cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
I-Anatomy
Imbali ye-anatomy ibonakala ngokuthi kutyelwe phambili ngokuyiqonda imisebenzi yee-organs nangendlela owakhiwe ngawo nomile ngawo umzimba womntu. Nee-methods ziphuculwe ngokukhawuleza okukhulu, oko kubeka phambili ukuhlolwa kwezilwanyana ngokuthi kuqhaqhwe umzimba wesilwanyana esifileyo kunye nesidumbu (isidumbu somntu) kwinkulungwane yama-20 eminyaka yobuchwepheshe be-medical imaging kuquka ne- X-ray, i-ultrasound, kunye nemagnetic resonance imaging.
Ukuphefumla
Ukuphefumla kuxa umoya ungena uphuma emiphungeni, okanye i-oxygen xa ihamba ngezinye ii-respiratory organs ezifana nee-gills. Kwii-organisms ezinemiphunga, ukuphefumla kuthiwa yi-ventilation, ezibandakanya zombini i-inhalation ne-exhalation. Ukuphefumla kulelinye lamalungu e- physiological respiration efunekayo ukuze kugcinwe ubomi.
Ii-Aerobic organisms zeentaka, izilwanyana ezanyisayo, kunye nezirhubuluzayo – zifuna i-oxygen ukuze zikwazi ukukhulula i-energy eyakuthi ihambe nge-cellular respiration, ngenkqubo ekuthiwa yi-metabolism ye-energy-rich molecules njenge-glucose. Ukuphefumla yenye yeendlela zokuzisa i-oxygen apho ifuneka khona emzimbeni kuze kususe ne- carbon dioxide.
I-inhalation
I-Inhalation iyihafu yento eyenzekayo xa umntu okanye izilwanyana ziphefumla. Umoya osuka ngaphandle ungena ngaphakathi kwiphiphunga nge-respiratory system. Imiphunga ithatha inxalenye ye-oxygen iyifake egazini. Iziyobisi nazo zisenokupngena kwimiphunga yomntu. to put them into the blood. The air is then moved out of the lungs again. This is the other half of breathing, called exhalation.
Intetho eyenziwa ngezimbo
Intetho eyenziwa ngezimbo (NVC) ithumela iphinde yamkele umyalezo ngaphandle kokusebenzisa amazwi. Ulwimi akukuphela kwesixhobo sokuthetha, zikho nezinye iindlela. Uninzi lwentetho eyenziwa ngezimbo lubayinto yesiqhelo: yenzeka ungakhange uyicinge.
KwaNgema
KwaNgema yidolophu encinci efumaneka kwilixa lakwa Gert Sibande District Municipality, Mpumalanga, eMzantsi Afrika.
I-element
Disambiguation page
Vanderbijlpark
Vanderbijlpark idolophu kwiPhondo yaRhawuti laseMzantsi Afrika.
Springs, Gauteng
Springs idolophu kwiPhondo yaRhawuti laseMzantsi Afrika.
Iswepe
Iswepe yidolophu encinci efumaneka kwilixa lakwa Gert Sibande District Municipality, Mpumalanga, eMzantsi Afrika.
Umfundisi uJohn van der Kemp
Umfundisi uJohn van der Kemp waafika kwelasemaXhoseni ngomhla we-10 kweyeKhala ngo-1799. Ngomhla we-17 kwinyanga kaCanzibe ngo-1801, uye eRafu. Ngo-1803, umise isikolo saseBethelsdorp. Waabhubhela eKapa ngo-1811.
Dr Johannes Theodorus van der Kemp (17 May 1747 in Rotterdam – 15 December 1811 in Cape Town) was a military officer, doctor and philosopher who became a missionary in South Africa.
Early life
The second son of Cornelius van der Kemp, Rotterdam's leading reformed clergyman, and Anna Maria van Teylingen, he attended the Latin schools of Rotterdam and Dordrecht. He subsequently enrolled at the University of Leiden in 1763 where he studied medicine, but when his elder brother Didericus was appointed as professor of church history he abandoned his studies.
Army career
He joined the dragoon guards and fathered an illegitimate child, Johanna (‘Antje’), whom he brought up himself. In 1778 he fell in love with Christina (‘Stijntje’) Frank (d. 1791). He lived with her for a year before being reprimanded by the Prince of Orange on this irregular state of affairs. As a result, he both married Stijntje, on 29 May 1779, and quit the army.
Return to medicine
Returning to his medical studies again, this in Edinburgh, he completed his Medical Doctorate within two years. He also prepared for publication a treatise in Latin on cosmology, entitled Parmenides which was published in 1781. He returned to the Netherlands, where he practised as a doctor first in Middelburg and then near Dordrecht. On 27 June 1791, his wife and daughter Antje were drowned in a yachting accident from which he only just escaped. As a result of this incident he experienced an emotional conversion back to the reformed Christianity of his family.
Missionary work
After making contact with the London Missionary Society he helped found the Dutch version Nederlandsche Zendinggenootschap. He was ordained in London in November 1798 and began recruiting men for the society. He sailed from London in December 1798 as one of the first three agents sent by the society to Cape, arriving in March 1799.
Whilst there in 1799 he published the first work in book-form in South Africa, which was an 8-page translation, into Dutch, of the London Missionary Society's letter that he brought out to the inhabitants of the Cape. Printed by V.A. Schoonberg most likely on J.C. Ritters press.
Once in South Africa, after working at Gaika's Kraal near King William's Town he journeyed beyond the eastern frontier of the colony to work among the Xhosa under Chief Ngqika. From the Xhosa he received the name Jank' hanna (‘the bald man’). War between Cape Colony and the Xhosa soon drove him back and from 1801 onwards he worked exclusively within the colony, mainly with dispossessed Hottentots. In 1803 he established a mission settlement for vagrant Hottentots at Bethelsdorp where local farmers accused him of harboring lawless elements. He countered with a list of alleged ill-treatment of the Hottentots by local farmers, but the evidence proved unsatisfactory and the farmers were acquitted.
On 7 April 1806 he married Sara Janse, a freed slave 45 years his junior, and had four children with her. This situation and his attitudes caused great opposition from within the colony, and he was for a time ordered by the government to leave Bethelsdorp.
He was recalled to Cape Town by the Governor in 1811 and died soon afterwards
In print
Sarah Millin, one of the most popular English-language novelists in South Africa during her lifetime wrote The Burning Man about the life of van der Kemp. The life of Johannes van der Kemp during his mission in Bethelsdorp is included in the novel Praying Mantis by André Brink.
I-Particle physics
Ii-fundamental forces – Amandla enza uzibuthe
Ii-Particles zingathwala fundamental forces. Umzekelo, yi-electromagnetic force ithwalwa zii-photons. Ii- fundamental forces ezine zizo ezijongene nayo phantse yonke into kwiphysics iphela, nditsho negravity, i-radioactive decay, kunye nemagnetism. Ezi forces zine nazi: yi-electromagnetism, inuclear e-strong ne-buthathaka, kunye ne-gravity.
I-Standard model
Enye yamagama abalulekileyo kwi-physics kuthiwa yi-Standard Model. I-Standard Model yi-theory ezama ukucacisa ii-fundamental forces. I-Standard Model sidibane ne General Relativity yeyona ngcaciso yamkelekileyo okwangoku malunga nendlela elisebenza ngayo eli hlabathi.
I-Standard Model saziwa ngokuba neengxaki. Umzekelo, akukho nto ingako kuyo echaza igravity. Yhiyo le nto i-General Relativity, enye i-theory echazayo okokuba zingabandakanywa njani na izinto ezine-gravity, khon’ukuze ii-physicists zichaze banzi nge-universe. Mninzi umsebenzi wokuphucula i-theory kwaye/okanye ukufumana i-theory engcono esenziwayo. Lo msebenzi ke usoloko ubizwa ngokuba yi-theoretical particle physics, kuba akukho nanye kwezi esele ivavanyiwe yaza yapasiswa. I-Theoretical particle physicists yenza ii-theories ukuba zizame ukupasisa i-Standard Model. Umzekelo omnye ngowokokuba kwenzeka njani na ukuba zibeninzi ii-thoeries eziqikelela iiparticles eziundiscovered.
I-singqubani
IFiziki ifumanise ngolwazi olumalunga nee-particles ngokuthi iphande infunda ngee-collisions eziphakathi kwee-particles ezahlukeneyo. Umzekelo omhle ofanayo ngowokungqubana kweemoto, apho kuboniswa okokuba ingaba iingcali zeFiziki zenza uphando zize zifunde ngee-particles eziye zangqubana. Khawufan’ucinge, nanku umntu efuna ukujonga umphakathi wezi nqwelo zingqubeneyo. Ukungqibana kwezi moto zimbini zihamba ngesiphezulu sona isantya, singaske sizophule iimoto size ngoko zijonge ngaphakathi. Kwangendlela efanayo, iingcali zefiziki zingqubanisa ii-particles ezimbini ukuze zizophule zize ke ngoko zikwazi ukufunda umphakathi wazo ezi-particles.
Ukuba ii-particles zibaleka ngesantya esiphezulu kakhulu, ezinye zazo ziyakwaphuka zibezintsalu xa zingqubana. Xa zisaphuka, kutsho kuvele iintlantsana okanye iimfikimfelana zee-particles ezintsha. Kunzima kakhulu ke ukufumaneka kwezi particles kuba ziyabola (zitshintsha zibe zii-particles ezilula) ngephanyazo. I-Modern particle physics idibanisa ezo-particles zingqubanayo zinamandla angummangaliso okwenza ezinye ezintsha ii-particles ngapkathi kwe-particle accelerator. Le ke kuthiwa xa ibizwa yi-high-energy physics, ngenxa yobungakanani bamandla afunekayo.
Isibhukubhuku somzimba
Ezona organs zibalulekileyo
Ezona organs zibaluleke kakhulu nezivaleleke kwi-trunk. Kumntla wesifuba, kukho intliziyo nemiphunga zona zikhuselwe yi-rib cage, ize kuthi kwi-abdomen esemazantsi kubekho ii-organs ezininzi ezijongene nokusilwa kokutya: isibindi, esiveliza inyongo nefuneka kakhulu ekusileni ukutya; ugqongo kunye namathumbu amancinane, wona atsala izakhamzimba ekutyeni; i-anus, apho ilindle lomntu liphuma khona; i-rectum, egcina feces; isingxobo senyongo, esigcina inyongo; izintso, esenza umchamo, the ureters, which pass it to the bladder for storage; and the urethra, which excretes urine and passes sperm through the seminal vesicles. Finally, the pelvic region houses both the male and female reproductive organs.
Ezona zihlunu zomzimba zingundoqo
Isibhukubhuku somzimba singuvimba wamaqela ngamaqela ezihlunu zomzimba. Oku kuquka:
Innervation
Iinjini okanye izihlunu zomzimba, namanye amalungu omzimba zixhunyaniswe ngeentlobo-ntlobo zemithambo, nemvelaphi yayo ikumalungu ei-thoracic vertebrae. umzekelo, i-cutaneous innervation inakekelwe:
IsiHolani
IsiHolani lulwini oluthethwa ngamaHolani, ngamaFlemishi, ngamaSuriname; olubalwa esiBhulweni. Sithethwa ngabantu aba-25 000 000.
Bawo osezulwini
Bawo osezulwini ngumthandazo oyisiseko ekukholweni lobuKristu.
Umbhalo walo mthandazo
Bawo wethu osemazulwini malingcwaliswe igama lakho ubukumkani bakho mabufike intando yakho mayenziwe emhlabeni; njengokuba isenziwa emazulwini. Siphe namhlanje isonka sethu semihla ngemihla. Usixolele izono zethu, njengokuba nathi sibaxolela abasonayo thina. Ungasingenisi ekuhendweni. Usisindise enkohlakalweni. Ngokuba ubukumkani bobakho, Namandla ngawakho, Nobungcwalisa bobakho. Kude kube ngunaphakade. AMEN.
Amakhonkco angaphandle
inkolo yamaKrestu
Randfontein
Randfontein idolophu kwiPhondo yaRhawuti laseMzantsi Afrika.
UMarvin Gaye
UMarvin Gaye wazalwa enguMarvin Pentz Gay, Jr.ngoTshazimpuzi ngomhla wesi-2, ngo1939 – April 1, 1984)waye eyimvumi ekwangumbhali weengoma.
UGaye wabanegalelo elikhulu ekubundukeni isandi samacwecwe ase Motown eengoma ngeminyaka yoo1960s iingoma ezazinesandi esitshisayo, zibandakanya i"How Sweet It Is (To Be Loved By You)" kunye ne"I Heard It Through the Grapevine", kwakunye nengoma apho acula kunye noMary Wells, Kim Weston kunye noTammi Terrell, kamva wafuna itayitilewangu  "Prince of Motown" nezithi "Prince of Soul". ngeminyaka yoo1970, washicilela oobhazabhaza abathi What's Going On kunye nethi Let's Get It On waza waba ngomnye wabadlali abaphambili bokuqala eMoton ukuqhephuka kwinkampani yayo evelisa umculo. ee Amacwecwe kaGaye amva enza ifuthe kwiingoma ezininzi eeR&B neesubgenre, ezifana noquiet storm kunye noneo-soul. Emva kwethuba ebhacele irhafu eYurophu tax exile ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo1980s, uGaye ukhuphe ingoma etshisayo ngo1982 eyamtsho waphumelela iimbasa ekuthiwa yiGrammy Award-winning kubhazabhaza wakhe wecwecwe ngenxa yengoma yakhe ethi"Sexual Healing" kunye nethi Midnight Love.
Simakande
Simakande yidolophu encinci efumaneka kwilixa lakwa Gert Sibande District Municipality, Mpumalanga, eMzantsi Afrika.
UMarvin Gaye
Wantlamfazwa nguyise ngembululu nguyise, uMarvin Gay, Sr. ngomhla woku-1 kuTshazimpuzi, ngo1984, kwikhaya labo kwisithili saseWest Adams saseLos Angeles. Emva kokukudlula kwakhe emhlabeni, UGaye uwongwe amaxesha ngamaxesha ngamaziko amaninzi, kuquka imbasa yeGrammy Lifetime Achievement Award, eyeRhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame kunye neyeRock and Roll Hall of Fame.
UMarvin Gaye wazalwa enguMarvin Pentz Gay, Jr ngekaTshazimpuzi, ngomhla wesi-2, ngo1939 eWashington, D.C., ezalwa ngumfundisi wezakwalizwi uMarvin Gay, Sr., kunye nomsebenzi wasemakhitshini uAlberta Gay (intombi yakwa Cooper). Ikhaya lakhe lokuqala lalise1617 First Street SW, kwiibhloko ezimbalwa phambi kokuba ufike kumlambo iAnacostia. Isitalato sokuqala ebumelwaneni sasibizwa ngokuba yi"Simple City" ngenxa yokokuba yayisisixeko"esingangesiqingatha, isiqingatha selizwe". Wathi xa kanye ayinkwenkwana eselula uGaye, lwafudukela kwindawo eseDeanwood kumntla-mpuma weD.C. UGaye wayengumntwana wesibini kubantwana bakayise ekwangumntwana wesithathu kubantwana abathandu babonke. Unoodade wabo ababini: uJeanne noZeola, kunye nabafowabo abathathu: uMichael Cooper, uFrankie Gaye kunye noAntwaun Gaye. UMichael Cooper waye sisizananina, ukanti yena uAntwaun yena waye elivezandlebe wayefunyenwe yindoda ngaphandle komtshatos.
Es'kia Mphahlele
Es’kia Mphahlele (wazalelwa igama Ezekiel Mphahlele; 17 kaDisemba 1919, Marabastad - 27 kaOktobha 2008, Lebowakgomo), wayengumbhali, umshicileli wencwadi, umgqugquzeli wenkcubeko kunye nootitshala.
UMarvin Gaye
UGaye waqala ukucula eminyaka mine qwaba ezelwe; uyise ethanda ukumkhapha emsa apho wayeyakudlala khona ipiano. UGaye kunye nekhaya lakhe babeyinxalenye yecawa yamaPentecosti eyaziwa ngokuba yiHouse of God. IHouse of God yayizithatha kumaHebhere icawa yobupentecosti iimfundiso zayo, apho kwakushunyayelwa ukuziphatha okukuko, kwaye kuthptyelwa konke okubhalwe kwiTestamenteTestamente endala nakwiTestamente entsha. UGaye waya ekhulelwa luthando lomculo esemncinane waza wakhuthazeka ukuba aqhubele phambili nomculo njengobizo lwakhe emva kokucula kumdlalo weqonga esikolweni. Ubomi bakhe basekhaya yayibubomi "bokutywatyushwa nokumorhozwa ebethwa" nguyise, owayembethela yonke into engalunganga ayenzileyo. wayekuchaza ukuhlala emzini kayise njengento efana nqwa "nokuhlala nekumkani, a very peculiar, changeable, cruel and all powerful king". He felt that had his mother not consoled him, and encouraged his singing, he would have killed himself. His sister later explained that Gaye was beaten often, from age seven well into his teenage years.
Gaye attended Cardozo High School and joined several doo-wop vocal groups, including the Dippers and the D.C. Tones. Gaye's relationship with his father worsened during his teenage years as his father would kick him out of the house for what he perceived was misbehavior. Following an argument in which he stood up against his father, Gaye walked out of the house for good and dropped out of high school. With dreams of being a pilot, 17-year-old Gaye enlisted in the United States Air Force as a basic airman. Disappointed in having to perform menial tasks, he faked mental illness and was discharged shortly afterwards. Gaye's sergeant stated that he refused to follow orders.
Roodepoort
Roodepoort idolophu kwiPhondo yaRhawuti laseMzantsi Afrika.
III. UMHLOMI
Mhlawumbi abafundi bathe nqa ukubona ndisimka kangaka nale mimango, ndingade ndenze ndifike emxholweni wento endingayo. Kaloku ukumbiwa kwento elixabiso asinto yenzeka khaphukhaphu.
Noko akusekude singafiki enkomeni; iimpawu sezikho ezalatha loo nto. UMhlomi lo ke uzalwa nguMoyane ogama limbi linguMotlohelwa loo kaMonaheng, aze uNkopane abe ngumkhuluwa wakhe. Uye wavelela kanobom kwinzala kaKwena, suka ngoku yanguye olixhanti nolawula lonke usapho lwakowabo. ingqondo yakhe ibivele yatsolo kwasebuncinaneni kwakhe, ayafana ncam neyolinye usapho lukayise. Uthwaso lwengqondo yakhe lwazalisekiswa loo mhla asesuthwini, kuba uthi, bathe xa baleleyo bonke abanye abakhwetha, walama isuthu elo labo livulekile entungo phaya, uzifumene sel'ethwelwe wasiwa esibhakabhakeni ngamandla angawaziyo. Ufike apho abantu beyinkungu nelanga. Ubaye nje ngamehlo ethe tu, baza nabo abenza nelimdaka ukuthetha naye.
Uthe esekuloo ngxaki weva ngelizwi lithetha ngokuthambileyo lisithi, "Hamba uye uphathe abaya bantu unothando, unoxolo, ungabi ngonekhethe." Ubuye sel'ethiwe jize ngewonga apha lembeko nobulumko.
Ngexa asel'ezekile ikomkhulu lakhe libe seNŏlilwe (Ngoliloe) kwisithili saseMgwadleni (Ficksburg). Esi sazi siyile nkosi sitsalwe okunye kukufumana kuloo mawa namaqolomba kuzotywe imifanekiso yabantu neyeenyamakazi ngaBathwa. Le nto uyithathe ngokwesimanga esadalwa yiminyanya, waza ke le ndawo wayithiya ngokuba, "Baliwe-Ngoliloe."
Eli nxowa fanel'ukuba ulinyule ngesizathu sobu bugqi benziweyo ngaBathwa. Uye akakratsha ngako ngulo mzi wakhe mtsha, kuba ulifumene layamene kakhulu nalowa mbono wakha wamhlela esuthwini, waqinisekisa okokuba le nto makube sisiqalo sezinto ezinkulu eziyakuphelekana naye ebomini bakhe.
Ube eyinkosi engazange ibonwe ithe vu phantsi, ikhe ihlale itye izifuba zeenkabi zenkomo ikunye namanye amadoda akowayo, ibuse abantu bayo, ibahlanganise yakhe amabutho okuhlasela, nokukhusela izwe lakhe; akhe abenethuba nelokuphulaphula amavo abaliswa ngamaxhego akowabo. Bekuyinto eqhelekileyo nemilileyo kuye ukukha abashiye abantu aye phiphiphi; kungekho amshiyileyo wokubalusa.
Ngalinye ube eyinkosi enyawo lwambath'indlela, ahlukile poqo kwiinto ezenziwa zezinye iinkosi. Olu hambo lwakhe lumenze ukuba aziwe phi na phi, waza ngaphezu koko wanethamsanqa lokuzifumbela izihlobo ezingenakubalwa mntu.
Inqaku lesiseko eliphambili lephandemikhi
Iphandemikhi (lo mxholo usuka kwisiGrike), kuxa kukho uqhambuko lwesifo esosulelayo "esihamba" siye kwilizwe elinye nangaphezulu okanye kwingingqi enye nangaphezulu. Ukusuleleka kwesifo ebantwini abaliqela kwingingqi enye kwixesha elifutshane kuthiwa yi-ephidemikhi. Isifo esisuleleka ngokubanzi kodwa esichaphazela abantu benani elizinzileyo kuthiwa "yi-endemikhi", hayi iphandemikhi. Usasazeko ngokubanzi lwezifo ezichaphazela abantu benani elizinzileyo, njengophindaphindo lomkhuhlane oluthi lufike ngamaxesha athile onyaka, alubandakanywa kuba luqhubekeka ngexesha elinye kwiingingqi ezinkulu elizweni, hayi ukuthi zisasazeka kwizwe lonke.
Inkcazo kunye namanqanaba
Iphandemikhi yi-ephidemikhi eyenzeka kwinqanaba elikhulu ngaphesheya kwimida yamazwe. Isifo okanye isigulo asiyophandemikhi kuba sisasazeka ngokubanzi okanye kuba sibulala abantu abaninzi; kufuneka sisuleleke. Umzekelo, umhlaza ngunobangela wokusweleka kabantu abaninzi, kodwa awuyophandemikhi kuba awosuleleki.
III. UMHLOMI
Ngexesha lesibini xa abuyela kwelo waahamba nomhlambi wezinja. Efikile khona, uzeke intombi, waza wayilobola ngazo. Lo mfazi wakhe umakhele umzi, wandul'ukumshiya kwanjengabanye.
Inqaku lesiseko eliphambili lephandemikhi
Inkcazo kunye namanqanaba
Amazinga osuleleko kwii-ephidemikhi (kunye neephandemikhi) alandela inkqubo elandela umgca onomjikelo xa wakhelwe kwigrafu. Mgca lowo ubonisa inani labantu abosulelweyo kwixesha elithile. Umgca we-ephidemikhi ufana nomgca wephandemikhi ixesha elininzi xa isifo eso "sihamba sisasazeka". Izifo ezosulelayo zisasazeka ngezigaba ezintathu njengakule grafu ingezantsi.
III. UMHLOMI
Uthe ngokusoloko ethe poqo elityhutyha, elasentla esiya phambili, wada wathi kuuphi wafika kwelamazim. Aba ke ngabantu abatya inyama yabanye abantu. Amazim la sidla ngokuva kubaliswa ngawo ezintsomini, singakholwa sonke na ukuba akhe akho elizweni. Gxebe wayenelo qedlana libe limphelekile. Bafike elele obentlombe, emini emaqanda. Akukho wazileyo nokokuba ayecujulwe yinyama yabantu awabe eyidle ngezolo.
Inqaku lesiseko eliphambili lephandemikhi
Inkcazo kunye namanqanaba
Isigaba sokuqala senzeka ekuqaleni komgca onomjikelo. Ukuba umntu usebenzisa usasazeko lweCovid-19 njengomzekelo we-ephendemikhi, oku kungaphawula ukuqala kokusasazeka kwesifo, ngoku abantu abosulelekileyo bebambalwa.
III. UMHLOMI
Kwaaman'ukuvakala ukukhonkotha kwezinja okungayi ndawo. Iinkomo zazibuthume emithunzini yemithi ngenxeni yengqatsini yelanga lasehlotyeni. Ekuvukeni kwawo, aye aphuma ezindlwini, amalama uMhlomi ayame ngobuhlanti, ekunye nelo qedlana lakhe. Athe ngenxeni yokusindwa sisithunzi sakhe, akamenza nto. Akhawuleze amnika inyama yomntu, emhlangula kwiphango lohambo.
Inqaku lesiseko eliphambili lephandemikhi
Inkcazo kunye namanqanaba
Isigaba sesibini somgca we-ephidemikhi onomjikelo sibonisa "isigaba soluntu". Oku kuxa inani lisanda labantu abatsha abosulelekayo.
III. UMHLOMI
Abantu aba, njengeenyosi, abaze baphile ubomi obumnandi, bengenayo inkosi emiyo phambi kwabo, ikhe ishumayele imithetho yasebhotwe, ilungise ukumiwa kwelizwe layo, ivelele nezinye iinkalwana eziyingxaki. Sazi iinkumbi zodwa zona zidalwa zikhe zihlasele amasimi alinyiweyo zibhuqe izilimo kungekho nkosi zizifunzileyo nezizilawulayo. Olu manyano lungakanana alufunyanwa ebantwini ngaphandle kokuba babebenkosi ebaphetheyo. Ibilithamsanqa elingelincinane ukuthi ngexesha angekhoyo aseluhambeni, kudle kungabikho zintshaba zihlaselayo. Yinto leyo ebingenza ukuba kuse kulila ibhungane, ingamachithi odwa. Isiqendu sesi-2: ubeyinkosi ethanda ukufeketha ngabantu bayo, xa sukuba izakuthabatha uhambo okunye se iluthabathile, ngokusuka ayalele abo akunye nabo mababe behlaba, basinge phambili; baye kufika kuloo ndawo kuyiwa kuyo. Bohamba ke, bamshiye ekhaya okanye endleleni. ekufikeni kwabo kuloo ndawo bekusiyiwa kuyo emva kweentsuku ezimbini mhlawumbi ezintathu bevuka belala, baya kufika sele kudala wafikayo; kube kukodwa ukuba bamthabathe ngokwegqwirha elikhwela imfene. Loo ndawo ibibuya ibaxake, kuba abazange bambone eyikhwele mhlawumbi eyityisa. Bekukodwa ukumthabatha njengongemilingo, baze bathi kusenjalo, bafumane baphelele kubo bunjalo bokumcingela into angaba uyiyo koluntu lungaka.
Inqaku lesiseko eliphambili lephandemikhi
Inkcazo kunye namanqanaba
Isigaba sesithathu somgca onomjikelo we-ephidemikhi sibonisa i-ephendemikhi iphantsi kolawulo okanye akukho suleleko lutsha.
III. UMHLOMI
Okokuba ubuprofethi babungazange bupheliswe, nge iba sithi wayengomnye wabaprofethi kubeSuthu.
Inqaku lesiseko eliphambili lephandemikhi
Ulawulo
Akhona amanyathelo angathathwa ngoorhulumente ukulawula usasazeko lwephandemikhi. Ngonyaka wama-2005, uMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi (iWorld Health Organisation) wamkela iMigaqo yezeMpilo yeHlabathi (International Health Regulations), inkqubo-sikhokelo esemthethweni ukuthintela, ukulawula nokuphendula kumngcipheko wempilo yoluntu olungasasazeka kumazwe amaninzi. Ukongeza, uMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi (iWorld Health Organisation) uphuhlise incwadi yesikhokelo eneenkcukacha malunga nokusombulula iiphandemikhi zomkhuhlane. Le ncwadi yaqala yapapashwa ngowe-1999, yaze yahlaziywa ngowama-2005 nangowama-2009. Uninzi lwamanyathelo athathiweyo ukulwa iphandemikhi yeCovid-19 asuka kwiMigaqo yezeMpilo yeHlabathi (International Health Regulations) yangowama-2005 nakwizikhokelo zokulungiselela iphandemikhi yomkhuhlane zoMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi (zeWorld Health Organisation).
I-photosynthesis
I-Photosynthesis yinkqubo esetyenziswa zizityalo nazezinye izidalwa eziphilayo ukuguqula amandla okukhanya, okuhlala kuvela elangeni, abe ngamandla e-chemical ayakuthi akhutshwe kamva ukuze aye kutha amandla kwimisebenzi eyenziwa zezi zidalwa ziphilayo. Laa mandla echemical agcinwa kwii-molecules ze-carbohydrate, ezifana neswekile, edidiyelwa ngecarbon dioxide nangamanzi – yiyo le nto kusetyenziswa igama elithi 'photosynthesis', elivela kwisiGrike φῶς, phōs, "ukukhanya", kunye σύνθεσις, nokudidiyela, "ukuxuba". Kumaxesha amaninzi, i-oxygen ichithelwa ngaphandle komzimba wento ephilayo njengokungcola. inkoliso yezityalo, inkoliso yee-algae, nee-cyanobacteria zenza i-photosynthesis; ezo zidalwa ke kuthiwa zii-photoautotrophs. I-Photosynthesis igcina i-atmospheric oxygen ikumgangatho ofanelekileyo ize inakekele zonke ii-organic compounds noninzi lwamandla afunekayo kubomi bezinto ezisemhlabeni.
Inqaku lesiseko eliphambili lephandemikhi
Ulawulo
Zininzi iingxoxo ezikhoyo malunga nendlela ye3T (Uvavanyo, Unyango, Ulandelelo). Le ndlela ivumela amazwe achonge abantu abachaphazelekileyo nabosulelweyo ngokukhawuleza, phambi kokuba babekelwe bucala banyangwe. Le ndlela ibandakanya ukulandelela bonke abantu abadibene nomntu osulelekileyo, nabo babekelwe bucala. Le ndlela ikhuthazwe kukusebenza kwayo kumazwe afana neSouth Korea neSingapore, kodwa oorhulumente bala mazwe bebeyilungiselele ngcono le meko emva kokuphazamiseka okwenziwe nguSARS.
III. UMHLOMI
Wosel'ubona ngomqokozo wokulandelana kwabantu beqhumisa uthuli ezindleleni, besiya kuphulaphula iindaba zaloo mazwe bangazanga bawalama.
Inqaku lesiseko eliphambili lephandemikhi
INtsholongwane kaGawulayo
Nangona iWHO isebenzisa ibinzana elithi "i-ephidemikhi yehlabathi" ukuchaza iHIV, yiphandemikhi ngokulandela intsingiselo yegama kuphela. Ukusukela kowama-2018, izigidi zabantu behlabathi ezingama-37.9 zosuleleke yiHIV. . Ngowama-2018, kubhubhe abantu bamawaka asi-770,000 nguGawulayo (iAIDS). Okwangoku, iSub-Sahara yeAfrika yeyona ngingqi ichaphazekileyo.
III. UMHLOMI
Asikuko nokuba ebekhululekile.
Randburg
Randburg idolophu kwiPhondo yaRhawuti laseMzantsi Afrika.
III. UMHLOMI
Ubeya ahambise ade ayekuthi tya, angakhe ashiye nemvuthuluka le.
I-Vacuum
I-vacuum yindawo engena-matter. Isandi asinakuhambela ndawo kwi-vacuum, Oumphandle we-space iakuyovacuum igqibeleleyo, kuba kukho iqela lee-particles apho.
III. UMHLOMI
Ibiba libali ke loo nto ebuzweni.
Inqaku lesiseko eliphambili lephandemikhi
IiCorona Virus/ IiNtsholongwane zeCorona
Iintsholongwane zeCorona (iiCoV) zilusapho lweentsholongwane ezibangela izigulo eziqala kumkhuhlane wesiqhelo ukuyoqhina kwizifo ezifana nezifo zokuphefumla iMiddle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) kunye neSevere Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV). Uhlobo olutsha lwentsholongwane yecorona (SARS-CoV-2) lubangela isifo sentsholongwane yeCorana (seCoronavirus) yama-2019. Ezinye iintsholongwane zecorona zosuleleka kwabantu zibe zisuka kwizilwanyana. Uphando oluneenkcukacha lufumanise ukuba iSARS-CoV yosuleleke ebantwini ibe isuka kwiikati ezizii-civet. I-MERS-CoV yona isuka kwiinkamela ezizii-dromedary yaze yosuleleka ebantwini. Zininzi iintsholongwane zecorona ezisezilwanyaneni ezingekosuleleki ebantwini.
I-Vacuum
Ii-vacuums zoshishino
I-vacuum ifuneka kwiintlobo ezithile zokwenza imveliso zoshishino. Iimpompo ze-vacuum zisetyenziselwa ukumpompa umoya ziwukhuphela ngaphandle kwi-vacuum. apha ekuhlaleni i-100% akunto enokufane yenzeke, kodwa inkoliso yeempompo ze-vacuum ziyakwazi ukwenza i-vacuum eyi-99.9999%. le ke ibizwa ngokuba y"ivacuum eyomeleleyo". Inkoliso yeenjongo zoshishino azifuni vacuum iqinileyo; eyi-0.001% ilunge ngokwaneleyo.
Inqaku lesiseko eliphambili lephandemikhi
IiCorona Virus/ IiNtsholongwane zeCorona
Udidi olutsha lwentsholongwane yecorona luqale eWuhan, kwiphondo leHubei, eChina, kwimihla yokugqibela kweyoMnga kowama-2019. Le ntsholongwane ibangele iqela lezifo zokuphefumla ezinzima, ekuthiwa sisifo sentsholongwane yecorona (okanye secoronavirus) sonyaka wama-2019 (iCOVID-19). NgokweDashboard yeYunivesithi iJohn Hopkins, amazwe achatshazelwe yiCOVID-19 angama-200. Awona mazwe abenosoluleleko oluninzi yiMelika, yiChina kwiingingqi ezisembini, yintshona eYurophu kunye neIran. Ngomhla we-11 kweyoKwindla kowama-2020, uMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi (iWorld Health Organisation) uphawule usasazeko lweCOVID-19 njengephandemikhi. Ukusuka kumhla wama-23 kuTshazimpunzi kowama-2020, inani labantu abosuleleke yiCOVID-19 zizigidi ezi-2.63 kwihlabathi lilonke, ababhubhileyo beli-184,249 kwaye abanyangekileyo bengama-722,055.
I-Vacuum
Ii-vacuums zoshishino
Ii-vacuums zoshishino zisetyenziswa kuphela : Ii-vacuum chambers zikwasetyenziswa kwimisebenzi emininzi yasez-ilaboratories. Eminye yale misebenzi ikwifiziki nakwi-Khemestri nyona ifuna ivacuum eyomeleleyo.
III. UMHLOMI
Okukhona wahambayo, kwaba kukhona isizwe sakhe saya simhlonela ngakumbi, samdumisa, samoyika, samthanda.
I-Vacuum
Eminye imisebenzi
Ivacuum yokucoca isebenzisa amandla amakhulu evacuum ukuze ikwazi ukufunxa uthuli nokungcola, icoce umgangatho wendlu.
III. UMHLOMI
Enye indawo esinga asingeyishiyi, yeyobugqirha bakhe obabutshatshele.
Inqaku lesiseko eliphambili lephandemikhi
IMalariya
IMalariya idla ngokusasazeka kwiinginqi ezisondele kwi-ikhweyitha ezishushu ezifumileyo. Oku kubandakanya iingqingqi kwiiAmericas, eAsia naseAfrika. Nyaka ngamnye, kosuleleka abantu abazizigidi ezingama-350-500 yimalariya. Ukuxhathisa kwamayeza okunyanga imalariya yingxaki ekhulayo ekuyinyangeni imalariya ukusekela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-21, kuba ukuxhathisa kwamayeza okunyanga imalariya kuxhaphakile kuwo onke amayeza okunyanga imalariya, ngaphandle kwe-artemisinins.
III. UMHLOMI
Kuthiwa wayeyingcamevu yegqirha, lingekho nalinye elaye lilingana naye, sel'equkwe onke ngeentloko awaseluSuthu.
Inqaku lesiseko eliphambili lephandemikhi
IMalariya
IMalariya yayixhaphake eYurophu naseNtshona-Melika, apho ingasekhoyo ngoku. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba iMalariya ibinegalelo ekutshabalaleni kwesizwe samaRoma. Esi sifo saqale saziwa "njengomkhuhlane wamaRoma". I-Plasmodium falciparum yabasisoyikiso esikhulu kubahlali beekoloni nakubantu bemveli ukufika kwayo kwiiAmericas ngexesha lokuthengiswa kwamakhoboka.
III. UMHLOMI
Kuthiwa neqhenkqa eli ukulinyanga livuthuluke, ulusu luphuthume isimo salo sangaphambili, ibilicekwa kuye loo nto.
Inqaku lesiseko eliphambili lephandemikhi
UMkhulhane weSpanish
Umkhulhane weSpanish (ngowe-1918 - 1920) wosulele abantu abazizigidi ezingama-500 kwihlabathi lilonke, oku kubandakanya abantu abakwiingingqi ezikude njengeziQithi zePacific nakwiArctic, lomkhuhlane waze wabulala abantu abazizigidi ezingama-200 ukuya kwezili-100. Uninzi losasazeko lomkhuhlane lubulala ngokungakhethiyo abancinci kakhulu kunye nabadala kakhulu. Aba baphakathi ngabona banethuba lokusinda. Nangona, umkhuhlane weSpanish ubulale isikakhulu abaphakathi ngendlela engaqondakaliyo. Umkhuhlane weSpanish ubulale ukodlula iMfazwe yeHlabathi yoku-1 kwaye ubulale abantu abaninzi kwiiveki zawo zokuqala ezingama-25 ukodlula uGawulayo kwiminyaka yokuqala engama-25. Intshukumo yabantu abaninzi kunye neendawo zokuhlala ezisondeleleneyo kubangele ukuba isasazeke ngokukhawuleza kwaye itshintshatshintshe iindidi ngesantya esiphezulu. Usuleleko olulula kwamajoni lungaba lubangelwe luxinzelelo, ukungondleki, kunye nokuhlaselwa ngemichiza. Uphuhliso lweenkqubo lwezithutho lwenze kwalula ukuba amajoni, oomatiloshe kunye nabantu basasaze esi sifo.
III. UMHLOMI
indlu yakhe apho aphithikeza khona amayeza (iKhemesti), ubengazanga waziwa kuvumela namnye umntu ukuba angene kuyo ayihlole; ngako ke akakho obeyazi ubunjani bayo ngaphakathi, naloo mayeza angafaniyo ebegcinwe apho.
Inqaku lesiseko eliphambili lephandemikhi
Ukuxathisa kwezibulala-ntsholongwane
Iintsholongwane ezixhathisayo kwizibulala-ntsholongwane ziqhele ukubizwa "izinambuzane ezinamandla". Zinganegalelo ekuvukeni kwezifo eziphantsi kolawulo olulungileyo. Umzekelo, usuleleko lwesifo sephepha esixhathisayo kumayeza onyango aqhele ukusebenza luhlala liluxhala kubasebezi lwecandelo lezempilo. Inani losuleleko lwesifo sephepha esixhathisa kumayeza onyango (MDR-TB) kwihlabathi lonke nyaka ngamnye liphantse lafika kwama-500. IChina neIndiya ngawona mazwe ahambela phambili kusuleleko lweMDR-TB. . UMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi (iWorld Health Organisation/ iWHO) uxela ukuba inani labantu abosulelekileyo yiMDR-TB kwihlabathi lonke zizigidi ezingama-50. Iipersenti ezingama-79 kwabobantu bosulelekileyo abanyangeki kuba isifo sabo sixhathisile kwizibulala-ntsholongwane. Ngowama-2005, useleleko lweMDR-TB kubantu abali-124 lwenzeke eMelika. Usuleleko lwesifo sephepha esixhathisa kakhulu kunyango (XMDR-TB) luchongwe eAfrika ngowama-2006, kwaye kufunyaniswe ukuba lukhona kumazwe angama-49 - oku kubandakanya iMelika. I-WHO iqikelela ukuba kubakho usuleleko lweXMDR-TB olunani lingama-40 000 nyaka ngamnye.
III. UMHLOMI
Mhlawumbi ngethamsanqa angathi abemnye kuphela umntu ekuvakala ukuba wakha wangeniswa kuyo. Asazi ukuba wayehlambe mlambo mni na? Gxebe sobuya sive ngaye singasemoyeni.
Inqaku lesiseko eliphambili lephandemikhi
Ukuxathisa kwezibulala-ntsholongwane
Kwiminyaka engama-20 edlulileyo, iibhaktheriya eziqhelekileyo iStaphylococcus aureus, iSerratia marcescens kunye neEnterococcus ziphuhlule uxhathiso lwezibulala-ntsholongwane ezininzi ezifana ne-vancomcyn, i-aminoglycosides kunye ne-cephalosporins. Iintsholongwane ezixhathisayo kwizibulala-ntsholongwane zibangela usuleleko (HAI) oluninzi okunxulumene nokhathalelo lwempilo (nosocomial). Ngaphezulu, usuleleko olubangelwe ziindidi zeentsholongowane ezisuka eluntwini lwengingqi ze-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) kubantu abanempilo entle luye lwaxhaphaka kwiminyaka edlulileyo.
III. UMHLOMI
Nalawa makhalipha amazim ayengenakho ukuzibhakaxa kuye, ekuyiloo nto neyabangela ukuba anyathele umhlaba agqibe ilizwe elingaka engenaloyiko lwalutho.
Inqaku lesiseko eliphambili lephandemikhi
Imikhuhlane yeViral hemorrhagic
Imikhuhlane yeViral hemorrhagic yosuleleka kakhulu kwaye iyabulala. Imizekelo ibandakanya intsholongwane yeEbola, umkhuhlane weLassa, umkhuhlane waseRift Valley, isifo sentsholongwane yeMarburg kunye nomkhuhlane weBolivian hemorrhagic. Imikhuhlane yeViral hemorrhagic inaso isakhono sokubayiphandemikhi. Isakhono sayo sokubangela iphandemikhi sithintelwe kuba usuleleko lwezi ntsholongwane ludinga ukusondela kakhulu emntwini osulelekileyo kwaye umntu osulelekileyo ugula ixesha elifutshane phambi kokuba abhubhe. Ixesha lifutshane sokuba umntu asisulele esi sifo kwaye ukukhawuleza lokuqala kweempawu luvumela oogqirha bakhawuleze bambeke ekhusini, bamthintele angakwazi ukuyisulela mntu intsholongwane.
III. UMHLOMI
Ube engumnisi wemvula owayengenakuphikiswa bani, ngamaxesha embalela.
Inqaku lesiseko eliphambili lephandemikhi
IZika Virus/ INtsholongwane yeZika
Amanqaku aphambili:2015–16 Zika virus epidemic, Zika virus, and Zika fever.
III. UMHLOMI
Ubelulamile, engumntu onoxolo ebathanda bonke abantu bakowabo, kodwa kuthiwa abona bantu babesenyongweni kuye ngabantwana. Ubeliciko lokuthetha, elichule ekugwebeni amatyala anzulu.
Kwindawo akhulele kuyo ubungabona iimfidi ngeemfidi zabantu ezizela ukua kumphulaphula.
Ekusondeleni kwamaxesha akhe okumka kweli phakade, wakha wahambela uMatekane owayemi ebotha-bothe.Kwaafika into eninzi yabantu bezele ukuza kumphulaphula ebalisa, ecikoza. Phakathi kwaloo nyaka-nyaka yab'ilapho kwakukho mfana uthile usand'ul'ukutshata, evela emaphandleni. Lo mfana wayetsalwe kunene zizinto awayekade eziva zithethwa ngaye. Wayenqwenela nje ukuza kuva, akhe abuye abuze icebo kwesi silumko siyile nkosi. Uthe uMhlomi kulo mfana, "Nyana wam, okokuba ubungavumayo ukushiya yonke into, ndibe ndingahamba nawe, phi naphi apho ndisukuba ndisiya khona; ngolunye usuku usakube uphathe abantu, ngako oko ke maze, okokuqala ufunde ukubazi kakuhle, ugwebe ngobulungisa."
Lo mfana ke ogama singekalazi, waawagcina esifubeni sakhe laa mazwi akalahla noko lilinye.
Malunga nomnyaka ka 1813, uMhlomi ukhe wahambela isizwana ebesingekude samaPetla, kufuphi naseMorija; apho kumi umzi wemfundo ngoku. Wayephelekwe nguLetele, omnye woonyana bakhe. Ubenomnqweno wokusondela kwaba bantu, phofu lo mcamango uphelele eluhayeni.
Xa aselukhukhweni lokufa, uthethe ezemibono ngokwembono yakhe wathi, "Niyakwanya imazi emhlophekazi, maze nigcine ukutya kwenu, ukuba anenjanga njalo, niyakufa.
Wayenomnweno wokuba maze zithi zifika iimini zokubhubha kwakhe, abe usapho lwakhe elufudusele eQeme. Lo mnqweno awubanga safezeka, ngenxa yokubandezelwa kukufa.
Owona msebenzi owohlal'uhleli, ngulowa wawenzayo, wokunyula athambise umfana wodidi oluphantsi, amsonge ekuzingeleni aze kuba ngumalusi wabantu bakowabo.
Abantu babekhohliwe ukuba bomfumana phi na nangandlela ni na umntu onentliziyo efana neyakhe; kuba koonyana bakhe akufumanekanga noko amnye weli khondo lakhe, kwacaca okokuba yilahleko kwelo cala akakho owothabatha isikhundla sakhe.
Kwindlu yakhe enkulu, babebahlanu oonyana.
Owokuqala, yayinguNketsi owabulawa ngokungabinantobeko, owesibini yayinguMonyane, waabulawelwa edabini ngaabaa bakwaRamokhele, owesithathu wabulawa ngabaTshweneng. Ababini uTlali noNkopane babengafanelekile ebukhosini. Yathi inguNkopane yena, kwabonakala ukuba ungonephike kwada kwathiwa igama lakhe nguMphikeleli. Le nto yodwa yalatha ukucima kwegama likaMhlomi ukuba kulandele umlibo wobukhosi kwisizukulwana sakhe esalandelayo.
Umthathi uzala umlotha.
Ubhubhele kwaQobolu, isidumbu sakhe saangcwatywa eKalle kowe1814. Babekho oonyana kwezinye izindlu zakhe, kodwa nabo baawa phantsi bonke. kuvakala ukuba uMhlomi waasikelela umfana othile, ogama lizakuvela kwizahlukwana ezilandelayo, wamnika ilifa lobukhosi. Akwazeki nokuba waamsikelela ngokumayela necala lakowabo, okanye wayemsikelela ukuphatha indlu yakhe. Kungenjalo waayenza le nto engenanjongo yanto itheni; kodwa le ntsikelelo emveni kokuba uMhlomi ebhubhile, yaalongamela lonke elaseLuSuthu.
AmaXhosa
'AmaXhosa' (isiNgesi: Xhosa people) — AmaXhosa liqela labantu baseMzantsi Afrika elifumaneka eMpuma Koloni. Aba ngabantu bamasiko nezithethe. Bohlulwe ngokweziduko (Clan names) kunye nezizwe ezahlukeneyo. Izizwe abohlulwe ngazo ngamaGcaleka, amaRharhabe, imiDange kunye namaNdlambe. Kukho nezinye izizwe ezifumaneka kumaXhosa ezo ngabaThembu, abakoBhosha kunye namaMpondo🥰.
Igama elithi isiXhosa okanye igama lamaXhosa lithathwe kwiKumkani yamaXhosa eyayibizwa ngokuba nguXhosa. Yona eligama yaliphiwa ngaBathwa ababesaziwa njengabantu bokuqala. Ngokolwimi laBathwa eligama lithetha ubungqongqo, ubundlobongela kunye nokucaphuka. Emva kokuthiywa kukaKumkani uXhosa kwatsho kwakho iqela labantu elibizwa ngamaXhosa kwaye elithetha isiXhosa. Maninzi amasiko enziwayo kwaXhosa aquka ukuqaba, [[[[AmaXhosa |intonjane]]]] nokwaluka.
Aba bantu babizwa ngamaXhosa baneenkolo kunye namasiko. Basebenzisa amabali ukuze basombulule iingxaki zabo. Bakholelwa kuQamata. Ngokwesiko lawo izinyanya zawo ezingooyise mkhulu ababhubhayo zisebenza ukubakhusela. Amaphupha adlala eyona ndima inkulu ukuze umXhosa adibane no Qamata. EMandulo amaXhosa ayeyikhuthalele kakhulu iNkcubeko yawo kwaye ezidla ngayo. Indlela yokuphila yayikukuxabisa amasiko kunye nezithethe.
Kanti ke ngesizingomba izifuba sibeneqhayiya lokuba ooKhokho bethu zange banikezele kwabamhlophe kanti ke nezozizwe zintsundu ziphambili ngoku zalwa zaphumelela  kuba yayizizizwana ezinoxolo nobuntu kwaye zingafuni mfazwe.
Ukubaluleka kokuzazi nokuzazisa
"Inkaba yakho iphi?" lombuzo amaXhosa adla ngokuwubuza xa efuna ukwazi ngemvelaphi yakho, umnombo wakho ukutsho, ikhaya, uzalwa ngubani?, yena ezalwa phi?
Noni Jabavu
Imithombo yolwazi
1. Njing. Pamela Maseko (2016) Consolidated Translation Practice
EMonti
eMonti (isiNgesi: East London, ngesiBhulu: Oos-Londen), esi sisixeko esizinze phaya kunxweme lwakummzantsi-mpuma waseMzantsi Afrika, simi kuma-32.97°S nakuma-27.87°E kwisixeko iBuffalo kwisixeko sikaMasipala waseBuffalo kwiPhondo laseMpuma Koloni. Isixeko sizinze phaya ngakunxweme lolwandle lwaseIndiya, ubukhulu becacala siphakathi komlambo iBuffalo nakumlambo iNxarhun, kwangu nguwo owamkela iziko lemilambo kweli lizwe. Sithetha nje esi sixeko saseMonti sinoluntu olungaphaya kwama-267,000 kummamndla osisixekokazi.
Imbali
uLieutenant John Bailie womkhosi waselwandle, omnye wabaphangi-mhlaba weminyaka yoo-1820, wahlola umlomo womlambo iBuffalo waza wafumana idolophu ngo-1836, isikhumbuzo seNduli esisisiBonakaliso sokukhumbula nokunika imbeko kwesi siganeko.
Isixeko sakhiwa ngakumlambo eMzantsi Afrika kwaye sasisaya kwaziwa ngokokuba yiPort Rex. Oku kuzinza kunxweme lwaseNtshona kwaba yinkaba yeMonti, eyathi yakhuliswa de yaba kwizinga lesixeko ngokupheleleyo ngo-1914.
Ngeminyaka yokuqala kwiNkulungwane ye-19th iimfazwe ezazibanjwe phakathi kwabavukeli baseBritane kunye nabahlali bakule ngingqi ababengamaXhosa, isixeko saseMonti sasisebenza njengovimba oxhobisa imikhosi amakomkhulu emikhosi eyayikufuphi ne Qonce, eyayikude kangangamashumi amathathu eemayile. Isakhiwo somkhosi waseBritane, i-Fort Glamorgan, sakhiwa ekuNxweme lwaseMntla ngo-1847, saza sanikezelwa kiKoloni yaseKapa kwakuloo mnyaka mnye. Esi sakhiwo sesinye semingcelele yezakhiwo ezi lolu hlobo ezathi zakhiwa yiBritane, eziquka iFort Murray, iFort White, iFort Cox, iFort Hare kunye neFort Beaufort, kwingingqi eyayizinze umkhosi neyathi yabizwa ngokuba yiBritish Kaffraria.
Kwathi ngokuya kusakhiwa iziko elukunxweme bafika abavukeli beenzalelwane zale ngingqi, sele bequka nabavukeli baseJamani, uninzi lwabo ingamasoka. ngabo kaloku abafika bafaka amagama esiJamani kwinxalenye yeedolophu kule ngingqi yaseMonti amagama afana neCumakala kunye neBerlin. Unanamhla oku, iifani zamaJamani ezifana noo- Gehring, Salzwedel kunye noo-Peinke zisaxhaphakile eMonti, kodwa zona iinzalelwane zabavukeli zakhawuleza zatshintsha zaphila ubuNgesi.
Indawo eyakhelwa umkhosi ngakunxweme ekhoyo kungoku nje, kanye kumlomo womlambo iBuffalo, othungela kulwandle lwaseIndiya, yaqala ukusebenza ngo-1870. Ngo-1872, ikoloni yaseKapa, phantsi kweNkulumbusoyokuqala uJohn Molteno, wathi wawongwa ngesidanga sokuzimela geqe yiBritani. Lo rhulumente mtsha wathi wamanya indawo ezintathu zaseMonti ezazingabamelwane, iMonti, impuma yeMonti kunye nePanmure ngo-1873, zatsho zenza lo Masipala simbonayo ngoku, kwaye ngo-1876 yaqala yaba sisakhiwo kwingingqi yeendlela zikaloliwe, yaqala kunxweme lomlambo. Ngaxesha nye, yaqala yakha isakhiwo sesitishi seenqanawa nezikhephe. Esi sakhiwo sitsha saxesha ukwanda kwesi sixeko, satsho ngesixeko saseMonti, isixeko sanamhlanje esimbeje-mbeje nesiqaqambileyo.
Ibhlorho elihlobo olulodwa ezibhlorho ezimbini ezibelekeneyo phezu komlambo iBuffalo yaaqgitywa ukwakhiwa ngo-1935 kwaye unanamhla oku, ikukuphela kwebhlorho elolu hlobo kuMzantsi afrika uphela. Ezona ndawo zimtsalane ngempucuko zibandakanya i ziko lemiboniso yezilwanyana nezinto zemveli eMonti ekulikhaya leecoelacanth, intlanzi yembali zamandulo, ekucingwa ukuba azisekho, zifumaneka ngqo eChalumna Mouth kufuphi naseMonti zifunyanwa ngabalobi ngo-1938, kunye nenqwaba yemifanekiso eqingqiweyo nekuyeyesikhumbuzo. Esi sixeko saziwa njengendawo yokuloba, kunjalo nje iindawo zokonwaba nekudadwa kuzo ziyinxalenye yeendawo ezakhe zantle apha kweli lizwe.
UbuRhulumente nezoPolitiko
Ngo-1961, imimandla exhake iMonti yaamiselwa njengamaphandle abantu abamnyama kwabaseCiskei ngaseNtshona kwaza kwas eTranskei ngaseMpuma. Yazibona iMonti sele irhangqiwe macala onke ngaphandle kwaseMantla yaza yenza loo nto ukuba ingabinakuzinza ngokupheleleyo ngexesha lengcinezelo. Umhleli wephepha-ndaba laloo ngingqi, iDaily Dispatch, yayinguDonald Woods, owaphalaza imbali yokugetyengwa kukaSteve Biko, itshantlizyo lenkokheli yomanyano lwamaAfrika nombhali wencwadi esihloko sayo sithi I Write What I Like, egetyengwa ekwizandla zamapolisa okhuselo lwaseMzantsi Afrika eBhayi, kweyomMsintsi ngo-1977. Ibali likaDonald Woods lashicilelwa kumboniso bhanya-bhanya weHollywood othi Cry Freedom. Sithetha nje nanko umfanekiso oqingqiweyo kaBiko uthe ngcu unomtsalane ngaphandle kweholokazi lesixeko saseMonti.
Chrissiesmeer
Chrissiesmeer yidolophu encinci efumaneka kwilixa lakwa Gert Sibande District Municipality, Mpumalanga, eMzantsi Afrika.
I-Transmission medium
A I-transmission medium yimizila yokuhamba konxibelelwano  (eyi-solid eqinileyo, eyi-liquid engamanzi, i-gas engumoya, okanye i-plasma) esetyenziswa ukuhambisa i-energy. Umzekelo, i-transmission medium ehambisa izandi ngomoya. Kodwa isandi sisenokuhanjiswa ngezinto qinileyo ezijiyileyo (eziyi-solid) nezingamanzi (ezizii-liquids). Ucingo lungahambisa ii-electrons ngokohlobo lombane (i-lectricity). Zikho izinto ezilungileyo nezi  ngalunganga kwi-transmission medium nganye. Ezi ke zizinto ezifana ne-cost, i-bandwidth (okanye kujongwe ngazo okokuba ingaba ingakanani na le nto kufuneka ihanjisiwe), Isantya sokuhanjiswa  kwento kunye ne-scope.
Intetho ehanjiswa  ngeengcingo
Izinto ezibonakalayo eziyindlela yokuhamba komyalezo: ziingcingo okanye ii-cables ezisetyenziswa ukuxhumanisa ii-devices ezimbini nangaphezulu. Ezi ke isenokuba zii-twisted pair, ii-coaxial kunye nee-fiber optic cables. Ii-twisted pair cables zazisaya kusetyenziswa kwiingcingo zeefowuni kudala. Kodwa zisasetyenzeswa kakhulu nangoku kubuxhakaxhaka beenkatha zeengcingo nakweminye imisebenzi. zibizwa ngokuba zii-twisted pair cables kuba zineengcingo ezincinane nezibhityileyo ekuthiwa zii-insulated wires. Ezi ngcingo ke zijikelezene ngokuphinyelana kwi- balanced circuit. Ii-twisted pair cables zinganeengcingo ezihamba ngambini ezingama- 4200.
EMonti
UbuRhulumente nezoPolitiko
Ngo-2000, iMonti yaba yinxalenye yeBuffalo City Metropolitan Municipality, umdibaniso wedolophu yaseQonce, iBhisho kunye noMdantsane kwaye inesihlalo kwi-Metro.
Uqoqosho
iMonti iliziko loshishino lwesibini ukubalikhulu kweli Phondo. Ushishino lweemoto lungoyena mqeshi ukhonyayo. esona sityalo seDaimler sithe ngcu ecaleni kwesitishi seenqanawa, apho kwenziwa khona iMercedes-Benz nezinye iinqwelo-mafutha ezenzelwa ukuthengiswa kwalapha ekuhlaleni, nokuthunyelwa eMelika naseiBrazil. Aanye amashishini aquka impahla yokunxiba, iindwangu, amachiza, nokwenziwa kokutya.
Davel
Davel yidolophu encinci efumaneka kwilixa lakwa Gert Sibande District Municipality, Mpumalanga, eMzantsi Afrika.
EMonti
Uqoqosho
Ukususela kwiminyaka yoo-1960 kude kuye kutsho kwiminyaka yoo-1990s, urhulumente weingcinezelo nocalu-calulo waloba ngokuveza irhafu ehamba nomvuzo ngeenjongo zokutsala oosomashishini kwinto eyayibizwa ngokuba ngoko ng[['amazwe abantu abamnyama abazimeleyo', kuquka elikufutshane iCiskei. Lwatsho lwavela macala uqoqosho kumazwe aye engomakhelwane afana neFort Jackson kunye naseDimbaza, lushiya iMonti iyodwa ngokufanelekileyo. Imisebenzi yombutho olwel yangelo xesha ayizange ibenakho ukwenza nto malunga nenkqubela ekwenzeni ubuhlobo obububo kwezemesebenzi. Ukwakhiwa kwesiseko kwezothutho kwaya kusiba kubi ngakumbi zaza neenzame eziyimisebenzi yawa phantis.
Ukukhuthaza ukonga eMonti, indawo yokuphuhlisa ushishino eMonti East London Industrial Development Zone (IDZ) yathi yafunyanwa eWest Bank ngo-2004, kufutshane nedolophu nesikhululo seenqwelo-moya. umhlaba ongangama-1500ha waveliswa, kwaye isiza sesinye samaziko ophuhliso amane emzantsi afrika.
Ezothutho eMonti zixhumana nazo zonke ezinye iindawo eMzantsi afrika. Umgaqo okumphakamo iN2 uxhumana neendlela ezinqumla kwesi sixeko zisiya ekapa neziya eThekwini, ube okumphakamo weN6 udibana neMonti ngendlela eya kwisixeko saseBloemfontein. Isikhululo seenqwelo-moya saseMonti, esili-10 leekhilomitha ukusuka phakathi naphakathi kwisixeko saseMonti, luneenqwelo-moya ezihamba mihla le zisiya kuzo zonke izixeko zaseMzantsi Afrika.
Ezemidlalo
iQakambha ngumdlalo othandwa kakhulu apha eMonti. Icala leQakambha elingumdibaniso webhoda/neQakambha yephondo leMpuma Koloni laziwa ngokuba yiWarriors lilo elithabatha inxaxheba kukhuphiswano lwephondo olukwinqanaba eliphezulu. Owayesakuba yi-Proteas wicketkeeper uMark Boucher nekungoku nje ubambe iingxelo zovavanyo kumatyeli amaninzi ngokuchithwa yi-wicketkeeper ngokwesiphakamiso saseMonti. KwiStadium saseesikwipaki yase-Buffalo eMonti saasingatha umdlalo ngokhuphiswano lweICC indebe yeQakambha kwihlabathi ngo-2003 nakwimidlalo emibini ka2009 ye-League i-Indian Premier League.
Eminye imidlalo ebanjwayo apha iquka amanqindi, imountain biking, iskydiving, aeyeembaleki, umdyarho wamahashe nemmidlalo emininzi yamanzi efana nesurfing, ukuqubha, iscuba diving, ukuloba, ukudada ngesikhephe, kunye newindsurfing.
Utyelelo
Iindawo zokutyelela ziquka: iYellowsands, iGlen Eden, iGqunube, iQueensbury Bay, iCintsa eNtshona naseMpuma Cintsa.
Die Antwoord
Die Antwoord — iBandi eMzantsi Afrika.
Ngo-2022, unyana ka-Ninja kunye no-Yolandi, uGabriel "Tokkie" du Preez, wabatyhola ngokuphathwa kakubi, ukuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo kunye nobukhoboka kuye kunye nodadewabo uMeisie kwividiyo efakwe ku-Youtube.
I-sulphur
I-Sulfur (okanye ui-sulphur) lilungu lekhemikhali. Isimboli okanye uphawu lwe-sulphur ngu-S, kwaye i-atomic number yayo ngu-16.