cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
UThixo
UThixo wenyaniso nguMdali wezinto zonke. Akanasiqalo, engasoze abe naso nesiphelo. (INdumiso 90:2) UnguMthombo weendaba ezilungileyo esizeBhayibhileni. (1 Timoti 1:11) Ekubeni uThixo esinike ubomi, sifanele sinqule yena yedwa. (ISityhilelo 4:11)
UYesu Kristu
UYesu Kristu
Uphando lobunzululwazi
Uphando lobunzululwazi yindlela ecwangcisiweyo yokuqokolela iinkcukacha zolwazi olufunekayo, noluyakuxhasa oko kunxanelwa ulwazi. Olu phando luza nolwazi kunye netheori yobunzululwazi ukuze kucaciswe ngokubanzi ngendalo kunye nezinto ezifumaneka kwihlabathi. Lwenza okokuba izinto ezinokwenziwa ngumntu zenzeke. Uphando lobunzululwazi luxhaswa ngezimali ngabo basemagunyeni ngokwaseburhulumenteni, ngemibutho enikezela ngesisa, kunye namaqela azimeleyo, kuquka neenkampani ezininzi. Uphando lobunzululwazi lungahlulwa-hlulwa lube ngamacandelo-ngamacandelo ngokwezifundo nangokuqhutywa kweentlobo zezifundo ekuphandwa kuzo. Uphando lobunzululwazi luhlelo olusetyenziswa njengesixhobo sokuhlola ubume beziko lemfundo, elinje ngezikolo zamashishini, kodwa ke abanye abantu bathi oku kuhlolwa kwala maziko akuchanekanga kwaphela, kuba izinga lomgangatho wophando kubunzululwazi akusixeleli nto ngezinga lomgangatho wokufundisa. (ezi zinto ke azihambelani ngokupheleleyo).
UYesu Kristu
uYesu Kristu yiNkosi yethu sonke kwaye wafela izono zethu sonke ukuze singatshabalali kodwa sibengabantwana bakhe. UYesu uyamkelwa entliziyweni kwaye umntu aphile impilo engcwele esesemhlabeni ukuze azokulingena izulu xa ibandla lizokuhlithwa emhlabeni.Incwadi kaPawulos ebhalela ibandla lamaGalati isahluko sesihlanu isahlukwana sokuqala uthi, "Yimani ngoko enkululweni athe uKristu wanenzela yona ukuze ningabuyi nibanjwe yidyokhwe yobukhoboka." UBomi obugqibeleleyo ubufumana xa wamkele uKristu.Asikho isimo uYesu angakwaziyo ukusitshintsha. Ukuba uyamfuna thandaza lomthandazo emva kwam ngokholo:
IYunayithedi Steyitsi
iNavada
UYesu Kristu
Nkosi Yesu! Ndiyakwamkela njengeNkosi nomsindisi wempilo yam. Ndixolele zonke izono zam, endizaziyo kunye nendingazaziyo. Ndiyakholwa ukuba wafa wavuka ukuze undinikeze ubomi obutsha bentlambululo. Enkosi ngondihlangula. Egameni lika Yesu Kristu. Amen
IYunayithedi Steyitsi
iNyuhemesifiye
UYesu Kristu
Ngoku ungafunda ibhayibhile yakho yonke imihla ukuze uphile ngcwele kwaye uthandaze kathathu ngemini. Ungangena nakwinkonzo yokuzila ukutya neyentlambululo. Amen!
IYunayithedi Steyitsi
iNyujezi
UKurt Gödel
ifuthe lakhe
Abanye abantu bacinga okokuba uGödel wayengomnye welogicians ezibonakalyo ngalo lonke ixesha. umsebenzi kaGödel ubenefuthe elingummangaliso kwiingcinga zesaynsi nezefilosofi kwiminyak ayenkulungwane yama20. Abantu abaninzi, abafana noBertrand Russell, uA. N. Whitehead, kunye noDavid Hilbert, bazama ukusebenzisa ilogic neset theory ngelo xesha. Babefuna ukuqonda kakuhle imvelaphi yeziBalo.
Udumo lwakhe
UGödel waziwa kakhulu ngeeincompleteness theorems zakhe ezimbini. Ezi theorems zathi zapapashwa ngo1931. Wayeneminyaka engama-25 ubudala ngoko, kwaye wayesanda kugqiba izifundo zakhe kwinqanaba ledoctorate kwiUniversity yase Vienna kumnyaka ongaphambi koko.
Udumo lwezi theorems zimbini luthi ukuba iinkqubo zeaxiomatic ezithi gqolo zimna'ukuvela zinamandla ngokwaneleyo ukuze zizichaze ngokwazo, kuyakuba kho izinto eziyinyaniso kwezo nkqubo ezingenakungqinwa apha kwinkqubo ngokwayo.
EBhizana
Bizana yidolophu yamampondo egudle unxweme yohlukaniswa ngumlambo obizwa ngoba ngumthamvuna nephondo la-Kwazulu Natal.
Ingcali yezophando
Ingcali yezophando ngumntu osebenza ngobunzululwazi. Ingcali yezophando izama ukuqonda indlela elisebenza ngayo ihlabathi esiphila kulo kunye nezinto ezikulo. Iingcali zophando zenza uphando ngokuhlola, zibuze imibuzo, zize zenze uphando oluthe xaxe ngaloo nto kuphandwa ngayo, ngeenjongo zokufumana iimpendulo zemibuzo equletwe kolu phando.
IYunayithedi Steyitsi
iNyumeksikho
Sport Club Corinthians Paulista
AbaseKorinte iklabhu ekhatywayo laseBrazil ukuba sele iphumelele 2 ihlabathi, Brazil ezintandathu, neendebe-3 ka-Brazil. Ngexesha eziqwini ukudla kwi namashumi 60 no-70, esi sihlwele elithembekileyo liye laqhubeka lisanda yaye isihlwele yesibini ngobukhulu ehlabathini, mva nje umahluko phakathi kwenani kwabaseKorinte iifeni Flamengo sele sisuk a.
IYunayithedi Steyitsi
uMntla Kharolayina
uMntla Dakotha
i-Ohayo
i-Okolahoma
i-Oregoni
iPensuliveniya
iRowudi Ayilendi
uMzantsi Kharolayina
uMzantsi Dakota
iTenesii
David Hilbert
UDavid Hilbert ((owazalwa ngomhla wama-23 kweyomQungu ngo1862 –waza lisishiya eli ngomhla we-14 kweyomDumba ngo1943) wayengumBali waseJamani Wayedume ngokuba ngomnye wabona baBali abanefuthe kwihlabathi jikelele kwiminyaka yeenkulungwane ye19 neyama-20. Lo ka Hilbert weza nothotho lwemibono esisiseko kwimibandela ngemibandela yezibalo, kuquka iinvariant theory kunye ne axiomatization of geometry. Wenza netheory ye Hilbert spaces, one of the foundations of functional analysis.
UHilbert wayamkela ngezandla ezishushu wakwayikhusela ngokungakumbi iGeorg Cantor's set theory kunye ne transfinite numbers. Ubunkokheli bakhe bodumo kw izibalo yintetho yakhe wathi wayenza ngo1900 ingqokolela yeengxaki eyaba sisifundo sophando ngezibalo kwinkulungwane yama-20th. UHilbert kunye nabafundi bakhe wabanegalelo elibonakalayo ekufumaniseni ngokuchanekileyo izixhobo ezibalulekilyo ezisetyenziswa kwizibalo zefisiksi yanamhlanje. UHilbert waziwa njenomgnye wabantu abeza neproof theory kunye ne mathematical logic, nangokuthi abe phakathi kwabantu bokuqala abakwaziyo ukwahlulwa phakathi kwemathematics and metamathematics. {{cite web
Ukubala
Ukubala yinto esiyenza xa sifuna ukwazi okokuba zingaphi na izinto ezikuloo ndawo zibalwa zikuyo, oku ke kubhekiswa nakulphi na uhlobo lwento enokubaleka.
Nalu uhlobo olulula nekulwa ngalo xa kufundiswa abantu ukubala.
Xa umntu ebala ngokwesingesi udla ngokuqala ngenani elingu 'one'. esiXhoseni iba sisivumelanisi sentloko phambi kwesiqu esingu-'-nye', kuxhomekeke ke kwihlelo elo into leyo ibalwayo iwela kulo. Umzekelo, xa kulihlelo lokuqala sithi umama mnye, kwihlelo lethoba imoto inye, njalo njalo. Eli nani ke njengoko sele sibonisile, linikwa into yokuqala. Into elandela le yokuqala inikwa elinye inani elingu'two' ngesiNgesi, ize ke esiXhoseni kufakelwe isivumelanisi sentloko phambi kuka-mbini. Umzekelo sithi oomama babini, iimoto zimbini, amakhwenkwe mabini, njalo njalo. Emva koko, into elandela le yesibini inikwa inani elingu'three' ngesiNgesi, ize kananjalo ngesiXhosa elinani libe ngu-ne, umzekelo bane, zine, njalo njalo. Ukuba kukho enye into elandela le iyakuba linani lesi 'five' ngesiNgesi, ize sithi ngesiXhosa si-sihlanu. ngokuya izinto zisanda nenani lazo liyanda. Into nganye ifumana inani layo ngale ndlela. Into yokugqibela kwezozinto zibalwayo inikwa inani lokugqibela, ize ke lo nani libonise okokuba zingaphi na izinto ezo zibalwayo zizonke.
Kwinqanaba lokubala elingentla
Ukubala kuqala kwi-nani akuze ke kutshintshathsintshe ngonyuka kusehla kwenani. Kwimizekelo engasentla, ukubala kuqale ku-nye, waza watshintsha lo-nye ngokuthi kongezwe enye into ekwafana nale inye. Ngenxa yale nto okwakubala kokuqala kutshintshe ngo-nye, saza sathi xa sisongeza omnye u-nye kulowo sele ekho isiphumi siba ngu-mbini, sitsho sithi zimbini izinto. Kwakhona esi siphumo singu -mbini singatshintsha xa kuye kwafika enye into sitsho sithi xa izinto bezimbini ze kwafika enye ekwafana nazo sithi zintathu.
Ukubala kungehla okanye konyuke ngokwamanani. Siyakwazi ukubala ngeminwe yesandla. ingers.
Okunye okumalunga nokubala
Kukho ingxelo ethi iintaka zibala kakuhle. Ii-Crows ziintaka ezitshatsheleyo ekubaleni.
IYunayithedi Steyitsi
iVeremonti
iVejiniya
iWashington
iNtshona Vejiniya
Inkobe
Inkobe zazityiwa kakhulu kwilixesha lakuqala ngamaxhosa kunye nezinye intlanga ezifana namazulu kunye nezinye kabanzi.Kukutya okuthi kutyiwe ngamaXhosa xa sokugqitywa ukuvunwa kwinyanga yesiLimela ebusika. Zityiwa ngenyanga yesilimela kuba umbona ngelaxesha womile ulungele ukuba uhlaliswe kwingxowa zayo sowuchutyiwe kwaye uzitya xa kubanda ukwenzela ukuba umzimba wakho uhlale ushushu ngamaxhesha onke. Uzifumana inkobe eMpuma nkoloni kwi Mzantsi Afrika apho uye ufumana abantu abasabambe amasiko nezithethe.inkobe zinamanzi amnandi anencasa xa uziphekile kwaye inkobe zityiwa ngotata ebuhlanti lonke ixesha xa kuye kwabanjwa udliwano ndlebe ngotata.
IYunayithedi Steyitsi
iWinisikhontsini
Inkobe
Amaxhosa ayazithanda kakhulu kuba kokona kutya kubanika amadla kunye nezakhamzimba ukwenzela balungele ukwenza umsebenzi. Xa utye inkobe uye ungalambi msinyane ziyahlala esuswini ilixa elinde yilonto bathi bazitye xa bezokwenza umsebenzi othi uwenze qelele nekhaya. Inkobe zilungele ukutyiwa nangubani na othi afune ukuzitya kwaxhosa azikhethelanga lubala kuba xa uyintombi nto kukhona ukutya okungamelanga kuthi ukutye kaye nakwinkwenkwe esakhuluyo kunjalo, Ngalomazwi wonke umntu uyazitya.
IYunayithedi Steyitsi
iWeyimingi
Inkobe
Sithi isizwe somzi ontsundu ka Ubusika sobuphelile bubeke umbona omnizinzi oqinileyo ukwenzela ukuba isidlo sabo sihlale sifumaneka kuzo zonke amaxesha onyaka. Okukutya kuthi kuphekwa ngamanzi abilisiweyo kunye nochatha oluncinci lwamafutha kunye netyiwa ukwenzela incasa ibekhona kwisidlo. ngengoba kutshintshatshintsha iminyaka kubakho intsana zakulemihla siphila kuwo inkobe azixantyiswanga olahlobo lakuqala apho ziye zityiwe. umntu aze afumane inkobe kumele aye kwindawo ngendawo apho zithi zixatyiswe kuba akusalinywa mbona ngoku kwaye umntu otya inkobe umngangathi wakhe ujongeleleka phantsi kanti inkobe zisebenza umsebenzi oncomekayo emzimbeni omntu kuba ufumana amandla kwaye ucinga ngononophelo.
Iqakamba
Iqakamba ngumdlalo odlalwa ngamaqela amabini apho kugityiselwayo kubuye kubethwe. Iqela ngalinye linabadlali abalishumi elinanye odlalwa kwibala elimbhoxo. Elinye iqela liya betha, lizama ukufaka amanqaku kangangoko linako, ngoxa elinye lijula kwaye ligadile, lizama ukukhupha iqela elibethayo. Inqaku lifakwa xa imbethi ibethe ibhola ngophini ze ibaleke iyokufika kwelinye icala lebalana ze achike umgca ngaphandle kokukhutshwa. Lamaqela anikana ithuba lokugada nokubetha kube kukuphela kwamangeno.
I-solution
NgokweKhemestri, isolution ngumxube wezinto ezifanayo nezimbini nangaphezulu ezifanayo. Izinto ezinyibilikayo kuthiwa ziisolutes. Izinto ekunyibilikiswa ngazo ezi solutes kuthiwa yisolvent. Umzekelo wemihla ngemihla yisolid njengetyuwa okanye iswekile (eziziisolids eziziintlalutye), zinyibilika ebumanzini (njengasemanzini). iiGases nazo zinganyibilika ebumanzini. Umzekelo yicarbon dioxide okanye i-oxygen emanzini. Ii-Liquids zinganyibilika kwezinye ii-liquids kwaye nee-gases zinganyibilika kwezinye iigases.
Isixa see-solute (izinyibiliki) esongezwe kwizinyibilikisi libonisa determines the ubuninzi nefuthe lomxube. Umxube onezinyibiliki ezininzi ubizwa ngokuba yi-concentrated solution; uze onezincona kuthiwe yi-dilute solution.
imizekelo ye-solid solutions yialloys kunye nenxalenye yeeminerals. Umzekelo, i-brass yi-alloy ye-copper ne-zinc.
IHanoveri (eMzantsi Afrika)
Hanover yidolophu incinci eKaroo. uZwelinzima Vavi wazalelwa pha.
Unolali
Unolali ligama eliye linikwe umntu ongumama ohleli kakhulu kwilali, ilali ke yindawo apho kuhlala amaxhosa kunye nabanye ke abantu abazezinye intlanga, kwilali wofumana izindlu ezifana nooRonta okanye Amaxanda. kwilali ezininzi ke wofumanisa ukuba iidolophu zikude kunelali leyo abantu abahlala kuyo. unolali ke iye ibengumntu ohleli isidala ezilalini kwaye athi xa sele esiza kweli lekapa athiywe eligama ngenxa yokuba ethetha isixhosa esinzulu abanye abantu abangakwaziyo ukusiva kakuhle okanye ukusilandela.unolali ke ubonakala ehamba ungakhange uboniswe mntu, wofika ethanda ukuhamba nghenyawo kuba ugqele lonto yena ezilalini, wofika ethanda ukuthwala iqhiya nokuba kusekuseni okanye kungokuhlwa kuye iqhiya ayinaxesha. kwanendlela ahamba ngayo uyazibonakalisa ukuba hayi inene ndingowasezilaklini inene, wofika xa ehambayo ehambela phezulu ngamanye amazwi egxanya mngokungathi kukho apho aleqa khona.
wofika unolalai ke ethanda ukucula ingoma zamasiko ,amasiko afana neNtonjane okanye ezoLwaluko mihla le.wombona zonke ezinye ilwimi ezifana nesiNgesi okanye isBhulu esithetha ngesixhosa yonke nje into ayithethatyo uyisertha ngesimbo sesixhosa noxanje amanye amagama ingawezi lwimi.unolali ke azidla ngesiko lakho okukuboniswa yindlela anxiba nagayo, wofika enxebe umbhaco kunye nentsimbi.onolali ke xabedibene wokuba baona soloko beculam okanye bethetha ngenkukhu kunye nenye imfuyo, okanye bexhentsa bezijabulisa xa kuyekwakhon into onye othe wayizuza.
Al Pacino
Al Pacino indima.
Thomas Sankara
uThomas Isidore Noël Sankara wazalwa nge 21 ka December 1949 wasweleka ngomhla we 15 ka October 1987 wayeli jhoni kanye nomguquli waphinda wabangu mongameli lelizwe lase Burkina Faso usukela ku 1983 - 1987. ebonwa ngabalandeli bakhe engumntu ophakamisa inguquko, kwaye waziwa eng Che Guevara wase Africa
uSankara wathata iskhundla ngo 1983 elandelwa ngesininsi ngabantu bebesusa urhulumente wangelo xesha, bezimisele ukususa urhwaphilizo nomyalelo wama Frentshi.Ngokukhawuleza waqala yona nkqubo eyeyizimisele ukutshintsha eyoluntu nezo qoqosho yake yazamwa elizweni lase Africa. Ukubonisa olutshintsho wajika igama ilizwe kusuka ku Upper Volta ibe yi Burkina Faso (ilizwe labantu abalungileyo)
imigaqo-nkqubo yakhe yayi gxila ku thintela indlala ukulima uzimele ngokwakho, nobuyisa umhlaba, exgilela kwimfundo waqhuba iphulo sesakhono sokubala nokufunda
Matatiele
Matatiele yidolophu encinci efumaneka kwilixa lakwa eMpuma-Koloni, eMzantsi Afrika. Kuhlala itlanga zamaXhosa, Amahlubi, kunye nabeSotho zonke ezontlanga zithe zabekwa kwindawo zazo. Imatatiele inengcombolo yemvelaphi apho ufumana intaba zokhahlamba ngaseleSotho kwaye iselinxwemeni yakwaZulu Natal kunye naseMpuma Koloni.
I Matatiele yenye yedolophu exincinane ezikhuphe osaziwayo abanje ngo Andile Jali, Thulas Nxesi, Innocent Mdledle, Emtee, Ntsikelelo Nyauza
Kumeleb'ibuyiswe ind'ebendala
Ukulahla imbo ngophoyiyana
AmaXhosa anengxaki yokuthabatheka athethe iilwimi zezinye izizwe elahla imbo yawo ngophoyiyana alibale ukuba uphoyiyana uyemka ngomso.Ezinye izizwe ziwajongela phantsi kunendlwane yenkukhu amaXhosa ngenxa yemikhuba ayenzayo.Abantu abaNtsundu kuxhaphakile ukubeva bethetha isiNgesi ngenjongo yokuba besithi ulwimi lwabo lwenkobe akukho apho luzakubasa khona.Xa ungumntu kubalulekile ukuba uzingce ngobuntu bakho kuba lonto ichaza intsukaphi nentsingaphi yakho.Amaphupha akho ayafezeka xa ungumntu ozaziyo,akufuneki uzithandabuze kumele wazi ukuba uThixo wakubeka ngesizathu kulwimi lwakho.Xa ungumntu kumele uluxabise ulwimi lwakho kuba ulwimi lunxulumele nenkcubeko yakho. Xa kunokubuyiswa indebe endala zingatsho zihambe ngendlela izinto zakwaxhosa.Into iqala apha esinxibeni xa unokujonga apha phandle akukho nomnye umntu osanxiba isiNtu,bambi bazinxiba ngemini yeNkcubeko kuphela,ukanti inkonde zakuthi bebezixabisile izinxibo zakwNntu.Pha! mandulo bekunxitywa inkciyo.Inkciyo ibisogquma indawo ezifihlakeleyo kuphela. Luphelile ulutsha lwakuthi ngenxa yokulahlekiswa zizinto zabantu bangaphandle.Ukuphumelela kwabantu abantsundu kunqongophele ngoba bazibandakanya ngezinto ezibachihayo endaweni yokuba zibakhe.Eastern_Cape Abantu abaninzi abasawenzi amasiko kanti ke isiko yinto ebalulekileyo ngoba xa ungayenzanga iyakulandela,ukanti abanye bathi sele bewenza bawenze ngendlela engeyiyo umzekeloAbanye abantu bolukela ezibhedlele koko bekungenziwa oko kusadliwa ngendebe endala.
Izinto ezixatyisiweyo kwaXhosa
KwaXhosa
1.Amasiko 2.Uncwadi lwemveli 3.Izithethe
Uncwadi lwemveli belusenziwa xa kuchithwa isithukuthezi umzekelo iintsomi zenziwa ngexesha langokuhlwa,zithandwa ukwenziwa zinkonde ngenjongo yokuhambisa ixesha langokuhlwa.Pha!mandulo bekungavumelekanga ukwenziwa kweentsomi emini ngoba kukho inkolelo ethi xa usenza intsomi emini uzakuphuma amaphondo entloko. Ubudlobongela bebunqongophele ngoba abantu abantsundu bebedla ngokozonwabisa amaxesha amaninzi.Ukubulalana kwabantu ngendlela ezimasikizi bekungenziwa.Emicimbini bekuculwa iingoma zakwaXhosa,kuxhentswe,kungqungqwe njalo-njalo.Xa kunokwenziwa izinto ngondalashe kungatsho kubekho uxolo nothando eMzantai Afrika.Uqhawulo mtshato yinto ibingafane yenziwe,kodwa namhlanje sigagana nalo umhla nezolo phofu unobangela kukulahlwa kwendeb'endala,ngoba kudala bezingafane zenziwe ezo zinto.Into ibixhaphakile ibikukubanabafazi abaninzi phofu ke ibisenziwa ziinkosi lonto amaxesha amaninzi.Kule mihla siphila kuyo abantu abangamabhinqa ababathobeli abantu abangotata lonto ikhokhela ukuba abantu abangoomama baphele sele benzintloko zamakhaya.' Amantombazane ebethwala kudala,umntu ebesendela emntwini angazange wancuma naye kodwa ekugqibeleni bebephela sele bathandana.
Ilobola
KwaXhosa ebethi umkhwenyana xa etshate intombi yasemathileni akhuphe iinkomo ngenjongo yokulobola.Injongo yezinkomo ibikukwakha ubuhlobo phakathi kweentsapho.Kule mihla siphila kuyo izinto zitshintshile azisenziwa njengamandulo.Namhla kulotyolwa ngemali endaweni yeenkomo,mali leyo uye ufumanise ukuba ivela kwakulentombazana ilotyolwayo.
Umakoti ebethi xa efika emzini abenendawo azizilayo.Umakoti akangeni ebuhlanti ngenjongo yokuhlonipha izinyanya zasemzini wakhe.ilobola i ifuneka uze ukwazi ukondla
Stary Dwór
yidolophu esempuma yase ePoland.
Kumeleb'ibuyiswe ind'ebendala
Intombazana
Mzi oNtsundu siyintlekisa kwezinye izizwengenxa yokuba ngamalulwane wona angazaziyo ukuba ingaba ayintaka okanye impuku.Indeb'endala kumele ibuye ngoba uyatshabalala umzi omnyama.Ndihlaba ikhwelo ndithi masibuyele kundalashe.Masingavumeli nayiphi imimoya isahlukanise nemvelaphi yethu.Masime sithi nkqo sizazi ukuba singobani kwaye sivelaphi na.Uhlanga olumnyama lulahlekile madoda.
Isifo sephepha
Isifo sephepha,okanyeiTB ngokufutshane, sisifo esosulelayo esibangelwa yintsholonngwane. Besisaya kubizwa njengesifo esingubhubhane.
Isifo sephepha sibangelwa ziintlobo ezininzi zeimycobacteria, nesaziwa njengesifosephepha esiyi Mycobacterium. Esi sifo sihlasela imiphunga, kodwa sisenokuhlasela namanye amalungu omzimba. Le ntsholongwane ihamba ngomoya ize sasazeke ngokusuka komnye umntu iye komnye, ngamanye amazwi iyosulela. Oku kwenzeka xa umntu onesi sifo ekhohlela, ethimla, okanye etsica/ethufa. Phakathi kwabantu abahlanu nabalishumi babonakalisa iimpawu zesi sifo, kwikhulu ngalinye labantu abosulelekileyo esi sifo. Kwaba bantu, esi sifo kuthiwa siyaphila. Isifo sephepha sibulala abantu abangaphezulu kwesiqingatha. Aba ke ngabantu abathi bosulelekile nje babe bengekho phantsi konyango.
ulwazi olufunyenweyo nonyango
Ukubonwa kweTB ephilayo emntwini kuxhomekeke kwiradiology esithi ngugesi ngesiXhosa. Oogqirha bajonga isifuba somntu kwiX-ray eyaziwa ngokuba ngugesi ngesiXhosa. Kutsho kuthiwe umntu uye egesini. Ngaphezu koko, bayawuhlola umzimba bejonga okokuba unamanzi kangakanani na. La manzi aneemicrobe kuwo, ezikhula kwiicell cultures. Iicell cultures zona ziyajongwa zogocwagocwe kujongwa okokuba akosulelekanga ngeTb na umntu.
Ukuba isigulana sineTB kodwa sibe singabonakalisi zimpawu zayo, intsholongwane kuthiwa 'ikhona kodwa ayibonakali'. Oogqirha basebenzisa isikhumba uvavanyo ekuthiwa yi-Mantoux test, ukufumana iTB ethi ikho nje ibe ingabonakali. Basoloko behlola negazi.
Lukhona ugonyo oluthi lwenziwe ukulwa iindlela ezithile zesifo sephepha. Kuthiwa lugonyo lwebacillus Calmette–Guérin.
Uqikelelo
Iingcali zikholelwa ekubeni isiqingatha sesithathu kuluntu lwehlabathi losulelwe ngesi sifo seM. tuberculosis. Usulelo olutsha lwenzeka kumntu ngamnye ngomzuzwana nje. Ngo-2007, zizigidi ezingamalunga ne-13.7 zabantu ababambeke kakhulu sesi sifo kwihlabathi lonke jikelele. Ngo-2010, bamalunga ne-8.8 million abantu abasaqalwa sesi sifo, kanti ke phantse ngama-1.5 million abantu abathe basutywa kukufa ngenxa yesi sifo, uninzi lwabo lukumazwe asakhasayo. Inani leziganeko zesifo sephepha belisoloko lisehla okokoko kwango-2006, yaza nemitsha imibandela ngesi sifo yehla ukususela ngo-2002.
Isifo sephepha asenzeki ngesantya esinye kwihlabathi. Zingamashumi asibhozo iiphesenti zoluntu kumazwe aseAsia naseAfrika abathe bahlolwa baze bafunyaniswa enaso esi sifo, kodwa zintlanu ukuya kwishumi iiphesenti kumazwe aseMelika. Abantu bahlala befumana isifo sephepha ngenxa yokuwa kwenjini ezilawula imizimba yabo. Abantu abaninzi abaphila neHIV kunye neAIDS bangasifumana isifo sephepha.
Vietnam
IVietnam lilizwe elikwi-peninsula ye-Indochina, kufutshane naseLaos, eCambodia nase China. Idolophu enkulu yeli lizwe yiHanoi kwaye iziko lezoqoqosho yiHi Chi Minh City. Indawo yolawulo lwaseVietnam ngolandelo-lusezantsi: I-Central - Iphondo (isixeko esiphantsi kwegunya eliphakathi) - iSixeko - iSithili (idolophu) - Umbutho. Inani labemi baseVietnam ngonyaka ka-2020 bamalunga nezigidi ezingama-97.
Ukuthabatha
Ukuphungula kukusebenza kwe-arithmetika ukuze kufunyanwe umahluko phakathi kwamanani amabini. Amagama amanani abekelwe bucala xa kusetyenziswa intetho yokuphungula ngala, i-minuend - ne-subtrahend = umahluko. Le ntetho ithi 7 - 4 = 3 ingathethwa ngolu hlobo "kwisixhenxe siphungule isine kushiyeka isithathu," "xa sinesixhenxe ze sithabathe isine kushiyeka isithathu," okanye "isine kwisixhenxe kushiyeka isithathu."
Ukuba ngaba eli nani kuthatyathwa kulo lincinane kunelo lithatyathwayo, umahluko uyakuba linani elingekhoyo. umzekelo, 17 - 25 = ( -8 ). Singakubeka ngolu hlobo oku, "xa kwishumi elinesixhenxe sithabatha okanye siphungula amashumi amabini anantlanu kushiyeka isibhozo." Le yindlela abasebenza ngayo abantu abasebenza ngeethili yemali nabayibona ngayo itshintshi omelwe kukuyifumana wena mthengi xa ubhatala ngemali eninzi kuneendleko ozichithe kwimpahla leyo oyithengileyo.
Mangosuthu Buthelezi
Mangosuthu Buthelezi (1928-)
Itafile
Itafile lolunye uhlobo lwefenitshala olumphezulu wayo usisibaca noxhaswa ngemilenze emibini  nangaphezulu. Sibeka izinto phezu kwetafile, sidla ngokuzibeka ezi zinto okwexeshana phezu kwale tafile,  umzekelo, ukutya kunye neemela nee-folokhwe, njalo njalo. ngexesha lesidlo, iikomotyi ekuzakuselwa ngazo, iincwadi,  imephu, ukubhala iphepha xa kubhalwa, kunye kunye nezinto zokudlala.
Sikwabeka izinto phezu kwetafile ixesha elide, umzekelo, i-TV, ikhompyutha okanye izihlobisi (izinto ezintle). Sidla ngokubeka ilaphu phezu kwetafile, isibanca ngaphezulu. Zikho iindlela ezisesikweni ekubekwa ngayo ilaphu, iimela neefolokhwe kunye nokutya phezu kwetafile yezidlo.
Igama lombutho wehlabathi i-Mensa isuka kwigama letafile elingesi-Latin.
Lenkonzo enyanisekileyo ka Krestu
Lenkonzo enyanisekileyo ka Krestu libandla elizimeleyo ela sekwa kwidolophu yase Beijing, e China ngonyaka ka 1917. Namhlanje elibandla linamalungu azizigidi ezingamashumi amabini anesihlanu kumazwe angamashumi amane anesine. Lenkonzo yase Pentekoste yosindiso yaqalwa ngeminyaka yokuqala kwi twentieth century. Ngonyaka ka 1997 lenkonzo iye yavulwa kweli loMzantsi Afrika. Unobangela ikuvakalisa indaba ezilungileyo kwilizwe lonke ngaphambi kokubuya kuka yesu okwesibini.
IsiNgesi
isiNgesi lulwimi lwaseNtshona-Jamani olwathethwa okokuqala yiAnglo-Saxon eNgilani ngeminyaka yokuqala yeMiddle Ages. Sithetha nje lelona lwimi lusetyenziswa kakhulu kwihlabathi jikelele.
Luthethwa kumazwe ngamazwe ehlabathi lonke jikelele. Lulwimi lokuqala lwaseUnited Kingdom, eUnited States, eCanada, eAustralia, eIreland, eNew Zealand namazwe amaninzi eCaribbean. Bamalunga na-375 ezigidi abantu abasithetha isingesi nje ngolwimi lweenkobe (abantu abantetho yabo isisiNgesi), nto leyo esibeka kwindawo yesibini isiNgesi njengolona lwimi luthethwayo kwihlabathi. Bamalunga nama-220 ezigidi zabanye abantu abasithetha njengolwimi olongezelelwa kwiilwimi zabo zeenkobe, kwaye kusekho izigidi-gidi zabantu abasafunda ukusithetha.
Sitshintshile ke isiNgesi, kunjalo nje besisoloko sitshintshwa ngenxa yefuthe lezinye iilwimi. Kuba phantse ama-60% entetho isuka kwisiLatini, maxa wambi isiNgesi sithathwa ngokuba lolona lwimi lunesiLatini kwiilwimi zesiJamani.
Imbali
IsiNgesi saaqala eNgilane. Iintlanga zamaJamani (amaSaxons, amaAngles, kunye namaJutes) eeza eBritane malunga phaya ngoo-449 AD. Bafika mazenzela ikhaya emzantsi nasempuma yesi siqithi, bethyalela ngaphandle amaBritane aluhlobo lwamaCeltic ababefike kuqala kunabo, babenza ukuba bathethe ulwimi lwesingesi endaweni yolwimi lwabo lwakudala ulwimi lwesiCeltic.
Unanamhla oku zisekho iilwimi zesiCeltic ezisathethwayo, ingakumbi eWales, apho isiWelsh ilulwimi lokuqala kwinxalenye yabantu abahlala kumaphandle. Inani labantetho isisiGaelic eScotland lincinane, kwaye phantse bonke bakwinaseziqithini. Ulwimi olubizwa ngokuba s"iScots" lona lululwimi oluyinzalelwane yesiNgesi. isiGaelic eIreland nase[Isle of Man]] sithethwa ngabantu abambalwa kakhulu.
Iilwimi ezizalana nesiJamani zezi ntlanga zaba sisiNgesi samandul. Igama elithi English lisuka kwigama likaAngles: uEnglas. IsiNgesi sakudala asivakali njengesiNgesi esisithethayo ngoku. Ukuba abantu abantetho isisiNgesi ngoku bangamamela okanye bafunde umhlathi obhalwe ngesiNgesi sakudala, ambalwa kakhulu amagama abangawaqonda ukuba athetha ukuthini.
Olona lwimi lusondele esiNgesini esisesasetyenziswayo namhlanje sisiFrisian, sithethwa ngabantu abangama-500,000 nabahlala eNetherlands, eGermany naseDenmark. Ngaphezu kokuba olu lwimi lubufana nesiNgesi, abantu abathetha ezi lwimi zimbini abavani kakuhle into abayithethayo. Kodwa nangona kunjalo, abantu abambalwa bathi olona lwimi lusondeleyo esiNgesini lulwimi lwesiDatshi.
Nanku umzekelo, kwiminyaka yoo800 AD, amaDanish namaNorse kunye namapirates, nababizwa ngamaVikings, beza kweli lizwe saza isiNgesi samkela amagama emboleko amaNorse amaninzi. Iilwimi zabo zazizezamaJamani, njengesiNgesi samaNdulo.
Emva koloyiso lukaWilliam wayithabathela kuye iNgilane ngo1066 AD kunye nomlhosi wakhe waza wabayikumkani, weza nabantu bakhe abahloniphekileyo, ababentetho yabo isisiNorman, ulwimi olwaluzalana kakhulu nesiFrentshi, ukuba lubekho kurhulumente omtsha. Baasivala isiNgesi ixesha elide ukuba sifundiswe ezikolweni, lwaza ulwimi lwatshintsha kakhulu, kuba sasithethwa ubukhulu becala endaweni yokokuba sibhalwe, isithuba esingangeminyaka engama-300. IsiNgesi saaboleka amagama amaninzi kwisiNorman ngexesha esasinokubizwa ngokuba lulwimi olwahlukileyo, iMiddle English. U-Geoffrey Chaucer ngumbhali owaziwayo wesiNgesi ekuthiwa yiMiddle English. Emva kwezandi ezininzi ezathi zatshintsha, isiNgesi iMiddle English sabasisiNgesi esiphuculweyo. Nangona umsebenzi kaShakespeare ungabonakala umdala kakhulu, kodwa ibizwa ngokuba iphucukile.
Inkomo
Inkomo yobisi''' Zonke ezizilwanyana: Iinkomo, iibhokwe, iinyathi, iigusha, iillama nee yak yimizekelo yezilwanyana ezithi zifuywe ngabantu ukuze bafumane ubisi. Sele ihambe yasisithethe into yokuba isilwanyana sobisi sisengwe ngesandla.
Indlela yokusenga iyafana kwizizwe ngezizwe. Kodwa ke zikhona iindawana ekuye kubonakale umahluko. Umzekelo sakuqaphela ukuba amangesi xa esenga ayivela inkomo kwicala lasekunene, ngeli xesha abantu base Mzantsi Afrika beyivela ngasekhohlo inkomo xa beyisenga. Kwilizwe lase France apho kusengwa iigusha, umsengi uhlala emva kwegusha. Enokuba kusetyenziswa eyiphi indlela yokusenga, isilwanyana sobisi, siye siyiqhele into yokusengwa kwelocala linye, ngumsengi omnye.
Ukuze kufumaneke ubisi olunempilo, kufuneka isilwanyana sibe sempilweni entle nomsengi abese mpilweni entle. Makhe siyeke yonke enye into sincokole kuphela ngesilwanyana sobisi.
Ukuze imazi ibesempilweni entle, kufuneka ifumane ukutya okulungileyo, amanzi nendawo esithileyo emoyeni obandayo, imvula kwakunye nobushushu. Xa imazi yenkomo igodola, ukutya ekufumanayo, kuguqulwa ngumzimba kube yinto yokudala ubushshu endaweni yokwenza ibisi, ntoleyo ethi yenze ukuba ibisi oluveliswa yinkomo lube luncinci. Xa kushushu kakhulu, inkomo iye ingafuni ukutya ivelise ubisi oluncinci. Kwiindawo apho indalo ingadalanga amadlelo achumileyo, kwakunye nemithi yokwenza umthunzi, unyanzeleka umfama ukuba makenze ukutya kubekho, aphinde akhe iintlanti ezinamaphahla asithileyo.
IsiNgesi
Imbali
Amabali nemidlalo edumileyo neyaziwa kakhulu. uShakespeare waye engumbhali wemibongo nemidlalo yeqonga yesiNgesi edume kakhulu. Sithetha nje, iingoma kunye nemovie (imiboniso yeefilim)zonke zisebenzisa ulwimi lwesiNgesi.
Inkomo
ukunakekela inkomo
Iimazi kufuneka zixilongwe iminyaka yonke ukuba azinaso isifo sephepha kwakunye nesifo sokuphunza amathole engekazalwa. Zombini ezizifo zikhankanywe apha ziyasulela oko kukuthi siyasuka esilwanyaneni ziyokutsho ebantwini. Zonke izilwanyana kufuneka zifakwe inaliti yokukhusela isifo sespleen, samatakane nesifo kwizilwanyana ezincinci samanqina abolileyo. Ngaphezu koko kufuneka iimazi ezincinci ezingekazali zifakwe inaliti yokukhusela isifo sokuphunza esosulelayo. Ughirha wezilwanyane ka Rulumente okanye umcebisi ofundele izifo zezilwanyana, uyakubanakho ukukucebisa ngezifo ezifana nomanzabomvu kwakunye nesifo senyongo ezilwanyaneni.
IsiNgesi
Intetho
Phantse ngama-60% entetho yolwimi lwesiNgesi ivela kwisiLatini nakwiilimi zeNeo-Latin (ingakumbi kwisiFrentshi):
Inkomo
Click to enlarge! Iintonga, ukubetha, ukukhwaza njalo njalo, kuyayiphazamisa inkomo, itsho ingakwazi ukuhlisa ubisi. Imazi yenkomo ngoku sele ihleli endaweni esithileyo, ifumana amanzi ngokoneleyo nokutya okoneleyo, ayisoze ihlise ukutya ngaphande kokuba ibe kwimeko ezolileyo engenanxunguphalo. Lilonke imazi akufuneki ibethwe, ikhwazwe, okanye ifumane impatho embi nokuba yenjani.
IsiNgesi
Intetho
Nangona kunjalo, kwawona magama akhe axhaphaka, awesiJamani ngawona alinani eliphezulu.
Inkomo
Yeyiphi eyona ndlela yokusenga enokuvelisa olona bisi luninzi?
Kubalulekile ukuba siqwalasele lamanqaku:
Umsengi angayonakalisa imibele yemazi yenkomo Imazi asokuze ihlise ubisi xa ixheshwa, ileqwa ibotshelelwa Mayingabikho ingxolo ngexesha lokusenga Ukusenga phantsi kweemeko ezimdaka kungayenza I Mastitis Ukusenga ngokucotha okukhulu kungayenza iMastitis Senga ubisi luphele emibeleni yenkomo ngaphandle kokuba inkomo inethole elenyisayo Ukusenga ngamaxesha ohluka hlukeneyo kusenokwenza ukuba imveliso yobisi yehle Ukuba imazi isengwa phantsi kweemeko ezizolileyo, iphathwa kakuhle ngexesha lokusenga kwaye umsengi uyakhawuleza esenga kakuhle, inkomo iyakuvelisa ubisi oluninzi. Ngaphezu koko into yokuwahlikihla amabele enkomo nokuwahlamba iyayenza ukuba inkomo ikhawuleze ukwehlisa. Khumbula ukuba uhlambe izandla emva kokuphulula imibele phambi okuba usenge. Inkomo ephethwe ngokuzolileyo ayinasidingo sokubotshwa amanqina. Ubisi kufuneka licudiswe ukuphuma embeleni, ungatsalwa umbele. Ukuba umsengi usenga kakuhle, ayikho imfuneko yokusebenzisa izinto eziqatywa embeleni. Umsengi kufuneka kwakhona ayiqwalasele inkangeleko yemazi yenkomo. Ukuba amathanga wemazi agcwele uthuli, ubulongwe okanye udaka, kufuneka isulwe okanye kusetyenzizwe into yokukhuhla. Uboya obude kulendawo inemibele kufuneka buchetywe. Kwaphinda kufuneka ibele lihlanjwe lisulwe ngelaphu elicocekileyo.
Click to enlarge! Ukusenga ngesandla esipheleleyo - intambo yokubopha ebuthathaka nempahla emdaka Eyona ndlela ilungileyo neyona ineziphumo ezintle yile yokusenga ngesandla sonke. Ibele lenkomo libanjwa ngesandla sonke ize ibisi litsalwe ngeminwe ukuze liphume, lento ifana nqwa nento eyenziwa lithole kuba kaloku ithole lithatha umbele kanina liwufake wonke emlonyeni lakugqiba litsale ubisi ngolwimi.
Xa kusengwa ngolu hlobo akubikho mfuneko yokuqaba amafutha embeleni wenkomo. Khumbula: umsengi owaziyo umsebenzi wakhe asokuze alitsale okanye alixhuzule kakubi ibele lenkomo ngaphandle kwesizathu.
Click to enlarge! Indlela engalunganga yokusenga - umbele phakathi kweminwe - Ukwenzakalisa umbele nokungenisa imastitis Kukho umkhwa ombi wokufaka umbele phakathi kweminwe ize litsalwe xa umntu esenga - lonto yonakalisa umbele wenkomo kwaye iyiphatha kakubi imazi yenkomo.
Click to enlarge! Ukusenga kakubi - ubhontsi othandelwe embeleni nobhontsi oqinisiweyo wema nqo Ukusenga imazi yenkomo ngokuthi ubambe umbele uwuqinise ngobhontsi neminwe utsale ngamandla xa usenga, konakalisa lendawo iphezulu yombele, imazi iva kabuhlungu, iba nomsindo - buyehla ubuninzi bobisi elihliswa yinkomo nemveliso iyehla.
Click to enlarge! Ukusenga kakubi - phakathi komnwe nobhontsi Lento kuthiwa kukusebenzisa "istrip" okanye ukutsala - apho kusengwa inkomo ngokuthi umbele ngamnye utsalwe ngobhontsi no mnwe wokukhomba, kufuneka isetyenziswe kuphela ukukhupha ubisi lokuqala nelokugqhibela enkomeni.
Umsengi owaziyo umsebenzi wakhe asokuze atsale umbele ngaphandle kwemfuneko.
Ixesha lokusenga kufuneka libe linye kuba inkomo iyayiqhela into yokusengwa ngexesha elinye. Ukuphosa ixesha lokusenga nokuba kungemizuzu engamashumi amathathu phambi okanye emva kwexesha lesiqhelo, kwenza umahluko omkhulu kuninzi lobisi nocwambu elithi lihliswe yinkomo.
Ibaluleke kanganani into yokuba uluntu lufumane ubisi olucocekileyo?
Ubisi lungabalelwa kwezinye zentlobo zokutya ezithe zakulungela ukondla umntu, ngebhadi lukwa kokona kutya kuthi kuzikhulise iintsholongwane ezenza izifo ebantwini. Ubisi olumdaka luyazikhuthaza ezi zifo: icholer, isifo somqala obuhlungu,isifo somqala omhlophe, isifo sengqhele erudisayo nesifo esidala ukuba abantwana bolame. Yenzeka njani lento:
izandla ezimdaka iinzipho ezinde ezimdaka ubulongwe benkomo iimpukane izilonda apha ezandleni zomsengi imikhwa emibi njengokukhohlela phezu kobisi, ukutshicela izandla nokusula umfinya ngesandla ngelixesha umntu ephethe ubisi. Yeyiphi indlela yokusenga ngokucocekileyo nangokwe sidingo sempilo?
Ukusenga ngokwe ndlela ekhuthaza impilo, kukuthi ubisi luphume kwiinkomo ezicocekileyo, ezizolileyo ezisengwe ngabasengi abacocekileyo, besengela kwi emele ezicocekileyo, ize emva koko olobisi lugcinwe lucocekile lubanda de kufike ixesha lokuba malusetyenziswe.
I emele kwakunye nomcephe webisi kufuneka zihlanjwe emva kokusetyenziswa ngamanzi acocekileyo. Emva koko, kufuneka ziphinde zihlanjwe ngamanzi abilisiweyo adityaniswe ne cooking soda.
Umzekelo ikomityi egcwaliswe kanga ngesiqingatha (1.5) ye soda idityaniswe ne 10 litre yamanzi.
Xa kubonakala ukuba amanzi akathembakali ukuba acocekile, kusenokuqinisekiswa ngococeko, ngokuthi umntu agalele amacephe amabini ejik kwi 10 litre yamanzi, umxube onjalo kufuneka uyekwe ume kanga ngemizuzu elishumi uzokudibana kakuhle. Emva kokuba I emele nomcephe zicocwe kakuhle, kufuneka ezizixhobo ziqutyudwe zizokoma. Ingakhiwa indawana yokuxhoma ezizinto engazukufuna imali nomsebenzi omninzi.
Senga ubisi lokuqala oluphuma kumbele ngamnye ulifake kwibhekile yokuxilonga imastitis, okanye ngelaphu elenziwe ngekawusi emnyama. Ukuba umbele unemastitis, ubisi luyakubonakala lunamahlwili amhlophe okanye lungathi lungamanzi. Musa uklulisebenzisa ubisi olunjalo! Xa kugqhityiwe ukusenga, kufuneka kwenziwe ezi zinto zilandelayo: Amafutha amdaka enziwe phezu kwe chain apho anokungcola kakhulu!
Hamburger
I-hamburger okanye burger yingu sandwich equkethe enye okanye ngaphezulu ephekwe patties inyama yomhlaba, ngokuqhelekileyo Yenkomo, ifakwe ngaphakathi kwinqwelo isinkwa okanye bun. Umntanakho unokuba pan fried, barbecued, okanye flame broiled. I-tyi, bacon, anyanisi, i-cucumber] [[i-pickle, okanye Chiles; Condiment njengaye lwesardard, mayonnaise, ketchup, islishisi, okanye "i-sauce ekhethekileyo"; Kwaye zihlala zifakwe kwi imbewu yeesame. I-hamburger ene-cheese ibizwa ngokuthi cheeseburger.
Qunu
iQunu yilali eMzantsi Afrika.
EKomani
Ledolophu yayisakubizwa ngokuba yiQueenstown ifumaneka kwisiqingatha sephondo leMpuma Koloni kumaspala wasekuhlaleni I Enoch Mgijima Municipality Kwisithili sase Chris Hani District Municipality
Imbali
IKomani yasekwa ngonyaka ka 1853 phantsi kolawulo luka Sir George Cathcart owayithiya ngegama lika Queen Victoria. Umsebenzi okumzila wololiwe odibanisa iMonti waqalwa nguRhulumente waseKoloni ka John Molteno ngonyaka ka 1876 waze wavulwa ngokusesikweni nge 19 May 1880
Ngonyaka wama 1960 abantu abanga maAfrika bafuduselwa empuma yelokishi yaseZibeleni njengenxalenye yomzamo wokufudusa abantu abamnyama kwiindawo zee "Homelands". Ledolophu kumaxa adlulileyo ibe nemozulu ezimbi kodwa ngethamsanqa akho monakalo owenzileyo.
Imidiya
Ledolophu inephephandaba I the Rep, Queenstown express kwakunye namajelo osasazo kanomathotholo iLukhanji Fm ne Vukani Fm
50/50 i-burger
50 / 50 Ubuncwane be-Burger  ngumhlaba wesiqingatha i-bacon, isiqingatha umhlaba wenkomo Burger otyelwe nguScott Slater Slater’s 50/50 Yokutyela. I-50/50 Burger iqulethe i-bacon yomhlaba engama-50% kunye ne-50% yomhlaba wenkomo yenkomo, i-avocado mash, i-pepper jack cheese kunye ne chipotle adobo mayo kwi-brioche bun bun.
Istovu
[[Image:Fouday-Poêle.jpg|thumb|[[Alsace|Isitovu seAlsatian]] sinombhobho waso wegas omde   otshintshatshinta ubushushu, kwcawa yaseFouday
IKhemistri
Ikhemestri lelinye lamasebe enzululwazi elisebenza ngee-elements zekhemical nangee-compounds, ikwabonakalisa nendlela ezisebenza ngayo ezi zinto xa zidibene. Ikhemikhali ikwasisifundo ngezinto ezithile ezenza imizimba yethu ngangazo zonke izinto ezisingqongileyo nezilapha emhlabeni.
imbali
Phambi komnyaka we-1600, abantu baafunda ngezinto ukuze bakwazi ukuqonda okokuba zenziwa njani okanye zenzeka njani izinto ezinjengokujika i-lead ibe yigolide, kodwa akuzange kude kubekho mntu ukwaziyo ukukwenza oko. Kwaza ke ngoko kwabizwa ngokuba yi-alchemy. Nangona kunjalo, Ii-Alchemists (abantu abenza i-alchemy) bafumanisa okokuba kukho izinto ezibalulekileyo. Ezo zinto yi-Sulphuric acid kune ne-nitric acid izinto ezimbini abathi bazibhaqa. Zazimbalwa kakhulu ii-elements ezazisaziwa. Ezinye zazo zii-mercury, isilivere, igolide, ne-carbon.
Ikhemistri iqale njengenzululwazi ngeminyaka yee-1600s. Kungoko kanye ke apho bafumanisa ezona nto zakhe zalula neziqhelekileyo ekwenziwa ngazo zonke ezinye izinto. Ezi zinto ke zibizwa ngokuba zii-elements. Enye into abathi bayifunda yeyokokuba igolide ne-lead zii-elements ezahlukeneyo, ngoko ke awunakuzika nge-chemical reaction enye ibe yenye kuzo. I-element yokuqala eyabhaqwa emva komnyaka we-1600 ye-phosphorus, into nje engaqhelekanga eqinileyo nebengezelayo.
Ii-elements zaya zibhaqwa ngokubhaqwa ngokukhawuleza. Abantu bawahlula umoya waba ziintlobo-ntlobo baza bazahlula ii-noble gases kuwo. Kananjalo baaphonononga ii-minerals ezikhethekileyo nezibalulekileyo kumgodi wezimbiwa eSweden ukuze bafumane ii-rare earth metals. I-Radioactivity nayo yafumaneka. Kunamhlanje nje osokhemisti basafumene ii-elements ezahlukeneyo ezili-118. Ezinye zazo zixhaphakile, njenge-oxygen. Ezinye zinqabile kwaye ziphakamile ngexabiso, njengeplatinum. Ezinye azinakufumaneka apha emhlabeni, zingasuke zenziwe kwii-labs, njenge-rutherfordium.
Okoko kwange-1920s, ukwanda kolwazi nge-physics kwazitshintsha ii-theories zoosohhemist' ngokubhekiselele kwii-chemical reactions. ngeekhompyutha nje ezincinane nezikhawulezisayo, oosokhemisti bathi benza izixhobo ezikumgangatho ongentla ukuze ikwazi ukuphicotha izinto. Ezi zixhobo zazithunyelelwe ukuba zikwazi ukufunda nzulu iikhemicals ezikwiMars. Amapolisa akwasebenzisa ezi zixhobo ukuphanda nzulu ngobungqina obuvela kulwaphulo mthetho.
Iintlobo-ntlobo zekhemistri
Ziliqela iintlobo zekhemistri. I-Analytical khemistri iqwalasela ezo chemicals zikwizinto. Umzekelo, xa ujonga okokuba ingaba ingakanani na i-arsenic esekutyeni. I-Organic khemistri iqwalasela izinto ezine-carbon kuzo. Umzekelo, ukwenza i-acetylene. I-Inorganic khemistri ijonge kwizinto ezingena-carbon kuzo. Umzekelo omnye kukwenza i-integrated circuit.
Isigama ekwakhelwa kuso
Eyona nto yakhelwa kuyo nesisiseko se-element ibizwa ngokuba yi-atom. I-atom sisiseko sokwakhela nesisesona sakhe sasincinane kangangokuba xa ufuna ukuyibona ungayisika i-element ungakhange ude ube uyayicukuceza (uyijike ibe yi-element ekhaphukhaphu, umzekelo ngenuclear fission okanye ngeradioactive decay). I-chemical compound yi-substance eyenziwe ngee-elements ezimbini nangaphezulu. Kwi-compound, ii-atoms ezimbini nangaphezulu zithi zimanyane zenze i-molecule. Intlantsana yothulu okanye intwana yeqabaza lento engamanzi eli libonwa ngamehlo lenziwe nezigidi ngezigidi okanye ngezigidigidi zezi molecules. Imixube ziisubstances apho ii-chemicals are zixutywe khona kodwa zibe zingenantshukumo ziyenzayo okanye ibonakalayo. Umzekelo ngowaxa kudityaniswa isanti netyuwa. Oku kunokujikwa kwakhona kwenziwe ityuwa nesanti ngokwahlukana kwazo. Ii-Chemical compounds zitshintshwa yi-chemical reaction. Umzekelo ingakukutshisa i-sodium bicarbonate, i-baking powder le siyaziyo. kugalelwa amanzi, i-carbon dioxide, kunye nesodium carbonate. Lo mxube awunakujikwa okanye ezi zinto azinakwahlukaniswa.
I-Mole
I-mole sisixa esikhulu kakhulu see-atoms (602,214,150,000,000,000,000,000 atoms). Ubunzima be-atom ye-element bungasetyenziswa ukujonga okokuba zingakanani na ii-elements ezenza i-mole. Umzekelo, ubunzima be-atom bumalunga nama-63.55. Oko kuthetha okokuba malunga nama 63.55 ee-grams ze-copper metal zine-mole yee-atoms. Ubunzima be-chlorine bumalunga nama-35.45. Oko kuthetha okokuba ama-35.45 ee-grams ze-chlorine ane-mole yee-atoms kuzo.
Kananjalo, Ii-Moles zingasetyenziselwa ukujonga okokuba zingaphi na ii-molecules kwii-chemical compounds. I-Copper(II) chloride ingumzekelo. i-CuCl2 yi-chemical formula yayo. inye i-copper atom (63.55) zimbini zona ii-chlorine atoms (35.45 · 2 = 70.90). Dibanisa bonke ubunzima be-molar obukwii-elements zidibene kunye nobunzima be-molar be-chemical compound buya busanda. (63.55 + 70.90 = 134.45) Oko kuthatha ukuthi ngee-grams ezingama-134.45 ze-copper(II) chloride, kukho i-mole enye yee-molecules ze-copper(II) chloride. Eli gama lisetyenziswa xa kubalwa okokuba zingaphi na ii-chemicals ezifuneka kwi-chemical reaction xa kungekho ntshukumo reaction (ii-chemicals ezi-reacted) ishiyekileyo. Ukuba kusetyenziswe i-reactant eninzi, kuzakuba ii-reactants ezishiyekileyo kwi-chemical reaction.
Ii-Acids nee-bases
Ii-Acids nee-bases ziichemicals ezixhaphakileyo. Ii-Acids zikhupha H+ i-ions xa zisemanzini, zikhuphe nee-bases OH− ions xa zisemanzini. Ii-Acids zinga-react with bases. The H+ ion is taken from the acid by the base. This makes water, H2O. A salt is also made when an acid and a base react together. An example would be reacting hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Hydrochloric acid releases H+ and Cl- ions in water. The base releases Na+ and OH- ions. The H+ and the OH- react to make water. There is a solution of sodium chloride (NaCl) left. Sodium chloride is a salt.
Umsebenzi obalulekileyo
Ikhemistri ibaluleke kakhulu kwintlalo yemihla ngemihla kwaye yenza isiseko samasebe amaninzi enzululwazi. Ii-objects ezininzi zenziwe zii-chemists (abantu abangoosoKhemistri). Oosokhemistri basebenza ngokungagungqiyo bezama ukufumana ii-substances ezintsha nezibalulekileyo. Oosokhemistri benza amachiza kunye nezinye izinto ezifana nee-paints esizisebenzisa yonke imihla.
U-Gqoba, William Wellington
UWilliam Wellington Gqoba (EyeThupha 1840 - 26 ka Epreli 1888) wayengumlobi waseMzantsi Afrika ngesiXhosa, umhumushi, kunye nomlobi.
Ngubani lo mfo?
U-Gqoba wayeyiMbongi yasemZantsi Afrika ephum'izandla, enguchwepheshe ekuyibekeni ngesiXhosa intetho eze ngesiNgesi. Kwayena wayegqwesa kubuntatheli. Kwiminyaka yoo-1800, le ndoda yayingumbhali wesiXhosa ovunyiweyo. Xa sithetha ngoWilliam Wellington Gqoba sithetha ngomntu owayenesiphiwo kwizinto ezininzi kunjalo nje engasileli nakwenye into athe wathabatha inxaxheba kuyo. Ndithetha ngomntu owayesuke aqgwese xa kufuneka engumabhalane, angafundisi asus'amaphepha xa kufuneka etitshile, ze kuthi xa kufuneke eyibhale ngesiXhosa sakhe intetho ebhalwe ngesiNgesi, abengathi uzelwe naso eso sakhono. Andisathethi ke xa ezakwabelana nabantu ngezakwaLizwi, yho! ingqarhama yomfundisi. Oshumayela kudilik'iindonga elibeka licace gca oku komva webhokhwe ilizwi leNkosi. Ndiyekeni ngomnt'a kaGqoba. Uyidlalile indima yakhe emhlabeni. Usimele isiZwe samaXhosa. Halala!!!
Ukuzalwa kwakh e
U-William Wellington wakwaGqoba wazalwa ngo-August ka-1840, ezalelwa eGaba kufuphi naseMpuma-Koloni (eEastern Cape). Uyise wayenguGqoba uCirha. Uyisemkhulu yena wayenguPeyi, indoda eyayingumlandeli nomhlobo omkhulu kaNtsikana. Uyakukhumbula kaloku okokuba uNtsikana wadlala indima enkulu nebonakalayo kwimbali yesiXhosa, nakudliwano-ndlebe olwalubanjwa rhoqo ngamaXhosa olwalungalunga nobuKristu.
Ufunde wasebenza phi lo mfo?
U-Gqoba ufunde kwisikolo seMishini yaseTyhume. Akuphumelela apho wenjenjeya ukuya kwiziko lemfundo ephakamileyo eLovedale. Uqale ukusebenza ngo-1856 kwaseLovedale. Emva koko wathi ngonyaka omnye wayakusebenza eQonce (eKing Williams Town). Waza wagqibela ngokusebenza kwisitishi saseBrownlee. Ngo-1858, wabekwa ngokusesikweni njengegqala kwiMishini yeCawa ka Tiyo Soga eMgwali.
Ukusukela kumnyaka ka-1884 wasebenza njengomhleli wephepha 'Isigidimi samaXhosa', apho watsho wapapasha khona amaphepha akhe awayegxile kwimbali yamaXhosa.
Kodwa ke ukubaluleka kwakhe kwakungenxa yokubonga kwakhe, ingakumbi imibongo yakhe emibini nemide ethi: "Ingxoxo phakathi kobuKristu noPagan" ("The Discussion between the Christian and the Pagan" kunye nalo uthi, "Ingxoxo enkulu ngeMfundo" ("The Great Discussion on Education"). Uhlobo lwakhe lokubonga lwalufakwe ifuthe ngumbhalo ka-John Bhunya kwincwadi ethi "John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress" neyayibekwe nguTiyo Soga ngentetho yesiXhosa eyithatha kwintetho yesiNgesi. Kuyo yomibni le mibongo, umfo kaGqoba wayevusa ingxoxo-mpikiswano ngobuKristu nezinye inkolo, apho kwacaca mhlophe okokuba ubuKristu buyaphumelela.
Isitya esihle asidleli
U-Cirh'omkhulu wasutywa kukufa ngomhla wama-26 kuTshazimpuzi/kuApril ka-1888 eseLovedale, kufuphi naseAlice. Lala ngoxolo Cirh'omkhulu!!!
Amagqabantshintshi ngobomi bakhe
UWilliam Wellington Gqoba wayedume kakhulu ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yethoba kwizifundiswa zaseAfrika, nezaziphuma kummandla weMpuma-Koloni yoMzantsi Afrika. Ngokomsebenzi, wayengumakhi weenqwelo, engumshumayeli osesikweni weFree Church of Scotland, engutitshala, engumbhali wembali, eyimbongi, engumbalisi weembali, iintsomi namaqhalo, ekwanguye nomhleli.
Inkqubela-phambili yobomi bakhe
Ngokufutshane ngobomi bakhe, usebenze kwiizitishi zemishini njengomfundisi womthetho-siseko wenkolo yobuKhrestu, waze wayigqibezela inkqubela-phambili yobomi bakhe njengomhleli wephepha-ndaba laseLovedale, Isigidimi samaXhosa, apho athe wayila waze wancedisa ekubhaleni izibongo ezithetha phandle ngokubhukuqa nokugweba imfundo yaseNtshona, ukulawulwa kwabantu abamnyama ngabaseNtshona nocalu-calulo ababephantsi kwalo. Lo kaGqoba wayengumfanekiso wendoda yomXhosa efundileyo. Ngokungenakulinganiswa nabani na, ngexesha lakhe lohlobo loluhlu lokubhala kwakhe, ebengumbhali weeleta, amabali eembali ezimfutshane, iinkcazelo zamaqhina, iimbali nezibongo, kuquka izibongo ezimbini ezide ezikwintlobo yeengxoxo-mpikiswano nezabakho ngaphezu kweminyaka engamashumi amahlanu kulwimi lwesiXhosa.
Le ncwadi idibanisa, ikwaguqulela imibhalo ebonakala ngokucace gca kaWilliam Wellington Gqoba kulwimi lwesiNgesi. Le mibhalo iveza imbono yombhali ngoguquko lwesizwe se-Afrika, ekuziqhelelaniseni ngendlela enganelisiyo kumasiko nezithethe nobulungisa baseNtshona, sikhangele ukuqinisekisa ubuni baso ngokuqwalasela kwixesha laso elidlulileyo, sime kwinkcochoyi yokuhlanganisa inkcaso yokuphathwa ngabantu abamhlophe kunye nokwakha intlalo, inkululeko yepolitiki nenkolo yesithanga saseNtshona.
Coreia do Twoaie
Yena Yima 'syn Aishey kuye yn Twoaie Korea. T'ee çhemmit liorish y Korea Yiass da'n jiass, liorish y Çheen da'n twoaie kakhulu liorish y Roosh icala da'n hwoaie. She noRobert preeu y-entilini.