cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Bernice Akinwande
Awọn iṣẹ to dara julọ ti o jẹ irinṣẹ iṣẹ ati idagbasoke Bernice ni idagbasoke lati fi awọn aṣayan ti o dara julọ fun awọn iṣẹyan rẹ. O ni idanwo lati wo awọn iṣẹ mejeeji ati lati fi awọn iṣẹ ti o nilo si awọn ifẹfẹ. Agbeka rẹ ti o dara julọ lati jẹ irinṣẹ fun awọn iṣẹ ti o si ọkan ninu awọn iṣẹyan, o ti dara julọ lori iṣẹṣe, iṣẹṣe, ati awọn iṣẹyan ti o dara julọ.
Pẹlu agbara iṣẹ ti o dara julọ ati lati fi owo ri, Bernice jẹ ọmọ alaboyun kan ti o dara julọ ti o dara julọ ati ti o ni adayeba. O jẹ abajade to dara julọ, o jẹ ọmọ kanlati gba awọn ọmọde rẹ lati dide lọ ati lati se afẹfẹ ni awọn iṣẹyan rẹ.
721 Tabora
jẹ́ plánẹ́tì kékeré ní ibi ìgbàjá ástẹ́rọ́ìdì.
Efunsetan Aniwura
Efunsetan Aniwura (tí wọ́n bí ní nǹkan bíi ọdún 1790s, tí ó sì ta téru nípàá ní ọgbọ̀njọ́ oṣù karùn-ún ọdún 1874) jẹ́ ìyálóde kejì tí ó jẹ ní ìlú Ìbàdàn. Ó jẹ́ gbajúmọ̀ oníṣòwò ẹrú tí gbogbo ènìyàn bẹ̀rù. Gbajúmọ̀ rẹ̀ kọjá okowò níkan, bó ṣe gbajúmọ̀ lóde òṣèlú, náà ló jẹ́ ìlúmọ̀ọ́kà nípa ẹ̀sìn àbáláyé, ogun jíjà àti bẹ́ẹ̀ bẹ́ẹ̀ lọ. Ẹfúnṣetán jẹ́ ọ̀kan gbòógì nínú àwọn akoni-bìnrin nílẹ̀ Yorùbá tó lowo jùlọ láyé àtijó. Àwọn òpìtàn júwe rẹ̀ gẹ́gẹ́ bí apàṣẹwàá tí ó máa ń dájọ́ ikú fún èyíkéyìí nínú àwọn ẹrú rẹ̀ tí ó bá ṣẹ̀ ẹ́. Wọ́n júwe rẹ̀ pé ó burú ju jogbo lọ. Wọ́n ni bóyá ikú ọmọ bíbí rẹ̀ kan ṣoṣo àti pé àìrọ́mọ bí rẹ̀ mọ́ lọ fà á tí kò fi láàánú ènìyàn kankan mọ́.
Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody
Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody (anti-GBM Ab) jẹ́ adojú ko ìjà àrùn tí a ń rí ní Goodpasture's syndrome ṣùgbọ́n tí wọn kò rí ní microscopic polyangiitis.
Àwọn ibì kan gbà wípé " àrùn anti-GBM" àti "àrùn Goodpasture" jọ ara wọn látàrí ẹ̀yà, tí ó jẹ́ kí wọ́n maa lo "Goodpasture syndrome" fún àgbékalẹ̀ ìlera.
Sammy Davis, Jr.
Samuel George "Sammy" Davis Jr. (December 8, 1925 – May 16, 1990) je onifaaji ara Amerika to tun gbajumo fun isinje awada awon osere ati awon to gbajumo miran.
Bose Samuel
Bose Samuel je omo orile-ede Naijiria. Ó jẹ́ olóye àmì ẹ̀yẹ fàdákà ní eré ìdárayá ilẹ̀ Áfíríkà (African Games), ó sì tún jẹ́ àmì-ìwọ̀n idẹ ní àwọn eré àjọ àgbáyé (Commonwealth Games).
Isé Sise
Ni ọdun 2018, o ṣẹgun ami-eye idẹ ni iṣẹlẹ 53 kg ọfẹ ti awọn obinrin ni Awọn ere Agbaye 2018 (Women Freestyle 53Kg) ti o waye ni Gold Coast, Australia. Ni ọdun 2019, o ṣoju Naijiria ni Awọn ere Afirika 2019(2019 African Games)2019 ti o waye ni Rabat, Morocco ti o gba ami ẹyẹ fadaka ninu idije 53 kg freestyle awọn obinrin Women's Freestyle 53kg).
12050 Humecronyn
jẹ́ plánẹ́tì kékeré ní ibi ìgbàjá ástẹ́rọ́ìdì.
Jane Darwell
Jane Darwell (tí orúkọ àbísọ rẹ̀ jẹ́ Patti Woodard; tí wọ́n bí ní Oṣù Kẹwàá ọjọ́ karùn-ún, Ọdún 1879 tí ó sì kú ní Oṣù kẹ́jọ ọjọ́ kẹtàlá , Ọdún 1967) jẹ́ Òṣèrè Amẹ́ríkà lórí orí-ìtàgé, fíìmù, àti tẹlẹfísọ̀n. ó ṣe àfihàn ní fíìmù bí ọgọ́rùn-ún ní fún àsìkò sẹ́ńtúrí díẹ̀.
Ó jẹ́ òṣèrè tó gba Ebun Akademi bí Obìnrin Òṣèrè Kejì tó dára jù lọ.
Michael beach
Michael Anthony Beach (tí wọ́n bi ní oṣù kẹwàá ọgbọ́n ọjọ́ ní 1963),ọ́ jẹ́ òsẹ̀rẹ́ ti ilẹ̀ Amẹ́ríkà, tí ó kópa nínú eré Lean on Me(1989), One False Move (1992), Short Cuts (1993), Waiting to Exhale (1995), A Family Thing (1996), Soul Food (1997), àti eré Aquaman (2018). Lórí ẹ̀rọ amóhùnmáwòrán, ó ṣerẹ́ Al Boulet lórí NBC eré oníṣègùn ER láti ọdún 1995 dé 1997. Láti ọdún 1999 dé 2005, Beach tún jẹ́ ọ̀kan nínú ẹ̀dá-ìtàn nínú eré mìíràn tí àkọ́lé rẹ̀ ń jẹ́ NBC, Third Watch, àti Monte Parker, àti T. Ó, Cross nínú eré Fx's Sons of Anarchy.
8422 Mohorovičıć
jẹ́ plánẹ́tì kékeré ní ibi ìgbàjá ástẹ́rọ́ìdì.
13647 Rey
jẹ́ plánẹ́tì kékeré ní ibi ìgbàjá ástẹ́rọ́ìdì.
1487 Boda
jẹ́ plánẹ́tì kékeré ní ibi ìgbàjá ástẹ́rọ́ìdì.
930 Westphalia
jẹ́ plánẹ́tì kékeré ní ibi ìgbàjá ástẹ́rọ́ìdì.
Gulf Pẹ́rsíà
je omiokun ni Ayé.
Ife Ẹ̀yẹ Àgbáyé FIFA 2010
Ife Ẹ̀yẹ Àgbáyé FIFA 2010 ni Ife Eye Agbaye FIFA kokandinlogun, idije agbaye fun egbe agbaboolu orile-ede awon okunrin. O waye ni Guusu Afrika lati ojo 11 Osu Kefa de ojo 11 Osu Keje 2010. Awon orile-ede Afrika nikan ni won ni aye lati du igbalejo re; ni 2004, FIFA yan orile-ede Guusu Afrika koja Egypt ati Morocco lati di orile-ede Afrika akoko ti yio gbalejo idije na.
Gbogbo ayo sele ni papa ereidaraya mewa ni ilu mesan kakiri orile-ede na, ayo iwasopin waye ni papa ereidaraya Soccer City ni Johannesburg. Awon egbe agbaboolu mejilelogbon ni won kopa leyin ti won ti yori ninu àwon idije ikopa to bere ni Osu Kejo 2007. Ninu ere ayo akoko idije na, awon egbe agbaboolu kookan dije ninu adipo ifigagbaga larin awon egbe agbaboolu merin fun ipo, awon egbe agbaboolu meji ti won lewaju ninu won ni won tesiwaju. Awon egbe agbaboolu merindinlogun yi tesiwaju ninu idije pami-nku, nibi ere ayo pami-nku igba meta fa awon egbe agbaboolu meji ti won kopa ninu ayo amuwasopin wa.
Ninu ayo iwasopin, orile-ede Spein, to je aboriidije Europe, bori orile-ede Nedalandi pelu gol 1–0 leyin asiko afikun, Andrés Iniesta lo ju gol wole ni iseju 116k lati fun Spein ni ife-eye agbaye akoko re, o di orile-ede ekejo ti yio gba ife-eye na ati orile-ede Europe akoko ti yio gba ni eyin odi orile Europe. Guusu Afrika to gbalejo, world champions Italia to je aboriidije ni 2006 ati Fransi to gba ipo keji ni 2006, ni gbogbo won je kikolese lati inu awon ere ayo ayikan akoko idije na. Igba akoko nu ti orile-ede agbalejo je kikolese lati inu ere ayo ayikan akoko.
Iyan agbalejo
Africa was chosen as the host for the 2010 World Cup as part of a short-lived policy, abandoned in 2007, to rotate the event among football confederations. Five African nations placed bids to host the 2010 World Cup: Egypt, Morocco, South Africa and a joint bid from Libya and Tunisia.
Following the decision of the FIFA Executive Committee not to allow co-hosted tournaments, Tunisia withdrew from the bidding process. The committee also decided not to consider Libya's solo bid as it no longer met all the stipulations laid down in the official List of Requirements.
The winning bid was announced by FIFA president Sepp Blatter at a media conference on 15 May 2004 in Zürich; in the first round of voting South Africa received 14 votes, Morocco received 10 votes and Egypt no votes. South Africa, which had narrowly failed to win the right to host the 2006 event, was thus awarded the right to host the tournament.
During 2006 and 2007, rumours circulated in various news sources that the 2010 World Cup could be moved to another country. Franz Beckenbauer, Horst R. Schmidt and, reportedly, some FIFA executives, expressed concern over the planning, organisation, and pace of South Africa's preparations. FIFA officials repeatedly expressed their confidence in South Africa as host, stating that a contingency plan existed only to cover natural catastrophes, as had been in place at previous FIFA World Cups.
Àwọn ayò ìkópa
The qualification draw for the 2010 World Cup was held in Durban on 25 November 2007. As the host nation, South Africa qualified automatically for the tournament. As happened in the previous tournament, the defending champions were not given an automatic berth, and Italy had to participate in qualification. With a pool of entrants comprising 204 of the 208 FIFA national teams at the time, the 2010 World Cup shares with the 2008 Summer Olympics the record for most competing nations in a sporting event.
5218 Kutsak
jẹ́ plánẹ́tì kékeré ní ibi ìgbàjá ástẹ́rọ́ìdì.
Ife Ẹ̀yẹ Àgbáyé FIFA 2010
Àwọn ayò ìkópa
Some controversies took place during the qualifications. In the second leg of the play-off between France and the Republic of Ireland, French captain Thierry Henry, unseen by the referee, handled the ball in the lead up to a late goal, which enabled France to qualify ahead of Ireland, sparking widespread controversy and debate. FIFA rejected a request from the Football Association of Ireland to replay the match, and Ireland later withdrew a request to be included as an unprecedented 33rd World Cup entrant. As a result, FIFA announced a review into the use of technology or extra officials at the highest level, but decided against the widely expected fast-tracking of goal-line referee's assistants for the South African tournament.
Costa Rica complained over Uruguay's winning goal in the CONMEBOL–CONCACAF playoff, while Egypt and Algeria's November 2009 matches were surrounded by reports of crowd trouble. On the subject of fair play, FIFA President Sepp Blatter said: "I appeal to all the players and coaches to observe this fair play. In 2010 we want to prove that football is more than just kicking a ball but has social and cultural value ... So we ask the players 'please observe fair play' so they will be an example to the rest of the world."
Àtòjọ àwọn ẹgbẹ́ agbábọ́ọ̀lù tó yọrí láti kópa
Awon egbe agbaboolu, pelu ip won ki idije o to bere, ni won yori lati kopa ninu idije na.
Ìmúra
Five new stadiums were built for the tournament, and five of the existing venues were upgraded. Construction costs were expected to be R8.4 billion (just over US$1 billion or €950 million).
The country implemented special measures to ensure the safety and security of spectators in accordance with standard FIFA requirements, including a temporary restriction of flight operation in the airspace surrounding the stadiums.
At a ceremony to mark 100 days before the event, FIFA president Sepp Blatter praised the readiness of the country for the event.
Construction strike
On 8 July 2009, 70,000 construction workers who were working on the new stadiums walked off their jobs. The majority of the workers receive R2500 per month (about £192, €224 or US$313), but the unions alleged that some workers were grossly underpaid. A spokesperson for the National Union of Mineworkers said to the SABC that the "no work no pay" strike would go on until FIFA assessed penalties on the organisers. Other unions threatened to strike into 2011. The strike was swiftly resolved and workers were back at work within a week of it starting. There were no further strikes and all stadiums and construction projects were completed in time for the kick off.
Ẹ̀bùn owó
The total prize money on offer for the tournament was confirmed by FIFA as US$420 million (including payments of US$40 million to domestic clubs), a 60 percent increase on the 2006 tournament. Before the tournament, each of the 32 entrants received US$1 million for preparation costs. Once at the tournament, the prize money was distributed as follows:
In a first for the World Cup, FIFA made payments to the domestic clubs of the players representing their national teams at the tournament. This saw a total of US$40 million paid to domestic clubs. This was the result of an agreement reached in 2008 between FIFA and European clubs to disband the G-14 group and drop their claims for compensation dating back to 2005 over the financial cost of injuries sustained to their players while on international duty, such as that from Belgian club Charleroi S.C. for injury to Morocco's Abdelmajid Oulmers in a friendly game in 2004, and from English club Newcastle United for an injury to England's Michael Owen in the 2006 World Cup.
Àwọn ibi eréìdárayá
The following stadiums have all been upgraded to meet FIFA specification.
Awon ere ayo ayikan adipo
The first round, or group stage, saw the thirty-two teams divided into eight groups of four teams. Each group was a round-robin of six games, where each team played one match against each of the other teams in the same group. Teams were awarded three points for a win, one point for a draw and none for a defeat. The teams finishing first and second in each group qualified for the Round of 16.
The South American teams performed strongly, with all five advancing to the knockout stages (four as group winners). The overall performance of African teams on the first occasion that the continent hosted the event was judged disappointing by observers such as Cameroon great Roger Milla. Of the six African nations only three won any matches, and only one (Ghana) progressed out of the first round.
Only six out of thirteen UEFA teams progressed to the last sixteen, a record low since the round of 16 was adopted in 1986. Both of the finalists from the preceding tournament, France and Italy, were eliminated in the initial stage of the competition, the first time this has happened at a World Cup. New Zealand ended the tournament as the only undefeated team after drawing their three group matches, but they finished behind Paraguay and Slovakia and were eliminated.
Teams were ranked on the following criteria:
1224 Fantasia
jẹ́ plánẹ́tì kékeré ní ibi ìgbàjá ástẹ́rọ́ìdì.
(9970) 1992 ST1
jẹ́ plánẹ́tì kékeré ní ibi ìgbàjá ástẹ́rọ́ìdì.
African leadership university
African Leadership University (ALU) jẹ iṣẹ iranti to da lori igbala awọn alaboyun ti o wulo ni Afrika. Nipa irinṣẹ ti o ni lati pese iṣẹdọmu ti o dara julọ, ALU fi awọn olori iṣẹrọ, ifunni, ati ojogbon lori iṣẹ ti o nilo fun wọn lati fi gba iṣẹsi aye ti o wulo ni Afrika si awọn alaboyun. Iṣẹdọmu ti o dara julọ ti ALU jẹ iranti ti o ma n rinrin iṣẹ, ati iṣẹda, pẹlu iṣẹsẹ, ati ifarahun alaboyun lati ṣe iṣẹ afara ti o wulo ni awọn ile-iwe ati nipa ojojumọ kan ni Afrika.
ALU ni ipinlẹ ti o mọ pe ni Afrika ni gbogbo inu ẹnu ti awọn ọmọde ni ifẹ si jẹ idunnu ati lati ṣe iṣẹ tirẹ lati ṣeto fun iwa kan ti o wulo ni Afrika. Nipa awọn iforukọsilẹ to dara julọ ati awọn iṣẹdọmu ti o wulo, ALU ti ṣe ọpọlọpọ alaboyun lati ṣe olori idasile ati olori-iranlowo ti o le fi iṣẹ wa ṣe ati lilo aye yii.
ALU ni oṣere nipa awọn iṣẹdọmu ile-iwe ti o wulo ni ilera ti o le wa ni awọn ẹrọ oṣelu ti o gbẹkẹle awọn akọle ti o wa, fun awọn iṣẹ ti o nilo ninu afunfun iṣẹ, iṣẹ idagbasoke, iṣẹkun, ati bee ni. Iwadi ti o nilo fun alaboyun jẹ asopọ ti o ni awọn asopọ pupọ ati awọn ohun ti o nilo fun wọn ti o wẹwẹ lori iṣẹmọ ti o wulo ni Afrika.
7705 Humeln
jẹ́ plánẹ́tì kékeré ní ibi ìgbàjá ástẹ́rọ́ìdì.
Èdè Tsàmórò
Èdè Tsàmórù tabi èdè Tsàmórò
15622 Westrich
jẹ́ plánẹ́tì kékeré ní ibi ìgbàjá ástẹ́rọ́ìdì.
17607 Táborsko
jẹ́ plánẹ́tì kékeré ní ibi ìgbàjá ástẹ́rọ́ìdì.
14684 Reyes
jẹ́ plánẹ́tì kékeré ní ibi ìgbàjá ástẹ́rọ́ìdì.
2492 Kutuzov
jẹ́ plánẹ́tì kékeré ní ibi ìgbàjá ástẹ́rọ́ìdì.
16398 Hummel
jẹ́ plánẹ́tì kékeré ní ibi ìgbàjá ástẹ́rọ́ìdì.
2128 Wetherill
jẹ́ plánẹ́tì kékeré ní ibi ìgbàjá ástẹ́rọ́ìdì.
59830 Reynek
jẹ́ plánẹ́tì kékeré ní ibi ìgbàjá ástẹ́rọ́ìdì.
2971 Mohr
jẹ́ plánẹ́tì kékeré ní ibi ìgbàjá ástẹ́rọ́ìdì.
7251 Kuwabara
jẹ́ plánẹ́tì kékeré ní ibi ìgbàjá ástẹ́rọ́ìdì.
Anti-LKM antibody
Wọ́n maa ń rí  Anti-Liver Kidney Microsomal Antibodies (Anti-LKM antibody) nínú omi inú ẹ̀jẹ̀ àwọn aláìsàn tí wọ́n ní oríṣiríṣi àrùn èyí tí kò léwu àti èyí tó léwu tí ẹ̀dọ̀. Àwọn adojú ìjà kọ àrùn yí maa ń dojú kọ àwọn cytochrome P450 tí wọ́n lòdì sí ara. Oríṣi mẹ́ta Anti-LKM ni wọ́n ti ṣe ìwádí tó péye lórí rẹ̀.
(5920) 1992 SX17
jẹ́ plánẹ́tì kékeré ní ibi ìgbàjá ástẹ́rọ́ìdì.
Aishat Abubakar
Aisha Abubukar(tí a bí ní 20 July, 1966) jé olósèlú ní orílè-ede Nàìjirià, Ààre Muhammadu Buhari yàn gẹ́gẹ́ bí mínísítà fún ilé-iṣẹ́ , okòwò, ati investment ní ọdùn 2015. Nì ọdùn 2018, Ààre Muhammadu Buhari tún yàn àn gẹ́gẹ́ bí Mínísítà fún òrò obínrin àti ìdàgbà-sókè àwùjọ.
Ìgbésí ayé àti ètò-ẹ̀kó rè
Abí Hajiya Aishat Abubakar ní inú ogúnjọ́ oṣù keje, ọdún 1966 sí ìlú Dogondaji ní Ìpínlẹ̀ Sókótó. Ó jẹ́ omo mínísítà fún ètò owó tẹ́lẹ̀ ri, Abubukar Alhaji. Ó lọ sí ilé-ìwé sẹ́kọ́ndìrì rè ní ilé-ẹ̀kọ́ Queens College ti ìpínlè Èkó lá̀árín ọdún 1978-1984, ó gba ìwé ẹrí dìgírì rè ní Yunifásitì ti Warwick, ó sì tún tẹ̀ síwájú láti gba ìwe ẹ̀rí Master degree ní Yunifásitì ti Leeds.
998 Bodea
jẹ́ plánẹ́tì kékeré ní ibi ìgbàjá ástẹ́rọ́ìdì.
Itokasi
Lista de asteroidi
90709 Wettin
jẹ́ plánẹ́tì kékeré ní ibi ìgbàjá ástẹ́rọ́ìdì.
8006 Tacchini
jẹ́ plánẹ́tì kékeré ní ibi ìgbàjá ástẹ́rọ́ìdì.
65675 Mohr-Gruber
jẹ́ plánẹ́tì kékeré ní ibi ìgbàjá ástẹ́rọ́ìdì.
21815 Fanyang
jẹ́ plánẹ́tì kékeré ní ibi ìgbàjá ástẹ́rọ́ìdì.
9913 Humperdinck
jẹ́ plánẹ́tì kékeré ní ibi ìgbàjá ástẹ́rọ́ìdì.
Ọpẹ́yẹmí Ayéọ̀la
Ọpẹ́yẹmí Ayéọ̀la (tí a bí ní Ọjọ́ kọkàndínlọ́gbọ̀n oṣù kẹjọ ọdún 1977) jẹ́ gbajúmọ̀ òṣèré-bìnrin sinimá-àgbéléwò ọmọ bíbí ìlú ṣàgámù ní ìpínlẹ̀ Ògùn lórílẹ̀-èdè Nàìjíríà. Ó ti kópa nínú oríṣiríṣi sinimá àgbéléwò. Ó bẹ̀rẹ̀ iṣẹ́ tíátà gẹ́gẹ́ bí gẹ́gẹ́ bí òṣèré nínú eré àgbéléwò nínú ẹ̀rọ amóhùnmáwòrán tí wọ́n ń pè ní "Bàbá Ajasco and Company".
Ìgbé-ayé ẹ̀kọ́ kíkà rẹ̀
Ọpẹ́yẹmí Ayéọ̀la bẹ̀rẹ̀ ẹ̀kọ́ kíkà ní ilé-ìwé àkọ́bẹ̀rẹ̀ ni Our Lady of Apostles Private School, ní Yábàá nílùú Èkó. Ó tẹ̀ síwájú nínú ẹ̀kọ́ rẹ̀ ní in Rẹ́mọ́ Schools. Ó lọ sí ilé ẹ̀kọ́ í gíga tí Moshood Abiola Polytechnic, Abẹ́òkúta, níbi tí ó ti kàwé gboyè Ordinary National Diploma (OND) nínú ìmọ̀ Ìṣirọ̀ Owó (Accountancy), bákan náà, ó tẹ̀ síwájú nínú ẹ̀kọ́ rẹ̀ dé Ifáfitì ìpínlẹ̀ Èkó (Lagos State University), níbi tí ó ti kàwé gboyè dìgírì nínú ìmọ̀ ìṣirọ̀-owó bákan náà.
12776 Reynolds
jẹ́ plánẹ́tì kékeré ní ibi ìgbàjá ástẹ́rọ́ìdì.
Jìmí Agbájé
Olújìmí Kọ́láwọlé Agbájé (tí à ń pè ní Jìmí Agbájé, tí a bí ní Ọjọ́ kejì oṣù kẹta ọdún 1957 (March 2, 1957), jẹ́ akọ́ṣẹ́mọṣẹ́ olóògún òyìnbó àti olóṣèlú ọmọ orílẹ̀ èdè Nàìjíríà. Ó díje dú ipò Gómìnà ìpínlẹ̀ Èkó ní ọdún 2015 àti 2019 lábẹ́ àsíyá ẹgbẹ́-òṣèlú People's Democratic ṣùgbọ́n ó pàdánù gbogbo rẹ̀..
Ìgbà èwe àti aáyan ìṣèlú rẹ̀
A bí Jìmí Agbájé ní Ọjọ́ kejì oṣù kẹta ọdún 1957 ní Ìpínlẹ̀ Èkó. Orúkọ àwọn òbí rẹ̀ ni Olóyè Julius Kòṣebínú (Banker) àti Ìyáàfin Margaret Ọlábísí (oluko) Agbájé. Òun ọmọ ìkejì tí àwọn òbí rẹ̀ bí, àkọ́bí ọmọ wọn ní ṣẹ́gun Agbájé, tí ó jẹ́, Alákòóso ilé ìfowópamọ́, Guaranty Trust Bank.
5629 Kuwana
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Idris Alooma
Idrís Àlóómà, Idris ibn 'Àlí (Àlóómà), ẹni tí a tún lè pè ní Ídríss Àlòòmà ó tún jẹ́ Mai óbá àwọn Kanem-Bornu Empire, tí à lè rí ní àgbébgé Chad, Kamẹrúùnù, Nìjẹ̀r àtí Nàìjíríà(orílẹ̀-èdè olómìnira). Bí àgbékale oro- oruko ré sé rí ní yin  Idris Alawma  tabi  Alauma . Labe isakoso Alooma, kanem-Bile oba ka o di ilu alagbara ju lo
Mai) à
ọ
won pe ni Mai obtí o wà ní àgB egbe Empi, kamẹrúùnù, Nìgèr aNàìjíríà(ìlu olómi ní rà wa).
4554 Fanynka
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Stella Damasus
Stella Damasus (tí a bí ní Oṣù Kẹẹ̀rin Ọjọ́ 24, Ọdún 1978) jẹ́ òṣèré àti akọrin ọmọ orílẹ̀-èdè Nàìjíríà. Ó ti rí yíyàn fún Òṣèré tí ó dára jùlọ ní Ipa Aṣáájú níbi ayẹyẹ Africa Movie Academy Awards ní ọdún 2009. Ó gba àmì ẹ̀ye fún ti òṣèré tó dára jùlọ níbi ayẹyẹ Nigeria Entertainment Awards ní ọdún 2007. Bákan náà, ní ọdún 2012 ó tún gba àmì ẹ̀yẹ fún òṣèré tí ó dára jùlọ fún ti fíìmù Two Brides àti A Baby níbi ayẹyẹ Golden Icons Academy Awards ní ìlú Houston, Texas.
Ìbẹ̀rẹ̀pẹ̀pẹ̀ ayé rẹ̀
Stella Damasus ni a bí ní Ìlú Benin, Ìpínlẹ̀ Edó ní Nàìjíríà. Ó ní àwọn tẹ̀gbọ́ntàbúrò obìnrin mẹ́rin. Ó dàgbà ní Ìlú Benin níbití ó ti parí ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ ètò-ẹ̀kọ́ alákọ́bẹ̀rẹ̀ rẹ̀. Ní ọmọ ọdún 13, Stella kó lọ sí Asaba ní Ìpínlẹ̀ Dẹ́ltà pẹ̀lú ẹbí rẹ̀ níbití ó ti parí ẹ̀kọ́ mẹ́wa rẹ̀.
Iṣẹ́ ìṣe
Damasus bẹ̀rẹ̀ iṣẹ́ rẹ̀ gẹ́gẹ́ bi akọrin ní ìlú Èkó níbi tí ó ti n ṣe akọrin ní ilé ìṣiṣẹ́ Klink Studios tí ó jẹ́ ti Kingsley Ogoro. Níbẹ̀ ló ti dá sámúsámú gẹ́gẹ́ bi akọrin kí ó tó wá tẹ̀síwájú láti ṣe àwọn orin fún àwọn ìpólówó ọjà lóri rédíò áti tẹlifíṣọ̀nù ní ìlú Nàìjíríà ní àkókò náà.
Damasus jẹ́ akẹ́ẹ̀kọ́-gboyè níbi ìmọ̀ eré ìtàgé láti Yunifásitì ti Èkó. Ó kọ́kọ́ farahàn nínu fíìmù Abused ní ọdún 1992. Ṣùgbọ́n ó bẹ̀rẹ̀ sí ní gbajúmọ̀ lẹ́hìn kíkópa nínu ẹ̀kejì fíìmù rẹ̀, Breaking Point láti ọwọ́ Emem Isong tí Francis Agu sì ṣe olùdarí rẹ̀. Fíìmù náà mú kí ìràwọ̀ rẹ̀ tàn ká gbogbo Nàìjíríà. Ní ọdún 2006, ó rí yíyàn fún àmì ẹ̀yẹ “òṣèrè tí ó dára jùlọ ní ipa Aṣáájú” níbi ayẹyẹ African Movie Academy Awards fún iṣẹ́ rẹ̀ nínu fíìmù "Behind closed doors". Ó tún rí yíyàn fún àmì ẹ̀yẹ “òṣèrè tí ó dára jùlọ ní ipa Aṣáájú” níbi ayẹyẹ African Movie Academy Awards bákan náà nípasẹ̀ kíkópa nínu fíìmù "Widow" ní ọdún 2008, àti ní ọdún 2009 nípasẹ̀ fíìmù "State of the Heart". Ó ti ṣàfihàn ní àwọn fíìmù tó lé ní Àádọ́rin, ó sì ti jẹ́ olùdásílẹ̀ àjọ ti "I2radio" àti atọ́kùn ètò méjì kan tí n ṣe "undiluted with stella damasus" àti "when women praise."
38270 Wettzell
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21605 Reynoso
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5141 Tachibana
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10172 Humphreys
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(5834) 1992 SZ14
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Christopher Gwabin Musa
Ọ̀gágun Major General  (tí wọ́n bí lọ́jọ́ kẹẹ̀ẹ́dọ́gbọ̀n oṣù Kejìlá ọdún 1967) jẹ́ Ọ̀gágun-àgbà tí ó ga jùlọ fún ààbò orílẹ̀-èdè Nigeria, ọmọ bíbí Ìpínlẹ̀ Kàdúná sùgbọ́n tí wọ́n bí sí Sokoto. Ààrẹ Bọlá Ahmed Tinubu ni ó yàn án gẹ́gẹ́ bí Ọ̀gágun-àgbà tí ó ga jùlọ fún ààbò orílẹ̀-èdè Nigeria lọ́jọ́ kọkàndínlógún oṣù kẹfà ọdún 2023 lẹ́yìn tí Ààrẹ pàṣẹ láti yọ àwọn Ọ̀gágun àgbà tí wọ́n ga jùlọ lẹ́nu iṣẹ́.
Anti-nRNP
Anti-nRNP jẹ́ irú adojú ìjà kọ àrùn.
Wọ́n jẹ́ àwọn adojú ìjà kọ àrùn tí ara maa ń dédé ṣètò rẹ̀ lati dojú ìjà kọ àwọn ribonucleoproteins.
Ẹ̀yà  Anti-nRNP jẹ́ adojú ìjà kọ snRNP70 (wọ́n ń pèé ní anti-snRNP70). Adojú ìjà kọ Anti-snRNP70 lè lọ sókè ní àrùn  mixed connective tissue.
17627 Humptydumpty
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19294 Weymouth
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Independence House
' Ile Independence jẹ ile ọfiisi alaja 25, ile-iṣẹ igba pipẹ yii wa ni iwọ-oorun ti Tafawa Balewa Square, Onikan Lagos.
Ise agbese na jẹ aṣẹ nipasẹ ijọba Gẹẹsi gẹgẹbi ẹri si ati bi ifẹ rere si ominira Naijiria ni ọdun 1960.
Ile naa jẹ kọnti ti a fi agbara mu, ile naa ti ni awọn ile-iṣẹ pataki ati tun ni olu ile-iṣẹ olugbeja labẹ iṣakoso Babangida ati eyiti a pe ni Ile-iṣẹ olugbeja nigbagbogbo. Ni ọdun 1993, awọn apakan ninu rẹ gbiná ati lati igba isẹlẹ naa, ile naa ko ti ṣakoso daradara.
37582 Faraday
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528 Rezia
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6528 Boden
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Dres the rapper
Andres "Dres" Vargas-Titus) (ọjọ́ ìbí jẹ́ oṣù kẹta, ọjọ́ kejidinlogun, ọdún 1967) jẹ́ Òṣeré Hip hop ni orile Ede Amerika. Ó jẹ́ olori fún àwọn Òṣeré tí orúkọ ègbé wọn jẹ́ Alternate Hip hop duo Black sheep group, kí ó tó dá dúró.
Ìṣe
Dres dá egbe Black sheep kalẹ ni 1989 pẹ̀lú Mista Lawnge. Àwọn mejeeji kọ́kọ́ ṣeré papọ ni 1991 tí wọn pé àkọlé orin wọn ní De La Soul. Ó kópa ńinu àwo orin tí àkọlé rẹ jẹ "Fanatic of The B word.
XHTML
XHTML (Extensible Hypertext Markup Language) je ebi kan awon ede ifala XML to jo iru Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) to wopo daada, ede to n je lilo fun kiko awon ojuewe itakun.
3049 Kuzbass
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7028 Tachikawa
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17258 Whalen
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2592 Hunan
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(5977) 1992 TH1
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3080 Moisseiev
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Akoka
Akoka jẹ agbegbe Yaba ni Lagos State. A mọ ọ si ile-ẹkọ giga akọkọ ni Eko pẹlu University of Lagos ati Federal College of Education (Imọ-ẹrọ), Akoka. thumb
2233 Kuznetsov
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3097 Tacitus
jẹ́ plánẹ́tì kékeré ní ibi ìgbàjá ástẹ́rọ́ìdì.
21726 Rezvanian
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31555 Wheeler
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Modupe Irele
Modupe Enitan Irele jẹ aṣoju orilẹ-ede Naijiria,ti o si n ṣoju orilẹ-ede Naijiria lọwọlọwọ si Faranse,   di obirin akọkọ lati di ipa naa lati igba ti ile-iṣẹ diplomatic ti yan aṣoju akọkọ rẹ ni 1966. Aarẹ Muhammadu Buhari yan obinrin ni ọjọ kedogun Oṣu Kẹwa ọdun 2016,  o si fi iwe-ẹri rẹ han si Alakoso Macron ni ọjọ kejidinlógún Oṣu kejila ọdun 2017.
Ìgbà èwe àti bí ó ṣe kẹ́kọ̀ọ́
Modupe Irele je omo bibi orile-ede Naijiria, o si gba oye eye ni ede geesi lati ile iwe giga Yunifásítì ìlú Ìbàdàn. O tẹsiwaju lati gba Masters rẹ lati ile-ẹkọ kanna. Modupe gba alefa Titunto si ni eto ẹkọ lati Ile-ẹkọ giga University Dublin. Ni ọdun 1996, o gba oye lati Penn State University ni idojukọ lori Ẹkọ Ayelujara ati Ikẹkọ Olukọni.
Isé Sise
Irele bẹrẹ iṣẹ rẹ ni ile-ifowopamọ, o lo ọdun 15 bi oṣiṣẹ ile-ifowopamọ soobu, ṣaaju ki o to lọ sinu ijumọsọrọ eto-ẹkọ. O n ṣe adaṣe ijumọsọrọ eto-ẹkọ tirẹ ni Nigeria,Key Learning Solutions o si ṣiṣẹ ni Ẹka ti Ẹka ati Ẹkọ ati Awọn eto ṣiṣe ni Ẹka Ẹkọ ti Penn State University.
22322 Bodensee
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National Institute for Policy and Strategic Studies, Kuru
National Institute for Policy and Strategic Studies (NIPSS) ní ìlú Kuru, ní orílẹ̀-èdè Naijiria tí a dá sílẹ̀ ní ọdún 1979, jẹ́ àjọ tó ń rí sí ṣíṣe òfin fún àwọn olùdarí, olórí àwọn ilé-iṣẹ́ àdáni, àwọn olórí ogun, àti àwọn òṣìṣẹ́ ìlú nípò kékeré àti ipò ńlá. Ọ̀pọ̀ àwọn ìgbìmọ̀ aṣòfin etò ní orílẹ̀-èdè Naijiria ti gba ẹ̀kọ́ ní NIPSS. Major General Ogundeko ni olùdarí gbogboogbo àkọ́kọ́ tí NIPSS. Ọ̀jọ̀gbọ́n Tijani Muhammad-Bande (OFR) ni olùdarí gbogboogbo ti NIPSS lọ́lọ́lọ́wọ́. Àwọn èèyàn jàǹkànjàǹkàn tó ti gbẹ̀kọ́ ní ilé-ìwé yìí ni; General Ibrahim Babangida, tí ó fìgbà kan rí jẹ́ olóri ìlú Naijiria lábẹ́ ìjọba ológun, Comrade Ajayi Olusegun, tí ó ti fìgbà kan rí jẹ́ olùdarí gbogboogbo ti NIPSS àti Mallam Nuhu Ribadu, tí ó jẹ́ alòdì sí ìwà ìbàjẹ́ nílùú.
Àwọn akẹ́kọ̀ó tó gboyè tó sì ti lààmìlaaka
Díẹ̀ lára àwọn akẹ́kọ̀ọ́ tó ti gboyè ní ilé-ẹ̀kọ́ yìí tó sì ti lààmìlaaka  ni;
Omoni Oboli
Omoni Oboli (ti a bi ni ọjọ kejidilogun osu Kẹrin ọdun 1978) jẹ oṣere ara ilu Nàìjíríà, onkọwe iwe, oludari fiimu, oludasiṣẹ ati onise fiimu oni-nọmba. O kẹkọọ ni New York Film Academy ati pe o ti kọ ọpọlọpọ awọn ifihan iboju, gege bi The Figurine (2009), Anchor Baby (2010), Fatal Imagination, Being Mrs Elliott, The First Lady ati Wives on Strike (2016).. Ni ọdun 2018 o ṣe irawọ ati itọsọna fiimu awada,Moms at War.
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
Mohammad Rezā Shāh Pahlavī (Persian: محمد رضا شاه پهلوی, ; 26 October 1919 – 27 July 1980) je Shah (Oba) ile Ìránì lati 16 September 1941 titi di igba igbajoba kuro lowo re nitori Ijidide ara Irani ni 11 February 1979.
Omoni Oboli
Igbesi aye ibẹrẹ ati ẹkọ
A bi Oboli ni Ilu Benin, Ipinle Edo. O jẹ ọmọ Mosogar ni Ipinle Delta. Omoni Oboli kẹkọọ Awọn Ede Ajeji (pataki ni Faranse) ni Yunifasiti ti Benin, o si tẹwe pẹlu awọn ọlá (2nd Class Upper division).
Iṣẹ iṣe
Omoni bẹrẹ iṣẹ fiimu rẹ pẹlu ipa fiimu akọkọ rẹ ni Bitter Encounter ni odun1996, nibi ti o ti ṣe akọwe. Ẹni ti o tẹle e ni Shame. Lẹhinna o lọ siwaju lati ṣe adaṣe ihuwasi abo ni awọn fiimu pataki mẹta; Not My Will, Destined to Die Another Campus Tale. Lẹhin igbadun ise re fun igba diẹ ni ọdun 1996, Omoni fi ile-iṣẹ fiimu silẹ lati pari ẹkọ ile-ẹkọ giga rẹ. O ni iyawo lẹsẹkẹsẹ lẹhin ile-iwe ko pada si ile-iṣẹ titi di ọdun mẹwa nigbamii.
Awọn ẹbun ati Awọn yiyan
Ni ọdun 2010, o gba ẹbun naa fun Ẹya Erekusu ti o dara julọ ni Awọn Awards Fiimu Ilu Los Angeles, ati ẹbun fun oṣere ti o dara julọ ni Harlem International Film Festival. Omoni ni a yan fun oṣere ti o dara julọ ninu ẹbun ipa ti o gbajuju ni Africa Movie Academy Awards. ni odun 2011.
Ni ọdun 2014, o bori fun oṣere Iboju nla ti odun na, ni Awọn ELOY awards odun 2014, fun fiimu rẹ jije Mrs Elliott. Ni ọdun 2015, a fun Omoni ni Sun Nollywood “Ẹni ti Odun”, O ti ṣe itọsọna ọpọlọpọ awọn fiimu bii Being Mrs Elliott, The First Lady, Wives on Strike ati Okafor's Law.
Ni Ọjọ kerinla Oṣu Kẹjọ ọdun 2017, Omoni Oboli lọ si oju-iwe instagram rẹ lati pin ifiweranṣẹ kan ti o nkede adehun tuntun rẹ bi Ambassador Brand ti Olawale Ayilara ti LandWey Investment Limited.
Oro ofin
Omoni Oboli ṣe irawọ ninu fiimu Okafor's Law , eyiti o bẹrẹ ni ojo kerindinlogun osu keta odunn 2017. Sibẹsibẹ, fiimu naa ko le ṣe ayewo ni iṣafihan nitori aṣẹ ti ile-ẹjọ fun. Afi esun irufin aṣẹ-aṣẹ kan Obolinipasẹ Jude Idada,  o sọ pe ohun kọ apakan ti iwe afọwọkọ fun Okafor's Law. Fiimu naa jade ni 31 Oṣu Kẹta ọdun 2017.
Angela Emuwa
Angela Olufunmilayo Emuwa jẹ́ adarí àwọn oníròyìn ní orílẹ̀-èdè Nàìjíríà. Ó jẹ́ alága Punch Media Foundation, tí àwọn ìgbìmọ̀ Punch Nigeria Limited yàn ní ọdún 2018, lẹ́yìn ikú ẹ̀gbọ́n rẹ̀ Gbadebowale Wayne Aboderin, ní ọjọ́ ọgbọ̀n oṣù karùn-ún ọdún 2018. Kí wọ́n tó yàn án sípò gẹ́gẹ́ bí alága, ó ti dara pọ̀ mọ́ ẹgbẹ́ náà ní ọdún 1994, ó sì ṣiṣẹ́ gẹ́gẹ́ bíi olùdarí tí kì í ṣe aláṣẹ ilé-iṣẹ́ náà.
Ọ̀rọ̀-Orúkọ (Èdè Yorùbá)
Ọ̀rọ̀ orúko ni ọ̀rọ̀kọrọ̀ nínú gbólóhùn èdè Yorùbá tí ó jẹ́ orúkọ tàbí tí ó ń tọ́ka sí orúkọ ènìyàn, ẹranko, ìlu, nǹkan (ẹlẹ́mìí tàbí aláìlẹ́mìí, nǹkan afòyemọ̀, nǹkan aṣeékà, aláiseéka ) ọ̀rọ̀ orúkọ ni olùwà fún àbọ̀.
Àwọn Àpẹẹrẹ Ọ̀rọ̀-Orúkọ
*Bọ́lá, Shadè, Adé wálé - Ọ̀rọ̀-Orúkọ Ènìyàn *Ewúrẹ́, Ajá, - Ọ̀rọ̀-Orúkọ Ẹranko *Òkúta, Tábìlì, ìwé,- Ọ̀rọ̀-Orúkọ Nǹkan Aláìlẹ́mìí *ènìyàn, ẹranko - Ọ̀rọ̀-Orúkọ Nǹkan Ẹlẹ́mìí *Ìfẹ́,ìbànújẹ́ - Ọ̀rọ̀-Orúkọ Afòyemọ̀ *Èkùrọ́ tábìlì - Ọ̀rọ̀-Orúkọ aṣeékà *Omi, ìrẹsì - Ọ̀rọ̀-Orúkọ Àìṣeékà.
Àpẹẹrẹ lílò:
Bọ́lá wọ aṣọ.
Ewúré ni mo pa.
Ìpò tí Ọ̀rọ̀-Orúkọ máa ń wà nínú gbólóhùn èdè Yorùbá
Ipò méjì pàtàkì ni ọ̀rọ̀ orúkọ lè wà lédè Yorùbá. Ó lè wà nípò olùwà tàbí nípò àbọ̀. Ọ̀rọ̀-Orúkọ lédè Yorùbá lè wà ní ipò olùwà. Bí àpẹẹrẹ; Bọ́lá lọ jẹun. Ọ̀rọ̀-Orúkọ lédè Yorùbá lè wà nípò àbọ̀. Bí àpẹẹrẹ; Ṣadé ra bàtà.
6231 Hundertwasser
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<font face="Tahoma"> Ìṣeọ̀rọ̀awùjọ ni àgbéwòkà onísáyẹ́nsì àwùjọ. Ó jẹ́ sáyẹ́nsì àwùjọ (a term with which it is sometimes synonymous) tó únlo oríṣi ọ̀nà ìwádìí oníìrírí and critical analysis láti ṣàgbédìde àpapọ̀ ìmọ̀ nípa àgbéṣe àwùjọ ọmọnìyàn. Fún ọ̀pọ̀ àwọn aṣeọ̀rọ̀àwùjọ èrò iṣẹ́ wọn ni láti ṣe ìwadìí tí yíò ṣe é múlò tààrà sí ètòìlú àwùjọ àti ìtọ́jú, nígbàtí àwọn míràn dá ṣẹ́ wọn lórí ìtúnṣe ìlóye aláròjinlẹ̀ àwọn àgbéṣe àwùjọ. Orí-ọ̀rọ̀ ṣegbàjá láti orí-pele oníkékeré ìṣàgbéṣe ẹnìkọ̀kan àti ìbáṣepọ̀ dé orí-pele onígbàngbà àwọn sístẹ́mù àti ìpele àwùjọ.
Ìṣeọ̀rọ̀àwùjọ ti úndálórí ìtòlẹ́se àwùjọ, àtòsọ́tọ̀ àwùjọ, àṣà, ìyípòpadà àwùjọ, ẹ̀sìn, ìsọditaráayé, òfin, àti ìyájú. Gbogbo àyíká àgbéṣe ọmọnìyàn jẹ́ nínípa lórí látọwọ́ ìṣepapọ̀ láàrin ìpele àwùjọ àti ìṣàgbéṣe ẹnìkọ̀kan, Ìṣeọ̀rọ̀awùjọ ti fẹ̀ díẹ̀díẹ̀ dé orí-ọ̀rọ̀ bíi àdìmúlẹ̀ ìlera, oníwòsàn, ológun àti ìjẹníyà, Internet, bẹ́ẹ̀sìni iṣẹ́ àgbéṣe àwùjọ nínú ìdàgbàsókè ìmọ̀ sáyẹ́nsì.
Gbàjá àwọn ọ̀nà sáyẹ́nsì àwùjọ náà tún ti fẹ̀ si. Àwọn aṣèwadìí àwùjọ únlo oríṣi ọ̀nà ìdárasí àti ìpòsí. Àwọn linguistic and cultural turns of the mid-twentieth century led to increasingly interpretative, hermeneutic, and philosophic approaches to the analysis of society. Conversely, recent decades have seen the rise of new analytically, mathematically and computationally rigorous techniques, such as agent-based modelling and social network analysis. Sociology should not be confused with various general social studies courses which bear little relation to sociological theory or social science research methodology.
Ìbẹ̀rẹ̀
The word sociology (or "sociologie") is derived from both Latin and Greek origins. The Latin word: socius, "companion"; -ology, "the study of", and in Greek λόγος, lógos, "word", "knowledge". It was first coined in 1780 by the French essayist Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès (1748–1836) in an unpublished manuscript. Sociology was later defined independently by the French philosopher of science, Auguste Comte (1798–1857), in 1838. Comte used this term to describe a new way of looking at society. Comte had earlier used the term "social physics", but that had subsequently been appropriated by others, most notably the Belgian statistician Adolphe Quetelet. Comte endeavored to unify history, psychology and economics through the scientific understanding of the social realm. Writing shortly after the malaise of the French Revolution, he proposed that social ills could be remedied through sociological positivism, an epistemological approach outlined in The Course in Positive Philosophy [1830–1842] and A General View of Positivism (1848). Comte believed a positivist stage would mark the final era, after conjectural theological and metaphysical phases, in the progression of human understanding. In observing the circular dependence of theory and observation in science, and having classified the sciences, Comte may be regarded as the first philosopher of science in the modern sense of the term.
Both Auguste Comte and Karl Marx set out to develop scientifically justified systems in the wake of European industrialization and secularization, informed by various key movements in the philosophies of history and science. Marx rejected Comtean positivism but in attempting to develop a science of society nevertheless came to be recognized as a founder of sociology as the word gained wider meaning. For Isaiah Berlin, Marx may be regarded as the "true father" of modern sociology, "in so far as anyone can claim the title."
Herbert Spencer (27 April 1820 – 8 December 1903) was one of the most popular and influential 19th century sociologists. It is estimated that he sold one million books in his lifetime, far more than any other sociologist at the time. So strong was his influence that many other 19th century thinkers, including Émile Durkheim, defined their ideas in relation to his. Durkheim’s Division of Labour in Society is to a large extent an extended debate with Spencer from whose sociology, many commentators now agree, Durkheim borrowed extensively. Also a notable biologist, Spencer coined the term "survival of the fittest". Whilst Marxian ideas defined one strand of sociology, Spencer was a critic of socialism as well as strong advocate for a laissez-faire style of government. His ideas were highly observed by conservative political circles, especially in the United States and England.
Foundations of the academic discipline
Formal academic sociology was established by Émile Durkheim (1858–1917), who developed positivism as a foundation to practical social research. While Durkheim rejected much of the detail of Comte's philosophy, he retained and refined its method, maintaining that the social sciences are a logical continuation of the natural ones into the realm of human activity, and insisting that they may retain the same objectivity, rationalism, and approach to causality. Durkheim set up the first European department of sociology at the University of Bordeaux in 1895, publishing his Rules of the Sociological Method (1895). For Durkheim, sociology could be described as the "science of institutions, their genesis and their functioning".
Durkheim's seminal monograph, Suicide (1897), a case study of suicide rates amongst Catholic and Protestant populations, distinguished sociological analysis from psychology or philosophy. It also marked a major contribution to the theoretical concept of structural functionalism. By carefully examining suicide statistics in different police districts, he attempted to demonstrate that Catholic communities have a lower suicide rate than that of Protestants, something he attributed to social (as opposed to individual or psychological) causes. He developed the notion of objective suis generis "social facts" to delineate a unique empirical object for the science of sociology to study. Through such studies he posited that sociology would be able to determine whether any given society is 'healthy' or 'pathological', and seek social reform to negate organic breakdown or "social anomie".
Sociology quickly evolved as an academic response to the perceived challenges of modernity, such as industrialization, urbanization, secularization, and the process of "rationalization". The field predominated in continental Europe, with British anthropology and statistics generally following on a separate trajectory. By the turn of the 20th century, however, many theorists were active in the Anglo-Saxon world. Few early sociologists were confined strictly to the subject, interacting also with economics, jurisprudence, psychology and philosophy, with theories being appropriated in a variety of different fields. Since its inception, sociological epistemologies, methods, and frames of inquiry, have significantly expanded and diverged.
Durkheim, Marx, and the German theorist Max Weber are typically cited as the three principal architects of social science. Herbert Spencer, William Graham Sumner, Lester F. Ward, Vilfredo Pareto, Alexis de Tocqueville, Werner Sombart, Thorstein Veblen, Ferdinand Tönnies, Georg Simmel and Karl Mannheim are occasionally included on academic curricula as founding theorists. Each key figure is associated with a particular theoretical perspective and orientation.
Other developments
The first college course entitled "Sociology" was taught in the United States at Yale in 1875 by William Graham Sumner. In 1883 Lester F. Ward, the first president of the American Sociological Association, published Dynamic Sociology—Or Applied social science as based upon statical sociology and the less complex sciences and attacked the laissez-faire sociology of Herbert Spencer and Sumner. Ward's 1200 page book was used as core material in many early American sociology courses. In 1890, the oldest continuing American course in the modern tradition began at the University of Kansas, lectured by Frank W. Blackmar. The Department of Sociology at the University of Chicago was established in 1892 by Albion Small, who also published the first sociology textbook: An introduction to the study of society 1894. George Herbert Mead and Charles Cooley, who had met at the University of Michigan in 1891 (along with John Dewey), would move to Chicago in 1894. Their influence gave rise to social psychology and the symbolic interactionism of the modern Chicago School. The American Journal of Sociology was founded in 1895, followed by the American Sociological Association (ASA) in 1905. The sociological "canon of classics" with Durkheim and Max Weber at the top owes in part to Talcott Parsons, who is largely credited with introducing both to American audiences. Parsons consolidated the sociological tradition and set the agenda for American sociology at the point of its fastest disciplinary growth. Sociology in the United States was less historically influenced by Marxism than its European counterpart, and to this day broadly remains more statistical in its approach.
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Other developments
The first sociology department to be established in the United Kingdom was at the London School of Economics and Political Science (home of the British Journal of Sociology) in 1904. Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse became a lecturer in the discipline at the University of London in 1907. Harriet Martineau, an English translator of Comte, has been cited as the first female sociologist. In 1909 the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Soziologie (German Sociological Association) was founded by Ferdinand Tönnies and Max Weber, among others. Weber established the first department in Germany at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich in 1919, having presented an influential new antipositivist sociology. In 1920, Florian Znaniecki set up the first department in Poland. The Institute for Social Research at the University of Frankfurt (later to become the Frankfurt School of critical theory) was founded in 1923. International co-operation in sociology began in 1893, when René Worms founded the Institut International de Sociologie, an institution later eclipsed by the much larger International Sociological Association (ISA), founded in 1949.
Positivism
The overarching methodological principle of positivism is to conduct sociology in broadly the same manner as natural science. An emphasis on empiricism and the scientific method is sought to provide a tested foundation for sociological research based on the assumption that the only authentic knowledge is scientific knowledge, and that such knowledge can only arrive by positive affirmation through scientific methodology.
The term has long since ceased to carry this meaning; there are no fewer than twelve distinct epistemologies that are referred to as positivism. Many of these approaches do not self-identify as "positivist", some because they themselves arose in opposition to older forms of positivism, and some because the label has over time become a term of abuse by being mistakenly linked with a theoretical empiricism. The extent of antipositivist criticism has also diverged, with many rejecting the scientific method and others only seeking to amend it to reflect 20th century developments in the philosophy of science. However, positivism (broadly understood as a scientific approach to the study of society) remains dominant in contemporary sociology, especially in the United States.
Loic Wacquant distinguishes three major strains of positivism: Durkheimian, Logical and Instrumental. None of these are the same as that set forth by Comte, who was unique in advocating such a rigid (and perhaps optimistic) version. While Émile Durkheim rejected much of the detail of Comte's philosophy, he retained and refined its method. Durkheim maintained that the social sciences are a logical continuation of the natural ones into the realm of human activity, and insisted that they should retain the same objectivity, rationalism, and approach to causality. He developed the notion of objective sui generis "social facts" to delineate a unique empirical object for the science of sociology to study.
Anti-positivism
Reactions against social empiricism began when German philosopher Hegel voiced opposition to both empiricism, which he rejected as uncritical, and determinism, which he viewed as overly mechanistic. Karl Marx's methodology borrowed from Hegelian dialecticism but also a rejection of positivism in favour of critical analysis, seeking to supplement the empirical acquisition of "facts" with the elimination of illusions. He maintained that appearances need to be critiqued rather than simply documented. Early hermeneuticians such as Wilhelm Dilthey pioneered the distinction between natural and social science ('Geisteswissenschaft'). Various neo-Kantian philosophers, phenomenologists and human scientists further theorized how the analysis of the social world differs to that of the natural world due to the irreducibly complex aspects of human society, culture, and being.
At the turn of the 20th century the first generation of German sociologists formally introduced methodological anti-positivism, proposing that research should concentrate on human cultural norms, values, symbols, and social processes viewed from a resolutely subjective perspective. Max Weber argued that sociology may be loosely described as a science as it is able to identify causal relationships of human "social action"—especially among "ideal types", or hypothetical simplifications of complex social phenomena. As a non-positivist, however, Weber sought relationships that are not as "historical, invariant, or generalizable" as those pursued by natural scientists. Fellow German sociologist, Ferdinand Tönnies, theorized on two crucial abstract concepts with his work on "Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft" (lit. community and society). Tönnies marked a sharp line between the realm of concepts and the reality of social action: the first must be treated axiomatically and in a deductive way ("pure sociology"), whereas the second empirically and inductively ("applied sociology").
Both Weber and Georg Simmel pioneered the "Verstehen" (or 'interpretative') method in social science; a systematic process by which an outside observer attempts to relate to a particular cultural group, or indigenous people, on their own terms and from their own point-of-view. Through the work of Simmel, in particular, sociology acquired a possible character beyond positivist data-collection or grand, deterministic systems of structural law. Relatively isolated from the sociological academy throughout his lifetime, Simmel presented idiosyncratic analyses of modernity more reminiscent of the phenomenological and existential writers than of Comte or Durkheim, paying particular concern to the forms of, and possibilities for, social individuality. His sociology engaged in a neo-Kantian inquiry into the limits of perception, asking 'What is society?' in a direct allusion to Kant's question 'What is nature?'
Theoretical frameworks
Presently, sociological theories lack a single overarching foundation, and there is little consensus about what such a framework should consist of. However, a number of broad paradigms cover much present sociological theorizing. In the humanistic parts of the discipline, these paradigms are referred to as social theory, and are often shared with the humanities. The discipline's dominant scientifically-oriented areas generally focus on a different set of theoretical perspectives, which by contrast are generally referred to as sociological theory. These include new institutionalism, social networks, social identity, social and cultural capital, toolkit and cognitive theories of culture, and resource mobilization. Analytical sociology is an ongoing effort to systematize many of these middle-range theories.
Functionalism
A broad historical paradigm in both sociology and anthropology, functionalism addresses the social structure as a whole and in terms of the necessary function of its constituent elements. A common analogy (popularized by Herbert Spencer) is to regard norms and institutions as 'organs' that work toward the proper-functioning of the entire 'body' of society. The perspective was implicit in the original sociological positivism of Comte, but was theorized in full by Durkheim, again with respect to observable, structural laws. Functionalism also has an anthropological basis in the work of theorists such as Marcel Mauss, Bronisław Malinowski and Radcliffe-Brown. It is in Radcliffe-Brown's specific usage that the prefix 'structural' emerged. Classical functionalist theory is generally united by its tendency towards biological analogy and notions of social evolutionism. As Giddens states: "Functionalist thought, from Comte onwards, has looked particularly towards biology as the science providing the closest and most compatible model for social science. Biology has been taken to provide a guide to conceptualizing the structure and the function of social systems and to analyzing processes of evolution via mechanisms of adaptation ... functionalism strongly emphasizes the pre-eminence of the social world over its individual parts (i.e. its constituent actors, human subjects)."
Conflict theory
Functionalism aims only toward a general perspective from which to conduct social science. Methodologically, its principles generally contrast those approaches that emphasize the "micro", such as interpretivism or symbolic interactionism. Its emphasis on "cohesive systems", however, also holds political ramifications. Functionalist theories are often therefore contrasted with "conflict theories" which critique the overarching socio-political system or emphasize the inequality of particular groups. The works of Durkheim and Marx epitomize the political, as well as theoretical, disparities, between functionalist and conflict thought respectively: