犹太人
语言文字
尽管犹太人努力将希伯来语恢复为犹太民族语言，但全世界犹太人并不普遍拥有这种语言知识，且通用英语，因此英語已经成为犹太人的通用语. Nava Nevo (2001). International Handbook of Jewish Education. Springer. p. 428. ISBN 9789400703544. In contrast to other peoples who are masters of their national languages, Hebrew is not the 'common possession' of all Jewish people, and it mainly—if not exclusively—lives and breathes in Israel.... Although there are oases of Hebrew in certain schools, it has not become the Jewish lingua franca and English is rapidly taking its place as the Jewish people's language of communication. Even Hebrew-speaking Israeli representatives tend to use English in their public appearances at international Jewish conventions. Chaya Herman (2006). Prophets and Profits: Managerialism and the Restructuring of Jewish Schools in South Africa. HSRC Press. p. 121. ISBN 9780796921147. It is English rather than Hebrew that emerged as the lingua franca of the Jews towards the late 20th century.... This phenomenon occurred despite efforts to make Hebrew a language of communication, and despite the fact that the teaching of Hebrew was considered the raison d'être of the Jewish day schools and the 'nerve center' of Jewish learning. Elana Shohamy (2010). Negotiating Language Policy in Schools: Educators as Policymakers. Routledge. p. 185. ISBN 9781135146214. This priority given to English is related to the special relationship between Israel and the United States, and the current status of English as a lingua franca for Jews worldwide. Elan Ezrachi (2012). Dynamic Belonging: Contemporary Jewish Collective Identities. Bergahn Books. p. 214. ISBN 9780857452580. As Stephen P. Cohen observes: 'English is the language of Jewish universal discourse.' "Jewish Languages – How Do We Talk To Each Other?". Jewish Agency. Archived from the original on 7 March 2014. Retrieved 5 April 2014. Only a minority of the Jewish people today can actually speak Hebrew. In order for a Jew from one country to talk to another who speaks a different language, it is more common to use English than Hebrew. 虽然许多犹太人有足够的希伯来语言能力来学习古典文献，而且犹太语和意第緒語、拉丁语一样也是最近在20世纪初被普遍使用的，但現今大多犹太人缺乏这样的语言能力，英语大体上取代了大部分的犹太口头语，一些罗马语言，特别是法语和西班牙语，也被广泛使用. 历史中，犹太人说得最多的是意第緒語， 但是，在犹太大屠杀之后、在锡安主义运动之后以及在以色列国采用了现代希伯来语之后，今天已经很少人使用了. 在某些地方，犹太人社区的母语与主要社群的母语不同. 例如，在魁北克，较大的阿什肯納茲猶太人社群采用英语，而较小的塞法迪犹太人社群使用法语和自己的原初语言. 同样地，南非犹太人采用了英语而不是南非语. 由于沙皇和苏联的政策， 俄罗斯人已经停止将意第绪语视为俄罗斯犹太人的语言，但这些政策也影响到邻国社群. 今天，俄语是许多苏维埃解散之后的诸多国家的犹太社群的语言，例如乌克兰乌兹别克斯坦 ，也包括在阿塞拜疆、格鲁吉亚和塔吉克斯坦的阿什肯納茲猶太人的语言. Anna Verschik (25 May 2007). "Jewish Russian". Jewish Languages Research Website. Ehrlich, Mark Avrum (2009). Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora: Origins, Experiences, and Culture, Volume 1. p. 1007. ISBN 9781851098736. Subtelny, O. (2009). Ukraine: A History, 4th Edition. University of Toronto Press, Scholarly Publishing Division. ISBN 978-1-4426-9728-7. Retrieved 12 March 2015. Congress, E.P.; Gonzalez, M.J. (2005). Multicultural Perspectives in Working with Families. Springer Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-8261-3146-1. Retrieved 12 March 2015. Anshel Pfeffer (14 March 2014). "The Jews who said 'no' to Putin". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 26 March 2014. "Bukharan Jews | Jewish Virtual Library". jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 12 March 2015. Moshe Ma'oz (2011). Muslim Attitudes towards Jews and Israel. pp. 135, 160. ISBN 9781845195274. Yaakov Kleiman (2004). DNA & Tradition: The Genetic Link to the Ancient Hebrews. Devora Publishing. p. 72. ISBN 9781930143890. The community is divided between 'native' Georgian Jews and Russian-speaking Ashkenazim who began migrating there at the beginning of the 19th century, and especially during World War II. Joshua A. Fishman (1985). Readings in the Sociology of Jewish Languages. pp. 165, 169–74. ISBN 9004072373. Jews in Tadzhikistan have adopted Tadzhik as their first language. The number of Yiddish-speaking Ashkenazic Jews in that region is comparatively low (cf. 2,905 in 1979). Both Ashkenazic and Oriental Jews have assimilated to Russian, the number of Jews speaking Russian as their first language amounting to a total of 6,564. It is reasonable to assume that the percentage of assimilated Ashkenazim is much higher than the portion of Oriental Jews. Harald Haarmann (1986). Language in Ethnicity: A View of Basic Ecological Relations. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 70–73, 79–82. ISBN 9783110862805. 北非的犹太社群雖然很小，但是犹太人已经从一个多语言的组织转变成一个单语（或接近单语）的社群，他们在阿尔及利亚、摩洛哥和突尼斯市中说法语，而大多数北非人继续使用阿拉伯语作为母语.