cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
I-sulphur
Ii-Properties
I-Sulphur ligaqa eliqanda ngombala neli- nonmetal. I-ethe-ethe ke le sulphur (ikroboka lula) kwaye ibubukhazikhazi be-crystalline. Itsha lula, itsho ikhuphe impongo yomsi we-sulphur dioxide  oyityhefu. Inevumba elingacacanga. Ukuba iye yanyityilikiswa yaza yaboliswa ngokukhawuleza, yenza into efana ne-rubber ye-sulphur ebizwa ngokuba y"i-plastic sulfur". Izakuya isiya iphindela kwela bala layo liqanda ibe yinto ekroboka lula. Ayinyibiliki emanzini. Ivumba elaziwa ngokuba y"i-sulfur" livela kwi-hydrogen sulfide nakwezinye iikhemikhali ezifana kwanazo. Ezi sulfides zenzeka xa izinto zibola ngaphandle komoya.
Ii-Chemical compounds
Ii-sulphur compounds zizii-compounds zekhemikhali ezinee-sulphur ions. I-Sulphur iza ingeendlela ngeendlela: i-oxidation states oko kutsho i-oxidation iba kwezi zimo zilandelayo: -2 (i-hydrogen sulfide), +4 (i-sulfur dioxide, sulfites) ne +6 (sulfuric acid, sulfates) zizezona zixhaphakaileyo, nangona zikho ezinye imo ebakuzo i-oxidation.
I-Sulfur acids
Umxube we-sulphur oxides namanzi
I-Sulfides
Iityuwa ze-hydrogen sulfide
Ii-Sulfites
Iityuwa ze-sulfurous acid
I-Sulfates ne-bisulfates
Iityuwa ze-sulfuric acid
Ukwenzeka nokulungiswa kwayo
I-Sulfur ingafumaneka emhlabeni kufuphi nee-volcanoes. Ii-minerals ezininzi zinee-sulfur ions. Amalahle ane-sulfur ions ezivela xa esitsha. I-Hydrogen sulfide ne-sulfur dioxide zezinye ii-sulfur compounds ezithi zikhutshwe xa esitsha amalahle. Zenziwa ukuba zisebenze ukuze kwenzeke i-sulphur. Xa isemhlabeni i-sulphur, iyanyibilika, ize ityhalwe ngamandla inyuke ngemibhobho ngenxa yomoya oza ngoxinzelelo othi uminxane kule mibhobho.
Izinto ezixabisekileyo
Into yexabiso yinto ekwenziwa ngayo enye into. Xa sithetha ngento enexabiso, sithetha ngezinto ezibonakala ngamehlo.
I-sulphur
Imisebenzi
I-Sulfur idla ngokusetyenziswa kumgubo wompu, kumachiza, nakwimatshisi. Imatshisi ikhupha i-sulfur dioxide xa ivutha, itsho ikhuphe ivumba layo. I-Sulphur iyinto ebalulekileyo kwii-cells eziphilayo. Ii-proteins ezininzi zine-sulfur. Ikwasetyenziswa nje nge- pesticide kwiifama ezi-organic.
Izinto ezixabisekileyo
Umzekelo, isiziba, esi kwenziwa ngaso impahla yokunxiba, siyinto yexabiso. Izinto zexabiso ngobunjalo bazo zingekatshintshwa zibe yenye into eyahlukileyo.
I-sulphur
Ubungozi nokhuseleko
I-Sulphur ayinabungozi, kodwa ii-chemical compounds ezenzeka xa isulphur ivutha okanye isitsha zinganobungozi obukhulu. I-Sulfuric acid, umzekelo, ingalijika ibala lephepha libemnyama!
Imbali
Igama lakudala ebekubizwa ngalo i-sulphur lithi brimstone. I-Sulphur yayisetyenziswa kwi-fumigation (ukwenza ii-fumes) kunye namachiza kwisiGrike sakudala. Ngo-1777, u-Antoine Lavosier wabonisana noo-soscience okokuba i-sulphur kwakuyi-element.
William Shakespeare
uWilliam Shakespeare (waaphehlelelwa ngomhla wama-26 kuTshazimpuzi ka-1564 – wabhubha ngowama-23 kuTshazimpuzi ka-1616) wayengummi waseNgilane owayengumbhali wemidlalo yeqonga, eyimbongi, kwaye ekwanguye nomlinganisi-qongeni. Hlabathini-banzi, kunanamhla oku, uShakespeare lo waziwa kakhulu kwaye uhlonitshwa njengoyena mbhali ubalaseleyo nowayephume izandla kulwimi lwesiNgesi; ingakumbi kwimidlalo yeqonga. Maxa wambi ude emana echazwa njengembongi yesizwe saseNgilani, kunjalonje abizwe "iNyange lase-Avon" (okanye ke "iNyange"). Imisebenzi-mibhalo yakhe eyaziwayo, kuquka imisebenzi yokuncedisana, xa iyonke ibalelwa kumashumi amathathu anesithoba (39) yemidlalo-qongeni, ikhulu elinamashumi amahlanu anesine (154) ezibongo eziziisonethi, izibongo-ntetho/mbaliso ezintathu, kunye neminye imihlathi embalwa, kunye nemibhalo nje ethile engagqamanga. Imidlalo-qongeni yakhe iye yaguqulelwa kuninzi lweelwimi eziphilayo/ezithethwayo ezinkulu kwaye idlalwa jikelele emaqongeni rhoqo ngaphezu kwemidlalo-qonga yakhe nawuphi na umbhali-midlalo-qongeni ehlabathini. Kunanamhla oku, usaziwa engoyena mbhali ungumzekelo/usisisele senyathi kubabhali kunye nenyange lolwimi lwesiNgesi. Imisebenzi yakhe isaqhubeka ngokufundwa kwaye isaqhuba nokwenziwa iinguqulelo zeenguqulelo, ezihlelwa ngokuhlelwa.
Lo ka-Shakespeare wazalelwa wakhulela e-Stratford-upon-Avon, e-Warwickshire, e- Ngilane. Uthe xa ekwiminyaka elishumi elinesibhoso ebudaleni (18) wazeka/watshata u-Anne Hathaway, owathi wamzalela isithathu sabantwana: u-Susanna kunye namawele, u-Hamnet no-Judith. Xeshikweni lithile phambili phayaa phakathi kweminyaka yewaka elinesihlanu samakhulu nesibhozo samashumi anantlanu (1585) ukuya kunyaka wewaka elinamakhulu amahlanu anesithoba samashumi anambini (1592), waaqalisa isakhono sakhe esiqaqambileyo e-London njengomlinganisi-qongeni, umbhali, kunye nombandakanywa-mnini/ilungu lequmrhu lemidlalo-qongeni elalibizwa Amadoda eNkosi uTshembaleni, nelathi kamva labizwa Amadoda eKumkani. Waathi xa wayeminyaka imashumi-mane anesithoba (49) (kwizithuba zeminyaka yama-1613), wabonakala ethabatha umhlalaphantsi e-Stratford, apho ke wabhubhela khona emva kwesithathu seminyaka ekuloo mhlalaphantsi. Ke kaloku zimbalwa kakhulu izishicilelo ezikhoyo ezimalunga nobomi babucala buka-Shakespeare; ngexa yaloonto ke, kuye kwakho iintshukumo, imibuzo, iminqweno kunye neenjongo-ngqwalasela ezivisayo malunga nemiba yembonakalo yakhe, isini sakhe, nezimvo zakhe ngenkolo kunye nokuzama ukugrumba ngelithi ingaba imisebenzi-mibhalo ebizwa ngaye yeyakhe ngokwenene kusini na okanye yaabhalwa ngabanye abantu.
U-Shakespeare waqulunqa eyona misebenzi-mibhalo yakhe yaziwa kakhulu phakathi kweminyaka yama-1589 kunye nama-1613. Imidlao-qongeni yakhe yokuqala yayivame ukuba z-izonwabiso/iziyolisi kunye nee-mbali kwaye nanamhla oku isathatyathwa njengeyona misebenzi-mibhalo ibalaseleyo ngobungcono nokugqibelela eyathi yaqulunqwa kwezintlobo zemibhalo zombini. Waza ke emva koko wakholisa ukubhala izehlo/iziganeko ukuya kunyaka wama-1608, phakathi kwayo loo misebenzi singabalula u-Hamlet, u-Romeo and Juliet, u-Othello, u-King Lear, kunye no-Macbeth; mibhalo leyo ke yathi yathatyathwa njengeyona ikrelekrele kakhulu phakathi kwemibhalo jikelele ezimbalini zemibhalo kulwimi lwesiNgesi. Kwisigaba sokugqibela sobomi bakhe, u-Shakespeare waabhala iintlekele-ziyolisi (ezaziwa maxa wambi njenge-mibhalo-luthando) kwaye ke wasebenzisana ngokuncedisana nabanye ababhali-midlalo-qongeni.
Uninzi lwemidlalo-qongeni ka-Shakespeare yayisasazwa/yayisaziswa/yayipapashwa ngokwezihlaziyo nemihlalutyo ngemihlalutyo, ngokuxhomekeke ekushiyaneni komongo, undoqo, nangokwexabiso lwembalasela yomdlalo ngamnye, kunye nokungqamana kwexesha lobomi bakhe. Kodwa ke, ngonyaka wama-1623, abafo ababini ababengabalingane baseqongeni nababengabahlobo baka-Shakespeare, u-John Heminges kunye no-Henry Condell, baashicilela/baapapasha eyona mibhalo icacileyo eyaziwa njenge-First Folio, eyimibhalo-mbaliso eyingqokelela yohlaziyo lwemisebenzi ka-Shakespeare eyayiquka yonke imibhalo-qongeni yakhe ngaphandle nje kwemibini kuphela. Ingabula-zigcawu yayo yayingumbongo ka-Ben Jonson; mhobe lowo wawubonga u-Shakespeare ngamazwi agqame nanamhla oku athi: "not of an age, but for all time" ("ayikokwengugo oku, kodwa kokwanaphakade").
I-Khandida
IKhandida yi-genus okanye ukuqokolelana kwee-yeasts. I-Yeasts luhlobo oluthile lwe- fungus. eli qela le-fungi lilelona qela lingunobangela oxhaphakileyo owenza   iusuleleko nge-fungus emhlabeni jikelele. Uninzi lwabantu sele lunayo okanye sele luvulelekile kweli qela le-fungus kodwa abakaguli bona. Ukuba umntu uphelelwa ngamandla ngenxa yasigulo simbi, le fungus ingasenza isifo. I-Candida albicans lolona hlobo lwe-Candida luxhaphakileyo. Usuleleko nggale fungus lubizwa ngokuba yi-candidiasis okanye yi-thrush. Ezinye iintlobo zeli qela zingafumaneka kwi-gut yomntu.
Abantu bangachatshazelwa lusuleleko lwegazi ngenxa yale fungus.
Amachiza abizwa ngokuba zii-antibiotics aziyinyangi usuleleko lwe-yeast. into eyenzekayo kukuba i-antibiotic ingalunwenwisa ngakumbi usuleleko ngeCandida. Abafazi bangalufumana kwizinyi zabo usuleleko lweCandida. Amadoda nawo angalufumana usuleleko lweCandida ebudodeni babo. Ukuba umntu usebenzisa ii-antibiotics ixesha elide,  Maninzi kubo amathuba okufumana usuleleko lwe-Candida. Abantu abaneswekile okanye i-HIV maninzi amathuba kubo okufumana usuleleko lwe-yeast.
Indima yayo njenge-pathogen
Le fungus ingakhuliswa e-lab. I-Candida ibonakala ngathi zizazinge ezinkulu ezimile okwesangqa nesimhlophe nesimthubi elinuka njengesonka. I-Candida ingafumaneka phantse kuzo zonke izikhumba eziphilileyo. Isikhumba esomileyo sine-fungus. Amanani amancinane ale fungus afumaneka kwamanye amalungu omzimba. Laa malungu yimpumlo, umqala nemiphunga; i-digestive system nesinyi. Yinto eqhelekileyo leyo.
Xa le fungus idala isifo esisemlonyeni sibizwa ngokuba yi-thrush (i-oropharyngeal candidiasis). Xa le fungus idala isifo kwisizalo somfazi ibizwa ngokuba yi-vaginal candidiasis okanye kuthiwa nje yi-'yeast infection'. I-thrush ixhaphakile ebantwini abanxiba ii- dentures.
Treatment
Abantu abaphila ngaphandle kokugula, usuleleko nge-candida lunganyangeka nge-oli yesikhumba  okanye ichiza elinokuginywa. Amayeza esikhumba angathengwa evenkileni ngaphandle kokuba ubhalelwe ngugqirha. Kubantu abasele begula kakade,  i-candidiasis ingasisigulo esinobunzulu obukhulu. Isenokudala i-abscess, thrombophlebitis, usuleleko lwentliziyo  (i-endocarditis). Isenokudala usululeko lwamehlo okanye lwezinye ii-organs. Usululeko lwe-Candida lungangena emzimbeni ngemikrwelo,ukugruzuka nokusikeka kwesikhumba.
I-Species
Ezinye ii-Candida ezibalulekileyo yi-C. i-parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, kunye ne-C. dubliniensis.
Charlotte Maxeke
Charlotte Makgomo Mannya Maxeke (7 ngoTshazimpuzi 1874 – 16 EyeDwarha 1939) wayeyinkokeli yenkolo yaseMzantsi Afrika, intlalontle kunye nomgqugquzeli wezopolitiko.
Intsuma-ntsumane ngokuzalwa kukaMaxeke
Imithombo yolwazi emininzi ikhankanya iBhofolo, eMpuma Koloni njengendawo yokuzalwa kaMaxeke. Ikhona eminye imithombo yolwazi ebanga ukuba wazalelwa kwingingqi yasePolokwane, njengoko igama lakhe lokuzalwa Charlotte Makgomo Mannyaa Maxeke iligama lesiSotho okanye lesiPedi. Oku kuhmabelana nokuzalwa kwakhe kwinqila iRamakgopa yaye imithombo yolwazi ingqina ukuba ingqina ukuba usapho lwakhe lwahlala ithutyana kufuphi kumlambo iDwars phantsi kweNkosi uRamokgopa. Kunakho ukwenzeka ukuba indawo yokuzalwa kaMaxake iphazanyiswa nendawo yokuzalwa yomyeni wakhe nowazalelwa eXesi eMpuma Koloni (bobani uCharlotte nomyeni wakhe bazalwa ngowe-1874). Imithombo yolwazi yeANC ikhankanya ikhankanya iPietersburg (ngoku eyaziwa ngePolokwane) njengendawo yakhe yozalwa kwiintetho zasesidlangaleleni ezincoma imisebenzi kaMaxeke. Kunakho ukwenzeka ukuba indawo yakhe yokuzalwa iphazanyiswa nekadade wabo uKatie, nowazalelwa eBhofolo ngomhla wamashumi amabini anesibhozo ngeyeKhala ngowe-1873., ngokukutsho kwincwadi “Ubizo lukaKatie Makanya”. Noxa kunjalo, kuba uCharlotte yayinguye omdala, oku kuphakamisa imibuzo nangomhla wakhe wokuzalwa ochanekileyo. Kucacile kwimithombo yolwazi emininzi kuquka nencwadi ekhankanyiweyo ngentla ukuba uMaxeke uchitha iminyaka yobutsha bakhe eMpuma Koloni, kumhlaba waseBhayi. Ukubhala kwakhe ngesiXhosa kuyiqinisa ngakumbi le ngcamango.
Itshoba lilale umbethe
UMaxeke wayesoloko ekubekwa entendeni ‘njengoNozala weNkuleleko yabaNtsundu’ eMzantsi Afrika yaye unesikolo seentsana seANC esiseTanzania esithiywe ngaye. UMaxeke wanabela uqaqa eRhawutini ngowe-1939.
Tenerife
I-Tenerife iyisiqithi seIziqithi zeCanary (ISpain). Ngommandla we-2,034.38 km² kunye nabemi base-894,636 abemi (2017) sisiqithi esikhulu kunazo zonke kwisiqithi saseCanada kunye nabantu abaninzi eSpain.
Indlunkulu yesi siqithi kunye nayo yonke indawo yase-Canarian iSanta Cruz de Tenerife. Isixeko saseSan Cristóbal de La Laguna siye safumana indawo yoLuntu lweMveli kusukela ngu-UNESCO ngo-1999.
I-Tenerife yi-volcano yeTeide, e-3,718 yamitha ephakamileyo e-Spain kunye neyesithathu enkulu intaba-mlilo ehlabathini ukusuka kwisiseko sayo elwandle. I-National Park yeTeyi nayo iHlabathi leMveli kwiNhlaba kusukela ngo-2007.
UJohn Knox Bhokwe
UJohn Knox Bokwe (waazalwa ngomhla we-15 kweyoKwindla ngo-1855 – wasweleka ngomhla wama-22 kweyomDumba ngo-1922) wayeyintatheli yasemZantsi Afrika, ekwangumshumayeli waseRhabe, wayengomnye wababhali beengoma zecawa ngolwimi lwesiXhosa ekwangumlonji. He is best known for his compositions Vuka Deborah, Plea for Africa, and Marriage Song.
s a young boy, Bokwe ran errands and worked for Dr. James Stewart's family. It was also in their house that he learnt to play the organ and the piano. In the same year Dr. Stewart took him into the general office of the Lovedale Mission as messenger, and later as his secretary, a post he filled until he left Lovedale in 1897. Meanwhile, in 1869, he was admitted into the mission's college department, where he was to remain until 1872.
Early years
John Knox Bokwe was born in Ntselamanzi near Lovedale, southeastern Cape Province and was the youngest child of Cholwephi and Lena Bokwe. His father was one of the first students to be enrolled at the Lovedale Mission school, while his mother was daughter of Nxe, one of the first converts of Ntsikana.
Bokwe first went to school at the age of eight or nine, and was taught by William Kobe Ntsikana, grandson of the prophet Ntsikana. In 1867, when he was twelve, he encountered the Stewart family with which he was to become closely associated. It was also in their house that he learnt to play the organ and the piano. In 1866 he was admitted to the preparatory classes at the Lovedale Institution. He continued on to the college in 1869 and finished his schooling four years later.
Bokwe met a young girl, Lettie Ncheni, who was also employed in the Stewart household. She worked there from 1868 to 1873 while attending night classes and from 1871 attended as a day scholar. The two got married in 1878 when Lettie returned from Scotland where she had accompanied Mrs. Stewart for three years.
Lovedale Mission: 1867–1897
Dr. Stewart took him into the general office of the Lovedale Mission as messenger in 1867, and later as his secretary. In 1869, he was admitted into the mission's college department. During this time, his love for reading and writing was kindled. As a student, Bokwe was active in the literary society, of which he became chairman.
In 1870 he helped in the printing and production of iNdaba, a Xhosa newspaper produced at Lovedale. When, in 1874, Lovedale obtained its own postal service, Bokwe was appointed manager, and later became head of the telegraph office. He also became conductor of the mission's brass band. From 1875 Bokwe started to compose hymns. His collected compositions were produced in book form in 1885. In 1892, at the invitation of friends in Scotland and England, Bokwe visited these countries, preaching sermons in churches, and telling his listeners about the work of the Lovedale Mission.
Imvo Zabantsundu newspaper: 1898–1899
In 1897, after 24 years of service, Bokwe left Lovedale Mission to collaborate with John Tengo Jabavu in producing the Xhosa newspaper Imvo Zabantsundu ("African Opinion") in King Williamstown. Many Xhosa South Africans were critical of the views expressed by Jabavu, in part because Jabavu was an Mfengu, a group regarded as subordinate to and unrepresentative of the Xhosa people. iZwi la Bantu ("The Voice of the People") was founded and published in East London, under the editorship of N. C. Mhala, in opposition to the Imvo Zabantsundu ("African Opinion") newspaper. It was to discourage these accusations that Bokwe, a Xhosa, went to join Jabavu. Bokwe's two years on the newspaper, however, were most frustrating and unhappy and this began to tell on his health. In 1899 he left the Jabavu and the newspaper business for his wife's home at Tsomo, in the Transkei, to recuperate.
Missionary and political work: 1900–1920
While recuperating in Tsomo, Bokwe realized that his real calling was to be a minister, not a journalist. He left Tsomo for the town of Ugie in 1900, where he served first as an evangelist, and then as a probationer. In 1906 he was ordained as a minister of the United Free Church. When Bokwe first arrived at Ugie, there was no school for either black or white in the district. He opened a school for children in the town, at first with no government grant. He then went out into the outlying areas, opening schools and churches.
In 1906, through his efforts, the town of Ugie built its first European school. He also served as town clerk. After years of hard work, his schools flourished until, under the provisions of the Native Private Location Act, African squatters on white farms were turned out, and all but two of Bokwe's schools and churches were obliged to close.
Fort Hare College and politics
In 1905 Bokwe became a member of the committee, composed of Africans and members of the United Free Church of Scotland, which sought, as a memorial to the late Dr. Stewart, to establish a college of higher education for South African men and women. As a result, largely on the strength of donations collected among the people, Fort Hare College was opened in 1916. In the same year Bokwe was elected general secretary of the Native Teachers Association in the Transkei. Throughout his later life he maintained ties with many prominent figures in the Cape and took an active part in public affairs.
Last years: 1921–1922
He was forced to retire in 1920 because of failing health and moved nearer to Lovedale again. In the same year, already in poor health he appeared before the Native Affairs Commission. His last years were spent helping Dr. Henderson, the principal, to translate the metrical psalms into Xhosa. He died at his home at Ntselamanzi, near Lovedale, on February 22, 1922. He was buried in the Gaga Cemetery, alongside other missionaries associated with Lovedale.
Family Lineage
Bokwe was married twice and had five children:
Freida Bokwe was the first African woman to earn a degree at a South African institution and is the grandmother of Naledi Pandor, an ANC member of parliament.
Other notes
John Knox Bokwe's name appears on an autograph quilt made as a local church fundraiser, about 1894. The original quilt is on display at the National Museum of Australia. This rare autograph quilt is one of the earliest known signature quilts in Australia. It includes about 650 embroidered signatures, names, monograms or initials. Only a small number, including prominent figures in late 1890s elite Melbourne society and missionaries in Australia, England and South Africa, have been identified.
IRashiya
iRashiya lilizwe eYurophu. Ikomkhulu Moscou.
Isityalo
Izityalo (singular: isityalo) zingomnye wamaqela amakhulu amahlanu (izikumkani) zezinto eziphilayo. Ezi zi-eukaryoti ze-autotrophic, zineeseli ezinzima. Benza ukutya kwabo, kwaye bangenzi ukunyakaza (ngaphandle kokuba le nxalenye yokukhula kwabo).
Izityalo ziquka iintlobo eziqhelekileyo ezifana nemithi, imifuno, intsikazi, ingca, iivini, iifern, i-mosses, kunye ne-algae eluhlaza. Ucwaningo lwezenzululwazi lwezityalo, olubizwa ngokuba yi-botany, lufumene iintlobo ezingama-350,000 zezityalo ezisaphila ngoku.
Aline Barros
Aline Barros Kistenmacker dos Santos (owazalwa Oktobha 7, 1976), eyaziwa ngokuba Aline Barros i imvumi, umbhali, presenter nomphathi eBrazil.
Awards kwamagama
Latin yeGrammy Awards
Ungcoliseko lomoya
Ungcoliseko lomoya
Breyten
Breyten yidolophu encinci efumaneka kwilixa lakwa Gert Sibande District Municipality, Mpumalanga, eMzantsi Afrika.
Freestyle Script
Freestyle Script yi font, oko yenzelwe ngu Martin Wait ngo-1981. Bold inguqulelo kwe Freestyle Script kwaba yenzelwe ngo-1986. Abapapashi kwe Freestyle Script: Adobe, ITC kwaye Letraset. Ibe ne inguqulelo: Regular, Bold, SH Reg Alt, kwaye SB Reg Alt.
Tembisa
Tembisa ilokishi kwiPhondo yaRhawuti laseMzantsi Afrika.
Lothair, Mpumalanga
Lothair yidolophu encinci efumaneka kwilixa lakwa Gert Sibande District Municipality, Mpumalanga, eMzantsi Afrika.
Saulsville
Saulsville ilokishi kwiPhondo yaRhawuti laseMzantsi Afrika.
Rafael Correa
U-Rafael Vicente Correa Delgado (UngumSpanish owazalwa ngomhla we-6 ka-April ngomnyaka ka-1963), ngumntu obaluleke kakhulu eMzantsi Melika. Lo mfo ungumongameli weRephablikhi yase-Ecuador, wayekhe wangumongameli wemanyano yeezizwe ezimanyeneyo zaseMzantsi Melika. Lo mfo uyingcaphephe kwezoqoqosho, kwaye izifundo zakhe kweli candelo wazinxonxothela kwase-Ecuador, e-Belgium nase-United States. Kwathi xa umnyaka ka-2006 usiya ekupheleni, wonyulwa wabangumongameli. Yhiyo le nto waqalisa kwi-ofisi yakhe njengomongameli ngeyoMqungu okanye ke singathi ngoJanyuwari ka-2007. Kwathi kweyomnga ka-2008, u-Correa wadiza okokuba kukho ityala le-bond elavulwa ngobuqhophololo nokunyoluka elilinganiselwa kwinkuntyula yemali engange-Ş3. Kwakusithiwa ke elo tyala lenziwa noorhulumente bangaphambili.
I-solvent extraction
I-Solvent extraction, ikwaziwa ngokuba yi- Liquid–liquid extraction okanye i-partitioning, yindlela yokwahlula i-compound eyenziwe ku-mxube owezinto zayo. Oku kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa ii-liquids ezimbini ezingadibaniyo, umzekelo,  ngamanzi kunye neosinyibilikisi esi-organic.
I-substance
I-Substance [sub'-stuns] yinto eyenziwe ngenye into ebonakala ngamehlo, okanye yi-matter, yento ethile ekwenziwe ngayo loo nto yenziweyo. Ii-Substances zizinto eziphatheka ngesandla nezibonakala ngamehlo, okanye kusenokwenziwa umlinganiselo wazo. Zenziwe ngamalungu ee-elements amabini nangaphezulu. I-Iron, i-aluminium, amanzi kunye nomoya yimizekelo yee-substances.
I-solvent extraction
I-Solvent extraction isetyenziswa xa kusenziwa ii-perfumes, i-vegetable oil, okanye i-biodiesel. Ikwasetyenziswa ukubuyisela i-plutonium ephuma kumafutha kumafutha e-rradiated nuclear, inkquba ebizwa ngokuba yi-nuclear reprocessing. I-plutonium ethe yafunyaniswa ingaphinda isetyenziswe kwakho njenge-nuclear fuel.
I-substance
ingxaki zokuchaza igama elithi into okanye 'substance'
eyona ngxaki inkulu ekufumaneni eyona nkcazo iyiyi malunga nokokuba iyintoni na substance yeyokokuba, ukuba ngaba, umzekelo, asithatheli ngqalelo ihlabathi (eliyi-cosmos) kuphela, izinto eziphilayo nezingaphiliyo, kananjalo yonke into gabalala, kuyakuvela umbuzo othi, "yintoni eyona yona iluphawu lokwenene nesekelwe kuyo le nto kuthiwa y'into', nekuyinto eyakuba nazo zonke izinto ezikwi-(matter), ingqondo, iindlela zokuva, i-space, umphefumlo, njalo njalo).
I-solvent extraction
Kule nkqubo enye yee-components zemixube inyibilika kwi-liquid ethile nakwezinye ii-components ezinye ii-components zahlulwe njengentsalela eshikele xa bekuhluzwa.
I-substance
Imbali nemvelaphi yegama elithi substance
Igama lesiLatini elithi substantia - linguqulelo yegama lesiGrike elithi essence (ousia), kwaye ngesiLatini lichaza umdla wokusebenzisa igama elithi essentia. KwiFilosofi yamandulo, igama elithi substance lithathwa njengegama elibhekisa kwindawo ekufumaneka kuyo izinto zendalo,isiseko sokuqala sayo yonke into (umzekelo, "ngamanzi" eThales, ngumlilo we-Heraclitus).
Kungoku nje, igama lee-substance lithathwa njengegama kwaye ligcwele wonke umhlaa. umbono wokuqala unxulumene nolwazi nge-substance oluvela nkokwe-ontoloji, iintsika zolu lwazi ngoo- (Francis Bacon, Benedict Spinoza, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz). Elona candelo lemetaphysics kwi-substance yefilosofi yaziwa ngokuba yileyo inoThixo nendalo kwaye ithathwa nje ngezidalileyo (i-Latin causa sui). Ezona mpawu ze-substance zivela ku-Benedict Spinoza kwaye ziyacinga ziphinde zistretch-e. Ngokwe-analogy, ngefilosofi ye-substance ka-Benedict Spinoza ibonwa ngokwesigama sika-René Descartes no-Leibniz. I-substance yokuqala kukudibana kwento leyo yenzayo (i-subject) kunye naloo kwenziwa kuyo into (i-object), eyesibini - ii-toms ezifanayo zizinto nje ezingasanwabulukiyo, kodwa zifumana iimpawu eziziiaspirations (Fr. appetition) kunye no-kwanda.Siyabulela, i-substance ye-Leibniz iqala ukunxulumana ne-matter.
Inqaku lesibini ngokumalunga nombono onge-substance - yindlela e-epistemological eliqondwa ngayo eli gama lithi substance, iizinto elinokukwazi ukuzisingatha kwakunye nemfuneko yolwazi ngobunzululwazi, (uJohn Locke, David Hume). U-Immanuel Kant ukholelwa kwinto yokokuba umthetho naphantsi kwaluphi na utshintsho oluthi lwenzeke kwinto yesiganeko eso kwaye nenani lezinto elithi lizigcine kulo ngokwendalo ziyinto efanayo, zingahlonyelwa k"mava afanayo." U-Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel uyichaza i-substance njengesidima sotshintsho, ukuguquka kwezinto, njengolona "tshintsho lukhulu xa kusiya kukhula umnqweno." Ngokuka-Arthur Schopenhauer i-substance - i-matter ngokukaDavid Hume - imbali engeyiyo inyaniso, the izinto ezibekho ngaxesha nye.
Sharpeville
Sharpeville ilokishi kwiPhondo yaRhawuti laseMzantsi Afrika.
Boerewors
Boerewors ibandakanya ambu namanqatha ingxengelelwe imifuno netyuwa, kongomisiweke eka esiqhubekayo ukulungele esiphekiweyo okanye yokubhaka yethumbu. Ekuqaleni amathumbu neegusha ezisetyenziselwa inshorensi, kodwa namhlanje phantse kuphela ukusebenzisa amathumbu eyenziweyo. Oku ethandwayo ingakumbi eMzantsi Afrika namazwe angabamelwane.
Sheepmoor
Sheepmoor yidolophu encinci efumaneka kwilixa lakwa Gert Sibande District Municipality, Mpumalanga, eMzantsi Afrika.
Boerewors
Incwadi yomlibo sausage ekrwada.
Isifo esosulelayo
Isifo esosulelayo
Intsholongwane ebangela isifo ibancinci - yintsholongwane engabonakaliyo ngeliso lenyama. Ibangela usuleleko olubangela isigulo okanye isifo. Ngamanye amaxesha, intsholongwane izondla kumamkeli. Ezona ntsholongwane ziqhelekileyo ziibhaktheriya nee-ntsholongwane. Izifo ezibangelwa ziintsholongwane - njengesifo se-COVID-19 - kuthiwa zizifo ezosulelayo.
IsiHlangu
A yezihlangu luhlobo izihlangu, weqweqwe elikhusela iinyawo ukusuka zikhwelwe amatye okanye iglasi ezibukhali, ingqele, ukungcola zosulelo ulusu.
Isifo esosulelayo
Isifo esineempawu ezingachongekiyo siqobisene nesifo esineempawu ezichongekayo (isifo esingacacanga siqobisene nesifo esicacileyo)
Usuleleko oluneempawu lohlulwa kabini: isifo esineempawu ezichongekayo kunye nesifo esineempawu ezingachongekiyo. Izifo ezizibonakalisyo/ ezisebenzayo kodwa ezingena mpawu kuthiwa zizifo ezineempawu ezingachongekiyo (okanye ezingacacanga okanye ezithuleyo)
Usuleleko olungekaphuhli lusuleleko olukhoyo kodwa olungekasebenzi okanye oluthuleyo. Umz. isifo sephepha esithuleyo lusuleleko lwebhaktheriya ethuleyo. Usuleleko lweentsholongwane nalo luyakwazi ukuthula, umzekelo ii-herpes.
Leishmaniasis
I-Leishmaniasis, ekwapelwa njengo-leishmaniosis, isi sifo sibangelwa yi- protozoan parasite yohlobo lwe- Leishmania kwaye isasazwa kukutyiwa ziindidi ezithile ze-sandflies. Isifo singabakho ngeendlela ezintathu ezintathu eziphambili: i-cutaneous, i-mucocutaneous, okanye i-visceral leishmaniasis. Uhlobo lwe-cutaneous luzisa izilonda zesikhumba, ngelixa uhlobo lwe-mucocutaneous luzisa izilonda zesikhumba, zomlomo, nezempumlo, lona uhlobo lwe-visceral luqala ngezilonda zezikhumba luze kamva luzise umkhuhlane, iiseli ezibomvu zegazi eliphantsi, kwakunye nodakada nesibindi esandileyo.
Boerewors
Kanye barbeque ilizwi, nkqiyoyo ilizwi aziguqukanga IsiNgesi kunye noninzi iilwimi Southern African zibandakanyiwe.
Irhewu
Xa lisenziwa irhwewu, kuqale kubiliswe amanzi embizeni. Aze akubila kudidiyelwe amanzi abandayo kunye nomgubo esityeni, lomdidiyelo ke uxhomekeke kumdidiyeli ukuba ufuna irhewu lakhe libe njani. Linganqumbululu, libaleke, njalo njalo.
Isifo esosulelayo
Ukudluliseka lwesifo
Inkqubo echaza ukudluliseka kweentsholongwane kumntu olandelayo kuthiwa yinkqubo yokudlulisika kweentsholongwane. Iintsholongwane ezithile zibangela usuleleko oluthile kwaye usuleleko ngalunye lune nkqubo yalo yokudluliseka kumntu olandelayo. Ukuqonda ukuba kutheni lusenzeka usuleleko neyona ndlela ilungileyo yokuluthintela, izazinzulu kufuneka siqondisise inkqubo yokudluliseka kweentsholongwane kusuleleko ngalunye.
Irhewu
Ekubeni edidiyele, uye athathe lomdidiyelo usesityeni okanye ejagini, awididiyele embizeni xeshikweni ezamisa ngesinye isindla njenge ndlela yokubaleka izigaqa.
Athi akudibana lamanzi abilayo kunye nalomdidiyelo womgubo wemili mili avale imbiza ukuze ivuthe, uyoakumana, eyizamisa ke umpheki kuba egade ukuba ingajiyi okanye ibe nezigaqa.
Le ndengane ke ithi yakubhadla ikhuthswe eziko, igalelwe ezityeni ipholiswe. Ithi yakuphola isuswe ucwambu.
Isifo esosulelayo
Ukudluliseka lwesifo
Inkqubo yokudluliseka kweentsholongwane ibanezigaba ezithile Ngokufutshane, zithi:
Irhewu
Xa lusenziwa urhewu, kuye kuthathwe inkonxa, kugalelwe lendengane, kugalelwe umlinganiselo womgubo weflawa,umlumiso, itispuni le enka ukuze libile, kuzanyiswe ukudibanisa ezizinto. Xa lwenziwe kusekho ilanga luye lubekwe elangeni ukuze lubile ngokukhawuleza.
IsiHlangu
Neembadada kakhulu kwi isithende wayisithelisa kuphela unyawo, kodwa kukho iintlobo ezininzi kunye nezimbo leyo kwakhona kuxhomekeke kwi fashoni.
Isifo esosulelayo
Iintsholongwane ezibangela isigulo kumntu onempilo entle ziqobisene neentsholongwane ezibangela isigulo kuba umntu ehleli enganampilo intle
Zimbalwa izifo ezifunyanwa ngabantu abanempilo entle nangona zininzi iintsholongwane. Inkangeleko kunye nobunzima besifo buxhomekeka kubuchule bomamkeli ekulweni iintsholongwane zesosifo. Ngamanye amaxesha inkqubo yokomelela komzimba ikwayiyo edala iingxaki kumamkeli xa izama ukulawula usuleleko. Yiyo loo nto abasebenzi becandelo lezempilo bezahlula iintsholongwane ezibangela isigulo kumntu onempilo entle kwiintsholongwane ezibangela isigulo kumntu onempilo ehleli ingekhontle.
Iintsholongwane ezibangela isigulo kumntu onempilo entle
Iintsholongwane ezibangela isigulo kumntu onempilo entle (okanye iintsholongwane) zibangela isifo nje ngobukho bazo kumntu onempilo entle. Uninzi lweentsholongwane zabantu zichaphazela abantu kuphela kodwa ezinye izifo ezinzima ziyakwazi ukubangelwa ziintsholongwane ezisingqongileyo okanye ezichaphazela abamkeli abangengabo abantu.
Iintsholongwane ezibangela isigulo kuba umntu ehleli enganampilo intle
Iintsholongwane ezibangela isigulo kuba umntu ehleli enganampilo intle ziyakwazi ukubangela isifo sosuleleko kubantu abangakwazi ukulwa izifo (ukunqongophala kwamandla kwinkqubo yokomelela komzimba/ i-immunodeficiency), okanye kwiimeko ezifana nohlinzo/ notyando okanye ingozi zingafumana ithuba lokungena embzimbeni. Iintsholongwane ezi nje ziyachuma xa umamkeli esempilweni embi.
Usuleleko oluyintsusa luqobisene nosuleleko lwesibini
Usuleleko oluyintsusa lubonwa njengosuleleko olubangela ingxaki enxulumene nempilo. Usuleleko lwesibini lubhekisa kusuleleko olubangelwe yingxaki edalwe lusuleleko oluyintsusa.
Usuleleko
Izifo ezosulelayo kuthiwa zizifo ezosulelayo kuba zidluliseka lula ngokudibana nomntu ogulayo okanye ngokudibana nolwelo lomzimba lomntu ogulayo (umz. umkhuhlane). Ezinye iintlobo zezifo ezosulelayo okanye ezidluliseka ngendlala ekhethekileyo, njengezifo ezidluliseka ngokwesondo, azichongwa njengezifo "ezosulelekayo", kwaye azidingi ukuba amaxhoba azo ahlale kuvalelo. Izifo ezosulelayo zidla ngokudluliseka kumntu olandelayo ngokuphathana ngqo okanye ngokusasazeka kwamathontsi. Kodwa, ziyakwazi nokudluliseka emoyeni, ekutyeni okungculisekileyo nasemanzini, ukuphathana kwabantu nezilwanyana okanye ukulunywa zizinambuzane.
Imiqondiso neempawu
Iimpawu zesifo zixhomekeka kwintlobo yesigulo. Ezinye iimpawu zosuleleko zichaphazela umzimba wonke, njengokudinwa, ukungalambi, ukuncipha komzimba, umkhuhlane, ukubila kwasebusuku kunye neentlungu. Ezinye zigxila kumalungu athile omzimba, njengamaqhakuva eluswini, ukukhohlela onye imifinya.
Ngamanye amaxesha, izifo ezosulelayo azibonisi mpawu tu kwabanye abantu. Usuleleko alusoloko lunxulumana nesifo esosulelayo, kuba usuleleko oluthile alubangeli sigulo kumamkeli.
Usuleleko lwebhaktheriya okanye olwentsholongwane
Kuba usuleleko lwebhaktheriya nosuleleko lwentsholongwane lubangela iimpawu eziyeleleneyo, kuthanda ukubanzima ukuchonga ukuba loluphi olubangele usuleleko oluthile. Ukuqonda umahluko kubalulekile, kuba usuleleko lweentsholongwane lunganyangeki ngezibulala-ntsholongwane. Kodwa usuleleko lwebhaktheriya lona luyanyangeka ngazo.
Unyango
Xa usuleleko luhlasela umzimba, amayeza okuchasa usuleleko angasetyenziswa ukucinezela usuleleko. Zininzi iintlobo zamayeza ezicinezela usuleleko. Izibulala-ntsholongwane zisebenzela ibhaktheriya kuphela, hayi iintsholongwane. Izibulala-ntsholongwane zisebenza ngokuthoba isantya sokuphindaphindana kwebhaktheriya okanye ngokubulala ibhaktheriya.
Irhewu
Lithi lakubila lihluzwe, izigaqa aze umntu ofuna ukulisela agalele iswekile ukuba uyafuna okanye alisele linjalo.
Leishmaniasis
Izifo ezosulelayo ezisebantwini zibangelwa ziintlobo ezingaphezulu kwama-20 ze-Leishmania. Iimeko zomngcipheko ziquka intlupheko, ukungondleki, ukupheliswa kwamahlathi, kunye nokwenziwa kweedolophu. Zonke ezi ndidi zingaxilongwa ngokubonwa kwezifunxi-gazi ngaphantsi kwemayikhroskophu. Ngokongezelelekleyo, isifo se-visceral singaxilongwa ngokuvavanywa kwegazi.
Ngabantu abamalunga nezigidi ezili-12 abosulelekileyo kungoku nje kumazwe athile angama-98. Ziimeko ezintsha ezimalunga nezigidi ezi-2 kwaye kwenzeka ukufa okuphakathi kwamawaka angama-20 nama-50 ngonyaka ngamnye. Ngabantu abamalunga nezigidi ezingama-200 abaseAsiya, eAfrika, eMzantsi nakuMbindi weMelika, nakumazantsi eYurophu abahlala kwiindawo apho sixhaphake khona esi sifo. I-World Health Organization ifumene izaphulelo kwamanye amachiza okusinyanga esi sifo. Esi sifo sinokwenzeka nakuthotho lwezinye izilwanana, ukuquka ii-izinja kunye ne-zikrekrethis.
Warburton, Mpumalanga
Warburton, Mpumalanga yidolophu encinci efumaneka kwilixa lakwa Gert Sibande District Municipality, Mpumalanga, eMzantsi Afrika.
Umkhondo wamaGqunukhwebe
Kuthiwa uLangana, unyana omncinane kaDebe, waazimela kowabo emaGqunukhwebeni, weza kukhonza kule ndlu kaTshawe, ngeemini zikaTshiwo.
Ukucaca
Kwi-optics, ukukhanya yinxalenye yezinto aezenza okokuba ukukhanya kugqobhozele ngaphakathi kwinto ethile, sitsho sibone okokuba yintoni na le ikulento.
Umkhondo wamaGqunukhwebe
Wamkelwa, wabusa, wanobuphakathi kwakuTshiwo apho.
Ukucaca
I-[//simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/object object] ekhanyayo ungabona ngaphaya kwayo. Oko kuthetha okokuba, into engaphaya kwayo kungalula ukugqobhoza kuyo utsho uyibone into engaphaya kwayo. I-nto ebonakalayo ngaphaya kwento ekhanyayo ifana nqwa nento onokuyibona ungakhange ude ube ugqobhozela kwenye into. Isenokutshintshwa ukuba loo nto ikhanyayo isebenza nje ngee-lens. Oko ke kunokubutshintsha ubungakanani nendlela emi ngayo loo nto.
Umkhondo wamaGqunukhwebe
Kuthiwa kuthe ngexesha uPhalo ebemi eNxarhuni apha, kwafika abantu abasuswa nguGcaleka ukuzakuhlaba umkhosi kuPhalo noRharhabe ukuba umzi umanyonywana nguNgqosini, inkosi yamaGqwashe, namagwangqa, kwanamaNgqosini. Loo nkosi yileya yayikhe yalwa noKhanzi, mzuzu, ngophondo lwendlovu, besebancinane uRharhabe noKwáne. Namhla yavukela uGcaleka, owathi yena waza kuhlaba umkhosi kuyise, nasekunene kuRharhabe, umninawe wakhe. uPhalo uyihlanganisile eyakhe (Umnqhalasi) eyona ilixhiba, baza bathi ke uKwáne noGaba inkosana ebikwakhonza kuPhalo, iligosa nayo lokusika abantu, bathi ukuvela kwabo bavela namahlathi ezimpi ezikholise ngaba bantu kwakuthiwe mabasikwe bayathakatha.
Ukucaca
I-Translucency
Ukuba ukukhanya kwento kubonakala luzizi  ngokuthi nangona amehlo ekwazi ukugqobhoza abone ngaphaya kwento leyo ikhanyayo, kodwa akakwazi ukubona zonke iinkcukacha zaloo nto agqobhozele kuyo; loo nto kuthiwa i-translucent.
Ukukhanya kunqumla ngento e-translucent, kodwa akunakubona nto ngaphaya kwako. Ukukhanya kudlula kule kodwa into le kunqumla kuyo kuyakungqubaza ukukhanya ukuze ungabinakuyibona into, ubone  isithunzi
Imizekelo yezinto ezi-translucent zi-igilasi, amaphepha, kunye nenzinye iintlobo ze- amber.
Umkhondo wamaGqunukhwebe
Waagqibela ngelizwi elithi kubo,-"Ize nibinze nakumukuba ndinonile. Wayethetha ke ukuthi amaGqunukhwebe namaNgqosini angabinza kooRharhabe noGcaleka, oonyana bakhe abakhulu. Yiyo ke le ndawo wade wamthimba wambamba uRharhabe ngakwelaa hlathi likaNxele, ukuze ade aphuthunywe nguKibiko omnye woonyana bakhe.
Kuthiwa uDebe waazala uLangana, waza uLangana wazala uKwáne. UKwáne ke kuthiwa uzele uTyarha noBhabha intombi. Abanye bathi uKwáne waazala uGqunukhwebe, oyena waazala uTyarha. Asiyazi ke eyona nyaniso ukuba yiyiphi na. Utyarha uzele UTshaka. UTshaka wazala uChungwa inkulu, noNxashe ozele uMbini, ozele uGqamana ekunene. UChungwa uzele uPhatho inkulu, noKobe noHina abamaqadi endlu enkulu kwanoToni noNyengana. Kwelinye iqadi kwale ndlu enkulu kuzelwe uSitu, ozele uHobeni, ozele uMomo, noBhadi ekunene. UMomo uzele uZondani. Kwiqadi lakuloBhadi kuzelwe uNkuntsu, ozele uKhulu, ozele uKilasi, ozele uMdyogolo. UBhadi uzele uManana, Thembani, noDyemane ekunene. UManana uzele uFrank, Daniel, Maya, noSamuel. UThembani uzele uNtanti, noSonamzi. UZondani wazala amankazana odwa. Igama lenkabi kaChungwa yomzi omkhulu nguNxwála. Ekunene uChungwa uzele uKama. Kwiqadi lasekunene uzele umama ozele uMbúlwana (James)noBoyce Mama. UJames Mama uzele uLot, noWilliam, noHolford, nabanye. UBoyce Mama uzele uShadrach, James, nabanye.
UPhato uzele uDilima inkulu, noMate ekunene, noYongama ixhiba. Udilima uzele uNamba. UMate uzele uMkhonzi. UKobe uzele uKatikati kwindlu enkulu, noDyani, noMqali; ekunene wazala uKosani. UKosani uzele uKalikeni inkulu, nabanye. UKama uzele uMani (Samuel) inkulu, noXhanti (William Shaw), noMzinana (John Wesley). UMani uzele uLuthuli nabanye. UHina uzele uSampu kwindlu enkulu, noSentile noFeni. Ekunene uzele uJayi noNalo. UToni uzele uTapolisi nabanye. Buninzi ke obunye ubukhosana obukhoyo emaGqunukhwebeni.
Imvela ngqangi kaChungwa nguKobe, umfo okhe wawuphatha kakuhle wonke lo mzi wasemaGqunukhwebeni emva kokubhubha kukaChungwa. Kuthiwangumfo ebenamaci amahle okuwuphatha umzi, owathi wabaphatha kakuhle abantwana bakayise uPato noKama. Yinkosi ebithandwa kunene ngamaGqunukhwebe. Kuvakala ukuba maninzi amaGqunukhwebe awasalayo kuye, akaya noKama eTala. NguSampu unyana omkhulu kaHina, inkosi yaseMxumbu, owaya noKama eTala. Waanyamezela wahlala noKama lowo, wada noKama wamzekela intombi kaDwane inkosazana yakwaNtinde.
UPhato intw'enkulu kaChungwa yinkosi ebithandwa kahulu emaGqunukhwebeni. Asinkosi ibikholisa ngakulala ingene ingakuRhulumente kwezi mfazwe zonke bezisiliwa. Yinkosi ebiligorha, eliciko, ebisithi icala ebambe kulo kwezi mfazwe ibambe kalukhuni kude kumamaniseke.
Ukama yinkosi ebizolile, ibabekile ibathanda abantu bakowayo. Ide yafun'ukugubungela ngodumo nangesithozela, ngangokude uninzi lwabantu, abalunge kuPhato, babuse kuye iminyaka emininzi, engenzi khethe ekubaphatheni kuba belunge kwenye inkosi. Ithe eyona nto yambangela ngakumbi udumo yaba kukwamkela ilizwi likaThixo ngomxhelo nangenyaniso. Waasikeleleka kunene, wabekwa wahlonelwa kakhulu nasebukhweni bakhe kwaRharhabe. Akavumanga ukuzeka isithembu, wayigxotha nentombi kaMdutshane awayeyiganelwa ngamakowabo. Ityala lokuyigxotha laagwetywa nguMaqoma iciko elikhulu wathi, -"Ngubani na noThixo kaKama, uThixo odale bonke ubukhosi obukhoyo; yena (Maqoma) ezalwa nguNgqika nje, akanamandla okumphikisa uThixo kaKama."
IBotswana
IBotswana, ngokusesikweni IRiphabliki weBotswana (NgesiTswana nangesiKalanga: IHango yeBotswana), lilizwe alichukumisi ulwandle kuMazantsi eAfrika. IBotswana ithe tyaba ezweni layo, akukho ntaba ezininzi. Iipesenti ezingama-70 zayo ziNtlango yeKalahari. Unqamleze uMzantsi Afrika emazantsi, iNamibia entshona, kunye neZimbabwe empuma. Umda wayo neZambia emantla kufutshane nedolophu yeKazungula awuchazwanga kakuhle ngenxa yokuba uphakathi koMlambo iZambezi. Lo mda weZambia ziimitha ezimbalwa ezilikhulu ubude.
Le lizwe linezigidi ezi-2.3, yaye lelinye lamazwe anabantu abambalwa emhlabeni kwikhilomitha nganye. Malunga neepesenti ezilishumi zabantu bahlala kwikomkhulu, iGaborone. IBotswana belelinye lamazwe ahlwempuzekileyo kwihlabathi: ngo-1960 umntu ngamnye ufumene iidola ezingama-60 ngonyaka qha. Namhlanje iBotswana inoqoqosho olukhula ngokukhawuleza.
I-Homo sapiens yaqala ukuhlala kweli lizwe ngaphezulu kweminyaka ye-200,000 eyadlulayo. Abantu abangabeTswana bayinzala yabathethi zesiNtu ezafudukela emazantsi e-Afrika zaya kwiBotswana malunga ne-600 AD, zezihlala kwiindawo ezinesizwe njengabalimi nabelusi. Ngo-1885, aba-British bawuthanga lo mhlaba bewuthiya i-Protectorate ye-Bechuanaland. Njengokuba ubuKoloni babusenzeka, iBechuanaland yaba yiriphabliki ezimeleyo ye- Commonwealth phantsi kwegama langoku nge-30 kaSeptemba ka-1966. Namhlanje iBotswana yiriphabliki, enerekhodi lenani leenyulo ezinobulungisa.
Uqoqosho lulawulwa yimigodi, ziinkomo nalukhenketho. Namhlanje abantu baseBotswana banomvuzo wonyaka emalunga ne-$18,825 kwi-avareji ngo-2015, lolona luphakamileyo eAfrika.
IBotswana lilungu leManyano yase- Afrika, loMbutho woPhuhliso lwamaZantsi e-Afrika, iZizwe eziManyeneyo kunye neZizwe eziManyeneyo. Ilizwe lichatshazelwe kakubi bubhubhane we-HIV/AIDS. Ngaphandle kwempumelelo kwiinkqubo zokwenza ukuba unyango lufumaneke, kunye nokufundisa abantu malunga nendlela yokunqanda ukusasazeka kwe-HIV/AIDS, inani labantu abane-AIDS lenyuka ukusuka ku-290,000 ngo-2005 ukuya ku-320,000 ngo-2013. Ngo-2014, IBotswana ikwelona nani lesithathu liphezulu lokufumana i-HIV/AIDS: ngama-20% abantu abosulelekileyo.
Igama
Igama leli lizwe lithetha "Umhlaba wabeTswana", abaliqela elikhulu apho. Igama elithi Batswana ekuqaleni lalisetyenziswa kwabeTswana, nangoku kunjalo. Nangona kunjalo, likwasetyenziselwa ngokubanzi njengegama labo bonke abemi baseBotswana nabantu abangakwazi ukuthetha isiTswana.
Imbali yokuqala
Ukumbiwa kwezinto zakudala kubonise ukuba ii-hominids zihlala eBotswana kangangesithuba seminyaka ezizigidi ezibini. Izixhobo zamatye kunye namathanbo wezilwanyana zibonise ukuba zonke iindawo zelizwe zazinabahleli iminyaka ye-400,000 eyadlulayo. Ngo-Okthobha wo-2019, abaphandi baxela ukuba iBotswana yayindawo yokuzalwa bonke abantu behlabathi malunga neminyaka 200,000 eyadlulayo. Lo mzobo wazotywe malunga neminyaka 70,000 eyadlulayo. Ekuqaleni abantu bathetha iziKhoisan kulo mmandla.
Mfecane
Phantsi ko-1820s uKumkani uMakaba II wabakhokela abaNgwaketse ababeneenkomo ezininzi entlangweni. Babenomkhosi onamandla yaye babehlala edolophini enabantu abali-10,000. Ixesha lobunzima laqala ngo-1823-1843: eli xesha libizwa "Mfecane". Kwakukho iimfazwe ezininzi phakathi abeTswana namaNdebele nabaKololo. UShaka Zulu ebemanya ubukumkani bakhe emazantsi.
Ngo-1852 uKumkani uSechele I ukhokele izikumkani zamaTswana ukoyisa amaBhulu awayeze kubela umhlaba wazo eDimawe. Ngo-1960 amaBhulu avumile ukungabuyi. Ngeli xesha abathunywa bevangeli bafika: ngo-1875 uKumkani Khama III wathi ukuba ubuKrestu buyinkolo yabeTswana. Lo Kumkani wakha izikolo, akazange avume utywala nokuhlala kwabamhlophe kumhlaba wakhe.
Ngo-1885 umkhosi weGreat Britain wangena eBotswana ukungeza umhlaba; kwakungekho nto banokuyenza ookumkani. Ngo-June 1966 uSeretse Khama waba ngumongameli wokuqala weBotswana emeleyo.
IJografi
IBotswana ityebile kwindalo. Imozulu yomile, kodwa i-Okavango Delta izisa amanzi emantla. Ipaki yelizwe yeTshobe "Chobe" inelona nani likhulu leendlovu emhlabeni yaye ineentlobo zeentaka ezingama-350.
Iingxaki ezimbini zendalo ziimbalela nakukunwenwa kwentlango. Isebe lezamahlathi laqala ukutyala izityalo zemveli ukunceda imvula nokunqanda ukhukuliseko lomhlaba.
Vosloorus
Vosloorus ilokishi kwiPhondo yaRhawuti laseMzantsi Afrika.
Ibali lelali yaseTyroline
"Chirorin Mura Monogatari" ngumsebenzi woopopayi beTV owasasazwa kwi-NHK Educational TV ukusuka ngo-Epreli 6, 1992 ukuya kuMatshi 19, 1993. 170 iziqephu zizonke.
Lochiel, Mpumalanga
Lochiel yidolophu encinci efumaneka kwilixa lakwa Gert Sibande District Municipality, Mpumalanga, eMzantsi Afrika.
Guillermo Lasso
U-Guillermo Alberto Santiago Lasso (UngumSpanish owazalwa ngomhla we-17 ka-November ngomnyaka ka-1955), ngumntu obaluleke kakhulu eMzantsi Melika. Lo mfo ungumongameli weRephablikhi yase-Ecuador, wayekhe wangumongameli wemanyano yeezizwe ezimanyeneyo zaseMzantsi Melika. Yhiyo le nto waqalisa kwi-ofisi yakhe njengomongameli ngeyoMqungu okanye ke singathi ngoJanyuwari ka-2021.
Isifundo
Study can mean:
Emma Sandile
U-Emma Sandile (1842-1892), okwaziwa njengePrincess Emma, ​​wayeyintombi yenkosi yeNgqika uMgolombane uSandile. Wayefundiswe yiBritane kwiCape Colony, kwaye kamva waba ngumnini-mhlaba, ekunokwenzeka ukuba waba ngumfazi wokuqala omnyama ukubamba itayitile yomhlaba eMzantsi Afrika.
Amabhele
Amabhele amahle.
Qunta, Mafu, nomaqambalala, uhay-hay namhlengenzanganto, Nontanda k'phakanyiswa, Khuboni, Nomalingawela, Dlambula
Manaar
Manaar yidolophu encinci efumaneka kwilixa lakwa Gert Sibande District Municipality, Mpumalanga, eMzantsi Afrika.
Wattville
Wattville ilokishi kwiPhondo yaRhawuti laseMzantsi Afrika.
Iphupha inkwenkwezi iqhosha impumlo
iphupha inkwenkwezi iqhosha impumlo " I-Yume no Hoshi akukho Impumlo yeqhosha " ( Yume no Hoshi akukho Impumlo yeqhosha ) i- anime ye esasazwa kwi -TV ye-Asahi ukususela ngo-Oktobha 19, 1985 ukuya kwi -26 ka-Aprili 1986. Idityaniswe yi- Asahi Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) kunye neSanrio. Ukusasazwa kweendawo zokubeka iMigqibelo nganye ukusuka kwi-19: 00 ukuya ku-19: 30 ( JST ). Iziqendu ezingama-26 zizonke.
Ividiyo ngokwayo yayisele igqityiwe ngo  1983, kodwa kwakuyiminyaka emibini kamva ukuba ngokwenene yaboniswa kumabonakude.
Isishwankathelo
Intombazana eneminyaka eyi-8 ehlala kwi-Strawberry Research Institute, i-Button Nose inzala yentsapho yasebukhosini yaseFukland Kingdom kwiplanethi yaseCalitontou. Ngenye imini, xa wayetyelele iPlanethi Calitontou, umalume wakhe, ukumkani, uDuke Fastener, wafumana itrone. I-Buttonnose, eyathi yaba ngukumkani woBukumkani baseHookland, iya kuchitha iintsuku ezimnandi eBukumkanini baseHookland [
Rhulumente
Urhulumente yintsebenziswano yabantu okanye iqelana ekulawuleni ingingqi yoluntu oluhlelekileyo edla ngokuba lilizwe.Ngelixa zonke iintlobo zemibutho zinolawulo, igama elithi rhulumente lisoloko lisetyenziswa ngakumbi, ukubhekisa koorhulumente abazimeleyo abamalunga nama-200 kunye nemibutho encedisayo.
Ngokwembali iintlobo ezixhaphakileyo zorhulumento ziquka ubukhosi, i-aristokhrasi, i-timokhrasi, i-oligatshi, idemokhrasi, lobuthixo kunye nguzwilakhe. Eyona nto iphambili kubo nabuphi na ubulumko boburhulumente yindlela afumaneka ngayo amandla ezopolitiko, ngendlela ezimbini eziphambili ezilukhuphiswano lonyulo kunye nolandelelwano ngokwelifa.
Iinkcazo kunye nentsusagama
Urhulumente yinkqubo yokulawula ilizwe okanye uluntu.
I-Encyclopedia yase-Columbia ichaza urhulumente "njengenkqubo yolawulo lwentlalo apho ilungelo lokwenza imithetho, kunye nelungelo lokuyinyanzelisa, linikwe iqela elithile eluntwini".
Ngelixa zonke iintlobo zemibutho zilawula, igama urhulumente lihlala lisetyenziswa ngakumbi ukubhekisa kuma-200 woorhulumente abazimeleyo emhlabeni, kunye nemibutho yabo exhasa. [2]
Eerstehoek
Eerstehoek yidolophu encinci efumaneka kwilixa lakwa Gert Sibande District Municipality, Mpumalanga, eMzantsi Afrika.
Rhulumente
Iinkcazo kunye nentsusagama
Okokugqibela, urhulumente ngamanye amaxesha usetyenziswa esiXhoseni njengesithetha- ntonye solawulo.