地獄_(基督教)
东正教观点
东正教教导天堂和地狱是与神的公正和爱有关，或者说，是对这种公正与爱的体验. 他们没有制造一个神圣缺席的地方，也不认为地狱在本体论上与上帝分离. For those who love the Lord, His Presence will be infinite joy, paradise and eternal life. For those who hate the Lord, the same Presence will be infinite torture, hell and eternal death. The reality for both the saved and the damned will be exactly the same when Christ "comes in glory, and all angels with Him, " so that "God may be all in all." (I Corinthians 15-28) Those who have God as their "all" within this life will finally have divine fulfillment and life. For those whose "all" is themselves and this world, the "all" of God will be their torture, their punishment and their death. And theirs will be "weeping and gnashing of teeth." (Matthew 8:21, et al.) The Son of Man will send His angels and they will gather out of His kingdom all causes of sin and all evil doers, and throw them into the furnace of fire; there men will weep and gnash their teeth. Then the righteous will shine like the sun in the Kingdom of their Father. (Matthew 13:41-43) According to the saints, the "fire" that will consume sinners at the coming of the Kingdom of God is the same "fire" that will shine with splendor in the saints. It is the "fire" of God's love; the "fire" of God Himself who is Love. "For our God is a consuming fire" (Hebrews 12:29) who "dwells in unapproachable light." (I Timothy 6:16) For those who love God and who love all creation in Him, the "consuming fire" of God will be radiant bliss and unspeakable delight. For those who do not love God, and who do not love at all, this same "consuming fire" will be the cause of their "weeping" and their "gnashing of teeth." Thus it is the Church's spiritual teaching that God does not punish man by some material fire or physical torment. God simply reveals Himself in the risen Lord Jesus in such a glorious way that no man can fail to behold His glory. It is the presence of God's splendid glory and love that is the scourge of those who reject its radiant power and light. ... those who find themselves in hell will be chastised by the scourge of love. How cruel and bitter this torment of love will be! For those who understand that they have sinned against love, undergo no greater suffering than those produced by the most fearful tortures. The sorrow which takes hold of the heart, which has sinned against love, is more piercing than any other pain. It is not right to say that the sinners in hell are deprived of the love of God ... But love acts in two ways, as suffering of the reproved, and as joy in the blessed! (St. Isaac of Syria, Mystic Treatises) The Orthodox Church of America website 东方教的一个关于地狱的表达式：地狱和天堂是上帝最为在场的维度，这种在场根据每个人与上帝相处时的精神状态而带来不同的体验，或体验为一种折磨，或体验为天堂. 对于那些讨厌上帝并讨厌自己带着上帝形象的人，当他们与神紧密地在场时，只会感到不可言喻的痛苦. Man has a malfunctioning or non-functioning noetic faculty in the heart, and it is the task especially of the clergy to apply the cure of unceasing memory of God, otherwise called unceasing prayer or illumination. "Those who have selfless love and are friends of God see God in light—Divine light, while the selfish and impure see God the judge as fire—darkness". [4 ] Archived 27 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine;"Those who have selfless love and are friends of God see God in light—divine light, while the selfish and impure see God the judge as fire—darkness". Archived 27 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Proper preparation for vision of God takes place in two stages: purification, and illumination of the noetic faculty. Without this, it is impossible for man's selfish love to be transformed into selfless love. This transformation takes place during the higher level of the stage of illumination called theoria, literally meaning vision-in this case vision by means of unceasing and uninterrupted memory of God. Those who remain selfish and self-centered with a hardened heart, closed to God's love, will not see the glory of God in this life. However, they will see God's glory eventually, but as an eternal and consuming fire and outer darkness. From FRANKS, ROMANS, FEUDALISM, AND DOCTRINE/Diagnosis and Therapy Father John S. Romanides Diagnosis and Therapy [http://www.romanity.org/htm/rom.03.en. franks_romans_feudalism_and_doctrine.02.htm#s8] 亚里士多德·帕帕尼科洛（Aristotle Papanikolaou） 和伊丽莎白·普罗德罗（Elizabeth H. Prodromou） 在他们的书本《通过信仰思考：来自东正基督教学者的新视角》中写道：“天堂和地狱这些神学符号并不被理解为空间意义上的目的地，而是指对神在场的体验的两种不同模式. ” 一些东正教神学家确实把地狱描述为与上帝分离，即，脱离了与上帝的爱的团契. Archimandrite Sophrony（Sakharov）谈到了“与上帝分离的地狱”. 保罗·埃夫多基莫夫（Paul Evdokimov）说：“地狱只不过是人与上帝的分离，人的自主权将自己与上帝所在的地方区分开来. ” 根据西奥多·斯蒂里亚诺普洛斯（Theodore Stylianopoulos），“地狱是一种与上帝分离的灵性状态，它不能体验上帝的爱，并且同时意识到上帝最终剥夺了爱，作为对自己的惩罚. ” 米歇尔·奎诺特（Michel Quenot）说：“地狱就是人与上帝隔绝的状态，人类因为喜欢受造物甚于创造者，因此沦落到这样的状态. 因此，正是人类而不是神制造了地狱. 由于上帝了为了爱而给人类自由，因此，人拥有不可思议的力量去拒绝这种爱，对上帝说‘不’. 他拒绝与上帝团契，从而成为一个捕食者，让自己遭受灵性上的死亡（地狱），这比由此而来的身体死亡更可怕. ” 另一位作家认为：“我们面对的情况、我们遇到的问题、我们所形成的关系、我们所做的选择，最终都涉及我们与上帝永远的结合或分离. ”