cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
民营航天
American deregulation
Yet one of NASA's early actions was to effectively prevent private space flight through a large amount of regulation. From the beginning, though, this met significant opposition not only by the private sector, but in Congress. In 1962, Congress passed its first law pushing back the prohibition on private involvement in space, the Communications Satellite Act of 1962. While largely focusing on the satellites of its namesake, this was described by both the law's opponents and advocates of private space, as the first step on the road to privatisation.
While launch vehicles were originally bought from private contractors, from the beginning of the Shuttle program until the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster in 1986, NASA attempted to position its shuttle as the sole legal space launch option. But with the mid-launch explosion/loss of Challenger came the suspension of the government-operated shuttle flights, allowing the formation of a commercial launch industry.
On 4 July 1982, the Reagan administration released National Security Decision Directive Number 42 which officially set its goal to expand United States private-sector investment and involvement in civil space and space-related activities.
On 16 May 1983, the Reagan administration issued National Security Decision Directive Number 94 encouraging the commercialization of ELV’s, which directed that, "The U.S. Government will license, supervise, and/or regulate U.S. commercial ELV operations only to the extent required to meet its national and international obligations and to ensure public safety."
On 30 October 1984, US President Ronald Reagan signed into law the Commercial Space Launch Act. This enabled an American industry of private operators of expendable launch systems. Prior to the signing of this law, all commercial satellite launches in the United States were restricted by Federal regulation to NASA's Space Shuttle.
On 11 February 1988, the Presidential Directive declared that the government should purchase commercially available space goods and services to the fullest extent feasible and shall not conduct activities with potential commercial applications that preclude or deter Commercial Sector space activities except for national security or public safety reasons.
In 1996, the United States government selected Lockheed Martin and Boeing to each develop Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicles (EELV) to compete for launch contracts and provide assured access to space. The government's acquisition strategy relied on the strong commercial viability of both vehicles to lower unit costs. This anticipated market demand did not materialise, but both the Delta IV and Atlas V EELVs remain in active service.
Commercial launches outnumbered government launches at the Eastern Range in 1997.
The Commercial Space Act was passed in 1998 and implements many of the provisions of the Launch Services Purchase Act of 1990.
Nonetheless, until 2004 NASA kept private space flight effectively illegal. But that year, the Commercial Space Launch Amendments Act of 2004 required that NASA and the Federal Aviation Administration legalise private space flight. The 2004 Act also specified a "learning period" which restricted the ability of the FAA to enact regulations regarding the safety of people who might actually fly on commercial spacecraft through 2012, ostensibly because spaceflight participants would share the risk of flight through informed consent procedures of human spaceflight risks, while requiring the launch provider to be legally liable for potential losses to uninvolved persons and structures.
The United States updated US commercial space legislation with the passage of the SPACE Act of 2015 in November 2015. The full name of the act is Spurring Private Aerospace Competitiveness and Entrepreneurship Act of 2015
The update US law explicitly allows "US citizens to engage in the commercial exploration and exploitation of 'space resources' [including... water and minerals]". The right does not extend to biological life, so anything that is alive may not be exploited commercially. The Act further asserts that "the United States does not [(by this Act)] assert sovereignty, or sovereign or exclusive rights or jurisdiction over, or the ownership of, any celestial body".
The SPACE Act includes the extension of indemnification of US launch providers for extraordinary catastrophic third-party losses of a failed launch through 2025, while the previous indemnification law was scheduled to expire in 2016. The Act also extends, through 2025, the "learning period" restrictions which limit the ability of the FAA to enact regulations regarding the safety of spaceflight participants.
Indemnification for extraordinary third-party losses has, as of 2015, been a component of US space law for over 25 years, and during this time, "has never been invoked in any commercial launch mishap".
Russian privatization
In 1992, a Resurs-500 capsule containing gifts was launched from Plesetsk Cosmodrome in a private spaceflight called Europe-America 500. The flight was conceived by the Russian Foundation for Social Inventions and TsSKB-Progress, a Russian rocket-building company, to increase trade between Russia and USA, and to promote the use of technology once reserved only for military forces. Money for the launch was raised from a collection of Russian companies. The capsule parachuted into the Pacific Ocean and was brought to Seattle by a Russian missile-tracking ship.
The Russian government sold part of its stake in RSC Energia to private investors in 1994. Energia, together with Khrunichev, constituted most of the Russian crewed space program.
Launch alliances
Since 1995 Khrunichev's Proton rocket has been marketed through International Launch Services, while the Soyuz rocket is marketed via Starsem. The Sea Launch project flies the Ukrainian Zenit rocket.
In 2003, Arianespace joined with Boeing Launch Services and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries to create the Launch Services Alliance. In 2005, continued weak commercial demand for EELV launches drove Lockheed Martin and Boeing to propose a joint venture called the United Launch Alliance to service the United States government launch market.
Spaceflight privatization
Since the 1980s, various private initiatives have started up to pursue the private use of space. Traditional costs to launch anything to space have been high—on the order of tens of thousands of US dollars per kilogram—but by 2020, costs on the order of a few thousand dollars per kilogram are being seen from one private launch provider that was an early 2000s startup, with the cost projected to fall to less than a few hundred dollars per kilogram as the technology of a second private spaceflight startup of ~2000 comes into service.
The first privately funded rocket to reach the boundary of space, the Kármán line, (although not orbit) was Conestoga I, which was launched by Space Services Inc. on a suborbital flight to 309 km altitude on 9 September 1982. In October 1995, their first (and only) attempt at an orbital launch, Conestoga 1620, failed to achieve orbit due to a guidance system failure.
On April 5, 1990, Orbital Sciences Corporation's Pegasus, an air launched rocket, was the first launch vehicle fully developed by a private company to reach orbit.
In the early 2000s, several public-private corporate partnerships were established in the United States to privately develop spaceflight technology. Several purely private initiatives have shown interest in private endeavors to the inner Solar System.
In 2006, NASA initiated a program to purchase commercial space transport to carry cargo to the International Space Station, while funding a portion of the development of new technology in a public-private partnership.
In May 2015, the Japanese legislature considered legislation to allow private company spaceflight initiatives in Japan.
In 2016, the United States granted its first clearance for a private flight to the moon, from the FAA's Office of Commercial Space Transportation.
On 30 May 2020, Crew Dragon Demo-2 operated by Space X became the first crewed mission to the International Space Station in the Commercial Crew Program.
After 2015, European-based private small-lift launch vehicle development got underway, particularly in Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom, but "France has largely been left out of this new commercial launch industry". In 2021, the Government of France announced a plan to fund the "France-based rocket firm ArianeGroup to develop a new small-lift rocket called Maïa by the year 2026," which would be a government-funded but commercially-developed rocket.
商业航天实体
Today many commercial space transportation companies offer launch services to satellite companies and government space organizations around the world. In 2005, there were 18 total commercial launches and 37 non-commercial launches. Russia flew 44% of commercial orbital launches, while Europe had 28% and the United States had 6%. China's first private launch, a suborbital flight by OneSpace, took place in May 2018.
Funding
In recent years, the funding to support private spaceflight has begun to be raised from a larger pool of sources than the comparatively limited pool of the 1990s. For example, and in the United States alone, ten billionaires had made "serious investments in private spaceflight activities" at six companies, including Stratolaunch Systems, Planetary Resources, Blue Origin, Virgin Galactic, SpaceX, and Bigelow Aerospace. The ten investors were Paul Allen, Larry Page, Eric Schmidt, Ram Shriram, Charles Simonyi, Ross Perot Jr., Jeff Bezos, Richard Branson, Elon Musk, and Robert Bigelow.
At the start of the private space era it was not yet clear to what extent these entrepreneurs see "legitimate business opportunity, [for example], space tourism and other commercial activities in space, or [are] wealthy men seeking the exclusivity that space offers innovators and investors." There has been speculation as to whether these investments are a "gamble", and whether they will prove lucrative.
As of the early 2020's some of these investments have paid off, with Musk's SpaceX coming to dominate the launch market in mass to orbit and with a $100 billion dollar valuation. Other companies such as Bigelow Aerospace have though collapsed and left the market. Many startup space companies such as Rocket Lab and Axiom Space have launched on the stock market for funding as Special-purpose acquisition company, but their SPAC values have been affected by market volatility.
Venture capital investment
Some investors see the traditional spaceflight industry as ripe for disruption, with "a 100-fold improvement [relatively straightforward and|orig=is actually a piece of cake, and making] a thousand-fold improvement [possible]". Between 2005 and 2015, there was US$10 billion of private capital invested in the space sector, most of it in the United States. This liberalized private space sector investments beginning in the 1980s, with additional legislative reforms in the 1990s–2000s. From 2000 through the end of 2015, a total of US$13.3 billion of investment finance was invested in the space sector, with US$2.9 billion of that being venture capital. In 2015, venture capital firms invested US$1.8 billion in private spaceflight companies, more than they had in the previous 15 years combined. , the largest and most active investors in space were Lux Capital, Bessemer Venture Partners, Khosla Ventures, Founders Fund, RRE Ventures and Draper Fisher Jurvetson.
Commercial launchers
The space transport business has, historically, had its primary customers in national governments and large commercial segments. Launches of government payloads, including military, civilian and scientific satellites, was the largest market segment in 2007 at nearly $100 billion a year. This segment is dominated by domestic favorites such as the United Launch Alliance for U.S. government payloads and Arianespace for European satellites. The commercial payload segment, valued at under $3 billion a year, was dominated by Arianespace in 2007, with over 50% of the market segment, followed by Russian launchers. See a complete list of launch systems.
Spaceflight, Inc. operates as a launch broker, matching small-payload customers with launch providers in a "ridesharing" service.
US government commercial cargo services
The US government determined to begin a process to purchase orbital launch services for cargo deliveries to the International Space Station (ISS) beginning in the mid-2000s, rather than operate the launch and delivery services as they had with the Space Shuttle, which was to retire in less than half a decade, and ultimately did retire in 2011. On 18 January 2006, NASA announced an opportunity for US commercial providers to demonstrate orbital transportation services. As of 2008, NASA planned to spend $500 million through 2010 to finance development of private sector capability to transport payloads to the International Space Station (ISS). This was considered more challenging than then-available commercial space transportation because it would require precision orbit insertion, rendezvous and possibly docking with another spacecraft. The commercial vendors competed in specific service areas.
In August 2006, NASA announced that two relatively young aerospace companies, SpaceX and Rocketplane Kistler, had been awarded $278 million and $207 million, respectively, under the COTS program. In 2008, NASA anticipated that commercial cargo delivery services to and return services from the ISS would be necessary through at least 2015. The NASA Administrator suggested that space transportation services procurement may be expanded to orbital fuel depots and lunar surface deliveries should the first phase of COTS prove successful.
After it transpired that Rocketplane Kistler was failing to meet its contractual deadlines, NASA terminated its contract with the company in August 2008, after only $32 million had been spent. Several months later, in December 2008, NASA awarded the remaining $170 million in that contract to Orbital Sciences Corporation to develop resupply services to the ISS.
Emerging personal spaceflight
Before 2004, the year it was legalized in the US, no privately operated crewed spaceflight had ever occurred. The only private individuals to journey to space went as space tourists in the Space Shuttle or on Russian Soyuz flights to Mir or the International Space Station.
All private individuals who flew to space before Dennis Tito's self-financed International Space Station visit in 2001 had been sponsored by their home governments or by private corporations. Those trips include US Congressman Bill Nelson's January 1986 flight on the Space Shuttle Columbia and Japanese television reporter Toyohiro Akiyama's 1990 flight to the Mir Space Station.
The Ansari X PRIZE was intended to stimulate private investment in the development of spaceflight technologies. 21 June 2004, test flight of SpaceShipOne, a contender for the X PRIZE, was the first human spaceflight in a privately developed and operated vehicle.
On 27 September 2004, following the success of SpaceShipOne, Richard Branson, owner of Virgin and Burt Rutan, SpaceShipOne's designer, announced that Virgin Galactic had licensed the craft's technology, and were planning commercial space flights in 2.5 to 3 years. A fleet of five craft (SpaceShipTwo, launched from the WhiteKnightTwo carrier airplane) were to be constructed, and flights would be offered at around $200,000 each, although Branson said he planned to use this money to make flights more affordable in the long term. A test flight of SpaceShipTwo in October 2014 resulted in a crash during one of the two pilots died.
In December 2004, United States President George W. Bush signed into law the Commercial Space Launch Amendments Act. The Act resolved the regulatory ambiguity surrounding private spaceflights and is designed to promote the development of the emerging U.S. commercial human space flight industry.
On 12 July 2006, Bigelow Aerospace launched the Genesis I, a subscale pathfinder of an orbital space station module. Genesis II was launched on 28 June 2007, and there are plans for additional prototypes to be launched in preparation for the production model BA 330 spacecraft.
Zero2infinity, a Spanish aerospace company, is developing a high-altitude balloon-based launch vehicle termed a bloostar to launch small satellites to orbit for customers, as well as platform for near-space tourism. World View, a stratospheric balloon exploration company based in Tucson, Ariz., is similarly leveraging its stratospheric balloon technology to launch its remote sensing services for government and commercial customers, as well as developing its own space tourism offering that would lift passengers up to 100,000 feet for a 6-8 journey. Similar projects of stratospheric balloon tourism are being developed by multiple other companies around the world (Zephalto, Space Perspective, ...), though none has yet made a high altitude crewed flight (as of Feb. 2021).
On July 11, 2021, Richard Branson and Virgin Galactic made the first successful flight to space.
On July 20, 2021, Jeff Bezos and Blue Origin also made a successful flight to space.
On September 16, 2021, Crew Dragon Resilience Inspiration4 mission operated by Space X became the first orbital spaceflight with only private citizens aboard.
Private foundations
The B612 Foundation was designing and building an asteroid-finding space telescope named Sentinel. It would have launched in 2016.
The Planetary Society, a nonprofit space research and advocacy organization, has sponsored a series of small satellites to test the feasibility of solar sailing. Their first such project, Cosmos 1, was launched in 2005 but failed to reach space, and was succeeded by the Lightsail series, the first of which launched on 20 May 2015. A second spacecraft is expected to launch in 2016 on a more complex mission.
Copenhagen Suborbitals is a crowd funded amateur crewed space programme. it has flown four home-built rockets and two mock-up space capsules.
发展计划
Many have speculated on where private spaceflight may go in the near future. Numerous projects of orbital and suborbital launch systems for satellites and crewed flights exist. Some orbital crewed missions would be state-sponsored like most COTS participants. (that develop their own launch systems). Another possibility is for paid suborbital tourism on craft like those from Virgin Galactic, Space Adventures, XCOR Aerospace, RocketShip Tours, ARCASPACE, PlanetSpace-Canadian Arrow, British Starchaser Industries or non-commercial like Copenhagen Suborbitals. Additionally, suborbital spacecraft have applications for faster intercontinental package delivery and passenger flight.
Private orbital spaceflight, space stations
SpaceX's Falcon 9 rocket, first launched in 2010 with no passengers, was designed to be subsequently human-rated. The Atlas V launch vehicle is also a contender for human-rating.
Plans and a full-scale prototype for the SpaceX Dragon, a capsule capable of carrying up to seven passengers, were announced in March 2006, and Dragon version 2 flight hardware was unveiled in May 2014. , both SpaceX and Boeing have received contracts from NASA to complete building, testing, and flying up to six flights of human-rated space capsules to the International Space Station beginning in 2017.
In December 2010, SpaceX launched the second Falcon 9 and the first operational Dragon spacecraft. The mission was deemed fully successful, marking the first launch to space, atmospheric reentry and recovery of a capsule by a private company. Subsequent COTS missions included increasingly complex orbital tasks, culminating in Dragon first docking to the ISS in 2012.
Bigelow Aerospace develops BA 330 module (based on the former NASA TransHab design) intended to be used for activities like microgravity research, space manufacturing, and space tourism with modules serving as orbital "hotels". To promote private crewed launch efforts, Bigelow offered the US$50 million America's Space Prize for the first US-based privately funded team to launch a crewed reusable spacecraft to orbit on or before 10 January 2010; such feat is yet to be achieved.
SpaceX announced that Japanese entrepreneur Yusaku Maezawa will launch with the dearMoon crew in 2023 to become to first civilian on a lunar Starship mission.
On-orbit propellant depots
In a presentation given 15 November 2005 to the 52nd Annual Conference of the American Astronautical Society, NASA Administrator Michael D. Griffin suggested that establishing an on-orbit propellant depot is, "Exactly the type of enterprise which should be left to industry and to the marketplace." At the Space Technology and Applications International Forum in 2007, Dallas Bienhoff of Boeing made a presentation detailing the benefits of propellant depots. Shackleton Energy Company has established operational plans, an extensive teaming and industrial consortium for developing LEO Propellant Depots supplied by Lunar polar sourced water ice.
Asteroid mining
Some have speculated on the profitability of mining metal from asteroids. According to some estimates, a one kilometer-diameter asteroid would contain 30 million tons of nickel, 1.5 million tons of metal cobalt and 7,500tons of platinum; the platinum alone would have a value of more than $150 billion at 2008 terrestrial prices.
Space elevators
A space elevator system is a possible launch system, currently under investigation by at least one private venture. There are concerns over cost, general feasibility and some political issues. On the plus side the potential to scale the system to accommodate traffic would (in theory) be greater than some other alternatives. Some factions contend that a space elevator — if successful — would not supplant existing launch solutions but complement them.
Failed spaceflight ventures
After earlier first effort of OTRAG, in the 1990s the projection of a significant demand for communications satellite launches attracted the development of a number of commercial space launch providers. The launch demand largely vanished when some of the largest satellite constellations, such as 288 satellite Teledesic network, were never built.
In 1996, NASA selected Lockheed Martin Skunk Works to build the X-33 VentureStar prototype for a single stage to orbit (SSTO) reusable launch vehicle. In 1999, the subscale X-33 prototype's composite liquid hydrogen fuel tank failed during testing. At project termination on 31 March 2001, NASA had funded US$912 million of this wedge shaped spacecraft while Lockheed Martin financed US$357 million of it. The VentureStar was to have been a full-scale commercial space transport operated by Lockheed Martin.
In 1997, Beal Aerospace proposed the BA-2, a low-cost heavy-lift commercial launch vehicle. On 4 March 2000, the BA-2 project tested the largest liquid rocket engine built since the Saturn V. In October 2000, Beal Aerospace ceased operations citing a decision by NASA and the Department of Defense to commit themselves to the development of the competing government-financed EELV program.
In 1998, Rotary Rocket proposed the Roton, a Single Stage to Orbit (SSTO) piloted Vertical Take-off and Landing (VTOL) space transport. A full scale Roton Atmospheric Test Vehicle flew three times in 1999. After spending tens of millions of dollars in development the Roton failed to secure launch contracts and Rotary Rocket ceased operations in 2001.
On 28 September 2006, Jim Benson, SpaceDev founder, announced he was founding Benson Space Company with the intention of being first to market with the safest and lowest cost suborbital personal spaceflight launches, using the vertical takeoff and horizontal landing Dream Chaser vehicle based on the NASA HL-20 Personnel Launch System vehicle.
Excalibur Almaz had plans in 2007 to launch a modernized TKS Spacecraft (for Almaz space station), for tourism and other uses. It was to feature the largest window ever on a spacecraft. Their equipment was never launched, and their hangar facility closed in 2016. It is to be converted into an educational exhibit.
Escape Dynamics operated from 2010 to 2015, with the goal of making single-stage to orbit spaceplanes.
In December 2012, the Golden Spike Company announced plans to privately transport space exploration participants to the surface of the Moon and return, beginning as early as 2020, for US$750 million per passenger.
XCOR Aerospace planned to initiate a suborbital commercial spaceflight service with the Lynx rocketplane in 2016 or 2017 at $95,000. The first test flights were to be conducted by 23 pilots from the Axe Apollo Space Academy, were planned for 2015.
Private space stations
By 2010, Bigelow Aerospace was developing the Next-Generation Commercial Space Station, a private orbital space complex. The space station was to have been constructed of both Sundancer and B330 expandable modules as well as a central docking node, propulsion, solar arrays, and attached crew capsules. Initial launch of space station components was planned for 2014, with portions of the station projected to be available for leased use as early as 2015. , no launches have taken place.
Robotic Lunar-surface missions
The following companies and organizations had made initial funded launch commitments for Google Lunar X Prize-related Lunar launches in 2016:
王宇 (1978年)
王宇（），男，湖北枝江人，中华人民共和国政治人物.
民营航天
Mars exploration
In June 2012, private Dutch non-profit, Mars One, announced a private one-way (no return) human mission to Mars with the aim to establish a permanent human colony on Mars. The plan was to send a communication satellite and pathfinder lander to the planet by 2016 and, after several stages, land four humans on the Martian surface for permanent settlement in 2023. A new set of four astronauts would then arrive every two years.
Mars One has received a variety of criticism, mostly relating to medical, technical and financial feasibility. There are also unverified claims that Mars One is a scam designed to take as much money as possible from donors, including reality show contestants. Many have criticized the project's US$6 billion budget as being too low to successfully transport humans to Mars, to the point of being delusional. A similar project study by NASA estimated the cost of such a feat at US$100 billion, although that included transporting the astronauts back to Earth. Objections have also been raised regarding the reality TV project associated with the expedition. Given the transient nature of most reality TV ventures, many believe that as viewership declines, funding could significantly decrease, thereby harming the entire expedition. Further, contestants have reported that they were ranked based on their donations and funds raised.
In February 2013, the US nonprofit Inspiration Mars Foundation announced a plan to send a married couple on a 2018 mission to travel to Mars and back to Earth on a 501-day round trip, with no landing planned on Mars. The mission would have taken advantage of an infrequently occurring free return trajectory—a unique orbit opportunity which occurs only once every fifteen years—and will allow the space capsule to use the smallest possible amount of fuel to get it to Mars and back to Earth. The two-person American crew – a man and a woman – will orbit around Mars at a distance of 100 mi of the surface. "If anything goes wrong, the spacecraft should make its own way back to Earth — but with no possibility of any shortcuts home."
On September 27, 2016, at the 67th annual meeting of the International Astronautical Congress, Elon Musk unveiled substantial details of the Interplanetary Transport System (ITS) design for the transport vehicles—including size, construction material, number and type of engines, thrust, cargo and passenger payload capabilities, on-orbit propellant-tanker refills, representative transit times, etc.—as well as a few details of portions of the Mars-side and Earth-side infrastructure that SpaceX intends to build to support the flight vehicles. In addition, Musk championed a larger systemic vision, a vision for a bottom-up emergent order of other interested parties—whether companies, individuals, or governments—to utilize the new and radically lower-cost transport infrastructure to build up a sustainable human civilization on Mars, potentially, on numerous other locations around the Solar System, by innovating and meeting the demand that such a growing venture would occasion.
In July 2017, SpaceX made public plans for ITS based on a smaller launch vehicle and spacecraft. The new system architecture has "evolved quite a bit" since the November 2016 articulation of the very large "Interplanetary Transport System". A key driver of the new architecture is to make the new system useful for substantial Earth-orbit and cislunar launches so that the new system might pay for itself, in part, through economic spaceflight activities in the near-Earth space zone. The Super Heavy is designed to fulfill the Mars transportation goals while also launching satellites, servicing the ISS, flying humans and cargo to the Moon, and enabling ballistic transport of passengers on Earth as a substitute to long-haul airline flights.
Since March 2020, SpaceX conducted several test flights of their Starship spacecraft. The Starship is a fully reusable two-stage vehicle designed to take passengers and cargo to the Moon, Mars, and beyond. SpaceX had initially planned to have an orbital-flight in 2021. On Wednesday, May 5, 2021, the twelfth Starship prototype (SN15) made a 10 km suborbital flight and achieved soft landing. SpaceX is currently in the process of improving and understanding the Starship spacecraft.
斑駁條鰨
斑駁條鰨為輻鰭魚綱鰈形目鰨亞目鰨科的其中一種，為熱帶海水魚，分布於印度洋印度海域，棲息深度274公尺，棲息在沿岸底層水域，生活習性不明.
绒柄革菌属
（学名：Veluticeps）是褐褶菌科下的一个属.
下属物种
本属包括以下物种：
印尼海外僑民
印尼海外僑民（Overseas Indonesians）指的是具有印尼人血統或是這些人的後裔，卻居住在印尼國土之外的人. 截至2021年，全球約有900萬印尼海外僑民， 其中官方有記錄的是470萬人 另有530萬是非法移民. 在470萬合法的僑民中，有325.4萬是印尼海外移工.
歷史
自古以來，印尼各族群人民（參見）出於貿易、教育、僱傭勞動或旅遊等目的，會離鄉背井前往世界各處. 在荷屬東印度時代，許多印尼人被殖民地政府運送到其他殖民地（如南美洲的蘇利南和大洋洲的新喀里多尼亞），以充當奴工；而在18世紀，把反對荷蘭殖民政府的送到南非，這個人數有20萬的群體被稱為開普馬來人. 某些海外族群也有印尼人血統，例如馬爾加什人是婆羅洲航海者的後裔，這些人的祖先在7世紀和8世紀古國三佛齊的鼎盛時期，經由海上貿易，從馬來群島遷移到印度洋西南角的馬達加斯加.
梅蘭陶
印尼人自古以來就受到梅蘭陶文化（Merantau，在馬來語中有流浪，長途跋涉之義）推動而有出國，遠走他鄉的做法. 印尼米南加保人與梅蘭陶有深厚的聯繫，將之當作一種生活文化. 當米南加保人男性到成年時（20-30歲），經常受鼓勵而出國；這是種男子氣概的表現，可藉此來積累財富、知識和生活經驗. 這種做法可追溯到公元7世紀，這個族群的在當時的占碑馬來王國創立時，曾發揮過重要的作用，而占碑在當時居於海上絲路的要衝位置. 其他印尼族群，如布吉人、、馬都拉族、亞齊人、巴塔克人和爪哇人也會持續遠走海外，以爭取機會、經驗、知識和各式才藝.
澳大利亞
歷史上，在荷蘭和英國的航海者首度抵達澳大利亞之前，來自蘇拉威西島南方的印尼人已經探索過澳大利亞北部海岸. 武吉士人航海者每年都利用西北方向吹來的季風，駕駛抵達澳大利亞北部，在那兒待幾個月，做貿易，以及捕撈海參（加工為海參乾），然後利用當地乾季的海岸風力返回蘇拉威西島西南角的望加錫. 這些貿易航行的做法一直持續到1907年. 如今許多居住在澳大利亞的印尼人，或是留學生，或是移工，其中多數是印尼華人. 另外有科科斯群島馬來人，是在19世紀把幾處的印尼人帶到科科斯群島， 從事椰乾生產，而留下的後裔（約有4,000-5,000人）.
香港
印尼人在香港是第二大的外國人群體，其數目僅次於菲律賓人. 這些印尼人主要來自爪哇島，從事家庭幫傭工作，也有一些印尼華人家庭和學生在香港居住. 大部分的幫傭主要居住在香港中環和灣仔兩地.
日本
估計在2013年居住於日本的印尼人約有20,000名，其中約有3,000名是非法移民. 由於日本的生活成本高、工作機會不多等原因，這一數字比前幾年已有下降. 其中多數人均為短期居留，印尼人被驅逐出境的比例相當高.
荷蘭
印尼在1605年到1945年期間是荷蘭的殖民地. 有許多印尼學生在20世紀初期到荷蘭求學. 其中大多數人住在萊頓，並積極參與的活動. 在印尼獨立革命期間以及之後，許多摩鹿加人和荷蘭裔印尼人（包括荷蘭和印尼混血者）遷移到荷蘭，他們之中大多數是前荷蘭皇家東印度陸軍的成員. 這批移居到荷蘭的人之中大約有360,000名荷蘭裔印尼人和，加上12,500摩鹿加群島人的後裔. 這些移居荷蘭者後裔中知名的有喬瓦尼·范布隆克霍斯特、丹尼·蘭扎特、羅伊·馬凱、張海麗和 等. 最初由印尼移居荷蘭的372,500人，加上他們第二/三/四代的後裔，人數已達到160萬，佔荷蘭總人口的10%.
菲律賓
在菲律賓的印尼人數量約在43,871到101,720之間. 他們主要居住在民答那峨島的穆斯林區. 在民答那峨島上達沃市有個知名的社區，有所為當地海外僑民開設的國際學校，該校大多數學生是穆斯林，也有來自蘇拉威西島北部操的基督徒.
卡達
據印尼駐卡達大使館稱，待在卡達境內的印尼公民約有39,000名.
沙烏地阿拉伯
前往沙烏地阿拉伯朝聖的印尼人中有些會長期居住在西海岸的漢志地區（此區包含有麥加和麥地那等城市），例如來自蘇門答臘島的米南加保人，他在19世紀時擔任伊瑪目，在麥加大清真寺教授沙斐儀派學說. 目前在沙烏地阿拉伯的印尼人多數是擔任幫傭，有少數是其他類型的和學生. 大多數來自印尼的學生會繼續前往沙烏地阿拉伯繼續深造（進入例如麥地那伊斯蘭大學和烏姆·庫拉大學）. 許多在當地的印尼僑民會在外交部門，和在當地的私營和外國公司，例如沙特阿拉伯航空、沙基工業股份、斯倫貝謝有限公司、哈里伯頓和營多麵等服務. 大多數在當地的印尼人居住在利雅德、吉達和達曼等地.
印尼裔沙烏地阿拉伯人
有些居住在麥加和吉達的該國公民具有印尼血統. 他們的祖先在19世紀末至20世紀中葉透過海路來到此地，目的包括朝聖、從事貿易及接受伊斯蘭教育深造. 他們之中有許多決定留在沙國，經過與當地婦女聯姻，他們的後裔從此成為該國的公民. 今天，從某些人的姓氏可推測他們具有印尼人血統，例如"Bugis（布吉人）"、"Banjar（班加爾人）"、"Batawi（）"、"Al-Felemban（巨港人）"、"Faden（巴東）人)", "Al-Bantani(萬丹人)", "Al-Minangkabawi(米南加保人)" , "Bawayan(巴韋安島人)" 等等. 這些後裔中有位名為，受國王薩勒曼任命為部長. 印尼前駐沙烏地阿拉伯大使表示麥加居民之中有50%具有印尼人血統. 根據自公元第7世紀正統哈里發時期與馬來群島之間即建立起的貿易關係，或許有此可能.
新加坡
新加坡的馬來人（Orang Melayu Singapura）約佔該國人口的14%. 他們之中大多數來自今日的印尼和馬來西亞南部. 新加坡在19世紀屬於柔佛蘇丹國. 有甚多布吉人和米南加保人到新加坡定居. 從1886年到1890年間，有多達21,000名爪哇人成為新加坡華民護衛司署（由英國殖民政府於1877年成立，目的為監視華人）的. 這些人主要在橡膠種植園從事勞動工作，在債役結束後仍留在柔佛開墾土地. 著名的印尼裔新加坡人中有新加坡共和國首任總統尤索夫·伊薩，與朱比賽（為新加坡國歌《前進吧，新加坡！》的作曲者）. 根據印尼駐新加坡大使館的數據，截至2010年，有18萬印尼公民居住在新加坡. 其中8萬人從事家庭幫傭TKI工作，1萬人擔任海員，其餘為學生或專業人士. 但新加坡對印尼人的居住登記並未強制執行，因此實際總人數可能會達到20萬人.
台灣
目前台灣移工來源國共有4個國家，分別是泰國、菲律賓、印尼及越南，其中又以印尼的人數為最多，根據中華民國勞動部的資料，截至2021年10月底在台移工比例來看，印尼籍共有240,628人（佔35.36%）. 其中男性移工主要在漁船和工廠工作，女性則進入家庭或機構，成為看護或幫傭.
美國
美國有不少印尼裔的學生以及專業人士. 有不少此類專業工程師受僱於北加州矽谷的企業，如思科系統、科拓、Google、雅虎、昇陽電腦和IBM. 在美滿電子科技任首席執行官的是位在美國的知名專業人士. 美國之音中的節目在2011年4月呼籲美國大學要與偏好印尼學生的澳大利亞、新加坡和馬來西亞大學競爭，以吸引更多印尼學生前往美國就讀.
參考文獻
分類:海外印尼人 分類:印尼人
芒氏條鰨
芒氏條鰨為輻鰭魚綱鰈形目鰨亞目鰨科的其中一種，為熱帶海水魚，分布於中西太平洋巴布亞紐幾內亞半鹹水、海域，棲息在底層水域，生活習性不明.
理性宫 (贝加莫)
理性宫（Palazzo della Ragione）是贝加莫的一座历史建筑，位于上城（Città Alta，山上被威尼斯城墙环绕的部分）的老广场（Piazza Vecchia）西南侧，与贝加莫新宫（安杰洛·麦图书馆）相对，并毗邻执政官宫（Palazzo del Podestà）和城市塔（Torre Civica）.
该建筑建于1183年-1198年，为意大利最古老的市政建筑. 1797年拿破仑征服后，该宫殿失去政治中心的地位. 到20世纪下半叶开辟为旅游景点.
奥林匹克运动会关岛代表团
關島共參加7屆夏季奥林匹克运动会，此外还參加了1988年冬季奧林匹克運動會. 截至2016年，關島代表團只有輕艇選手Sean Pangelinan及柔道選手Ricardo Blas Jr曾通過第一輪比賽. 其中Pangelinan曾在2008年北京奧運會上晉級單人加拿大式艇500米半決賽 ，而Blas Jr則是在2012年倫敦奧運會上晉級柔道100公斤級項目16強.
樂聲影城
樂聲影城（LUX CINEMA）原名樂聲大戲院，1964年創立時為全台灣最大的電影院，座落於台北市萬華區武昌街與昆明街交界，位於西門町電影街. 2014年設備裝潢翻新.
皇家蔚藍足球俱樂部
台北皇家蔚藍足球俱樂部前身為成立於2009年的台北羅素足球俱樂部 ，是一隻於台灣企業甲級足球聯賽出賽的足球隊. 其成員多以外籍球員為主.
樂聲影城
代理款侵吞事件
2012年起電影圈聞人、樂聲影城董事長張心望被王雪紅旗下公司威望國際控告侵吞代理電影款項1534多萬台幣.
2006年起王雪紅意圖跨足電影圈出資成立由外甥陳主望主導的威望國際，陳主望由於中文不佳所以委託好友張心望出任兼職總經理，實質控制公司，2012年6月，威望國際認為張心望涉及背信、侵占之嫌，召開董事會後將張心望解職，其內控密查結論認為總經理明知可直接向國外電影片商購買電影授權，卻故意多找一美國中間商JOHNNY LIN(林威)於中間牽線，林威報價過高產生價差，之後價差有1534多萬流向張心望又另成立的人頭公司「藝都會公司」，雙方法律戰開始後張心望三度獲不起訴，其中只有部分小案被檢方認定侵吞97萬多元，判決張心望背信罪6個月並易科罰金，而主案一直不被認定.
皇家蔚藍足球俱樂部
2014-15年，皇家蔚藍獲得 台北上班族足球聯賽 冠軍. 2015年8月16日，皇家蔚藍升至相當於一軍的 全國城市足球聯賽  並以第五名完成第一個賽季.
鲍培德
鲍培德（），男，湖南湘乡人，中华人民共和国政治人物，曾任中国民用航空总局副局长，中国宋庆龄基金会副主席，第十届全国政协委员.
樂聲影城
代理款侵吞事件
但王雪紅一方堅持繼續控告，要求詳查內情，北檢第四度偵查後，2018年認定張涉背信而起訴.
1廳（特大廳）
2013年耗資千萬打造旗艦特大廳，提供792座位，使用Spectro巨型數位影廳銀幕、Christie「X4K Duo」雙4K投影放映系統、杜比數位伺服器(Dolby DSS220-UK)、杜比3D立體眼鏡(Dolby3D Glasses-U.K)、杜比Dolby 7.1(UK)、一體成形高級座椅等配備，並設有無障礙空間.
2廳（大廳）
提供218名座位數，配有杜比數位伺服器(Dolby DSS220-UK)、杜比3D立體眼鏡(Dolby3D Glasses-U.K)、杜比Dolby 7.1(UK)、一體成形高級座椅，並設有無障礙空間.
3廳、4廳、5廳
樂聲影城另設有3廳、4廳、5廳，分別可容納78、49及41位觀眾，亦適合小型活動包場，配有杜比數位伺服器(Dolby DSS220-UK)、杜比3D立體眼鏡(Dolby3D Glasses-U.K)、杜比Dolby 7.1(UK)、一體成形高級座椅等配備，並設有無障礙空間.
X4K Duo 特大廳
2013年引進曾為IMAX指定使用之放映機的Christie：「X4K Duo」4K雙機投影放映系統，搭配寬達20米、高10米的Spectro巨幅銀幕及Dolby 7.1聲道系統.
「X4K Duo」4K雙機投影放映系統具備高亮度、高解析度、超寬視角及高彩度等優勢的放映效果，雙投影時仍能維持4K影像銳利度，高達68,000流明的亮度，樂聲特大廳僅用90％亮度即達標6 fl.，自稱全台最亮.
樂聲廣場 LUX PLAZA
西門町中唯一緊鄰並隸屬電影院的大型活動場地，可容納近300人. 無死角及樑柱等障礙物，內建舞台，可舉辦走秀、展覽、表演等各類型活動. 廣場尺寸約200坪
皇家蔚藍足球俱樂部
2018年台甲聯賽中皇家蔚藍墊底，因此為了續留2019年台甲聯賽必須參與資格賽，然而皇家蔚藍未能把握機會，再度被淘汰.
目前球員
2017年台甲聯賽限制外籍球員人數上限.
成就
2014/2015賽季皇家蔚藍贏得了台北上班族足球聯賽冠軍TaipeiFootball.com.tw.
歷史
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The Beginning
The Royal Blues were once called Rogues FC, founded in 2009 and named after an infamous bar in a country residing in Asia. The ‘New’ Royal Blues was renamed by Matt Underwood and Robert Iwanicki and was brought back to life ready for the 2012/13 season with big ambitions in mind. The first tournament to be entered was the 2012/13 BML League (Businessman’s League) which is the highest amateur league in Taiwan and can also be regarded as the 2nd strongest league in the country. Ex -International and top tier league players populate this league and with strong sponsorship and league backing, teams have the chance to play on one of the best maintained pitches in the country. This first BML season for the Blues saw them finish in 6th place and would set the benchmark of development for the seasons to come.
2013/14 Season
The 2013/14 BML season saw current Manager and Joint Head Coach Robert Iwanicki team up with other current Head Coach, Matt Ward. A 3rd-place finish saw an improvement with disappointment by losing out on a 2nd-place finish by a narrow margin but still, no more could have been expected after inconsistencies running through the squad with players dropping out and motivation for the game decreasing throughout the city. Things had to change and on the back end of 2014 the Blues took their chance. After an unsettled 2013/14 campaign the squad was now becoming more organized with each passing week, and most of the reasoning being down to setting a culture of excellence. By giving players opportunities to train, by giving effective training sessions and by building a team philosophy that became bigger than any individual, the small steps were starting to be taken that with hard work would lead into something bigger. These steps were fast forwarded sooner than expected.
Registration for the Intercity Division 1 (Highest level league in the country of Taiwan) came around in 2014 and with the Royal Blues’ efforts to modernize the club and proof that the positive ambition was in place, the Blues were accepted into the Division 1 play-offs. This was to be the start of a new adventure and a huge step for the club and all involved with it but there was one drawback; All teams would be limited to playing only 3 foreign players on the pitch at any one time. The Royal Blues were a team made up of foreign players! The foreign limitation rule for the upcoming playoffs and league season meant that one of the Blues’ would be rivals dropped out – Taipei City Dragons. The Dragons were also a foreign team and had competed in Division1 the previous year finishing bottom of a difficult league and under testing circumstances. An interesting Taipei rivalry wasn’t to be and the Royal Blues continued with the plan ahead and started to recruit local Taiwanese players – All to be done in the space of 6 weeks to be ready in time for the qualifiers.
Qualifiers for the First Time
With a lot of hard work, training 3 times a week and player deals sealed that would have entitled players to performance bonuses, the qualifiers started and the Blue’s fate would be sealed after 2 matches against 2 other teams – 1 of them relegated from Division 1 and the other a college team from the South of Taiwan. With limited preparation time and only a small selection of local players to choose from, it was never going to be an easy task. The trials that were held before hand attracted many Taiwanese players with between 20–30 players coming to each of the trials and showing their skills. This was a sign that football needed to be used more as a social weapon and to bring people together, showing to everyone that there are still a large number of players in the country who get overlooked for a number of reasons. This was to be one of the most satisfying achievements so far – giving people a chance to play football. A chance to join together and play the most popular sport in the world. The first match came and flew by so fast. We was 3–0 down at half time and managed to pull it back to 3–3 in the 2nd half, only to lose it in the final stages 3–5.
The second match saw the Blues lose 4–1 and at the same time ended any hope of qualification into Division 1 but with heads down, the heart could be full because the effort by everyone in both matches was one to be proud of. In the end, the lack of preparation time and player availability were big issues but at the same time, it was maybe a sign that the Blues should wait a bit longer to find their feet and continue their development. Another finding from the qualifying attempts was the crowd size that came to watch these matches. People turned up and produced bigger crowds than almost all of the actual Division 1 matches themselves, something that would need to improve if the league was to become a power in the AFC.
The Next Development – 2014/15 Season
After learning that there would be no Division 1 football this season, another BML season it was and it would turn out to be the start of things to come for the Blues. This year any team from four could have been tipped for the championship and after a very close battle with rivals Carnegies FC, the Royal Blues were crowned BML champions after losing only 1 match and a result that all the players deserved. Finally the pieces were starting to come together and with a mixture of player ability, commitment and desire, the development of the team was plain to see. The Royal Blues identity was growing and so too their wanting of developing football across the whole of the country. So what does a developing club need next? One who has a kid’s academy and licensed coaches who also wish to build the sport at grassroots level...... their own managed training pitch and facility.
'''A setback only to make desire burn harder ''' After putting together an in-depth presentation translated in both English and Chinese, the Royal Blues were invited to a football pitch selection hearing, where they would put forward their case to manage maintenance of their own pitch and facility. After showing plans for football growth for the city of Taipei and with resources to count on professional turf care advice, the Blues’ facility presentation was unsuccessful and given again to the previous owners who have been the owners for many years, regardless that the same group can only hold a facility for a period of 2 years. This was a huge setback and showed the difficult task of finding somewhere to play in the city of playable quality. 3 of the main pitches are accounted for by teams who have been running for many years but apart from Fritz Taipei (Organizers of the BML), the others are reluctant to share the pitches in their possession for other football lovers. There was one time at a pitch which was booked out by the Blues through the city’s Sports Office, when a training session didn’t even start. As the Royal Blues prepared to start a friendly match as part of match preparation, players from the group who maintain the pitch came onto the field and started to pull down goalposts. It was crazy behavior by people who were meant to be ‘maintaining’ the playing fields. Needless to say, this only increased the motivation of an already motivated club and its staff.
Division 1 Qualifiers Round 1 of 2
畸灰蝶屬
灰蝶屬（Buff，學名：Teriomima）是灰蝶科圓灰蝶亞科琳灰蝶族中的一個屬. 物種分佈於非洲，會擬態模仿粉蝶科黃粉蝶屬（Terias）的物種.
皇家蔚藍足球俱樂部
歷史
The time was here again. After becoming BML champions the Blues had an even stronger case to register for the Division 1 qualifiers and when finalized, they would compete against 3 other teams in the 1st round, for the right to go into the final round and play last year’s relegated teams. The big differences this time would be the cancelling of the foreign limitation rule and a longer time period for preparation, giving the club a better chance of success. Regular training sessions were increased and a strong team of players recruited with additional help from Sponsors. Conti (The sports brand) and San Marco (the Italian company with ties to Serie A) became the first official sponsors of the Royal Blues and gave a good indication of the direction the club would be aiming for; the want and need to professionalize the club and make better playing environments for the players and coaches. With everything finally falling into place a great opportunity came along to hire a brand new astro turf pitch at a Taipei University, in turn giving available trainings regardless of bad weather. At the same time as being a great place to train for the Royal Blues Players, the club have now also opened up access to other players from across the city who wish to play in a social kick-about, giving people a chance to play and meet other players.
Division 1 Qualifiers Round 2 of 2
With a slightly modified team, in a competition 2 out of 3, Royal Blues started the second round with a 1:0 win against Tainan City F.C. (last place in last season) and drew in the second game Taichung City F.C. on the next day, which meant that they surely were going to qualify, regardless the result of last game between Taichung City F.C. and Tainan City F.C. (6:2 win and qualification for Taichung City F.C.)
First leg as newbie
南塔街道 (乐至县)
是下辖的一个街道办事处.
皇家蔚藍足球俱樂部
歷史
Royal Blues started well into the league, beating MinChuan University team and drew the best team after first leg Tatung Taipei – this was the only time the league leaders drops points in this season. With 3 wins, one draw and 3 losses, Royal Blues are sitting in the sixth position, only 2 points away from the 3rd place and 7 points ahead of the relegation places, which to avoid is the main goal of the Blues this season.
南塔街道 (乐至县)
2019年12月，设立南塔街道，将原天池镇东街社区、南街社区、西街社区、北街社区、曙光社区、文庙沟社区、东郊社区、南郊社区、邹祠村、雷音村、六方村、金顶村、接龙村、印家村、皂角村、石庙村、幸福村、李寨村、安宁村和原孔雀乡广盐村、精忠庙村、金地村及佛星镇龙口村、观音岩村、大石包村、店子湾村所属行政区域划归南塔街道管辖.
皇家蔚藍足球俱樂部
歷史
First leg as newbie The Blues finished the league in 5th place, avoiding to play relegation games for the season 2016/2017. --->
南塔街道 (乐至县)
行政区划
下辖以下村级行政区划单位 ：
灰卧孔菌属
（学名：Griseoporia）是粘褶菌科下的一个属.
南塔街道 (乐至县)
行政区划
东街社区、南街社区、池南社区、新南社区、西街社区、北街社区、东郊社区、曙光社区、文庙沟社区、南郊社区、南山社区、幸福社区、三里社区、接龙村、观音岩村、雷音村、金地村、大石包村、安宁村.
灰卧孔菌属
下属物种
本属包括以下物种：
準糙鱗條鰨
準糙鱗條鰨為輻鰭魚綱鰈形目鰨亞目鰨科的其中一種，為亞熱帶海水魚，分布於東印度洋澳洲南部海域，棲息深度35-60公尺，體長可達15公分，棲息在軟底質底層水域，生活習性不明.
北方韧革菌属
（学名：Boreostereum）是粘褶菌科下的一个属.
下属物种
本属包括以下物种：
精器魚
精器魚，為輻鰭魚綱銀漢魚目精器魚科的其中一種，被IUCN列為易危保育類動物，分布於亞洲馬來西亞淡水流域，為熱帶魚類，棲息在底層水域，生活習性不明.
佗灰蝶屬
佗灰蝶屬（Buff，學名：Toxochitona）是灰蝶科圓灰蝶亞科琳灰蝶族中的一個屬. 物種分佈於非洲森林.
JR四國1000系柴聯車
JR四國1000系柴聯車是四国旅客鐵道 （JR四国）自1990年起使用於地方區間列車的單節編組柴聯車.
运作方式
本型車行駛於下列JR四国路线.
製造歷史
新泻運輸在1990年至1997年之间共生产了56輛1000系，分四批交付，如下所示.
内裝
車內一侧配置纵向长條椅，另一侧為横向座位，以供地區通勤使用者. 自2001年2月開始有多輛車進行了厕所改装. 之後還進行了自動門改裝.
历史
2008年，对18辆1000系車廂进行了改装，使其与新交付的1500系柴聯車相容；這些車輛被重新劃分为1200系.
27-羟基胆固醇
27-羟基胆固醇（27-Hydroxycholesterol，缩写27-HC）是一种内源性的氧化胆固醇，有着多重生物学功能，包括選擇性雌激素受體調節物（SERM）活性，肝X受体（LXR）激动剂 等，由细胞色素P450氧化酶CYP27A1催化胆固醇生成.
2017年夏季世界大學運動會游泳比賽—男子100公尺仰式
2017年夏季世界大學運動會游泳比賽男子100公尺仰式於2017年8月20日至8月21日在國立體育大學體育館舉行.
紀錄
以下是比賽前的世界紀錄及世大運紀錄：
! 紀錄 ! 運動員 ! 成績 ! 地點 ! 日期 ! 賽事
預賽
預賽於8月20日10:14舉行.
準決賽
決賽於8月20日20:48舉行.
JR四國1500系柴聯車
JR四國1500系柴聯車是由日本四国旅客鐵道 （JR四国）自2006年以来使用的柴聯車（可單節運轉）.
2017年夏季世界大學運動會游泳比賽—男子100公尺仰式
決賽
決賽於8月21日20:40舉行.
JR四國1500系柴聯車
概要
本型車是為了替換從國鐵接收的KiHa58型區間柴聯車而設計，也是JR四國繼1000型柴聯車以後第二種新造車. 內外裝由富士重工（富士テクノサービスTugデザイン事業部）設計，而由新潟運輸系統製造；設計時考慮到環保與無障礙需求. 自2006年投入德島地區的通勤列車，到 2014 年第八批次（1568、1569）交車之後告一段落.
除第七批次為近畿車輛製造以外，本型車主要由新潟運輸系統製造.
設計（第七至第八批次）
2013年由近畿車輛製造了第七批次的兩輛車（1566、1567），有重大改變. 本批車輛也是近畿車輛從Kiha 81 1-3 以後，53年以來所製造的第一輛日本使用的柴油客車，也是JR四國從7000型電聯車以後，首次使用近畿車輛製造的列車.