulentshi le-animation dessin animé ("ikhathuni", ngokwezwi nezwi 'umklamo opopayiwe'), kepha abanye bakholelwa ukuthi lokhu kuyinganekwane ethathwe ekuthandweni kwe-anime eFrance ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1970 kanye nawo-1980.
Amasu
Izitudiyo zokugqwayiza zaseJapan bezingamaphayona wamasu amaningi we-animation alinganiselwe, futhi zinikeze i-anime isethi ehlukile yemihlangano. Ngokungafani nopopayi weDisney, lapho kugcizelelwa khona ukunyakaza, i-anime igcizelela ikhwalithi yobuciko bese ivumela izindlela ezinqunyelwe zokugqwayiza zenzele ukungabi nesikhathi esichithwa ekuhambeni. Amasu anjalo awavamisile ukusetshenziselwa kuphela ukuhlangabezana nesikhathi esinqunyiwe kodwa futhi njengezinto zobuciko. Izigcawu ze-Anime zigcizelela ekufezeni ukubukwa kwezinhlangothi ezintathu, nezizinda ziyasiza ekwakheni isimo somsebenzi. Izizinda azisungulwanga njalo futhi kwesinye isikhathi zisuselwa ezindaweni zangempela, njengoba kuboniswe eHowl's Moving Castle naseMelancholy kaHaru Suzuziya. Oppliger wathi i-anime ingenye yezindlela ezingavamile lapho kuhlanganiswa khona bonke abalingisi bezinkanyezi ngokuvamile kuphuma kubukeka "kumangalisa kakhulu".
Izithombe zokuqala zaseJapane ezentengiselwano zaqala ngo-1917. Isitayela sobuciko esivelile savela ngawo-1960 ngemisebenzi yomdwebi wamakhathuni u-Osamu Tezuka futhi sasabalala emashumini eminyaka alandelayo, sakha izethameli eziningi zasekhaya. Ama-Anime asatshalaliswa kumdlalo waseshashalazini, ngokusakazwa kwethelevishini, ngqo emithonjeni yezindaba yasekhaya, naku -Intanethi. Ngaphezu kwemisebenzi yasekuqaleni, ama-anime ajwayele ukuguqulwa kwamahlaya amaJapan (ama- manga ), amanoveli akhanyayo, noma imidlalo yevidiyo. Ihlukaniswe ngezinhlobo eziningi ezibhekise kubabukeli abahlukahlukene nabanzi.
Imboni
Amalayisense ayabiza, imvamisa amakhulu ezinkulungwane zamaRandi ochungechungeni olulodwa namashumi ezinkulungwane nge-movie eyodwa. Amanani ahluka kakhulu; isibonelo, iJinki: Nweba kubiza u- $ 91,000 kuphela ukuthola ilayisense ngenkathi iKurau Phantom Memory ibiza u- $ 960,000. Amalungelo okusakaza nge-Intanethi e-Simulcast ashibhile, ngamanani azungeze u- $ 1,000- $ 2,000 isiqephu, kepha futhi angabiza kakhulu, ngochungechunge oluthile lubiza ngaphezu kuka- US$200,000 isiqephu ngasinye.
I-Anime (isiJapane: ア ニ メ, i-IPA: [aɲime] (Mayelana nalolu luhlu lomsindo)) idwetshwe ngesandla ne-computer izithombe ezivela eJapane. EJapan naseJapan, i-anime (igama elisuselwa egameni lesiNgisi elithi animation) ichaza yonke imisebenzi enopopayi, ngaphandle kwesitayela noma imvelaphi. Kodwa-ke, ngaphandle kweJapane nangesiNgisi, i-anime ihlangana ngokugqwayiza kwaseJapan futhi ibhekisa ngqo kwizithombe ezenziwa eJapan. Ukugqwayiza okukhiqizwe ngaphandle kweJapane ngesitayela esifanayo nezopopayi zaseJapan kubhekiswa njengokugqwayiza okuthonywe yi-anime.
Ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke
Ukuqala kuka-1980 kwaqala ukwethulwa kochungechunge lwama-anime aseJapan kumasiko aseMelika. Ngawo-1990, ukugqwayiza kwamaJapane kwaqala ukuthandwa eMelika. Izinkampani zemidiya ezinjengeViz neMixx ziqale ukushicilela futhi zakhipha izithombe emakethe yaseMelika. Ifilimu i- Akira yango-1988 yaziwa kakhulu ngokuqhakambisa i-anime emhlabeni waseNtshonalanga ngeminyaka yama-1990s, ngaphambi kokuthi i-anime yaziwe kakhulu yimidlalo yethelevishini efana nePokémon neDrag Ball Z ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1990. Ukukhula kwe-Intanethi kamuva kwanikeza izethameli zamazwe omhlaba indlela elula yokufinyelela kokuqukethwe kwaseJapan. Ekuqaleni, ubugebengu be-inthanethi babamba iqhaza elikhulu kulokhu, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kwavela ezinye izindlela zomthetho. Lokhu kunjalo ikakhulukazi ngezinsizakalo zenetha ezifana neNetflix neCrunchyroll ezinamakhathalogi amakhulu emazweni aseNtshonalanga, yize ngo-2020 abalandeli be-anime emazweni amaningi angewona asentshonalanga, njenge-India noma i-Southeast Asia, benobunzima bokuthola ukufinyelela kokuqukethwe okusemthethweni, futhi ngakho-ke phindela ebugebengwini be-inthanethi.
I-Anime iye yaba nenzuzo yezentengiselwano emazweni aseNtshonalanga, njengoba kukhonjisiwe ekuguquleni kwasekuqaleni kwe-anime okuphumelelayo kwezentengiselwano, njenge- Astro Boy neSpeed Racer. Early adaptions American ngawo-1960 kwenziwa Japan sandise zibe emakethe yezwekazi European, kuqala nge imikhiqizo okuhloswe ngaso European nezingane Japanese, ezifana Heidi, Vicky Viking futhi Barbapapa, okuyinto senza emazweni ahlukahlukene. I-Italy, iSpain neFrance bakhulisa intshisekelo ethile ekukhishweni kweJapan, ngenxa yentengo yayo yokuthengisa eshibhile kanye nomkhiqizo okhiqizayo. Eqinisweni, i-Italy ingenise i-anime kakhulu ngaphandle kweJapan. Lokhu kungeniswa kwenqwaba kuthonye ukuthandwa kwe-anime ezimakethe zaseNingizimu Melika, isi-Arabhu naseJalimane.
Umculo
Ukuvulwa nokulandelwa kwamakhredithi ochungechunge oluningi lwethelevishini lwe-anime kuhambisana nezingoma ze- J-pop noma ze- rock, imvamisa ngamabhendi adumile — njengoba kubhalwe ngochungechunge engqondweni - kodwa futhi kuhloswe ngakho emakethe yomculo jikelele, ngakho-ke kuvame ukubhekiswa kanye ngayo ngokungacacile noma hhayi konke kuzilungiselelo zamatimu noma isakhiwo sochungechunge. Futhi, zivame ukusetshenziswa njengomculo ohambisanayo ("faka izingoma") esiqeshini ngasinye ukugqamisa izigcawu ezibaluleke kakhulu.
Imiklomelo
Imboni ye-anime inemiklomelo eminingana yonyaka ehlonipha imisebenzi ehamba phambili yonyaka. Imiklomelo emikhulu yaminyaka yonke eJapan ifaka i- Ōfuji Noburō Award, i- Mainichi Film Award ye-Best Animation Film, ama- Animation Kobe Awards, ama- Japan Media Arts Festival awards awards, iTokyo Anime Award kanye neJapan Academy Prize for Animation of the Year. E-United States, amafilimu e-anime ancintisana kumaCrunchyroll Anime Awards. Kwakunanezinselele American Anime Imiklomelo, okuyinto babedalelwe ubuhle e anime izihloko eliphakanyiswe umkhakha, futhi yayiqhutshwa kanye kuphela ngo-2006 [102] imiklomelo Anime imikhiqizo baye kuphinde kugqugquzele futhi ngek hhayi kuphela anime, efana Academy Umklomelo Wesici Esihamba Phambili Sezilwane noma iGolden Bear.
Akerrou
I-Akerrou ngumasipala futhi yidolobha elikwisifundazwe se Tizi Ouzou, e-Aljeriya.
Inkolo kaSathane
I-Satanism yiqembu lezinkolelo zemibono nefilosofi ezisekelwe kuSathane. Inqubo yenkolo yesimanje yenkolo kaSathane yaqala ngokusungulwa kweSonto likaSathane elingakholelwa ebukhoneni baseMelika eMelika ngo-1966, yize kunezinto ezimbalwa zomlando ezikhona. Ngaphambi umkhuba yomphakathi, ubusathane yayikhona ngokuyinhloko njengoba incwadi emangalela ehlukahlukene Christian amaqembu ngase waqonda abaphikisi yamaSoviet, kunokuba self-ungubani. Inkolo kaSathane, nomqondo kaSathane, kusetshenziswe futhi ngabadwebi nabezokuzijabulisa ngenkulumo engokomfanekiso.
Izinsolo zokuthi amaqembu ahlukahlukene abesebenzisa ubuSathane zenziwe kuwo wonke umlando wobukrestu. Phakathi neNkathi Ephakathi, ukuQulwa Kwamacala Ezihlubuki okwakunamathele eSontweni LamaKatolika kwasola ukuthi amahlelo namaqembu ahlukahlukene angamaKristu, njengeK Knights Templar namaCathars, ayenza imicikilisho eyimfihlo kaSathane. Esikhathini esalandela se- Early Modern, ukukholelwa kutulo olwandile lukaSathane lwabathakathi kwaholela ekuvivinyweni okukhulu kwabasolwa ngokuthakatha kulo lonke elaseYurophu nasemakoloni aseNyakatho Melika. Izinsolo zokuthi uzungu lukaSathane lwalusebenza, nangemuva kwezehlakalo ezifana nobuProthestani (futhi ngakolunye uhlangothi, amaProthestani athi uPapa wayengumphikukristu ) kanye neRevolution yaseFrance kwaqhubeka kwenziwa kweLobukholwa phakathi nekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili kuya kwelekhulu lamashumi amabili.Umqondo wozungu olukhulu lukaSathane wafinyelela ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu ngenkohliso yaseTaxil yaseFrance ngawo-1890, eyathi abakwaFreemasonry babekhonza uSathane, uLusifa noBaphomet emasikweni abo.Ngawo-1980s nango-1990, isiko likaSathane lokuhlukumeza abantu lasabalala e-United States nase-United Kingdom, phakathi kokwesaba ukuthi amaqembu amaSatanist ayehlala ehlukumeza ngokocansi futhi ebulala izingane emasikweni abo.Ezimweni eziningi zalezi zimo, abukho ubufakazi obuhambisanayo bokuthi noma yibaphi balabo abasolwa ngobuSathane empeleni babengabenkolo yenkolo kaSathane noma benecala lezinsolo ababhekiswe kuzo.
Inkolo kaSathane yenkolo yesimanjemanje yinto yaseMelika, imibono esakazeka kwenye indawo ngemiphumela yokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke ne-Intanethi.I-Intanethi isabalalisa ukuqwashiswa kwamanye amaSathane, futhi iyindawo enkulu yezimpi zamaSathane.Inkolo kaSathane yaqala ukufinyelela eYurophu Ephakathi neseMpumalanga ngeminyaka yama-1990s, ngesikhathi ngokuwa kweSoviet Union, futhi okugqame kakhulu ePoland naseLithuania, iningi lamazwe angamaRoma Katolika.
Isiko lokuhlukumeza ngokwesiko
Ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20, kwaba nokwethuka kokuziphatha mayelana nezinkolo zokukhulekelwa kukaDeveli ezazisebenzisa ukuhlukumeza ngokocansi, ukubulala, nokudla abantu emasikweni alo, izingane ziphakathi kwezisulu zalo. [64] Ekuqaleni, abasolwa abenza ubugebengu obunjalo babebizwa ngokuthi "abathakathi", yize igama elithi "Satanist" lasheshe lamukelwa njengenye indlela ethandwayo, [64] futhi lesi simo ngokwaso sabizwa ngokuthi "yiSatanism Scare". [65] Abagqugquzeli bezimangalo bathi kunetulo lamaSathane ahleliwe aphethe izikhundla ezivelele emphakathini wonke, kusukela emaphoyiseni kuya kosopolitiki, nokuthi babenamandla anele okufihla ubugebengu babo. [66]
Incazelo
Ngo-1994, usosayensi wezenhlalakahle wase-Italy, u- Massimo Introvigne waphakamisa ukuthi kuchazwe ubuSathane ngobukhona kanyekanye be- "ukukhonzwa komlingiswa okhonjwe ngegama likaSathane noma uLusifa eBhayibhelini, ) ngamaqembu ahleliwe okungenani enenhlangano kanye nabaphathi abancane ngokusebenzisa amasiko noma amasiko Incazelo isebenza kungakhathalekile ukuthi iqembu ngalinye libona kanjani ukuthi uSathane- njengomuntu uqobo noma ongeyena umuntu, ongokoqobo noma ongokomfanekiso]
Isiko lokuhlukumeza ngokwesiko
Omunye wemithombo eyinhloko yokwethusa kwakunguMichelle Remembers, incwadi yango-1980 kadokotela wezifo zengqondo waseCanada uLawrence Pazder lapho achaza kabanzi lokho athi yizinkumbulo ezicindezelwe zesiguli sakhe (kanye nonkosikazi) uMichelle Smith. USmith wayethe esemncane wayehlukunyezwa ngumndeni wakhe emasikweni kaSathane lapho kwakuhlatshelwa khona izingane kwavela noSathane uqobo. [68] Ngo-1983, kwenziwa izinsolo zokuthi umndeni wakwaMcMartin — abanikazi besikole esasenkulisa eCalifornia — babenecala lokuhlukumeza ngokocansi izingane ababanakekelayo ngesikhathi semicikilisho kaSathane. Lezi zinsolo ziholele ekutheni kuthethwe icala elide futhi elibizayo, lapho bonke abasolwa bezogcina besuliwe. [69] Ukusakazwa okwenziwe yileli cala kuholele ekutheni kwenziwe izinsolo ezifanayo nakwezinye izingxenye ezehlukene ze-United States. [70]
Izincwadi
Kusukela ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1600s kuye kuma-1800s, isimilo sikaSathane saqhubeka senziwa singabalulekile kwifilosofi yasentshonalanga, futhi sanganakwa kwimfundiso yenkolo yobuKrestu, ngenkathi kwezenganekwane wabonakala njengomuntu oyisiphukuphuku kunokuba umuntu osabisayo. [82] Ukuthuthukiswa kwamagugu amasha ngeNkathi Yokukhanyiselwa (ikakhulukazi lokho kwesizathu nokuzimela ) kube nomthelela ekuguqukeni komqondo wabantu baseYurophu abaningi ngoSathane. [82] Kulesi simo, inqwaba yabantu yakhipha uSathane ekulandiseni okungokwesiko kobuKristu yaphinde yafunda futhi yamchaza kabusha ngokwesikhathi sayo kanye nezintshisekelo zayo, nakho lokho yakha izithombe ezintsha ezihlukile zikaSathane. [83]
Incazelo
Kokunye, uPetersen uqaphele ukuthi "ubuSathane njengokuthile okwenziwa abanye kuhluke kakhulu kuSatanism njengokuzibiza". [8] Eugene Gallagher waphawula ukuthi, njengoba kuvame ukusetshenziswa, ubuSathane bebuvame ukuba " yisihluku, hhayi igama elichazayo". ]
Esifundweni sabo sobuSathane, izazi zezifundo zenkolo u- Asbjørn Dyrendal, uJames R. Lewis, noJesper Aa.UPetersen uthe igama elithi Satanism "linomlando wokuba yigama elenziwa ngabantu ngokumelene nalabo abangabathandi; igama elisetshenziselwa ' ukufaka abanye '".Umqondo wobuSathane ubuqambi bobuKrestu, ngoba buxhomeke kumuntu kaSathane, umlingiswa ovela ezinganekwaneni zobuKristu.
Ushushiso
Ucwaningo lomlando nolwe-anthropological luveza ukuthi cishe yonke imiphakathi ithuthukise umqondo wamandla amabi futhi aphikisana nabantu angazifihla emphakathini. [19] Lokhu kuvamise ukufaka ukukholelwa kubathakathi, iqembu labantu eliguqula imikhuba yomphakathi wabo futhi lifune ukulimaza umphakathi wabo, ngokwesibonelo ngokubandakanyeka ekungeneni kwezihlobo, ukubulala kanye nokudla abantu.
Izincwadi
Umqondo oshintshayo kaSathane ususelwa kuningi lenkondlo kaJohn Milton yenkondlo eyindumezulu ethi Paradise Lost (1667), lapho uSathane aziveza khona njengomlingisi ophambili. [84] UMilton wayengumfundi samaPuritan, futhi wayengakaze senzelwe Umdwebo wakhe kaSathane ukuze ube umuntu onozwela. [85] Kodwa-ke, ekuvezeni uSathane njengesisulu sokuziqhenya kwakhe owahlubuka kunkulunkulu wamaJuda namaKrestu, uMilton wamenza waba ngumuntu futhi wamvumela nokuthi atolikwe njengesihlubuki sobushiqela. [86] Yile ndlela uSathane kaMilton ayeqondwa ngayo ngabafundi bakamuva njengomshicileli uJoseph Johnson, [87] kanye nesazi sefilosofi se- anarchist uWilliam Godwin, owayiveza encwadini yakhe yango-1793 ethi Inquiry Concerning Political Justice. [86] IParadise Lost yathola ukufundwa okubanzi ngekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili, zombili eBrithani nasezwenikazi laseYurophu, lapho yayihunyushelwe olimini lwesiFulentshi nguVoltaire. [88] Ngaleyo ndlela uMilton waba "ngumuntu ophakathi ekubhaleni kabusha ubuSathane" futhi wayezobhekwa ngabaningi bamaSathane bezenkolo kamuva njengo " de facto Satanist". [83]
Ikhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye leminyaka kwavela lokho okwakubizwa ngokuthi "ubuSathane bemibhalo" noma "ubuSathane bezothando". [89] NgokukaVan Luijk, lokhu ngeke kubonakale "njengokunyakaza okuhambisanayo nezwi elilodwa, kepha njengeqembu leposi elikhonjiwe lababhali kwesinye isikhathi abahlukahluka kakhulu okutholakala phakathi kwabo indikimba efanayo". [90] Kwabenkolo yamaSathane, uSathane wayevezwa njengomuntu onomusa futhi kwesinye isikhathi oyiqhawe, [91] nalezi zithombe ezizwelana kakhudlwana nezanda kwezobuciko nezinkondlo zabantu abaningi abathandanayo nabangasenandaba. [83] Kulaba bantu, ubuSathane kwakungeyona inkolelo yenkolo noma umsebenzi wesiko, kepha kunalokho "ukusetshenziswa kwamasu okufanekisa kanye nomlingiswa njengengxenye yezinkulumo zobuciko nezepolitiki". [92]
Umculo we-Metal ne-rock
Ngekhathi zabo 1960 1970, idwala eziningana bands- okuyi American band Coven kanti iviyo British Black Widow, baqashwe isithombe ubusathane ubuthakathi emsebenzini wabo. [102] Ukubhekiswa kuSathane kuphinde kwavela emsebenzini walawo maqembu e-rock ayephayona uhlobo lomculo onesigqi esinamandla eBrithani ngawo-1970. [103] Ukwenza isibonelo, iqembu iBlack Sabatha lakhuluma ngoSathane ezingomeni zabo, yize amalungu amaningana eqembu ayengamaKrestu, namanye amagama aqinisekisa amandla kankulunkulu wamaKrestu phezu kukaSathane. [104] Ngawo-1980, ukusetshenziswa okukhulu kwezithombe zikaSathane kwenziwa ngamabhendi esimbi anjengoSlayer, Kreator, Sodom, neDistruction. [105] Amabhendi asebenza ngaphansi kohlobo lwensimbi yokufa - phakathi kwawo kukhona iDeicide, Morbid Angel, ne- Entombed, nawo amukela izithombe zikaSathane, azihlanganisa nezinye izithombe ezesabekayo nezimnyama, njengalezo zombies kanye nababulali ababulalayo. [106] Inkolo yobuSathane yayizosondelana kakhulu nengqikithi yensimbi emnyama, [103] lapho yayibekwe phambili kunezinye izingqikithi ezazisetshenziswe ku-death metal. [107] Abadlali abaningana bensimbi emnyama bafaka ukuzilimaza esenzweni sabo, bakwenza lokhu njengokubonakaliswa kokuzinikela kukaSathane. [107] Ibhendi yokuqala yensimbi emnyama, iVenom, yazimemezela njengabaSathane, yize lokhu kwakuyisenzo sokucasula kunokubonisa ukuzinikela kwangempela kuDeveli. [108] Izindikimba zikaSathane nazo zazisetshenziswa ngamabhande ensimbi amnyama uBathory noHellhammer. [109] Kodwa-ke, isenzo sokuqala esimnyama sokwamukela ubuSathane kwaba yiMercyful Fate, ogama layo, iNkosi uDiamond, yajoyina iSonto likaSathane. [110] Kaningi abaculi abazihlanganisa nensimbi emnyama bathi abakholelwa emibonweni esemthethweni kaSathane futhi kaningi bazisholo ukuthi abakholelwa ebukhoneni bukaNkulunkulu, abakholelwa ku-agnostics noma abakholelwa enkolweni.
Ngokuphikisana neKing Diamond, abakhonzi bakaSathane bensimbi eningi abamnyama bafuna ukuziqhelelanisa neLaVeyan Satanism, ngokwesibonelo ngokubhekisa ezinkolelweni zabo ngokuthi " ukukhulekelwa kukadeveli ". [112] Laba bantu babebheka uSathane njengomuntu ongokoqobo, [113] futhi ngokungafani no-Anton LaVey, bahlobanisa ubuSathane nobugebengu, ukuzibulala nokwethusa. [112] Kubo, ubuKrestu babuthathwa njengesifo esidinga ukuqedwa. [114] Abaningi balaba bantu, ababevelele kakhulu eVarg Vikernes nase- Euronymous, babebandakanyeka esigcawini sokuqala sensimbi saseNorway. [115] [116] Phakathi kuka-1992 no-1996, abantu abanjalo babhubhisa amasonto angama-50 aseNorway ekuhlaselweni ngomlilo. [117] Ngaphakathi black metal yesehlakalo, eziningi abaculi kamuva indawo Satanic izindikimba nalabo levela Heathenry, uhlobo kobuqaba yesimanje. [118]
Inkolo
Dyrendal, Lewis, futhi Petersen wayekholelwa ukuthi kwakuwumsebenzi akukho nolulodwa ukunyakaza, kodwa simondzawo. [120] Bona kanye nabanye baye bakubiza ngakho njengenhlangano entsha yezenkolo. [121] Babekholelwa ukuthi kukhona ukufana komndeni okuhlanganisa wonke amaqembu ahlukene kule ndawo, [6] nokuthi iningi labo bekuyizinkolo zabo. [120] Baphikisana ngokuthi kwakukhona iqoqo lezici ezazivamile emaqenjini akulesi simo sikaSathane: lokhu kwakungukusetshenziswa okuhle kwegama elithi "uSatanist" njengegama, ukugcizelela ukuzimela, uhlu lozalo olubaxhumanisa nolunye Amaqembu kaSathane, ukuma okweqa umthetho nokuphikisana nabomama, ukuzibona njengabantu abakhulu, nokwamukela izindinganiso ezinjengokuziqhenya, ukuzethemba, kanye nokungahambisani nomkhiqizo. [122]
ISatanism yezenkolo ayikho ngendlela eyodwa, njengoba kukhona amaSatanism amaningi ahlukene enkolo, ngalinye linemibono ehlukene ngalokho okubandakanya ukuba ngumSathane. [119] Isazi-mlando senkolo uRuben van Luijk wasebenzisa "incazelo yokusebenza" lapho ubuSathane babuthathwa khona ngokuthi "ukuhlonishwa kukaSathane ngamabomu, nangokwezenkolo." [17]
UDyrendal, uLewis noPetersen baphikisa ngokuthi amaqembu akulesi sigaba sobuSathane angahlukaniswa abe ngamaqembu amathathu: amaSatanist asebenzayo, amaSatanist anengqondo, kanye namaSatanist esoteric. [123] Babona ubuSathane obusebenzayo njengobuhlanganisa "ubuSathane obudumile, ubuKrestu obuhlanekezelwe kanye nokuhlubuka okungokomfanekiso" futhi bakuphawula ukuthi kubukeka njengokuphikisana nomphakathi kanti ngasikhathi sinye kuvumelana nombono womphakathi ngobubi. [123] Rationalist Satanism isetshenziselwa ukuchaza ukuthambekela kwesimo sikaSathane esingakholelwa ebukhoneni bukaNkulunkulu, esinokungabaza, sokuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo, nesipikure. [124] Esoteric Satanism esikhundleni salokho yasebenza kulawo mafomu angokwenkolo futhi athola imibono evela kwezinye izinhlobo ze- Western esotericism, Modern Paganism, Buddhism, and Hinduism. [124]
Abanduleli kanye namafomu okuqala
Umuntu wokuqala ukuthuthukisa ifilosofi kaSathane kwakunguPole Stanislaw Przybyszewski, owakhuthaza umbono weSocial Darwinian. [126]
"USathane" waphinde wasetshenziswa ngaphakathi kohlelo lwe-esoteric olwenziwa ngumuntu waseDenmark uCarl William Hansen, owayesebenzisa igama lepeni elithi "Ben Kadosh". [131] UHansen wayebandakanyeke emaqenjini ahlukahlukene e-esoteric, afaka iMartinism, i- Freemasonry, ne- Ordo Templi Orientis, edweba imibono yamaqembu ahlukahlukene ukusungula ifilosofi yakhe. [131] Kwelinye iphamfulethi, unikeze incazelo "yeLuciferian" yeFreemasonry. [132] kaKadosh ushiye umthelela omncane ngaphandle kweDenmark. [133]
Ukusetshenziswa kwegama elithi "Lusifa" naye wathathwa yi-French zemikhosi bili Eliphas Levi, ngubani uye wachazwa njengomuntu "zothando Satanist". [127] Ngezinsuku zakhe ezisencane, uLevi wasebenzisa "uLusifa" ngendlela efanayo engokomfanekiso njengeyothando lwemibhalo. [128] Ngenkathi eqonde kulondolozo lwezepolitiki empilweni yakamuva, wagcina ukusetshenziswa kwaleli gama, kepha walisebenzisa kulokho ayekholelwa ukuthi kuyindlela yokuziphatha engathathi hlangothi "ngokuphelele". [129]
Isonto likaSathane
U-Anton LaVey, obebizwa ngo "The Father of Satanism",wahlanganisa inkolo yakhe ngokusungulwa kweSonto likaSathane ngo-1966 kanye nokushicilelwa kwe- The Satanic Bible ngo-1969. Izimfundiso zikaLaVey zikhuthaze "ukuzitika", "ubukhona obubalulekile", "ukuhlakanipha okungangcolisiwe", "umusa kulabo abakufanele", "umthwalo wemfanelo kwababhekele", kanye " nehlo leso " ikhodi yokuziphatha, ngenkathi kugwenywa "ukuzithiba" kususelwa ekubeni necala, "ingokomoya", "uthando olungenamibandela", "ukuthula", "ukulingana", " umcabango womhlambi ", kanye " nokukhwabanisa ". U-LaVey wayecabanga ukuthi uSatanist ungumuntu wenyama, owenyama, futhi othanda izinto. Amagugu ayisisekelo weLaVey Satanism wukuthokozela ubukhona bomzimba, kanye nombono womhlaba ongaphazanyisiwe obheka isintu njengezilwane ezikhona endaweni yonke yezokuziphatha.
Ukuya ocansini nobumomoni
Ukuqabulana
Abaholi besonto baye bathi ngaphandle komshado " ukwanga okunothando ", okuchazwa ngokuthi "kukhulu kakhulu futhi kuthathe isikhathi eside ukudlula ukwanga okufushane", kanye "nokuqabula isikhathi eside okubandakanya ulimi nokujabulisa izinkanuko" akunamkhawulo ". Isibonelo, umongameli wesonto uSpencer W. Kimball, wabiza i- "soul kiss" ngokuthi "isinengiso" esiholela ekuhlanganiseni izintambo, ukuphulula, kanye "nezingane ezingekho emthethweni". Uqhube wathi noma ngabe ukuthandana okwesikhashana ukuqabulana kufanele kube "okuhlanzekile, okuhloniphekile, nokungabi nocansi njengokwanga phakathi kukamama nendodana". Ubuye waveza nokuthi ukuqabulana ngesikhathi sokuqomisana nje "kucela inkathazo" nokuthi ukuqabula akufanele "kunikezwe njengama-pretzels". Umphostoli uRichard G. Scott weluleke ukuthi ukuvezwa kwemizwa yothando phakathi kwabantu abangashadile kufanele kugcinwe "kulabo abakhululekile phambi kwabazali bakho".
Ukudansa
Njengamanje nasesikhathini esedlule abaholi beSonto LDS babheke phansi ukudansa okubandakanya ukuthintana okugcwele emzimbeni noma okuphakamisa ukuziphatha ngokocansi. Umhlahlandlela othile wentsha wathi le mibuthano engagunyaziwe ethathwa njengeyihlanzekile yayihlanganisa ukunyakazisa ihlombe noma isinqe, ukuqhaqhazela umzimba, ukuqoshama, ukuwa nokuhleba.
Umshado
Yize inganikwanga ukubaluleka kwezenkolo ngomshado wasezulwini, iSonto le-LDS liyayibona imishado yomphakathi noma imishado eyenziwa ngaphakathi kwamanye amasiko enkolo. Ngawo-1870, umbhali ovelele wamaMormon wabhala ukuthi amaMormon abheka umshado onjalo "njengomshado ongashayi nhlobo."Namuhla, nokho, imishado engeyona eyasezulwini iyahlonishwa futhi yamukelwa njengevumelekile yisonto, kepha imishado enjalo kufanele ibe semthethweni ngokusho kukahulumeni lapho umshado wenziwa khona, futhi akumele ibe ngumshado wabantu bobulili obufanayo, umshado wesithembu, umshado womthetho ojwayelekile noma olunye uhlobo imishado non-emicikilishweni engeke emtsetfo lojwayelekile amazwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imishado enjalo kucatshangwa ukuthi ihlala kuphela impilo yasemhlabeni, hhayi elandelayo. Emazweni lapho imishado yesonto lasezulwini engamukeleki kuhulumeni, ibandla lifuna ukuthi kwandulelwe umshado womphakathi.
Ukuya ocansini kunendima evelele esifundisweni seThe Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), esifundisa ukuthi ubulili buchazwa ngaphambi kokuzalwa kwangaphambi kokuzalwa, nokuthi leyo ngxenye yenhloso yempilo yasemhlabeni yenzelwe abesilisa nabesifazane ukuthi kube uphawu ndawonye, yokwakha ubuhlobo ukuthi ubavumele ukuba bathuthuke phakade ndawonye kwelizayo. Iphinde ifundise ukuthi ubudlelwane bezocansi ngaphakathi kohlaka lomshado wobulili obuhlukile bunempilo, budingekile, futhi bumiselwe uNkulunkulu. Ngokuphambene neminye iminyakazo yobuKristu, ubulili ezimfundisweni zeSonto abuwona umkhiqizo wesono sokuqala noma "ububi obudingekayo".
Ucansi olwenziwa ngomlomo
Ukuxoxwa okwalandela kwezocansi emshadweni kwaxwayisa ngokuziphatha ibandla elikubheka njengokungekhona okwemvelo, ukungcola, nokungabi ngcwele, kufaka phakathi isexwayiso sesiphathimandla sikaSpencer J. Condie sokuthi lapho imibhangqwana "ihlanganyela emikhubeni engengcwele" ngesikhathi sokusondelana komzimba ingaba "amandla aphazamisayo" umshado. Lapho kukhulunywa ngokusondelana ngokomzimba, ibhukwana lebandla lomshado lango-2003 licaphuna umongameli wesonto uSpencer W. Kimball, owathi umbono wokuthi "ngemuva kweminyango yegumbi lokulala noma yini ehambayo" awulona iqiniso futhi awuthethelelwa yiNkosi futhi "uma kungeyona imvelo, wena ungakwenzi ".Encwadini yangasese yangomhla ziyi-17 kuMeyi 1973, umongameli wesonto uHarold B. Lee wabiza "ukwenza uthando ngomlomo" "ukuhlanekezela" "okwehlisayo" okwakuyinto "enyanyekayo emehlweni eNkosi".Encwadini ethandwayo edayiswa isitolo sezincwadi sesonto futhi ebhalwe nguprofesa we-BYU, ababhali bathi ucansi lomlomo alufanelekile futhi alungcolile emibhangqwaneni eshadile.Umagazini we-LDS ushicilele imfundiso kabhishobhi ngo-2013 yokuthi ucansi lomlomo lwalungavunyelwe ngaphambi komshado. Abahlinzeki bezocansi bobabili be-BYU abaphothule izifundo zobulili eMormon, nokho, basho esidlangalaleni ngo-2013 ukuthi ucansi lomlomo lwamukelekile emibhangqwaneni eshadile njengoba kwenza omunye umelaphi we-LDS ngo-2014.
Ubumsulwa
Nakuba umshado yasezulwini iyona kuphela indlela emshadweni osemthethweni njengoba isakramente, isonto evumela ubulili ngaphakathi Izinyunyana uhulumeni neyaziwayo somshado,tsle ngaphandle kwe bobulili obufanayo, umshado womthetho, Izinyunyana civil (ezifundeni lapho umshado iyatholakala), futhi isithembu. Isonto liyazwela ngobudlelwano balo bomlando nesithembu, nokungena emshadweni wesithembu, noma ngabe kusemthethweni yini, kuzoholela ekucutshungulweni okuyimpoqo kokuqondiswa kwesonto nokuxoshwa okungenzeka kube khona. Namuhla, izimfundiso zesonto zivumela imibhangqwana eshadile ukuthi inqume ukuthi yini efanelekile ngokocansi phakathi kwabo.Umthetho wobumsulwa ubuye wahunyushwa ukuthi ubandakanya izindinganiso ezehlukene zesizotha,eziye zahluka ngokuya ngezinkambiso zamasiko zangaleso sikhathi.Amacala abucayi omthetho wobumsulwa angaholela ekuqondisweni kwesonto, kufaka phakathi ithuba lokuxoshwa.
Izithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile
I- Church Handbook ithi amalungu amathathu ombhishobhi kufanele aqinisekise ukuthi amalungu aneminyaka esukela kwengu-12 kuya kwengu-17 axoxwa kabili ngonyaka lapho ezobhunga khona "ngokubaluleka kokulalela imiyalo, ikakhulukazi ... ukugwema noma iluphi uhlobo lwezenzo zocansi, futhi ukugwema ukubuka, ukufunda, noma ukulalela izinto ezingcolile.Iphinde ithi umkhandlu wokuqondiswa kwezigwegwe akufanele ubizelwe amalungu "alwa nezithombe zocansi noma azinukubeza."
Ucansi olwenziwa ngomlomo
Ngasekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-1980, isonto laluvimbela ngokusobala ucansi lomlomo ngisho nakwabashadile njengoba lwaluthathwa njengomkhuba "ongajwayelekile, ongcolile, noma ongahlanzekile", owawukhombisa ukuziphathisa kabi ngokocansi kwiGeneral Handbook yesonto. Encwadini kaJanuwari 5, 1982, incwadi kaMongameli Wokuqala eya kubabhishobhi nakwabanye abaholi bendawo, kwachazwa ngokusobala ukuthi amalungu abamba iqhaza kunoma yibuphi ubulili bomlomo bavinjelwa ukuphuma ethempelini ngaphandle kokuthi "baphenduke futhi bayeke" lo mkhuba.Incwadi eyalandela ezinyangeni eziyisishiyagalolunye kamuva ngo-Okthoba 15, 1982, yathi uMongameli Wokuqala wayethole izikhalazo eziningi ngabaholi bamasonto ngokungafanele "becubungula izindaba zangasese, ezibucayi" futhi wayalela abaholi ukuthi bangalokothi babuze "ngemibuzo ecacile" mayelana "nezindaba ezisondelene okubandakanya ubudlelwano bomshado ". Ukuvinjelwa kocansi ngomlomo, noma kunjalo, akuzange kususwe, kuguqulwe, noma kucaciswe, futhi okuwukuphela kwesiqondiso esengeziwe kubaholi ukuthi "uma ilungu linokukhathazeka okwanele mayelana nokuziphatha okufanele kubuzwe ngakho, inkambo engcono kakhulu ukuyeka it ".
Umshado
Ngama-1800s, umkhuba womshado wasezulwini wawuhlanganisa umshado weningi, uhlobo lwesithembu. Ngokwesivumelwano sababhali-mlando, umkhuba wokushada ngobuningi wafundiswa nguJoseph Smith, umsunguli wenhlangano yeLatter Day Saint, kwathi ngemuva kokushona kukaSmith kwavunywa ngokusemthethweni ngo-1852 nguBrigham Young, umholi weSonto LDS. Lo mkhuba waduma phakathi nekhulu le-19 lapho wawuphikiswa futhi uvinjelwa uhulumeni wobumbano wase-United States, okwaholela ekuxabaneni okukhulu kwezomthetho, okwagcina ngokuthi umongameli we- LDS Church uWilford Woodruff akhiphe iManifesto yango-1890, eyamisa ngokusemthethweni ukwakhiwa kwemishado emisha ngobuningi emathempelini esonto. Noma kunjalo, imishado engavumelekile yobuningi yaqhubeka ngaphakathi kweSonto le-LDS ngemuva kwe-1890 iminyaka ethile, imvamisa eMexico. Ngo-1904, isonto lakhipha iManifesto Yesibili, eyayeka lo mkhuba osemthethweni emhlabeni wonke futhi yasungula ukuxoshwa ebandleni njengenhlawulo yabaphula umthetho. La ma-manifesto awazange ahlukanise ngokuzenzakalela izinyunyana ezikhona eziningi, kepha, futhi eminye imibhangqwana eSontweni LDS yaqhubeka nokuhlala ndawonye njengemindeni yobuningi kuze kube sekhulwini lama-20, ngomshado wesithembu wokugcina eSontweni LDS ophela ngo-1954 lapho omunye wababili baka-Edward Eyring abafazi bafa.
ISonto le-LDS, noma kunjalo, liyaqhubeka nokubona ezinye zezici zemfundiso yalo yesithembu. Yize bobabili abesilisa nabesifazane bengangena emshadweni wasezulwini benozakwethu oyedwa ngasikhathi sinye, indoda ingavalelwa abesifazane abangaphezu koyedwa. Uma unkosikazi wakhe wokuqala efa, angangena komunye umshado wasezulwini, futhi afakwe uphawu kubo bobabili unkosikazi wakhe ophilayo kanye nowakwakhe oshonile noma amakhosikazi. Owesifazane, noma kunjalo, angavalwa kuphela kumuntu oyedwa ngesikhathi esaphila. Ngama-1950s, umholi wesonto owayenethonya wakhetha ukuthi umshado wobuningi "ngokusobala" uzobuyiselwa emuva kokubuya kwesibili kukaJesu.
E-United States, iSonto LDS lizwakalise ukweseka ukwenqatshelwa komthethosisekelo ngokushada kwabantu bobulili obufanayo nesithembu futhi lathi "livuna izinyathelo ezichaza umshado njengokuhlangana kwendoda nowesifazane futhi ezinganiki ilungelo elisemthethweni noma yibuphi obunye ubudlelwano bezocansi. " Umbono webandla uthi ukuqashelwa kukahulumeni ngamalungelo anjalo "kuzolulaza isikhungo somndeni esakhiwe ngokwaphezulu".
Ukushaya indlwabu
Ezikhathini eziningi abaholi besonto bafundise ukuthi amalungu akufanele ashaye indlwabu njengengxenye yokulalela umthetho wobumsulwa.Izibonelo eziqavile zalokhu zihlanganisa umhlahlandlela wesonto wokuyeka ukushaya indlwabu okwenziwa ngawo-1970.Enye ingu-1990 yencwajana yemikhombandlela yentsha yesonto eyayithi "iNkosi iyakwenqabela ngokukhethekile ... ukushaya indlwabu" ngezinhlobo ezimbili ezilandelayo (kubandakanya neyamanje kakhulu) ebhekise kuyo ngezitatimende ezenqabela noma yini "evusa" noma imiphi imizwa yocansi noma imizwa "yomuntu uqobo" UMpostoli Spencer W. Kimball, owabe esebenza njengomongameli wesonto, waxwayisa "ngokulimala okungenzeka" kanye "nobungozi"ngezikhathi ezehlukene akubiza ngokuthi "yisono esibi ekhula "ngayo yonke imisebenzi". Umphostoli uBoyd K. Packer wethule inkulumo yenkomfa kawonke wonke ka-1976 ethi " To Young Men Only " exwayisa izinsizwa ukuthi zingaphazamisi ifektri yazo encane (isithuko ngohlelo lwazo lokuzala) hleze isheshe futhi ibe umkhuba odala ukuba necala nokudangala. lokho akulula ukumelana nakho. Unikeze ukuzivocavoca okunamandla njengendlela yokusiza ukulawula imicabango nokuqeda umkhuba wokushaya indlwabu ngoba "kuyisiphambeko" "esingathokozisi iNkosi". Le nkulumo yaphrintwa njengepheshana futhi yasatshalaliswa kabanzi yibandla kusukela ngo-1980 kuya ku-2016.Kusukela ngo-1985 isonto linikeze ibhukwana abazali abangalisebenzisa ekuxoxeni ngezocansi nezingane zabo.Leli bhukwana lifaka nezitatimende ezithi "abaprofethi balahle [ukushaya indlwabu] njengesono" kanye "nokuhlanekezela izinkanuko zomzimba" okwenza umuntu "abe yinyama". Ukukhulunywa okusobala okusanda kucaca kokushaya indlwabu ngabaholi abaphezulu enkulumweni yomphakathi kwakunguTad R. Callister owasho enkulumweni yango-2013 e- BYU-Idaho ukuthi uNkulunkulu "uyakulahla ukuzihlukumeza" (isithuko sokushaya indlwabu).
Uuvkimbela ukukhulelwa
Isimo samanje sesonto ukuthi "izinqumo mayelana nokulawulwa kokuzalwa kanye nemiphumela yalezo zinqumo zisezimbhangqwaneni ezishadile kuphela" nokuthi kufanele zibheke "impilo yomzimba nengqondo kamama nobaba namandla abo okuhlinzeka izidingo eziyisisekelo zokuphila yezingane zabo "lapho kuhlelwa umndeni.Isonto "likukhubaza kakhulu" ukuvala inzalo yokuhlinza njengama-vasectomies kanye ne- tubal ligation futhi likhuthaza amalungu ukuthi aphendukele kuyo kuphela ukuthola izimo ezibucayi ngemuva kokuxoxa ngalo nombhishobhi. ISonto le-LDS liyakuphikisa ukukhipha isisu ngokukhetha "ukuze kube lula okomuntu siqu noma kwezenhlalo" kepha lithi ukukhipha isisu kungaba yindlela eyamukelekayo ezimweni zokudlwengulwa, ukulala nesihlobo, ingozi empilweni noma empilweni kamama, noma lapho kutholakala ukuthi umbungu "ukukhubazeka okukhulu okungeke kuvumele ingane ukuthi iphile ngale kokuzalwa."
Ubumsulwa
Isonto le-LDS lifundisa amalungu alo ukuthi alalele umthetho wobumsulwa, okuyikhodi yokuziphatha kanye nesizotha. Ngaphansi kwale khodi, wonke amalungu afundiswa ukuthi "ahlanzeke ngokuziphatha emicabangweni, emazwini, nasezenzweni zabo" nokuthi bagweme izithombe ezingcolile.Ukwephulwa kwale khodi kufaka phakathi "ukuphinga, ukungabi naluthando lwemvelo, inkanuko, ukungathembeki, ukungakwazi ukuzibamba,ukuxhumana okungcolile, ukungcola, ukuthanda ngokweqile, ubufebe. Babandakanya bonke ubudlelwano bezocansi ngaphandle komshado - ukuphululana, ukuhlanekezela ngokocansi, nokuzibandakanya ocansini emicabangweni nasekukhulumeni komuntu. "
Ngenkathi ukuthumela imiyalezo ngokusemthethweni esontweni kukhululeka maqondana nezocansi ngaphakathi kwemishado yabantu bobulili obuhlukile kanye nabobulili obuhlukile, kugcina izimfundiso ezilondolozayo maqondana nobulili bangaphambi komshado .Ngokuhambisana nomthetho wobumsulwa, imfundiso ye-LDS Church ivimbela ezocansi ngaphandle komshado wobungqingili. Iningi lezingxoxo mayelana nezimfundiso ze-LDS zocansi, ikakhulukazi ngaphandle kwesonto, zigxile kulezi zimfundiso.
Ubulili
Category:Ukungena ocansini nenkolo
Umshado
Kusukela ngawo-1830s, umshado ube yingxenye esemqoka futhi ehlukile yemfundiso yenkolo yamaMormon. Izimfundiso zamaMormon ngomshado ziqala ngenkolelo yokuthi, uma zenziwa ngumuntu onegunya lobupristi elidingekayo, umshado ungaqhubeka ngemuva kwempilo. Umshado onjalo ubizwa ngokuthi " umshado wasezulwini " noma "umshado wasethempelini", futhi uyisibonelo esithile " sokubekwa uphawu " okuhlanganisa abantu ndawonye emva kwempilo. Umshado wasezulwini uthathwa njengesidingo sokungena "ebangeni" eliphakeme kakhulu lombuso wasezulwini (okuyizinga eliphakeme kakhulu lezulu kwi-Latter Day Saint theology), futhi kucatshangwa ukuthi kuvumela ababambiqhaza ukuthi baqhubeke nokuba nezingane zomoya emva kwempilo futhi yibani onkulunkulu. Ngokwenkolelo yamaMormon, ukuqhubeka komshado wasezulwini empilweni yangemva kokufa kuxhomeke kulabo abashadile abalungile.
Ubulili
Ubunikazi bobulili kanye nezindima kudlala indima ebalulekile kwimfundiso yenkolo kaMormon efundisa kanambambili oqinile wobulili obungokomoya njengenzalo yangempela yabazali abangcwele. Ingxenye yemihlangano yeSonto Langesonto okwamanje ihlukaniswe ubulili begazi, futhi iningi labongameli besonto lama-1800 uJoseph Smith noBrigham Young babenamadoda, abesifazane, nezingane abahlala ngokwehlukana kuyo yonke imihlangano yangeSonto. : 410,413–414 Ukuvezwa nobunikazi bobulili nobulili "kuyizici ezihlukile, kodwa ezihlobene" zomuntu futhi zivela kwimvelaphi efanayo yemvelo. Ngokuya ngobuncane bobulili, abaholi beSonto bakhulume ukuthi banebhizinisi elingaqediwe lokufundisa ngesihloko esinzima futhi esibucayi sabantu abaguqukayo.Esikhathini esedlule, umongameli wesonto uJoseph Fielding Smith, wathi wayekholelwa ukuthi labo abangafinyeleli embusweni wasezulwini emva kwempilo ngeke babe "owesilisa noma owesifazane, izidalwa ezingafi".
Izithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile
Abaholi besonto be-LDS bakugxekile kaningi ukusetshenziswa kwezincwadi ezivusa ucansi nezinto ezibonakalayo amashumi eminyaka. Baqhathanise izithombe zobulili ezingcolile nenhlupho noma ubhadane olutha ngokweqile njengezidakamizwa ezinzima ezifana necocaine ngezikhathi eziningi. Baphinde bathi ukubukwa kwezinto ezivusa inkanuko kungaba ngumkhuba "cishe ongenakwenzeka ukugqashula" ongafanisa "ukuqhumisa intaba" ebuchosheni. Isonto libamba imihlangano futhi linewebhusayithi yokusiza amalungu afisa ukunqanda ukusetshenziswa kwawo kwezinto eziqukethe ezocansi, futhi acele amalungu esonto ukuba ahambele umhlangano olwa nokulwa nezithombe zocansi.Abaholi besonto baphinde bathi abesifazane abagqoka ngokungenasizotha baba yizithombe zocansi kwabesilisa ababazungezile.
Ubulili
Ngaphakathi esontweni, kube nezitatimende eziningi ezingekho emthethweni maqondana nobulili. Isibonelo, "Ukuqinisa Imindeni Yethu: Ukujula Ngokujulile Esimemezelweni Somndeni" (incwadi ehlanganiswe yiSikole Sokuphila Komndeni eBrigham Young University ephethwe yibandla) ithi, "Noma singenzi ngokuphelele ukuqonda ubunjalo baphakade bobulili, kufanele sivume ukuthi buchazani kanye nenhloso yaso, futhi ngokuzithoba sifune ukuqonda nokwazisa ubunjalo bokuhlukaniswa kobulili ngokwaphezulu ohlelweni lukaNkulunkulu lwezingane Zakhe. " Le ncwadi ithi futhi:"UNkulunkulu wasidala owesilisa nowesifazane. Lokhu akulona iphutha noma ithuba elihlukahlukene lofuzo noma lamahomoni. Lokho esikubiza ngobulili kuyisici esibalulekile sobukhona bethu ngaphambi kokuzalwa kwethu. Ubulili buyingxenye yobunikazi bethu baphakade futhi bubalulekile ekuqhubekeni kwethu okuphakade. Yize singazi zonke izizathu zokuthi kungani kunjalo, siyazazi ezinye zezizathu zokuthi kungani ubulili bubalulekile ekuqhubekeni kwethu kwaphakade. Ukufeza ukuphakanyiswa kwethu, umshado waphakade phakathi kowesilisa nowesifazane uyadingeka. . . . Ukuhlangana ngokocansi phakathi kwendoda nowesifazane abashadile, phakathi kwezinye izinto, kuyindlela uNkulunkulu ayimisile yokuletha izingane zaKhe zomoya ekufeni, okuyisinyathelo esibalulekile ohlelweni lwensindiso."UMphostoli David A. Bednar uthe:[Ubulili] ubukhulu becala uchaza ukuthi singobani, kungani silapha emhlabeni,nokuthi yini okufanele siyenze futhi sibe yini. Ngezinhloso zaphezulu,imimoya yabesilisa neyabesifazane yehlukile, yehlukile, futhi iyahambisana. . .Inhlanganisela eyingqayizivele yamandla okomoya, ngokomzimba, ngokomqondo nangokomzwelo abesilisa nabesifazane ayedingeka ukwenza uhlelo lwenjabulo ". UMphostoli M. Russell Ballard ufundise wathi,Isimo samadoda nabesifazane ngaphambi kokufa nokufa sachazwa nguNkulunkulu uqobo. . . . [Kwesinye isikhathi abesifazane] bayabuza:'Ingabe inani lowesifazane lincike kuphela endimeni yakhe njengonkosikazi nomama?' Impendulo ilula futhi isobala: Cha. . . Wonke umuntu wesilisa nowesifazane olungileyo unendima ebalulekile angayidlala ekuqhubekeni kokumasha kombuso kaNkulunkulu. "
Ukuya ocansini
Isonto liyabamukela futhi lamukele ngokusemthethweni abesilisa abathandana nabobulili obufanayo njengamalungu ngaphansi kwemibandela yokuthi bazama ukuphila ngemithetho yokuziphatha yesonto. Isonto lifundisa ukuthi imizwa yobungqingili, njengoba yehlukile ekuziphatheni, kwesinye isikhathi ingabonakala ngathi izalwa nayo, nokuthi yize le mizwa kwesinye isikhathi ingafuneki,ingalawulwa futhi kufanele. Umthetho wesonto wobumsulwa uyakwenqabela ukuya ocansini kwabantu bobulili obufanayo kuzo zonke izimo. Ukwephula ngokungaguquguquki umthetho wobumsulwa kungaholela ekususweni esontweni .Yize kunjalo, abaNgcwele Bezinsuku Zokugcina abazikhomba njengabathandana nabobulili obufanayo noma abathandana nabobulili obufanayo bangahlala besesimweni esihle esontweni, ngaphandle kokugcotshwa, uma beyeka ubudlelwano bobungqingili.
Umshado
Isonto le-LDS manje selamukele umfazi oyedwa nomndeni wenuzi. Amalungu atholakala engena noma enza isivumelwano semishado yesithembu noma azihlanganisa namaqembu esithembu manje angaphansi kwesiyalo sesonto futhi angaxoshwa. Kusukela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20, iSonto LDS laqala ukuxhasa izinyathelo zepolitiki nezomthetho zokunciphisa umkhawulo osemthethweni emshadweni wendoda eyodwa nowesifazane oyedwa.
Umbhikisho wango-2021 waseNingizimu Afrika
Izidubedube nemibhikisho zenzeka eNingizimu Afrika kusukela ngomhlaka-9 kuya ku-17 Julayi 2021, kuphendulwa ekuboshweni kwalowo owayenguMongameli uJacob Zuma. Izidubedube zibangele udlame olubanzi kanye nokuphanga, kubhebhethekiswa ukudilizwa kwabasebenzi nokungalingani kwezomnotho futhi kwadaleka wubhadane lwe-COVID-19. Izinxushunxushu ziqale esifundazweni saKwaZulu-Natali kusihlwa kwangomhla ziyi-9 kuJulayi,zasakazekela esifundazweni saseGauteng kusihlwa kwangomhla ziyi-11 kuJulayi.
UZuma waboshwa ngemuva kokwala ukwethula ubufakazi kwiKhomishini kaZondo, uphenyo ngezinsolo zenkohlakalo ngesikhathi esabusa njengoMengameli kusukela ngo-2009 kuya ku-2018. Izidubedube zaqala njengemibhikisho yabalandeli bakhe KwaZulu-Natal ngaphambi kokuba idlulele ekusatshalalisweni kokuphanga nodlame kulo lonke iKwaZulu-Natal naseGauteng. INkantolo Yomthethosisekelo yasigodla isinqumo ngesicelo sikaZuma sokuhoxisa isigwebo sakhe ngomhlaka 12 Julayi 2021.Kusukela ngomhlaka-22 Julayi, bangu-337 abantu kanti abangu-3 407 bebeboshiwe ngomhlaka-18 Ntulikazi
Ezomnotho
Abantu abangaphezu kwengxenye yabantu baseNingizimu Afrika baphila ngobumpofu, kanti izinga lokungasebenzi elingu-32%. Ngokwe- World Bank imali engalingani iye yenyuka kusukela ngo-1994 eNingizimu Afrika.
Impi yezomthetho kaJacob Zuma
Lowo owayengumongameli waseNingizimu Afrika uJacob Zuma wabekwa icala lenkohlakalo ngoMashi 2018, ikakhulukazi mayelana neDili Yezikhali yaseNingizimu Afrika, eyaziwa nge "Strategic Defence Package" ebiza u-R30 billion (okulingana ne-US $ 2.5 billion noma i- £ 2 billion).Impi yezomthetho iqhubekile kusukela lapho, ithimba labameli bakaZuma bezama ukuthi amacala achithwe futhi bacela ukuthola isikhathi esithe xaxa sokuzilungiselela. Ngesikhathi kuqhubeka ukuqulwa kwecala, uZuma ubelokhu engekho enkantolo ephindelela, ebala izizathu zezempilo kanye nokushoda kwemali. Icala selidlulele eNkantolo Yomthethosisekelo.
Ukuboshwa kukaJacob Zuma
Ngemuva kokuboshwa kukaZuma, kwaqala ukubhikisha, ukuphanga nodlame ezweni lonke, abalandeli bakhe bethi makadedelwe.