cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
UNelson Mandela
"Ukuphuma kumhlalaphansi, ukwenzela ukuthatha umhlalaphansi": 2004–13 <span id=""Retiring from retirement": 2004–2013">
Ngonyaka ka 2004, uMandela wakhankasela ukuthi indebe yebhola lezinyawo yamazwe omhlaba izodlalelwa eNingizimu Afrika, i-2010 FIFA World Cup, nokumemezela ukuthi lesi kungaba yisipho esikhulukazi sezwe, ukuzobungazana nezwe lase-Afrika lapho ligubha iminyaka elishumi selokhu kwaphela umbuso wobandlululo. UMandela nguye owethula indebe yamazwe omhlaba, ye-FIFA World Cup Trophy ngemuva kokuba iNingizimu Afrika inikezwe ithuba lokuthi kube yilona lizwe elizobambela imidlalo yendebe yebhola lezinyawo yamazwe omhlaba. Ngisho noma wayengadlali indima etheni, ngoba impilo yakhe yase ibuthakathaka, uMandelwa wahambela umcimbi wokuvalwa kwendebe yemidlalo yebhola yamazwe omhlaba, lapho khona izihlwele zabantu ezamemukela ngelikhulu idumela ("rapturous reception"). Phakathi konyaka ka 2005 no-2013, uMandela nomndeni wakhe babesengxabanweni yomthetho bebanga imali ayeyibekele izizukulwana zakhe, kwi-trust yomndeni. Phakathi nonyaka ka 2013, ngesikhathi uMandela egula esesibhedlela sasePitori ephethwe yisifo samaphaphu,abomndeni wakhe babebambene ngezihluthu enkantolo, maqondana nokulungiselela ukungcwatshwa kwakhe, ubangisano lwalumaqondana nendawo yokungcwatshwa kwakhe nezingane zakhe.
Ukugula kwakhe phakathi kuka-2011 no-2013
Ngemuva kokuba ehlushwe yi-respiratory infection, isikhathi eside, uMandela washona ngomhla ka 5 Disembe 2013 eneminyaka engu 95. Washona ngehora lika 20:50 ngesikhathi sendawo [local time (UTC+2)] ekhaya lakhe e-Houghton, eJohannesburg,futhi ezungezwe umndeni wakhe. UZuma wamemezela ukushona kwakhe ememezela kuwo wonke umuntu, kanti ukushona kwakhe wakumemezela kwithelevishini. UZuma wamemezela ukuthi kube nesikhathi sokulila noma ukuzila izinsuku ezilishumi, kanti umhla ka 8 kuDisemba, kwakuzokwenziwa usuku lomthandazo nokuzihlaziya kuzwelonke, kanti inkonzo enkulu yabanjelwa e-Johannesburg eFNB Stadium ngomhlaka 10 Disemba 2013. Umzimba kaMandela wabekwa ukuze bonke abantu bazokwenza inhlonipho yokuwubukela, okwaziwa ngokuthi i-lay in state ukusukela ngomhla ka 11 ukuya ku 13 Disemba, e-Union Buildings ePitori, kanti inkonzo yomngcwabo ehlelwe umbuso, i-state funeral yabanjwa ngomhla ka 15 Disemba eQunu. Umngcwabo wakhe, wahanjelwa yizikhulu zamazwe angaphandle aseduzane nakude, ezilinganiselwa ku 90, abantu abasuka kude-kude beza eNingizimu Afrika ukuzohlanganyela kwizinkonzo zesikhumbuzo sakhe eNingizimu Afrika. Amazwe okubonga uMandela kanye nezithombe nemifanekiso yakhe, kwakugcwele  yonke indawo, ikakhulukazi kwi-social media enjengo-Facebook.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson2014130_368-0" rel="dc:references"> [368]  <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson2014130_368-0" rel="dc:references"> Ifa elilinganiselwa ku $4.1 miliyoni, lashiyelwa umkakhe, amanye amalunga omndeni, abasebenzi bakhe, kanye nezikhungo zemfundo.
I-idiyoloji yezePolitiki
UMandela wayengusopolitiki obonelela izinto ngendlela ebambekayo (practical politician), kunokuthi agxile ezintweni ezibonwa ngeso lengqondo kuphela kanye nokulandela amatiyori ezepolitiki (rather than an intellectual scholar or political theorist).<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoehmer200813Barnard201414_371-0" rel="dc:references"> [371]  <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoehmer200813Barnard201414_371-0" rel="dc:references"> Ngokusho kombhali wemilando ngabantu, ibhayografa, uTom Lodge, wathi, kuMandela ipolitiki ibihlala njalo iqondene nezindaba eziphilayo kanye nokwenza kwabantu imilando, kanti futhi wayebona ukuthi kumele abe yisibonelo esihle ngendlela yokuziphatha, kanti okombono we-idiyoloji kwakulandela ngemuva, wayekubona kuyindlela yokufinyelela ezinjongweni ezithile, kunokuba yinhloso ngokwakho ("for Mandela, politics has always been primarily about enacting stories, about making narratives, primarily about morally exemplary conduct, and only secondarily about ideological vision, more about means rather than ends."<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELodge2006ix_372-0" rel="dc:references"> [372]  <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELodge2006ix_372-0" rel="dc:references"> ). UMandela wayezibona njengomu-Afrika olwela ukukhululeka kwesizwe ngenqubo eyaziwa ngokuthi yi-African nationalist, i-idiyoloji ayebambelele kuyo selokhu ajoyina i-ANC,<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson198625.2C_232Lodge2006220Meredith2010241Sampson201137.2C_584_373-0" rel="dc:references"> [373]  <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson198625.2C_232Lodge2006220Meredith2010241Sampson201137.2C_584_373-0" rel="dc:references"> kanti futhi abuye azibone njenge-democratic socialist.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson1986231.E2.80.93232Smith2010231_374-0" rel="dc:references"> [374]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson1986231.E2.80.93232Smith2010231_374-0" rel="dc:references"> Wayegqugquzelela ukuthi kugcine kunesizwe esingabandlululi ngokwezikhundla nezimo zabantu kanti futhi lapho khona kunokulingana kwawo wonke umuntu ngenqubo eyaziwa ngokuthi yi-classless society,<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson1986231.2C_232_375-0" rel="dc:references"> [375]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson1986231.2C_232_375-0" rel="dc:references"> kanti uSampson, umchaza njengomuntu owayephikisana ngokusobala nenqubo yobukhapitali, ubunikazi bomhlaba nezimpahla zezwe bangasese, kanye nokuphikisana namandla osozimali (Sampson describing him as "openly opposed to capitalism, private land-ownership and the power of big money").<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESampson2011298_376-0" rel="dc:references"> [376]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESampson2011298_376-0" rel="dc:references">
UMandela wayefakelwa umbono womfutho yinqubo ye-Marxism, kanti ngesikhathi somzabalazo wayegqugquzelela inqubo ye-scientific socialism.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESampson2011282_377-0" rel="dc:references"> [377]  <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESampson2011282_377-0" rel="dc:references"> Ngesikhathi equliswa icala lokucikela phansi umbuso le-Treason Trial, wakuphika ukuthi uyikhomanisi,<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandela1994365Sampson2011135.E2.80.93138_378-0" rel="dc:references"> [378]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandela1994365Sampson2011135.E2.80.93138_378-0" rel="dc:references"> kanti futhi wakugcizelela lokhu nangesikhathi ekhuluma nabacosheli bezindaba amajenalisti.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson1986232_379-0" rel="dc:references"> [379]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson1986232_379-0" rel="dc:references"> Ibhayografa kaMandela uDavid Jones Smith wachaza ukuthi umandela wayeyisingathile nokuthanda inqubo yobukhomanisi futhi ezibandakanya namakhomanisi ("embraced communism and communists") ekupheleni kweminyaka yoma 1950 kanti ekuqaleni koma 1960,<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2010217.E2.80.93218_380-0" rel="dc:references"> [380]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2010217.E2.80.93218_380-0" rel="dc:references"> kanti futhi umbhali wemilando uStephen Ellis, wathola ubufakazi bokuthim uMandela wayeyilunga leqembu lamakhomanisi i-South African Communist Party (SACP).<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllis2011667.E2.80.93668_116-1" rel="dc:references"> [116]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllis2011667.E2.80.93668_116-1" rel="dc:references"> Lokhu kwaqiniswa ngemuva kokushona kwakhe, kuqiniswa ngabeqembu le-SACP kanye nabe-ANC. Ngokusho kwe-SACP, wayengelona nje ilunga kuphela, kanti futhi wayekukomidi lesigungu esiphezulu, i-Central Executive Committee.
Ubuyena siqu kanye nempilo yakhe yangasese
UMandela wayebonwa njengomholi othandekayo nonedumela nogazi ebantwini ngokubizwa ngokuthi umholi o-charismatic,<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERead2010326_396-0" rel="dc:references"> [396]  <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERead2010326_396-0" rel="dc:references"> kanti ibhayografa yakhe, uMary Benson, umchaza njengomuntu owazalelwa ukuba ngumholi weningi labantu, kanti futhi owayengazezinsi ukuba nomhuhane eluntwini ("a born mass leader who could not help magnetizing people").<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson198651_397-0" rel="dc:references"> [397]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson198651_397-0" rel="dc:references"> Wayengumuntu othathela isimo sakhe phezulu, kanti futhi impilo yakhe yonke, wayethanda ukugqoka izimpahla zeqophelo, kanti futhi iningi labantu likholelwa ukuthi wayeziphethe ngenhlonipho nesithunzi sobukhosi.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESampson2011432.2C_554_398-0" rel="dc:references"> [398]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESampson2011432.2C_554_398-0" rel="dc:references"> Kanti ukuthi wayengumuntu wasebukhosini kwakushiwo yiningi lababemsekela, konke lokhu okwenza ukuthi abenamandla obuholi bedumela ("charismatic power").<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELodge20062_399-0" rel="dc:references"> [399]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELodge20062_399-0" rel="dc:references"> Ngesikhathi ehlala eJohannesburg ngeminyaka yoma 1950, wayezithatha njengenene lesicukuthwana lom-Afrika ("Afrian gentleman"), wayehlala egqoka izimpahla eziprese ngobunono, eziphatha ngobunono, kanti futhi ekala amagama akhe engakhulumi nje aphahluke laho ekhuluma nabantu, konke lokhu ekwenza ngokuhambisana nesithunzi sesikhundla sakhe.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoehmer2008111_400-0" rel="dc:references"> [400]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoehmer2008111_400-0" rel="dc:references"> Ngokwenza lokho uLodge uthi uMandela waba ngomunye osopolitiki bokuqala ababenedumela nokudunyiswa ngabathatheli bezindaba, lokhu okwakukhombisa i-Afrika entsha yesimodeni, futhi yenkululeko ".<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELodge2006ix_372-1" rel="dc:references"> [372]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELodge2006ix_372-1" rel="dc:references"> Ngeminyaka yoma 1990 waba ngumuntu owaziwa njengogqoka izimpahla ezikhululekile nezilenga kahle emzimbeni futhi zemibala ekhanyayo, amayembe ayewagqoka agcina ngokwenziwa ngokuthi ama-"Madiba shirts" nathandekayo nakwabanye futhi ayewagqoka njalo.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoehmer2008133_401-0" rel="dc:references"> [401]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoehmer2008133_401-0" rel="dc:references">
Unkosikazi wesibili kaMandela, uWinnie Madikizela-Mandela, naye ubuya endaweni yase-Transkei, kodwa noma bobabili bahlangana eJohannesburg, lapho khona ayengunonhlalonhle (social worker) wokuqala womuntu omnyamar.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson198674.E2.80.9376Meer198893Mandela1994306.E2.80.93311Meredith2010144.E2.80.93149Smith2010104.2C_132.E2.80.93145Sampson2011110.E2.80.93113_98-1" rel="dc:references"> [98]  <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson198674.E2.80.9376Meer198893Mandela1994306.E2.80.93311Meredith2010144.E2.80.93149Smith2010104.2C_132.E2.80.93145Sampson2011110.E2.80.93113_98-1" rel="dc:references">  Kulo mendo baba namadodakazi amabili, uZenani (Zeni), owazalwa ngomhla ka 4 Februwari 1959, kanye noZindziswa (Zindzi) Mandela-Hlongwane, owazalwa ngo 1960. UZindzi wayenezinyanga ezingu 18 kuphela ngesihathi ubaba wakhe ethunyelwa ejele lase-Robben Island. Kamuva yena noWinnie baxabana babanezinkinga emndenini, lokhu okwakubonisa nezinxushunxushu ezazikhona ezweni ngaleso sikhathi, bagcina ngokwehlukana (ngo-Epreli 1992) bagcina sebedivosa (ngoMashi 1996), ngokuba nengcindeze kwezepolitiki. UNkosikazi kaMandela wesithathu, kwakungu-Graça Machel (oka Simbine), amshada ngosuku lwesikhumbuzo sokuzalwa kwakhe lapho eqeda iminyaka engu 80 ngonyaka ka 1998.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeredith2010xvii_433-0" rel="dc:references"> [433]  <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeredith2010xvii_433-0" rel="dc:references">
Ukwamukelwa kanye nomlando awushiya
Ngesikhathi eshona, eNingizimu Afrika nakumazwe angaphandle, uMandela wase ethathwa njengobaba wesizwe, kanye nobaba owasungula inqubo yedimokhrasi,<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeredith2010565_435-0" rel="dc:references"> [435]  <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeredith2010565_435-0" rel="dc:references"> nokubonwa njengomkhululi wesizwe, umsindinsi, efaniswa nalowo wase-Washington kanye no-Lincoln konke lokhu kubhanqwe ndawonye". Ngaphandle kweNingizimu Afrika, wayethathwa  njengophawu olubalulekile kumhlaba wonkana ("global icon"), kanti usolwazi ngezifundo zeNingizimu Afrika, uRita Barnard umchaza njengomunye wabantu abahlonipheke kakhulu kuwo wonke umhlaba esikhathini samanje<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnard20141.2C_2_437-0" rel="dc:references"> [437]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnard20141.2C_2_437-0" rel="dc:references"> Omunye wamabhayografa, umthatha njengeqhawe lesidimokhrasi lesikhathi samanje ("a modern democratic hero"),<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELodge2006225_438-0" rel="dc:references"> [438]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELodge2006225_438-0" rel="dc:references"> kanti idumela lakkhe lenza ukuthi abantu bamkhonze yena siqu ngokuthiwa yi- cult of personality okwakheka ngokuqondene naye.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnard20142_439-0" rel="dc:references"> [439]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnard20142_439-0" rel="dc:references"> Igama lakhe livamise ukubandakanywa namagama afana no-Gandhi kanye noMartin Luther King, Jr. njengomunye wezihlabane ezenza isibonelo kwiminyaka yama 20 century, kwabaholi ababelwa nenqubo yobandlululo ngebala, kanye nokulwa nenqubo yobukoloni a.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoehmer200882_440-0" rel="dc:references"> [440]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoehmer200882_440-0" rel="dc:references"> UBoehmer umchaza njengomunye unokuhlonipheka nesithunzi kulesi sikhathi samanje njengalokho okubizwa ngokuthi yi-"a totem of the totemic values of our age: toleration and liberal democracy"),<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoehmer200816_441-0" rel="dc:references"> [441]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoehmer200816_441-0" rel="dc:references"> kanye nophawu olubaluleke kakhulu lenqubo yokulwela ubuhlungiswa kwezenhlalisano ( "a universal symbol of social justice)".<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoehmer20081_442-0" rel="dc:references"> [442]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoehmer20081_442-0" rel="dc:references">
Udumo lukaMandela kuwo wonke umhlaba, lwaqala ngesikhathi esjele ngeminyaka yoma 1980, lapho eba yisiboshwa esidume kakhulu kunezinye, kanti futhi ewuphawu lomzabalazo wokulwa nombuso wobandlululo, kanye nophawu oluhlonishwa zigidi-gidi zabantu kuwo wonke umhlaba kubantu abalwela inqubo yokulingana kwabo bonke abantu.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnard20141_253-1" rel="dc:references"> [253]  <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnard20141_253-1" rel="dc:references"> Ngonyaka ka 1986, ibhayografa kaMandela uMary Benson, wamchaza njengomuntu oqukethe noyisibonelo sawo wonke umzabalazo wenkululeko eNingizimu Afrika.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson198613_443-0" rel="dc:references"> [443]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson198613_443-0" rel="dc:references"> UMeredith yena ukuthi waba ngophawu oluqinile lomzabalazo wabantu ababelwisana nombuso wobandlululo ngeminyaka yoma 1980, kanti futhi wayesethathwa njengomuntu oyisimanga.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeredith2010xv_444-0" rel="dc:references"> [444]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeredith2010xv_444-0" rel="dc:references"> USampson yena waphawula ukuthi ngesikhathi sempilo yakhe, lokhu kumbona njengophawu oluyisimanga noluyi-myth empilweni yakhe, kangangokuba abantu basebemthatha njengengilosi".<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESampson2011xxvi_445-0" rel="dc:references"> [445]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESampson2011xxvi_445-0" rel="dc:references">  Kungakapheli iminyaka elishumi ngemuva kokuba esukile esikhundleni sokuba nguMongameli, lesi sikhathi sakhe sasithathwa njengesikhathi sokwenzeka kwezimanga ngensebenziswano njengalokho okubizwa ngokuthi yi-"a golden age of hope and harmony",<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeredith2010599_446-0" rel="dc:references"> [446]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeredith2010599_446-0" rel="dc:references"> kanti futhi abantu lesi sikhathi basasikhumbula kakhulu nabasibone ukuthi ngaso kwakwenzeka konke okuhle le nkumbulo ebizwa i-nostalgia ngendlela esichazwa ngayot.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreund2014296_447-0" rel="dc:references"> [447]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreund2014296_447-0" rel="dc:references"> Kuwo wonke umhlaba, uMandela unikezwe idumela lentshukumo yakhe ekuqedeni umbuso wenqubo yobandlululo ngokwebala, kanye nokwakha umoya wokubuyisasna kwezinhlanga zabamhlophe nabamnyama,<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeredith2010xvi_407-2" rel="dc:references"> [407]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeredith2010xvi_407-2" rel="dc:references"> nokubonwa njengomuntu onegunya eliphezulu maqondana nempatho, kanti futhi umuntu owayekhathazeka kakhulu ngamaqiniso.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESampson2011582_448-0" rel="dc:references"> [448]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESampson2011582_448-0" rel="dc:references">
Empilweni  yakhe yokusebenza, uMandela, yayibanga ukuthi kube nemibono ehluka-hlukene, ngaye njengesishukumi kanye nosopolitiki,<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnard20142_439-1" rel="dc:references"> [439]  <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnard20142_439-1" rel="dc:references"> le mibono ehlukahlukene, yayivela kulabo abasohlangothini lobunxele nabesokudla ngezepolitiki.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoehmer2008173_449-0" rel="dc:references"> [449]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoehmer2008173_449-0" rel="dc:references"> Abanye ku-ANC babemsola bethu uthengise ngomzabalazo (selling out) ngokuvumelana ngokuthi kube nezingxoxo nohulumeni wobandlululo.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnard20142_439-2" rel="dc:references"> [439]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnard20142_439-2" rel="dc:references"> Babekhathazeka ngokuthi inhlonipho yakhe siqu, ibiphikisana nemibono eyisisekela sedimokhrasi, abeyiphakamisa nokuyiqhubela phambili.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnard20142_439-3" rel="dc:references"> [439]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnard20142_439-3" rel="dc:references"> Umbuso wakhe wasolwa ngokuhluleka ukubhekana nobhubhane lwe-HIV/AIDS, kanye futhi nokuthi angabhekani kakhulu ne-model yezomnotho eyayizozuzisa abantu abahluphekile baseNingizimu Afrika.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnard20142_439-4" rel="dc:references"> [439]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnard20142_439-4" rel="dc:references"> Ngesikhathi seminyaka yoma 1980 esesejele, umbuso wobandlululo nabanye abahambisana nombuso wobandlululo emazweni aphesheya aseNtshonalanga, babembiza ngokuthi uyiphekula-zikhuni noma i-terrorist, ngenxa yokuthatha umzabalazo wezikhali kwezepolitiki ukulwa nombuso wobandlululo .<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoehmer200546_450-0" rel="dc:references"> [450]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoehmer200546_450-0" rel="dc:references"> UThatcher wabiza i-ANC njengenhlangano yamaphekula-zikhuni ngo 1987. 1987;<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESampson2011360_451-0" rel="dc:references"> [451]  <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESampson2011360_451-0" rel="dc:references"> ngisho noma kamuva wamemezela kuBotha ukuthi akhulule uMandela.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeredith2010357_452-0" rel="dc:references"> [452]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeredith2010357_452-0" rel="dc:references"> UMandela wabuye wagxekwa ngobungani bakhe nabaholi bezepolitiki abafana no-Castro, Gaddafi noSuharto  – abathathwa njengondlovu kayiphikiswa ama-dictators balawo mazwe, yilabo ababesola kanye kanti futhi akavumanga ukukhondema ukucikelwa phansi kwamalungelo obuntu kulezi zindawo zalaba baholi.
Izindondo zokuhlonishwa, nemihlonisho,kanye namamonyumenti
Ngomhla ka 16 Disemba 2013, ngosuku lokubuyisana i-Day of Reconciliation, kwenziwa i-statue sebronzi esingamamitha angu 9 ubude sikaMandela e-Union Buildings esavulwa nguMongameli Jacob Zuma. Ngo 2004, iJohannesburg, yanikeza uMandela, inkululekko yedolobhakazi i-freedom of the city, kanti indawo ye-Sandton Square shopping centre yathiwa kabusha ngegama lakhe kwathiwa yi-Nelson Mandela Square, ngemuva kokuba kuxhonyelwe khoha i-statue sakhe. Ngo 2008, esinye istatue sikaMandela savulwa e-Drakenstein Correctional Centre, kuqala igama laso okwakuyi-Victor Verster Prison, eduzane ne-Cape Town, sixhonyelwe lapho uMandela akhululwa khona ejele.
Ngo 1993, uMandela wanikezwa indondo yoxolo ye-Nobel Peace Prize ngokuhlanganyela kanye noDe Klerk. Kwathi ngoNovemba 2009, inkundla yenhlangano yezizwe ezihlangane i-United Nations General Assembly yamemezela usuku lokuzalwa kukaMandela, usuku lomhla ka 18 Julayi njenge-Mandela Day", ukubhiyozela indima ayidlala kumzabalazo wokulwa nombuso wobandlululo. Le nkulndla yamemezela kubo bonke abantu bomhlaba ukunikezela ngamaminithi angu 67, ukwenza imisebenzi yesihe ukwenzela abanye abantu, okwakuyisikhumbuzo seminyaka engu 67 uMandela ayisebenzela eyingxenye yomzabalazo nentshukumo.
UMandela wanikezwa nendondo yaseMelika ye-Presidential Medal of Freedom kanye nendondo yase-Canada ye-Order of Canada, kanti futhi waba ngumuntu wokuqala ukwenziwa isakhamuzi sokuhlonishwa se-honorary Canadian citizen. UMandela wanikezwa nendondo ye-Soviet Union's Lenin Peace Prize kanye nokuba ngumemukeli wendondo ye- Al-Gaddafi International Prize for Human Rights. Ngo 1990, wanikezwa i-Bharat Ratna Award evela kuhulumeni waseNdiya kanti futhi ngo 1992, wamukeliswa i-Pakistan's Nishan-e-Pakistan. Ngawo lowo nyaka, wanikezwa i-Atatürk Peace Award enikezwa yona yizwe lase-Turkey; waqala wayenqaba, ngoba ekhathazeka ngokucikelwa phansi kwamalungelo obuntu, okwakwenziwa yizwe laseTurkey ngaleso sikkhathi, kodwa kamuva wayemukela le ndondo ngo 1999. U-Queen Elizabeth II wamqoka njenge-Bailiff Grand Cross ye-Order of St. John (ngemuva kwesincomo esenziwa yikomidi le-Honours and Awards Committee) kanti futhi wanikezwa nobulunga be-Order of Merit (a okwakuyisipho senkosi buqu kuye).
Amabhayografi kanye ne-media efundwa yiningi
Ibhayografi yokuqala kaMandela, umbhali wayo kwakungu-Mary Benson, kanti yayigxile kuma-interview aye wawenza noMandela, awenza ngeminyaka yoma 1960s<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELodge20068_469-0" rel="dc:references"> [469]  <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELodge20068_469-0" rel="dc:references"> Amanye amabhayografi agunyaziwe, enziwa ngabangani bakaMandela.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELodge2006vii_470-0" rel="dc:references"> [470]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELodge2006vii_470-0" rel="dc:references"> Eyokuqala yenziwa ngu-Fatima Meer ngesihloko esithi: Higher Than Hope, kanti lena yona yayikhuthazwe nguWinnie, kanti futhi yona yagxila kakhulu kumndeni kaMandela.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELodge2006vii.2C_13.E2.80.9314_471-0" rel="dc:references"> [471]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELodge2006vii.2C_13.E2.80.9314_471-0" rel="dc:references"> Eyesibili, yenziwa ngu-Anthony Sampson's Mandela yashicilelwa ngo 1999.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELodge2006vii_470-1" rel="dc:references"> [470]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELodge2006vii_470-1" rel="dc:references"> Amanye amabhayografi enziwe nguMartin Meredith esihloko sithi: Mandela, eyashicilelwa okokuqala ngo 1997, kanye neka-Tom Lodge nayo esihloko sithi: Mandela, yona eshicilelwe ngo 2006.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELodge2006vii_470-2" rel="dc:references"> [470]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELodge2006vii_470-2" rel="dc:references">
Ukusukela ngeminyaka yoma 1980 umfanekiso kaMandela waqala ukuvela kwizinto eziningi, ezifana nezithombe, okupendiwe, imidwebo, kanye nama-statue, nama-mural, izinkinobho ezifakelwa empahleni, ama-t shirt, izinto ezibekwa ngaphandle kwamafriji ukunamathelisa izinto kanye nokunye okuningi,<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson2014130_368-1" rel="dc:references"> [368]  <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson2014130_368-1" rel="dc:references"> lezi zinto zibizwa ngokuthi ama-"Mandela kitsch".<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson2014138_472-0" rel="dc:references"> [472]   <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson2014138_472-0" rel="dc:references"> Ngemuva kokushona kwakhe, i-internet yaqala ukwenza ama-memes abonisa imifanekiso kaMandeloa, kanye nezisho ezikhuthazayo ezicashunwe kwizinkulumo zakhe azenza esaphila.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson2014130_368-2" rel="dc:references"> [368]  <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson2014130_368-2" rel="dc:references">
Abaculi abaningi bacule amaculo okumbongoza nokumdumisa uMandela. Elinye lamaculo ngelisihloko sithi:The Special AKA owarekhoda iculo elithi akakhululwe i-"Free Nelson Mandela" ngo 1983, kanti futhi leli culo labuye larekhodwa ngu-Elvis Costello elarekhodwa nguye, futhi elabanedumela kakhulu. UStevie Wonder naye wanikezela ngendondo yakhe ye-Oscar ka 1985 ngeculo elithi:"I Just Called to Say I Love You" elenzela uMandela, kanti umculo wakhe wavalwa eNingizimu Afrika uvalwa ngabokusakaza abe-South African Broadcasting Corporation.
UMandela uvezwe kumasinema nakumathelevishini ngamahlandla amaningi.U-Danny Glover wadlala indima yokulingisa yena ngo 1987 HBO kwi-telefilm Mandela. Ifilimu ka 1997 ethi:Mandela and de Klerk umlingisi omkhulu kuyo kwakungu-Sidney Poitier njengoMandela, kanti u-Dennis Haysbert udlale indima yakhe kwifilimu ethi:Goodbye Bafana (2007). Kwathi ngo 2009 i-BBC yenza i-telefilm Mrs Mandela, umlingisi kaMandela kuyo kwakungu:David Harewood, kanti u-Morgan Freeman walingisa indima yakhe kwifilimu ethi:Invictus (2009). U-Terrence Howard ulingise indima yakhe kwifilimu yango 2011 ethi:Winnie Mandela. Omunye olingise indima yakhe ngu-Idris Elba kwifilimu yango 2013 ethi:Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson2014135_480-0" rel="dc:references"> [480]  <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson2014135_480-0" rel="dc:references">
Amanothi ekugcineni
<div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="list-style-type: decimal; -moz-column-width: 25em;">
Nakfa, Eritrea
INakfa yidolobha elikwisifundazwe se Northern Red Sea, Eritrea.
Mnet (isiteshi)
IMnet ( isifinyezo se-Music Network) iyisiteshi somculo wethelevishini esikhokhelwayo saseNingizimu Korea esiphethwe yi- CJ E&amp;M, isigaba seCJ ENM, esiyingxenye yeCJ Group.
Lubero
ILubero yidolobha elikwisifundazwe se North Kivu, eKhongo-Kinshasa.
Nkayi, Zimbabwe
INkayi yisifunda esingaphansi kwesifundazwe se-Matabeleland North, eZimbabwe.
Isale Commune
I-Isale yisifunda esingaphansi kwesifundazwe se Bujumbura Rural, eBhurundi.
Buqdaaqable
IBuqdaaqable noma Buq Aqable yidolobha elikwisifundazwe se Hiran, eSomaliya.
Aira Guliso (woreda)
I-Aira Guliso yi-woreda engaphansi kwesifundazwe se Oromia, e-Itiyopiya.
Ibsheway
Ibsheway yidolobha elikwisifundazwe se Faiyum, eGibhithe.
La Marsa Delegation
ILa Marsa yisifunda esingaphansi kwesifundazwe se Tunis, eThuniziya.
Djezzar District
IDjezar noma Djezzar yisifunda esingaphansi kwesifundazwe se Batna, e-Aljeriya.
Kiyomizu-dera
Kiyomizu-dera(清水寺) iyithempeli eKyoto, eJaphani. Yasungulwa ngo-778.
Segeneiti
ISegeneiti noma Segheneyti yidolobha elikwisifundazwe se Debub, Eritrea.
Mansoura, Tlemcen
IMansoura noma Mansourah ngumasipala futhi yidolobha elikwisifundazwe se Tlemcen, e-Aljeriya.
Casino
i-Thiên đường yezemidlalo (noma isikhathi seTDTC) kungenzeka kuba isigaba esikhulu somcimbi wemidlalo yezinketho kanye nezinketho zezinketho zasendlini eziningi, nesikhathi sokuzivula ngezilwandle ezahlukene zokudingeka, ngokwamanye amazwe, kudingeka, Philippines kanye ne-Vietnam. i-Thiên đường yezemidlalo iqalwe njengoba ikhona impumelelo yezindiza yezincwadi eziningi kakhulu nezidingo phakathi kwe-Afrika.
Isilinganiso
i-Thiên đường yezemidlalo ithola impilo njengoba iyikhasi lethu lezindlela zokudinga, kudingeka umdlalo we-slot, imidlalo yokuhlukanisa njengokuquma, I-Tài Xỉu, I-Poker nesi- Roulette.
Ukuqalisa: I-Thiên đường yezemidlalo yacishe lapho umnyango wokuzivula ungasahleli, kodwa kusuka ngo-2000. Ngaphambi kokuba kuyanezela, kwakukhona isikhala elincane lesayithi, selifaka izincwadi ezincane kanye nezinketho ezilula kanye nokuswelekelwa kwezingane.
Ukuphazamiseka kwezinhlelo: Ngesikhathi, i-Thiên đường yezemidlalo yaphazamiseka ngokuphazamiseka kwezinhlalo kanye nokuhlukeneyezinketho ezibalulekile zokudayiswa. Imidlalo ethandwayo njengokudubula, ukudubula, ukuthatha izinqubo kanye nokuyeka kwabekezela ukugcina ngabanye abantu abathanda ukudlala.
Ukuphakamisa isimo: Ukuze ukwazi ukuhlela ngokudlala ngabantu, i-Thiên đường yezemidlalo yaphakamisa isimo sabasebenzi nangokuthuthukisa isikhathi esizowakhiwa nesigaba sokuhambisana. Abadlali bazokwazi ukukhomba izinketho, ukwakhiwa kweprofile yabo yezithombe kanye nokuhambisana nabangane ngendlela yokuhlanganyela namagatsha anele kanye nokukhanyisa kwi-intanethi yabasebenzi.
Izivumelwano zesabelo: Ngokwenzeka kwezezinto zasendlini, i-Thiên đường yezemidlalo yabuka ukuthuthukiswa ukuze ibambisane nangokushesha ngaphandle kokugcina kwamalungelo abadlali. Abadlali bazokwazi ukufikela kanye nokudlala imidlalo ngezinhlelo zemobile njengamakhompyutha kanye ne-tablet.
Ukunyakaziswa ngaphakathi: Nokuhamba kwezithunywa zomsebenzi wamandla, i-Thiên đường yezemidlalo yalwisela ukunyakaziswa ngaphakathi kubadlali bazimele ngaphezu kwamazwe wonke. I-Thiên đường yezemidlalo yadlulisa nokuhlangabezana nabanye abalandeli ngokomqondo wokuthenga abalulekile kakhulu.
Abadlali
Izinhlangano zemidlalo: i-Thiên đường yezemidlalo yayisebenzisa izinhlangano eziningi eziningi zezemidlalo ezishicilelwe ukuze abadlali bafinyelele izinhlelo zemidlalo zokuhlela. Abahambayo abazinzelele kungenzeka bakhothame umehluko kwezincwadi ezishicilelwe, i-Electronic Arts, Ubisoft kanye ne-King.
Izinhlangano zomqondo: Izinhlangano zomqondo zingaba ngomgogodla wabasebenzi kusukela ku-Thiên đường yezemidlalo ukuze zivumelane ngomnotho wezinxuba zokufakelwa, isimo sabasebenzi semigodi, ukufakwa kokuphela nokuphakanyiswa kwemithandazo yasendlini. Abahambayo abazinzelele ngomqondo bazokwazi ukufaneleka i-Amazon Web Services, i-Google Cloud, i-Facebook for Developers kanye ne-Firebase.
Ukunikezwa
Izinhlangano zezomsebenzi: i-Thiên đường yezemidlalo yayisebenzisa izinhlangano zezomsebenzi eziningi eziningi ukuze zivikelekele abadlali ukudlala imidlalo enokugcina. Izinhlangano zezomsebenzi zingaba ngendlela yokwamukelisa isifo, isikhathi sokufakelwa
Ambohidratrimo
I-Ambohidratrimo yidolobha elikwisifundazwe se Analamanga, eMadagasika.
WWE Championship
I- WWE Championship iwumpetha womhlaba we-heavyweight odalwe futhi wakhuthazwa i- WWE ekhokhelwayo ye- wrestling yaseMelika, okwamanje evikelekile esigabeni sayo sohlobo lwe- Raw.Ngesinye sezicoco zomhlaba ezintathu ze-WWE, eduze ne- Universal Championship ku- SmackDown kanye ne- NXT Championship ku- NXT. Umpetha wamanje nguBig E, osekubusweni kwakhe kokuqala.
Kusukela ekuqaleni kwayo kuze kube ngu-2001, yathuthukiswa njengokuphela komqhudelwano oyinhloko we-WWE. Isicoco somhlaba esengeziwe, uMqhudelwano we-WCW, sengezwe ngemuva kokuthengwa kweWorld Wrestling Federation yangaleso sikhathi i- World Championship Wrestling ekuqaleni kuka-2001. Lezi zihloko kamuva zahlanganiswa njengoMqhudelwano Ongaphikisiwe. Ngemuva kokuhlukaniswa komkhiqizo wokuqala ngo-2002 kanye nokunyuswa kwegama ku- WWE, ubuqhawe bube obukhethekile ku-SmackDown, futhi i- World Heavyweight Championship yadalelwa i-Raw. I-ECW yaba uhlobo lwesithathu ngo-2006, yengeza umqhudelwano we- ECW. Leso sihloko senziwa sangasebenzi ngo-2010, kwathi iWorld Heavyweight Championship yahlanganiswa kuWWE Championship ngo-2013. Umqhudelwano uphinde waba ukuphela kwesihloko somhlaba se-WWE kwaze kwaba yilapho kwethulwa i-Universal Championship ngokuhlukaniswa kohlobo lwe-2016. Phakathi nokuhlukana kokubili komkhiqizo, i-WWE Championship ishintshe izinhlobo, ngokuvamile ngenxa ye- WWE Draft ; ngo-2019, isihloko sathuthela ku-Raw ngemva kokubusa kuka- Brock Lesnar ukuyeka i-SmackDown kulandela izehlakalo ze- Crown Jewel. I-NXT Championship iphinde yaqashelwa njengesicoco somhlaba sesithathu se-WWE ngalesi sikhathi.
Isihloko sihlanganisiwe futhi nokuhlukaniswa komkhiqizo wesibili
Ngemva kokuphela kokuhlukaniswa komkhiqizo wokuqala ngo-Agasti 2011, bobabili i-WWE Champion kanye ne-World Heavyweight Champion bangavela kokubili i- Raw ne- SmackDown NgoNovemba 2013, ngobusuku obungemva kochungechunge lwe-Survivor Series, u-John Cena owayephethe i-World Heavyweight Champion wenza inselele ku-WWE Champion u- Randy Orton ukuze anqume umpetha womhlaba ongenambangi we-WWE. U-Orton wehlule u-Cena kumdlalo we- TLC ku- TLC: Tables, Ladders &amp; Chairs pay-per-view ngoDisemba 15, 2013, ukuze kuhlanganiswe lezi zihloko. Kamuva, umqhudelwano obumbene waqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi i-WWE World Heavyweight Championship futhi wagcina uhlu lwe-WWE Championship; iWorld Heavyweight Championship yahoxiswa. U-Orton kanye nompetha abalandelayo babambe womabili amabhande omqhudelwano kwaze kwanikezwa ibhande elilodwa lobuqhawe u-Brock Lesnar obusayo ngo-August 2014.
Ngemuva kokuthi uDean Ambrose abe ngumpetha ngoJuni 2016, igama lesicoco labuyiselwa ku-WWE Championship.Ngenxa yokubuya komkhiqizo ohlukaniswe ngenyanga elandelayo, u-Ambrose wabhalwa ku-SmackDown. U-Ambrose wabe esesigcina isicoco sakhe e- Battleground ngoJulayi 24 eqhudelana nabahleli be-Raw u- Seth Rollins kanye ne- Roman Reigns, okwenza isihloko sikhethelwe i-SmackDown kuphela.NgoJulayi 25 isiqephu se- Raw, ukubhekana nokuntuleka kwesihloko somhlaba somkhiqizo, i- WWE Universal Championship yadalwa; U-Finn Bálor ube ngumpetha wokuqala e- SummerSlam .Ngemva kokwembulwa kwesihloko se-Universal, i-WWE Championship yaqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi i-WWE World Championship,kodwa yabuyiselwa ku-WWE Championship ngo-December 2016 ngesikhathi sokubusa kokuqala kwe- AJ Styles.
Ku- Crown Jewel ngo-Okthoba 31, 2019, i-SmackDown wrestler "The Fiend" uBray Wyatt uwine i-Universal Championship, ngaleyo ndlela edlulisela isicoco ku-SmackDown. Futhi kulowo mcimbi, ngemva kokubusa kwe-WWE Champion u-Brock Lesnar wayenqobe u- Cain Velasquez ukuze agcine isicoco, wahlaselwa ngu-Raw's Rey Mysterio, u-Lesnar ayehlasele emasontweni ambalwa ngaphambili..Ngobusuku obulandelayo ngoLwesihlanu Night SmackDown, U-Lesnar wayeka i-SmackDown futhi waya e-Raw ukuze aqhubeke nokuxabana kwakhe noMysterio, ngaleyo ndlela adlulisele i-WWE Championship ku-Raw.Ngo-2021, umqhudelwano we- NXT, owawusungulelwe i- NXT ngo-2012 (futhi wawuyindawo ethuthukisiwe ye-WWE kwaze kwaba ngu-2019), wawuzoqashelwa njengesicoco somhlaba wesithathu ngesikhathi esisodwa ekunyusweni.
Ukuqokwa komkhiqizo
Ngokuhlukaniswa komkhiqizo wokuqala, uhlaka lwaminyaka yonke lwasungulwa ngo-2002. Unyaka ngamunye (ngaphandle kuka-2003), Abaphathi-Jikelele babamba iqhaza kulotho esalungiswa lapho amalungu akhethiwe ohlu lwe-WWE abelwa uhlobo. I-ECW evuselelwe yaba uhlobo lwesithathu kusukela ngo-2006 kuya ku-2010. Ngomhla zingama-29 ku-Agasti 2011, i-WWE yaqeda ukunwetshwa komkhiqizo futhi abagijimi (okuhlanganisa nabo bonke ompetha), babe sebekhululekile ukuvela kunoma yiluphi uhlelo.
1963-1982
Ngenkathi yethulwa ngo-1963, iWWWF World Heavyweight Championship yasekuqaleni yayimelwe yibhande lobuqhawe laseMelika uBuddy Rogers ayelivikele esikhathini esithile ngaphambi kokuba abe ngumpetha womhlaba wokuqala weWWWF. Ipuleti elimaphakathi laleli bhande laliwuhlaka lwezwekazi lase-United States futhi kwakukhona amapuleti asemaceleni amise okwehawu anama-grappler kuwo; amapuleti ayephezu kwebhande lesikhumba elibomvu. Epuletini elimaphakathi, kwakukhona indingilizi ephahlwe ama-grapplers, futhi indilinga yayiklanyelwe ukuqukatha isithombe somnikazi wesihloko. Ngenhla kwesiyingi kwakunehawu elinokhozi phezu kwalo elinezinkanyezi ezinhlangothini eziphambene zesihlangu. Amagama-ncazo "Umpetha Womhlaba" angezwe ngaphansi kombuthano. Leli bhande lesihloko laligqokwe yingqwele yokuqala uBuddy Rogers ngo-1963 kanye nompetha wesibili uBruno Sammartino. Ngemuva kokuthi u-Sammartino abe ngumpetha, kwasungulwa ibhande lesihloko esisha ngebhande eliluhlaza. Ucezu oluphakathi nendawo olukhulisiwe luqukethe imbulunga enomqhele kanye nama-grapplers amabili, futhi ufundeka "WWWF World Champion"; amapuleti amabili aseceleni abekhumbula ukunqoba kwesicoco sikaSammartino. USammartino wayegqoke le nguqulo isikhathi sokubusa kwakhe kweminyaka eyisikhombisa. Ngemva kokunqoba u-Sammartino ngoJanuwari 1971, u-Ivan Koloff wabamba le nguqulo amasonto amathathu ngaphambi kokuba alahlekelwe nguPedro Morales. Ngesikhathi sokubusa kukaMorales, ibhande lobuqhawe labuyekezwa izikhathi ezimbalwa. Okokuqala ngo-1971, lo mklamo wawusebhandeni elinemibala ye-indigo futhi wawuqukethe amapuleti amathathu amise okwehawu. Ngezansi kwepuleti elimaphakathi, elifundeka ngokuthi "World Heavyweight Champion" futhi linesiphambano phakathi nendawo, ipuleti elihlukile elivundlile lifundeka ngokuthi "WWWF". Lokhu kwathathelwa indawo omunye umklamo ngo-1972. Le nguqulo, emgqeni obomvu, ifundeka ngokuthi "WWWF Heavyweight Wrestling Champion" emaphethelweni kunokhozi phakathi nendawo, kanti amapuleti asemaceleni ayisithupha amele amazwe amaningana. Ngo-1973 kwethulwa omunye umklamo ofanayo; lena yayisebhandeni elimnyama futhi iqukethe ama-grappler amabili ngaphezu kokhozi oluklanywe ngendlela ehlukile. Le nguqulo yabe ibanjwe ngu- Stan Stasiak, u-Bruno Sammartino, u- Superstar Billy Graham - owayegqoke ukuhluka kwesikhumba esibomvu - no- Bob Backlund. Ngesikhathi sokubusa kwakamuva, igama lephromoshini lafushaniswa laba yi-World Wrestling Federation (WWF), kodwa ibhande lobuqhawe lomzimba lisafundeka kanje "WWWF".
Imiklamo eyenziwe ngokwezifiso
Amabhande obuqhawe angokwezifiso adalelwe ukuhlonipha ompetha abathile ababusayo noma ukufanisa abalingisi babo. Phakathi nokubusa kukaHogan ngo-1986, wayenenguqulo eguquliwe ye-Hogan '86 eyenziwe, ehlanganisa isithombe sakhe esikhungweni.Lona bekuwumklamo wangokwezifiso owaphila isikhashana njengoba ebuyela enguqulweni ye-Hogan '86.Inguqulo enkulu kakhulu efana nebhande lobuqhawe lika-Hogan '86 ladalelwa u- André the Giant ngaphambi kwe- WrestleMania III, nakuba engakaze aligqoke njengompetha.
Umbusi
I-WWE Championship yayiwumqhudelwano wokuqala womhlaba owethulwa ekukhuthazeni ngo-1963. Umpetha wokuqala kwakunguBuddy Rogers, kanti sekube nompetha abasemthethweni abahlukene abangama-54 kanye nezikhala eziyi-11.Umpetha ophethe isikhathi eside kunabo bonke nguBruno Sammartino, obambe lesi sicoco kusukela ngoMeyi 17, 1963, kuya kuJanuwari 18, 1971, ingqikithi yezinsuku eziyi-2,803 (iminyaka eyi-7, izinyanga eziyi-8, nosuku olungu-1); I-Sammartino iphinde ibe nerekhodi lokubusa okude kakhulu okuhlanganisiwe ezinsukwini ezingu-4,040. U-André the Giant ungumpetha obusayo omfushane kunabo bonke, ubambe ngokusemthethweni isicoco umzuzu ongu-1, imizuzwana engama-48. Umpetha omncane nguBrock Lesnar, owanqoba lesi sicoco eneminyaka engu-25, kanti umpetha omdala nguMnu McMahon, owasinqoba eneminyaka engu-54. UJohn Cena uphethe irekhodi lokubusa izikhathi eziningi enezingu-13.
UBig E ungumpetha wamanje ekubuseni kwakhe kokuqala. Uwine isicoco ngokwenza imali ngenkontileka yakhe ethi Money in the Bank futhi ehlula uBobby Lashley ngoSepthemba 13, 2021, isiqephu seRaw eBoston, Massachusetts .I-Big E kuphela i-wrestler yesine yase-Afrika-yaseMelika ukunqoba i-WWE Championship, ngemuva kwe- The Rock ngo-1998, u- Kofi Kingston ngo-2019, no-Bobby Lashley ekuqaleni kuka-2021.
Ukuhlinzwa inhliziyo
Ukuhlinzwa kwenhliziyo, noma ukuhlinzwa kwenhliziyo, ukuhlinzwa enhliziyweni noma emikhunjini emikhulu eyenziwa odokotela abahlinzayo benhliziyo. Imvamisa isetshenziselwa ukwelapha izinkinga zesifo senhliziyo eschemic (ngokwesibonelo, ngomthambo we-coronary bypass ngokuxhunyelelwa ); ukulungisa isifo senhliziyo esizalwe naso ; noma ukwelapha isifo senhliziyo se-valvular ngezimbangela ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi i- endocarditis, isifo senhliziyo i-rheumatic, kanye ne- atherosclerosis.Kubandakanya ukufakelwa kwenhliziyo.
Runyenjes
IRunyenjes yidolobha elikwisifundazwe se Embu, eKhenya.
Medina Delegation
IMedina yisifunda esingaphansi kwesifundazwe se Tunis, eThuniziya.
Ismailia
I-Ismailia yidolobha eliyisiqongo sesifundazwe se Ismailia, eGibhithe.
Umlelesa
Umlelesa isakhi soqobo soTho esibangela uTho olulelesiwe ukuba lungcwethe isiphoqi lapho lubekwa ewongweni lenzubawonga. Umlelesa ungaba ophikayo noma ovumayo (imvama uthwalwa izinelesi nezintunge). Imilelesa efanayo iyadudulana futhi imilelesa engafani iyahuhana. Into engenawo umlelesa owanele ibizwa engachemile (neutral). Ulwazi lwangaphambilini lokuthi iziqa ezilelesiwe zinanana kanjani manje selubizwa ngokuthi ezomdikiwenzuba zakudala (classical electrodynamics), futhi zisanembile ezinkingeni ezidinga ukucubungulwa zomthelela womngako (quantum effects).
Umlelesa wamazuba uyisakhi esilondoloziwe; umlelesa oyisamba wesimiso esigonqiwe, inani lomlelesa ovumayo ongenakushintsha, osuswe enanini lomlelesa ophikayo. Umlelesa wamazuba uthwalwa izinhlayiyana zechwe. Othweni oluvamile, umlelesa ophikayo uthwalwa izinzuba, bese umlelesa ovumayo uthwalwe izinelesi endenini yeChwe. Uma kunezinzuba eziningi kunezinelezi ocezwini lotho, lolotho luzoba nomlelesa ophikayo, uma zimbalwa izinzuba, luzoba nomlelesa ovumayo, futhi uma izinzuba nezinelesi zilingana ngenani, utho luzoba olungachemile.
Ambohimahamasina
I-Ambohimahamasina yisigodi esikwisifundazwe se Haute Matsiatra, eMadagasika.
Beledweyne
IBeledweyne yidolobha eliyisiqongo sesifundazwe se Hiran, eSomaliya.
El Madher District
I-El Madher yisifunda esingaphansi kwesifundazwe se Batna, e-Aljeriya.
Saint Jarlath
I-Saint Jarlath ,  owaziwa nangokuthi u- Iarlaithe mac Loga ( ngekhulu le-6), wayengumpristi wase-Ireland futhi eyisazi esivela eConnacht, ekhunjulwa njengomsunguli weSikole sezindela saseTuam kanye ne- Archdiocese yaseTuam,usanta ongumxhasi.Ayikho impilo yangenkathi ephakathi kaJarlath esekhona, kepha imithombo yempilo yakhe nenkolo yakhe ifaka izinhlu zozalo, ukufel 'ukholo, i-Irish Lives yaseSt Brendan yaseClonfert, kanye ne-biography ehlanganiswe nguJohn Colgan ngekhulu le-17.
Ingemuva
Izinhlu zozalo lwase-Ireland ziqopha ubukhona bosanta ababili okuthiwa uJarlath: Jarlath indodana kaLugh (Iarlaithe m. Loga ), umsunguli weTuam, noJarlath indodana kaTrian (Iarlaithe m. Trena ), umbhishobhi wase-Armagh.
Jarlath ka Tuam kuthiwa ingeyamakhosi Conmhaícne, abusa khona ingxenye enkulu ukuthi ungaba wendawo ye Tuam. Omunye usanta kuthiwa wayengowaseDál Fiatach empumalanga ye- Ulster. Uhlonzwa njengoMbhishobhi wesithathu wase-Armagh, kungemuva kwendlalifa kaPatrick uBenignus kanye no- Annals wase-Ulster no- Innisfallen baqopha ukufa kwakhe ngonyaka ka-481.
Ukuphila ezimbili Irish of St Brendan, cishe ngekhulu le-12, Jarlath ibizwa ngokuthi indodana ka-Lug, indodana ka tren, indodana ka Fiacc, indodana ka Mochta, Nokuphila Okokuqala kule Ncwadi laseLismore uyaqhubeka lozalo ngokubiza Mochta indodana kaBresal, kaSiracht, kaFiacha the Fair. Bobabili Izimpilo bamelele Imchada ngoba Mochta futhi ngesisekelo salokhu, Séamus Mac Mathúna uveza ukuthi ziya emuva ungqo okuyinto conflates lozalo Iarlaithe mac Loga naleso namesake wakhe e Armagh.
UDónall Mac Giolla Easpaig uphakamisa ukuthi abangcwele bangabhekisa kumuntu ofanayo:"[...] bobabili banikezwa njengombhishobhi wesithathu wase- Armagh [...] ubufakazi bendawo obusendaweni yaseTuam bungavame ukuqinisa lo mbono [...] ubufakazi bukhombisa ukuthi kwakukhona uPatrician onamandla futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ithonya elinamandla le-Armagh endaweni yaseTuam kusukela esikhathini sokuqala kobuKristu [...] iqiniso lokuthi u-Iarlaithe wayengumbhishobhi onjengoBenignus waseKilbennan noFelartus waseDonaghpatrick, kuzophinde kubonise ukuthi uTuam [...] wayezobe esandulele uBrendan Clonfert cishe ikhulu leminyaka."
Izimpilo zase-St Brendan zase-Ireland
UJarlath ubonakala kafushane njengomuntu ovelele ezinsukwini zasendulo zase-Ireland Lives of St Brendan waseClonfert. UBrendan kuthiwa uvakashele eConnacht eyofunda ngaphansi kweJarlath yodumo.Ngelinye ilanga, lapho uJarlath esemdala, uBrendan weluleka umeluleki wakhe ukuba ashiye isikole futhi ahambe ngenqola esanda kwakhiwa kuze kuphuluke imiphongolo yayo emibili yangemuva, ngoba kuzoba khona indawo yokuvuswa kwakhe (esséirge) naleyo yabaningi emva kwakhe.Ngenxa yokuthi uJarlath wavuma ubuNkulunkulu nokuhlakanipha okuphezulu komfundi wakhe, wathi "ngithathe ngikusebenzele kuze kube phakade naphakade", wasamukela ngenjabulo iseluleko sakhe.Uhambo lwakhe aluzange lumuse kude kakhulu, njengoba imiphongolo yaphuka eTuaim da Ghualann ("Indunduma yamahlombe amabili"), okungukuthi, eTuam.
UJarlath ushone, "egcwele izinsuku", ngomhlaka-26 Disemba, cishe ngo-540, eneminyaka engaba ngu-90 ubudala.
Ngokubamba iqhaza lokuhola kuSt Brendan esisekelweni seTuam, amaLives asikisela ukuthi ukubonwa kweTuam kwakuhlanganiswe kepha kwaba ngaphansi kwaleyo yase- Annaghdown.
UTuam wazuza isikhundla sombuso omkhulu weConnacht kuphela ngo-1152 eSynod of Kells-Mellifont, kanti u- Annaghdown waba yisihlalo esizimele sedayosisi eSinodi yaseDublin ngo-1192.Ngalokhu, okuqinisekisiwe ku- Lives kufundwe njengezimo ezibonisa ngekhulu le-12.
Isisekelo seTuam
UJohn Colgan udwebe imemori yosanta ku- Acta Sanctorum Hiberniae yakhe (1645).UJarlath kuthiwa wafunda ngaphansi kukaSt Benignus eKilbennen, umfundi waseSt Patrick.
Ngemva kwalokho, yena wasungula esigodlweni sakhe sokuqala ngesikhathi Cluainfois ( Cloonfush ), eduze Tuam, kuyilapho esihlalweni zakhe eziyinhloko kwaba khona ngesikhathi Tuam.Isikole sakhe sezindela kuthiwa sidonse izazi ezivela kuzo zonke izingxenye ze- Ireland, kubalwa abafundi abanjengoSt Brendan wase- Ardfert noSanta Colman waseCloyne.Ngokubaluleka kwegama lendawo iTuam, isikhundla sikaDonall Mac Giolla Easpaig :"'waba ngowokuqala kwigama lendawo uTuaim Dá Ualann / Ghualann wabhekisa endaweni yokungcwaba yobuqaba efana naleyo eyabekwa isigaba sesibili seCluain Fearta (bheka uClonfert ).Uma kunjalo uTuam unikeza esinye isibonelo sesonto lokuqala elakhiwa noma ngasendaweni engaphambi kobuKristu engcwele. '"Ngaphandle kokuduma kwakhe, uJarlath washiya iCloonfush wayofunda ngaphansi kukaSanta Enda wase-Aran cishe eminyakeni engama-495.Ngawo-520s, wathatha umhlalaphansi waya eTuam.Ukhethe uTuam ngoba isondo lenqola yakhe laphuka lapho.UJarlath ufakiwe ohlelweni lwesibili lwabangcwele base-Ireland, okusho ukuthi kumele ngabe waphila ngaphambi konyaka ka-540.
Inkondlo enikezwe uCuimmín waseCoindeire, nayo ekhonjwe ku-Ó Cléirigh's Martyrology of Donegal, ithi uJarlath wayaziwa ngokupha nangokuzinikela emthandazweni (" izinkulumo ezingamakhulu amathathu njalo ebusuku, namakhulu amathathu okuxubana nsuku zonke"). KuMartyrology of Donegal, ubizwa ngokuthi wayebikezele amagama alabo abazomlandela, kufaka phakathi lawo ababhishobhi abathathu 'abaqamba amanga' kanye noMáel oyedwa. Ngokufanayo, wakhe hagiography ku "Omkhulu Synaxaristes leSonto Lobu-Orthodox" amarekhodi ngenxa yakhe enkulu ukuzila nokuzinikela emthandazweni wanikezwa niprofethe.