cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Umlambo iAmazon
Estuary
The estuary of the Amazon is about 330 km wide. The width of the mouth of the river is usually measured from Cabo do Norte to Punto Patijoca. Generally, the outlet of the Para River is included. It is 60 km wide, and forms the estuary of the  Tocantins. The estuary also includes the island of Marajó, which lies in the mouth of the Amazon. This means that the Amazon is wider at its mouth than the entire length of the Thames in England.
Along the coastline, near Cabo do Norte, there are many islands partially covered with water. There are also sandbanks. The tides of the Atlantic generate a wave that reaches into the Amazon river. This wave goes along the coast for about 160 km. The phenomenon of this wave generated by the tides is called tidal bore. Locally it is known as pororoca. The pororoca occurs where the water is less than 7 m deep. It starts with a loud noise, and advances at a speed of 15–25 km/h (9–16 mph). The bore is the reason the Amazon does not have a delta. The ocean rapidly carries away the large amount of silt brought by the Amazon. This makes it impossible for a delta to grow past the shoreline. It also has a very large tide, that can reach 6 m. The place has become popular for river surfing.
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Iintlelo
South Africa 2010• Brasil 2014• Russia 2018• Qatar 2022
Umlambo iAmazon
Estuary
A phenomenon that is very similar occurs at the mouth of the Orinoco.
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Imbali
Umculo/Izihloko
Umlambo iAmazon
Bridges
There are no bridges across the entire length of the river. This is not because the river would be too wide to bridge; for most of its length, engineers could build a bridge across the river easily. For most of its course, the river flows through the Amazon Rainforest. There are very few roads and cities. Most of the time, the crossing can be done by a ferry, so there is no need to build a bridge. The Manaus Iranduba Bridge linking the cities of Manaus and Iranduba spans the Rio Negro (a tributary of the Amazon).
Indlela ehamba iinqanawa xa zisiya kushishina
Iinqanawa ezinkulu zingadibana nomlambo Big ocean ships can get up the river until Manaus, which is almost 1500 kilometers from its mouth. Smaller ocean ships of 3,000 tons and 7.9 m (26 ft) draft can reach as far as Iquitos in Peru, 3,700 km (2,300 miles) from the sea. Smaller riverboats can reach 780 km (486 mi) higher as far as Actual Point. Beyond that, small boats frequently go up to the Pogo Ode Escherichia's, just above Actual Point.
Abkhazia
Abkhazia (Аҧсны Apsny) indawo ehlonishwayo kwicala elingasempuma ye- uLwandle oluMnyama kunye nezantsi-ntshona-ntshona ye Caucasus Mountains, ngasezantsi yeRashiya kunye nenyakatho-ntshona ye Georgia. Ihlanganisa kwaye inabantu abangama-240,000. Inkulu yalo Sukhumi.
Ukwahlukana kwe-Abkhazian ukuziphatha, ngokusemthethweni Republic of Abkhazia okanye Apsny,    Iqondwa kuphela iRashiya kunye noKwamkelwa kwamazwe ngamazwe ka-Abkhazia kunye neSouth Ossetia.
Ngelixa iGeorgia ingakwazi ukulawula u-Abkhazia, Urhulumente waseGeorgia (ilizwe) urhulumente waseGeorgia, iZizwe eziManyeneyo kunye nobuninzi boorhulumente behlabathi bajonga u-Abkhazia inxalenye ye Georgia, Umgaqo-siseko owuchaza indawo I-Republic of Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia.
Kraków
Kraków — iDolophu ePoland.
Oliver Tambo
U-Oliver Reginald Kaizana Tambo (27 Oktobha 1917 – 24 uEpreli 1993) ngomnye wabongameli bombutho kaKhongolose, i-African National Congress (i-ANC). Wongamela i-ANC (1967 - 1991) emva kokuba ivalwe umlomo eMzantsi Afrika ngexesha localucalulo.
Obomi bakwangoko
UTambo wazalwa nge-27 ka-Okthobha ngo-1917 kwilali yaseNkantolo eBizana; empuma Pondoland kwindawo ngoku ebizwa iMpuma Kapa. Ilali uTambo azalelwa kuyo yenziwa uninzi lwabalimi. [Uyathethisa] Utata wakhe, uMzimeni Tambo, wayengunyana womlimi kunye nomncedisi wentengiso kwivenkile yokuthengisa yendawo. UMzimeni wayenabafazi abane nabantwana abalishumi, bonke bengafundanga. Umama kaOliver, unkosikazi wesithathu waseMzimeni, wabizwa ngokuba nguJulia. UTambo wayevela kwintsapho ezinzileyo apho abantwana bakayise banemfundo elungileyo. Waye waya kwizikolo zama-Anglican kunye nezabe-Methodist, kuquka ne-Holy Cross kwisikolo sobufundisi kunye nomntakwabo ngo-Epreli 1928. Emva kweminyaka emihlanu e-Holy Cross, uTambo wagqwesa kwizifundo zakhe kwaye wathuthela eSt Peter eRhawutini. UTambo waphumelela ngo-1938 njengomnye wabafundi abagqwesileyo. Emva koku, uTambo wamkelwa kwiDyunivesithi yaseFort Hare kodwa ngo-1940 yena, kunye nabanye abaliqela kubandakanya uNelson Mandela, wagxothwa ngenxa yokuthatha inxaxheba kugwayimbo lwabafundi. Ngo-1942, uTambo wabuyela kwisikolo sakhe samabanga aphakamileyo eRhawutini ukuya kufundisa isayensi kunye nemathematics.
Ngo-1943, uTambo, uMandela kunye noWalter Sisulu baseka umbutho wolutsha we-ANC, iTambo yaba nguNobhala wayo wokuqala welizwe kunye nelungu leSigqeba seLizwe ngo-1948. Umbutho wolutsha waphakamisela utshintsho kwiqhinga lombutho olwa nobandlululo. Ngaphambili, i-ANC ibikade ifuna ukuqhubela phambili unobangela wayo ngezenzo ezinje ngezikhalazo kunye nemiboniso; Umbutho wolutsha waziva ukuba ezi zenzo azonelanga ekufezekiseni iinjongo zeqela kwaye zacetyiswa eyabo "Inkqubo yokuSebenza". Le nkqubo yaxhasa amaqhinga afana nokubhalwa kwabafana, ukungathobeli eluntwini, ukubetha, kunye nokungabambisani.
Ngo-1955, uTambo waba ngu-Nobhala-Jikelele we-ANC emva kokuvalwa umlomo kukaSisulu ngurhulumente woMzantsi Afrika phantsi komThetho wokuNgqinelana nobuKomanisi. Ngo-1958, waba ngu-Sekela Mongameli we-ANC kwaye ngonyaka ka-1959 wakhonzwa ngeminyaka emihlanu yokuvalwa umlomo ngurhulumente.
Ukuphila eLondon
Ukuphendula oku, uTambo wathunyelwa phesheya yi-ANC ukuya kukhuthaza inkcaso yocalucalulo. Uzinze nosapho bakhe eMuswell Hill, emantla e-London, apho wayehlala khona de kwangowe-1990. Ukugxothwa kwakhe kuye kwamcaphukisa ukubona umkakhe nabantwana abathathu, kodwa unkosikazi wakhe u-Adelaide wayixhasa i-ANC ekhaya ngokuthatha amalungu e-ANC afika e-UK.
Ngo-1967, uTambo waba ngu-Mongameli we-ANC, emva kokubulawa kweenkosi u-Albert Lutuli. Wayefuna ukugcina i-ANC kunye nangona wayegxothwe eMzantsi Afrika. Ngenxa yobunkokeli bakhe obunobuchule, wakwazi ukutsala abantu baseMzantsi Afrika abanetalente, omnye wabo yayinguThabo Mbeki.
Ngomhla wama-30 kuDisemba ngo-1979 eLusaka, eZambia, Tambo njengo-Mongameli kunye no-Alfred Nzo, owayengu-Nobhala-Jikelele we-ANC, badibana noTim Jenkin, uStephen Lee kunye no-Alex Moumbaris, amalungu e-ANC abaleka ekubanjisweni kwintolongo yasePhillip kgosi njengamabanjwa ezopolitiko. Ubukho babo babhengezwa ngokusesikweni yi-ANC ekuqaleni kukaJanuwari kwaye uTambo wabazisa kwinkomfa yeendaba nge-2 kaJanuwari 1980.
Umsebenzi we-guerrilla
i zerhasi esebenzayo. Ekunye nabalingane bakhe uNelson Mandela, uJoe Slovo, kunye noWalter Sisulu, uTambo walathisa kwaye waququzelela uhlaselo oluninzi ngurhulumente wengcinezelo. [Ucaphula ulwazi] kudliwanondlebe luka-1985, uTambo wacatshulwa esithi, "Ngaphambili, besisithi i-ANC ngeke buthathe ngabom ubomi obungenatyala. Kodwa ngoku, xa sijonga okwenzekayo eMzantsi Afrika, kunzima ukuthi abahlali bangazukufa. "
IKhomishini ye-Nkululeko noXolelwaniso emva kocalucalulo (i-TRC) ngo-1997-1998 yachonga uTambo njengomntu owanikezela ngemvume yokugqibela yibhombu yecawe yesitalato i-20 Meyi 1983, eyakhokelela ekufeni kwabantu abayi-19 kwalimala abantu abayi-197-217. Olo hlaselo lwenziwa iiyunithi ekhethekileyo ye-Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK) ye-ANC, eyalelwa ngu-Aboobaker Ismail. Iiyunithi ezinje zazigunyazisiwe nguTambo njengoMongameli we-ANC ngo-1979. Ngexesha lolwaphulo olo, baxela uJoe Slovo njengenkosi yabasebenzi.
Izenzo ezilishumi zeMK, kubandakanya u-Ismail, isicelo sokuxolelwa koku kunye nezinye iibhombu. Ezi zicelo zazichasene nezizathu ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanya nokuba yayihlaselo lwabanqolobi olungazinzanga kwezopolitiko. I-TRC ifumanise ukuba inani labemi bodwa xa kuthelekiswa nabezomkhosi babulewe alicacanga. Amanani amaPolisa oMzantsi Afrika abonise ukuba amalungu asixhenxe eSADF abulawa. Ikhomishini ifumanise ukuba ubuncinci abangama-84 kwabalimala yayingamalungu okanye abasebenzi beSADF. Uxolelo lwamkelwe yi-TRC.
Ngo-1985, wanyulwa njengoMongameli we-ANC
Buyela eMzantsi Afrika
Ubuyele eMzantsi Afrika nge-13 kaDisemba 1990 emva kweminyaka engaphezu kwengama-30 ekuthinjweni, emva konyulwa njengo-Sihlalo kaZwelonke we-ANC kwinyanga yeKhala kwangalo nyaka. Ukwazile ukubuyela eMzantsi Afrika ngenxa yomthetho we-ANC. Xa ebuyayo emva kwexesha lakhe ekuthinjweni wafumana inkxaso eninzi. Olunye lwale nkxaso luvela nakwiimbangi zakudala. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokubetha kwakhe ngo-1989. Kwakunzima kuye ukufeza imisebenzi yakhe njengo-Mongameli we-ANC, ke ngo-1991 uNelson Mandela wathatha njengo-Mongameli we-ANC. Xa ehla njengo-Mongameli, ingqungquthela yamenzela isikhundla njengoSihlalo kaZwelonke.
Ukufa
Emva kwengxaki emva kokubethwa, uTambo wasweleka ngo-Epreli 24, ngo-1993 eneminyaka engama-75 ubudala. Ukufa kwakhe kwenzeka kwiintsuku ezili-14 emva kokubulawa kukaChris Hani kunye nonyaka omnye ngaphambi konyulo jikelele luka-1994 apho uNelson Mandela waba nguMongameli woMzantsi Afrika. UMandela, uThabo Mbeki kunye noWalter Sisulu baya kumngcwabo. UTambo wangcwatyelwa eBenoni, eGauteng.
Ubudlelwane bamanye amazwe
Umlo onamandla wokulwa nocalucalulo wazisa uTambo ukuba enze uthotho lobuhlobo obukhulu bamazwe. Ngo-1977, uTambo watyikitya isivumelwano sobumbano phakathi kwe-ANC kunye nomasipala: idolophu yase-Italy iRegio Emilia yayisisixeko sokuqala emhlabeni ukusayina isivumelwano sobumbano. Esi yayisisiqalo sokuqonda okude okwazisa i-Italiya ukuba yenze umzamo kwizenzo zekhonkrithi zokuxhasa ilungelo lokuzimela kwabantu base-Afrika; Elinye lala manyathelo yayiyintlangano yeenqanawa ezinzileyo. Owokuqala, obizwa "uAmanda", wemka eGenova ngo-1980. YayinguTambo ngokwakhe owacela uReggio Emilia ukuba enze iimedali zeMeditwalandwe, oyena mkhulu kwezona ntlonipho ze-ANC
Imbeko
Ngo-2004, wavotwa ngenani lama-31 kwi-SABC3 enkulu yoMzantsi Afrika, [ecaphula] efumana amanqaku angaphantsi kwaH. F. Verwoerd, ngaphambi kokuba uSABC athathe isigqibo sokurhoxisa imijikelezo yokugqibela yokuvota. Isigqibo sokurhoxisa iziphumo besazisiwe sisibakala sokuba uninzi lwabantu abamnyama base Mzantsi zange bathathe inxaxheba kuvoto, kuba iSABC3 yayibeka ikakhulu kwizithethi zesiNgesi.
Ekupheleni kuka-2005, abapolitiki be-ANC babhengeza izicwangciso zokuthiya kwakhona i-Johannesburg International Airport emva kwakhe. Isindululo samkelwe kwaye umsitho wokuphinda ubizwe ngomhla wama-27 ku-Okthobha ka-2006. Urhulumente owayelawulwa yi-ANC wayebuye wathi igama lesikhululo iJan Smuts njengeSikhululo senqwelomoya saseRhawutini ngo-1994 ngezizathu zokuba izikhululo zeenqwelomoya zase Mzantsi Afrika zingabizwa ngamagama ezopolitiko.
Kukho ukuqunjelwa kwe-O.R. I-Tambo kwindawo yase-Albert Road Reconwabo Ground, Muswell Hill, ngaphandle kwe-Alexandra Park School. NgoJuni ngo-2013, isixeko saseRegio Emilia (e-Itali) sabhiyozela iTambo ngokudala ipaki enikezelwe kuMongameli we-African National Congress.
Ingcwaba likaTambo labhengezwa njengendawo yeLifa leMveli kuZwelonke xa wasweleka kodwa waphulukana nale meko xa wasweleka umkakhe uAdelaide Tambo, wangcwatyelwa ecaleni kwakhe. Nangona kunjalo ingcwaba labo laphinda labhengezwa njenge-National Heritage ngo-Okthobha ka-2012.
Ukuqukumbela imibhiyozo yeminyaka elikhulu yokuzalwa kukaTambo, isikhumbuzo sasibanjelwe kwiRegina Mundi Catholic Church eMoroka, eSoweto ngomhla wama-27 ku-Okthobha 2017. Esi siganeko sifanayo saphawula nakwinkulungwane yokupheliswa kwempi yomkhosi we-SS Mendi. Umsitho uxhaswe ngu-Ambesi Lindiwe Mabuza kunye no-Fr Lawrence Mduduzi Ndlovu, bekunye ne-Thabo Mbeki Foundation kunye ne-Oliver kunye ne-Adelaide Tambo Foundation. Iikwayala ezithatha inxaxheba yayingu-Imilonji ozitu Choral Society, i-Johannesburg Metro Police Choir kunye neKurhuleni Metro Police Choir. Owayecula ngalomhla yayinguSibongile Khumalo.
I-haploid
I-Haploid ligama elisetyenziswa xa i-cell inehafu yenani eliqhelekileyo lee- chromosomes. Isidalwa se-eukaryote sinee-cells ze-diploid, ingqokolela enye yee-chromosomes evela kwisidalwa ngasinye esinesini sobufazi nesinesini sobudoda. kodwa ke emva kokuba kwenzeke i-meiosis, inani lee-chromosomes ezikwi-gametes lahlulwa phakathi. Obu ke bubume be-haploid.
Ebantwini, inani eliphindwe kabini (le-diploid) lee-chromosomes lingama-46 (2x23). Inani lee-sperms nelamaqanda kwi-icells ze-haploid zingama-23. Ezinye iintlobo zezilwanyana ziluhlobo lwe-haploid, njengenkunzi ye-hymenoptera (iimbovaneant, iinyosi kunye ne-wasps). Olu luhlobo olulodwa lwenkqubo yegenetic ekuthiwa yi-haplodiploidy.
IJografi
IJografi zizifundo ngeHlabathi nangeempawu zalo, izidalwa ezihlala kulo, kunye nokwenzeka kwalo. Igama elithi jografi livela kumagama esiGrike athi gê ("Umhlaba") kunye nelithigraphein ("ukubhala, ukuzoba"). Lithetha "ukubhala kunye nokuzoba umhlaba". eli gama laqala ukusetyenziswa ngumphandi obizwa ngokuba nguEratosthenes (276-194 B.C.). Iimpawu zalo zizinto ezifana namazwekazi, iilwandle, imilambo kunye neentaba. Abahlali balo ngabo bonke bantu kunye nezilwanyana ezihlala kulo. Izinto ezenzeka kulo zizinto ezifana namaza omoya, umoya, kunye nenyikima.
Umntu oyingcaphephe kwijografi kuthiwa yijografa. Ijografa izama ukuqonda ngeHlabathi nangezinto ezikulo, zaaqala kanjani zaza zatshintsha njani.
IJografi yahlulwe yangamacandela amabini elephysical geography nele human geography. KwiPhysical geography kufundwa ngobume bendalo yehlabathi ukanti kwihuman geography kufundwa ngobume boluntu kwihlabathi. Kwizifundo zoluntu lwasemhlabeni kungabandakanywa izinto ezifana noluntuolukwisizwe, Lumi njani uqoqosho lwesizwe, nezinye izinto.
iijografa kufuneka zibenolwazi oluphangaleleyo ngeemephu kuba kaloku iimephu zibaluleke kakhulu kumntu ofuna ukwazi ngejografi. Iijografi zizisebenzisa kakhulu iimephu, zide zizenze nokuzenza ngamaxesha amaninzi. ukwenziwa kwememphu kuthiwa yicartografi, Ngokufanayo, abantu abenza iimephu kuthiwa ziicartografa.
Emhlabeni
Iijografa ezifunda ziphicothe le planethi yasemhlabeni zingaqwalasela oku kulandelayo:
Uluntu lwasemhlabeni
Iijografa ezifunda ngoluntu lwasemhlabeni lungaqwalasela oku kulandelayo:
I-abacus
I-abacus sisixhobo sakudala-dala esasidla ngokusetyenziswa kwi-math. Isasetyenziswa nangoku kwiindawo ezithile apha emhlabeni. ngamanye amaxesha iimfama zisayakuyisebenzisa i-abacus, kuba zikwazi lula ukuweva ngezandla amanani. I-abacus ezixhaphakileyo zisebenza ngokuhamba-hambisa ii-beads kunye nee-rods.
I-anatomy yomntu
umzimba womntu uyiyo yonke into ebasisakhiwo somntu ophilayo kwaye unentloko, unentamo, ibesisibhukubhuku somzimba (esiquka umntla nomzantsi womzimba, iingalo kunye nezandla, imilenze kunye neenyawo. Onke amalungu omzimba enziwe ngeentlobo-ntlobo zee-cells, nekuyeyona nto isisiseko sobomi.
EBloemfontein
iBloemfontein yenye kwezintathu zoondlu-nkulu njengeNkundla ePhakamileyoas ilapho. NgesiBhulu nang esiDatshi, igama elithi 'Bloemfontein' lithetha "ukudubula (kwentyatyambo)". Esi sixeko saziwa ngokuba sisixeko seentyatyambo. zininzi iintyatyambo eBloemfontein.
I-ovum
I-ovum nge(siLatin: l"iqanda", isininzi: ziiova) ligama le-cell elibhekisa kwi-haploid eyimazi edalelwe ukuqhama ngokuthi izale, okanye i-gamete. zombini ezi zinto ziphilayo, izilwanyana kunye nezityalo kuthiwa z(ii-embryophytes) zivelisa imbewu ezi-ova.
Abantu
Ii-Ova zenziwa zii-ovaries zemazi zize ziphinde zikhutshwe kwazizo. Kwasekuzalweni kwakhe, umntu onesini sobufazi ubanawo onke amaqanda akhe. Uthi xa afikelela kwinqanaba lokufikisa apha ekukhuleni kwakhe, akhuphe iqanda libe linye ngenyanga de kungabikho qanda lishiyekileyo. Loo nto ke kuthiwa yi-oogenesis.
Xa i-ovum sele ichunyiswe nge-sperm sendoda, kuphuma i-zygote, ethi ikhule ibe sesinye isidalwa. I-ovum ichunyiswa ingaphakathi emzimbeni womntu ongumfazi, kutsho kuvele i-embryo ethi ikhulele ngaphakathi kweuterus, isondliwa yi-placenta kamama.
The ovum is the largest cell in the human body. You can see it without a microscope. The human ovum is between 100 and 200 µm long. They are nevertheless much smaller than the cleidoic eggs laid externally by reptiles and birds, which is why they need a long period of internal development in the womb.
Ezinye izilwanyana ezincancisayo
The sexual cycle is quite different in other mammals, whose females are only receptive during their 'heat', which triggers the release of eggs from the ovary. Sexual activity then continues for a few days, then ceases entirely until the next heat.
Izityalo
In many plants, ova are made inside archegonia through meiosis. The archegonium has a long 'neck' with the egg cell inside. When the egg is mature, the neck opens and sperm swims in to fertilize the egg.
In flowering plants, the female gametes are made of only eight cells, called the embryo sac, inside the ovule. The cell closest to the opening of the embryo sac becomes the egg cell. When pollinated, sperm swims into the embryo sac and fertilizes the egg. The zygote then develops into an embryo inside the ovule.
Iilwimi zaseMzantsi Afrika
[[File:South Africa dominant language map.svg|thumb|right|Ezona lwiimi zisetyenziswayo eMzantsi Afrika. Le mephu ibonisa illwimi ezithethwa ngabemi beli ngokwahlukana kweengingqi zaseMzantsi Afrika.
IFinland
IFinland lelinye lamazwe IYurophu.
Iilwimi zaseMzantsi Afrika
Kwinguquleleo yolwimi lwesiNgesi yoMgaqo siseko waseMzantsi Afrika, zibizwa ngamagama esiNtu nekungamagama abizwa ngeelwimi zawo. Ulwimi lwesiZulu kuthiwa isiZulu, ulwimi lwesiXhosa kuthiwa isiXhosa, njalo njalo. Iilwimi ezidweliswe kumGaqo siseko nazi: isiZulu (Zulu), isiXhosa (Xhosa), isiBhulu(Afrikaans), isiSepedi (Northern Sotho), isiTswana (sseTswana), isiNgesi(siNgesi), isiSuthu (isisuthu saseMzantsi), Xitsonga (Tsonga), isiSiswati (isiSwati), Tshivenda (isiVenda), kunye nesiNdebele (Southern Ndebele).
EMzantsi Afriks, isiNdebele sazeMazantzi saziwa kuphela ngengesiNdebele, kuba kaloku uninzi lwamaNdebele aseNtshona luseZimbabwe. Kwinguqulelo yomGaqo siseko ka-1993 xa kuthethwa ngeNorthern Sotho kuthiwa Sesotho sa Leboa, kodwa eka-1996 inguqulelo kuthiwa sisiSepedi. Amasebe ngamasebe karhulumente kunye nemibutho yaseburhulumenteni isebenzisa amagama ahlukeneyo xa ebhekisa kwisiSuthu saseMntla]].
Olona lwimi lusetyenziswa ngurhulumente sisiNgesi. Zombini isiBhulu nesiNgesi zibaluleke kakhulu kushishino. Uninzi lwezinhanha (izityebi) zeli loMzantsi Afrika zithetha isiBhulu nesiNgesi.
Ezimbini kwiilwimi zaseburhulumenteni zezaseNtshona naseJamani(isiNgesi nesiBhulu). Ezinye iilwimi eziluthoba zezesiNtu. ezine zeelwimi zesiNtu ziyinxalenye yeosapho lweelwimi zesiNguni (isiZulu, isiXhosa, isiSwati, isiNdebele). Ezintathu kwiilwimi zesiNtu lulwimi lwesiSuthu-nesiTswana (Northern Sotho, Southern Sotho, nesiTswana). isiTsonga lulwimi lweTswa-Ronga. Kananjalo uMzantsi Afrika unolwimi lwezandla kuzwelonke. ulwimi lwezandla lwaseMzantsi Afrika.
Imfazwe yehlabathi yokuqala
imfazwe yehlabathi yokuqala, ekwabizwa ngokuba yimfazwe enkulu, yimfazwe ebandakanya inxalenye enkulu yehlabathi, kwaye eyachasana namazwe e-axis ((iJamani, i-Austria-Hungary njl...) kunye namahlakani (ubukhosi baseNgilani, iFransi, iRussia njl...)
I-Concentration
I-substance okanye into e-nyibilikileyo (iboniswe ngedayi ebomvu kule mizekelo) yaziwa ngokuba sisinyibiliki. Into leyo isinyibiliki sinyibilika kuyo (umzekelo waso kwezi glasi ngamanzi)  saziwa ngokuba  sisinyibilikisi.
Ukwenza ukuba umxube,u-concentr-eythe  umntu makongeze isinyibiliki (i-solute) esiyidayi ebomvu kulo mzekelo, okanye aphungule isinyibilikisi (i-solvent) esingamanzi ngokwalo mzekelo. Xa kungxengwa  umxube, makongezwe isinyibilikisi esithe xaxe, okanye kuphungulwe isinyibiliki.
Imfazwe
Imfazwe lungquzulwano oluthatha ithuba elide, olucwangcisiweyo, olunezixhobo, noluphakathi kwezizwe okanye amaqela olubonakalisa ingcwangu, nokuphazamiseka kwentlalo yoluntu, ingakumbi izinga lokufa liyenyuka. Imfazwe kufuneka iqondwe njengongquzulwano olucetyiweyo phakathi kwamaqela ezopolitiki ekuhlaleni. Izixhobo zobuchwepheshe ezisetyenziswa ngethuba lemfazwe zibizwa ngokuba yi-warfare. Xa imfazwe ingekho kuthiwa kukho uxolo.
I-nonmetal
I-Nonmetal okanye i-non-metal yi-chemical element engenazimpawu za-nkcenkce. Isenokuba zii-gases okanye ibe zizinto ezingabonakali ngathi ziyinkcenkce. Imizekelo yezinto ezi-gaseous nazi:   i-hydrogen, i-helium, i-oxygen, i-nitrogen, i-fluorine, i-neon, okanye i-radon, zezimbalwa esizibizileyo apha. Umzekelo we-solid eyi-nonmetal yi-sulfur. Iqanda ngombala kwaye ayimenyezeli kwaphela. Umzekelo we-liquid eyi-nonmetal yi-bromine. Ibomvu ngombala. I-nonmetal ikwalungele i-insulator xa kushushu naxa kubanda. I-gases okanye ii-brittle solids zizinto ezi-non-metals. Ii-elements ezikwi-periodic table zingathathwa ngokuba zi-metal, zi-semimetal, okanye zi- non-metal.
Uninzi lwee-elements ziyinkcenkce ngokuphindwe kahlanu ngaphezu kwezo zizii- nonmetals. Ezimbini kuzo ii-nonmetals—i-hydrogen ne-helium—zenza ngaphaya kwama-99 ee-per cent ye-Universe, ebonakalayo kwaye inye—i-oxygen—yenza phantse ihafu ye-Earth's crust, i-oceans kunye ne-atmosphere. Izinto eziphilayo phantse zonke zenziwe ngoninzi lwezinto ezizii- nonmetals, kwaye ii-nonmetals zenza ezinye ezininzi ii-compounds kunezo zenziwa zii-metals.
Ichiza
Ugonyo lonyango lwebhayoloji olulungiselelwa ukuba lunike amandla kumajoni omzimba ukulwa isifo esithile esosulelayo. Ichiza lokugonya ngokwesiqhelo lihlala linomgunyaziso ofana nesifo esibangela iintsholongwane ezingabonakaliyo. Ihlala yenziwe kwizinto ezibuthathaka okanye ezibuleweyo ze-microbe, izinto ezimdaka, okanye enye yeeprotheyini zayo ezingaphezulu. Umgunyazisi ukhuthaza amajoni omzimba ukuba aqaphele i-arhente njengesoyikiso, ayitshabalalise, kwaye aqonde ngakumbi aze atshabalalise naziphi na iintsholongwane ezinxulumene nayo kwixesha elizayo.
Ukunika umntu iyeza lokuthintela isifo kuthiwa kukugonywa. Ugonyo yeyona ndlela isebenzayo yokuthintela izifo ezosulelayo. Ugonyo lunoxanduva lokuphelisa irhashalala kunye nokuncitshiswa kwezifo ezifana nepoliyo, imasisi, kunye ne-tetanus. Ugonyo olufunyenwe lusebenza ngokufanelekileyo lubandakanya iyeza lokuthintela umkhuhlane, ichiza lokuthintela isifo i-HPV, kunye nechiza lokuthintela ingqakaqha (chicken pox).
Amagama ichiza kunye nokugonya afunyenwe kwi-Variolae vaccinae (irhashalala yenkomo), gama elo lisungulwe ngu-Edward Jenner ngenxa yerhashalala yenkomo
Ukusebenza ngempumelelo
Ugonyo yindlela ekhuselekileyo nesebenzayo yokulwa nokutshabalalisa izifo ezosulelayo. Nangona kunjalo, ukusikelwa umda ekusebenzeni kwazo kukhona.
Ukusebenza ngempumelelo okanye ukusebenzisa ugonyo kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi:
impendulo e-idiosyncratic kugonyo; Abanye abantu abasetyenzelwa kakuhle ngamachiza okugonya athile.
Ukuba umntu ogonyiweyo uhlaselwe sisifo agonyelwe sona (isifo esosulelayo), isifo sinokuba nobungozi obunciphileyo kunamaxhoba angagonywanga.
Oku kulandelayo luqwalaselo olubalulekileyo ekusebenzeni kwenkqubo yogonyo:
Ugonyo luye lwakhokelela ekutshatyalalisweni kwerhashalala, esona sifo esosulelayo nesibulalayo ebantwini. Ezinye izifo ezinje nge-rubella, ipoliyo, imasisi, uqilikwane, ingqakaqha, kunye nokudumba kwamadlala aziqhelekanga njengoko zaziqhelekile kumakhulu eminyaka eyadlulayo ngenxa yogonyo lwajikelele.
Ukuba uninzi lwabantu lugonyiwe, kunzima kakhulu ukuba kuqhambuke isifo okanye sisasazeke. Esi siphumo sibizwa ngokuba kukungabikho komhlambi.
Amachiza akwanceda ukunqanda ukukhula kweyeza lokuthintela intsholongwane. Umzekelo, xa kuncitshiswa izigulo zenyumoniya ezibangelwa yi-Streptococcus pneumoniae, iinkqubo zokugonya zinciphisa ukubakho kosulelo olunxamnye ne-penicillin okanye ezinye izibulali-ntsholongwane.
Ichiza lemasisi liqikelelwa ekuthinteleni ukusweleka kwabantu kangangesigidi esinye ngonyaka.
Iziphumo ezibi
Ugonyo olunikezwe ngexesha lobuntwana lukhuselekile ngokubanzi. Iziphumo ezigwenxa, ukuba zikhona, ngokubanzi zilulamile. Iziphumo eziqhelekileyo ezichaphazelekayo zibandakanya umkhuhlane, iintlungu ezijikeleze indawo yesitofu, kunye nokuqaqanjelwa yimisipha. Ukongeza, abanye abantu banokungadibani nezinye izinto eziye zafakwa kwichiza lokugonya. Iziphumo ezibi zinqabile kakhulu.
Iintlobo
Izitofu ziqulathe izinto ezifileyo okanye ezingasebenziyo okanye iimveliso ezihlanjululweyo ezivela kuzo. Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokugonya ezisetyenziswayo.
Ayisebenzi
Olunye ugonyo luqulathe izinto ezincinci ezingasebenziyo eziye zatshatyalaliswa ngeekhemikhali, ubushushu, okanye imitha. Imizekelo ibandakanya ichiza lokugonya ipoliyo, isifo se-hepatitis A, ichiza lokugonya isifo samarabi kunye namanye amachiza omkhuhlane.
Yothukile
Amanye amachiza ogonyo aqulathe iintsholongwane ezingabonakaliyo ezinokuphila. Ezi zihlala zicaphukisa iimpendulo ezinde zogonyo, kodwa zisenokungakhuseleki ukuba zisetyenziswe kubantu abangagonywanga.
I-Tyhefu
Amachiza okugonya ityhefu enziwa ngezinto ezinobutyhefu ezingasebenziyo ezibangela ukugula ngaphandle kwe-ntsholongwane engabonakaliyo.
Iyunithi encinci
Iyuthi encinci yamachiza isebenzisa isiqwengana sentsholongwane engabonakaliyo ukwenza intshukumo yokuzikhusela komzimba.
Ukudibanisa
Ezinye iibhaktheriya zigqunywe ngeengubo zepynysaccharide ezingalunganga kakuhle emzimbeni. Ngokudibanisa ezi ngubo zangaphandle kunye neeprotheyini, amajoni omzimba angayibona ipolysaccharide ngokungathi yiprotheyini antigen.
Amalinge
Inani lamachiza okugonya asemanyathelweni okuphuhliswa kwaye ayasetyenziswa.
Uninzi lwezitofu zokugonya ziyenziwa kusetyenziswa inkomponi engasebenziyo okanye echongwe kwimicro-organism. Izitofu zeplastiki zokugonya ziyilwe ziquka ikakhulu zizinto zeplastiki.
Ukuxhaphaka
Amachiza okugonya anokuxhaphaka kube kanye okanye kaninzi. Ichiza logonyo olubonakala kanye lenzelwe ukuba kugonywe intsholongwane enye okanye intsholongwane engabonakaliyo enye. Ichiza logonyo olubonakala kaninzi lenzelwe ukukhusela iintsholongwane ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu zentsholongwane engabonakaliyo ezifanayo, okanye ngokuchasene ne-microogarnism ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu.
I-heterotypic
La ngamachiza asebenzisa i-pathogens zezinye izilwanyana ezingabangeli sifo okanye zibangele isifo esingaxhalabisiyo kumntu lo unyangwayo.
Amajoni omzimba asakhulayo
Amajoni omzimba aqaphela ii-arhente zamachiza ogonyo njengezangaphandle, azitshabalalise, kwaye "azikhumbule'. Xa udidi lwengozi ye-arhente ludibana, umzimba uyayibona intsholongwane kwaye uzimisele ukuphendula:
Amachiza angamanye nokunqanda ukubola
likhawulezise impendulo evela kumajoni omzimba.
Amachiza ogonyo anganako nokuqulatha izilondolozi ezinqanda ungcoliseko lwentsholongwane kunye nokubola.
Ishedyuli
Ukwenzela ukubonelela ngokhuseleko olululo, abantwana bayacetyiswa ukuba bafumane ugonyo ngokukhawuleza nje ukuba amajoni omzimba abo aphuhliswe ngokwaneleyo ukuba aphendule kwichiza lokugonya oluthile. Izikhuselo ezongezelelweyo 'zokuxhobisa' ziyafuneka ukuze kufezekiswe 'ukugonywa' ngokupheleleyo. Oku kukhokelele kuphuhliso lweeshedyuli zokugonya ezintsonkothileyo.
Izitofu ezininzi zokugonya zicetyiswa kweminye eminyaka yobudala okanye isitofu esiphinda-phindwayo ubomi bonke. Umzekelo, imasisi, isifo sokuqina kwemiphunga, umkhuhlane, kunye nenyumoniya. Iingcebiso zokugonywa kwabantu abadala zigxile kakhulu kwi-nyumoniya kunye nomkhuhlane.
Imbali
Phambi kokungeniswa kogonyo kunye nezinto ezivela kwiimeko zorhashalala lwenkomo, irhashalala inokunqandwa ngokufakwa ngabom kwentsholongwane yerhashalala xa ugonywa. Iingcebiso zangaphambili zokuqhuba ngalendlela ziphuma e Tshayina kwiinkulungwane ezilishumi zangaphambili.
Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1760 uEdward Jenner wafunda ukuba abasebenzi bamveliso zobisi zange bayifumane irhashalala kuba sele bosuleleka yirhashalala yenkomo. Ngo-1796, uJenner wathabatha ubofu kwisandla somama osengayo owayenerhashalala yenkomo, wayityikida engalweni yenkwenkwana eneminyaka esi-8 ubudala, kwathi emva kwiiveki ezintandathu wayigonya le nkwenkwana ngechiza elinerhashalala. Akazange abenarhashalala umfana. UJenner wazandisa izifundo zakhe kwaye ngo-1798 waxela ukuba ichiza lakhe lokugonya likhuselekile ebantwaneni nakubantu abadala.
Isizukulwana sesibini sokugonya saziswa malunga no-1880s nguLouis Pasteur.
Kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini kwabonwa ukuqalwa kogonyo oluyimpumelelo oluninzi, kubandakanywa naleyo ichasene ne-diphtheria, imasisi, uqilikwane, kunye nerubella. Impumelelo enkulu ibandakanya ukuphuculwa kwezitofu zokugonyela ipoliyo ngeminyaka ye-1950s kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kwerhashalala ngeminyaka yo-1960 kunye no-1970. UMaurice Hilleman wayengoyena mntu uphucukileyo wabaphuhlisi balamachiza kule nkulungwane yamashumi amabini.
Uninzi kuphuhliso lwamachiza ukuza kuthi ga ngoku luxhomekeke kwinkxaso-mali kurhulumente, iidyunivesithi kunye nemibutho engenzi nzuzo. Amachiza amaninzi okugonya axabisa kancinci kwaye ayinzuzo kwimpilo yoluntu. Inani lamachiza asetyenzisiweyo axhume ngokumangalisayo kwinkulungwane yeminyaka yakutshanje. Ukongeza, ugonyo lwezilwanyana kusetyenziswa ukunqanda usulelo lwezifo kunye nokusasazeka kwezifo ebantwini.
Amalungelo awodwa omenzi wechiza
Ukugcwaliswa kwamalungelo awodwa omenzi wechiza kwiinkqubo zophuhliso lokugonyelwa nako kunokuba ngumqobo kuphuhliso lwamachiza amatsha. Ngenxa yokhuselo olubuthathaka olunikezelwa ngamalungelo awodwa omenzi wechiza, ukukhuselwa kwezinto ezintsha zihlala zenziwa ngokushicilela inkqubo yophuhliso nangokukhuselwa kwemfihlo.
Ngokutsho koMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi, owona mqobo mkhulu kwimveliso yamachiza ogonyo lwasekhaya kumazwe angaphuhlanga kakhulu yimali, iziseko ezingamancedo, kunye neemfuno zomsebenzi wobungcali obufunekayo ukuze ungene kwimarike.
Inkqubo yokuhanjiswa
Ukuphuhliswa kweenkqubo zokuhanjiswa ezintsha kuphakamisa ithemba lamachiza akhuselekileyo nalungele ngakumbi ukuhanjiswa nokusetyenziswa.
Uphuhliso oluphawulekileyo kubuchwephesha bokuhambisa ichiza lubandakanya amachiza omlomo. Iyeza lokunqanda ipoliyo ngomlomo libonakala lisebenza xa linikezelwa ngabasebenzi abangafuni ntlawulo ngaphandle koqeqesho olucwangcisiweyo. Ugonyo lokuvavanywa ngaphandle kwenaliti. luyaqhubeka kwizilwanyana. Isikiti esilingana nesitampu esifana ne-bande enamathela ama-20,000 microscopic eziqikelelweyo nge-cm nganye.
Iimo
Ukuphuhliswa kwechiza lokugonya luneemo eziliqela
Yintoni
Yintoni igama eliqhelekileyo, kwaye ngoko intsingiselo yalo inokuqondwa kuphela kwimeko yesivakalisi
Iphepha
iphepha zizinto eziphuma emithini kwaye zisetyenziselwa ukubhala, kusetyenziswa i-inki.
GxikigxaSiyanda
INDIMA YOMNTWANA OYINKWENKWE KWAXHOSA
Umntwana oyinkwenkwe kwa Xhosa ubaluleke kakhulu. Uthi akuzalwa kubeyimivuyo nemincili kwelokhaya ngoba kaloku bona bafumene indlalifa. Uthi xa ekhula akhulele phantsi kwengqeqesho yomntu ongu tata welo khaya ukuze amfundise izinto zelo khaya ezinje ngamasiko nezithethe. Kuye kuthiwe uyanda umzi wasemathileni ngoba kaloku ukhula kwakhe abe mdala lo mntwana uya kuzeka umfazi baze bazale abantwana abayokungcina igama lalomzi lingatshabalali ekuhambeni kwexesha. uthi xa eneminyaka engamashumi ababini(20) nangaphezulu kancinci kufuneke oluswe abe yindoda. Ubone ubuhle bomXhosa xa lo mntwana ekhatshwa ngamanye amakhwenkwe esiya ebudodeni, kube nguyele-yele kubemnandi. Amakhwenkwe enze umgubho, iintombi zamakhwenkwe zinxibe izibheshelo zazo ezimhlophe qhwa, zichokozile zintle mfondini! amakhwenkwe wona enxibe amasayibhokhwe wawo egaxele iintsimbi zawo. Ombele amantombi axhentse amakhwenkwe enze lonto intle inomfaneleko, babe oomama bengahabazi bexela amangabangaba ase lwandle kwedini! kubamnandi nasegezeni ngoba kaloku akukho ntlobo yakutya kwesiXhosa kubakho mingqusho, miqa, mifino, marhewu, kwowu! kuxhelelwe exhukwana kubantu abadala ngoba kubakho nomqombothi.
Club-inkampani
Club-ngoku i club imidlalo ukuba endaweni yokuba uyayenza ngokusemthethweni umbutho civil inzuzo, ngayo, kunokuba a ishishini wadala ngenjongo inzuzo kusuka kwezemidlalo. Ngoku Clubs zixhaphakile kwezemidlalo American kunye kumazwe aliqela aseYurophu, kodwa nangoku kunqabile eMzantsi American ekhatywayo.
GxikigxaSiyanda
Emva kwalo mgubho ke uye enzelwe ibhuma emasimini ayakuhlala kuyo iinyanga ezimbini nangaphezulu ukuze angadibani nabantu ababhinqileyo. Ahlale nekhankatha eliya kumgada kude kufike ixesha lokuba aphinde abuyele kowabo.
Club-inkampani
imbali
Ngokwembali, amaqela ezemidlalo ehlabathini wakha zilungiswe abangenzi, ukususela kwiinkqubo zemidlalo yayilawulwa engahlawulwayo, kungekho ukuze inzuzo.
GxikigxaSiyanda
UMGIDI
Club-inkampani
imbali
Amanye amazwe, ke, basaba lo mthetho. ENgilani, ukususela ekuqaleni 20 iiklabhu besele ngumbutho iinkampani limited. E Italy, ngowe-1919, iqela zabelo wadala Unione Sportiva Salernitana, ngukhokho Salernitana yangoku US 1919, ukususela ngoko iqela-kwinkampani.
1937 Copa dos Campeões Estaduais
I - 1937 Copa dos Campeões Estaduais inikwe ingxelo esemthethweni tournament umbutho yi-ngoku defunct Isijapani Name Federation (FBF), kwaye aimed ukuba incopho i-Isijapani champion ngelo xesha. kwaba okwesibini a urhulumente champions indebe kwenzeka kwi-Brazil.
Club-inkampani
imbali
EUnited States, inkqubo wemikhwa amaqela ezemidlalo izenzo zasekuhlaleni ngohlobo franchise, apho club nganye yinkampani onelungelo ipesenti amanyathelo league, oko kukuthi, nayo, inkampani enkulu, nto leyo lilawula ukhuphiswano phakathi kwabo yamalungu. Ngenxa yoko, kunokuthiwa iiklabhu ishishini kweli lizwe zezona ulawulo, ubuncinane kwimidlalo eliphezulu, nangona kukho iiklabhu non-ngeniso, ezifana i New York Athletic Club.
GxikigxaSiyanda
Uthi xa ebuyela kowabo amkelwe ngezandla ezishushu enzelwe umgidi. kubemnandi kuselwe utywala kumenywe iilali ngeelali zize kwamkela lo bhuti umtsha weli khaya. Kuye kuxhentwse, oomama bangqiyaze, iintombi zibe zibheshuza kwelazo icala, ootata babe bezomnwabele bezityela utywala. Emva kobobumnandi uye anxityiswe iimpahla zobu krwala ogqiba ahlale into engange nyanga ezilalini. emva kwalo nyanga uye anyuke aye eGoli ayokutshintsha, ayeke ukuba likrwala abe ngubhuti phakathi kwabanye oobhuti.
1937 Copa dos Campeões Estaduais
Ukhuphiswano
I-1936 tournament waba oqingqiweyo yi - Isijapani Name Federation Januar 1937 kwaye igcine kwi league ifomati ("round robin") kunye ekhaya kwaye kude legs. Abathathi-nxaxheba baba isihlanu urhulumente champions ka-1936 kwaye kwigqiza labathunywa ye-emidlalo club ye-nevi, apho umntu ngokusebenzisa inkqubo yangaphakathi nkqubo. Ukuba bathathe inxaxheba njengesiqhelo baba: Atlético, Fluminense kwaye Portuguesa baba ngokuzenzekelayo umntu. Abanye abathathi-nxaxheba idlalwe kuba enye indawo: Ophumeleleyo waba Atlético kunye zilandelayo iqela: Kafunga, Clóvis – Florindo, Quim – Zezé Procópio, Lola, Bala, Alcindo – Paulista, Abraz, Alfredo Bernardino, Bazzoni, Guará, Nicola, Resende, Elair – Coach: Floriano Peixoto Corrêa. Atlético idla idlalwe kwi 2-3-5 ukumiselwa kwebandla.
GxikigxaSiyanda
IMBEKO
Club-inkampani
imbali
Ngo-Brazil, i-yokuqala club-inkampani União São João, wadala njenge umbutho ongenzi nzuzo, kodwa linokuguqulwa 1994, kusekho phantsi ixesha uMthetho Zico,, Okwaye kwabonelela iiklabhu yebhola ekhatywayo ibe ziinkampani. Nokufika Pele mthetho, nto leyo ukubuyisa uMthetho Zico, nto leyo ekholejini, waba kuyimfuneko, kwaye zonke iiklabhu webhola ohlawulwayo e Brazil kufuneka ukuba babe iinkampani. Xesha esandiswa kamva ukuba komnye unyaka, de ekugqibeleni, ngowe-2000, uMthetho No. 9981 liye isibophelelo, kwakhona ukhetho iiklabhu. Umcebisi Alexandre Bueno Cateb kunjalo, yenza ukugxeka elinzima komthetho, ekubeni ngethiyori, utshintshelo ukuba amalungu eklabhu ukuba ubutyala ngokudibeneyo eziliqela, nangona practice, eli lungiselelo zange isetyenziswe.
GxikigxaSiyanda
Ootata abadala noobhuti baye bamyale bamxelele izinto ezenziwayo ngumntu oyindoda nezingenziwayo. Kuye kufuneke athobe, abenembeko ahloniphe omdala nomncinci atshintshe izenzo ezibi ebezenza ngoko ebeyinkwenkwe. Emva koko uba yindoda enesidima nesithozela azeke umfazi bazale abantwana bandise ikhay labo. Agcine igama lalo mzi nokuba sele beswelekile abantu belokhaya abadala.
Isityeba mva sinqol'intaba
Isityeb ‘amva sinqol ‘intaba.
I-mouse yekhompyutha
Ibizwa ngokuba yi-mouse yekhompyutha ngenxa yentambo yocingo exokomezela i-mouse kwikhompyutha. Abantu abakha ii-mice zekhompyutha zokuqala bacinga okokuba ifana nomsila wempuku. Namhlanje ii-mice zekhompyutha ezininzi zisebenzisa uxokomezelelo lweteknoloji,  olungenacingo.
Imbali
ngo-1964 uDouglas Engelbart (1925-2013), ingcali yezophando eStanford Research Institute, wafuna ukufumana indlela yokwenza ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwekhompyutha kubelula. Ngezo ntsuku,  iikhompyutha zazinkulu kunjalo nje zikhwaza ngamaxabiso. Kwakunzima kakhulu ukuzisebenzisa kuba yonke into ebhalwayo  kwakufuneka ichwethezwe ngesandla, kwaye kwakungekho ndlela yokulungisa xa wenze impazamo.
Emva kwexesha elide efunda ekwayila izinto ezintsha, uEngelbart waaphumelela ekwakheni isixhobo se-input awasibiza ngokuba yi- 'XY index'.
Cathaya
ICathaya ngumthi osoloko uluhlaza onokukhula ube ziimitha ezingama-40. Ukuphela kweentlobo eziphilayo ngoku yiCathaya agyrophilla Ihlala e-China kumaphondo aseGuangxi, eGuizhou naseHunan.
I-mouse yekhompyutha
Ukusetyenziswa kwayo
Kwiikhompyutha ezininzi, i-user ingayishukumisa i-mouse ngeenjongo zokususa i-cursor kuloo ndawo imi kuyo iyisa kwelo cala iya ngakulo. Naxa ikhetha into ethile ekwi-screen, i-user ingayihambisa i-cursor iyise kuloo nto ikwi-screen, ize ithi yakuba phezu kwaloo nto  iklikhe  iqhosha langasekhohlo. Iqhosa le-mouse  elingasekunene lisetyenziswa ukuvula ii-menus ezahlukeneyo, oko ke kuxhomekeke okokuba iphi na i-cursor. Amanye amaqhosha e-mouse angenza izinto ezahlukileyo, oko kuxhomekeke kwi-software. Inkoliso yee-mice inamaqhosha amabini aklikhwayo.
I-Habitat (indawo ekuphila kuyo izilwanyana nezityalo)
I-habitat yindawo esikhulele kuyo isilwanyana, isityalo, osohlobo oluthile, okanye olunye uhlobo lwe-organism. natural eyindawo enjalo ngokwendalo yayo apho isidalwa sihlala khona, okanye yindawo yendalo ejikeleze uluntu.
I-mouse yekhompyutha
Ukusetyenziswa kwayo
Inkoliso yee-mice ine-"vili eliman'ukwehliswa liphinde linyuswe"—ivilana nje elincinane elifumaneka phakathi kwamaqhosha amabini namakhulu e-mouse. I-user ingalihambisa celi vili liye phambili liphinde libuye umva li-  scrolla  kwizinto ezifana ne-website okanye ifolder. "Uku-scrolla" kuthetha ukuhambisa amagama okanye imifanekiso uyisa phantsi naphezulu apha kwi-screen, elinye icala lalo-page ikwi-screen liza nento esinokuyibona nesithi yi-view. Ivili lisenokucofwa, ukuze liklikhwe njengakwelinye iqhosha.
I-Habitat (indawo ekuphila kuyo izilwanyana nezityalo)
Indawo eziphila kuzo izilwanyana
Ukuba kuyenzeka itshintshe indawo yazo, ayisayikuzilungela izilwamyana nezityalo ukuba ziphile apho. Ngenxa yokokuba kaloku izilwanyana nezityalo zingayiqhelanga loo ndawo intsha lube nonxulumano phakathi kwazo nale ndawo intsha luluncinane, oku kungabanga amakhwiniba ngamakhwiniba. Ukuguquka kwemozulu ikwenza okokuba ezinye iindawo ezihlala kuyo izilwanyana neentaka zibeshushu,noko kunezo ziziqhelileyo ibe ke iintlobo ntlobo ezininzi zezilwanyana zifudukela kwiindawo ezipholileyo. Nangona kunjalo, ezinye iintlobo zezilwanyana azikwazi ukufuduka zitsho ke ngoku zingandi ziye zincipha ngokuncipha. Ingcali zenzululwazi zicinga okokuba 10% yezi ntlobo ekhulwini zingahamba zihambe ziphele ngenxa yolu tshintsho. Ezinye iindawo zokuhlala izilwanyana nezokukhulela izityalo zilungiselelwe ukuba zihlale efama. Umzekelo ophilayo ngowase-Australia, ama-80% amahlathi e-eucalypt aagawulwa ukuze kwenziwe ifama kwiminyaka engaphaya kwa-210 eminyaka egqithileyo. Oku kungachaphazela ubukho bamahlathi ekuphila kuwo izilwanyana ezinje nge-koala.
Plant habitats
Izityalo ezikhula kwimozulu engani mvula njengasentlango zinamagqabi ambalwa, angangabikho kwa ukubakho loo magqabi kwezinye izityalo, kwaye angazigcinela amanzi xa imvula ikhe yana. Uqhelana  kwazo nomhlaba othile kunciphisa ukungabikho kwamanzi. Izityalo ezikhula kwiindawo ezinomthunzi zinamabhakubhaku amagqabi atsho athi ngokotha ilanga akhongozele imitha yelanga kangoko anakho, okanye akekelele ngaselangeni.
U-Ilia II
U-Ilia II (isiGeorgia: ილია II), ekwaguqulelwa njengo-Ilya okanye u-Eliya (owazalwa nge-4 kaJanuwari 1933), ngu-Katolika-uBhishophu omkhulu wase-All Georgia kunye nenkokheli yokomoya ye-Orthodox yase-Georgia. Ubizwa ngokusesikweni njengo-Katolika-uBhishophu omkhulu wase-All Georgia, u-Archbishop waseMtskheta-Tbilisi kunye no-Bhishophu wase-Metropolitan wase-Bichvinta kunye no-Tskhum-Abkhazia, uBungcwele baKhe kunye ne-Beatitude Ilia II.
I-Molecule
I-molecule yintwana encinane eyi-khemikal enokufumaneka. Ukuba i-molecule le ibinokucukucezwa ngaphezu kokuba incinane kangako ibezizicukwana, ibizakuba yenye into eyahlukileyo.
Amsterdam, Mpumalanga
Amsterdam, Mpumalanga yidolophu efumaneka kwilixa lakwa Gert Sibande District Municipality, Mpumalanga, eMzantsi Afrika.
I-Molecule
Ii-molecules zenziwe ngee-atoms ezithi zincamathelane zitsho zimile ngandlela ithile. Akuyiyo yonke imixube yee-atoms eqhelekileyo; ii-atoms zithanda ukumila ngohlobo oluthile, kodwa akunjalo kwezinye ii-atoms. Kananjalo, zithanda uhlobo lwezicwagciso oluthile. Umzekelo, ii-atoms ze-oxygen (engumongo-moya ngesiXhosa) iyakusoloko inee-bonds ezimbini nezinye ii-atoms,  kanti zona ii-atoms ze-carbon ziyakusoloko zinee-bonds ezine nezinye ii-atoms, kanti nee-atoms ze-nitrogen ziyakusoloko zinee-bonds ezintathu nezinye ii-atoms.
Kwii-gases ezifana nomoya, ii-molecules ziyazibhabhela nje. Kanti ke kwizinto ezilngamanzi lezifana noqobo lwamanzi, ii-molecules ziqumbana ndawonye kodwa ke zisenokwenza intshukumo. Kwizinto ezi-solids njengeswekile, ii-molecules zingasuke zi-ngcangcazele. Kukwakho nenye imo yento eyaziwa ngokuba yi-plasma apho ii-molecules zibhabha zijikeleze ngokukhawuleza ngokungathi ziphambene kunaxa zisemoyeni. nge-molecular formula, ungawabhala onke amanani ee-atoms ezikwi- molecule. Umzekelo, i-molecular formula ye-glucose ithi-C6H12O6. Oko kuthetha ukuba i-molecule enye ye-glucose yenziwe zii-atoms ze-carbon atoms ezintandathu, zii-hydrogen atoms ezilishumi elinambini kwanee-oxygen atoms ezintandathu.
Uncamathelwano
Ukuze ikwazi ukubakho i-molecule, ii-atoms kufuneka zincamathelane. oku ke kwenzeka xa ii-atoms ezimbini zisabelana ngee-electrons. Endaweni yokujikelezisa le atom inye kuphela, i-electron ngoku ijikeleza zibe mbini. oku ke kubizwa ngokuba luncamathelwano. Ii-electrons ekwabelwana ngazo zibizwa ngokuba zii-'bonds'. Ngamany'amaxesha, ziba mbini nangaphezulu ii-electrons ekwabelwana ngazo. Xa zisanda ii-electrons ekwabelwane ngazo, i-bond nayo iya isomelela kwaye kungona ukuncamathelana kwee-atoms kusiya kusomelela.
Ii-bonds zingaqhekezwa zohlukaniswe. Kuba ke inkoliso yee-bonds ifuna amandla ukuze zenzeke, zikwakhupha amandla xa zophuliwe. Kodwa phambi kokuba uninzi lwee-bonds luqhekeke, kufuneka zitshiswe ii-molecules. Ii-atoms ziqale zishukume, zize zithi zakushukuma kakhulu, yophuke i-bond. Ii-Molecules ezifuna amandla anganeno ukuze zikwazi ukuqhekeza kunalawo ziwafuna xa sele ziqhekekile zibizwa ngokuba zii-fuels. Umzekelo, ikhandlela lingabekwa phaya kungabikho nto yenzekayo. Kodwa xa uqhwitha ngematshisi ulilayite, liyakuvutha ixesha elide. Imatshisi izisa amandla ukuze iqhekeze ii-bond zokuqala, ezikhulula amandla awoneleyo ukuze ziqhekeze ii-bonds ezingaphantsi kuzo, de libe ikhandlela livuthe laphela.
ISuperheroes
I-Superheroes yenye yemvumi uMnu Rain. Ingoma ebiyinxalenye yomnyhadala wesanremo 2023. Nabantwana bacule kule ngoma.
I-subatomic particle
Ezi-particles zisoloko zibambene phakathi kwi-atom ngenye yeziseko zezamandla okutyhala (i-gravity, i-electromagnetic force, i-strong force, okanye i-weak force). Kumphandle we-atom ii-particles zisoloko zihamba ngesantya esiphezulu nangakumbi, kufuphi nesantya sokukhanya isantya esiletsheza okombane.
Ii-Subatomic particles zahlulwe kubini, seseeBaryons neseeLeptons.
IiLeptons zithande ukubancinane kunee-Baryons. Olu luhlu luquka ii-electrons, ii-Muons, ii-Taus kunye nee-neutrinos. Ii-Leptons azenziwanga ngee-quarks kwaye azahlulahluleki.
Uhlaselo lwase-Ukraine eRashiya
uhlaselo lwase-ukrainian lwase-russia lungquzulwano olubekwe e-ukraine, olwaqala ngoFebruwari 24, 2022, kwaye lusaqhubeka nanamhlanje. imimandla enqotshiweyo yiCrimea, eyaba yiRashiya esele ivele kwi-2014, kunye ne-Donbass, engekahluthwa ngokupheleleyo. ngaphezu koko, umcu waseRashiya unokubonwa ukusuka ekupheleni kweUkraine ukusuka kuMlambo iDnepr kwaye unobunzima beekhilomitha eziliqela kwaye unabela malunga nemilinganiselo efanayo, ukuya ekupheleni komphambili.
Besiktas JK
Amaphawu
Undefeated Champion
UEFA competitions
Eyona bafakwe: Kwikota-Finals - 1987 Eyona bafakwe: Kwikota-Finals - 2003, ngowama - 2017
Krugersdorp
Krugersdorp idolophu kwiPhondo yaRhawuti laseMzantsi Afrika.
Oonokrwece
iicrustaceans ziiarthropods ezihlala kakhulu emanzini. kwii-costaceans kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezilwanyana, ezifana ne-crab, i-cladocera, i-cirriperi, i-tantulocaridi kunye nokunye.
ICampomarino Lido
ICampomarino lido liqhezu likamasipala waseCampomarino. ihamlet kunye nomasipala kwiphondo laseCampobasso. iphondo laseCampobasso likwingingqi yaseMolise, edume ngelithi alikho. UMolise useItali
Ijezi
ukuba ndiyakwazi ukuyiqwalasela, mhlawumbi ungayidlulisela kummelwane wakho. ihempe sisigqubuthelo somzimba, nangona kufanele ukuba sele igqunywe ngehempe yangaphantsi. ngaphezu koko, ihempe ithathwa njengengubo
Malala Yousafzai
Malala Yousafzai (wazalwa ngomhla ka 12 July 1997) ungumlwi usuka kwi lizwe lase Pakistan. uthethela amalungelo wamabinqa kanye nokufundiswa kwabo. Uduma ngokuba ngumntu olwela amalungelo wabantu kanye nemfundo kwindawo asuka kuyo eSwat Valley ingingqi yase Khyber Pakhtunkhwa apho eTaliban yanqanda amantombazane ukuba bangayi esikolweni. Iintetho ka Malala yakhula ide yongamela ilizwe jikelele. Usapho lwakhe baqhuma izikolo kwelo cala. ekuqaleni kuka 2009 eneminyaka eyishumi nanye 11 wabalela onondaba ebaxelela ngesimo sokuphatwa yiTaliban kanye nokukhuthaza ukufundiswa kwamantombazana. Ngemini ka 9 October 2012, uMalala wadutyulwa entloko eTaliban befuna ukubulala yena no yihlo wakhe uZiauddin Yousafzai.
Emva kwa bezame ukubulala uMalala abantu kwilizwe jikelele babonisa inkxaso uMalala yaba nguyena mntu omncinci ukufumana isabelo soxolo Nobel Peace Prize
Notes
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I-Anatomy
Ukufunda ngomzimba wezinto eziphilayo lisebe lezifundo ze-bayoloji elijongene nokuphicotha indlela ezidalwe ngayo neziphila ngayo izinto eziphilayo nobubuxhakaxhaka obenza okokuba ezi zinto ziphile. Xa esi sifundo usijonga kwelinye icala, sinxulumele ne-embryology kunye ne-comparative anatomy, nekuyiyo kanye eyinzalelwane ekufuphi kwi-evolutionary biology kunye ne-phylogeny. I-Human anatomy yenye yeziseko ze-nzululwazi yamamachiza.
Eli sebe le-anatomy lahlulwe kubini kukho i-macroscopic kunye ne microscopic anatomy. I-Macroscopic anatomy, okanye i-gross anatomy, kukulolongwa nokuhlolwa kwamalungu omzimba wesilwanyana ngokujonga nje ngamehlo engancediswa nto. I-Gross anatomy ikwaquka isebe le-[superficial anatomy]]. I-Microscopic anatomy ibandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ze-optical kwizifundo zee-tissues eziziintlobo ngeentlobo, nezaziwa ngokuba zeyi-histology nakwisifundo see-cells.