cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Ɔbarima
Abɔde a Nkwa Wom Ho Adesua
Ahurututu a ayɛ kɛse (a wɔsan frɛ no Adam apɔw-mu-teɛteɛ);[13] ne
Ɛnne a emu dɔ kɛse sen abofra anaa ɔbea nne.[11]
Awo ho nhyehyɛe
Ɔbarima awo ho nhyehyɛe no ka akyi ne mu honam akwaa ho. Ɔbarima akyi berɛmo no yɛ ɔbarima no akyi berɛmo, ɔbarima no akyi berɛmo, ne akyi berɛmo, berɛ a ɔbarima no akyi berɛmo no yɛ awotwaa, prostate, epididymis, seminal vesicle, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, ne bulbourethral gland. [14].
Ɔbarima awo nhyehyɛe no adwuma ne sɛ ɛbɛma mmadwoa aba, a ɛde mmadwoa ba na ɛnam so de awosu mu nsɛm a ebetumi ne ɛwo a ɛwɔ ɔbea mu ayɛ biako. Esiane sɛ mmadwoa a ɛkɔ ɔbea awotwaa mu na afei ɛkɔ awotwaa mu no kɔ so ma ɛwo a nyin bɛyɛ akokoaa anaa abofra nti, ɔbarima awo nhyehyɛe no nni dwuma biara a ɛho hia wɔ nyinsɛn no mu. Wɔfrɛ mmarima awo ne akwaa ahorow a ɛbata ho ho adesua no andrology.
Testosterone kanyan Wolffian ntini ahorow, ɔbarima no akyi berɛmo, ne labioscrotal folds a ɛtow kɔ awotwaa no mu no nyin. Hormone foforo a ɛho hia wɔ nna mu nsonsonoe mu ne hormone a ɛko tia Müllerian, a esiw Müllerian ntini ahorow no kwan. Wɔ mmarima fam bere a wɔrenyin no, testosterone, ne gonadotropin a pituitary ntini no ma ɛba no kanyan mmadwoa a ɛba no.
Apomuden
Bere a wiase nyinaa akwahosan mu nsonsonoe dodow no ara yɛ nea wɔde toto mmea ho no, tebea horow bi wɔ hɔ a mmarima taa di hia kɛse. Ade biako a ɛte saa ne akodi a wɔde di ako, a mpɛn pii no mmarima na wɔyɛ wɔn ayayade ntɛm ara no. Nhwehwɛmu bi a wɔyɛe wɔ ntawntawdi a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ aman 13 mu fi 1955 kosi 2002 mu no kyerɛe sɛ nnipa a basabasayɛ wom a wowuwui wɔ ɔko mu nyinaa mu 81% yɛ mmarima.[15] Sɛ akodi ahorow da nkyɛn a, mmeae a basabasayɛ kɔ so kɛse, te sɛ mmeae a nnubɔne ho akuw di so no nso hu mmarima a wowuwu kɛse. Eyi fi asetra mu gyidi ahorow a ɛde ɔbarimayɛ ho adwene ahorow bata nneyɛe a ɛyɛ basabasa, a ɛne ne ho di asi ho.[16] Nea etwa to no, wɔde nsakrae a ɛba mpofirim na ɛyɛ hu wɔ sikasɛm mu tebea horow mu ne asetra mu ahobammɔ afiri a wɔhwere, titiriw asetra mu mmoa ne aduan ho sika a wɔde tua ho ka nso abata nsa a wɔnom ne adwene mu nhyɛso a ɛkɔ soro wɔ mmarima mu ho, na ɛma mmarima a wowuwu no dodow kɔ soro. Eyi te saa efisɛ tebea horow a ɛtete saa no taa ma ɛyɛ den ma mmarima sɛ wɔbɛhwɛ wɔn abusua, adwuma a wɔde bere tenten abu no sɛ "mmarimayɛ mu ade titiriw."[17] Nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛe wɔ nnipa a wɔanya atiridiinini ho nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛe wɔ bere a atwam no mu no hui sɛ nnuruyɛfo bu no adewa mmarima ho sɛnkyerɛnne, na wɔwɔ ɔpɛ kɛse sɛ wɔbɛka sɛ yare no ho sɛnkyerɛnne ne yare no fi mmea ho sen mmarima.[18] Mmea tra ase kyɛ sen mmarima wɔ aman nyinaa mu, ne mfe ahorow nyinaa mu, a kyerɛwtohɔ ahorow a wotumi de ho to so wɔ hɔ.[19] Wɔ United States no, mmarima nni apɔwmuden pii sen mmea wɔ asetra mu akuw nyinaa mu. Mmarima a wɔnyɛ aborɔfo titiriw na wonni apɔwmuden. Mmarima wɔ nnwuma a asiane wom mu dodo na wogyina hɔ ma nnipa dodow no ara a wowuwu wɔ adwuma no mu. Bio nso, nnuruyɛfo ma mmarima som adwuma pii, wɔmfa afotu pii mma, na wɔmfa bere pii mma mmarima sen sɛnea wɔde ma mmea wɔ aduruyɛ mu nhyiam biara mu.
Nna ne ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna ho nsɛm
Ɛsono ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna ne nea ɛtwetwe no, na nneɛma pii betumi aka ɔbarima nna ho nneyɛe, a nea ɛka ho ne ne su a ɛkɔ so, nipasu, ntetee, ne amammerɛ. Bere a mmarima dodow no ara yɛ mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da no, kakraa bi a ɛho hia yɛ mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da anaa mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da.[21]
Mmarima a wɔadan wɔn ho no wɔ ɔbarima bɔbeasu ho nkyerɛkyerɛmu a ɛne wɔn ɔbea nna ho dwumadi nhyia wɔ awo mu na wobetumi ayɛ wɔn hormone a wɔde si mmarima ananmu ne/anaasɛ wɔbɛyɛ wɔn oprehyɛn a wɔde bɛsan de nna ho dwuma, bere a ebia mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da no benya nna ho su ahorow a ɛne mmarima abɔde a nkwa wom ho adwene a wɔtaa de di dwuma no nhyia. 22] . Afe 2016 nhyehyeɛ nhwehwɛmu bi buu akontaa sɛ nnipa 0.256% kyerɛ wɔn ho sɛ wɔyɛ ɔbaa-kɔ-ɔbarima a wɔsakra wɔn bɔbeasu.[23] Nhwehwɛmu bi a wɔyɛe wɔ afe 2017 mu a wɔyɛe wɔ Minnesota sukuufo 80,929 mu no kyerɛe sɛ mmabun a wɔde mmea ahyɛ wɔn nsa no dodow bɛyɛ mmɔho abien na wɔkyerɛe sɛ wɔyɛ wɔn a wɔsakra wɔn bɔbeasu, sɛ wɔde toto mmabun a wɔde mmarima nna ho dwumadi ama wɔn no ho a.[24]
Ɔbarimayɛ
Mmarimayɛ (ɛtɔ mmere bi a wɔsan frɛ no mmarimayɛ anaa mmarimayɛ) yɛ su ahorow, nneyɛe, ne dwumadi ahorow a ɛfa mmarimaa ne mmarima ho. Ɛwom sɛ ɔbarimayɛ yɛ asetra mu nhyehyɛe de,[25] nhwehwɛmu bi kyerɛ sɛ nneyɛe bi a wobu no sɛ ɔbarimayɛ no nya abɔde mu nkɛntɛnso.[26] Baabi a ɔbarimayɛ nya abɔde anaa asetra so nkɛntɛnso kodu no yɛ nea wogye ho akyinnye.[26] Ɛyɛ soronko wɔ nkyerɛase a ɛfa ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna a ɛwɔ abɔde mu ho no ho, efisɛ mmarima ne mmea nyinaa tumi da ɔbarima su ahorow adi.[27]
Mmarima anaa ɔbarimayɛ gyinapɛn ahorow gu ahorow wɔ amammerɛ ne abakɔsɛm mmere ahorow mu.[28] Bere a ɔbarimayɛ ho sɛnkyerɛnne a ɛwɔ akyi no hwɛ soronko wɔ amammerɛ ahorow mu no, nneɛma bi wɔ hɔ a ɛtaa ba wɔ ne nkyerɛase mu wɔ amammerɛ ahorow nyinaa mu. Wɔ amammerɛ nyinaa mu wɔ bere a atwam no mu, na ɛda so ara wɔ atetesɛm ne nea ɛnyɛ Atɔe famfo amammerɛ mu no, aware ne nsonsonoe a abu so na ɛyɛ pintinn wɔ mmarimaa ne mmarimayɛ ntam.[29] Wɔ afeha a ɛto so 20 awiei no, na wɔda so ara bu su ahorow bi a wɔtaa de bata aware ho (te sɛ "Ps abiɛsa" a ɛfa ahobammɔ, ma, ne awo ho) sɛ ɛyɛ sɛnkyerɛnne a ɛkyerɛ sɛ wanya ɔbarimayɛ.
Nnipa ho adesua ada no adi sɛ ɔbarimayɛ ankasa wɔ asetra mu gyinabea, te sɛ ahonyade, abusuakuw ne asetra mu kuw no ara pɛ. Sɛ nhwɛso no, wɔ Atɔe Famfo amammerɛ mu no, mmarimayɛ kɛse taa de asetra mu dibea kɛse ba. Engiresi nsɛmfua pii te sɛ virtue ne virile (a efi Indo-Europa ntini vir a ɛkyerɛ onipa) da eyi adi.[31][32]
Ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna ho sɛnkyerɛnne
Mars agyiraehyɛde (♂) yɛ agyiraehyɛde a wɔtaa de gyina hɔ ma ɔbarima nna.[33] Agyiraehyɛde no ne Mars okyinnsoromma agyiraehyɛde no yɛ pɛ.[34] Carl Linnaeus na odii kan de kyerɛɛ ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna wɔ 1751. Ɛtɔ mmere bi a wohu sɛnkyerɛnne no sɛ Roma nyame Mars kyɛm ne ne peaw a wɔayɛ no sɛnea wɔpɛ. Nanso, sɛnea Stearn kyerɛ no, saa nsɛm a wonya fii mu yi yɛ "nsusuwii" na abakɔsɛm mu adanse no nyinaa foa "Franseni tete nhomanimfo Claude de Saumaise (Salmasius, 1588–1683) awiei" sɛ wonya fii θρ, Helafo din bi a wɔatwa no mu ma okyinnsoromma Mars a ɛyɛ Thouros.[35]
Ababaawa
Ababaawa yɛ ɔbaa a ɔyɛ panin. Wɔ mpanindie mu no, ɔbaa yɛ abaayewa(abɔfra a ɔyɛ ɔbaa anaasɛ nea waduru ne mpaninfie so). Ne dodoɔ kabea mmabaawa yɛ edin a wɔdi di dwuma wɔ ɔkasamu bi mu ye sɛ "women's Rights" de kyerɛ mmaa a ɛmfa ho ne wɔ mfeɛ. Mpempii no, mmabaawa ɛgyina hɔ ma X chromosomes firi wɔn awofoɔ hɔ, na wɔbɛtumi ayɛm asane awo wɔberɛ a waduru ne mpaninfie so de kɔpem sɛ ɔbɛtena bra. Nea ɛma mma no da nso wɔ ɔbaa no awodeɛ mu no yɛ adeɛ a ɛnni hɔ, SRY-gene wɔ sex chromosomes no mu biara. Nnoɔma a ɛwɔ mmaa nnipadua te sɛ ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, ne vulva yɛ adeɛ a ɛma wɔda nso wɔmmarima no nnipadua ho.Mmaa pelvic no trɛ, wɔn dwonku nso bae na wɔn nofo nso soso kyɛn mmarima mpaninfoɔ no. Mmaa nhyɛda nni nwii pii wɔ wɔn anim, na wɔn honam soso na wɔyɛ tietia na wɔn nnipadua mmobɔeɛ te sɛ mmarima. Wɔ nnipa abakɔsɛm mu no, tete no na nnipa su dwumadie no ma mmaa yɛ nnwuma ne akwanya pɔtee bi; akristofoɔ nkyerɛkyerɛ de mmara maa mmaa. Berɛ a akwansideɛ no refiri hɔ nkakrankakra wɔ 20th century wɔ mpɔtam pii mu no, mmabaawa nyaa nnwuma mu kwan ma no boro wɔn a wɔwɔ fie no deɛ ne kwan a wɔbɛfa so akɔ sukuu aduro akyire. Ntawantawa a akɔso tia mmaa, sɛ ɛfiri abusua mu anaa mpɔtam mu, wɔ abakɔsɛm pii na ɛyɛ adeɛ a mmarima na ɛyɛ saa adeɛ no. Wɔmma mmaa bi nyɛ wɔn mmaa asɛdeɛ. Anammɔntuo ne adwene a ɛmaa akyi ne sɛ wɔn nyinaa bɛyɛ pɛ. Mmaa a wɔ sesa ne nnipa su no wɔ adeɛ bi a ɛbɛkyerɛ sɛ ɔyɛ ɔbaa anaa barima a ɛne mmarima asɛdeɛ sɛ ɔnwo no nkɔ, mmaa a ɔwɔ agyapadeɛ mmienu bɛtumi anya nnipa su ho su a ɛne mmaa deɛ no nkɔ.
Edin Ahodoɔ a wɔde di dwuma
Ababaawayɛ yɛ berɛ a ɔbaa afiri ne mmabunu berɛ kɔ mpanin mu.Aman ahodoɔ wɔ mmara ahodoɔ, nanso mfeɛ du nwɔtwe yɛ mfeɛ a yɛsusua sɛ obi anyini. Wobɛtumi de edin ababaawa adi dwuma baabi ara de akyerɛ ɔbaa, anaasɛ ɔbaa a wanyini sɛdeɛ ɛne abayewa da nso no. Abayewa kyerɛ sɛ obi a ɔsua wɔ borɔfo mu; na 16th century ahyɛaseɛ na ɛba bɛyɛɛ abayewa a ɔyɛ ɔbaa. Abayewa yɛ edin a wɔde frɛ ɔbaa a ɔsua a ɔwaree; ne saa nti wɔ afe apem ahankron ne aduoson mu no, mmaa binom ne wɔn pere saa edin no so ɛfiri sɛ edin a yɛde frɛ obi a wanyini paa tia obi. Bio, ɛnɛ edin bi te sɛ abayewa (anaa nea ɛne no sɛ wɔ kasa foforɔ) yɛ din a wɔda so de frɛ obi a ɔnwaree da; ne saa nti wɔfrɛ din no de gyegye wɔn ani ma no bɛyɛ borɔfo kasa abaawa a atwam.Yɛwɔ edin ahodoɔ pii a yɛde frɛ ababaawa. Edin "ɔbaa" kyerɛ ɔkwan a obi fa so yɛ ɔbaa; "femininity" kyerɛ mmaa su a wɔda no adi wɔ dwumadie bi a wɔde ama no;
Yafunu yareɛ
Yafunu yareɛ yɛ nsɛnkyerɛnneɛ bi a ɛyɛ yareɛ a ano yɛ den na ɛsane yɛ yareɛ a ano nnyɛ den. Nea ɛde yafunu yareɛ ba no bi ne gastroenteritis ne irritable bowel syndrome. Nnipa bɛyɛ ɔhamu nkyekyɛmu du num na ɛwɔ tebea a ano yɛ den yi bi te sɛ appendicitis, leaking or ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm, diverticulitis, anaasɛ nyinsɛn a abɔfra no kɔda awieeɛ no akyi. Nea ɛtɔ so mmiɛnsa a ɛde saa yareɛ no ba no mu nna hɔ. Yareɛ ahodoɔ bi nso bɛtumi de yafunu yareɛ aba, ɛkwan a yɛbɛfa so ayɛ nhwehwɛmu ahodoɔ afa obi ho wɔ ne nnidisoɔ so no nso hia.
Nhwehwɛmu Ahodoɔ
Nea Mpempii no ɛde yafunu yareɛ ba yɛ gastroenteritis (13%), irritable bowel syndrome (8%), dwonsɔ mu haw (5%), inflammation of the stomach (5%) and ayamtim (5%). Ɔhaw no mu ɔhamu nkyekyɛmu aduasa mu no, wɔnhunu nea ɛde ba.Ɛmu ɔhamu nkyekyɛmu du yɛ nea ɛde ba no ano yɛ den a gallbladder (gallstones or biliary dyskinesia) or pancreas problems (4%), diverticulitis (3%), appendicitis (2%) ne kokoram ka ho (1%). Deɛ ɛtaa ba wɔn a wanyini so no bi neischemic colitis, mesenteric ischemia, ne abdominal aortic aneurysms ne afoforɔ a ɛyɛ hu.
Yafunu yareɛ a ano yɛ den no yɛya,ɛba toatoa so a gyesɛ yɛyɛ wo opirehan de si ano kwan. Ɛteɛ ne hwene a ɔsane, abdominal distention,tiridii ne Birim bɔ tumi de yaw no ba. Tebea baako a yɛtaa hunu paa ne appendicitis a ano yɛ den..
Nea ɛdeba no bi ne
By system
Nnoɔma pii a ɛde ba no nso bi ne
Baabi a ɛwɔ
Baabi a yafunu yareɛ no wɔ no bɛtumi ama yɛahunu nea ɛde baeɛ. Yafunu no mu bɛtumi akyɛ nnan a yɛfrɛ no quadrants. Locations ne associated conditions a ɛno ne:
Mpenatweɛ
Mpenatweɛ yɛ ahogorɔ ayɔnkofa a nnipa mmienu ka wɔn ho bom yɛ nnoɔma bom, Mpempii wɔn tirimpɔ ne sɛ wɔbɛyɛ adeɛ a ɛbɛsɔ wɔn mmienu ani na daakye ɛbɛma wɔn ayɔnkofa no ayɛ krabɛhwɛ. Ɛwɔ "courtship" nkyekyɛmu no mu, a mpɔtam dwumadie a awarefoɔ nkoa anaa wɔne afoforɔ di. Mmara ne nneyɔeɛ a ɛwɔ mpenatweɛ ne edin a yɛde kyerɛ aseɛ na amammerɛ, mpɔtam ne mmerɛ da nso. Ɛwɔm sɛ mpenatweɛ yɛ anom nsɛm bi a yɛde kyerɛ nnipa a ɛwuraa mpena mu nneyɛɛ de kyerɛ wɔn ho, mpenatweɛ nso bɛtumi ayɛ nnwuma pii a ɛnkɔ so wɔ mpenatweɛ no mu. Mpenatweɛ nkyerɛase sesaa wɔ 20th century a wɔde kyerɛ sɛ ɔdɔ agodie a ɛnni mmara mu,nna mu agodie ayɔnkofa a ɛboro sɛ obi resɔ no ahwɛ a ɔda ne ho adi. Ɛwɔm sɛ nea ɛnni mmara mu, saa nkyereaseɛ no ho nyɛ na na wɔde di dwuma wɔ kasa ne atwerɛ wɔ ne kwan so. Ɛwɔm sɛ ɛyɛ akyiwadeɛ wɔ aman pii so a ɛbi yɛ abakɔsɛm, sɛ obi bɛdi mpamu agorɔ wɔberɛ a ne mmerɛ nso sɛ ɔyɛ saa yɛ adeɛ a na nnipa yɛ wɔ mfeɛ bi a atwam, a atuateɛ a ɛfa mmaa ne mmarima dikan. Wɔ nnoɔma a wɔda no adi wɔ sini, tɛlɛvihyin ne nnwom,nna nhyiamu abɛyɛ adeɛ a ɛkɔ soro paa a wagye atom sɛ ɛma ayɔnkofa no tu mpɔn.
Abakɔsɛm
Mpenatweɛ a ɛyɛ adeɛ a yɛyɛ no wɔ mmoronosoɔ yɛ adeɛ a abasosɛm, a ɛbaa bɛyɛ mfeɛ kakra bi. Wɔ asetena amamberɛmsɛm ne asetena mu nsɛm agyinaberɛ mu no, mpenatweɛ ne awareɛ ne abusua asesa koraa,  a wɔde abɛɛfo ne nnuro na atrɛ mu. Sɛdeɛ nnipa mmoronoso asesa afiri ahayɔ-ne wɔn a wɔboaboa ano dekɔ anibue mu, nnipa de nnoɔma foforɔ abɛwura mu, a wɔnim sɛ ɔbaa ne barima hyiamu a na ɛde ɛba ba. Wɔn a wɔyɛ nnipa nhwehwɛmu kyerɛ sɛ wɔ abakɔsɛm mu no, awofoɔ ne mpanimfoɔ a na ɛhyehyɛ awareɛ a wɔn tirimpɔ nyɛ ɔdɔ na mmom awugyadeɛ ne "sikasɛm ne amanyɔsɛm" ntira. Wɔne kwan so no, ɛwɔ sɛ wɔtwe mpena kakra ansana na wayɛ nea mpɔtam hɔfoɔ no bɛgye atom sɛ ɔyere ne okunu. Ɛnam sɛ nipa a ɛwɔ mpɔtam na ɛgye awarefoɔ no nkabom tom nti, wɔde awareɛ sii hɔ maa mmaa ne mmarima na ɛyɛ adeɛ a ɛwɔ hɔ, a  mmaa yɛ agyapadeɛ a agyanom de sesa ma kunu nom, a ne dwumadie ne sɛ ɔde mma ba wiase. Nkuro bi te sɛ Europe, ne China mpɔtam hyɛ nnipa ma wɔnya wɔn hokafoɔ, hyɛ wɔn sɛ wɔn ware ansana wahyiamu. mpɔtam bi nso hunu sɛ saa nkabom no yɛ adeɛ a ɛyɛ a ɛbɛma watete mma na asane asi mente meho ase ne ntɔkwa kwan ɛnam nnamfofoɔ akansie so. Nhwehwɛmu a wanya afa nnipa anibue ho no, de wura Middle ages wɔ Europe no, na wɔhunu ayeforɔ yɛ sɛ abusuafoɔ na ahyehyɛ adwuma a ɛma sika, na ɔdɔ agodie yɛ adeɛ a na ɛnkɔ so wɔ awareɛ bi te sɛ covert awareɛ. 12th century nwoma The Art of Courtly Love tuufo sɛ " ɔdɔ korɔgyee ntumi ntena okunu ne ɔyere ntam". Adwene baako kyerɛ sɛ, mmaa ne mmarima nhyiamu a ɛkɔ so ansana awareɛ aba so no yɛ adeɛ a aduru mpenatweɛ mu nnɛ.
Nyankontɔn
Nyankontɔn yɛ wim tebea ho adeyɛ a ɛnam hann a ɛtwetwe, ɛbɔ ne nea ɛbɔ wɔ nsuo mu a ɛma hann ahodoɔ bi pue wɔ wim na ɛba. Ɛfa ɔkwan a ɛyɛ kurukuruwa a ɛwɔ kɔla ahorow pii so. Nyankontɔn a owia hann de ba no pue wɔ wim fa a ɛne Owia no di nhwɛanim tẽẽ no bere nyinaa.
nyankontɔn betumi ayɛ kurukuruwa a ɛyɛ ma. Nanso, mpɛn pii no, nea ɔhwɛ ade no hu arc bi a nsu a ɛtɔ gu fam a ɛhyerɛn ayɛ no nkutoo,[1] na ɛwɔ mfinimfini wɔ nsensanee bi a efi Owia no so kɔ nea ɔhwɛ no aniwa so.
Wɔ nyankontɔn titiriw mu no, arc no kyerɛ kɔkɔɔ wɔ akyi fa na ɛyɛ violet wɔ mu fa no. Saa nyankontɔn yi fi hann a ɛpaapae bere a ɛhyɛn nsu a ɛtɔ gu mu no mu, afei ɛdannan wɔ mu wɔ nsu a ɛtɔ gu fam no akyi na ɛsan paapae bere a efi mu no.
Wɔ nyankontɔn a ɛbɔ ho abien mu no, wohu ahama a ɛto so abien wɔ ahama titiriw no akyi, na wɔadan ne kɔla ahorow no nnidiso nnidiso, na kɔkɔɔ wɔ ahama no mu fa. Eyi fi hann a ɛdannan mprenu wɔ nsu a ɛtɔ gu fam no mu ansa na afi mu no.
Nsɛm a wɔaka abom
Nyankontɔn nni baabi pɔtee bi a ɛne nea ɔhwɛ no ntam kwan ware, na mmom efi aniwa mu nsusuwii hunu a nsu a ɛtɔ gu fam biara a wofi baabi pɔtee bi hwɛ bere a wɔde toto hann fibea bi ho no de ba no mu. Enti, nyankontɔn nyɛ ade na wontumi mfa honam fam nkɔ. Nokwarem no, ɛrentumi nyɛ yiye sɛ obi a ɔhwɛ ade no behu nyankontɔn bi a efi nsu a ɛtɔ gu fam mu wɔ baabi foforo biara a ɛnyɛ amanne kwan so de a ɛne hann fibea no bɔ abira no yɛ digrii 42 no. Sɛ obi a ɔhwɛ ade no hu obi foforo a ɔhwɛ ade mpo a ɛte sɛ nea nyankontɔn bi "ase" anaasɛ "wɔ "awiei" a, nea ɔto so abien a ɔhwɛ ade no behu nyankontɔn soronko bi—a ɛwɔ akyirikyiri—wɔ anim koro no ara a nea odi kan a ɔhwɛ ade no hu no.
Nyankontɔn trɛw kɔla ahorow a ɛkɔ so daa mu. Nhama a ɛda nsow biara a wohu no yɛ ade a wɔde yɛ nnipa kɔla anisoadehu, na wonhu nhama biara a ɛyɛ fɛ wɔ nyankontɔn mfonini a ɛyɛ tuntum ne fitaa mu, na ɛyɛ den a ɛkɔ so ntɛmntɛm kosi nea ɛsen biara, afei ɛyera kɔ ɔfa foforo no nkutoo. Wɔ kɔla ahorow a onipa aniwa hu ho no, nea wɔtaa fa ka ho asɛm na wɔkae nnidiso nnidiso ne Isaac Newton kɔkɔɔ, borɔdɔma, kɔkɔɔ, ahabammono, bruu, indigo ne violet a ɛyɛ mpɛn ason,[2][a] a Richard Of York a ɔyɛ nkae ade no kae no, anaasɛ sɛ obi a ɔyɛ ayɛsɛm din (Roy G. Biv). Ɛtɔ mmere bi a wɔfrɛ mfiase no wɔ ɔkwan a ɛdannan so, sɛ VIBGYOR. Nnɛyi de, wɔtaa kyekyɛ nyankontɔn no mu yɛ kɔkɔɔ, borɔdɔma, kɔkɔɔ, ahabammono, cyan, bruu ne violet.
kɔla dodow a ɛwɔ spectrum anaa nyankontɔn mu
Spectrum a wonya denam glass prism ne point source so no yɛ asorɔkye tenten a ɛkɔ so a enni bands. Kɔla dodow a onipa aniwa tumi hu wɔ nsonsonoe bi mu no yɛ 100.[7] Nea ɛne eyi hyia no, Munsell kɔla nhyehyɛe (afeha a ɛto so 20 nhyehyɛe a wɔde akontaahyɛde kyerɛkyerɛ kɔla ahorow mu, a egyina anammɔn a ɛyɛ pɛ a wɔfa so hu ade a nnipa hu so) ma kɔla ahorow 100 da nsow. Kɔla atitiriw a ɛda adi sɛ ɛyɛ soronko no yɛ ade a nnipa hu na kɔla atitiriw dodow pɔtee no yɛ nea wɔpaw no ɔkwan bi so.
Newton a ogye toom sɛ n’ani ntumi nkyerɛ nsonsonoe kɛse wɔ kɔla ahorow mu no,[8] mfiase no (1672) kyekyɛɛ spectrum no mu yɛɛ no ​​kɔla atitiriw anum: kɔkɔɔ, kɔkɔɔ, ahabammono, bruu ne violet. Akyiri yi ɔde borɔdɔma ne indigo kaa ho, na ɔde kɔla atitiriw ason mae denam nsɛso a ɛne nnyigyei dodow a ɛwɔ nnwom nsenia mu no so.[2][b][9] Newton paw sɛ ɔbɛkyekyɛ nsonsonoe a wotumi hu no mu ayɛ no kɔla ahorow ason afi gyidi bi a wonya fii gyidi ahorow no mu mu tete Helafo sophistfo no ho, a na wosusuwii sɛ abusuabɔ bi wɔ kɔla ahorow, nnwom nnyigyei ahorow, nneɛma a wonim wɔ Owia Nhyehyɛe no mu, ne dapɛn no mu nna ntam.[10][11][12] Nhomanimfo ahyɛ no nsow sɛ nea Newton buu no saa bere no sɛ "blue" no nnɛ wobebu no sɛ cyan, na nea Newton frɛɛ no ​​"indigo" no nnɛ wobebu no sɛ bruu.[3][13][14]
Nana bɛrima
Nananom yɛ obi agya anaa ne maame awofo – agya anaa ɛna. Abɔde a nkwa wom biara a ɔwo wɔ nna mu a ɔnyɛ awosu mu chimera no wɔ awosu mu nananom anan, awosu mu nananom awotwe, awosu mu nananom dunum, awosu mu nananom nananom aduasa abien, awosu mu nananom aduosia anan great-great-great-great grandparents, etc. Wɔ nnɛyi adesamma abakɔsɛm mu, bɛyɛ mfe 30,000 a atwam ni no, nnɛyi nnipa dodow a wɔtraa ase sɛ nananom no kɔɔ soro.[citation needed] Wonnim no yiye nea ɛkanyan saa nkɔanim yi wɔ nkwa tenten mu nanso nea ɛde aduruyɛ ho mfiridwuma ne asetra gyinapɛn a ɛkɔ anim no ba kɛse,[1] nanso wogye di sɛ ade titiriw a efii awo ntoatoaso abiɛsa a wɔbom traa ase no mu bae ne nsɛm a anka ebetumi ayera a wɔkoraa so; ebia na nsɛm a ɛho hia yi ho nhwɛso ne baabi a wobenya nsu wɔ ɔpɛ bere mu.[2][3]
Wɔ nsɛm a awofo mpɛ anaasɛ wontumi mfa ɔhwɛ a ɛfata mma wɔn mma (sɛ nhwɛso no, sikasɛm mu akwanside ahorow, aware mu haw ahorow, yare anaa owu[4]) mu no, nananom taa fa wɔn a wɔhwɛ wɔn titiriw no ho dwuma. Bere a eyi nte saa mpo, ne titiriw wɔ atetesɛm amammerɛ mu no, nananom taa nya dwuma a edi tẽẽ na emu da hɔ wɔ mmofra ntetee, wɔn hwɛ ne wɔn ntetee ho. Nananom yɛ wɔn mmanana abusuafo a wɔto so abien na wɔkyɛ awosu mu nneɛma a ɛka bom 25%.
Nanabea a ɔyɛ mpena betumi ayɛ ɔwofo no mpena anaa ɔwofo a ɔyɛ ɔbaatan anaa ɔwofo a ɔyɛ ɔbaatan (ɛwom sɛ wɔ mfiridwuma mu no, wobetumi afrɛ eyi sɛ ɔwofo a ɔyɛ ɔbaatan). Nsɛmfua ahorow a wɔde frɛ nananom wɔ mmere bi mu no nso wobetumi de akyerɛ obi a ne mfe akɔ anim biara, titiriw nsɛmfua gramps, nanabea, nana, nana, nanabea, nan, maw-maw, paw-paw (ne afoforo a mmusua ankasa yɛ).
Abodin ahorow
Sɛ wɔde di dwuma sɛ edin (e.g., "... nana bi a ɔnam") a, wɔtaa de nana ne nanabea di dwuma, ɛwom sɛ ɛtɔ mmere bi a wɔde nsɛmfua te sɛ nanabea/nana, nanabea/nana anaa mpo nan/pop di dwuma de. Sɛ "me ..." (e.g., "... me nana nantew twaam") di anim a, nkyerɛwde ahorow nyinaa abu so (baabiara fi "... me nana ..." kosi "... me Gramps ... "). Wobetumi de nkyerɛwde ahorow nyinaa adi dwuma wɔ dodow kabea mu, nanso Gramps (kabea kabea Gramps) ho yɛ na.
Wɔ nkyerɛwee mu no, Nanabea ne Nanabea na wɔtaa yɛ, nanso ɛntaa mma koraa sɛ address kwan bi. Wɔ kasa mu no, wɔtaa de Nanabea ne Nanabea di dwuma wɔ United States, Canada, ne Australia. Wɔ Britain, Ireland, United States, Australia, New Zealand ne, nea abu so titiriw wɔ Canada mantam Newfoundland ne Labrador mu no, wɔtaa de Nan, Nana, Nanna, Nanny, Gran ne Nanabea ne nsakrae afoforo di dwuma ma nanabea wɔ akyerɛw ne kasa nyinaa mu.
Wɔ Bangladesh ne India mmeae pii no, wɔfrɛ ɛnanom nananom Nana ne Nani. Saa ara nso na wɔfrɛ nananom a wɔyɛ agya no Dada ne Dadi. Wɔfrɛ obi awofo nananom a wɔyɛ wɔn maame no Par-nani ne Par-nana. Wɔ nsɛm a ɛte saa ara mu no, wɔfrɛ awofo nananom a wɔyɛ agya no Par-dada ne Par-dada.
.
Nsonsonoe afoforo pii wɔ hɔ, te sɛ Gramp, Gramps, Grampa, Nana, Nana, Grampy, Nana, Nana, Nana, Pop(s), Pap, Papa, Pappy, ne Pawpaw ma nana; Nanabea, Nanabea, Grama, Nanabea, Nanabea, Nanny, Nan(a), Mammaw, Meemaw ne Nanabea ma nanabea. Gogo betumi adi dwuma ama emu biara, ne nea ɛkeka ho.
Esiane sɛ ebia nkurɔfo wɔ nananom akuw abien a wɔte ase nti, adwene mu naayɛ bi sɔre fi nnipa baanu a wɔfrɛ wɔn "nanabea" anaa "nananom" mu, enti mpɛn pii no wɔde nsɛmfua afoforo a wɔabobɔ din wɔ atifi hɔ no mu abien di dwuma ma nananom kuw biako. Ano aduru foforo a wɔtaa yɛ ne sɛ wɔde wɔn din a edi kan ("Nana George", "Nanabea Anne", ne nea ɛkeka ho) anaa wɔn abusua din ("Nana Jones", "Nana Smith") bɛfrɛ nananom. Wɔ Amerika Atifi fam no, mmusua pii de wɔn mmusuakuw din frɛ nananom kuw biako (e.g., wobetumi afrɛ Hispanic nananom abuelo ne abuela anaa "abuelito" ne "abuelita", wobetumi afrɛ Fransefo nananom papi ne mamie, wobetumi afrɛ Italiafo nananom nonno na nonna, anaasɛ wobetumi afrɛ Dutchfo ne Germanfo nananom Opa ne Oma Wɔ Flanders no, wɔde pepee anaa petje ne memee anaa metje di dwuma kɛse). Wɔ Friesland no, nea wɔtaa de di dwuma ne pake ne beppe. Chinafo a wɔka Mandarin kasa no frɛ ɛnanom nananom sɛ wài pó (外婆, ɛna maame) na wài gōng (外公, ɛna papa) ne agyanom nananom ho asɛm sɛ nǎi nai (奶奶, agya maame) ne yé yé (爷爷, agya papa). Wɔ Philippines no, wɔfrɛ nananom lolo (nanabea) ne lola (nanabea).
Kasa ne amammerɛ ahorow a ɛwɔ abusuafo nsɛmfua pɔtee sen Borɔfo kasa no betumi ama nsonsonoe ada agya ne nananom ne ɛnanom nananom ntam. Sɛ nhwɛso no, wɔ Sweden kasa mu no, asɛmfua biako biara nni hɔ a ɛkyerɛ "nanabea"; wɔfrɛ ɛna no maame mormor na wɔfrɛ agya no maame farmor.[5] Nanso, Scandinavia kasa afoforo no, Danish ne Norway, de nsɛmfua a ɛkyerɛ abusuafo te sɛ Sweden kasa mu (wɔkyerɛw no pɛpɛɛpɛ wɔ kasa abiɛsa no nyinaa mu), ne nsɛmfua a wɔtaa de di dwuma a ɛte sɛ nanabea (Danish: bedstemor, Norway: bestemor) di dwuma.
Nananom ne nea ɛboro saa
Wɔfrɛ nananom awofo, anaa ɔwofo bi nananom, din koro no ara a wɔde frɛ nananom (nana/-ɛna, nana/-ma, nana/-ma, ne nea ɛkeka ho) a wɔde great- a wɔde di anim, a wɔde kɛse foforo ka ho - a wode aka ho ama awo ntoatoasoo biara a aka ho. Obi nananom awofo bɛyɛ "nananom-nananom".
Sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a obi bɛkwati "akɛse" a ɛbɛdɔɔso bere a ɔreka abusua anato ho nnua ho asɛm no, obetumi nso de ordinaals adi dwuma sen sɛ ɔde "akɛse" pii bedi dwuma; Enti "great-great-nana" bɛyɛ "na nana a ɔto so abien", na "nanabea-nana-nana" bɛyɛ nananom a ɔto so abiɛsa, ne nea ɛkeka ho. Saa nhyehyɛe yi na abusua anato ho wɛbsaet ahorow bi te sɛ Geni de di dwuma.[6] Obi betumi nso de kardinal nɔma adi dwuma de ahyɛ akɛse no nɔma, sɛ nhwɛso no, nanabea-nanabea bɛyɛ 3×-nanabea.
Ankorankoro a wɔwɔ nananom panyin koro nanso wɔnyɛ anuanom anaasɛ wɔn nuanom mma a wodi kan no, wɔfrɛ wɔn ho wɔn ho "nuanom mma a wɔto so abien", efisɛ nananom a wɔto so abien wɔ nananom a wɔyɛ anuanom. Saa ara nso na "nuanom mmarima a wɔto so abiɛsa" no benya nananom a wɔyɛ anuanom.
Etymology ho nsɛm
Asɛmfua a edi kan "grand-" a wɔde dii dwuma no fi afeha a ɛto so 13 mfiase, efi Anglo-Franse graund mu. Wɔde asɛmfua no dii dwuma sɛ Latin kasa mu magnus nkyerɛase.[7] Prefix "great-" gyina hɔ ma Anglo-Franse graund ne Latin magnus nkyerɛase tẽẽ kɔ Engiresi kasa mu.[8] Wɔ Borɔfo Dedaw mu no, na wɔde nsɛmfua a edi kan ealde- (dedaw) ne ieldra- (elder) dii dwuma (ealdefæder/-mōdor ne ieldrafæder/-mōdor). Na wɔfrɛ nana panyin þridda fæder (agya a ɔto so abiɛsa), nana panyin fēowerða fæder (agya a ɔto so anan), ne nea ɛkeka ho.
Nsakrae a ɛba
maternal grandmother: ɛna no maame.
maternal grandfather: ɛna no papa.
paternal grandmother: agya no maame.
paternal grandfather: agya no papa.
Mmofra hwɛ mu a wɔde wɔn ho bɛhyɛ mu
Nananom resakra wɔn dwumadi wɔ nnɛyi wiase,[9] titiriw no wɔde wɔn ho rehyɛ mmofra hwɛ mu kɛse. Sɛnea afe 2012 nhwehwɛmu bi a egyina afe 2010 nnipakan ne nhwehwɛmu nsɛm so kyerɛ no, mmofra bɛyɛ 10% wɔ U.S. te ofie bi a nananom ka ho mu.[10] Eyinom mu bɛyɛ nkyem abiɛsa mu biako te ofie bi a awofo baanu ne nana bi wom mu.[10] Saa ara nso na nananom bɛboro 40% wɔ Europa aman 11 so hwɛ wɔn mmanana bere a awofo no nni hɔ.[11] Wɔ Britain no, nananom bɛyɛ 63% hwɛ wɔn mmanana a wonnii mfe 16.[11] Nananom a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ mu nso abu so wɔ Apuei Fam aman mu. Sɛ nhwɛso no, nananom a wɔwɔ Hong Kong no mu 48% bɔɔ amanneɛ sɛ wɔrehwɛ wɔn mmanana.[12] Wɔ China no, Chinafo nananom a wɔadi mfe 45 anaa nea ɛboro saa no mu bɛyɛ 58% na wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ mmofra hwɛ mu.[13] Wɔ Singapore no, mmofra 40% fi awo mu kosi mfe abiɛsa na wɔn nananom na wɔhwɛ wɔn na saa ɔha biara mu nkyem yi da so ara kɔ soro.[14] Wɔ South Korea no, mmofra a wonnii mfe 6 no mu 53% na wɔn nananom na wɔhwɛ wɔn.[15] Enti, nananom a wɔhwɛ wɔn mmanana no abɛyɛ ade a abu so wɔ wiase nyinaa.
Nneɛma kakraa bi nti na nananom a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ mu no renya nkɔanim kɛse. Nea edi kan no, nkwa nna akɔ soro bere a awo dodow so atew no. Wei kyerɛ sɛ mmofra pii renyin bere a wɔn nananom da so te ase, a wobetumi de wɔn ho ahyɛ mmofra hwɛ mu.[10] Bio nso, awo dodow a ɛso atew no kyerɛ sɛ nananom betumi de wɔn adwene ne nneɛma pii asi wɔn mmanana koro pɛ so.[16] Nea ɛto so abien no, ɛnanom pii de wɔn ho hyɛ adwumayɛ mu, na enti, ɛsɛ sɛ wɔn a wɔhwɛ abofra no afoforo wɔ hɔ na wɔhwɛ abofra no.[10] Sɛ nhwɛso no, wɔ Hong Kong no, nananom 55% bɔɔ amanneɛ sɛ wɔhwɛɛ wɔn banana efisɛ ɛsɛ sɛ n’awofo yɛ adwuma.[12] Wɔ South Korea no, ɛnanom a wɔyɛ adwuma no mu 53% bɔɔ amanneɛ sɛ bere bi na wonya mmofra hwɛ ho nnwuma fi wɔn awofo hɔ.[15] Nea ɛto so abiɛsa no, mmusua a ɔwofo biako wom a ɛredɔɔso no ma wohia nananom mmoa.[17]
Ahorow ahorow
Nananom de wɔn ho hyɛ mu ahorow ahorow, a nananom a wɔnte hɔ, nananom a wɔte hɔ, ofie a nananom hwɛ so, ne nananom a wɔhwɛ wɔn so ka ho.[18][19]
Nananom a wɔbom tra: Nananom a wɔne wɔn mmanana te, ne wɔn awofo nso. Wɔsan frɛ saa ofie yi awo ntoatoaso abiɛsa afie.[18] Sɛnea amanneɛbɔ bi a ɛde nsɛm a efi 2010 Census, American Community Survey (ACS), Current Population Survey (CPS), ne Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) mu di dwuma kyerɛ no, nananom a wɔte hɔ no taa wɔ mu ohia na wohu amane wɔ yare anaa dɛmdi bi ho.[10]
Afi a nananom hwɛ so: Nanabea bi a ɔhwɛ ofie no so. Wɔ saa ofie yi mu no, awofo no betumi aba anaasɛ wɔrenni hɔ.[10] Wɔ U.S. no, mmofra a wɔte ofie a nananom hwɛ so mu no mu 33% na nananom nkutoo na wɔwɔ hɔ; eyi yɛ nea wotumi de toto 30% foforo a wɔne nanabea ne awofo biako anaa nea ɛboro saa te ho.[10]
Nananom a wɔhwɛ wɔn so: Nananom a wɔtete wɔn mmanana a mmanana no awofo nni fie hɔ. Saa a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ mu yi abu so titiriw wɔ mmusuakuw nketewa mu.[20] Sɛ nhwɛso no, bɛyɛ 50% nananom a wɔhwɛ wɔn so wɔ USA no yɛ mmusuakuw ketewaa bi mufo.[21] Mpɛn pii no, nananom gye ɔhwɛ adwuma titiriw no tom esiane nneɛma ahorow nti, te sɛ bere a wɔn awofo bu wɔn ani gu ne banana no so anaasɛ wɔyɛ no ayayade, bere a nnubɔne ne/anaasɛ nsa a wɔde di dwuma wɔ wɔn awofo mu, bere a wɔn awofo atu akɔtra baabi foforo esiane adwuma a wɔhwehwɛ nti, owu,. wɔde wɔn ato afiase, anaasɛ wɔde wɔn akɔ adwuma mu. Wɔ tebea horow bi mu no, awofo kɔ so ne wɔn mma di nkitaho.[18][19]
* Wɔ mmanana ho
Nananom betumi anya mmofra nkɔso so nkɛntɛnso pa anaa bɔne. Ɔkwan baako so no, nhwehwɛmu a wɔadi kan ayɛ no kyerɛ sɛ mmofra ne mmabun a wɔne wɔn nananom wɔ abusuabɔ a emu yɛ den no taa nya yiyedi pa, wonya nkate mu haw kakraa bi, na wɔda nneyɛe a ɔhaw wom kakraa bi adi. Wɔsan nso de wɔn ho hyɛ adesua mu kɛse na wɔtaa boa afoforo.[25] Ɔkwan foforo so no, nhwehwɛmu nhwehwɛmu ahorow nso wɔ hɔ a ɛkyerɛ sɛ nananom a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ mu no ne mmofra nkumaa a wɔyɛ ade tra so kɛse ne atipɛnfo nsɛnnennen wɔ abusuabɔ.[26] Ɔkwan foforo so no, mmofra a wɔn nananom hwɛ wɔn no betumi anya nnipa ntam abusuabɔ ho haw pii.[26] Afei nso, mmofra a wɔwɔ wɔn nananom hwɛ ase no nya akwahosan mu nsunsuanso bɔne te sɛ kɛseyɛ mmoroso, ne opira pii esiane ahobammɔ ho nimdeɛ a ɛba fam nti.[27]
* Wɔ nananom ho
Esiane sɛ mmanana a wɔbɛhwɛ wɔn no betumi ayɛ adwuma a ɛhwehwɛ pii a egye ahoɔden ne bere a wɔde wɔn ho bɛhyɛ mu bere nyinaa nti,[28] nananom a wɔde wɔn ho bɛhyɛ mmofra ntetee mu no betumi anya nkɛntɛnso bɔne wɔ nananom nipadua ne nkate fam akwahosan so. Sɛ nhwɛso no, mmanana a wɔhwɛ wɔn no betumi atew bere a nananom ankasa de hwɛ wɔn ho te sɛ wɔn ayaresa ho nhyehyɛe a wɔpa no so. Enti, ɛda adi sɛ wobenya hokwan kɛse sɛ wobehu amane wɔ nipadua mu akwahosan ho nsɛm ho.[29] Wɔ U.S. no, sɛ wɔde toto wɔn a wɔnhwɛ wɔn mmanana ho a, nananom a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ mmofra hwɛ mu no taa nya nipadua mu tebea horow a enye, te sɛ komayare, mogya mmoroso anaa nipadua mu yaw.[30] Sɛ honam fam akwahosan ho nsɛm da nkyɛn a, ɛda adi sɛ nananom nso benya nkate fam nsɛm. Sɛ yɛbɛka no pɔtee a, mmofra nkumaa a wɔbɛtete wɔn bio no betumi ayɛ osuahu a ɛhaw adwene na ɛboro so na ɛnam so ama wɔanya nkate bɔne ahorow te sɛ dadwen anaa adwenemhaw.[31] Wɔ honam ne nkate fam nsɛm akyi no, nananom a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ wɔn mmanana hwɛ mu no nso betumi ahu amane wɔ asetram. Sɛ nhwɛso no, wɔbɛhyɛ nananom ma wɔato wɔn asetra mu dwumadi ahorow ano hye sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wɔbɛhwɛ wɔn mmanana. Ɛdenam saayɛ so no, nananom twe wɔn ho fi wɔn asetra mu abusuabɔ ho kɛse.[32] Mnananom a wɔbɛhwɛ wɔn nso kyerɛ asɛyɛde pii, nananom besuro wɔn mmanana daakye yiyedi esiane wɔn dɛmdi ne owu daakye nti.[33] Sɛ nananom ntumi nni wɔn mmanana hwɛfo dwumadi no ho dwuma yiye a, awiei koraa no saa adwuma yi betumi abɛyɛ adesoa anaasɛ adwennwen na ɛde nipadua akwahosan ne nkate fam nsɛm a emu yɛ den kɛse aba nananom so.[34]
Nanso, nneɛma pa nso wɔ hɔ a efi mmanana ntetee mu a wɔde wɔn ho bɛhyɛ mu no. Sɛ wɔde toto nananom a wɔmfa ɔhwɛ mma wɔn mmanana ho a, wɔn a wɔde nnɔnhwerew pii hwɛ wɔn mmanana no taa nya adwene mu dwumadi ahorow a eye.[35] Sɛ yɛbɛka no pɔtee a, mmanana a wɔhwɛ wɔn no boa nananom a wɔn mfe akɔ anim ma wokura wɔn adwene mu tumi mu wɔ akyiri yi asetra mu, ɛnyɛ den nso sɛ wobenya nyarewa te sɛ adwenemhaw.[36] Bio nso, nkitahodi a wɔtaa ne wɔn mmanana bɛbɔ no betumi atew adwene mu onyin kwan no so, na ama nananom anya hokwan atra ase a ɛyɛ hyew na ɛyɛ nnam kɛse.[18][35] Nananom nso nya mfaso fi apɔw-mu-teɛteɛ pii wɔ saa adeyɛ yi mu.[37]
Mnanana a wɔhwɛ wɔn no nso betumi anya mfaso wɔ nananom nkate fam akwahosan so. Sɛ nhwɛso no, nananom pii fi ase te nka sɛ wɔwɔ atirimpɔw ne ntease wɔ asetra mu bio bere a wɔakɔ pɛnhyen no; sɛ nhwɛso foforo no, abusuabɔ a ɛda wɔne wɔn mma ne wɔn mmanana a wɔanyinyin nso mu yɛ den.[38] Nananom pii nso susuw ɔhwɛ mu osuahu no ho sɛ ɛyɛ adepa efisɛ ɛma wonya hokwan foforo ma wodi mfomso ahorow a wɔne wɔn ankasa mma dii no na ɛma wonya hokwan pii de kyerɛkyerɛ wɔn mmanana na wɔma wɔn awofoyɛ kwan tu mpɔn.
Amammerɛ mu ntotoho
Ɛsono sɛnea nananom de wɔn ho hyɛ mu wɔ Atɔe Fam ne Apuei Famfo amammerɛ mu. Nananom a wɔhwɛ wɔn mmanana no yɛ ade a ɛtaa ba wɔ China esiane Chinafo atetesɛm a esi abusua mu biakoyɛ, nnipa dodow yiyedi, awo ntoatoaso ntam nsakrae ne mma asɛyɛde ahorow so dua nti.[34] China nyansapɛ ahorow a ɛyɛ soronko, Buddhasom ne Taosom, di dwuma titiriw wɔ saa amammerɛ mu gyinapɛn ahorow yi a wɔbɛhyehyɛ no mu. Bere a China Buddhasom si abusua no dwumadi a wɔde di kan wɔ Chinafo asetra mu ne abusua mufo ntam abusuabɔ a ɛyɛ biako so dua no,[40] Taosom si hia a biakoyɛ ho hia wɔ nnipa ntam abusuabɔ ne abusuabɔ a ɛda abɔde ne nnipa ntam no so dua. Saa nyansapɛ ahorow yi si dwuma titiriw a mmusua di wɔ Chinafo amammerɛ mu no so dua. Sɛ amammerɛ mu nneɛma da nkyɛn a, nananom a wɔhwɛ wɔn mmanana nso da adi wɔ tebea a ehia sɛ wɔn mma a wɔanyinyin de bere nyinaa yɛ adwuma wom no mu, na mmofra hwɛ adwuma no bo yɛ den dodo (wɔ nkurow akɛse mu) anaasɛ ɛho yɛ na dodo (wɔ mmeae a ɛwɔ akyirikyiri). [34] [42] na ɛwɔ hɔ. Nananom a wɔsom sɛ wɔn mmanana hwɛfo abu so titiriw wɔ China nkuraase. Esiane nkurow akɛse mu nkɔso a aba ntɛmntɛm wɔ China fi 1980 mfe no mu nti, adwumayɛfo a wotu kɔtra mmeae foforo bɛyɛ ɔpepem 220 a wofi nkuraase tu kɔ nkurow akɛse mu kɔhwehwɛ adwuma pii, a ɛma mmofra bɛyɛ ɔpepem 58 ka akyi wɔ nkuraase,[42] nananom, enti, fa awofo dwumadi no ho dwuma na wɔbɛyɛ wɔn mmanana ahwɛfo. Nnipa dodow foforo a wɔfrɛ wɔn “nananom a wɔagyaw wɔn akyi”[43] pue wɔ saa tebea yi mu, saa nananom yi te China nkuraase, na wɔn adwuma titiriw ne sɛ wɔbɛhwɛ wɔn mmanana, saa nananom yi mu dodow no ara rehyia sikasɛm mu adesoa na wɔpɛ sɛ wɔn mma a wɔanyinyin no betumi ayɛ saa san bra. “Nananom a wɔagyaw wɔn akyi” adwene ne nipadua akwahosan hia sɛ ɔmanfo de wɔn adwene si so kɛse.[44] Ɛwom mpo sɛ wɔ nkurow akɛse mu mmeae a wobetumi ahwɛ mmofra no de, nanso ɛkame ayɛ sɛ nananom nyinaa da so ara pɛ sɛ wofi wɔn pɛ mu hwɛ wɔn mmanana. Ɛnyɛ sɛ eyi betumi atew wɔn mma a wɔanyinyin no sikasɛm mu adesoa a ɛwɔ mmofra hwɛ adwuma so no so nko nti na mmom wɔn ankasa mmanana a wɔbɛhwɛ wɔn nso yɛ ɔkwan a etu mpɔn a wɔfa so kura abusua mu biakoyɛ mu.[34]
Wɔ U.S. no, mmanana a wɔbɛhwɛ wɔn no nyɛ nananom asɛyɛde a ɛho hia. Nananom a wɔhwɛ wɔn mmanana no taa fi nsɛm a ɛsisi a wɔmpɛ anaa ɔhaw ahorow, na ɛte sɛ ɔhaw bi ano aduru kɛse, na ɛnyɛ ɔpɛ a wɔde bɛhyɛ ase, a ɛyɛ nsonsonoe soronko wɔ nea ɛwɔ China no ho.[33] Sɛ nhwɛso no, nananom a wɔwɔ USA no taa hwɛ wɔn mmanana bere a wɔn mma a wɔanyinyin kɔ ɔhaw ahorow te sɛ nnuru a wɔde di dwuma ɔkwammɔne so, afiase anaa awofo wu mu.[33][45] Nsonsonoe nso wɔ mmusuakuw ahorow mu wɔ U.S., Caucasian ankorankoro taa bu ankorankoro ahofadi sɛ ɛho hia kɛse, enti nananom ntaa nhwɛ wɔn mmanana. Nanso, abibifo Amerikafo ne Latino ankorankoro taa bu mmanana a wɔhwɛ wɔn sɛ abusua atetesɛm na wɔwɔ ɔpɛ kɛse sɛ wɔde mmoa bɛma wɔn mma a wɔanyinyin.[46] Mmusuakuw mu nsonsonoe a ɛwɔ nananom a wɔhwɛ wɔn mmanana mu no da amammerɛ mu gyinapɛn ahorow a mmusuakuw ahorow kura mu no adi. Sɛ yɛbɛka no pɔtee a, ɛda adi sɛ Afrika Amerikafo nananom de akwankyerɛ ne nteɛso ma wɔn mmanana esiane wɔn abusua nhyehyɛe a ɛyɛ mmerɛw a abusuafo, abusuafo a wɔnyɛ mogya nyinaa wɔ ɔpɛ sɛ wɔbɛboa wɔn ho wɔn ho nti.[47] Latino mmusua wɔ ɔpɛ a emu yɛ den sɛ wɔbɛbom atra na wɔtaa ne abusua mufo di nkitaho efisɛ wɔn mu dodow no ara yɛ atubrafo anaa awo ntoatoaso a edi kan a wɔwoo wɔn wɔ U.S., wɔtaa tra ase na wɔyɛ adwuma sɛ kuw. Nananom a wɔwɔ Latino amammerɛ mu nso di dwuma titiriw wɔ abusua no fa a ɛma ɛyɛ den sɛ abusua akannifo.[48] Ɛwom sɛ Caucasian nananom ntaa ntete wɔn mmanana de, nanso [49] wɔwɔ adwene anaa honam fam adesoa pii wɔ mmanana hwɛ ho sɛ wɔde toto mmusuakuw afoforo ho a,[50] titiriw esiane sɛ wɔn hwɛfo dwumadi ahorow no nyɛ nea wɔahyɛ da ayɛ, na wɔde wɔn ho to akyirikyiri so kɛse nti anaasɛ ɔhokafo awofoyɛ akwan horow. Nea ɛne no bɔ abira no, Afrika Amerikafo ne Latino nananom de wɔn ho to nteɛso ne nkyerɛkyerɛ awofoyɛ akwan so kɛse na ɛnyɛ den koraa sɛ wobenya adwene anaa honam fam adesoa bere a wɔrehwɛ wɔn mmanana no.
Abusuani
Abusua (a efi Latin: Familia) yɛ nnipa kuw bi a ɛfa adwene a ɛfa adwene ho (ɛnam awo a wogye tom so) anaasɛ Affinity (ɛnam aware anaa abusuabɔ foforo so). Abusua no atirimpɔw ne sɛ ɛbɛma emufo ne ɔmanfo yiyedi akɔ so. Sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ yiye no, mmusua de nkɔmhyɛ, nhyehyɛe, ne ahobammɔ ma bere a asɔremma no nyin na wosua sɛ wɔde wɔn ho bɛhyɛ ɔmanfo mu no.[1] Abakɔsɛm mu no, nnipa aman dodow no ara de abusua di dwuma sɛ beae titiriw a wɔde wɔn ho bata ho, wɔhwɛ wɔn, na wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ asetra mu.
Nnnipa ho animdefo kyekyɛ abusua ahyehyɛde dodow no ara mu sɛ matrifocal (ɛna ne ne mma), patrifocal (agya ne ne mma), conjugal (ɔyere, ne kunu, ne mma, a wɔsan frɛ no nuklea abusua), avuncular (ɔbarima, ne nuabea, . ne ne mma), anaasɛ wɔatrɛw mu (wɔ awofo ne mmofra akyi no, ebetumi ayɛ nananom, maame nuabeanom, ne papa nua mma, anaa wɔn nuabeanom).
Abusua anato ho adesua no botae ne sɛ ɛbɛhwehwɛ abusua abusua ahorow mu denam abakɔsɛm so. Abusua nso yɛ sikasɛm mu ade titiriw a wosua ho ade wɔ abusua sikasɛm mu. Wobetumi de asɛmfua "mmusua" adi dwuma wɔ kasakoa kwan so de ayɛ akuw a ɛka nnipa nyinaa ho kɛse te sɛ mpɔtam, ɔman, ne wiase nyinaa akuraa.
Asetenam
Aabusua no dwumadi atitiriw no mu biako ne sɛ ɛbɛma wɔanya nhyehyɛe bi a ɛbɛma wɔatumi ayɛ nnipa na wɔawo wɔn wɔ abɔde mu ne asetra mu. Eyi betumi aba denam honam fam nneɛma (te sɛ aduan) a wɔbɛkyɛ so; ɔhwɛ ne ntetee a wɔde ma ne nea wogye (abusuabɔ a wɔtete no); hokwan ne asɛyɛde ahorow a ɛwɔ mmara mu; ne abrabɔ pa ne nkate mu abusuabɔ.[5][6] Enti, osuahu a obi nya wɔ n’abusua ho no sesa bere a bere kɔ so no. Sɛ yɛhwɛ mmofra adwene a, abusua no yɛ "abusua a ɛkyerɛ kwan": abusua no som sɛ ɛbɛhwehwɛ mmofra wɔ asetra mu na edi dwuma titiriw wɔ wɔn amammerɛ ne wɔn asetra mu. Sɛ yɛhwɛ ɔwofo (ɔwofo) no a, abusua no yɛ "abusua a wɔwo wɔn", a ne botae ne sɛ ɛbɛwo mmofra, ayɛ wɔn amammerɛ na wɔne wɔn abɔ fekuw.[8] Nanso, ɛnyɛ mma a wɔbɛwo nkutoo ne abusua no adwuma; wɔ aman a nna mu kyɛfa wɔ adwuma mu, aware, ne abusuabɔ a efi mu ba a ɛda nnipa baanu ntam no, ɛho hia sɛ wɔhyehyɛ ofie a sikasɛm mu mfaso wɔ so.[9][10][11]
C. C. Harris ka sɛ atɔe fam adwene a ɛfa abusua ho no yɛ nea emu nna hɔ na ɛne ofie no yɛ basaa, sɛnea ɛda adi wɔ nsɛm ahorow a wɔde asɛmfua no di dwuma wom no mu no.[12] Olivia Harris ka sɛ saa adwene a ɛyɛ basaa yi nyɛ akwanhyia, na mmom ɛkyerɛ abusua adwene a ɛwɔ kapitalist, atɔe fam aman a wɔhyɛ asetra mu mmara a ɛka sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ nuklea abusua mufo bom tra, na ɛnsɛ sɛ wɔn a wɔnyɛ abusuafo saa no bom tra; ɛmfa ho adwene ne mmara mu nhyɛso ahorow no, mmusua ɔha biara mu nkyem kɛse nhyia nuklea abusua su a eye no.[13]
Kɛseɛ
mmea awo dodow nyinaa gu ahorow wɔ ɔman biara mu, efi mmofra 6.76 a wɔwoo wɔn/ɔbea wɔ Niger kosi 0.81 a ɛba fam wɔ Singapore (ɛde besi afe 2015).[14] Awo dodow no ara sua wɔ Europa Apuei Fam ne Europa Kesee Fam aman dodow no ara mu, na ɛkɔ soro wɔ Afrika aman dodow no ara a ɛwɔ Sahara anafo fam no mu.[14]
Wɔ amammerɛ ahorow bi mu no, abusua kɛse a ɛna no pɛ no nya mmofra no de so nkɛntɛnso kosi mpanyin afe so.[15] Ɔwofo mma dodow ne mma dodow a awiei koraa no wɔn mma bɛwo no wɔ abusuabɔ kɛse.[16] ]
Korɔ
Ɛwom sɛ atɔe famfo amammerɛ mu nnipa ho animdefo ne asetra ho animdefo a wodii kan buu abusua ne abusuafo sɛ abusuabɔ a ɛnam "mogya" so (a egyina nsusuwii ahorow a abu so wɔ wɔn ankasa amammerɛ mu so) wɔ abusuabɔ wɔ amansan nyinaa mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛe akyiri yi[5] ada no adi sɛ aman pii te abusua ase mmom denam adwene a ɛne sɛ wɔbɛtra abom so, aduan a wɔkyɛ (e.g. nufusu abusuafo) ne ɔhwɛ ne ntetee a wɔkyɛ. Asetra ho animdefo wɔ anigye titiriw wɔ abusua ahorow no dwumadi ne ne gyinabea wɔ aman a wɔakyekyɛ mu (titiriw kapitalist) mu.[17]
Sɛnea nhomanimfo Max Weber, Alan Macfarlane, Steven Ozment, Jack Goody ne Peter Laslett adwuma kyerɛ no, nsakrae kɛse a ɛde nnɛyi aware baa Atɔe Fam demokrase aman mu no “nyamesom-amammerɛ gyinapɛn nhyehyɛe a Yudasom mu nneɛma bi, tete Kristosom, de mae no na ɛmaa ɛyɛɛ den.”, Roma Katolekfo mmara ne Protestantfo Ɔsesɛw".[18]
Asetena mu nsɛm, abakɔsɛm ne nnipa ho nhwehwɛmu pii de ne ho ma sɛ wɔbɛte saa nsakrae yi ase, ne nsakrae a ɛba abusua no mu a ɛba bere kɔ so no. Levitan ka sɛ:
Mmere asesa; ɛyɛ nea wogye tom kɛse na ɛhyɛ nkuran sɛ ɛnanom yɛ adwuma na agyanom nso de bere pii ne mmofra no bɛtra fie. Ɔkwan a wɔfa so kari pɛ wɔ dwumadi ahorow mu wɔ awofo no ntam no bɛboa mmofra ma wɔanyin na wɔasua asetra mu asuade ahorow a ɛsom bo. Nkitahodi ne pɛyɛ ho hia kɛse wɔ mmusua mu, sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wɔbɛkwati dwumadi mu nhyɛso.[19]
Abusua a awo ntoatoaso pii wom
Abakɔsɛm mu no, abusua su a na abu so sen biara ne nea nananom, awofo, ne mmofra bom tra mu sɛ kuw biako. Sɛ nhwɛso no, ofie no betumi ayɛ afuw bi wuranom, wɔn mma a wɔanyinyin no mu biako (anaa nea ɛboro saa), abofra a wanyin no hokafo, ne abofra a wanyin no ankasa mma (wuranom no mmanana). Wɔmfa abusua kɛse no mufo nka abusua kuw yi ho. Ɛtɔ da bi a, wɔde awo ntoatoaso mmusua a "wɔahuruw" te sɛ nananom a wɔne wɔn mmanana te ka ho.[20]
Wɔ U.S. no, nhyehyɛe yi so tew wɔ Wiase Ko II akyi, na ɛkɔɔ baabi a ɛba fam wɔ 1980 mu, bere a na nnipa baawɔtwe biara mu biako te abusua a awo ntoatoaso pii wom mu wɔ U.S. no.[20] Nnipa dodow no akɔ soro fi saa bere no, nnipa baanum biara mu biako wɔ U.S. te abusua a awo ntoatoaso pii wom mu de besi afe 2016.[21] Nnipa dodow mu nsakrae ne sikasɛm mu nsakrae a ɛbata Boomerang Awo Ntoatoaso no ho no fa bi na ɛma nkurɔfo ani gye ho kɛse.[20]
Awoɔ ntoatoasoɔ ahodoɔ afie ntaa mma wɔ Canada, baabi a na nnipa bɛyɛ 6% a wɔte Canada no te awoɔ ntoatoasoɔ ahodoɔ mmusua mu kɔsi afe 2016, nanso na awoɔ ntoatoasoɔ ahodoɔ afie dodoɔ no rekɔ soro ntɛmntɛm, a ɛnam Aboriginefoɔ mmusua dodoɔ a ɛrekɔ soro, atubrafoɔ mmusua, ne adan a ɛdɔɔso nti ɛka a wɔbɔ wɔ mmeae bi.[22]
Aware (nuklea) abusua
Wɔtaa de asɛmfua "nuklea abusua" di dwuma de kyerɛ aware mmusua. Abusua "aware" mu no, ahokafo ne mmofra a wɔnwaree a wonnyaa mfe nkutoo na ɛka ho.[23][failed verification] Asetra ho animdefo binom[a?] kyerɛ nsonsonoe a ɛda awarefo mmusua ntam (a ɛde ne ho kakra fi awofo no abusuafo ne mmusua afoforo nyinaa mu ) ne nuklea mmusua (a wɔne wɔn abusuafo kura abusuabɔ a emu yɛ den kakra).[24][25]
Abusua nhyehyɛe afoforo – a (sɛ nhwɛso no) awofo a wɔadi afra, awofo a wonni ahokafo, ne ofie ayɔnkofa – afi ase rekasa atia nuklea abusua no su a ɛyɛ daa no.[26][27][28]
Ɔwofo biako abusua
Abusua a ɔwofo biako na wɔwom no yɛ ɔwofo biako ne wɔn mma, baabi a ɔwofo no yɛ okunafo, wagyae aware (na ɔnsan nware bio), anaasɛ ɔwaree da. Ebia ɔwofo no nkutoo na ɔwɔ mmofra no sohwɛ, anaasɛ awofo a wɔatetew mu no betumi ayɛ awofo a wɔkyɛ ho nhyehyɛe a mmofra no kyekyɛ wɔn bere mu (ebia ɛyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ) wɔ ɔwofo biako mmusua ahorow abien ntam anaasɛ ɔwofo biako abusua biako ne abusua biako a wɔadi afra ntam. Sɛ wɔde toto mmofra a wɔhwɛ wɔn nkutoo ho a, mmofra honam fam, adwene ne asetra mu yiyedi betumi atu mpɔn denam awofo a wɔkyɛ wɔn ho nhyehyɛe ne mmofra a wobenya awofo baanu no nyinaa ho kwan kɛse so.[29][30] Ɔwofo biako mmusua dodow akɔ soro[bere bɛn?], na mmofra a wɔwɔ United States nyinaa mu bɛyɛ fa bɛtra ɔwofo biako abusua mu wɔ bere bi ansa na wɔadi mfe 18.[31] Mmusua dodow no ara a ɔwofo biako na wɔwom no ɛna na odi wɔn anim, nanso mmusua a ɔwofo biako na wɔwom a agyanom na wodi wɔn anim no dodow rekɔ soro.[32][33][34]
Matrifocal abusua no
Asɛm titiriw: Matrifocal abusua
"Matrifocal" abusua no yɛ ɛna ne ne mma.[35] Mpɛn pii no, saa mmofra yi ne n’asefo a wɔwoo wɔn, ɛwom sɛ ɛkame ayɛ sɛ mmofra a wɔfa wɔn sɛ wɔn mma no kɔ so wɔ ɔman biara mu de. Saa abusua yi taa ba wɔ baabi a mmea wɔ nneɛma a wɔn ankasa betumi atete wɔn mma, anaasɛ mmarima tumi fa baabiara sen mmea. Sɛ nkyerɛase no, "abusua anaa ofie kuw bi yɛ matrifocal bere a ɛfa ɔbea ne ne mma ho no. Wɔ eyi mu no, saa mmofra yi agya (wɔn) wɔ kuw no asetra mu bere ne bere mu na wogye dibea a ɛto so abien." Mmofra no maame nyɛ mmofra no agyanom no mu biako yere ankasa."[36] Wɔde edin no, matrifocal, too gua wɔ Guiana nanso wɔkyerɛ ase wɔ ɔkwan soronko so wɔ aman afoforo so. Wɔ Nayar mmusua fam no, abusua no wɔ ɔbarima no sɛ "mfinimfini" anaa abusua no ti, anaasɛ ɛyɛ mpena/agya/onua, sen sɛ ɛbɛyɛ ɛna.[35]
Abusua a wɔatrɛw mu
Saa ahorow yi kyerɛ nhyehyɛe ahorow a ɛyɛ papa anaasɛ ɛyɛ mmara a wohu wɔ aman pɔtee bi mu. Ɔman biara bɛda nsakrae bi adi wɔ mmusua a wɔahyehyɛ ne wɔn adwene ankasa mu.[37]
Abakɔsɛm mu no, na mmusua a wɔatrɛw mu ne abusua kuw titiriw wɔ Katolekfo amammerɛ ne aman mu (te sɛ Europa Kesee Fam ne Latin Amerika),[38] ne Asia, Mfinimfini Apuei ne Apuei Fam Ortodɔks aman mu.
Abusua a wɔpaw
Asɛmfua abusua a wɔpaw, a ɛtɔ mmere bi a wɔsan frɛ no "abusua a wɔapaw" anaa "abusua a wɔahu" no abu so wɔ LGBTfo mu, asraafo a wɔadi ako, ankorankoro a wɔayɛ wɔn ayayade, ne wɔn a wɔne wɔn awofo "awofo" nni nkitaho biara. Ɛkyerɛ nnipa kuw a wɔwɔ ankorankoro bi asetra mu a ɛma abusua dwumadi a ɛtaa ba sɛ mmoa nhyehyɛe no di ho dwuma. Asɛmfua no ma nsonsonoe da "abusua a wofi mu" (abusua a ɛwɔ abɔde mu anaa nea wɔtete nnipa wom) ne wɔn a wɔde nsi fa saa dwuma a eye no ntam.[39]
Abusua a wɔpaw no betumi ayɛ abusua a wofi mu no mufo bi anaa wɔn nyinaa anaasɛ wɔrenka ho. Saa abusua yi nyɛ abusua a edi abusua nhyehyɛe "a ɛyɛ daa" akyi te sɛ agya, ɛna, ne mma a wɔwɔ. Eyi yɛ abusua yɛ nnipa kuw a wɔde wɔn ho to wɔn ho wɔn ho so te sɛ nea abusua a wofi mu bɛyɛ.[40] Saa nsɛmfua yi fi nokwasɛm a ɛyɛ sɛ LGBT ankorankoro pii, sɛ wopue a, wohyia pow anaa aniwu fi mmusua a wɔtetee wɔn wom no hɔ.[41] Ankorankoro a wɔwɔ anammɔn 12 no mu nso de asɛmfua abusua a wɔpaw no di dwuma, a wɔde "abusua" abusuabɔ a emu yɛ den ba denam ahotɔ nhyehyɛe no so.
Sɛ́ abusua nhyehyɛe no, mmusua a wɔpaw wɔn no hyia nsɛm a ɛyɛ soronko. Sɛ mmara kwan so ahobammɔ nni hɔ a, mmusua a wɔpaw no betumi apere bere a aduruyɛ, nhomasua anaa aban ahyehyɛde ahorow ntumi nhu sɛ ɛfata no.[41] Sɛ abusua a wofi mu no apow abusua a wɔapaw wɔn no mufo a, wobetumi anya awerɛhow a wɔde besi ananmu, abufuw, adehwere, anaasɛ dadwen a wɔde bɛbata wɔn abusua foforo no ho.[41]
Abusua a wɔadi afra
Asɛmfua abusua a wɔadi afra anaa mpena abusua no kyerɛ mmusua a awofo a wɔadi afra wom: awofo biako anaa wɔn baanu nyinaa san waree, de kan abusua no mma ba abusua foforo no mu.[42] Afei nso wɔ asetra ho adesua mu, titiriw wɔ asetra mu adwene ho ɔbenfo Michael Lamb nnwuma mu no,[43] atetesɛm abusua no kyerɛ "abusua a ɛwɔ mfinimfini a wɔwɔ agya a odi nkonim ne ɛna a ɔtra fie, a wɔaware wɔn ho wɔn ho na wɔtete wɔn awosu mufo." mmofra," na ɛnyɛ amanne kwan so de ma nea ɛka mmara yi ho. Mprempren U.S. afie dodow no ara nyɛ amanne wɔ saa nkyerɛase yi ase.[44] Wɔn a wɔkasa tia asɛmfua "amammerɛ abusua" no kyerɛ sɛ wɔ amammerɛ dodow no ara mu ne mmere dodow no ara mu no, abusua a wɔatrɛw mu nhwɛso no na abu so kɛse, ɛnyɛ nuklea abusua no,[45] ɛwom sɛ anya atetesɛm a ɛware wɔ England[46] sen de Europa ne Asia mmeae afoforo a ɛde atubrafo pii baa Amerika no. Nuklea abusua no bɛyɛɛ ɔkwan a abu so sen biara wɔ U.S. wɔ 1960 ne 1970 mfe no mu.[47]
Wɔ nkitahodi nhyehyɛe ahorow a ɛwɔ mmusua mu ho no, gyidi ahorow bi wɔ abusua no mu a ɛkyerɛ sɛnea ɛsɛ sɛ emufo di nkitaho na wɔne wɔn di nkitaho. Saa abusua nkitahodi nhyehyɛe ahorow yi fi gyidi ahorow abien a ɛhyɛ ase mu. Baako ne nkɔmmɔbɔ kwankyerɛ (baabi a wobu hia a nkitahodi ho hia no sɛ ɛsom bo) ne abien, kwankyerɛ a ɛne ne ho hyia (baabi a ɛsɛ sɛ mmusua si nsɛdi anaa nsonsonoe a ɛfa suban, gyidi, ne gyinapɛn ahorow ho so dua kodu).[48]
Mmusua a wɔde afrafra yɛ nea emu yɛ den, efi mmusua a wɔyɛ mpena so kosi mmusua a wɔbom tra so (ankorankoro bi a ɔne ahwɛfo a wɔnwaree a wɔne mpena anaa anuanom fa te). Bere a ɛnyɛ soronko koraa wɔ mpena mmusua ho no, mmusua a wɔbom tra no de adwene mu nkɛntɛnso a abu so ba mmerante ne mmabaa so.[49] Anka mmabun binom bɛtaa "nsɛmmɔnedi nneyɛe," na wɔahyia ɔhaw ahorow wɔ sukuu mu fi adesua mu mmɔdenbɔ a ɛso tew so kosi nneyɛe a ɛde ɔhaw ba a ɛkɔ soro so. Ɛne nhwehwɛmu afoforo a wɔyɛe wɔ mpena mmusua akwan horow so a ebinom nyaa abusua mu osuahu, nanso afoforo nni abusuabɔ no hyia. Nkate mu a wɔtwe wɔn ho fi mmusua a wɔyɛ mpena mufo ho no boa ma saa adwenem naayɛ yi ba, na ɛma nhyɛso a ebia mmusua yi de besi hɔ no kɔ anim.[50] Nsakrae a efi abusua dedaw mu kɔ abusua foforo a ɛhyɛ mmusua a wɔadi afra ase no nso bɛyɛ ɔhaw efisɛ ebia dwumadi ahorow a bere bi na wɔyɛ wɔ abusua dedaw no mu no renkɔ so yiye wɔ abusua foforo no mu mma mmabun.
Abusua a wɔware ɔyere biako