cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Aguaso
Sikasɛm mu gua ahorow no afa horow
Guadidan biako pɛ
Honam fam gua ahorow ahorow
Guadidan mu kurow
Mansoafoɔ
Mansoafoɔ Mfitiaseɛ
Ɛwɔ aman wɔde Mansoafoɔ nhyehyɛeɛ bu ɔman te sɛ  United Kingdom ne Australia no Mansoafoɔ anaa diberɛ a ɔte saa no wɔyi  wɔfiri mmrahyɛbadwafie ɛtaa yɛ amanyɔkuo a ɛwɔ Dɔm Kɛseɛ wɔ mmrahyɛbadwafie ketewa no mu. Ɛwɔ aman foforɔ bi mmrahyɛbadwa dwumadie ne Ɔmanpanin dwumadie no ntetemu kɛseɛ wɔ mu no te sɛ Belgium, Mexico, Netherlands, Philippines, ne United States no Mansoafoɔ ntumi nsane nyɛ mmrahyɛbadwani bere korɔ no ara mu, sɛ wɔ paw mmrahyɛbadwani bi sɛ Mansoafoɔ a gye sɛ ɔde ne mmrahyɛbadwa dwumadie no to hɔ ansa na wɔabɛyɛ Mansoafoɔ no.
Ɛtaa ba sɛ Amanyɔkuo a ɛwɔ Dɔm kɛseɛ no mu panin no na ɔbɛyɛ Mansoafoɔ anaa deɛ ɛte sa. Ɛwɔ Mansoafoɔ amammuo mu no, Mansoafoɔ no toa so gyina wɔn Mansini anan mu wɔ mmrahyɛbadwafie bere a wɔsane nso ka amammuo no ho. Wɔtaa paw obi firi abɔntene a na ɛyɛ sɛ onipa no de ne nimdeɛ rebɛboa amammuo no. Saa Nnipa ɛnyɛ sɛ wɔbɛyɛ mmrahyɛbadwani ansa na wasom sɛ Mansoafoɔ anaa sɛ ɔbɛyɛ amanyɔkuoni ansa na wasom aban no.
N.W.A
N.W.A boom yɛɛ Public Enemy 1988 "Bring the Noise" kɔnsɛt akwantuo no asɛmti
Oduruyɛfo Dre ne DJ Yella na wodii nnwom ho dwuma; nnwom no mu nsɛm no fã kɛse no ara yɛ nea M. C. Ren na ɔkyerɛwee, na Ice Cube ne The D.O.C. Album no yɛ platinum nkonimdi foforo a ɛyɛ mmɔho abien maa Ruthless[21] (de ka mmeawa kuw J.J. Fad ho wɔ 1988 ne odwontofo Michel'le wɔ 1989 mu). Afe 1989 mu no, wɔsan yii N.W.A ne Posse ne Straight Outta Compton wɔ CD so, na woyii The D.O.C. nnwom a wɔfrɛ no No One Can Do It Better adi. Na ne album no titiriw yɛ adwuma a ɔne Dr. Dre yɛe na titiriw no na "gangsta rap" nsɛm nni mu, a N.W.A posse cut "The Grand Finalé" ka ho. Ɛbɛyɛɛ album foforo #1 maa record label no.
Akwansin 100 Ne Mmirikatu’ ne Niggaz4Asetra (1989–1991).
N.W.A yɛ nnwontofo kuw a wodii kan maa american jacket (vestes de type américaines) ahorow gyee din no mu biako
Reunions (1995–mprempren).
Nanso na West Coast ne "gangsta" nnwom no ahwe ase afi anim fi bere a Tupac Shakur wui wɔ 1996 mu, na ɛyɛ bere a Oduruyɛfo Dre dii nkonim wɔ Eminem ne Dre nnwom nhoma a ɛsan bae wɔ 2001 mu no akyi nkutoo na saa nnwom no ne n'adwumfo san nyaa ɔman no anim. 2000 mu nsoromma nyinaa Up In Smoke Tour san kaa N.W.A ne Death Row mmusua no mu dodow no ara boom, na bere a wɔde traa kwan so no, Dre, Ice Cube, MC Ren, de ɔhɔho titiriw Snoop Dogg[29][3][4][30] ne Eminem fii ase kyeree nnwom wɔ mobile studio. Wɔyɛɛ nhyehyɛɛ sɛ wɔbɛsan aba album a wɔato din Not These Niggaz Again[31] (na DJ Yella a na onni hɔ wɔ akwantuo no mu ka ho).
Wɔ afe 2014 mu no, Ice Cube puei wɔ MC Ren remix a ɔyɛ maa "Rebel Music" no mu. Eyi ne bere a edi kan a saa nnipa baanu yi boom yɛɛ adwuma fi bere a wɔsan hyiaa N.W.A wɔ afe 2000 mu no.[33]
Agya
Hokwan ahorow a agya bi wɔ sɛ ɔyɛ agya wɔ ne mma ho no gu ahorow kɛse wɔ ɔman biara mu a ɛtaa da sɛnea saa ɔmanfo no de ne ho bɛhyɛ mu ne dwumadi ahorow a wɔhwɛ kwan no adi.
Agyayɛ akwamma
Mmofra mmoa yɛ sika a ɔwofo biako tua ɔfoforo no bere ne bere mu a ɛkɔ so; ɔwofo a onni ɔhwɛ so no na ɔtaa tua.
Dwuma a agya no di
Ɛkame ayɛ sɛ wɔ amammerɛ nyinaa mu no, wobu agyanom sɛ ahwɛfo a ɔto so abien[citation needed]. Saa adwene yi resakra nkakrankakra bere a agyanom pii abɛyɛ wɔn a wɔhwɛ wɔn titiriw, bere a ɛnanom kɔ adwuma, anaasɛ wɔ awofo a wonni ahokafo tebea horow ne awarefo a wɔyɛ mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da mu no.
Awofoyɛ ho gyinaesi
Roma mmara kyerɛkyerɛɛ agyayɛ mu sɛ "Mater semper certa; pater est quem nuptiae demonstrant" ("[Ena no nipasu] no yɛ nea ɛyɛ nokware bere nyinaa; agya no ne nea aware ntam no kyerɛ"). Nyansahu mu nhwehwɛmu a edi mu a aba nnansa yi, titiriw DNA nhwehwɛmu no ama abusua mmara a ɛfa agyayɛ ho no anya nsakrae ntɛmntɛm.
Agyanom a wokunkum wɔn
Tukulti-Ninurta I (r. 1243–1207 A.Y.B.), Asiria hene no, n’ankasa babarima kum no bere a oyii Babilon fii ne nsam no.
Sarah Marie Johnson (1987- ), Idaho abeawa bi a wobuu no fɔ sɛ okum awofo baanu no nyinaa September 2, 2003 anɔpa.
Nsɛmfua a wɔde di dwuma
Agyanom a wɔwoo wɔn
DI Paapa – asetra/mmara kwan so agya a mmofra a wɔwo wɔn denam Donor Insemination so (baabi a wɔde ɔdemafo bi mmadwoa dii dwuma de nyinsɛn DI Paapa no hokafo).
Foster father – ɔbarima bi na ɔtete abofra a ɔnyɛ agya a ɔwoo no anaa ɔgyee no ba mpɛn pii sɛ awarefoɔ fa.
Stay-at-home dad – ɔbarima a ɔne ofiehwɛfo a ɔwɔ abofra yɛ pɛ, baabi a ne hokafo yɛ ɔhwɛfo
Agya a ɛnyɛ onipa de
Mmoa binom fam no, ɛyɛ agyanom na wɔhwɛ mma no.
Sɛ nnipa da nkyɛn a, agyanom a wɔwɔ primate ahorow kakraa bi mu na wɔhwɛ wɔn mma. Wɔn a wɔyɛ saa ne tamarins ne marmosets.[20] Ɔhwɛ a emu yɛ den titiriw nso da no adi wɔ siamangs a agyanom soa nkokoaa wɔ wɔn afe a ɛto so abien akyi no mu.[20] Wɔ titi ne owl bonsu mu no agyanom soa wɔn nkokoaa bere no 90% a "titi bonsu nkokoaa nya ɔpɛ ma wɔn agyanom sen wɔn maamenom".[21] Silverback gorillas nni dwuma pii wɔ mmusua no mu nanso wɔn mu dodow no ara yɛ ade foforo a ɛbɔ mmusua no ho ban fi ɔhaw ho na ɛtɔ mmere bi a wɔbɛn atamfo de twetwe wɔn adwene sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a n’abusua betumi aguan a obiara nhu.
Okunafoɔ
Edin Ahodoɔ
Sɛ obi hokafoɔ wu a tebea a wɔkɔ mu no wɔfrɛ no "kunayɛ'. Tete din a wɔde frɛ okuani ne 'relict', ne nkyerɛaseɛ tra ne "obi a wagyae no hɔ". Wobɛtumi ahunu saa edin yi bi wɔ nna so. Edin "Okuani baa" firi Indo-European a ɛkyerɛ "okunani baa" na awura Indo-European kasa mu. Wɔnyaa mmarima din "okunani barima " firii 14th century, wɔ 19th century mu na wɔde "okunani baa" gyinaa hɔ maa mmarima. Sɛ obi rekɔ wura kunayɛ mu a ɛyɛ nsakraeɛ a ɛde awerɛhoɔ brɛ okunani baa no ne okunani barima no. Saa tebea yi bɛtumi ama obi ayɛ mmɔbɔ na ama ayie no atwe akɔ akyire. Kunayɛ bɛtumi agyina hɔ ama ɔbaa anaa barima, wɔ nwoma a ɛkyerɛkyerɛ edin bi mu, nanso wɔbobɔ din kunayɛ wɔ nwoma nsonoma ɛkyerɛkyerɛ edin mu. Mpempii no wɔde edin "viduity" na ɛdi dwuma. Edin nkyerɛkyerɛmu ma sɛ okunani bi yɛ ɔbaa anaa barima no yɛ "widowed". Wɔmmfa saa edin yi nni dwuma wɔ awaregyaeɛ mu sɛ obi ware foforɔ na ne hokafoɔ wu a.
Nnua
Wɔ afifide ho adesua mu no, dua yɛ afifide a ɛtra hɔ daa a ne dua anaa dua tenten, na ɛtaa gyina nkorabata ne nhaban akyi. Wɔ nneɛma bi a wɔde di dwuma mu no, dua ho nkyerɛase betumi ayɛ teateaa, a afifide a ɛyɛ nnua a enyin wɔ ɔkwan a ɛto so abien nkutoo so, afifide a wotumi de di dwuma sɛ nnua anaa afifide a ɛboro sorokɔ pɔtee bi ka ho. Wɔ nkyerɛase ahorow a ɛtrɛw mu no, nnua atenten, nnua a wɔfrɛ no fern, banana, ne bamboo nso yɛ nnua. Nnua nyɛ taxonomic kuw nanso ɛka afifide ahorow ahorow a wɔde wɔn ho ayɛ dua ne nkorabata sɛ ɔkwan a wɔfa so kɔ soro sen afifide afoforo de si akan wɔ owia hann ho. Nnua ahorow no mu dodow no ara yɛ angiosperms anaa nnua a ɛyɛ den; nea aka no mu pii yɛ gymnosperm anaa nnua a ɛyɛ mmerɛw. Nnua taa tra ase kyɛ, na ebinom adi mfe mpempem pii. Nnua atra hɔ mfe ɔpepem 370 ni. Wobu akontaa sɛ nnua a anyin bɛyɛ ɔpepepem abiɛsa na ɛwɔ wiase.
Nhweren
Nhwiren binom ma diaspore ahorow ba a wɔmfa nnuru nhyɛ mu (parthenocarpy). Nhwiren wɔ sporangia na ɛhɔ na gametophytes nyin. Nhwiren pii adan a ɛyɛ fɛ ma mmoa, sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a ɛbɛma ayɛ nneɛma a ɛde nsu mu nsu no kɔ baabi foforo. Sɛ nhwiren no hyɛ mu wie a, nhwiren no awotwaa no nyin bɛyɛ aba a aba wom.
etymology ho adesua
Nhwiren fi Mfinimfini Engiresi esiam mu, a na ɛkyerɛ aburow a wɔayam ne sɛnea afifide tumi awo no nyinaa ansa na ɛrepaapae wɔ afeha a ɛto so 17 mu. Mfiase no, efi Latin din a wɔde frɛ Italyfo nhwiren nyamewa Flora no mu. Asɛmfua a edi kan a wɔde frɛ nhwiren wɔ Borɔfo kasa mu ne nhwiren,[2] ɛwom sɛ mprempren ɛkyerɛ nhwiren a ɛyɛ nnua a ɛsow aba nkutoo de.[3]
Ɔbaa
Mmea a wɔyɛ trans no wɔ ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna ho nkyerɛkyerɛmu a ɛne wɔn mmarima nna ho dwumadi nhyia bere a wɔawo wɔn no, bere a ebia mmea a wɔyɛ mmarima ne mmea ntam abusuabɔ no wɔ nna ho su ahorow a ɛne mmea abɔde a nkwa wom ho adwene a wɔtaa de di dwuma no nhyia.
Awo hokwan ne ahofadi
Wiase Nyinaa Akwahosan Ahyehyɛde no bɔ amanneɛ sɛ, sɛ wogyina nsɛm a efi afe 2010 kosi afe 2014 so a, nyinsɛn a wɔma woyi gu no ɔpepem 56 na ɛba wɔ wiase nyinaa afe biara (nyinsɛn nyinaa mu 25%). Wɔn mu no, wobuu bɛyɛ ɔpepem 25 sɛ wonni ahobammɔ. WHO bɔ amanneɛ sɛ wɔ mmeae a wɔanya nkɔso no, mmea bɛyɛ 30 na wowuwu wɔ nyinsɛn a woyi gu a ahobammɔ nnim 100,000 biara mu na saa dodow no kɔ soro kodu 220 a wowuwu wɔ nyinsɛn a ahobammɔ nnim 100,000 biara mu wɔ mmeae a afei na wɔrenya nkɔso no mu ne 520 a wowuwu wɔ nyinsɛn a woyi gu a ahobammɔ nnim 100,000 biara mu wɔ Afrika Sahara anafo fam no mu. WHO ka sɛ saa owu yi fi:
Abakɔsɛm
Mmea a wodi kan a wonim wɔn din no bi ne:
Abaayewa
Usage for adult women
Ɛtɔ da a wɔde edin abayewa gyina hɔ ma ɔbaa a ɔyɛ panin, ne titire nea ɔsua. Saa edin yi nkyerɛ adebuo wɔ nsɛm a ewie pɛyɛ mu, te sɛ edin abarimaa bɛtumi ayɛ edin a ɛnsɛ sɛ wɔde ma panin a ɔyɛ barima. Nti, saa din no yɛnnye ntom. Wɔbɛtumi de afi dwuma sɛ ɔpɛsɛ ɔde yɛ nyiyimu tia mmɔfra a(nhwɛsoɔ, woyɛ abayewa kɛkɛ). Abayewa bɛtumi ayɛ edin a wɛde ma mmaa yɛfa wɔn sɛ ntamgyinafoɔ anaasɛ badwamu ntamgyinafoɔ te sɛ showgirl na sɛ ɛba no sei a yɛmfa no sɛ ne tumi no so ate. Wɔ dabiara nsɛm mu no, edin no wɔ nea ɛfa papa ho, sɛdeɛ ɛwɔ nyinasoɔ wɔ nwom ahodoɔ a agyedin nom. Nnipa pii de di agorɔ (Canada nwontoni Nelly Furtada "Promiscuous Girl") anaa ɛkwan a ɛka mmaa a wadi mfeɛ ahodoɔ bom wɔ nyinasoɔ sɛ wayɛ sɛ abayewa pɛn(America nwontoni Martin a McBride'Thos one's for the Girls").
Akontaabu krataa (Spreadsheet)
Nneɛma a wɔde hyɛm (Values)
Wobetumi afi kɔmputa no keyboard no so abɔ nneɛma bi denam nkyerɛwde a wobɛkyerɛw akɔ sɛll no ankasa mu tẽẽ no so. Anaa sɛ, wobetumi agyina fɛmula bi so (hwɛ aseɛ ha), a ɛbɛtumi ayɛ akontabuo, akyerɛ da anaa berɛ a ɛwɔ hɔ mprempren, anaasɛ ɛbɛgye abɔnten nsɛm te sɛ stock quote anaa database boɔ.
Nua baa
Nua baa yɛ ɔbaa anaa abayewa a ɔne obi kyɛ awofoɔ baako nea ɛboro saa; nuabaa. Barima deɛ no yɛ nua barima. Ɛwɔm sɛ edin no kyerɛ abusua ayɔnkofa, ɛtɔ mmerɛ bi a ɛnte saa. Nuabaa mua yɛ nea ɛdikan wɔ abusua mu.
Ewiem
Wɔ wim tebea ho adesua mu no, mununkum yɛ aerosol a ɛyɛ nsu nketenkete a ɛyɛ nsu a ɛyɛ nwini, ahwehwɛ a ayɛ nwini, anaa nneɛma nketenkete afoforo a ɛsensɛn okyinnsoromma bi anaa ahunmu a ɛte saa no wim. Nsu anaa nnuru afoforo ahorow betumi ayɛ nsu a ɛtɔ gu fam ne ahwehwɛ no. Wɔ Asase so no, mununkum ba esiane mframa a ɛhyɛ mu ma bere a ɛyɛ nwini kodu ne bosu no mu, anaasɛ bere a enya nsu a ɛdɔɔso (mpɛn pii no ɛyɛ nsu a ɛyɛ hyew) fi baabi a ɛbɛn hɔ ma obosu no kɔ soro kodu baabi a atwa ho ahyia no nti ahoɔhyeɛ. Wohu wɔn wɔ Asase no homosphere a troposphere, stratosphere, ne mesosphere ka ho no mu. Nephology yɛ mununkum ho nyansahu, a wɔyɛ wɔ wim tebea ho adesua mununkum ho adesua baa dwumadibea no mu. Akwan abien na wɔfa so to mununkum din wɔ wɔn homosphere no ntoatoaso ahorow mu, Latin ne common.
Agyanka
Agyanka ase kyerɛ
Deɛ edi mu ne sɛ,Agyanka yɛ obi a ɔnni awofoɔ bi a wɔbɛhwɛ wɔn. Nanso, United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), Joint United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS(UNAIDS), ne ekuo huu sɛ abɔfra biara wahwere nawofoɔ biara yɛ agyanka. Wei nti abɔfra a ne maame awu yɛ agyanka ɛnna deɛ awofoɔ baanu ne nyinaa awu nso de awesia.
Adamfofa
Ɛtɔ da bi a, wɔma nnamfo da nsow wɔ abusua ho, sɛnea ɛte wɔ asɛm a wɔka sɛ "nnamfo ne abusua" mu no, na ɛtɔ da bi nso a wɔda nsow wɔ adɔfo ho (e.g., "adɔfo ne nnamfo"), ɛwom sɛ wɔde nnamfo a wɔwɔ mfaso ahorow no yɛ nea ɛyɛ kusuu de. Adamfo beae no yɛ beae a wɔbara obi sɛ ɔnsɔre nkɔ ɔdɔfo gyinabea (hwɛ Ɔdɔ a wontua ho ka nso).
Nkɔso ho adwene ho nimdeɛ
Ntease a ɛfa adamfofa ho wɔ mmofra mu no taa twe adwene si mmeae te sɛ dwumadi ahorow a wɔtaa yɛ, honam fam a wɔbɛn wɔn ho, ne akwanhwɛ a wɔkyɛ so kɛse.[3]: 498 [a] Saa adamfofa ahorow yi ma wonya hokwan di agoru na wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ mu. 246 Mmofra dodow no ara taa kyerɛkyerɛ adamfofa mu denam nneɛma te sɛ kyɛfa so, na mmofra taa ne obi a wobu no sɛ ɔyɛ adamfo no kyɛ.[4]: 246 [5][6] Bere a mmofra nyin no, wɔnyɛ ankorankoro ho ade pii na no nim afoforo yiye. Wonya tumi a wɔde benya tema ma wɔn nnamfo, na wɔn ani gye ho sɛ wobedi agoru wɔ akuw mu. Wonya atipɛnfo a wɔpow wɔn nso bere a wɔrekɔ so wɔ mmofraberem mfe no mfinimfini no. Nnamfo pa a obenya wɔ ne mmofraase no boa ma abofra nya ne ho yiye wɔ ɔmanfo mu akyiri yi wɔ n’asetra mu.[5]
Mpanyimfoyɛ
Nkɔso ho nsɛm
Autism a ɛyɛ hu
Mmofra a wɔwɔ Down syndrome no ayɛ den kɛse sɛ wɔbɛfa nnamfo. Wohyia kasa a ɛkyɛ a ɛma ɛyɛ den ma wɔn sɛ wɔne mmofra afoforo bedi agoru. Ebia mmofra dodow no ara a wɔwɔ Down syndrome no bɛpɛ sɛ wɔhwɛ sukuufo afoforo na wɔne wɔn adamfo di agoru nanso wɔne wɔn nni agoru, titiriw esiane sɛ wɔte ase sen sɛnea wobetumi ada no adi wɔ akyi nti. Wɔ mfe a wonnya nkɔɔ sukuu mu no, mmofra a wɔwɔ Down syndrome no betumi anya adesuadan mu tebea no so mfaso, a mmofra afoforo atwa wɔn ho ahyia na wɔmfa wɔn ho nto mpanyimfo mmoa so kɛse. Mmofra a wɔadi dɛm yi nya mfaso fi nkitahodi ahorow a wɔne mpanyimfo ne mmofra nyinaa nya no mu. Wɔ sukuu mu no, hwɛ a wɔbɛhwɛ ma wɔanya tebea a obiara bɛka ho wɔ adesuadan mu no betumi ayɛ den, nanso nnamfo a wɔbɛn a wɔbɛn wɔn no betumi ayɛ ade titiriw ama asetra mu nkɔso.[35][36]
Apomuden
Adwene mu haw
Nnipa dodow ho nsɛm
Mpɛn pii no, mmea ne mmea adamfofa nkitahodi a ɛda mmofra ntam no taa twe adwene si nnipa ntam abusuabɔ ne mmoa a wɔde ma wɔn ho wɔn ho so. Nea ɛne eyi bɔ abira no, ɔbarima ne ɔbarima ntam nkitahodi taa twe adwene si asetra mu tebea so kɛse. Nea ebefi mu aba ne sɛ, wobetumi de nsiyɛ abu nkate mu ahiade ahorow a wɔda no adi no abam.[44]: 320–02
Mmea taa da wɔn ho adi kɛse na wɔda wɔn ho adi kɛse wɔ wɔn bɔbeasu koro adamfofa mu na wɔwɔ nnamfo kakraa bi.[15] Mmarima taa kyerɛkyerɛ abusuabɔ a emu yɛ den mu denam honam fam osuahu ahorow a wɔkyɛ so. Nea ɛne eyi bɔ abira no, mmea taa kyerɛkyerɛ mu kɛse wɔ nkate mu de a wɔkyɛ mu. Mmarima ntaa nna nkate anaa wɔn ankasa nsɛm adi nkyerɛ mmarima afoforo efisɛ wobetumi de saa nsɛm yi adi dwuma atia wɔn. Nanso, wɔbɛda saa nsɛm yi adi akyerɛ mmea (sɛnea wɔne wɔn nni akan), na mmarima taa bu adamfofa a wɔne mmea nya no sɛ nea ntease wom kɛse, emu yɛ den, na ɛyɛ anigye. Mpɛn pii no, mmarima ne mmarima adamfofa te sɛ apam kɛse, bere a mmea ne mmea adamfofa gyina abusuabɔ so kɛse. Nea ɛde ba ne sɛ, eyi nso kyerɛ sɛ ɔbarima ne ɔbarima adamfofa a ɛba awiei no taa yɛ nea ɛhaw nkate kɛse te sɛ ɔbea ne ɔbea adamfofa no.[45][46]
Nneɛma ahorow a ɛwɔ hɔ ntam
Wohu adamfofa wɔ mmoa a wɔn nyansa kɔ soro te sɛ mmoa a wɔnom nufusu a wɔkorɔn ne nnomaa binom mu. Nnamfofa a ɛda nnipa ne afieboa ntam abu so. Mmoa abien a wɔnyɛ nnipa te sɛ akraman ne mpɔtorɔ nso betumi anya adamfofa a ɛda mmoa ahorow ntam.
Aduro
Nnuro ho Abodin.
Aduro (yɛ ɔkwan a yɛfa so hwehwɛ nnipadua no mu na yɛsi yadeɛ anokwan, prognosis, sa yadeɛ na yɛsi yadeɛ anokwan. edin asɛm aduro no firi latinfoɔ kasa mu a ɛkyerɛ sɛ medicus, nkyerɛase ne sɛ ɔduyɛfoɔ anaa obi a ɔhwɛ aduro so.
Ayaresa adwuma
Aman a atu mpɔn dada no deɛ nnuro a adanseɛ kɛkɛ na ɛwɔ ho no deɛ ɛnyɛ baabiara na wɔde di dwuma wɔ ayaresa adwuma no mu ; nhwɛsoɔ, afe 2007 nhwehwɛmu a ɛmu dɔ bɛtɔɔ dwa sɛ ɔha nkyekyemu aduanan  (49%) wɔ saa dwumadie yi mu sɛ dodoɔ no ara nni adanseɛ anaa nnyinaso a ɛkyerɛ sɛ ɛyɛ anaa ɛnyɛ.
Ayamtunini/Kɔlera
Kɔlera nya nnipa mpempem mmiɛnsa dekɔ num wɔ wiase afanaa nyinaa na ɛde nnipa mpem aduonu nnwɔtwe, ne ahannwɔte dekɔ mpem aha ne aduasa kɔ owuo mu wɔ afe baako mu. Kɔlera yɛ yareɛ a  ɛte atese wɔ mpɔtam bi   Baabi a yareɛ bi taa kɔ paa ara ne Abibiman ne Southeast Asia. Owuo a ɛba wɔn a wanya yareɛ no bi sua kyɛn ɔhamu nkyekyɛmu num nanso ɛbɛtumi akɔ soro bɛyɛ ɔhamu nkyekyɛmu aduonum. Sɛ wansa obi a ɔwɔ yareɛ no a ɛde owuo no kɔ soro. Wɔhunu  Kɔlera ho nkyerɛkyerɛmu ntɛm paa ara wɔ 5th century BC wɔ Sanskrit. Kɔlera ho adesua a John Snow de baa wɔ afe apem ahannwɔte ne aduanan nkron ne afe apem ahannwɔte ne aduonum nan ntam de mpontuo papa baa ɛnam sɛdeɛ yareɛ no trɛ ɛnam nsuo a ɛho ntee a wɔnom no. Kɔlera nyarewa a ɛtrɛ bɛyɛ nson aba bɛyɛ mfeɛ ahanu nie, a ɛma nnipa mpempem wu.
Akwadaa
Nipadua mu su ahorow a ɛwɔ mmofra a wɔawo wɔn foforo mu
Awo a wɔawo no foforo awotwaa mu hama no kɔla yɛ bruu-fitaa. Wɔ awo akyi no, wɔtaa twa awotwaa no mu hama no, na ɛma ɛyɛ nsateakwaa 1–2 a ɛyɛ den. Awotwaa no mu ntini no bɛyow, ayɛ mmerɛw, ayɛ sum, na ahwe ase ara kwa wɔ bɛyɛ adapɛn 3 ntam. Akyiri yi eyi bɛyɛ yafunu bere a asa awie no.
Ɔhwɛ ne aduan a wɔde ma
Delta Air Lines ma nkokoaa kwan ma wotu kwan bere a wonnii nnafua 7 bere a wɔde krataa a ɛkyerɛ sɛ oduruyɛfo akwantu ho kwan kyerɛ no. Skywest remma akokoaa a onnii nnafua 8 nkɔ hyɛn no mu.[25]
Wɔ nkokoaa aduan ho no, nkokoaa akwahosan ahyehyɛde atitiriw nyinaa kamfo kyerɛ sɛ wɔmfa nufu mma.[7]
Akwahosan ho nsɛm
Nkokoaa ɔhome mu haw ho yare
Ɔhwɛ ne aduan a wɔde ma
Bio nso, awofo a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ mu denneennen wɔ nna mu no ne bere tiaa a wɔde da, nna a ɛba brɛoo ne anadwo a wɔtaa nyan wɔ nhwehwɛmu ahorow a wɔayɛ mu nhwehwɛmu no mu no wɔ abusuabɔ. Wɔte ase sɛ awofo a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ mu denneennen no bi ne awofo a wɔwɔ hɔ, wɔn a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ mu, anaasɛ wɔma wɔn nufu bere a wɔrekɔda, ne afei nso akokoaa no a wɔbɛsoa no akɔda na afei wɔde akokoaa no ato fam. Awofo a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ mu denneennen no nya nkokoaa nna so nkɛntɛnso bɔne efisɛ akokoaa no ntumi nnya tumi a ɛbɛma ne ho adwo no. Ɔkwan foforo so no, awofo a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ mu kakraa bi bere a wɔreda no ma akokoaa no nya kwan sua sɛnea ɔma ne ho dwo ne sɛnea ɔhyɛ ne ho so.[18]: S. 24
Akwahosan ho nsɛm
Nkokoaa a wɔawo wɔn foforo a wɔyare ɔyare mmoawa
Akokoaa a wɔawo wɔn foforo mu hemochromatosis
Akokoaa a wɔawo wɔn foforo mu asikre a ɛba fam
Nnipa a wowuwu
Ɔman nipasu (National Identity)
Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei ɛwɔ Asante kasa mu
Benedict Anderson
Wɔyɛ aman, wɔ Benedict Anderson fam no, ɛho mfonin wɔ wɔn adwene mu. Adwenepɔ a ɛwɔ "mpɔtam a wɔayɛ ho mfonin" ho ne sɛ wɔakyekyere ɔman bi wɔ asetena mu, na ɔman no yɛ ankorankorɛ a wɔ hunu wɔn ho sɛ kuo fa pɔtee bi. Anderson kaa aman ho asɛm sɛ "mpɔtam a wɔayɛ ho mfonin". Na ɔsusuu sɛ aman, anaa mpɔtam a wɔyɛ ho mfonin wɔ wɔn adwene mu, ahye esiane wɔn ahyeɛ a ɛfa deɛ ɔwɔ mu ne deɛ ɔfiri adi ho nti. Na Anderson gyedi sɛ ɔman no nam nnipa a wɔayi wɔn afiri mu so na ɛyɛ adwuma. Nanso, aman yi ne wɔn a wɔwɔ akyiri nanso wɔn asɔremma a wonsusu wɔn ho ntɛm ara wɔ adwene a wɔaboaboa ano a ɛfa wɔn ɔman nipasu ho no nso firi mu. Anderson susuu sɛ wɔahyɛ aman hye na ɛsan nso yɛ:
Wɔ Amanaman Ntam Mmara ase no, asɛmfua ɔman nipasu, a ɛfa aman ho no, wɔtumi sesa asɛmfua ɔman nipasu anaa ɔman no tumidie nipasu. Ɔman bi nipasu sɛdeɛ wɔkyerɛ ase no fa ɔman no din a wɔde di dwuma sɛ mmara kwan so nkyerɛkyerɛmu wɔ amanaman ntam abusuabɔ mu ne adeɛ titiri a ɛwɔ ɔman no amanaman ntam mmara mu nipasu mu no ho. Ɔman no tumidi ho nipasu nso gyina hɔ ma adeɛ baako a wɔde kyerɛ ɔman no amammerɛ anaa amammerɛ mu nipasu wɔ Amanaman Ntam Mmara ase no, ɛte sɛ deɛ abɔnten so biribiara a wɔde wɔn ho bɛhyɛ amammerɛ mu nipasu anaa amammerɛ mu gyidie ahodoɔ ne atetesɛm mu no yɛ deɛ wontumi nnye ntom. Ɛte sɛ deɛ amammerɛ mu ɔman nipasu a wɔbɛgye afiri obi nsam anaa akyi nsakraeɛ biara no bu nnipa hokwan atitiri a wɔbom yɛ no so.
Lɔre kwan
Asekyerɛ
Asoeɛ a ɛhwɛ lɔre kwan mmara so, (
Ɔman nipasu (National Identity)
Kwan a yɛfa so de adwenepɔ bi to dwa
Amanyɔsɛm benfo Rupert Emerson kyerɛɛ ɔman nipasu ase sɛ "nnipa kuo a wɔte nka sɛ wɔyɛ ɔman". Saa ɔman nipasu ho nkyerɛaseɛ yi, asetena mu adwene ho ɔbenfo, Henri Tajfel, a ɔne John Turner boom hyehyɛɛ asetena mu nipasu ho nsusuiiɛ no foaa so. Asetena mu nipasu gye ɔman nipasu nkyerɛaseɛ yi tom na ɛkyerɛ sɛ ɔman nipasu ho adwenepɔ a wɔde hyɛ mu no ka wɔn ho a wɔkyekyɛ de ne nyinaa to dwa. Adwene mu pɔ a wɔde to dwa kyerɛ sɛ obi ne ɔman bi bɛda ne ho adi na wabu ne ho sɛ ɔman bi muni. Ɔfa a ɛkyerɛ ɛfa bi no kyerɛ atenka a obi nya wɔ saa nkyerɛkyerɛmu yi ho, te sɛ obi a ɔte nka sɛ ɔyɛ emuni, anaasɛ atenka a ɔde bata ne man ho. Kuo pɔtee bi mufoɔ a wonim no ka no atenka pa a ɛfa kuo no ho na ɛma wonya su sɛ wogyina saa kuo no ananmu yɛ ade, berɛ wonnim kuo no mufoɔ afoforɔ no ankasa.
Ɔman nipasu hwehwɛ sɛ wɔyɛ nhyehyɛeɛ a wɔde kyekyɛ wɔn ho mu, na ɛfa kuo mu (a ɛregyina hɔ ama obi wɔ ne man mu) nsonsonoe a ɛda ɛnni kuo no (aman afoforo) mu nyinaa ho. Sɛ worehunu nnoɔma a ɛyɛ pɛ te sɛ abusua a wofiri mu ne nkrabea korɔ, nkurɔfoɔ a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ ɔman bi mu na wɔyɛ kuo bi a ɛwɔ kuo bi mu, na berɛ korɔ no ara mu no wobu nnipa a wɔne ɔman soronko bi yɛ wɔn ho sɛ kuo a wɔfiri akyiri. Asetena mu nipasu ho nsusuiiɛ kyerɛ abusuabɔ pa a ɛda ɔman bi a wɔbɛkyerɛ ne aman afoforo a wɔbrɛ wɔn ho ase ntam. Ne sɛ wobɛhunu ɛman a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ mu ne nkurɔfoɔ wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ akuo ntam ntotoho mu na wɔtaa bu akuo a wɔnni akyiri no animtia. Nanso, nhwehwɛmu pii ayɛ saa abusuabɔ yi a ɛda ɔman nipasu ne wɔn aman a wɔbrɛ wɔn ho ase na wɔhunu sɛ wɔde wɔn ho ahyɛ ɔman nipasu mu a, ɛnyɛ deɛ ɛbɛma wɔabu wɔn animtia wɔ kuo no akyi.
Nnipa
Paul Gilbert
Axiological: Nnipa kuo a wɔwɔ ade soronko korɔ.
Theodosia Salome Okoh
Mfe a edi kan ne nhomasua
Ɔhyɛɛ sukuu ase wɔ Ashanti Efiduasi Mfitiaseɛ Sukuu mu, ɔtoaa so kɔɔ Basel Mission Mfinimfini, Mpanyimfo ne Akyerɛkyerɛfoɔ Nteteeɛ Sukuu a ɛwɔ Agogo ne afei Achimota Sukuu, faako a ɔnyaa mfeɛ mmiɛnsa nteteeɛ wɔ Fine Art mu.
Adwumayɛ ho
Theodosia Okoh na ɔyɛ ɔbaa a odi kan a ɔyɛ Ghana Hockey Fekuo no guamtrani na akyiri yi ɔbɛyɛɛ Ghana Hockey Fekuo no Titenani bɛboro mfeɛ aduonu,[3] na ɛyɛ ne berɛ mu na Ghana dii kan fataeɛ maa Hockey Wiase Kupɔn ne Olimpik Agumadi no nyinaa. [14] . Ohene Djan too no din sɛ "the Joan of Arc of Ghana hockey" "efisɛ ɔsɔre kɔɔ adeyɛ no mu sɛ ɔrebegye Ghana hockey bere a na mmarima rehinhim na wɔrehinhim wɔ agodie no nkɔso ho no. Eyi nso ne nea enti a wɔtoo Ɔman Hockey Agumadibea no din." n'akyi wɔ afe 2004 mu".[15] Na ɔyɛ obi a ɔde bere tenten aboa Ghana Agumadi Akyerɛwfo Fekuw no.[8][16]
Paneɛ
Standard U-100 insulin syringes
Insulin syringes are made specifically for self injections and have friendly features:
WƆN A WƆGYEE ƆMAN GHANA SII HƆ DA (FOUNDERS DAY)
Abakɔsɛm
Wɔ Ɔbɛnem bosome wɔ mfeɛ mpem mmienu ne dunkron(2019) mu no, saa nnapɔnna yi nsesamu no baa mmara mu na Ayɛwohomummɔ bosome da a ɛtɔ so nan(4) bɛyɛɛ  Founders' Day  a ɛne da wɔde tee Ghana amanyɔkuo a adi kan - United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC) a wɔtee no wɔ Ayɛwohomummɔ bosome da a ɛtɔ so nan wɔ afe apem ahankron ne aduanan nson mu(1947) sɛ, sɛ yɛfa no bosome ne da mu a. Founders' Day bɛyɛɛ da a yɛde kae  Big Six  a wɔdii Ghana anim wɔ yɛn mfahodie gye mu na Kwame Nkrumah Memorial Day nso bɛyɛɛ da a yɛde kae Osagyefo Dr. Kwame Nkrumah awoda ne kuo a wɔgyee Ghana mfahodie mu sɛ wɔn panini.
Nua bɛrima
Anuanom a wɔagye din
￼ na ɛwɔ hɔ
Bobby Shriver, Timothy Shriver, Mark Shriver, ne Anthony Shriver na wɔde wɔn ho hyɛɛ mu
Nnwuma afoforo a ɛfa anuanom ho
Wɔ Mahabharata mu no:
Isak ne Rebeka mma Yakob ne Esau
Wɔ Ramayana mu no:
Nsɛm a wɔaka abom
Asɛmfua onua no fi Proto-Indo-European *bʰréh2tēr, a ɛbɛyɛ Latin frater, a ntease koro no ara wom no mu. Wɔde anuanom ɔhyew, anaasɛ anuanom nkɛntɛnso a ɛwɔ anuanom mmarima ntam no abata nkɛntɛnso bɔne bi a ɛsen saa ho. Wɔ anuanom baanu baanu mu no anuanom ɔhyew a ɛkorɔn no ne asiane a wɔde wɔn ho to so suban pii wɔ abusuabɔ ɛwom sɛ asiane a wɔde wɔn ho to so suban no ne anuanom ɔhyew a ɛwɔ anuanom baanu foforo biara mu no nni abusuabɔ de. Nea ɛde adeyɛ yi a ɛne sɛ anuanom a wɔn ho yɛ hyew ne asiane a wɔde wɔn ho to so nneyɛe a ɛwɔ anuanom baanu mu nkutoo na ɛwɔ abusuabɔ no ba no da so ara yɛ nea wontumi nhu. Nanso, saa ade a wɔahu yi kyerɛ sɛ ɛwom sɛ anuanom ntam ntawntawdi yɛ asiane a ɛde asiane ba de, nanso anuanom a wɔn ho yɛ hyew no nyɛ ade a ɛbɔ wɔn ho ban.[4] Nhwehwɛmu ahorow bi kyerɛ sɛ mmeawa a wɔwɔ nuabarima panyin no twentwɛn wɔn nan ase bɛyɛ afe biako.[5] Nhwehwɛmu nso kyerɛ sɛ sɛ ɔbarima bi nya anuanom a wɔn mfe akɔ anim no a, hokwan a ɛwɔ hɔ sɛ obi bɛyɛ ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna no yɛ kɛse.[6] Nhwehwɛmufo binom akyerɛ sɛ ebia ɔbarima bi ho anigye a ɔwɔ ma ɔbea a ɔne ɔbarima da no bɛkɔ soro bere a ɔte sɛ ne nuabarima no, bere a ne ho a onni no betumi akɔ soro dodow a ne suban no twe ne ho fi ne nuabarima no ho no. Mmea a wɔwɔ mmanoma anaasɛ onuabarima a ɔbɛn wɔn yiye paa, ɛtɔ mmere bi a wobu no sɛ wɔn alter ego barima, anaasɛ sɛnea anka wɔbɛyɛ, sɛ wɔwɔ Y chromosomes a.[8]
Anuanom
Nkyerɛase ahorow
Wɔsan de asɛmfua onuayɛ bae wɔ afe 1903 mu wɔ asɛm bi a ɛwɔ Bioometrika mu, sɛ nkyerɛase a wɔde maa German Geschwister, efisɛ wɔmfaa nni dwuma fi 1425.[4][5]
Nkwammoaa (abɔdeɛ a nkwa wɔm ho adesua) (Living Cells)
Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei ɛwɔ Asante kasa mu
Anuanom
Awo nhyehyɛe
Saa awofoɔ nneɛma yi wɔ nkɛntɛnsoɔ titire wɔ abofra bi nwomasua mu nkonimdie so.[28]
Nkwammoaa (abɔdeɛ a nkwa wɔm ho adesua) (Living Cells)
Nkwammoaa a ɛyɛ eukaryotic
Afifideɛ, mmoa, fungi, slime moulds, protozoa, ne algae nyinaa yɛ eukaryotic. Saa nkwammoaa yi trɛ bɛyɛ mpɛn dunum sene prokaryote a wɔtaa de di dwuma no na ɛbɛtumi ayɛ kɛse mpɛn apem wɔ ne kɛseɛ mu. Ade titiri a ɛma eukaryotes da nson berɛ a wɔde toto prokaryotes ho ne compartmentalization: organelles a ɛkyekyere membrane (compartments) a dwumadie pɔtee bi kɔ so wɔ hɔ. Weinom mu deɛ ɛho hia pa ara ne nkwammoaa mu nucleus, akwaa bi a ɛwɔ nkwammoaa no DNA. Saa nuklea yi ma eukaryote no din, a ɛkyerɛ "nokware kernel (nucleus)". Nsonsonoeɛ afoforɔ no bi ne:
Anuanom
Abusuabɔ
Anuanom ntam ntawntawdi abu so na wɔtaa twe wɔn ho fi ho sɛ anuanom ahoɔden fa a wogye tom. Ɛmfa ho ntawntawdi ahorow pii a anuanom taa de wɔn ho hyɛ mu no, wobetumi akyekyɛ anuanom ntam ntawntawdi mu akuw abien a ɛtrɛw.[46] Ɔfa a edi kan no yɛ ntawntawdi a ɛfa pɛyɛ anaa atɛntrenee ho. Ɛnyɛ nea ɛntaa nsi sɛ wubehu anuanom a wosusuw sɛ wɔn akyerɛkyerɛfo, wɔn atipɛnfo, anaa ne titiriw no wɔn awofo ani gye wɔn nua ho. Nokwarem no, ɛnyɛ nea ɛntaa nsi sɛ wubehu anuanom a wɔn baanu nyinaa susuw sɛ wɔn awofo ani gye onua foforo no ho. Pɛyɛ a wosusuw sɛ ɛnyɛ pɛ wɔ nneɛma a wɔkyekyɛ mu te sɛ nea onyaa aduan a ɛyɛ dɛ kɛse no nso hyɛ saa ntawntawdi kuw yi mu. Ɛte sɛ nea saa ntawntawdi yi abu so kɛse wɔ onua kumaa no mu.[46]
Nkwammoaa (abɔdeɛ a nkwa wɔm ho adesua) (Living Cells)
Organelles
Asɛm titiri: Organelle
Anuanom
Awo nhyehyɛe
Nneɛma a wɔahu wɔ bere yi mu
Consanguinity ne awosu mu nneɛma
Anuanom fa yɛ abusuafo 25% denam abusuafo so sɛnea wɔkyɛ ɔwofo biako na awo ntoatoaso abien na ɛtetew wɔn ho wɔn ho ho. Hokwan ketewaa bi wɔ hɔ sɛ ebia anuanom baanu a wɔyɛ fa biara renkyɛ awosu mu nkwaadɔm biara, sɛ wɔannya nkwaboaa koro no ara biara amfi wɔn ɔwofo a wɔkyɛ mu no hɔ a. Eyi betumi ayɛ yiye ama anuanom a wɔyɛ pɛ nso, ɛwom sɛ ɛnyɛ nea ɛbɛyɛ yiye mpo de. Nanso esiane sɛnea nkwaboaa a ɛne ne ho di nsɛ sesa awosu mu nkwaadɔm (esiane nkwaboaa a ɛtwam wɔ meiosis mu nti) bere a ɛwo anaa mmadwoa nkwammoaa renyin no nti, ɛkame ayɛ sɛ asiane a ɛwɔ hɔ sɛ eyi bɛba ankasa da no nni hɔ.
Nkwammoaa (abɔdeɛ a nkwa wɔm ho adesua) (Living Cells)
cytoskeleton a ɛwɔ nipadua no mu
Nkwammoaa mu nnompe no yɛ adwuma de hyehyɛ nkwammoaa no nsusuiiɛ na ɛkɔ so tena hɔ; anchors organelles wɔ baabi a ɛwɔ; ɛboa wɔ endocytosis mu, nnoɔma a nkwammoaa bi gye, ne cytokinesis, mmabaawa nkwammoaa a wɔtete mu berɛ a nkwammoaa mu apaapae akyiri no; na ɛka nkwammoaa no afa ahodoɔ wɔ akwan ahodoɔ a wɔfa so nyini na ɛkɔ baabiara mu. Eukaryotic cytoskeleton no yɛ microtubules, ntam nhama ne microfilaments. Wɔ ntini bi a ɛwɔ ntini mu no, wɔfrɛ nhama a ɛwɔ ntam no sɛ ntini mu ntini. Protein ahodoɔ pii na ɛbata wɔn ho, na emu biara di nkwammoaa bi nhyehyɛeɛ so ɛnam nhama a ɛkyerɛ kwan, ɛka bom, na ɛhyehyɛ no so. Wɔnsuaa prokaryotic cytoskeleton ho ade yiye nanso ɛka ho bi na ɛma nkwammoaa no nsɛsoɔ, polarity ne cytokinesis hwɛ so. Protein a ɛwɔ microfilaments mu no yɛ protein ketewaa bi a ɛwɔ monomeric a wɔfrɛ no actin. Microtubules no fã ketewaa bi yɛ dimeric molecule a wɔfrɛ no tubulin. Mfinimfini nhama yɛ heteropolymers a ne subunits gu ahodoɔ wɔ nkwammoaa ahodoɔ a ɛwɔ ntini ahodoɔ mu no mu. Protein ahodoɔ a ɛwɔ ntam nhama mu no bi ne vimentin, desmin, lamin (lamins A, B ne C), keratin (keratin ahodoɔ pii a ɛyɛ acidic ne basic), ne neurofilament proteins (NF–L, NF–M).
Mmoawa nsusuiiɛ ahodoɔ
Wɔasusu sɛ nkwammoaa nsusuiiɛ a wɔsan frɛ no nkwammoaa nsɛsoɔ no firi nhyehyɛeɛ ne sɛdeɛ cytoskeleton no kenyan no mu na ɛba. Nkɔsoɔ pii a aba wɔ nkwammoaa nsɛsoɔ ho adesua mu firi mmoawa a ɛnyɛ den te sɛ Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, ne B. subtilis a wɔsua. Wɔahunu nkwammoaa ahodoɔ ahodoɔ na wɔaka ho asɛm, nanso ɔkwan a wɔfa so yɛ ne deɛ enti a nkwammoaa yɛ nsusuiiɛ ahodoɔ no, wɔda so ara nnim kɛse. Nkwammoaa ahodoɔ bi a wɔahunu ne abaa, cocci ne spirochaetes. Cocci wɔ kurukuruwa, bacilli wɔ te sɛ abaa tenten, ɛnna spirochaetes wɔ nsɛsoɔ a ɛyɛ kurukuruwa. Wɔakyerɛ nsusuiiɛ afoforɔ pii nso.
Nkwammoaa a edi kan no mfitiase
Anyɛ yie koraa no, nkwammoaa puei mfeɛ ɔpepepem 3.5 a atwam ni. Mprempren gyidie ne sɛ na saa nkwammoaa yi yɛ heterotrophs. Ahyɛaseɛ no mu no na nkwammoaa mu ntini a edi kan no yɛ mmerɛ na ɛtumi fa mu sene nnɛyi de no, na na sradeɛ nkɔnsɔnkɔnsɔn baako pɛ na ɛwɔ sradeɛ biara mu. Wonim sɛ sradeɛ firi ne ho yɛ ntini a ɛwɔ ntoatoaso mmienu wɔ nsu mu, na anka ɛbɛtumi adi RNA anim, nanso anka wobɛtumi de RNA a ɛma nnoɔma yɛ kɛseɛ nso ayɛ nkwammoaa mu ntini a edi kan no, anaasɛ mpo na ebɛhia protein ahodoɔ a ɛwɔ nhyehyɛeɛ mu ansa na ayɛ.
Anuanom
Abusuabɔ
Nsusuwii ahorow a ɛda adi pefee
Abanoma
Abakɔsɛm
Nneɛma a edi hɔ a ɛfa mmofra a wɔfa wɔn sɛ wɔn mma ho no dannan wɔn ho no hwee United States man a na ɛrenya nkɔso no nsam. Atubrafo a wɔbae ntɛmntɛm ne Amerika Ɔmanko no maa nyisaa atrae ne mmofra a wɔahu wɔn afie dɔɔso dodo wɔ afeha a ɛto so dunkron no mfinimfini a ebi mmae da. Charles Loring Brace a na ɔyɛ Protestantfo ɔsomfo no ho dwiriw no wɔ waiffo dɔm a wonni afie a na wɔrekyinkyin New York Kuropɔn no mmɔnten so no ho. Brace buu mmerante ne mmabaa a wɔagyaw wɔn hɔ, titiriw Katolekfo, sɛ wɔyɛ ade a ɛyɛ hu sen biara a ɛrekasa atia kurow no nhyehyɛe.[26][27]
Nnɛyi mmofra a wɔfa wɔn sɛ wɔn mma
Adeyɛ a ɛne sɛ wɔfa wɔn sɛ wɔn mma a wɔato mu (a wɔsan frɛ no kokoam anaasɛ kokoam mmofra a wɔfa wɔn sɛ wɔn mma),[73] a ɛnyɛ nea wɔtaa yɛ wɔ nnɛyi abakɔsɛm fa kɛse no ara mu no,[74] hyɛ nsɛm a ɛma wohu obi nyinaa ano, ɛkora so sɛ ɛyɛ kokoam na esiw awofo a wɔagye wɔn ayɛ wɔn mma no a wɔbɛda no adi no ano’, biological kin’s, ne wɔn a wɔagye wɔn ayɛ wɔn mma no ho nsɛm. Ne nyinaa mu no, agyede a wɔato mu no betumi ama wɔatumi de nsɛm a ɛnyɛ nea ɛkyerɛ sɛ obi yɛ te sɛ aduruyɛ ho abakɔsɛm ne nyamesom ne mmusuakuw a wofi mu akɔma afoforo.[75] Ɛnnɛ, esiane guankɔbea ahobammɔ ho mmara a U.S. aman bi ahyɛ mu nti, kokoam mmofra a wɔfa wɔn sɛ wɔn mma no renya nkɛntɛnso foforo. Wɔ aman a wɔfrɛ no "dan a ahobammɔ wom" mu no, wobetumi agyaw nkokoaa a wɔmmɔ wɔn din wɔ ayaresabea ahorow, odumgyafo adwumayɛbea ahorow, anaa polisifo adwumayɛbea ahorow mu wɔ nna kakraa bi akyi wɔ awo akyi, adeyɛ a ahyehyɛde ahorow bi a wɔkamfo mmofra a wɔfa wɔn sɛ wɔn mma no kasa tia sɛ ɛyɛ nea ɛkɔ akyi na asiane wom.
Ɔsesɛw ne nkabom a ɛrekɔ so
Nnipa a wɔagye wɔn ayɛ wɔn mma no fi bere tenten abɔ mmɔden sɛ wobeyi mmara ahorow yi afi hɔ sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wobetumi anya wɔn ankasa awo ho adansedi krataa a edi kan. Nneɛma a wɔyɛe sɛ wobeyi awo ho adansedi nkrataa a edi kan ne mmofra a wɔagye wɔn ayɛ wɔn mma no ho kyerɛwtohɔ afoforo a wɔayɛ ama wɔn no dɔɔso wɔ 1970 mfe no mu a wogye toom kɛse sɛ wɔmfa mmara mma wɔn mma no. Wɔ United States no, Jean Paton hyehyɛɛ Orphan Voyage wɔ afe 1954 mu, na Florence Fisher hyehyɛɛ Adoptees' Liberty Movement Association (ALMA) wɔ afe 1971 mu, na ɔfrɛɛ kyerɛwtohɔ ahorow a wɔasɔ ano no "ade a wɔsɛe nnipa nidi".[168] Bere a wɔ afe 1975 mu no, Emma May Vilardi yɛɛ kyerɛwtohɔ a edi kan a wɔn nyinaa pene so, Amanaman Ntam Soundex Reunion Registry (ISRR), a ɛmaa wɔn a wɔfaa wɔn sɛ wɔn mma no atetew wɔn ho no tumi huu wɔn ho wɔn ho. na Lee Campbell ne awofo afoforo hyehyɛɛ CUB (Concerned United Birthparents). Na nsusuwii a ɛte saa ara renya nkɔso wɔ wiase nyinaa wɔ ahyehyɛde ahorow a ɛwɔ fam te sɛ Parent Finders a ɛwɔ Canada ne Jigsaw a ɛwɔ Australia no mu. Wɔ afe 1975 mu no, England ne Wales buee kyerɛwtohɔ ahorow a egyina abrabɔ pa so.[170]
Nnɛyi mmofra a wɔfa wɔn sɛ wɔn mma
Foster care adoption: eyi yɛ ofie adoption bi a mfiase no wɔde abofra bi to ɔmanfo hwɛ mu. Mpɛn pii no, awofo a wɔhwɛ mmofra no gye wɔn sɛ wɔn mma no bere a mmofra no nya ahofadi wɔ mmara kwan so no. Ɛsono sɛnea ɛho hia sɛ ɔkwan a wɔfa so gye wɔn mma no wɔ ɔman biara mu. Wɔ 127,500 a wɔfaa wɔn sɛ wɔn mma wɔ U.S. wɔ afe 2000 mu no,[82] bɛyɛ 51,000 anaa 40% nam mmofra a wɔhwɛ wɔn so nhyehyɛe so.[83]
Wɔn a wɔagye wɔn ayɛ wɔn mma no awofoyɛ
Nkɛntɛnso a enya wɔ awofo a wodii kan bae no so
Abakɔsɛm
Germanfo, Celtfo, ne Slavfo amammerɛ a na ɛwɔ Europa so wɔ Roma Ahemman no asehwe akyi no anuonyamfo no kasa tiaa adeyɛ a ɛne sɛ wɔfa wɔn sɛ wɔn mma no.[15] Wɔ mfinimfini mmere mu ɔmanfo mu no, na mogya ahorow na ɛho hia sen biara; wɔde ahemman a edi tumi a na onni ɔdedifo a ɛda adi sɛ "wɔwoo no wɔ abɔde mu" no sii ananmu, na ɛne Romafo atetesɛm ahorow bɔ abira koraa. Europa mmara a ɛdannan no da saa akyide a wɔmpɛ sɛ wɔfa wɔn sɛ wɔn mma no adi. Sɛ nhwɛso no, Engiresifo mmara a wɔtaa de di dwuma no amma kwan mma wɔmfa obi mma efisɛ na ɛne agyapade ho mmara a wɔtaa de di dwuma no bɔ abira. Wɔ saa kwan koro no ara so no, France Napoleon Mmara no maa ɛyɛ den sɛ wobegye mmofra ayɛ wɔn ba, na ɛhwehwɛɛ sɛ wɔn a wɔfa no sɛ wɔn ba no di boro mfe 50, wonni mma, anyɛ yiye koraa no, wɔn mfe 15 sen nea wɔagye no ayɛ wɔn ba no, na anyɛ yiye koraa no, wɔatete nea wɔagye no ayɛ wɔn ba no mfe asia. Nanso, mmofra a wɔfa wɔn sɛ wɔn mma no bi kɔɔ so bae, nanso ɛbɛyɛɛ nea ɛnyɛ ɔkwan biara so, a egyina apam ahorow a wɔyɛe bere tiaa bi so. Sɛ nhwɛso no, wɔ afe 737 mu no, wɔ mmara bi a efi Lucca kurow mu mu no, wɔyɛɛ nnipa baasa a wɔagye wɔn ayɛ wɔn mma no agyapade bi adedifo. Te sɛ nhyehyɛe afoforo a ɛwɔ hɔ nnɛ no, apam no sii asɛyɛde a ɛda nea wɔagye no ayɛ ne ba no so dua sen sɛ obegye ne ba no, na ɛtwee adwene sii nokwasɛm a ɛyɛ sɛ, wɔ apam no ase no, na wɔayɛ sɛ wɔbɛhwɛ agya a ɔfaa no ayɛ ne ba no wɔ ne nkwakoraabere mu no so; adwene a ɛte sɛ nsusuwii ahorow a ɛfa mmofra a wɔfa wɔn sɛ wɔn mma ho wɔ Roma mmara ase no.[17]
Nnɛyi mmofra a wɔfa wɔn sɛ wɔn mma
Nkwaboaa a wɔfa wɔn sɛ wɔn mma: egyina nkwaboaa a aka a wɔde ma bere a wɔawie awarefo biako aduruyɛ a wɔde nyinsɛn ba wɔ afiri mu no so; wɔde nkwaboaa ma ankorankoro anaa awarefo foforo, na ɛno akyi no wɔde saa nkwaboaa no gu ɔbea a wɔde no ma no no awotwaa mu, na ama nyinsɛn ne awo ayɛ mmerɛw. Wɔ United States no, agyapade ho mmara na ɛkyerɛ mma nkwaboaa a wɔfa wɔn sɛ wɔn mma sen sɛ asɛnnibea nhyehyɛe ahorow na ɛkyerɛ kwan, a ɛne atetesɛm mu mmofra a wɔfa wɔn sɛ wɔn mma no bɔ abira.
Ɔman Ho Dɔ (Nationalism)
Abakɔsɛm
Ɔmampɛfo yɛ obi a osusuw akansi mu anuonyam nkutoo ho, anaasɛ titiriw. Ebia ɔyɛ ɔmampɛfo a ɔwɔ adwempa anaasɛ ɔnyɛ papa —kyerɛ sɛ, obetumi de n’adwene mu ahoɔden adi dwuma wɔ nkɔso anaasɛ animguase mu —nanso sɛnea ɛte biara no, n’adwene dan kɔ nkonimdi, nkogudi, nkonimdi ne animguase so bere nyinaa. Ohu abakɔsɛm, titiriw nnɛyi abakɔsɛm, bere a tumi akɛse akuw a ɛkɔ soro ne nea ɛkɔ fam a enni awiei ne adeyɛ biara a ɛba no te sɛ nea ɛkyerɛ sɛ n’ankasa afã wɔ nkɔso mu na akansifo bi a wɔtan no wɔ fam. Nanso awiei koraa no, ɛho hia sɛ yɛmfa ɔmampɛ ne nkonimdi som ara kwa. Ɔmampɛfo no nkɔ nnyinasosɛm a ɛne sɛ ɔne ɔfã a emu yɛ den sen biara no bɛbom ayɛ kuw kɛkɛ no so. Nea ɛne no bɔ abira no, esiane sɛ wapaw n’afã nti, ɔtwetwe ne ho sɛ ɛno ne nea emu yɛ den sen biara na otumi bata ne gyidi ho bere mpo a nokwasɛm ahorow no tia no kɛse no.[239]
Harris Mylonas ne Ned Whalley boom hyehyɛɛ nsɛmma nhoma titiriw bi a ɛfa "ɔyaredɔm ɔman ho dɔ" a ɛhwehwɛ abusuabɔ a ɛda ɔmampɛ ne COVID-19 ɔyaredɔm ntam.[232] Bere a akyinnye biara nni ho sɛ ɔmampɛ boa ma wodii ɔhaw ahorow a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ ɔman no ahye so wɔ ɔyaredɔm no mu no so nkonim no, asɛe no wɔ wiase nyinaa. Nhwɛso a emu da hɔ sen biara ne amanaman ntam ahyehyɛde ahorow a wɔantumi anhyehyɛ mmuae a ɛfata no. Sɛnea wɔkae no, "Wɔ ɔyaredɔm no mu no, ɔmampɛ nnipa akontaabu adi nkonim. Wɔatrɛw biakoyɛ mu akɔ aman a wɔka wɔn ho wɔn ho mu nanso ɛnyɛ nea ɛreba kɛse nsen saa bere no. Aman nyinaa ayɛ ho biribi denam dan a wɔdan kɔ wɔn mu no so. Ɔhye a wɔato mu ayɛ ade titiriw wɔ." mmɔdenbɔ a wɔde brɛɛ nneɛma ase fi mfiase pɛɛ, ne lockdowns a wɔmaa ɛyɛɛ mmara kwan so de na wɔtaa de di dwuma denam ɔman ne ɔman ho dɔ ho nsɛm so."[233]
Asɛm titiriw: Ɔmampɛ ne agumadi
Integral, pan ne irredentism
Mmoa a Wɔyɛn
Ɛduru tete anibue te sɛ tete Misraim berɛ so no, na wɔretete anantwi, nnwan, mpapo, ne mprako wɔ afie mu.
Mfinimfini Mmere mu kuayɛ
Peas, bankye ne vetches bɛyɛɛ nea abu soɔ; wɔman asase no mu nnɔbaeɛ kɔɔ soro denam nitrogen a wɔde si hɔ so, na ɛmaa wɔtumi tenaa mmoa pii.
Kuadwuma mu Nsakraeɛ
Asɛm titiriw: Britania Kuadwuma mu nsakraeɛ
Herdwick nnwan a wɔyɛn
Kriket a wɔyɛ
Nsu mu mfonini a wɔde ayɛ afuw gyaade a nantwi, ɔpɔnkɔ, mprako, ne nkokɔ wɔ so
Mfuw pa, aduan a ɛfata, ne ahotew ne nneɛma atitiriw a ɛma mmoa nya akwahosan wɔ afuw no mu, na ɛde sikasɛm mu mfaso ba denam nneɛma a wɔyɛ no kɛse so. Sɛ, ahwɛyiye ahorow yi nyinaa akyi no, mmoa da so ara yare a, wɔde mmoa nnuru sa wɔn yare, a okuafo ne mmoa ho ɔyaresafo no na ɛyɛ wɔn yare. Wɔ Europa Aman Nkabom Kuo no mu no, sɛ akuafoɔ sa wɔn ankasa mmoa yareɛ a, wɔhwehwɛ sɛ wɔdi akwankyerɛ a wɔde sa wɔn yareɛ no akyi na wɔkyerɛw ayaresa a wɔde ama wɔn no.[38] Mmoa tumi nya nyarewa ne tebea horow bi a ebetumi aka wɔn akwahosan. Ebinom, te sɛ mprako atiridiinini a wɔtaa de di dwuma[39] ne scrapie[40] no yɛ mmoa bi pɔtee, bere a afoforo te sɛ anan ne ano yare ka mmoa a wɔn nan ase apaapae nyinaa.[41] Mmoa a wɔte tebea horow a emu yɛ den mu no taa nya mmoawa a wɔsɛe nnɔbae wɔ wɔn mu ne wɔn akyi; po mu nwansena dodow a ɛrekɔ soro no rehaw salmon a wɔyɛn wɔn kua wɔ Scotland.[42] Sɛ wɔtew mmoa a wɔde mmoawa a wɔsɛe nnɔbae so no so a, ɛma nnɔbae ne mfaso a wonya no kɔ soro.[43]
nkokɔ nam
Asɛm titiriw: Nkokoaa a wɔyɛn wɔn
Kokoram
Etymology ne nkyerɛase ahorow
Mogya ntini a wɔyɛ no ho nkuranhyɛ
Ntotoeɛ
Nnuru a wɔde sa yare
Etymology ne nkyerɛase ahorow
Nkwammoaa nyin ne mpaapaemu nni nsɛnkyerɛnne a ɛfata
Nneɛma a ɛde ba
Nnuan pɔtee bi ne kokoram pɔtee bi wɔ abusuabɔ. Aduan a nkyene pii wom no ne yafunu mu kokoram wɔ abusuabɔ.[56] Aflatoxin B1, a ɛtaa de efĩ gu aduan mu no de mmerɛbo mu kokoram ba.[56] Betel nut a wɔwe no betumi ama obi anya kokoram wɔ anom.[56] Ebia nsonsonoe a ɛwɔ ɔman no aduan mu nneyɛe mu no bɛkyerɛkyerɛ nsonsonoe a ɛwɔ kokoram a ɛba mu no mu fa bi. Sɛ nhwɛso no, yafunu mu kokoram abu so kɛse wɔ Japan esiane nkyene pii a wodi nti[57] bere a akyi berɛmo mu kokoram abu so kɛse wɔ United States. Atubrafo kokoram ho nsɛm no te sɛ wɔn man foforo no de, mpɛn pii no wɔ awo ntoatoaso biako mu.[58]
Nsɛm foforo: Nsa ne kokoram ne Sigaretnom ne kokoram
Wɔ wiase nyinaa no, nnipa a kokoram kunkum wɔn no mu bɛyɛ 18% fa nyarewa a wɔde yare mmoawa ba ho. Saa dodow yi fi 25% a ɛkorɔn wɔ Afrika kosi nea ennu 10% wɔ aman a wɔanya nkɔso no mu. Virus ne nneɛma a wɔtaa de nyarewa ba a ɛde kokoram ba nanso kokoram mmoawa ne mmoawa a wɔsɛe nnɔbae nso betumi adi dwuma.
Asɛm titiriw: Aduandi ne kokoram
Nsɛnkyerɛnne ne sɛnkyerɛnne ahorow
Nneɛma a ɛwɔ nipadua no mu no betumi aba esiane sɛnea nipadua no yɛ n’ade wɔ kokoram no ho nti. Ebia nea ɛka eyi ho ne ɔbrɛ, mu duru a wɔanhyɛ da a ɛso tew, anaasɛ honam ani a ɛbɛsakra.Kokoram ahorow bi betumi ama nipadua no mu ɔhyew tebea bi a ɛma ntini ahorow no kɔ so hwere na ɛyɛ mmerɛw, a wɔfrɛ no cachexia.
Ntotoeɛ
Ayaresa a ɛma obi ho dwo no
Pathophysiology ho adesua
Ɛtɔ mmere bi a wɔkamfo aduan a carbohydrate kakraa bi na ɛwom (ketogenic diet) kyerɛ sɛ aduru a ɛboa ma kokoram sa.[116][117]
Nkyekyɛmu
Wɔto kokoram ahorow bi din esiane sɛnea nkwammoaa no kɛse ne sɛnea ɛte wɔ afiri a wɔde hwɛ nneɛma nketenkete mu nti, te sɛ nkwammoaa akɛse mu kokoram, spindle cell carcinoma ne nkwammoaa nketewa kokoram.
Wobetumi atew asiane a ɛwɔ hɔ sɛ obi benya kokoram ahorow bi so denam sigaretnom a wɔrennom, ne mu duru a ɛfata a wɔbɛkɔ so atra mu, nsa a wɔnom ano hye, nhabannuru, nnuaba, ne aburow a wɔayam no yiye a wobedi, nyarewa bi a wɔde yare mmoawa ba a wɔbɛbɔ wɔn ho ban, nam a wɔayɛ ho adwuma ne nam kɔkɔɔ a wɔbɛtow ano hye, ne nea wɔbɛto ano hye so owia hann a ɛba tẽẽ.Sɛ wohu ntɛm denam nhwehwɛmu so a, ɛho wɔ mfaso ma awotwaa ne akyi berɛmo mu kokoram. Mfaso a ɛwɔ nufu mu kokoram a wɔhwehwɛ mu no yɛ nea akyinnyegye wom.Wɔtaa de mframa bɔne a wɔde sa yare, oprehyɛn, nnuru a wɔde sa yare ne ayaresa a wɔde wɔn ani asi so a wɔaka abom bi sa kokoram. Ɛyaw ne sɛnkyerɛnne ahorow a wɔde di dwuma no yɛ ɔhwɛ no fa titiriw. Ayaresa a ɛma obi ho dwo no ho hia titiriw wɔ nnipa a wɔwɔ yare a emu yɛ den no mu. Hokwan a ɛwɔ hɔ sɛ obi benya nkwa no gyina kokoram ko a ɛwɔ ne baabi a yare no kodu bere a wɔrefi ayaresa ase no so.[10] Wɔ mmofra a wonnii mfe 15 mu bere a wohu yare no, sɛ wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ a, mfe anum a wɔde tra ase wɔ aman a wɔanya nkɔso no mu no yɛ 80%Wɔ kokoram ho wɔ United States no, sɛ wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ a, mfe anum a wɔde tra ase no yɛ 66%.
Siw a wosiw ano
Wɔkyerɛkyerɛ kokoram ano aduru mu sɛ nneɛma a ɛyɛ nnam a wɔde bɛtew kokoram ho asiane so.[121] Kokoram dodow no ara fi nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a asiane wom. Nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia yi mu pii yɛ asetra kwan a wotumi di so. Enti, mpɛn pii no, wotumi siw kokoram ano.[122] Kokoram a ɛtaa ba no mu 70% kosi 90% fi nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia mu ma enti wobetumi asiw ano.[123]
Pathophysiology ho adesua
DNA a wɔsɛe no kɛse no ma nkwaadɔm mu nsakrae kɔ soro (mfonini no fa nifa so) na ɛma nipadua no mu nkwaadɔm mu nsakrae kɔ soro. Bere a wɔresiesie DNA nhama abien a abubu, anaasɛ wɔresiesie DNA afoforo a asɛe no, mmeae a wosiesie no a wɔansiesie no yiye no betumi ama epigenetic gene silencing.[103][104]
Nkyekyɛmu
Wɔtaa de -carcinoma, -sarcoma anaa -blastoma di dwuma de to kokoram din sɛ akyi, a Latin anaa Hela asɛmfua a ɛkyerɛ akwaa anaa ntini a efi mu no yɛ ntini. Sɛ nhwɛso no, wɔfrɛ mmerɛbo mu ntini mu kokoram a efi nkwammoaa a ɛwɔ nipadua no mu a ɛyɛ hu mu ba no hepatocarcinoma, bere a wɔfrɛ ɔyare bɔne a efi mmerɛbo mu nkwammoaa a edi kan a edi kan mu ba no hepatoblastoma na wɔfrɛ kokoram a efi srade nkwammoaa mu ba no liposarcoma. Wɔ kokoram ahorow bi a abu so ho no, wɔde Engiresi akwaa din no na edi dwuma. Sɛ nhwɛso no, wɔfrɛ nufu mu kokoram a ɛtaa ba no. Ɛha no, asɛmfua a wɔde gyina hɔ ma ductal no kyerɛ sɛnea kokoram no da adi wɔ afiri a wɔde hwɛ nneɛma nketenkete mu, a ɛkyerɛ sɛ efi ase wɔ nufusu ntini ahorow no mu.
Ɔmanfo ne amammerɛ
Adwene biako a ɛfa nea enti a wɔde asodi to nnipa a wɔwɔ kokoram so anaasɛ wɔbɔ wɔn animtiaa, a wɔfrɛ no wiase atɛntrenee ho adwene a ɛne sɛ kokoram ho asodi a wɔde to ɔyarefo no nneyɛe anaa ne suban so no ma wɔn a wɔde asodi no to wɔn so no tumi san nya tumidi ho adwene. Eyi gyina asodifo no gyidi so sɛ wiase no yɛ nea ɛteɛ titiriw na enti ɛsɛ sɛ yare biara a ɛyɛ hu, te sɛ kokoram, yɛ asotwe bi a wɔde ma wɔ nneɛma bɔne a wɔpaw ho, efisɛ wɔ wiase a ɛteɛ mu no, nneɛma bɔne rensi nnipa pa ].
Nyinsɛn
Ayaresa ahorow bi betumi asiw ɛna no kwan sɛ ɔbɛwo wɔ ɔbea no awotwaa mu anaasɛ ɔbɛma nufu.[257] Ebia awotwaa mu kokoram bɛhwehwɛ sɛ wɔwo no denam oprehyɛn a wɔde yɛ oprehyɛn so. Mframa a wɔde kɔ nufu no mu no ma tumi a saa nufu no tumi yɛ nufusu no so tew na ɛma asiane a ɛwɔ hɔ sɛ obenya nufu mu yare no yɛ kɛse. Afei nso, sɛ wɔde nnuru a wɔde sa yare ma wɔ awo akyi a, nnuru no pii pue wɔ nufusu mu, na ebetumi apira akokoaa no.[257]