cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Kosta Pecanac
Phambi kwexesha ebomini
Yena wafika kwi - Saseserbia kwi-1892 ekuqaleni kweminyaka 14 kwaye isebenza njengokuba mercenary. Xa wayeneminyaka 21, wabizwa ngokuba phezulu kuba umkhosi inkonzo kwaye wasebenza kwi-engineer corps, wokuba a uvimba igosa. Wathi kamva isebenza kunye umda gendarmerie kufutshane Vranje njengokuba corporal. Pećanac yakhululwa e abanye incopho ngezizathu engaziwayo kwaye kamva bazimanya Chetniks. Ngexesha wayekhonza kunye nabo yena wayenikwe nickname "Pećanac", derived ukusuka igama town apho yena ukhulele.[./Kosta_Pećanac#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPavlovi.C4.87Mladenovi.C4.8730_April_2003-3 [3] ]
Makedoni kwaye Balkan Iimfazwe
Ngowe-1895, imfazwe waphula ngaphandle kwi - Makedoni ngokuchasene Ottoman Empire. Pećanac bazimanya isiserbia Chetnik Umbutho ngowe-1903, kwaye walwa ngokuchasene Ottoman umkhosi ezininzi ezibalulekileyo iimfazwe kuquka oko Šuplja Stena (kufutshane Pčinja) kwaye Čelopek (kufutshane Staro Nagoričane).[./Kosta_Pećanac#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPavlovi.C4.87Mladenovi.C4.874_May_2003-4 [4] ] - umdikoni ye - Vladika ka - Žiča kwaye omncinci (Serbo-gurmukhivojvoda, војвода) Jovan Grković-Gapon wacebisa awarding Pećanac iwonga vojvoda; e a Christmas-day intlanganiso ngowe-1904, Pećanac wafumana isihloko e neminyaka engama-25. Kwi-isithuba phakathi 1905 kwaye 1907, yena wakhokela eziliqela enkulu iimfazwe ngokuchasene Ottoman umkhosi kwi - i-skopje mmandla.[./Kosta_Pećanac#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPavlovi.C4.87Mladenovi.C4.875_May_2003-5 [5] ] Ngowe-1908, Pećanac married i-sofia Milosavljević ukususela town ka - Aleksinac. Waya kwi ubawo ezine abantwana kunye naye.[./Kosta_Pećanac#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPavlovi.C4.87Mladenovi.C4.876_May_2003-6 [6] ] Ngowe-1910, njengoko uyasokola kwi-Makedoni intensified, washiya abantwana bakhe kwaye pregnant umkakhe, kwaye babuyele battlefield.[./Kosta_Pećanac#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPavlovi.C4.87Mladenovi.C4.878_May_2003-7 [7]  ]
Kwi - Lokuqala Balkan Imfazwe, walwa ukususela ngo-oktobha 1912 ukuba Babe 1913, Pećanac waba mobilised kwi-opt. Wesithathu Umkhosi, bephethe udidi ka - sergeant kwi - Morava uphinda-phindo. Wathabatha inxalenye kwi-yoyisa ye-Albanians kwi - Merdare, Idabi Kumanovo kwaye inkululeko ka - Metohija.[./Kosta_Pećanac#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPavlovi.C4.87Mladenovi.C4.878_May_2003-7 [7] ] Ngexesha Yesibini Balkan Imfazwe, walwa ukusuka kwi-29 juni ukuya kwi-10 agasti 1913, Pećanac ngu bakholelwa ukuba zithe stationed kwi-phambili kwi Kitka kwi Osogovo Entabeni ukuya Zletovska kwaye Bregalnica rivers. Apho, lakhe ukwahlula wathabatha inxalenye kwi - Idabi Bregalnica kunye Bulgarians. Emva Bulgarian olubulalayo ayiphumelelanga, bathumela parliamentarians bafune a truce, kodwa isiserbia icala wala kwaye besilwa waqhubeka. Emva yakhe ukwahlula kokuba wanyamezela ezintandathu imihla nzima ukulwa, Bulgarians baba woyisa e Grljani kufutshane Vinica.[./Kosta_Pećanac#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPavlovi.C4.87Mladenovi.C4.8711_May_2003-8 [8] ]
Umngqusho
Oomakhulu bona ke pha ezilalinii bawuthanda ungaqholwanga umngqusho wabo kwaye uthwe chintsi nje imbijana yamafutha ngoba bakholelwa ukuba xa unamafutha amaninzi uzakubenzela iswekile nezinye izifo endingazokuzikhankanya. Abantu xabesefundile kuvamile ukuba bawujongele phantsi umngqusho kuba besithi bawutye kakhulu ngexesha bekhula kanti ke kwaNtu kokona kutya kunezakha mzimba.
Kosta Pecanac
Imfazwe Yehlabathi Mna
Ukulandela disastrous end kwi - opt. phulo kwi emva kwexesha 1915, Pećanac lokuphuma ukuba Corfu ihamba kunye retreating isiserbia umkhosi kwaye urhulumente, kwaye ekugqibeleni bazimanya Salonika ngaphambili. Ngowe-1915, Pećanac wawufumana ezahlukeneyo medals kuba yakhe "merit kwidabi lokulwa" kuquka ezintathu igolide medals kuba bravery, omnye kuba military ubunyulu, Ukulandelelana Inkwenkwezi ka-Karađorđe (4th Iklasi) bakhe zenkonzo Zehlabathi Imfazwe mna kwaye kusenokwenzeka kanjalo kuba yakhe phambi military accomplishments.[./Kosta_Pećanac#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPavlovi.C4.87Mladenovi.C4.8712_May_2003-9 [9] ]
Umngqusho
Abantu balapha eMzantsi Afrika bawuthanda kwanobom umngqusho kodwa ngenxa yezinto ezithile ezangamele ilizwe lethu ezinje ngemoyezulu etshintshileyo abantu bakuthi abahlala pha ezilalini banxunguphele kakhulu kuba bona bathanda ukuzenzela ngokwabo umngqusho kuba besuthi lona wenziwe esilungwini unencasa engamnandanga kwaphela. Le moyezulu itshintshileyo ke iye yenze ixeshe ekufanele kulinywe ngawo umbona lingabi sisigxina njengamandulo kuba bathi belindele ihlobo elinethayo nelinelanga eligqatsa nje kamnandi kusuke kutsho ukubhudluza umoya kunethe nezichotho ezinenkwanca zona ke ezibulala lombona ubusaqala untshula. le nto yile iye ihlise isidima somngqusho ngoba lo uthengwayo kuthwa unamnam kwaye unevumbi elibi elibophayo endlini nto leyo ebonisa ukuba ufakwe iznongo ezithile ezimenza ukuba akhawuleze ukuvuthwa.
Kosta Pecanac
Imfazwe Yehlabathi Mna
Ngoseptemba 1916, isiserbia Phezulu Umyalelo wathumela ke-Kukalieutenant Pećanac yi-zezulu ukuba Mehane (umzantsi-ntshona ka - Niš kwi - Toplica ingingqi) lungisa guerrilla uprising ukuxhasa a kwakucwangcisiwe Allied ulwim. Apho, Pećanac ixhuamne eziliqela amaqela guerrillas, eyaziwa ngokuba comitadji. Pećanac abaziwayo imikhosi kunye wobulali inkokeli Kosta Vojinović, kwaye bobabini ngokomgaqo-headquarters kwi - Ntaba Kopaonik. Rivalry ngokukhawuleza kwaphuhliswa phakathi ezimbini iinkokeli, ikakhulu ngenxa Pećanac kuphela kokuba ii-odolo ukulungiselela inkxaso kwakucwangcisiwe Allied ulwim, kodwa Vojinović waba ukwenza umsebenzi imisebenzi ukuze sibe nesiphumo wangaphambili emptive intshukumo yi-Bulgarian umsebenzi imikhosi. Imicimbi weza a intloko ngojanuwari – februwari 1917 xa Bulgarians waqalisa conscripting wobulali Serbs kuba military inkonzo. Kwintlanganiso ye guerrilla iinkokeli ukuxoxa nokuba bamele kuqalisa jikelele uprising, Pećanac waba outvoted. Nangona kunjalo, iziganeko kokuba overtaken iinkokeli, kwaye babebizwa essentially ukungenela a ethandwa kakhulu uprising ukuba waba sele omhlophe. Emva guerrillas phantsi Pećanac ke umyalelo owenza i-Bulgarians, waba hailed njengokuba inkokeli ucinga, nangona kokuba ezinzima ngokungathandabuzekiyo malunga eventual sikazwelonke xa Bulgarians kwaye Austro-Hungarians wanikela enkulu amanani troops ukuba subdue i-uprising. I-guerrillas baba ukuvala kwi Niš ebutsheni Matshi xa occupying imikhosi waya kwi ulwim. Pećanac advised yakhe fighters ukufihla ngaphandle kwi-emithini kunye neentaba, ngexesha Vojinović ilungisiwe bakhe ukuba balwe ukuba ukufa. Nge-25 Matshi, uprising bebe crushed.[./Kosta_Pećanac#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitrovi.C4.872007248.E2.80.93259-10 [10] ] Pećanac ke, intatho-nxaxheba ukuchasa weza e-elikhulu personal iindleko; ezintathu abantwana bayo wafa ngeli xesha kwi-Bulgarian internment.[./Kosta_Pećanac#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman2015108-11 [11]  ]
Interwar xesha
Pećanac kokuba ephambili indima ebalulekileyo kwimeko - Association ngokuchasene-Bulgarian Bandits, i-umbutho ukuze arbitrarily terrorised Bulgarians kwi - Štip mmandla.[./Kosta_Pećanac#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet200647-14 [14] ] kanjalo njengosihlalo a omncinci kunye Umbutho we Yugoslav Nationalists (ORJUNA).[./Kosta_Pećanac#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman2012158-17 [17]  ] Pećanac waba langoku njengelungu lepalamente ngomhla assassination ka - gurmukhi Peasant Iqela (HSS) inkokeli Stjepan Radić kwaye HSS deputies Pavle Radić kwaye Đuro Basariček ngomhla we-20 juni 1928. Phambi shooting, waba umtyholwa yi-HSS usekela - Ivan Pernar yokuba eliphathiswe a kwendyikityha yokufa ka-200 Muslims ngowe-1921.[./Kosta_Pećanac#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlenny2012410-18 [18] ]
UJudith Ortiz Cofer
UJudith Ortiz Cofer (ngoFebruwari 24, 1952 - Disemba 30, 2016) wayengumbhali wasePuerto Rican. Waziwa kakhulu ngemisebenzi yakhe yokuyila engeyonyani kwaye imisebenzi yakhe yeyokuveza iiyantlukwano kunye nezikhewu ezivelayo phakathi kwelifa lakhe lenkcubeko eyahluliweyo. Umsebenzi wakhe uphinda uphonononge izifundo ezinjengobuhlanga kunye nocalucalulo ngokwesini kwinkcubeko yaseMelika. Wayekwangumbhali n wencwadi yabantwana. Izihloko abhale ngazo malunga nomsebenzi wakhe: Ibali loThando eliqala ngeSpanish, Ukufikelela kwi-Mainland kunye neeNkongo eziNtsha ezikhethiweyo, iMiqathango yokusinda, kunye nembongi ephezulu, i-Animal Jamboree / La Fiesta De Los Animales: Latino Folktales / Leyendas, kunye ne -A. Ibheyile! /Masidanise. Uninzi lwezihloko zakhe zimalunga nabantwana, izilwanyana nothando. UJudith Ortiz Cofer uvotelwe kwiHolo yababhali baseGeorgia yodumo lwefame.
Kosta Pecanac
Interwar xesha
Pećanac waba ngumongameli we-Chetnik Association ngowe-1932.[./Kosta_Pećanac#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich1975126-19 [19] ] Yi-ukuvula ngamalungu ebhunga Chetnik Association entsha younger amalungu ukuba engafikanga wasebenza kwi-Imfazwe Yehlabathi mna, yena lukhule umbutho ngexesha 1930s ukusuka nationalist veterans' association focused kwi ukukhusela veterans' amalungelo i-aggressively * zingathathi icala elithile Serb ezopolitiko umbutho kunye 500,000 amalungu kulo lonke Ubukumkani Eyugoslavia.[./Kosta_Pećanac#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingleton1985188-20 [20]  ] Ngeli xesha, Pećanac bamisela vala ties kunye kude kube ngoku-ilungelo Yugoslav Ngokugqibeleleyo Union urhulumente milancity in italy Stojadinović.[./Kosta_Pećanac#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPavlowitch200752-21 [21]  ] Pećanac waba ezaziwayo kuba yakhe hostility ukuba Communist Iqela ka-Eyugoslavia, oko kwenziwa kuye ethandwa kakhulu kunye conservatives, ingakumbi abo kwi-Stojadinović ke umntu.[./Kosta_Pećanac#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilazzo197519-22 [22]  ][./Kosta_Pećanac#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich1975120-23 [23]  ]
UJudith Ortiz Cofer
Obomi bakwangoko
UJudith Ortíz Cofer wazalelwa kuYesu uLugo Ortíz kunye noFanny Morot eHormigueros, ePuerto Rico, ngoFebruwari 24, 1952. Wafudukela ePaterson, eNew Jersey kunye nosapho lwakhe ngo-1956. UMorot (umama wakhe) wazala uJudith Ortíz Cofer xa wayeneminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu ubudala. . T bakholelwa ukuba baya kuba namathuba amaninzi kubazali abancinci eMelika. Nangona uLugo (uyise) wayethanda kakhulu ukusebenza eyunivesithi, wayeka isikolo waza wajoyina i- US Navy. Kamva, wabelwa ePanama xa kwazalwa intombi yakhe. Wadibana noJudith Ortiz Cofer okokuqala kwiminyaka emibini kamva. Ukufuduka kosapho lwakhe ukusuka ePuerto Rico ukuya eNew Jersey kwaba nefuthe ekubhaleni kwakhe.
Kosta Pecanac
Imfazwe yehlabathi II
Kufutshane nje phambi Axis invasion Yobukumkani ka-Eyugoslavia ngoaprili 1941, Pećanac waba eceliweyo yi - Yugoslav Kubulungiseleli ka-Umkhosi kwaye Nevi ukulungiselela guerrilla imisebenzi kwaye balinde e-afrika indawo Saseserbia, Makedoni, kwaye Kosovo ukusuka pro-Bulgarians kwaye pro-Albanians rebels. Yena sanikwa imali kwaye zesintu, zize zilawulwe ukuba ingalo eziliqela anamashumi abantu kwi - Toplica River intlambo kwi-e-afrika Saseserbia. Pećanac ke umkhosi zihleli intact emva isijamani umsebenzi ka-Saseserbia kwaye supplemented yayo ukomelela ukusuka Serb refugees fleeing Makedoni kwaye Kosovo. Pećanac ke detachments walwa ngokuchasene isialbania ngamakhamandela kwi-kwangoko ehlotyeni 1941.[./Kosta_Pećanac#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich1975126-19 [19] ] ngeli xesha kwaye kuba considerable ixesha emva, kuphela detachments phantsi Pećanac baba yafumanisa ukuba yi elithi "Chetnik".[./Kosta_Pećanac#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich1975127-24 [24]  ] Kunye kuvuka ye-communist Partisans, Pećanac wanika phezulu na inzala kwi ucinga kwaye ngokuthi emva kwexesha agasti ufikelele izivumelwano kunye kunye isiserbia puppet urhulumente kwaye isijamani abasemagunyeni ukuba ukuzithwala ngaphandle olubulalayo ngokuchasene Partisans.[./Kosta_Pećanac#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich1975127-24 [24]  ][./Kosta_Pećanac#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts197321-25 [25]  ]
Robben Island
Isiqithi sekapa "Robben Island" (isiBhulu: Robbeneiland) sekapa sifumaneka kwi khilomitha ezi sixhenxe ukusuka kwintsona kungxweme lwase Bloubergstrand, kulwendle IAtlantic Ocean ,kwiphondo lweNtsona koloni eMzantsi Afrika. Esi sisiqithi esiyimbalasane kakhulu kwilizwe loMzantsi Afrika nezwekazi iAfrika iphela.Sisiqithi esiyimitsi embalwa umphakamo phezu kolwandle iAtlantic ocean.
UJudith Ortiz Cofer
Indlela athe waba ngumbhali ngayo
Umsebenzi ka-Ortiz Cofer unokubizwa ngokuba yi-creative nonfiction. Isimbo sakhe sokubalisa saphenjelelwa kukubaliswa kwamabali omlomo, awaphefumlelwa ngumakhulu wakhe. EPuerto Rico, isiko labo kukubalisa amabali. Waqala umsebenzi wakhe wokubhala ngomsebenzi wemibongo, iLatin Deli. Wonyulwa kwiBhaso lePulitzer. Eminye imisebenzi yakhe iphonononga iindidi ngeendidi, edibanisa imibongo, intsomi emfutshane, kunye nebali lobuqu. Imisebenzi ka-Ortiz Cofer ihlala igxile ekuphileni ubomi bakhe phakathi kweenkcubeko ezimbini, iMelika kunye nePuerto Rican, kunye nendlela oku kwazisa ngayo izimvo zakhe njengombhali. Umsebenzi wakhe uphinda uphonononge izifundo ezinjengobuhlanga kunye nocalucalulo ngokwesini kwinkcubeko yaseMelika.
Kosta Pecanac
Imfazwe yehlabathi II
Xa wayeneminyaka concluding amalungiselelo kunye Germans, ngomhla we-18 agasti 1941 Pećanac wafumana ileta evela Draža Mihailović ucela isivumelwano abe ufikelele apho Pećanac ingaba ukulawula Chetniks afrika ye - Western Morava River ngexesha Mihailović ingaba ukulawula Chetniks kuzo zonke ezinye iindawo.[./Kosta_Pećanac#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich1975127.E2.80.93128-26 [26] ] Pećanac kwehla lakhe isicelo kwaye wacebisa ukuba abe kunikela Mihailović i - oyintloko abasebenzi kunye indawo kwaye elicetyiswayo Mihailović ke detachments disband kwaye ukungena yakhe detachments. Kwesi sithuba, Pećanac kokuba arranged kuba unikezelo eziliqela amabini yakhe Chetniks kwi-opt. Gendarmerie ukuba enze njengoko isijamani auxiliaries.[./Kosta_Pećanac#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001183-27 [27] ] Ngomhla we-27 agasti, Pećanac ekhutshwe i-vula "Isihlokomiso ukuba Mhlekazi Abantu", apho lowo portrayed ngokwakhe njengoko a defender kwaye protector ka-Serbs kwaye ngokuba "kwi detachments ukuba zithe bamisela ngaphandle yakhe ukuvunywa" ukuba kuza kunye phantsi umyalelo wakhe. Yena lanyanzelisa ukuba abantu hiding kwi-forests ngoko nangoko babuyele emakhayeni abo kwaye ukuba izenzo sabotage ngokuchasene occupiers yekani okanye abenzi bobubi ingaba ubuso ukufa.[./Kosta_Pećanac#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich1975128-28 [28] ]
Robben Island
Ngonyaka wama 1999 esisixeko saziswa ngoku sesikweni njenge ziko lezobugcisa nekcubeko kwiphondo lentshona koloni asiqulathe imbali yelizwe loMzantsi Afrika kwaye sibuyisa inkumbulo ngekqubo yocalucalulo nempumelelo yorhulumente wentando yesininzi. Ikumphakamo weemitha ezingamashumi mathathu phezu kolwa ndle. Esi sixeko sasi setyenziswa njenge ntilongo nendawo yokugcina abantu ababhukuqa umbuso ixesha elide, kunye nesibhedlele sengqondo. Esi siqithi sibe liziko lezinto ezininzi ukususela ngowama 1600 ukufika komkhosi wamaBhulu ngethuba lika Jan van Riebeck owayekhokela umkhosi wamakholoniyali ikwangumntu wokuqala ukuzinza kwesi siqithi. I-Robben Island le luphawuoludumileyo ehlabathini
Kosta Pecanac
Imfazwe yehlabathi II
Ngoseptemba 1941, ezinye Pećanac ke subordinates waphula izintlu ukungena kunye Partisans kwidabi lokulwa i-Germans kwaye zabo isiserbia auxiliaries. Kwi-Kopaonik kummandla, ngaphambili loyal subordinate ka-Pećanac waqalisa attacking wobulali gendarmerie stations kwaye clashing kunye armed ngamakhamandela ka-isialbania Muslims. Yi end ka-oktobha, Germans kugqitywe ukumisa arming "unreliable" ezibini ngaphakathi Pećanac ke Chetniks, kwaye iqhotyoshelwe intsalela yabo ezinye isiserbia auxiliary imikhosi.[./Kosta_Pećanac#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilazzo197528.E2.80.9329-29 [29] ]
Robben Island
Kulapho amaqhawe esizwe ekuquka utata uNelson Mandela, Oliver Tambo, Robert Sobukwe nabanye ngethuba loRhulumente wengcinezelo. Kalapho amatshantliziyo awayesilwisana noRhulumente ayebanjwa aze agcinwe khona iminyaka. Ukususela kumawaka alishumi elinesixhenxe eminyaka irobben island isetyenziswa njenge ndawo yokugcina amabanjwa ayamene nezopolitiko.Urhulumente wamaAmaBhulu wayevalela khona amabanjwa ezombuso nezigila mkhuba.
Kosta Pecanac
Imfazwe yehlabathi II
Ngomhla we-7 oktobha 1941, Pećanac uthumele isicelo milancity in italy Nedić, intloko ye - opt. puppet urhulumente, kuba stronger umbutho, supplies, zikhali, umvuzo imali, kwaye ngaphezulu. Ngokuhamba kwexesha, lakhe izicelo zazalisekiswa kwaye isijamani liaison igosa wonyulwa e Pećanac ke headquarters ukunceda kuququzelela iintshukumo. Ngokunxulumene isijamani data, ngomhla we-17 kweyomqungu 1942 72 Chetnik amagosa kwaye 7,963 abantu baba ekubeni kumiselweyo ngumthetho i-opt. Gendarmerie Umyalelo. Oku wawa emfutshane ye-ubukhulu wagunyazisa ubungakanani 8,745 abantu kwaye oku kubandakanya ezimbini okanye ezintathu amabini ka-Mihailović ke Chetniks ababe legalized novemba 1941.[./Kosta_Pećanac#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich1975127-24 [24] ] enye inyanga, Pećanac bafune imvume kwi-Prussia kuba imikhosi yakhe ukusa kwi-empuma Igreece, kodwa waba wala phezu isi-Italian yethutyana ukuba Chetniks ingaba yiya kwi Sandžak.[./Kosta_Pećanac#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilazzo197544.E2.80.9345-30 [30]  ]
Robben Island
Robert Sobukwe
URobert Mangaliso Sobukwe wayengumqambi nenkokheli yombutho iPAC elasekwa ngo wama1959. Ngomhla wama21 kweyekwindla ngowama1960 wayengumququzeleli wekqubo eyayisilwa nokusetyenziswa kwamaPasi. Kulapho wathi wabanjwa wayokuvalelwa eRobben Island iminyaka emithathu emva komthetho owathi wasekwa ngethuba eselivalelweni sandiswa isigwebo yayiminyaka emithandathu. Wayevalelwa kwisisele esisekhusini engavumelekanga ukuba athethe nabantu
Kosta Pecanac
Imfazwe yehlabathi II
Ngoaprili 1942, isijamani Commanding Jikelele kwi-Saseserbia, Jikelele der Artillerie (Jikelele) Upawulos Bader, ekhutshwe ii-odolo zinika iyunithi amanani M–39 ukuya M–101 ukuya Pećanac Chetnik detachments, ezaye beka phantsi umyalelo wenkundla wobulali isijamani ukwahlula okanye indawo umyalelo ngeposi. Ezi ii-odolo kanjalo ufune deployment a isijamani liaison igosa nabo bonke detachments owenza imisebenzi, kwaye limited zabo yokuhamba-hamba ngaphandle zabo yabelwe indawo. Kombane ka-izikhali kwaye ammunition waye kanjalo controlled.[./Kosta_Pećanac#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich1975195-31 [31] ] ngojulayi 1942, Mihailović arranged kuba Yugoslav urhulumente--exile ukuba denounce Pećanac njengokuba traitor.[./Kosta_Pećanac#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts197363-32 [32]  ] Yakhe siqhubeke ngentsebenziswano ruined yintoni zihleli ye-reputation kokuba kwaphuhliswa kwi-Balkan kwiimfazwe Imfazwe Yehlabathi I.[./Kosta_Pećanac#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPavlowitch200759-33 [33]  ]
I-Germans kamsinya ifumanise ukuba Pećanac ke iiyunithi baba inefficient, unreliable, abancinane military sebenzisa. Pećanac ke Chetniks yithi rhoqo clashed kwaye kokuba rivalries kunye nezinye isijamani auxiliaries, ezifana opt. State Balinde kwaye isiserbia Volunteer Umyalelo, ngokunjalo ne-Mihailović ke Chetniks.[./Kosta_Pećanac#cite_note-FOOTNOTELazi.C4.87201129.E2.80.9330-34 [34] ] - Germans kwaye puppet urhulumente yaqalisa disbanding kwabo ngoseptemba 1942, kwaye zonke kodwa omnye baba iintsinjana yi end ka-1942. Yokugqibela detachment waba iintsinjana Ngomatshi wama-1943. Pećanac ke abalandeli baba dispersed kwezinye isijamani auxiliary imikhosi, isijamani nabasebenzi iiyunithi, kwaye prisoner-imfazwe camps. Abaninzi deserted ukungena Mihailović. Akukho nto yaziwa ka-Pećanac ke imisebenzi inyanga ukuba abalandela ngaphandle kokuba okokuba waye interned kuba abanye ixesha yi-opt. puppet urhulumente.[./Kosta_Pećanac#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich1975128.2C_195-35 [35] ]
Ukufa
Ii-akhawunti Pećanac ke gcina nokufa vary. Ngokunxulumene enye i-akhawunti, Pećanac, zine - - - wakhe iinkokeli kwaye 40 zabo abalandeli baba captured yi-imikhosi loyal ukuba Mihailović ngofebruwari 1944. Zonke abulawa zingaphelanga iintsuku ngaphandle kokuba Pećanac, abo ahlala kuyo custody ukubhala zakhe zemfazwe memoirs phambi kokuzalwa usetyenzisiwe ngomhla we-5 Meyi 1944.[./Kosta_Pećanac#cite_note-FOOTNOTELazi.C4.87201129.E2.80.9330-34 [34] ] Omnye umthombo states waba assassinated ngomhla we-6 juni 1944 yi-Chetniks loyal ukuba Mihailović.[./Kosta_Pećanac#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich1975260-36 [36]  ]
Leon Wessels
U-Leon Wessels (owazalwa nge-19 ka-Epreli ngo-1946) ligqwetha laseMzantsi Afrika, ezopolitiko, kunye neqela lezopolitiko elalisebenza kurhulumente weqela leqela eliphantsi wobandlululo kwaye wayengomnye wezopolitiko ezimbalwa zase-Afrikaner ukubonisa ubuntu Izenzo zalo rhulumente.
Cheryl Carolus
UCheryl Carolus owazalwa nge-27 kaMeyi 1958 kwezopolitiko waseMzantsi Afrika. Uzalelwe eSilvertown, eCape Flats, eKapa.Utata wakhe wayeqashwe njengomsekeli wePrinta,umama wakhe wayeyiMongikazi.Wafunda kwisikolo esikufutshane amabanga wakhe aphezulu waze wabayinkokheli yabafundi iabakwibanga leshumi elinambini.Emva kwebanga leshumi elinambini waarejistela isidanga seBA nesidanga sobutitshala kwiDyunivesithi yaseNtshona koloni.UCarolus wabangu titshala wesiNgesi.Wayelilungu elafumana iUWO eNtshona koloni Waangena kwezopolitiko esesikolweni waze wabali litshantliziyo emva kokungena kwiUDF ngonyaka ka-1983.Ngonyaka ka-1986 ngoFebruwari uCarolus wamenywa kwiInternational Centre yeSwedish Labour Movement njengelungu leUDF.Ngonyaka ka-1989,uCarolus wabasisithethi seNtshona koloni ngophulo lwendelo elenziwa yiMDM. Ngonyaka ka1990 xakuphuma utata uNelson Mandela entilongweni wabalilungu leANC.NgoMeyi kwakunyaka ka-1990,UCarolus wonyulwa ukuba abeyingxenye yeDeligeyishini yeANC eyabamba iintetho noRhulumente wocalucalulo waphinda ngoJulayi ka1991 wonyulwa kwiKomiti yeANC.Utshate noGraham Bloch.Ngonyaka ka-1996 wabanguKomishina ophezulu waseMzantsi Afrika eLondon.Phakathi konyaka ka-2001 ukuya kunyaka ka2004 wayenguCEO wezokhenketho zaseMzantsi Afrika.WayenguSihlalo webhodi yeSANPARKS ,ngo-2009 wafumana esisihlalo kwaSAA .UkwanguSihlalo wePeotona Holdings,ikampani yezotyalo ejongene nokuphucula amarhwebo.UCarolus lilungu leKomishini yeInternational Crisis Group.Ngonyaka ka-2015 wayengumthenjwa weBritish Museum.Ngemini yesihlanu kuMeyi ka-2015 imizimba yabazali besoka lakhe yafunyanwa eKapa ibotshelelwe izizidumbu.
Brigitte Mabandla
U-Brigitte Sylvia Mabandla (owazalwa nge-23 ngo-Novemba ngo-1948) ulilungu le-African National Congress' National Executive Council, wayefudula engumphathiswa wezorhwebo loRhulumente woMzantsi Afrika.
Ngo-1979, waphumelela isidanga se-LLB kwezomthetho kwiDyunivesithi yaseZambia.
Akukho nkang'idubul'ingethi
inkkukhu
Libode
iLibode yidolophi ekude kufuphi noMthatha ikwakude kufuphi ne Port St Johns. Ngagama amafutshane iphakathi kwezi dolophu zimbini uMthatha kunye nePort St Johns ikwiPhondo laseMpuma-Koloni eMzantsi Afrika, Ilibode yidolophi etyelelwa ngabemi abangqungileyo. iSematheni kuba ke abatyeleli abawuvali umlomo ngezinto zemveli kunye nococeko.
Umasipala ufaka inkonzo eziliqela ukuphuhlisa ulonwabo kubatyeleli kunye nokwenza utshintsho ekuhlaleni. Ivenkile ezifana noShoprite, Spargs kunye noSpar. Zincedakele kakhulu ilali ezingqungileyo ngoba azisasokoli ngokuyothenga eMthatha nasePort St Johns.
Imvelaphi
iLibode yenziwe kwindawo ekuthiwa yiMpondoland, iMpondoland yabandakanywa njenge (Cape Colony) ngo 1894. Ngo 1903 abaphathi beTranskei babumbeka. Ngo 1911 isixeko saseLibode sabandandakanywa njenge sigqeba sabaphathi. Ngo 1935 omnye womhlaba waselibode wahluthwa ngurhulumente weqembu loMzantsi Afrika kwaze kwakhiwa idolophu iLibode yaza yandiswa.
Ezoshishino
iLibode yenye yelali ezihlupheke kakhulu, intswela ngqesho ibinyuke yaya ku 85% ngonyaka wama 2008.
Abatyeleli
Kufuphi neLibode kukho (iHluleka Nature Reserve) kunye nolwandle olungama (60km) kunye ne Presely Bay (68km).
Uloliwe
Uloliwe yingqokolela yeenqwelo mafutha  ehamba ngaphezu kwendlela eyenzelwe yakhe. Iinqwelo mafutha ezikule ngqokolela zibizwa ngokuba zii-moto (e-United States) okanye zii-wagons (e-United Kingdom). Amaxesha amaninzi, abantu bazibiza ii-Coaches okanye amakhareji ezo ngqokolela zithwala abantu. Indawo apho uloliwe ama kuyo ukuze akhwelise okanye ehlise abantu ibizwa ngokuba sisitishi sikaloliwe. Ololiwe bamandulo babesebenzisa amandla ehashe kwaye babebaleka kwimizila eyenziwe ngeenkuni okanye nge-iron. ezi ke zazisetyenziswa ngamaxesha e-Middle Ages. Oololiwe bokuqala ababehamba ngamalahle bakhiwa eNgilane kwumnyaka wenkulungwane ye-19.
Oololiwe baneematshini abarhuqwa ngazo   (isenokuba iyazihambela okanye ihamba ngomatshini) kwaye banemoto enye nangaphezulu. Le ndawo irhuqa uloliwe  okanye injini kaloliwe (intloko kaloliwe) itsala uludwe lweemoto olusemva kwayo. Abanye oololiwe banokala ngokungathi luhlobo olulodwa lwebhasi tolunokuqhutywa kuphela kumzila woololiwe. Oololiwe basetyenziselwa ukuthwala abantu, njenge-cargo, njengeempahla ezithwalwa ziinqwelo ezihamba ngamafutha,  xa zingeniswa/zikhutshelwa ngaphandle, njalo njalo.
I-Freight
Ifreight okanye igutsi ineemoto zayo (ngokwase-US) okanye iigutsi zokulayisha iimpahla (ngokwase-UK) zizisusa endaweni ethile zizisa kwenye indawo. Ezinye zazo zii- moto zebhokisi (iimoto ezivaliweyo nezifulelweyo ukuze zilayishwe kwi-cargo); ezinye zazo zikhethekile ukuze zithwale ii-cargo ezizodwa. Oovimba bokugcina iimoto ezilayisha isanti, amalahle, nelitye elineeminerals kunye nezinye iintlalutye (ezibusanti ngokwenkangeleko),  iimoto ezinomva wazo okwaziyo ukubeleka ezinye iimoto kunye neematshini ezinkulu, iimoto ezilayisha amatanki amanzi,  iimoto ezilayisha amagongqo kunye neemoto ezilayisha iibhotile ze-molten iron. Ubukhulu becala nayiphi na into engekho nkulu kuyaphi nengenakungquba kwi-tunnel nakwiibhlorho ingahanjiswa ngeegutsi eziluhlobo olulodwa.
Abakhweli
Abakhweli bakaloliwe baneemoto zabakhweli (e-US)okanye babaneebhasi (e-UK) ezenzelwe aba bantu ukuze bakhwele kuzo xa besuka kwesinye isikhululo sikaloliwe besiya kwesinye. Imbalwa imigama emide yabakhweli bakaloliwe e-United States, kodwa ingaphezulu e-Europe nase-Asia. Uninzi lweemoto zabakhweli lwenziwe lwazi- single-deckers: kukwakho neemoto zabakhweli ezizii-double-decker,  ezifana neemoto ze-Finnish Inter-City.
Ukuhamba ngololiwe kuhlala kuyindlela yokuhamba emnandi kakhulu. Oololiwe abaninzi banobuxhakaxhaka bombane kunye neengcingo zokuxhumana ezizii-Wi-Fi hotspots ezisetyenziswa kwiikhompyutha, kunye negumbi elilodwa ekutyelwa nekuselwa kulo. Kukwakho namagunjana okulala (amagunjana aziinqwelo aneebhedi) ezilungiselelwe uhambo olude lwasebusuku.
Abanye oololiwe abalwatyuza ngesantya esiphuzulu ngokungaqhelelkanga kwiindawo ezizodwa babizwa ngokuba zii-"bullet trains". Ezimbalwa nezo zibaleka ngesantya esiphezulu zingoololiwe ababizwa ngolwimi lwesiNgesi njenge-zii-maglev trains zona ke zisebenzisa oozibuthe ukutshayelwa okanye ukutyhala izinto ezinokudala ukhuhlwano.
Indlela abahamba ngayo
Inkoliso yoololiwe zitsalwa ngeegutsi ezaziwa ngokuba zii-locomotives ngesiNgesi. Phambi ko-1900, phantse bonke babeziigutsi ezihamba ngamalahle ezaziwa ngokuba zii-steam locomotives ngesiNgesi. Njengoko olu hlobo lwenjini yamalahle lusebenzisa amafutha amaninzi ngomsebenzi oluwenzayo, ithi ke ngoko ikhuphe iinqwelo ezihamba nge-disile nakwiinqwelo kunye nee-nqwelo ezihamba ngombane, ngeminyaka yoo-1930s. Namhlanje, uninzi lweenqwelo ezirhuqwayo zeze-diesel-nombane.
Ngamanye amaxesha uloliwe akanayo igutsi ehamba yodwa, kodwa eyona ntloko ihambayo (injini yedisile okanye linqwelo ehamba ngombane) iba yintloko kaloliwe, kwaye apho kulo ntloko kukho indawo yenjineli. Inqwelo leyo ibizwa ngokuba yi-"ligunjana lenqwelo". abanye oololiwe beniwe ngeenqwelo ezinini. Le ke ibizwa ngokuba yi-diesel multiple unit okanye yi-lectric multiple unit. Intloko nomsila kaloliwe udla ngokuba neendawo zenjineli. Aba loliwe bayathandwa ke ingakumbi ngabakhweli abaninzi kwiidolophu nakwizixeko ezinkulu.
Uvimba
Uloliwe
Frene Ginwala
UFrene Noshir Ginwala (owazalwa nge-25 ka-Epreli ngo-1932) yintatheli yoMzantsi Afrika kunye nezopolitiko owayengu-Somlomo weNdlu yoWiso-mthetho yoMzantsi Afrika ukusukela ngo-1994 ukuya ku-2004. UGinwala ngummi wase-Indiya ovela kuluntu lwaseParsi-Indiya olusentshona yeIndiya. Wafundela iDPhil kwiKholeji yaseLinacre, eOxford.
Magema Magwaza Fuze
UMagema Magwaza Fuze (imihla yakhe yokudla ubomi 1840 – 1922) wayengumbhali wencwadi esihloko sayo sithi - Abantu Abamnyama Lapa Bavela Ngakona. Le yincwadi yokuqala eyathi yabhalwa ngolwimi lwesiZulu, yaphinda yapapashwa ngumntu ontetho yakhe ikwalolo lwimi lwesintu, isiZulu.
Wazalelwa kwaZulu, waza wathi xa kanye akule ntanga yokonakalelwa lilizwi, eneshumi elinesibini leminyaka ezelwe, wakhuliswa nguBhishophu u-uJohn William Colenso waza waguqulelwa kwinkolo yobuKrestu. Emva kokuba eziphothulile izifundo zakhe emishini, waba sele eqeqeshelwa ukuba ngumshicileli nomqambi kwiziko likaColenso ekwakushicilelwa kulo, phambi kokuba ayekuqala ukuzivulela elakhe ishishini lokushicelela. . Waabhala intaphane yamaphepha-ndaba esiZulu, waza ngomnyaka ka-1896 waya kwisiqithi sase-Saint Helena, apho wabangunobhala kaDinuzulu Cetshwayo, ikumkani yamaZulu, waza wabuyela eNatal ngo-1898.
Le ncwadi yakhe isihloko sayo sithi Abantu Abamnyama yaapapashwa ngo-1922, yaza yaguqulelwa kulwimi lwesiNgesi ngowe-1979. Ichazwe njengomnye wemithombo ephambili kwimbali yamaZulu.
Ubomi bakhe
UMagema Magwaza Fuze wazalwa kufutshane nasemMgungundlovu (ePietermaritzburg) kwaZulu, phaya kwiminyaka yoo-1840, ezalwa nguMagwaza, unyana kaMatomela, ongunyana kaThoko. AmaFuze laa ke wona aye eziinzalelwane zakwaNgcobo. Akukho nto yaziwayo ngonina amzalayo. Igama lakhe awalithiywa ngabazali bakhe nguManawami, kodwa ke wanikwa igama lesiteketiso elithi Skelemu, gama elo elathathwa kwigama lesiBhulu elithi skelm, ekubizwa ngalo isikhohlakali okanye umkhohlisi. Waxelela abazali bakhe ukuba akazukukhuliswa ekhaya kodwa uzakusebenzela indoda yomlungu ebalulekileyo. Le ncwadi yakhe isihloko sayo sithi Abantu Abamnyama yaapapashwa ngo-1922, yaza yaguqulelwa kulwimi lwesiNgesi ngowe-1979. Ichazwe njengomnye wemithombo ephambili kwimbali yamaZulu.
UFuze loo uthe esakuba ne-12 leminyaka, wathathwa ngumfo omhlophe, uJohn William Colenso, ngeenjongo zokumkhulisela kuye. Into ka-Colenso iBhishophu yokuqala eNatali. Unyaka wokuzalwa kukaMagema, waaqikelelwa nguColenso, kuba esithi udibene nomfo kaFuze okokuqala ngqa, eminyaka ili-12 ubudala. UColenso wamshumayeza uMagema, emguqulela kubuKristu, waza wambhaptiza ngo-1859, wamnika eli gama lesiZulu lithi Magema. UColenso akazange awathiye magama esiNgesi okanye amagama aseBhayibhileni amaKrestu awawaguqulayo. Wayefundiswe e-Ekukhanyeni ("indawo yokukhanyiselwa") kwisikhululo semishini.
Ubizo lwakhe
Ngeminyaka yoo-1850, uFuze waqeqeshelwa ukuba ngumbhali wemibhalo eshicilelweyo kwiphepha-ndaba likaColenso elishicilelwayo. Waqala ukubhala ngesiZulu eselula kakhulu, kwaye wazikhethela ukusebenzisa ulwimi lwakhe lweenkobe isiZulu kuphela kuyo yonke imisebenzi yakhe yokubhala. Inqaku lakhe lokuqala laba sisincoko esichaza ngendlela ekuphilwa ngayo Ekukhanyeni imihla ngemihla. Elinye inqaku lokuqala liphantsi kwesihloko esithi Amazwi abantu. Eli linqaku eligeencoko zemihla ngemihla eziqhutywa ngolwimi lwesiZulu. Waqala ukuvela umfo ka-Fuze ngombhalo oshicilelweyo kwincwadi ka J.W Colenso eyapapashwa ngo-1860, esihloko sayo sithi "Iingxelo ezintathu ngobumveli", (ngesiNgesi sithi Three Native accounts (1860), ephokoza amava akhe ngotyelelo lukaColenso eKing Mpande ngo-1859.
Ngo-1896 waya kwisiqithi sase- Saint Helena ukuba abe ngunobhala kuDinuzulu kaCetshwayo, ikumkani yamaZulu, eyabhacela esiqithini emva kokukhokhela uqhankqalazo. Uthe ke esesesiqithini njalo uMagema, wanxibelelana no-Alice Werner wesikolo sezifundo ngezinto zengingqi. Wabuyela eNatala kunye noDinuzulu e-SS <i id="mwOw">Umbilo</i>, ekuqaleni kuka-1898.
Emva komnyaka ka-1900 uFuze wabhala incwadi esihloko sayo sithi Abantu Abamnyama Lapa Bavela Ngakhona. ukubhala kwakhe le ncwadi yayikukusabela ''isicelo sabafundi bamanqaku akhe njengentatheli. Kodwa ayizange ipapashwe ngoko nangoko ngenxa yokunqongophala kweentsiba, imali ke ngamanye amazwi.'' Yada yaba iyapapashwa bucala ngo-1922. Ngokubhala le ncwadi, umfo kaFuze waba ngumbhali wokuqala ezimbalini ukuba athi entetho yakhe isisiZulu, abe epapashe incwadi ayibhale kwangolwimi lwesiZulu. Yathi yakuba ibhaliwe le ncwadi, yaphicothwa ngeenjongo zokuba iphononongwe nguAlice Werner kwiJenali yombutho engentlalo yaseAfrika. Olu phononongo lwaba yinxalenye yophicotho lwamanqaku phakathi kwamanye amanqaku ambalwa awathi aphononongwa ngelo xesha. kodwa ke akuzange kuqhubeke oku ngo-1931. Ngo-1979, le ncwadi yaapapashwa ngesiNgesi licandelo leYunivesithi yaseNatala elipapasha imisebenzi ebhaliweyo neshicilelweyo, kwithala leencwadi elalibizwa ngokuba yi-Killie Campbell laseAfrana kwaye isihloko sayo saaguqulelwa esiNgesini sathi The Black People and Whence they Came: A Zulu view in a translation. Yaathi yaguqulelwa esiNgesini nguHarry Camp Lugg, waza yena unjingalwazi Trevor Cope wenza izilungiso apho kufanelekileyo.
Solomom Motswairo
USolomon Mangwiro Mutswairo ukwapelwa ngale ndlela Mutsvairo, (waazalwa ngomhla wama-26 kuTshazimpuzi ngo-1924 - wasweleka ngeyeNkanga ngo- 2005) wayengumbhali weenoveli nembongi yaseZimbabwe. Wayelilungu lohlanga lwamaZezuru oluzinze kumbindi weZimbabwe. UMutswairo waabhala inoveli yakhe yokuqala ngolwimi lwakhe lweenkobe isiShona, Isihloko senoveli sithi 'Feso.''
Magema Magwaza Fuze
Ukusutywa kwakhe kukufa kunye nomzila awawushiyayo
UFuze usweleke ngo-1922. Ukukhethwa kwamaphepha akhe kwaabanjelwa kwingqokolela yokubhaliweyo eyayisenziwa nguCampbell kwiYunivesithi yaKwaZulu-Natala. Ngo-2011, kweenziwa imbali ngobomi bakhe, phantsi kwesihloko esithi: ''uMagema Fuze: ukwenziwa kwengcali elikholwa, (NgesiNgesi: The making of a kholwa Intellectual) ngokubhalwa nguMokoena, yaza yapapashwa liziko loshicilelo elipapasha okubhaliweyo phantsi kweYunivesithi yakwaZulu Natala. T''
Solomom Motswairo
Kwiminyaka yokwaluphala kwakhe, uMutswairo wayesisifundiswa esihloniphekileyo esisisele sombinza ngamasiko esintu ngokubanzi. Waba ngumntu wokuqala ukubizwa njengombhali kwindawo ezazihlala abafundi kwiYunivesithi yaseZimbabwe, kwaye wayekwangusihlalo weBhunga lezobuciko kuZwelonke eZimbabwe phaya ekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1990s. UMutswairo waabhala amazwi athi "Simudzai mureza weZimbabwe," umhobe wesizwe saseZimbabwe.
Igalelo lakhe njengombhali
Incwadi esihloko sayo sithiFeso ,yaaqala yapapashwa ngolwimi lwesiZezuru ngo-1957, ngelo xesha ilizwe laseZimbabwe laliphantsi kolawulo lobukolonali negama lalo linguMzantsi Rhodesia. Le ncwadi ingembali equlethe izikweko ekuqhushekwe kuzo amava nengqiqo ngezopolitiko, ezasekwa kumakhulu-ngamakhulu eminyaka eyadlulayo, phambi kokuba bufike ubukoloni kweli lizwe. Le ncwadi ayihelelanga nje ekusebenziseni ulwimi lwesiShona, kodwa iqulethe iqela leempawu zamasiko nezithethe ezibuthume kulwimi lwesiZezuru, ezifumaneka kwiingoma, nakubuciko obukhatshwa zizangotshe ezisetyenziswa xa kubaliswa amabali. Nangona wayesebenzisana neqaqobana lezinhanha zeenkcubabuchopho ezazikhona eZimbabwe, le ncwadi eyayibizwa ngokuba nguFeso yayifundwa phantse nguye wonke umntu, yayide ifundiswe nasezikolweni. de yavalwa ngurhulumente waseRhodesia phakathi kanye kwiminyaka yoo-1960s.
UMutswairo wayakufunda okokuqala eMelika ngeminyaka yoo-1960s, ngenkxaso awayifumana ngesibonelela sikaFulbright grant. Ekugqibeleni ke wafumana isidanga sakhe sePh.D. kwiYunivesithi yaseHoward ngo-1978, esasiqulethwe kuxwebhu lobungqina bomsebenzi wakhe kwinqanaba lobugqirha i-doctoral dissertation, ngamanye amazwi, esihloko sayo sithi Oral Literature in Zimbabwe: An Analytico-Interpretive Approach. Nangona umsebenzi wophando lwakhe kumasiko nobuciko obufumaneka ngomlomo wabantu baseZimbabwe, uye wabaluleka kakhulu de wasetyenziswa ziingcali zama-Afrika nezaseNtshona, kumsebenzi wakhe, wayenento yokusebenzisa into esingathi kukushukuxa imbali yelizwe lakhe. Wayezihlokoza iingxuba-kaxaka, kuthotho lweengxoxo-mpikiswano ezazibanjwa koomabonakude, esithi amaShona amelwe kukubizwa ngokuba ng"amaMbire."
Ekwaluphaleni kwakhe, uMutswairo waabhala izibongo nezicengcelezo ngolwimi lwesiNgesi. Iinoveli zakhe ezimbini ezazithetha phandle ngezopolitiko nezembali ngokubhekiselele kumatsha-ntliziyo amabini awalwela ukuba iZimbabwe ibe lilizwe elizimeleyo ngokwasemthethweni kwiminyaka yenkulungwane ye-19th. Igorha lokuqala yayinguKadungure Mapondera noChaminuka, obunjani bona ubulumko, ingqiqo namava aphilisayo, kule ngqokolela yeentsomi zaseZimbabwe, zombini ke ezincwadi zibhalwe ngesiNgesi, kwaye izibongo zakhe ezingeNgesi zirhiba ngomsinga ofanayo. "Kumfanekiso-ngqondweni awunika ngoNahanda no Kagubi," esentlungwini uyangqukruleka esenza isimbonono ekhwaza ubukho bamandla kaNehanda Nyakasikana, umfazi owatshutshiswa emva kwefuthe awabanalo ekulweleni inkululeko kwiminyaka yenkulungwane ye-19: UMutswairo uthi izibongo zakhe zifuthwe zizibongo zesiNgesi, nangesingqi saso esisoloko sikho, kodwa izibongo ezingolwimi lwesintu isiShona zona zisekwe kuphinda-phindo olusoloko lusenzeka kwizibongo. Kuba eziguqulela umsebenzi wakhe kwiilwimi zombini, uye wafunda ukuwubeka umxholo ngobuchule obungummangaliso obuphuphuma ubulumnko bokubona ubudlelwane phakathi kwezi lwimi zimbini. Uthi wazifumanela ngokwengqiqo yakhe iindlela zokwenza imitsi ukusuka kolunye ulwimi ukuya kolunye, nakuba kukho amaxesha apho intsingiselo yegama lesiShona ithi ingabikho kwisiNgesi. NakwelesiNgesi igama ngokunjalo: Umzekelo, iqhalo elithi 'Chauinacho batisisa midzimu haipe kaviri'': "Loo nto unayo yibambe uyiqinise, kuba izinyanya azisayi kuphinde zikunike kwakhona." Lingangavakali kakuhle ke eli qhalo xa ulibeka ngesiNgesi. Mhlawumbi kungangcono xa unokusebenzisa elesiNgesi iqhalo elisondele kweli, njengelithi, "A bird in hand is worth two in a bush." kodwa qaphela ke, ufumana indlela le lisetyenziswe ngayo yahlukene kwaphela nale kusetyenziswe ngayo elesiShona, nangona umbono wona umnye. Ngako oko ke zininzi iintetho ezingafaniyo phakathi kwezi lwimi zimbini, kodwa ke ngandlela thize,uyalifumana igama elinokungqamana.
I-dimension
Xa sithetha ngee-dimensions sithetha ngendlela esizibona ngayo izinto esiphila phakathi kwazo apha emhlabeni, naxa sisenza imilinganiselo yazo ezi zinto, kwakunye namava esinawo ngezi zinto siphila phkathi kwazo apha ehlabathini. Xa siyiphicotha yonke ke le nto sisebenzisa ukunyuka nokubheka ezantsi okanye ukuhla, sisebenzise ikhohlo nokunene, ubushushu nokubanda, sijonge nokokuba ingaba inzima kangakanani na loo nto kuthethwa ngayo, kwanokokuba indekangakanani na. Konke ke oku kusetyenziswa ndawonye nesigama esivela kwi-mathematika kunye nefiziki. Enye indlela yokuchaza i-dimension kukujonga kumaqondo  freedom okanye indlela egungquza okanye eshukuma ngayo into kwisithuba esivulekileyo. Ziziintlobo ngeentlobo izigama okanye iindlela elisetyenziswa ngayo igama elithi  dimension, kwayeziziintlobo-ngeentlobo iindlela elichazwa ngayo eli gama. Akukho nkcaza  kananjalo akukho nkcaza enokwanelisa sonke isigama ngokupheleleyo.
Kwivsithuba esivulekileyo se-vector space, (i-vector space ngesiNgesi) (i-vector ngumgca ovulekilleyo ekupheleni kwawo) i-dimension iyalingana ne-cardinality okanye nenani lezalathini zee-vectors okanye ezemigca. Ikwalingana nenani lelona qela likhulu lomgca wezalathini ongqalileyo okwesosithuba sivulekileyo. Izinto "eziqhelekileyo" kubomi bethu bemihla ngemihla bubonakaliswa ngee-dimensions ezintathu,  ezibizwa ngokuba bubude, ubukhulu emacaleni, kunye nobunzulu. Kwa-mathematika esi sigama sibizwa ngegama elithi Euclidean space.
Ngamanye amaxesha i-dimention yesine (eyi-4D, ixesha, isetyenziselwa ukubonisa i-position yaloo nto ethe yenzeka (eyaziwa ngokuba yi-event) ngexesha ethe yenzeka ngalo nange-space.(isithuba esivulekileyo)
Ezinye ii-dimensions
Kwinzululwazi, yanamhlanje, abantu basebenzisa ezinye ii-dimensions. Ii-dimensions ezifana nobushushu nobunzima.zisenokusetyenziswa ukubonisa i-position yento ngezithuba ezivulekileyo ezinganeno. Iinkcuba buchopho zenzululwazi zifunda ngezi dimensions ngokuziphicotha.
I-Mathematika anayo ikwasebenzisa ii-dimensions. Kwi-mathematics, ii-dimensions ziqheleke kakhulu. kodwa ke ii-dimensions kwi-mathematika zisenokungamenti izinto ezisemhlabeni.Imithetho yokwenza imarithmetika ngee-dimensions ezikwi-mathematics isenokwahluka xa kuthelekiswa nemithetho ye-arithmetika.
Ii-dimensions nee-vectors
Ii-vectors zisetyenziselwa ukubonisa imigama neezalathiso okanye imikhondo emayilandelwe. Ii-vectors zidla ngokusetyenziswa kwizifundo zenjineli nezenzululwazi, ngamanye amaxesha nakwezemathematika.
I-vector luludwe lwamanani. TLinye inani kwi-dimension nganye, Kodwa ke kukho imithetho ye-arithmetic eyenzelwe ii-vectors.
Umzekelo, ukuba uJane ufuna ukwazi i-position kaSally. USally angamnika i-vector uJane apho ayakubona khona  i-position. Ukuba uJane noSally basemhlabeni, kukho ii-dimensions ezintathu. Ngoko ke, uSally unika uJane uludwe lwamanani amathathu ukuze ambonise i-position. Laa manani mathathu akwi-vector uSally awanika uJane kusenokweneka okokuba::
Teboho MacDonald Mashinini
Teboho "Tsietsi" MacDonald Mashinini usweleke kabuhlungu ngendlela embi ngo 1990 ,umzimba  wakhe ubuso bakhe bonakele kabuhlungu, iliso lakhe lasekunxele ,liye laphuma kwibhokisi yakhe  lyokuncwaba,ebesopha kakhulu,.enamanxeba  akhe  ebe nzulu kwi bunzi lakhe.UMashinini uswelekele esibhedlela emvake ntsuku engenisiwe.
Tebogo Mashinini MacDonald Mashinini "Tsietsi" ngowase Orlando Central western Jabavu soweto south  africa. Ebe lilungu eliphambili labafundi kumabanga aphantsi e Soweto uprising.
Ngo /June/16 /1976 e soweto ilizwe liye laphasalaka ngengxa yocalucalulo lwabantsundu elalexinizelelwa kwi  bantu education.
Indaba zeli zasasaza ukuba olugcinizelelo lweliozwe laphelela ekubulaweni abantu abaninzi. U Tsietsi ungcwatyelwe kumanngwaba ase Avalon soweto
Ebelilulngu eliqavileyo kwipolitiki myolutsha ngo 1976/061/16 e Soweto kwilizwe lo Mzantsi Afrika.
I-Afrika
I-Afrika lilizwekazi iilizwekazi phakathi kwamanye amazwekazi asixhenxe emhlabeni. Ubukhulubalo limalunga nesiqingatha sesihlanu emhlabeni wonke uphela. lijikelelzwe ngeziphaluka ezinkulu zamanz'olwandle. Angama-54 amazwe waziwa ngokupheleleyo, nazimeleyo e-Afrika, kwaye abantu abaphila kweli lizwekazi bangali-14.7% (i-1.216 lezigidigidi). Kucingwa ukuba le nto ingumntu yaqala ukuvela kweli lizwekazi laseAfrika.
Imbali
Imbali yase-Afrika yaaqala ukungena kwempucuko okokuqala kwisidalwa esingumntu yaaqhuba ke de kwayile meko imanyumnyezi sintympa-ntyumpeka kuyo kungoku nje ngelizwekazi eliyalingena nzulu kwezopolitiiko.
Ixesha elingembali ye-Afrika kudala-dala liquka ukuqandusela kwempucuko eJiphethe, ukwanda kwempucuko kwiindawo zasekuhlaleni ezingaphandle komlambo i- Nile River Valley kwanentsebenziswano eyayiphakathi wabo nempucuko eyayingaphandle kwemida yase-Afrika. Kwathi xa umnyaka wenkulungwane yesi-7 usiya ngasekupheleni, iNtshona, neMpuma ye-Afrika zonganyelwa lifuthe lobusilamsi elalisasazeke kuzo zombini ezi ziphaluka. Loo nto yangunozala wemeko yokokuba kubonakale ngathi kukho amasiko amatsha athe gqi qhaphu, anje ngala siwabonayo namhlanje  angawa Sbantu besiSwahili. Oku kwabakwangunozala wokwanda kokuthengiswa kwamakhoboka, nokwaba nefuthe elibi ngokumangalisayo ekudodobaleni kwenkqubela kuphuhliso lweli lizwekazi liphela de kwangumnyaka wenkulungwane ye-19.
Ubukhoboka
Ubukhoboka ngumkhuba obusoloko usenziwa e-Afrika. Phakathi kweminyaka yenkulungwane yesixhenxe namashumi amabini,  Ushishino ngamakhoboka olwalusenziwa ngama-Arabhu lwathatha izigidi ezili-18 zabantu e-Afrika, lwabenza  amakhoboka, ama-aRabhu ayebathatha ke aba bantu e-Afrika baqumle ngomzila ogqitha eSaharan uyekunqumla ngolwandle lwase-Indiya. .
Kwiminyaka yenkulungwane ephakathi kweshumi elinesihlanu neshumi elinethoba  (ama-500 yeminyaka), kushishino ngamakhoboka lwase-Atlantika kuqikelelwa okokuba kwaathathwa  abantu  ababemalunga  nezigidi ezisi-7–12 bayakwenziwa amakhoboka kwiHlabathi eliTsha.
Ubukoloni
Kwathi xa umnyaka wenkulungwane yeshumi elithoba usiya ngasesipehlweni, umkhosi waseYurophu wahlala kumhlaba omnzinzi weli lizwekazi, nalo lonke ke elo xesha uguqula imimandla emininzi yeli lizwekazi uyifaka ingqondo yobukoloni. waza wakhuthaza okokuba ezinye iindawo zibe ziindawo ezixomekekileyo nezingazimelanga ngokokwazo. Washiya oorhulumente ababini kuphela, ababangoorhulumente abazimele geqe. Kwaba yiTopiya  (eyaziwa ngamaYurophu njenge"Abyssinia"), neLiberia.
Imbali yangoku
Iintshukumo zokuzimela geqe kweAfrika zaphumelela okokuqala ngo-1951, xa iLibya yaba lilizwe lokuqala ukukhululeka njengelizwe elaliphantsi kwengcinezelo yobukoloni, latsho laba lilizwe elizimeleyo. Imbali emalunga ne-Afrika ibisoloko izele zizivunguvungu zovukelo mbuso neemfazwe, kwabe kwelinye icala kukhula impucuko kuqoqosho lwase-Afrika, kukhula noburhulumente bentando yesininzi kwiafrika yonke iphela.
Imfazwe yobukhaya kwilizwe eliyi-Democratic Republic of the Congo (neyayisayakubizwa nge-Zaire) yaaqala ngo-1998. Abamelwane bamazwe ase-Afrika aazibandakanya nawo. Okoko kwathi kwaqala olu ngquzulwano, zizigidi ezi-5,5 eziqikelelwa okokuba zafa ngenxa yalo.
Unxulumano ngezopolitiko olufana nomanyano lwe-afrika (i-African Union) yanika ithemba ngentsebenziswano noxolo olumandla phakathi kwamazwe amaninzi eli lizwekazi.
Imozulu
Ukusukela emntla ukuya emzantsi, i-Afrika ineentlobo-ntlobo zemozulu. Zibekwe ngokulandelelana kwazo ukusuka emantla: Ukusuka kumntla-mpuma ukuya kumzantsi kukho umhlaba omkhulu onomlambo oseMpuma ye-Afrika. lo mhlaba uneentaba, uneziganeko zodubulo-mhlaba, iindonga, ezinzulu, kunye nemihlaba eyondeleleneyo, imilambo neengxangxasi zamanzi.
Singatsho nje ngokupheleleyo okokuba i-Afrika inemizekelo yeentlobo-ntlobo zemozulu.
Ukuna kwemvula
Ubukhulu becala umntla Afrika wome kakhulu kwaye unobushushu obuphezulu. Wonganyelwe yintlango yaseSahar kwaye awufumani mvula ingakanani. KwiSahara- -Africa imbalwa imilambo kwakunye neminye imithombo yamanzi. Amanzi afunyanwa phantsi komhlaba afana namanzi omthombo abaluleke kakhulu entlango. Le nto ke yenza ukuba kubekho indawo enohlaza (izityalo ezimila apho) eyintlango. Loo ndawo ke ibizwa ngokuba yi-oasis ngesilungu.
Kwesa siphaluka sehlabathi umoya ovuthuzayo uvela empuma ubukhulu becala. Oko ke kuzisa imvula, kodwa ke i-Himalayas kunye ne-Tibetan Plateau zivalela imvula  eyi-monsoon kwaye zithintela ukuba ingakwazi ukungena kwiNtshona yaseAfrika. Kananjalo, iintaba ze-Atlas kufuphi nonxweme olusemantla e-Afrika zinqanda imvula ukuba ingangeni kumntla. Esi sesinye isithunzi semvula.
Umlambo i-Apies
Umlambo i-Apies ngumlambo ngePitoli, eMzantsi Afrika
I-Afrika
Ukuna kwemvula
Owona msebenzi wezi zithunzi zemvula zimbini kukujongana nentlango yaseSahara.
Inkukhu isikwe umlomo
Esi sisaci esiye sisetyenziswe ukuphuhlisa isimo apho umNtu aye axakwe yinto yokuphendula ze athi cwaka. Kuye kuthiwe ke, uthe cwaka, uxel' inkukhu isikwe umlomo.
I-Afrika
Ukuna kwemvula
Iimeko zobeme bezulu kunye neenkqwithelo ziya zisahluka ngokuya zihambela zisiya emzantsi, apho kukho uthotho ne-equator. I-equator ihamba inqumle umbindi we-afrika  (Jonga umgca obomvu okrwelwe kwimephu). Ok kuthetha okokuba ubukhulu becala be-Afrika buphakathi kweezi tropica zimbini:
Izityalo nezilwanyana
I-Africa inezilwanyana zasendle ezininzi. Zininzi iintlobo-ntlobo zezilwanyana apha. Kungoku nje likukuphela kwelizwekazi elineentlobo-ntlobo zezilwanyana ezinkulu. Ezinye zazo zivela ziyintaphane, yamanani amakhulu. Kukho ii-antelope, I-buffalo, imbabala, i-cheetah, imfene, indlovu, i-giraffe, i-rhinoceros, ii-apes, i-hyaena, nezinye nezinye. Zingaphaya kwamawaka ama-2 iintlobo zeentlanzi ezihlala kwii-lakes nakwimilambo yaseAfrika.