چرکسی_نسل_کشی
مزاحمت میں تیزی
روسیوں نے علاقے میں ذرائع آمد و رفت بہتر کرکے چیرکسیوں کی شدید مزاحمت کا مقابلہ کیا۔ انہوں نے سڑکوں کا جال بچھایا اور ان سڑکوں کے آس پاس کے جنگلات صاف کر دیے ، دیہاتوں کو تباہ کر دیا اور اکثر روسیوں یا روسی حامی کاکیشین باشندوں کی نئی کاشتکاری جماعتیں آباد کیں۔ اس بڑھتی ہوئی خونی صورت حال میں دیہاتوں کی بڑے پیمانے پر تباہی ایک معیاری حربہ بن گئی۔ بائیں|تصغیر|220x220پکسل| روسی فوج اور چیرکسیائی نمائندوں کی گفتگو ، 1855 1837 میں ، ناتوخائی ، ابزخ اور شاپسگ کے رہنماؤں نے روسی سلطنت کو تسلیم کرنے اور رضاکارانہ طور پراس میں شامل ہونے کی پیش کش کی ، اگر روسی اور کاسک فورسز کو دریائے کوبان سے پار لے جایا جائے گا۔ تاہم ، ان کی پیش کش کو نظرانداز کر دیا گیا اور چیرکسی اراضی پر یکطرفہ قبضہ جاری رہا ، جس کی وجہ سے سن 1840 تک چھتیس نئے کاسک اسٹینیٹس قائم ہوئے۔ جنرل یرمولوف نے ریمارکس دیے کہ "ہمیں چیرکسی سرزمین کی ضرورت ہے ، لیکن ہمیں خود چیرکسیوں کی کوئی ضرورت نہیں ہے"۔ یرمولوف اور بلگاکوف جیسے روسی فوجی کمانڈر میدان جنگ میں فتح حاصل کرنے اور فتی کے ذریعے دولت سے مالامال ہونے کے لیے اپنے مفاد میں کام کرتے ہیں ، جو قفقاز کے مقابلے میں مغربی محاذ پر حاصل کرنا زیادہ مشکل ہوتا ، جب چیرکسی گروپس روس کے ساتھ امن قائم کرنے کی کوشش کر رہے تھے تو اکثر یہ کمانڈر مرکزی انتظامیہ کو دھوکا دیتے اور حقائق کو دھندلا دیتے تھے۔ Richmond, Walter. Circassian Genocide. Page 17: "The mentality of the Caucasus military command was shaped by people who behaved as if they were in charge of their own country, which outsiders couldn’t understand. Contemptuous of their superiors in St. Petersburg, they fabricated whatever story suited their needs. Furthermore, they adopted Tsitsianov’s view that conquest was the only viable option for control of the region. As we’ll see, when civilian administrators used peaceful methods, the military commanders undermined them both by petitioning St. Petersburg and by launching raids into Circassia to sow animosity. This continued all the way up to the 1860s, when Field Commander Nikolai Evdokimov sabotaged St. Petersburg’s final attempt to reach a settlement with the Circassians."; Page 18: "The troubles Atazhukin faced were also typical of Circassians who understood the magnitude of the threat posed by Russia and who sought a peaceful solution. The Russian military command disliked all such peacemakers and did all they could to thwart their efforts. Many Circassians likewise distrusted their compatriots who sought peace with Russia, and they worked to undermine their credibility in Circassia. This would be the fate of all so- called peaceful Circassians— threats from the Russian side and attacks from the Circassian side. More importantly, all proposals from figures such as Atazhukin that cut to the heart of the Circassian position— that they wanted to be good neighbors with the Russians, not subjects of the tsar— were dismissed out of hand by both the Caucasus command and St. Petersburg." ; Page 20-21: " “For the generals,” Vladimir Lapin writes, “the activity of diplomats, who were creating post- Napoleonic Europe, essentially meant farewell to their hopes of receiving further rewards.”43 There was more to it, though. Even if war in Europe were to break out again, the campaign of 1812 made it clear that Russia would suffer enormous losses even if victorious. On the other hand, Asia’s military backwardness would make victory and glory easy. Even before he arrived in the Caucasus, Ermolov wrote, “We can’t take a step in Europe without a fight, but in Asia entire kingdoms are at our service.”44 Ermolov reveled in his overwhelming firepower against which his opponents—particularly the mountaineers of Chechnya, Dagestan, and Circassia—were powerless to combat: “It is very interesting to see the first effect of this innocent means [cannons!] on the heart of man, and I learnt how useful it was to be possessed of the one when unable all at once to conquer the other.”45 In his quest for personal glory, Ermolov chose adversaries (victims might be a more appropriate term) who stood no chance against his superior weaponry, and he employed levels of brutality and inhumanity as yet unseen in the Caucasus. It worked, too: Ermolov’s officers were decorated and promoted as their tactics became more devastating. Subsequent generations would emulate Ermolov’s form of success."