سلطنت_عثمانیہ_کے_دور_میں_مسلمانوں_پر_ظلم_و_ستم
بوسنیا
1875 میں بوسنیا میں مسلمانوں اور عیسائیوں کے درمیان لڑائی چھڑ گئی۔ 1878 کی برلن کانگریس میں سلطنت عثمانیہ کے معاہدے پر بعد بوسنیا پر آسٹریا ہنگری کا قبضہ ہو گیا۔ بوسنیائی مسلمانوں (بوسنیاکس) نے اسے عثمانیوں کی طرف سے غداری سمجھا اور اپنے طور پر چھوڑ دیا، محسوس کیا کہ وہ اپنے وطن کا دفاع کر رہے ہیں نہ کہ وسیع سلطنت کا۔ 9 جولائی سے 20 اکتوبر 1878 تک یا تقریباً تین ماہ تک، بوسنیائی مسلمانوں نے تقریباً ساٹھ فوجی مصروفیات میں آسٹرو ہنگری افواج کے خلاف مزاحمت کی جس میں 5000 افراد زخمی ہوئے یا ہلاک ہوئے۔ کچھ بوسنیائی مسلمانوں نے نئے غیر مسلم انتظامیہ کے تحت اپنے مستقبل اور صحت کے بارے میں فکر مند، بوسنیا کو سلطنت عثمانیہ کے لیے چھوڑ دیا۔ al-Arnaut, Muhamed Mufaku (1994). "Islam and Muslims in Bosnia 1878–1918: Two Hijras and Two Fatwās". Journal of Islamic Studies. 5. (2): 246–247. "As for Bosnia, the treaty signed at the congress of Berlin in 1878 stunned the Muslims of that country who did not believe that the Ottoman Empire would forsake them so easily, and did not docilely resign themselves to the new Austro-Hungarian rule. They set up a government for their own defence and fiercely resisted the Austro-Hungarian forces for about three months (29 July-20 October 1878), a period which witnessed nearly sixty military clashes and resulted in 5000 casualties either killed or wounded." It may be noted that this stiff resistance was carried out almost exclusively by the Muslims, who were in this instance defending the homeland or vatan (Bosnia) and not the devlet (the Ottoman Empire) which forsook them. The Ottoman government had indeed seen in this resistance an opportunity to improve its own position and scored several points in its favour at the Istanbul Convention of 21 April 1879. For example, it was emphasized that the fact of occupation constituted no infringement of the' sovereign rights of the sultan over Bosnia, that the Muslims had the right to maintain their ties with Istanbul, that the name of the sultan could be mentioned in the Friday prayer sermon and on similar occasions, and that the Ottoman flag could be raised on the mosques." But this new situation created such a nightmare that some elderly men preferred to confine themselves to their homes rather than see 'infidels' in the streets. The Muslims, who had not yet recovered from the 1878 shock, were taken aback by the new military service law of 1881 which applied to Muslim youths also. This increased dissatisfaction with the new situation and speeded up hijra to the Ottoman Empire." 1878 سے 1918 تک، 130,000 اور 150,000 کے درمیان بوسنیائی مسلمانوں نے بوسنیا سے عثمانیوں کے زیر کنٹرول علاقوں، کچھ بلقان ، باقی اناطولیہ ، لیونٹ اور مغرب کی طرف روانہ ہوئے۔ al-Arnaut. Islam and Muslims in Bosnia 1878–1918. 1994. p. 243. "As regards Bosnia, we have a hijra that deserves close attention, namely that which took place during the time of Ausrro-Hungarian rule (1878–1918) and evicted about 150,000 Muslims from Bosnia.[5] There are considerable differences in the estimates of the numbers of Bosnians emigrating to the Ottoman Empire during the period of Austro-Hungarian rule (1878–1915). The official statistics of the Austro-Hungarian administration admit that 61,000 Muslims emigrated, while Bogičević gives 150,000, Smlatić gives 160,000, and Imamović's estimate ranges between 150.000 and 180,000. Newspaper estimates rise to 300,000 and popular accounts put a figure as high as 700,000. Official statistics no doubt reduced the number of emigrants to make them equal the number of settlers who stayed in Bosnia (63,376). If we look at Ottoman data, we will find a wide gap between them and the Austro-Hungarian data. The Istanbul High Commissioners Office for Facilitating Refugee Settlement told Hiviz Bjelevac, the Bosnian writer, that during 1900–05 alone 73,000 Muslims left Bosnia, while Austro-Hungarian statistics give the much smaller number of 13,150. From all that has been said above, a figure like 150,000 will probably be more realistic. See Jovan Cvijić, 'o iseljavanju bosanskih muhamdanaca', Srpski književni glasnik XXIV, hr. 12, Beograd 16, VI, 1910, 966; Gaston Gravier, Emigracija Muslimana is BiH', Pregled, br. 7–8, Sarajevo 15. 1. 1911, 475; Vojslav Bogicević, Emigracija muslimana Bosnei Hercegovine u Tursku u doba austro-ugarske vladavine 1878–1918', Historijski zbornik 1–4, Zagreb 1958, 175–88; Mustafa Imamović, Pravni poloj i unutrašnjo-polički razvitak BiH od 1878–1914 (Sarajevo, 1976), 108–33; Dževat Juzbalić, Neke napomene o problemtici etničkog i društvenog razviska u Bosne i Hercegovine u periodu austro-ugarake uprave', Prilozi br. 11–12 (Sarajevo, 1976), 305; Iljaz Hadžibegovi, 'Iseljavanje iz Bosne i Hercegovine za vrijeme austro-ugarske uprave (1878 do 1918)', in Iseljaništvo naroda i narodnosti Jugoslavije (Zagreb, 1978), 246–7; Sulejman Smlatić, 'Iselavanje jugoslovenskih Muslinana u Tursku i njihovo prilagodjavanje novoj sredini', ibid. 253–3; Mustafa lmamović, 'Pregled istorije genocida nad Muslimanima u jugoslovenskim zemljama', Glasnik SIZ, hr. 6 (Sarajevo 1991), 683–5." آج، عرب دنیا میں یہ بوسنیائی آبادیاں ضم ہو گئی ہیں حالانکہ انہوں نے اپنی اصلیت کی یادیں برقرار رکھی ہوئی ہیں اور کچھ بوزنیاک (عربی میں بوشناک کے طور پر پیش کیا جاتا ہے) کو کنیت کے طور پر رکھتے ہیں۔