cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Abusuani
Korɔ
Abusua a wɔware ɔyere biako no gyina mmara kwan so anaa asetra mu ɔyere biako a wɔware so. Wɔ saa tebea yi mu no, ankorankoro bi wɔ ɔhokafo biako pɛ (a ɔyɛ aban de) wɔ wɔn nkwa nna mu anaa bere biara mu (i.e. serial monogamy).[52] Eyi kyerɛ sɛ ebia obi rennya mmara kwan so ahokafo ahorow pii bere koro mu, efisɛ eyi taa yɛ nea aware abien ho mmara bara, (adeyɛ a ɛne sɛ obi ne obi bɛware bere a ɔda so ara ware ɔfoforo wɔ mmara kwan so[53]) wɔ tumidi ahorow a hwehwɛ sɛ wɔware ɔyere biako.
Abusuabɔ ho nsɛmfua
Obusuani a odi kan ne obi a ɔkyɛ wo DNA no 50% denam agyapade a wonya tẽẽ so, te sɛ onua a odi mũ, ɔwofo anaa asefo.
Ade foforo wɔ hɔ a wɔde kyerɛ sɛnea abusuabɔ no te, a wɔde awo ntoatoaso a wɔkan kɔ soro kosi nana a odi kan a ɔbom yɛ no so na wɔsan kɔ ankorankoro a wɔde wɔn ani asi so no so, a wɔde di dwuma wɔ abusua anato ne mmara mu atirimpɔw ahorow ho. [60].
Nsɛmfua a wɔde di dwuma
Wɔ ne nhoma Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Family mu no, nnipa ho nimdefo Lewis Henry Morgan (1818–1881) yɛɛ abusua mu nsɛmfua a wɔde di dwuma wɔ wiase nyinaa ho nhwehwɛmu a edi kan. Ɛwom sɛ mprempren wobu n’adwuma no fa kɛse no ara sɛ ɛyɛ bere a atwam de, nanso ɔkae sɛ abusuabɔ ho nsɛmfua da nsonsonoe ahorow a ɛsono emu biara adi. Sɛ nhwɛso no, abusua mu nsɛmfua dodow no ara kyerɛ nsonsonoe a ɛda ɔbarima ne ɔbea ntam (nsonsonoe a ɛda onua ne onuawa ntam) ne awo ntoatoaso ntam (nsonsonoe a ɛda abofra ne ɔwofo ntam). Bio nso, ɔkyerɛe sɛ, abusuabɔ ho nsɛmfua de mogya ne aware na ɛma abusuafo ntam nsonsonoe (ɛwom sɛ nnansa yi nnipa ho animdefo binom aka sɛ aman pii de nsɛmfua a ɛnyɛ "mogya" kyerɛkyerɛ abusuabɔ mu de).
Morgan yɛɛ nsonsonoe a ɛda abusuafo nhyehyɛe ahorow a wɔde nsɛmfua a wɔde kyekyɛ nneɛma mu di dwuma ne nea wɔde nsɛmfua a wɔde kyerɛkyerɛ nneɛma mu di dwuma no ntam. Wɔte nhyehyɛe ahorow a wɔde kyekyɛ nneɛma mu no ase mpɛn pii na wɔ ɔkwan a ɛnteɛ so sɛ ɛyɛ nea "wɔde adesua bom" ne abusuafo a asɛmfua biako a nokwarem no wonni abusuabɔ koro no ara ne ego. (Ɛte sɛ nea nea ɛkyerɛkyerɛ "abusuabɔ koro no ara" ase wɔ nkyerɛase ahorow a ɛtete saa ase no yɛ abusua anato mu abusuabɔ. Eyi yɛ ɔhaw esiane sɛ abusua anato ho nkyerɛkyerɛmu biara, ɛmfa ho sɛnea wɔahyehyɛ no pɛpɛɛpɛ no, de nsɛmfua a efi amanfo ntease a ɛfa abusuafo ho mu di dwuma.) Nea Morgan nsɛmfua no ma ɛda nsow ankasa ne wɔn (classificatory) abusuabɔ nhyehyɛe a ɛnkyerɛ nsonsonoe a ɛda lineal ne collateral abusuabɔ mu ne saa (nkyerɛkyerɛmu) abusuabɔ nhyehyɛe a ɛyɛ saa. Morgan a ɔyɛ mmaranimfo no baa sɛ ɔbɛma saa nsonsonoe yi aba de abɔ mmɔden sɛ ɔbɛte Seneca agyapade ho nneyɛe ase. Senecani barima bi nsunsuanso no, ne nuabeanom mma na wonya fii awo mu sen sɛ n’ankasa mma benya.[63] Morgan kyerɛɛ abusua mu nsɛmfua ho nhwɛso atitiriw asia:
Sudanfo: abusuafo baanu biara nni hɔ a wɔka asɛmfua koro.
Eskimo: wɔ abusuafo mu nsonsonoe a egyina ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna ne awo ntoatoaso so akyi no, ɔsan nso kyerɛ nsonsonoe a ɛda abusuafo a wɔyɛ abusuafo ne abusuafo a wɔde wɔn ho to wɔn so ntam.
Crow: matrilineal nhyehyɛe a ɛwɔ Iroquois nhyehyɛe bi mu nneɛma bi, nanso ɛwɔ "skewing" afa a awo ntoatoaso yɛ "frozen" ma abusuafo binom.
Omaha: te sɛ Crow nhyehyɛe nanso patrilineal.
Dwumadi ahorow
Atɔe fam aman dodow no ara de Eskimo abusuafo nsɛmfua di dwuma.[64] Saa abusuabɔ ho nsɛmfua yi taa ba wɔ aman a aware mu yɛ den wom mu, baabi a mmusua wɔ baabi a wotumi nantew kakra no. Mpɛn pii no, aman a wɔwɔ awarefo mmusua nso ani gye ho sɛ wɔbɛtra baabi foforo; enti sɛ obi ware a, ɔtew ne ho fi ne mmofraberem nuklea abusua no ho (abusua a wɔde wɔn ani kyerɛ wɔn kwan) na ɔyɛ nuklea abusua foforo (awo abusua). Mpɛn pii no, nhyehyɛe ahorow a ɛtete saa no fa no sɛ ɛna no kunu nso ne agya a ɔwoo no. Nhyehyɛe no de nsɛmfua a ɛkyerɛkyerɛ nuklea abusua no mu kɛse di dwuma na ɛde nkakrankakra de kyekyɛ nneɛma mu kɛse bere a abusuafo no bɛyɛ nea wɔde wɔn ho to so kɛse no.
Nuklea abusua
Nhyehyɛe no si nuklea abusua no so dua. Nuklea abusua no mufo de abusuabɔ ho nsɛm a ɛkyerɛkyerɛ mu kɛse di dwuma, na wɔkyerɛ okunu, ɔyere, ɛna, agya, ɔbabarima, ɔbabea, onuabarima, ne onuawa nkutoo tẽẽ. Wɔaboaboa abusuafo a aka no nyinaa ano akuwakuw. Nuklea abusua no mufo betumi ayɛ lineal anaasɛ collateral. Kin a eyinom yɛ abusua ma wɔn no de nkyerɛkyerɛmu nsɛm a egyina nsɛmfua a wɔde di dwuma wɔ nuklea abusua no mu so anaasɛ wɔde nuklea abusua asɛmfua no di dwuma tẽẽ no frɛ wɔn.
Nuklea abusua a wɔde kyerɛ kwan
Onua: ɔwofo bi ba barima.
Onuawa: ɔwofo bi ba a ɔyɛ ɔbea.
Agya: ɔwofo a ɔyɛ ɔbarima.
Nana: ɔwofo bi agya.
Ɛna: ɔwofo a ɔyɛ ɔbea.
Nanabea: ɔwofo bi maame.
Nuklea aware abusua
Ɔyere: ɔhokafo a ɔyɛ ɔbea.
Ɔba: ɔwofo (awofo) no ba barima.
Nana: abofra bi ba.
Nanabea: abofra bi babea.
Nuklea abusua a ɛnyɛ lineal
Ɔhokafo: okunu anaa ɔyere
Stepparent: ɔwofo bi hokafo a ɔnyɛ ɔwofo ankasa
Onua: onuawa anaa onua
Onua fa: onua a asɛmti no ne no kyɛ ɔwofo biako pɛ a ɔwoo no
Abusuafo a wɔde wɔn ho to wɔn so
Onua yɛ obusuani a ɔde ne ho to so a wonnyae no kakraa bi. Wɔ abusuafo a wɔde wɔn ho to wɔn so a woyi wɔn fi hɔ biako foforo, awo ntoatoaso biako a ɛne nana biako ntam kwan ware kɛse wɔ ɔfa biako fam no, nsɛmfua a wɔde kyekyɛ nneɛma mu pii ba asɛm no mu. Saa nsɛmfua yi (Aunt, Uncle, Niece, ne Nephew) nsi nsɛmfua a wɔde di dwuma wɔ nuklea abusua no mu no so efisɛ dodow no ara nyɛ ofie no mufo wɔ atetesɛm mu. Saa nsɛmfua yi nkyerɛ nsonsonoe a ɛda abusuafo a wɔde wɔn ho to wɔn so ne obi a waware obusuani a wɔde wɔn ho to wɔn so (a wɔde wɔn ho to wɔn so ne nea wɔaka abom nyinaa) ntam wɔ atetesɛm mu. Collateral abusuafo a woyi afoforo fi hɔ wɔ ɔfa biara ne Cousins. Eyi ne asɛmfua a wɔde kyekyɛ nneɛma mu sen biara na wobetumi de nneɛma a wɔde gyina akyi ne awo ntoatoaso (a woyi fi hɔ) akyerɛ nsonsonoe a ɛda ntam.
Sɛ asɛmti no nkutoo na ɔwɔ yiyi foforo no a, obusuani no yɛ asɛmti no awofo nuanom, wɔde nsɛmfua Aunt ne Uncle di dwuma ma abusuafo mmea ne mmarima. Sɛ obusuani no nkutoo na ɔwɔ yiyi foforo no a, obusuani no ne subjects anuanom abofra no, wɔde nsɛmfua Niece ne Nephew di dwuma ma abusuafo mmea ne mmarima. Ɔhokafo a ɔwoo no maame nuabea anaa ne nua barima no hokafo yɛ ne maame nuabea anaa ne nua barima, na ɔhokafo bi nuabeanom ne ne nuabeanom mma yɛ ne nuabeanom ne ne nuabeanom mma. Bere a asɛmti no yi fi hɔ bio ma aunts ne uncles ne obusuani no ma nieces ne nephews no, prefix "grand-" no sesa nsɛmfua yi. Sɛ woyi anim bio a, prefix no bɛyɛ "great-grand-," de "great-" foforo ka ho ma awo ntoatoaso biara a ɛka ho. Wɔ awo ntoatoaso dodow bi mu no wobetumi de dodow bi asi ananmu, sɛ nhwɛso no, "nanana a ɔto so anan", "nanana a ɔto so anan" anaa "nanana a ɔto so anan".
Sɛ asɛmti no ne obusuani no nya biribi foforo a woyi fi hɔ a wɔyɛ wɔn nuanom mmarima. Cosin a woyi no fi hɔ kakraa bi no yɛ cousin a odi kan, i.e. subjects no papa nua barima anaa aunt ba. Wɔde nneɛma a wɔde bɔ obi ho ban ne nea woyi fi hɔ no dodow di dwuma de kyerɛkyerɛ abusuabɔ a ɛda wɔn nuanom mmarima ntam no mu pɛpɛɛpɛ. Abodin krataa no yɛ awo ntoatoaso dodow a edi nana a ɔbom yɛ akyi ansa na wɔahu awofo a ɔyɛ ne nuanom no mu biako, bere a nea woyi fi hɔ no yɛ nsonsonoe a ɛda awo ntoatoaso dodow a efi ne wɔfase biara so kosi nana a wɔbom yɛ no ntam (nsonsonoe a ɛda awo ntoatoaso a wɔfase no yɛ ntam). efi).[65][66]
Awo ntoatoaso a wɔanyinyin mu nuanom mma (wɔ ɔkwan foforo so no, obi awofo nuanom mma a wodi kan), ɛwom sɛ wɔ mfiridwuma mu no bere a woyi wɔn nuanom mmarima a wodi kan no fi hɔ pɛn de, nanso wɔtaa kyekyɛ wɔn mu sɛ "aunt" ne "uncles".
Abusuafo a wɔaka abom
Wɔn a wɔka Borɔfo kasa no hyɛ abusuabɔ agyirae denam aware so (gye sɛ ɔyere/okunu) a wɔde ahyɛnsode "-in-law" ahyɛ mu. Obi hokafo maame ne n’agya bɛyɛ n’asew ne n’asew; obi babarima yere bɛyɛ n’asew na ne babea kunu bɛyɛ n’asew. Asɛmfua "asew" no kyerɛ abusuabɔ abien a ɛsono emu biara titiriw, obi nuabarima yere, anaasɛ obi hokafo nuabea. "Asew" yɛ obi nuabea kunu, anaa ne hokafo nuabarima. Nsɛmfua "onuabarima fa" ne "onuabarima fa" kyerɛ anuanom a wɔwɔ ɔwofo biako pɛ a ɔwoo wɔn. Asɛmfua "aunt-in-law" yɛ obi papa nua barima yere, anaa ne hokafo maame nuabea. "Uncle-in-law" yɛ obi maame nuabea kunu, anaa obi hokafo papa nua ba. "Cousin-in-law" yɛ obi nua barima hokafo, anaasɛ obi hokafo nua barima. Asɛmfua "niece-in-law" yɛ obi nua ba yere, anaa obi hokafo nuabea. "Nephew-in-law" yɛ obi nuabea kunu, anaasɛ obi hokafo nuabea ba. Obi hokafo nanabea ne ne nanabea bɛyɛ ne nanabea ne ne nanabea; obi banana yere bɛyɛ ne sewaa na obi banana kunu bɛyɛ ne sewaa.
Wɔ India Borɔfo kasa mu no, wobetumi aka onua bi a ɔyɛ mmaranimfo a ɔyɛ wo nua no hokafo ho asɛm sɛ obi a ɔne no yɛ nua (specificity a co-sister[67] anaa co-brother[68]).
Abusuafo ahorow
Patrilineal Nsɛm a Wɔahyehyɛ
Patrilineality, a wɔsan frɛ no male line anaa agnatic kinship, yɛ abusuabɔ nhyehyɛe bi a ankorankoro bi abusua mufo fi ne papa abusua mu na wɔhwehwɛ mu. Mpɛn pii no, ɛfa agyapade, hokwan ahorow, din, anaa abodin ahorow a nnipa a wɔnam abusuafo mmarima so nya no ho.
Patriline ("agya abusua") yɛ obi agya, ne nananom afoforo a wɔnam mmarima nkutoo so hwehwɛ wɔn. Enti obi agya abusua no yɛ kyerɛwtohɔ a ɛkyerɛ sɛ obi fi ɔbarima bi mu a ankorankoro a wɔwɔ awo ntoatoaso a ɛwɔ ntam no nyinaa mu no yɛ mmarima. Wɔ amammerɛ mu nnipa ho adesua mu no, agya abusua yɛ mmarima ne mmea abusuafo kuw a wɔyɛ abusuafo, a wɔn mu biara fi nana koro no mu denam nananom mmarima so.
Matrilineal a ɛwɔ hɔ
Matrilineality yɛ abusuafo nhyehyɛe bi a ankorankoro bi abusua mufo fi ne maame abusua mu na wɔhwehwɛ mu.
Ebia ɛne ɔmanfo nhyehyɛe bi a ɛkyerɛ sɛ obiara ne ne matriline—wɔn maame abusua—na ebetumi afa agyapade ne abodin ahorow a wobenya ho nso wɔ abusuabɔ. Matriline yɛ abusua a efi nana a ɔyɛ ɔbea so kɔ aseni mu a ankorankoro a wɔwɔ awo ntoatoaso a ɛwɔ ntam no nyinaa mu no yɛ ɛnanom – ɔkwan foforo so no, "ɛna abusua".
Wɔ matrilineal abusua nhyehyɛe mu no, wobu ankorankoro sɛ ofi abusua kuw koro no ara mu ne ne maame. Saa matrilineal abusua nhyehyɛe yi ne patrilineal abusua nhyehyɛe a abu so kɛse no bɔ abira.
Afa abien a ɛsiane
Afa abien a wofi mu yɛ abusuafo nhyehyɛe bi a ankorankoro bi abusua mufo fi agya ne ɛna no nyinaa mu na wɔfa so hwehwɛ mu. Abusuafo a wɔwɔ ɛna no afa ne agya afa no ho hia pɛpɛɛpɛ ma nkate fam abusuabɔ anaasɛ agyapade anaa ahonyade a wɔde bɛma afoforo. Ɛyɛ abusua nhyehyɛe a wɔde abusua ne agyapade fa awofo baanu no nyinaa so pɛpɛɛpɛ.[70] Mmusua a wɔde saa nhyehyɛe yi di dwuma no nam awofo baanu no nyinaa so hwehwɛ abusua mu bere koro mu na wohu nananom pii, nanso ɛnte sɛ abusua a ɛwɔ adwene mu no, wɔmfa nni dwuma mfa nhyehyɛ abusua akuw.[71]
Sɛnea wɔtaa yɛ no, wohu eyi wɔ akuw bi a ɛwɔ Afrika Atɔe Fam, India, Australia, Indonesia, Melanesia, Malaysia ne Polynesia mu. Nnipa ho animdefo gye di sɛ mmusuakuw nhyehyɛe a egyina aman abien abusua so boa asɔremma ma wɔtra mmeae a emu yɛ den efisɛ ɛma ankorankoro de wɔn ho to mmusua ahorow abien a wɔahwete wɔ beae a ɛtrɛw so.
National Liberation Movement
National Liberation Movement yɛ Ghana amanyɔkuo a wɔtee no wɔ afe apem ahenkron aduonum nnan mu. Asantefoɔ a na wɔn bo afu Convention People's Party amanyɔkuo no ne Kofi Abrefa Busia na ɛkabɔbom tee amanyɔkuo yi. Na NLM ko tia nhyehyɛeɛ 'centralization' berɛ korɔ no ara mu na wɔgye ahemfo akandie no yo mu. Baffour Akoto a na ɔyɛ Asantehene Kyeame na ɔdii amanyɔkuo yi anim Amanyɔkuo yi nyaa akyitaafoɔ wɔ Ghana pa ara wɔ mmrahyɛbadwa akonwa abatoɔ no mu wɔ Afe apem ahenkron aduonum - nsia. Na ɔbɛyɛɛ amanyɔkuo kɛseɛ a ɔtɔ so mmiɛnsa wɔ mmrahyɛbadwafie bere a ɔnyaa mmrahyɛbadwa nkonwa du-mmienu sɛ wo yi Convention People's Party ne Northern People's Party amanyɔkuo no firi hɔ a
Babaso
Babaso a wɔfrɛ no clap no yɛ nna mu yareɛ a mmoawammoawa bi a yɛfrɛ no Neisseria gonorrhoeae de ba. Nsanyadeɛ no tumi yɛ ɔbaa anaa barima agyapadeɛ, ano, anaa turumuu. Mmarima a saa yadeɛ no san wɔn no nya yaw anaasɛ wɔdwonsɔ a na ɛmu hyehye no, ne kɔte mu firi nsuo anaasɛ ne hwoa yɛ no ya. Mmaa a saa yadeɛ no san wɔn no wɔdwonsɔ a ɛmu hyehye no, ne baa mu firi nsuo, ne baa no mu firi mmogya anaasɛ pelvic panin. Nea ɛha adwene wɔ mmaa mu ne pelvic inflammatory disease na mmarima mu nso no yɛ inflammation of the epididymis. Nnipa pii a yareɛ no san wɔn no nya nsɛnkyerɛnne biara. Sɛ wansa yareɛ no a, n'abaso bɛtumi atrɛ akɔ dwonku ne akoma. Sɛ obi a ɔwɔ babaso ne obi kɔhyia mu a ɔtumi nya bi. Ebi ne ano, turumuu ne kwan turodoo a wɔfa so ne obi hyiamu. Sɛ ɔna ne obi hyia mu a ɛbɛtumi afa no so akɔ ne ba so sɛ ɔwo a. Wɔkamfo sɔ mmaa a wɔbɔ mmɔden wɔ nhyiamu ne wɔn a wɔnni mfeɛ nnuru aduonu num  ne wɔn hokafoɔ; afe biara. Wɔde saa nkamfoɔ no ma mmarima a wɔne wɔn yɔnko mmarima da(MSM). Wɔbɛtumi asi babaso kwan sɛ wohyɛ kɔndɔm ansana wone obi ahyiamu a, sɛ wone nnipa baako a ɔnni yareɛ no bi nkoa hyiamu a, na sɛ wone obi nhyiamu nso a ɛsi ano kwan. Wɔde ceftriaxone na ɛwɔ obi a ɔwɔ obi ne azithromycin  sɔ obi anom sa no yareɛ. Nnoɔma pii ba wɔ nnuro a wɔdiikan de maa wɔn no a wɔma wɔn ceftriaxone pii. Wɔsane yɛ nhwehwɛmu bio bosome mmiɛnsa akyire a wama no aduro no. Adɔfoɔ mmienu a wɔahyiam no nso ɛwɔ sɛ wɔsa wɔn yareɛ. Babaso nya mmaa bɛyɛ 0.8% ɛna mmarima nso 0.6%. Yareɛ no haw bɛyɛ ɔpepem aduasa mmiɛnsa dekɔ ɔha no nsia na wɔnya no afe biara, firi nna mu yareɛ a wɔtumi sa bɛyɛ ɔpepem ahanan ne aduokron nnwɔtwe- a ɛbi ne syphilis, chlamydia, and trichomoniasis. Nsanyadeɛ no baa mmaa so berɛ a wɔsua. Wɔ mfeɛ mpem mmienu ne du num mu no, ɛde owuo ahanson na ɛbaeɛ. Yareɛ no mu nkyerɛkyerɛmu baeɛ ansa na Apam dada no reba. Greek aduyɛfoɔ Galen na ɛdikan de saa edin no dii dwuma ansana 200AD mu no wɔfrɛɛ no "nsuo a ɛnyɛ a ɛfiri barima mu ba ".
Nsɛnkyerɛnneɛ
Mucosal membranes a ɛyɛ Babaso Nsanyadeɛ bɛtumi ama woho ahono, ahoɔhene,yaw ne pia aba. Ɛfiri da a ɛbɛda adi ne nsɛnkyerene no bɛyɛ nna mmienu ne du nan akyire, a nsɛnkyerene no pii nso ba wɔ nna nan ne nsia ntam sɛ wonya yareɛ no na sɛ ɛpui a. Mmaa ne mmarima a yareɛ no nya wɔn mene mu no nya kuro wɔ hɔ, ɛwɔm sɛ saa yareɛ no nna nsɛnkyerene biara adi wɔ bɛyɛ yareɛ no mu ɔhamu nkyekyɛmu aduokron. Nsɛnkyerɛnne foforɔ nso bɛtumi ayɛ yɛnkɔn ho a ɛhono. Nna nhyiamu ne ɛto nhyiamu bɛtumi ama yareɛ no anya w'ani sɛ mmoawammoawa no yɛ saa akwaa no.
Mmaa
Mmaa no fa pii a wɔwɔ Babaso no yɛ asymptomatic nanso ɛfa no nso nsuo firi wɔn baa mu, yafunu yareɛ, anaa wɔnya yaw sɛ wɔne barima rehyiamu a. Sɛ mmaa ansa saa yareɛ no a ɔhaw a ɔnya no bi yɛ pelvic inflammatory yareɛ a ɛbɛtumi de koraa ato awodeɛ no ano na ɛno akyire no ɛbɛma wɔn a wɔnyem no nso wɔmma ntumi nna awodeɛ no mu.
Mmarima
Mmarima a wɔnya saa yareɛ no bi no nsɛnkyerene yɛ inflammation of the pemile urethra a ɛma obi dwonsɔ a ɔte yaw na nsuo a ɛfiri wo barima mu. Nsuo a ɛfiri mmarima barima mu ba no sɛ ɛhyehye anaa bɛhyehye no ba mmarima kakra bi so na ɛno ne nsɛnkyerɛnne a ɛtaa ba wɔn so. Nea ɛde yaw no ba yɛ urethral lumen no a ayɛ ketewa no. Ɔhaw a aduro a wɔnom rebrɛ wɔn yɛ inflammation of the epididymis. Babaso nso ma prostate cancer kɔ soro.
Mmɔfra
Sɛ sɛ mmaa a ɛwɔ Babaso ansa yareɛ no na wɔde nyinsɛn a, gonococcal ophthalmia neonatirum bɛtu mpɔn wɔ mmɔfra bɛyɛ ɔhamu nkyekyɛmu aduonu nnwɔtwe mu.
Kɔmputa So Nkitahodie
Ɛfiri Wikipidia, Nimdeɛbuukuu kwa
''"Datacom" no so kɔ ha. Sɛ wopɛ dwumadie foforɔ a, hwɛ Datacom (disambiguation).Wopɛ nsɛmfua foforo a, hwɛ Network.''
Kɔmputa ntam nkitahodi yɛ kɔmputa ahodoɔ a wɔkyɛ nnoɔma a ɛwɔ ntwamutam node ahodoɔ so anaasɛ wɔde ma. Kɔmputa ahorow de nkitahodie nhyehyɛe ahorow a wɔtaa de di dwuma wɔ dijitaal nkitahodi ahodoɔ so di dwuma de ne wɔn ho wɔn ho di nkitaho. Saa nkitahodi yi yɛ telecommunication network mfiridwuma a egyina honam fam nhama, optical, ne wireless radio-frequency akwan a ebia wɔahyehyɛ wɔ network topology ahorow mu.
Wobetumi de gyinapɛn ahorow pii akyekyɛ kɔmputa ntam nkitahodi mu, a nea ɛka ho ne nkrasɛm a wɔde fa nsɛnkyerɛnne, bandwidth, nkitahodi nhyehyɛe a wɔde hyehyɛ ntwamutam akwantu, ntwamutam kɛse, topology, akwan a wɔfa so hwɛ kar akwan, ne ahyehyɛde no adwene. [ɛho hia sɛ wɔtwe adwene si so].
Kɔmputa ntam nkitahodi boa dwumadie ne dwumadie bebree, te sɛ Wiase Nyinaa Wɛbsaet a wobɛtumi akɔ, digyital video ne ɔdio, application ne storage servers a wɔkyɛ, printa ne fax mfiri, ne email ne instant messaging applications a wɔde di dwuma.
Mmaranketewa
Mmaranketewa anaa nea United States frɛ no "Bylaws" yɛ mmara ahodoɔ bi a dwumakuo anaa mpɔtam bi ahyehyɛ na wɔde ayɛ adwuma sɛdeɛ mpaninfoɔ binom ama ho kwan. Wɔn a wɔwɔ diberɛ kɛseɛ, ne titire wɔn a wɔhyɛ mmara anaa aban bi de nea ɛbɛtenetene mmara nketewa sɛdeɛ ɛbɛtumi adi dwuma. Nnipa ɛbɛtumi ayɛ mmaranketewa no bi ne nnwumakuo, neighborhood Association, a ɛgyina baabi a wɔn tumi kɔpem, mansini adantam. Wɔ United Kingdom ne commonweath aman ahodoɔ mu no, mmara a asoafeɛ no hyehyɛ no wɔfrɛ no "by(e)- kawa" ɛfiri sɛ Central government no na ɔkyerɛ ɛkwan saa aman no mfa so nyɛ no. Nea ɛhyɛ ma wɔdi mmaranketewa no so no yɛ Canada a ɛne American COde Enforcement officer. Wɔ United States Federal Government ne aban a ɛwɔ nkuro so nni tumi sɛ wɔma mansini adantam mmara no yɛ adwuma. Ne saa nti, sɛ ɛnyɛ mmara a edin bi te sɛ code, ordinance, anaa regulation nyɛ na koraa.
N'abɔseɛ
Merriam -Webster Dictionary kyerɛɛ sɛ mmara ketewa firi borɔfo din bilade, a ɛfiri Old Norse *bylog, firi Old Norse bȳr town + lag-, lǫg mmara. Deina wɔdiikan de dii dwuma a ɛfiri Coming kuro mmara wɔ Danelaw, a by yɛ Old Norse din ma baabi a ɛhɔ so wɔ whitby ne Derby(sɛ wode toto Modern Danish-Norwegian din by a ɛkyerɛ kuro anaasɛ modern Swedish din by a ɛkyerɛ akurase). Ne saa nti, ɛbɛtumi aba sɛ wɔn werɛ fii saa din no na wɔnam adeyɛ kyerɛfoɔ by a asekyerɛ ne mmara a yɛate so anaa nea ɛda nkyɛn(byway) sane de baa biom wɔ ɛnnɛ mmerɛ mu. Wɔ saa kwan mmienu no nyinaa mu no, ɛntwa kwan sɛ obi bɛka sɛ baabi a edin no firi no yɛ kasatɔmmɛ mmaranketewa
Mansini Adantam mmaranketewa
Mansini Adantam mmaranketewa yɛ amansan mmara a wɔde di dwuma wɔ mmaeɛ bi. Ɛnsonsoneɛ a ɛda mmaranketewa ne mmaraɔman no gye tom ne sɛ, ɛnyɛ obiara na ɔyɛɛ mmaranketewa a ɛgye firi aban foforɔ hɔ, na gyesɛ ɛgyina asɛm bi so ansa na watumi ayɛ. Mansini Adantam aban anaa mantam aban a ɛkyerɛ nnoɔma a kuro bi bɛyɛ ɛnam mmaranketewa no so. Ɛyɛ ntamgyinafoɔ mmara. Wɔ ne tumi mu ne beaɛ pɔtee a mpaninfoɔ no ahyɛ ama wɔn no, mansini adantam mmaranketewa no nna nso mfiri mmara a ɛwɔ hɔ no, na wɔbɛtumi de mmara no atwe wɔn aso, wone kɔɔto twe so na ɛne mmara foforɔ bi te sɛ ɔman amammra a ɛwɔ asaase no so na ɛkɔ. Mansini mmaranketewa no fa Public Justice system no mu, na wɔn a wɔtia mmara nso yɛ bɔne a wayɛ atia aban. Mmaranketewa a ɛnyɛ na no bi ne vehicle parking baabi a wɔde ahyɛn so na wɔbu mmara so, animal control, adansie, ɛhyɛn adanseɛ krataaa,dede,zoning and business regulation, ne sɛ wototo amansan nsrahwɛ bea.
Mmaranketewa a ɛwɔ Japan
Wɔ article 94 wɔ Japan amammra mu no, aban a ɔwɔ mantam no ɔgyina ne ho sone tumi wɔ mmara mu a ɔde bɛte mmaranketewa.Wɔ ne dwumadie mu no, saa mmara yi ne Local Autonomy Law na ɛkɔ. Mmaranketewa mu no, mmara a yɛagye atom ma Japanese amammra ka ho.Wɔ ne tumi a ɛhyɛ nnipa ne ne dwumadie mu no, ɛno na ɛsua koraa wɔ mmara no nyinaa mu.
Saa tumi yi na yɛde bu nea ɛdidisoɔ yi:
United Kingdom
Wɔ United Kingdom no, mmaranketewa yɛ mmara a yɛde mampɔtam anaasɛ kakraabi a Local council no yɛɛ, a ɔde tumi a mmarahyɛbedwa Act de maa wɔn na saa na mmara ntamgyinafoɔ teɛ.
Aguaso
Guadidan (sikasɛm).
Guadi mu sikasɛm
Guadidan, gua a ɛwɔ hɔ ankasa anaa ɔmanfo gua
Asase ho nsɛm
Märket, supɔw a Finland ne Sweden kyɛ
Adwinni, anigyede, ne nsɛm ho amanneɛbɔ
Sini ahorow
Market (1965 sini), 1965 South Korea sini
Market (2003 sini), 2003 Hindi sini
The Market: A Tale of Trade, Turkeyfo sini bi
Television so hwɛ
The Market (TV so dwumadi ahorow), New Zealand television so drama
Nneɛma a wɔde yɛ nneɛma anaa nnwuma ahorow
The Market (adwumakuw), Farm Fresh Supermarket adwene sotɔɔ
The Market, Safeway sotɔɔ titiriw bi
Sikasɛm mu gua ahorow
Kuadwuma ho aguadi
Guadidan a ɛrenya nkɔso
Sikasɛm ho gua so
Amannɔne sikasesɛw ho gua
Gray gua so
Nsɛm ho amanneɛbɔfo gua
Niche gua so
Guadidan a wɔabue mu, sikasɛm a wɔde di gua a wɔde wɔn ho to so; asɛmfua a ɛne gua a wɔato mu no bɔ abira
Nkɔmhyɛ gua so
Adan ne afie ho gua
Sikasɛm mu gua ahorow no afa horow
Mark-to-market akontaabu ho akontaabu
Guadi mu sika a wɔde di dwuma
Guadi mu sikasɛm
Guadi mu huammɔdi
Guadidan mu adwumayɛfo
Guadidan mu nhyehyɛe nketenkete
Guadi ho nhwehwɛmu
Guadi fa bi
Guadi mu kyɛfa
Guadi mu su a ɛrekɔ so
Bo a ɛsom wɔ gua so
Fa w’ani si gua so
Bazaar a ɛwɔ hɔ
Bazaar Titiriw
Akuafo gua, a wɔde wɔn adwene si nnuan a wɔayɛ no foforo so
Mpataa gua so
Flea gua so
Guadi a ɛsensɛn nsu so
Adetɔnbea a wɔtɔn nneɛma wom
Guadidan mu abɔnten so
Guadibea
Anadwo gua so
Ɔmanfo gua (disambiguation).
Souq na ɛwɔ hɔ
Mmɔnten so gua, a aguadidan ahorow wɔ ɔmanfo mmɔnten biako anaa nea ɛboro saa so
Adetɔnbea kɛse bi
Guadi a ɛyɛ nsu, a wɔde wɔn adwene si nam a wɔayɛ no foforo, mpataa, nneɛma a wɔyɛ, ne nneɛma afoforo a ɛporɔw so
Hwɛ nso
Wikiquote wɔ nsɛm a wɔafa aka a ɛfa Market ho.
Nkratafa a ɛwɔ asɛmti ahorow a Market wom nyinaa
Guadibea (disambiguation), asɛmfua a ɛtɔ da bi a wotumi sesa ne "gua so".
Markt (asɛm a wɔka no pefee).
Marquette (nsɛm a wɔde kyerɛkyerɛ mu).
Mercado (disambiguation), Spania ne Portugal asɛmfua a wɔde gyina hɔ ma gua
Marketts no
The Title Market (1909), nhoma a Emily Post kyerɛwee
Mansoafoɔ
Mansoafoɔ yɛ amanyɔni a ɔda asoeɛ bi ano  a ɔfa adwene na ɔde yɛ adwuma berɛ ɔne Asoafoɔ aka na ɛdi saa dwuma no. Ɛwɔ aman bi so no, onipa ɔda aban ano no nso sane yɛ mansoafoɔ a wɔfrɛ no ‘prime minister’, ‘premier’, ‘chief minister’, ‘chancellor’ anaa deɛ ɛka ho.
Ɛwɔ 'Commonwealth' beaeɛ a ɔwɔ tumidie a ɛde Mansoafoɔ hyehyɛeɛ di dwuma no, mansoafoɔ no taa firi mmrahyɛbadwafie mmienu no mu baako a Ɔsane nso yɛ amanyɔkuo a ɔyɛ Dɔm kɛseɛ wɔ mmrahyɛbadwafie ketewa no mu. Ɛwɔ aman foforɔ so no te sɛ Belgium, Mexico, Netherlands, Philippines, Slovenia, ne Nigeria— onipa a ɔkura mansofoɔ diberɛ biara nni ho kwan sɛ ɔyɛ mmrahyɛbadwani. Ɛgyina nhyehyɛeɛ a ɔman biara de bu ne man, Mansoafoɔ taa da aban asoaeɛ ano. Mansoafoɔ no bi diberɛ so sene ɛbinom ɛna ɛbinom wɔ diberɛ te sɛ Mansoafoɔ abadiekyire. Aman bi a wɔwɔ Mansoafoɔ pii no, bɛtumi de mansoafoɔ no bi aka wɔn a tu aban fo no ho.
Ɛwɔ Aman bi te sɛ Hong Kong, Mexico, the Philippines, the United Kingdom, ne United States wɔn a wɔwɔ diberɛ a ɛne aban fotufoɔ yɛ pɛ no wɔtaa frɛ wɔn Atwerɛtwerɛfoɔ Nhwɛsoɔ Ɔtwerɛtwerɛfo a ɔwɔ United Kingdom, Ɔman twerɛfoɔ a ɔwɔ United States. Nnipa binom a wɔwɔ aban fotufoɔ diberɛ no nso wɔtumi frɛ wɔ Aban Lɔya panin ne ade.
Mansoafoɔ Mfitiaseɛ
Finland ɔbaa mansoafoɔ ɔdi kan no de ne mmrahyɛbadwafie dwumadie baa awieɛ ankyɛre koraa na yɛwura afe Ha aduonu mu. Hedvig Gebhard yɛɛ adwuma firi afe apem ahenwɔtwe ne aduosia nson kɔ si afe apem ahenkron ne aduosia baako (1867–1961) sɛ mmrahyɛbadwani ɛna Miina Sillanpää nso yɛɛ  adwuma firi afe apem ahenwɔtwe ne aduosia nsia  de kɔ so afe apem ahenkron aduonum mmienu (1866–1952) sɛ Mansoafoɔ a ɔhwɛ Asetena so. Asɛmfua Mansoafoɔ yɛ tumi nso de frɛ  Obi a Aban ayi no sɛ ɔnkɔ si nanam mu wɔ Ɔman foƒorɔ so.
Asɛmfua yi firi 'Middle English' a wɔnya firii French kasa mu asɛmfua 'ministre'  a ɛhyɛaseɛ wɔ Latin kasamu, ɛwɔ Latin kasa mu Mansoafoɔ kyerɛ sɛ ɔsomfoɔ, obi a ɔhwɛ nhwɛ nnipa wɔ biribi ho, a wɔyi firii asɛmfua 'minus' mu a ɛkyerɛ  "less".
Ɛwɔ United Kingdom no, anyɛ nhyɛ sɛ Mansoafoɔ yɛ mmrahyɛbadwani. Nso sɛ wokɔ mu pa ara ɛwɔ sɛ Mansoafoɔ yɛ mmrahyɛbadwani wɔn 'House of Commons anaa House of Lords' sɛdeɛ ɛbɛyɛ na watumi abu akonta wɔ mmrahyɛbadwafie. Berɛ ano berɛ no, Mansoafoɔ panin paw wɔn a wɔnnyɛ mmrahyɛbadwafoɔ sɛ Mansoafoɔ. Mfeɛ kakra a atwam yi wɔyi Mansoafoɔ firi mmrahyɛbadwafie a wɔfrɛ no 'House of Lords'.
Mansoafoɔ Ahodoɔ
Aman ahodoɔ te asoaeɛ te sɛ 'Cabinets'.
Asrafo Amammuo
Asrafoɔ Amammuo anaa asraafo atɛntrenee (anaasɛ asraafo mmara) yɛ mmara ne akwan ahodoɔ a asrafo fa so di amanfoɔ so wɔ ɔman mu. Aman-aman pii wɔ mmara nhyehyɛeɛ ahodoɔ a ɛsono ɛmu biara a ɛkyerɛ sɛnea wɔn asraafo dɔm no mu foɔ yɛ wɔn ade. Aman binom de atemmu ne nhyehyɛeɛ afoforo di dwuma de hyɛ saa mmara ahodoɔ no mu den, bere a afoforo de ɔmanfo atemmu nhyehyɛe ahodoɔ di dwuma. Mmara mu nsɛm a ɛyɛ soronko wɔ asraafo atɛntrenee ho ne nhyehyɛeɛ pa ne nteɛso a wɔbɛkora so, ahyɛde ahodoɔ a wɔde ma wɔ mmara kwan so, ne abrabɔ a ɛfata a asraafo mu foɔ bɛyɛ. Aman binom ma wɔn asraafo atɛntrenee nhyehyɛeɛ ahodoɔ no tumi di ɔmanfo mfomso ahodoɔ a wɔn asraafo di wɔ tebea ahodoɔ bi mu no ho dwuma.
Asraafo atɛntrenee yɛ soronko wɔ asraafo mmara a ɛyɛ asraafo tumi a wɔde hyɛ ɔmanfoɔ a wɔnyɛ asraafo so sɛ nea wɔde bɛsi ɔmanfo tumi ananmu no ho, na wɔtaa paeɛ mu ka wɔ bere a egye ntɛmpɛ, ɔko, anaa ɔmanfo basabasayɛ mu. Aman dodoɔ no ara to bere ne ɔkwan a wɔbɛfa so de asraafo mmara ato dwa na wɔde adi dwuma no ano hye.
Canada Asraafoɔ
Canada Asrafo(CAhasa Forces) Ahyɛdeɛ nyinaa (kyerɛ sɛ, Royal Canada Po so Asraafoɔ, Canada Asraafoɔ, "Royal Canada Air Force", "Canada Joint Operations Command," ne "Canada Special Operations Forces Command) "no, Ɔman Bammɔ Mmara (NDA) na ɛdi so titire. NDAs no nkyekyɛmu 12 ma no tumi wɔ agyinatukuo no a ɔbɛhyehyɛ Ɔhemmaa no Mmara ne Ahyɛdeɛ (QR&Os) no mu. QR&O ahodoɔ no yɛ mmara a ɛwɔ ase a ɛwɔ mmara tumi. Esiane sɛ nnyinasosɛm a ɛne sɛ "delegatus non-potest delegare"no nnyaa gyinabea a ɛyɛ katee wɔ Canada nti, QR&O ahodoɔ no ma asraafo mpanyimfo afoforo tumi sɛ wɔmfa ahyɛde ahodoɔ a ɛwɔ dibea a ɛte saa ara, nanso ɛnyɛ pɛ, mma. Wɔbɛtumi ahu saa nnwinnadeɛ yi wɔ Canada Asraafo Adwumayɛ Ahyɛde ne "Defense" Adwumayɛ Ahyɛde ne Akwankyerɛ mu; wɔde di dwuma sɛ akwankyerɛ ma atumfoɔ a wɔwɔ CF no mu sɛ wɔnhwɛ Asraafoɔ no da biara da nsusuiɛ so. Sɛ nhwɛso no, wɔahyehyɛ asraafo mpanyimfo a wɔkɔ asraafo kɔlege na wɔhyɛ mmara a ɛfata kɛse ma wɔn adesua mu nkonimdi sen nteɛso a wɔde bɛdi dwuma, sɛnea ebia wɔbɛhwɛ kwan afi asɔremma a wɔatete wɔn koraa no hɔ no. Po IV, Nkyekyɛm 6.1 a ɛwɔ Ɔhemmaa no Mmara ne Ahyɛde a ɛfa Canada Asraafo Kɔlege ahodoɔ (QR Canmilcols) ho no fa ho.
ɔtemmufo panyin bi a ɔhwɛ mmara so (JAG) adi Canada asraafo mmara baa dwumadibea no anim fii bere a Wiase Ko I reba no. Baa dwumadibea no kyerɛ Canada Asraafo no ankasa mmara a ɛwɔ mu ne nea ɛwɔ Ɔsom Nteɛso Mmara mu, ne amanaman ntam ne nnipa mmoa ho mmara ne ɔko ho mmara nso ase, te sɛ Geneva Apam ahodoɔ no. Wɔ Canada nneyɛeɛ mu no, akode a wɔde ko yɛ tebea a wɔahyɛ ho mmara denneennen na mmaranimfo yɛ nhyehyɛeɛ a ɛkɔ adwumayɛ ho gyinaesi ahodoɔ mu no fa titiriw. Asraafo Mmara Asoɛeɛ a ɛwɔ "Royal Military College of Canada" asase so a asraafo mmaranimfo na wɔyɛ adwuma wɔ hɔ no hwɛ asraafo mpanyimfo ne asraafo nwomasua so wɔ mmara mu nsɛm mu, ɛtete asraafo mmaranimfo na wotu Ottawa fo wɔ nhyehyɛeɛ ne nkyerɛkyerɛ ho nsɛm ho. Wɔde mmara ho adesua aka ntetee a CF asɔremma nya daa no ho.
Tumi a Wɔde Di Dwuma
Finland asraafo mmara no fa Finland Bammɔ Asraafo ne Finland Ɔhye so Awɛmfo no mu foɔ ho. Asraafo tumidie no ka asraafo nyinaa ho: wɔn a wɔagye wɔn akɔ sraadi, sukuufo a wɔretete wɔn ho ama asraafo dibea a wɔtua wɔn ka, mmea a wɔfiri wɔn pɛ mu som ne asraafo a wotua wɔn ka. Nanso, asraafo asɔfo nni nsɛmmɔnedifo asraafo tumidie akyi.[2]: "S 4 Reservists" yɛ asraafo tumidi no mufo bere a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ mu anaasɛ wɔmpɛ sɛ wɔyɛ adwuma no. Asraafo tumidie no firii ase firi bere a obi bɔ amanneɛ sɛ ɔreyɛ adwuma anaasɛ na ɛsɛ sɛ ɔbɔ amanneɛ wɔ adwuma mu na ɛkɔ so kosi bere a wɔayi onipa no afi adwuma mu na sɛ ɛba sɛ obi a wɔagye no akɔ sraadi ne asraafo a wɔakora wɔn so a wɔmpɛ a, wafi asraafo beae no nso. Wɔ ɔko bere mu no, ɔmanfo a wɔnyɛ asraafo a wɔsom wɔ "Defence Forces" anaa ɔmanfo ahyehyɛde ahodoɔ a wɔde ahyɛ "Defense Forces" akwankyerɛ ase nso wɔ asraafo tumidi ase. : SS1–2 [3]: SS 45:27–28 Atamfo ɔko mu nneduafo hwe Finland asraafo tumi ase bere a wɔde wɔn agu afiase no.[3]: 28
Asraafo Nsɛmmɔnedi
Sɛnea ɛte wɔ Germany no, nnipa a wɔwɔ asraafo tumi ase no wɔ ɔmanfo nsɛmmɔnedi ho mmara a wɔtaa de di dwuma no ase. Asraafo nsɛmmɔnedi ho mmara, asotwe mmara no Ti a ɛto so 45 no, ka nsɛmmɔnedi a asraafo nkutoo wɔbɛtumi ayɛ nkutoo ho. Eyinom mu nea ɛho hia sen biara ne "ɔsom mu nsɛmmɔnedi" ahodoɔ (Finnish: palvelusrikos) a ɛka ahyɛde ne nhyehyɛe ahodoɔ a wofiri wɔn pɛ mu yɛ na wɔyɛ anibiannaso nyinaa ho, "awɛmfo nsɛmmɔnedi" (Finnish: vartiorikos), a ɛka nneyɛeɛ bɔne biara a wɔyɛ bere a wɔreyɛ awɛmfo adwuma, akwamma a wonni (Finnish: luvaton poissaolo), desertion (Finnish: sotilaskarkuruus), akwanhoroɔ a ɛyɛ asoɔden a wɔyɛ tia wɔn a wɔkorɔn, dibea bi a wɔde di dwuma ɔkwammɔne so sɛ wɔkorɔn ne suban a ɛmfata mma asraafo (Finnish: sotilaalle sopimaton käyttäytyminen). Nsɛmmɔnedi afoforo gyina ɔmanfo mmara a wɔtaa de di dwuma so. : Ch. 45. Ɔde ne nsa kyerɛɛ ne so
Asraafoɔ wɔ tumi sɛ wɔhwehwɛ asraafoɔ nsɛmmɔnedi nyinaa mu yie, ne nsɛmmɔnedi foforɔ dodoɔ bi nso a wɔakyerɛw no pɔtee sɛ ɛyɛ asraafoɔ tumidi no dea. : § 1 Eyinom bi ne s.e. awudi ahorow, ɔtow a wɔtow hyɛ obi so, korɔnbɔ, nsisi, atoro, so a wɔtow gu ne nsɛm a wɔde asie a wɔda no adi wɔ ɔkwan a mmara mma ho kwan so. Nanso, sɛ wɔayɛ nsɛmmɔnedi no atia ɔsraani foforo anaasɛ wɔayɛ Defense Forces nkutoo a, na wɔwɔ asraafo tumidi ase nkutoo : S 2
Nea ɛnte sɛ nsɛmmɔnedi afoforo no, asraafo nsɛmmɔnedi no wɔ asotwe ahorow a ɛsono emu biara ma asomdwoe ne ɔko bere. Wɔ ɔko bere mu no, nsɛmmɔnedi no de asotwe a ɛsõ sen biara na sɛ nsɛmmɔnedi no de asiane ba asraafo kuw no so a, asotwe a wɔde ma no yɛ den sen saa mpo. Sɛ nhwɛso no, sɛ obi begyae asomdwoe bere mu a, wɔde nteɛso asotwe anaasɛ afiase afe biako ba. Wɔ ɔko bere mu no, ɛde afiase a wɔhyɛ sɛ wɔde bɛto afiase a ɛnboro mfe anan, na sɛ nsɛmmɔnedi no de asiane ba kuw no so ntɛm ara titiriw a, anyɛ yiye koraa no, ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde no to afiase afe biako, na wɔde mfe du a ɛsen biara
Sɛ asraafoɔ wɔ tumi wɔ nsɛmmɔnedi a ɛyɛ mpapahwekwa so, na nsɛmmɔnedi no de asotweɛ ba sɛ asotwe a, wɔbɛtumi de nteɛso asotwe ama sen sɛ wɔbɛbɔ no ka wɔ nsɛm tiawa ne asennibea ahorow nyinaa mu.[4]: §4
Nhwehwɛmu ne Nteɛso a Wɔde ma Tiawa
Sɛ nsɛmmɔnedi no hyɛ asraafo tumi ase a, mpɛn pii no, ɔsraani no ankasa kuw na wɔhwehwɛ mu. Wɔ nhwehwɛmu a ɛte saa mu no, ɔsraani panyin ne adwumakuo no panyin wɔ tumi sɛ wɔde nea wosusuw sɛ ɔyɛ ɔbarima no bɛto afiase. Asraafo dɔm no panyin ne asraafo polisifo nso wɔ hokwan sɛ wɔkyere nea wosusuw sɛ ɔyɛ ɔsɛmmɔnedifo no na wɔyɛ nhwehwɛmu wɔ asraafo beae bi mu.[4]: Ch. 4. 4.
Sɛ adwumakuw no panyin anaa ne panyin te nka sɛ nsɛmmɔnedi no nyɛ ade ketewaa bi na ɛhwehwɛ sɛ wɔyɛ nhwehwɛmu wɔ animdefo mu a, wobetumi de asɛm no akɔma Defence Command ma wɔayɛ ho nhwehwɛmu. Ɛkame ayɛ sɛ Defence Command no wɔ tumi a wɔde kyere obi no akyi no, ɛkame ayɛ sɛ wɔde nneɛma afoforo a Finland polisifo betumi anya nyinaa bedi dwuma. Sɛ Defence Command hwehwɛ sɛ wɔde nhwehwɛmu akwan a ɛyɛ hu sen biara di dwuma (e.g. telefon a wɔkyere, deep cover agents a wɔde di dwuma anaa kɔmputa so a wɔde hyɛ mu) a wobetumi abisa polisifo sɛ wɔnyɛ nhyehyɛe no anaasɛ wɔde asɛm no bɛhyɛ polisifo nsa, sɛnea nhwehwɛmufo no ne polisini a ɔfata no apene so no. Sɛ polisifo bu sɛ ɛho hia a, wobetumi agye asɛm no bere nyinaa, nanso.[4]: SS 35–39
Wɔ Ɔhye so Awɛmfo mu no, Ɔhye so Awɛmfo adwumayɛbea ti no wɔ emu mmarahyɛ tumi koro no ara a "Defence Command" a ɛwɔ "Defence Forces" mu no wɔ no, de ka tumi a Ɔhye so Awɛmfo no wɔ daa mmarahyɛ ho.
Sɛ nhwehwɛmu no yɛ krado a, wɔde asɛm no kɔma adwumakuo no panyin anaa ɔsraani panyin anaa ne panyin ma onsusu ho. Bere a ɔte nea wɔsusuiɛ sɛ ɔyɛ ɔsɛmmɔnedifo no asɛm akyi no, ɔpanin a ɔma ne ho so no ma nea wosusuw sɛ ɔyɛ ɔsɛmmɔnedifo no nya ahofadi fi adwenem naayɛ mu anaasɛ ɔde asotweɛ a ɛfata ma wɔ baabi a wɔama no kwan no mu.[4]: §§46.
N.W.A
N.W.A (a wɔatwa no tiaa ama Niggaz Wit Attitudes[5][6]) yɛ Amerikafo hip hop kuw bi a wɔhyehyɛɛ no wɔ Compton, California. Na wɔka wɔn a wodii kan gyee din na wɔkyerɛɛ akyinnyegye wɔ gangsta rap nnwom ketewa no mu ho, na nnipa pii bu kuw no sɛ kuw akɛse ne nkɛntɛnso kɛse wɔ hip hop nnwom abakɔsɛm mu no mu biako.
Wɔyɛɛ nnam fi 1987 kosi 1991,[1] rap kuw no gyinaa akyinnyegye ano esiane ne nnwom no mu nsɛm a ɛda adi pefee, a nnipa pii buu no sɛ ɛyɛ mmea ho tan, ne sɛnea wɔhyɛɛ nnubɔne ne nsɛmmɔnedi anuonyam nso nti. Akyiri yi wɔbaraa kuw no sɛ wɔnnkɔ Amerika radio dwumadibea atitiriw pii mu. Eyi nyinaa akyi no, kuw no atɔn bɛboro ɔpepem 10 wɔ United States nkutoo. Bere a kuw no de wɔn mufo ankasa osuahu ahorow a ɛfa mmusua mu nyiyim ne polisifo a wɔtra so ho dii dwuma no, wɔyɛɛ amammui nnwom a efi awosu mu.[9] Ná wonim kuw no mufo sɛ wɔtan polisifo nhyehyɛe a ɛde akyinnyegye pii aba mfe pii mu no kɛse.
Mfitiaseɛ nnwontofoɔ a wɔhyehyɛɛ no afe 1987 mfitiaseɛ,[1] no yɛ Arabian Prince, Dr. Dre, Eazy-E, ne Ice Cube, a DJ Yella ne MC Ren bɛkaa ho akyiri yi wɔ saa afe no mu. Woyii wɔn nnwom nhoma a edi kan a wɔaboaboa ano sɛ kuw wɔ 1987 mu a wɔfrɛ no N.W.A. ne Posse a ɛkɔɔ soro sen biara wɔ Billboard nsɛmma nhoma no Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums nhyehyɛe mu. Arabian Prince fii hɔ bere a woyii N.W.A studio album a edi kan, Straight Outta Compton, adi wɔ afe 1988 mu akyi bere tiaa bi, na Ice Cube dii n’akyi wɔ December 1989. Akyiri yi Eazy-E, Ice Cube, MC Ren ne Dr. Dre bɛyɛɛ nnwontofo a wɔn nkutoo na wɔtɔn platinum wɔ wɔn ankasa mu wɔ 1990 mfe no mu. Kuw no album a edi kan no hyɛɛ gangsta rap bere foforo no mfiase bere a na nnwom a wɔyɛe ne asetra mu nkyerɛkyerɛmu a wɔde mae wɔ wɔn nnwom no mu no yɛɛ nsakrae kɛse wɔ nnwom no mu. N.W.A studio album a ɛtɔ so mmienu, Niggaz4Life, yɛ hardcore rap album a ɛdi kan a ɛduruu nea ɛdi kan wɔ Billboard 200 adetɔn nnwom mu.[6]
Rolling Stone de N.W.A too nea ɛto so 83 wɔ ne din a ɛne "Adwumfo a Wɔsen Biara 100 a Wɔayɛ Bere Nyinaa" no mu.[10] Wɔ afe 2016 mu no, wɔde kuw no kɔɔ Rock and Roll Hall of Fame mu, wɔ nnipa mmiɛnsa a wɔadi kan apaw wɔn no akyi.
Abakɔsɛm
N.W.A ahyɛnsode no
Nneɛma a Wɔhyehyɛ ne "Ehu Beae" (1987–1988).
N.W.A kɔnsɛt ahorow a edi kan a wɔyɛe wɔ Compton skating rink no biako ho krataa, 1988
Eazy-E a ɔwɔ Compton a ɔne Jerry Heller boom hyehyɛɛ Ruthless Records no na ɔboaboaa N.W.A ano. Eazy-E hwehwɛɛ Steve Yano nnianim asɛm. Ɛwom sɛ mfiase no Yano pow no de, nanso n’ani gyee Eazy-E nsiyɛ no ho, na ɔyɛɛ nhyehyɛe sɛ ɔne Oduruyɛfo Dre bɛyɛ nhyiam.[11] Mfiase no, na N.W.A yɛ Eazy-E ne Oduruyɛfo Dre. Wɔde Ice Cube ne ne yɔnko producer Arabian Prince kaa roster no ho bere a ofii ase sɛ rapfo maa kuw C.I.A.[12] Akyiri yi Dre de DJ Yella nso baa hyɛn no mu.[13]
Kan no na Dre ne Yella nyinaa yɛ World Class Wreckin’ Cru no mufo sɛ DJfo ne wɔn a wɔyɛ sini. Ruthless yii dwom "Panic Zone" adi wɔ afe 1987 mu ne Macola Records, a akyiri yi wɔde kaa nnwom a wɔaboaboa ano N.W.A. ne Possefo no. Na N.W.A da so ara wɔ ne nkɔsoɔ fã, na wɔde ho anuonyam ma no wɔ nnwom du-baako no mu mmiɛnsa pɛ, titire no, kyerɛwtohɔ a ɛnyɛ ne su "Panic Zone", "8-Ball", ne "Dopeman", a ɛhyɛɛ Arabian Prince, DJ Yella, Dr. Dre, ne Ice Cube adwumayɛkuo a ɛdi kan agyiraeɛ. Mexiconi rapfo Krazy-Dee boom kyerɛw "Panic Zone", a mfiase no na wɔfrɛ no "Hispanic Zone", nanso akyiri yi wɔsesaa asɛmti no bere a Oduruyɛfo Dre tuu Krazy-Dee fo sɛ asɛmfua "hispanic" besiw adetɔn kwan.[14] Nea ɛka ho nso ne Eazy-E solo dwom "Boyz-n-the-Hood".[15]
Ɔde ne nsa kyerɛɛ ne so, na ɔde ne nsa kyerɛɛ ne so bio.
N.W.A boom yɛɛ Public Enemy 1988 "Bring the Noise" kɔnsɛt akwantuo no asɛmti
N.W.A yii wɔn studio album a edi kan, Straight Outta Compton, adi wɔ 1988. Bere a kuw no de nnwom abiɛsa a agye din a wɔde buee ano no daa nkurow akɛse mu mmerante ne mmabaa abufuw a ɛrekɔ soro no adi. Dwom a wɔde buee ano "Straight Outta Compton" na ɛde kuw no bae, "Fuck tha Police" kasa tiaa polisifo atirimɔdensɛm ne mmusuakuw mu nyiyim, na "Gangsta Gangsta" yɛɛ wiase adwene a kurow no mu mmerante ne mmabaa wɔ no ho mfonini. Bere a akyiri yi wɔde kuw no ho anuonyam mae sɛ wɔyɛɛ akwampaefo wɔ gangsta rap subgenre a ɛrenya nkɔso no mu no, N.W.A kaa wɔn nnwom ho asɛm sɛ "reality rap".[16]
Mfeɛ aduonu nson akyi no, Straight Outta Compton sini no muni ne ne mfɛfoɔ a ɔyɛɛ no, Ice Cube, kaa sɛ "na wɔreka deɛ ɛde aba ankasa wɔ ɔkwan a yɛfaa so yɛɛ no mu, a seesei wɔfrɛ no hardcore gangster rap. D.O.C., Ice Cube, ne MC Ren na wɔkyerɛw kuw no nsɛm dodow no ara, a "Fuck tha Police" ka ho, ebia kuw no dwom a agye dimmɔne sen biara, a ɛmaa wɔne mmarahyɛ bagua ahorow nyaa ntawntawdi. Wɔ nhyɛso a efi Focus on the Family hɔ ase no,[18] Milt Ahlerich, FBI kwankyerɛfo boafo de krataa kɔmaa Ruthless ne n’adwumakuw a ɛkyekyɛ nneɛma a wɔfrɛ no Priority Records, de tuu rapfo no fo sɛ "basabasayɛ ne ntua a wɔkamfo kyerɛ no yɛ mfomso na yɛn a yɛwɔ mmarahyɛ baguafo kuw no mu no yɛ nea ɛyɛ soronko wɔ adeyɛ a ɛte saa ho." Woda so ara tumi hu saa krataa yi wɔ Rock and Roll Hall of Fame a ɛwɔ Cleveland, Ohio.[19] Polisifo ampene so sɛ wɔbɛma kuw no kɔnsɛt ahorow no ahobammɔ, na ɛmaa wɔn nhyehyɛe a wɔyɛe sɛ wɔbɛkɔ akɔkyinkyin no yɛɛ wɔn yaw. Ne nyinaa mu no, nea FBI krataa no maa kuw no bɔɔ amanneɛ kɛse ara kwa.
Straight Outta Compton nso yɛ album ahorow a edi kan a wɔdii Parental Advisory label nhyehyɛe foforo no so no mu biako, saa bere no na ɛda so ara wɔ ne mfiase: label no saa bere no yɛ "KƆBƆ: Moderate impact coarse language and/or themes" nkutoo. Nanso, sɛnea N.W.A nnwom no yɛ taboo no ne ade titiriw a ɛmaa nnipa pii ani gyee ho. Nsɛm ho amanneɛbɔfo a wɔkaa ho asɛm no tuaa kuw no mframa a wɔmfa nni dwuma no so ka, na awiei koraa no ne nnwom nhoma no kɔɔ platinum mmɔho abien.[20] Ɔsram biako wɔ Straight Outta Compton akyi no, woyii Eazy-E solo debut Eazy-Duz-It adi. Na Eazy persona na ɛdi album no so (MC Ren nko ara ne rapfoɔ a ɔyɛ ahɔhoɔ) nanso wɔ akyi no na ɛyɛ kuw mmɔdenbɔ.
Akwansin 100 Ne Mmirikatu’ ne Niggaz4Asetra (1989–1991).
Ice Cube gyaee kuw no wɔ December 1989 mu esiane ahemfo ntawntawdi nti;[6] esiane sɛ ɛkame ayɛ sɛ ɔkyerɛw nnwom no mu fã wɔ Straight Outta Compton ankasa so nti, ɔtee nka sɛ onnya mfaso no mu kyɛfa a ɛfata.[22] Wɔsiesiee asɛm bi a Ice Cube de kɔdan nnwontofo kuw panyin Jerry Heller wɔ asɛnnibea akyi.[23] Ɔsɛee bere pii de boaboaa ne solo debut a edi kan, 1990 mfe no mu AmeriKKKa’s Most Wanted ano, nanso ɔkwatii sɛ ɔbɛka ne kan label mfɛfo ho asɛm. N.W.A asɛmti dwom a efi wɔn 1990 EP 100 Miles ne Runnin', nanso, na diss bi a ɛkɔ Cube ka ho: "Yɛde anum na efii ase, nanso yo / Obiako antumi annye—Enti afei ɛyɛ anan / Cuz nea ɔto so anum no antumi annye." Video a wɔde yɛɛ dwom no kyerɛɛ N.W.A mufo a wɔaka no sɛ wɔabom wɔ afiase dan bi mu, bere a woyi obi a ɔte sɛ Ice Cube adi no.
Afei nso wɔtee wɔ EP (a enyaa ne kwan wɔ Efil4zaggin album no mu) ne "Real Niggaz", diss a ɛyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ ma Ice Cube a emufo a wɔaka no bɔ no sobo sɛ ɔyɛ ohufo, na wogye ne nokware, nkwa tenten ne ne mfitiasesɛm ho kyim: "How the fuck you think a rapper lasts / With your ass sayin' shit that was said in the past / Yo, be original, your shit is sloppy / Get off the dick, you motherfuckin' carbon-copy", ne "Yɛde nneɛma pii na efii ase / Enti m'ani agye sɛ yeyii Benedict Arnold fii hɔ, yo."
Dwom "100 Miles and Runnin'" yɛ Dr. Dre uptempo recording a etwa to, a na ɛyɛ ade a ɛtaa ba wɔ 1980 mfe no awiei hip hop mu. Eyi akyi no, ɔde n'adwene sii midtempo, synthesizer based sound a wɔbɛfrɛɛ no G-funk, a efii ase wɔ "Alwayz Into Somethin'" a efi Efil4zaggin mu wɔ 1991. G-funk kwan no dii West ne East Coast hip hop nnwom nyinaa so mfe pii a ɛreba no.
Wɔka N.W.A ho asɛm wɔ Ice Cube 1990 EP, Kill at Will, faako a ɔbɔ ne kan kuw no din (ɛbɛyɛ sɛ wɔ fɛwdi kwan so) wɔ dwom "Jackin' For Beats" so. Wɔ "I Gotta Say What Up!!!" so no, Ice Cube de nteɛteɛm ma n'atipɛnfo a wɔyɛ rap saa bere no, a wɔn mu bi ne Public Enemy, Geto Boys, ne Sir Jinx. Wɔ dwom no awiei, wɔ nea ɛte sɛ nea ɛyɛ telefon so nsɛmbisa mu no, wobisa Ice Cube sɛ, "Esiane sɛ wokɔɔ solo no, dɛn na ɛrekɔ so wɔ adwumayɛfo a aka no ho?" na wɔde telefon no sɛn nea ɔrebisabisa no nsɛm no so mpofirim.
Kuw no nnwom a ɛto so abien a ɛyɛ ne nyinaa a woyii no adi, 1991 Efil4zaggin ("Niggaz4Life" a wɔkyerɛw no akyi), san de nnwontofo kuw no sii hɔ wɔ Ice Cube a ɛkɔɔ so dii nkonim a ɔno nkutoo dii no anim. Oduruyɛfo Dre adwuma a eye sen biara a ɔyɛe wɔ album no ho, na ɛbɔɔ G-Funk bere no mfiase ho dawuru. Ɛsan nso kyerɛɛ nitan a ɛda adi pefee wɔ wɔn kan kuw no muni no ho, na wohu Ice Cube ho nsɛm a ɛyɛ animtiaabu wɔ nnwom pii mu. Ntamgyinafo "Nkrasɛm a wɔde kɔma B.A." echoes ne dwom "Turn Off the Radio" mfiase a efi AmeriKKKa's Most Wanted: Ice Cube di kan de edin Benedict Arnold (Amerika Ɔman Anidan no ɔfatwafo a wagye dimmɔne no din) frɛ no nanso afei wɔbɔɔ no din pefee wɔ ayayade asubɔnten a efi kuw no ne n'akyidifo nyinaa hɔ mu: "Sɛ yehu yo' afunumu a, yɛkɔ' twa yo' ti nhwi na yɛde broom fuck wo " a M. C. Ren na ɔkae.[24]
Awiei koraa no, N.W.A–Ice Cube ntawntawdi no mu yɛɛ den, wɔ kyerɛwtohɔ ne asetra ankasa mu nyinaa. Na AmeriKKKa’s Most Wanted akwati ntua a wɔde bɛba N.W.A so tẽẽ, nanso wɔ Death Certificate, Ice Cube a ɛto so abien a woyii no adi a ɛyɛ ne nyinaa adi no so no, ɔde tuaa so ka. Ɔde nhwɛso na odii "Message to B.A." skit ansa na woafi ase ayɛ tirade a ɛyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ, "No Vaseline" a agye dimmɔne no. Wɔ nkyekyem ahorow a ɛtoatoa so mu no, Ice Cube de n'ano too kuw no so sɛ: "Wo te sɛ bozos a wɔyɛ tẽẽ / mihuu no sɛ ɛreba ɛno nti na mekɔɔ solo / Kept on stompin' / When y'all Muthafuckas moved Straight outta Compton / Wo nyaa ahoɔyaw bere a menyaa m'ankasa adwumakuw no / Nanso meyɛ ɔbarima, na ɛnyɛ obiara humpin' me."[24]
Ɔsan nso buaa asɔremma MC Ren, Dr. Dre, ne Eazy-E ankorankoro wɔ "100 Miles and Runnin'", a ɔkae sɛ "Mede nneɛma pii na efii ase / Dropped four niggaz and now I'm makin' all the dough", de homophobic kasakoa dii dwuma de kyerɛkyerɛɛ wɔn adwumayɛ mu abusuabɔ a ɛnyɛ pɛ ne Jerry Heller, a ɔbɛyɛɛ nea wɔde animtiaabu a emu yɛ den no botae no mu: "Get rid of that devil real simple / Put a bullet wɔ n'asɔredan mu / Cuz wo ntumi nyɛ 'Niggaz 4 Life' crew / With a white Jew telin' you what to do." Dwom no twee akyinnyegye wɔ ne antisemitism (sobo a ɛte saa a wɔbɔɔ Ice Cube bere a na ɔne Nkramofo Man no bɔe no mfiase), a egyina Heller som a wɔkasa tiaa no so.[24]
Woyii dwom no fii UK a woyii no adi no mu, na akyiri yi nea wɔde miaa dwom no bi ne dwom no fã bi a wɔahwɛ so. Wɔ September 1990 mu no, hip hop nnwontofo kuw Above the Law no mufo ne Ice Cube ne ne posse Da Lench Mob dii asi wɔ afe afe New Music Seminar nhyiam no ase, na ɛhyɛɛ wɔn a wotwa to no ma woguan fii Times Square Marriott Marquis, beae a wɔyɛɛ dwumadi no. Wɔ January 27, 1991 no, Oduruyɛfo Dre tow hyɛɛ Dee Barnes a ɔyɛ hip hop dwumadi Pump It Up no kwankyerɛfo so bere a ɔkaa N.W.A/Ice Cube nantwinam ho asɛm[26] akyi. Sɛnea Rolling Stone amanneɛbɔfo Alan Light kyerɛ no:
Ɔfaa no na "ofii ase bɔɔ n'anim ne ne nipadua nifa so mpɛn pii wɔ ɔfasu bi a ɛbɛn antweri no so" bere a ne nipadua wɛmfo no siw nnipadɔm no kwan no. Bere a Dre bɔɔ mmɔden sɛ ɔbɛtow no agu antweri no so na wantumi no, ofii ase bɔɔ no mpampam ne ne nsa. Oguan tuu mmirika kɔɔ mmea ahomegye dan no mu. Dre dii n'akyi na "ɔkyeree no fii n'akyi wɔ ne ti nhwi mu na ɔtoaa so bɔɔ no wɔ ne ti akyi."[27]
Wɔ mmuaema mu no, Dre kaa sɛ: "Nkurɔfo ka saa shit yi nyinaa, nanso wunim, sɛ obi ne me bɔ fuck a, me ne wɔn bɛbɔ fuck. Meyɛɛ no ara kwa, wunim. Ain't nothing you can do now by talking about it. Besides, it ain't no big thing —I just threw her through a door."[27]
N.W.A (1991–1995) awiei.
Eazy-E (a ne mfonini wɔ 1993 mu) ne kan kuw no mufo afoforo no dii akasakasa kosii sɛ owui wɔ 1995 mu.
1991 Niggaz4Life yɛ kuw no album a etwa to. Oduruyɛfo Dre akyi no, The D.O.C. na Michel'le fii Ruthless kɔkaa Death Row Records ho na sobo ahorow a wɔbɔe wɔ Eazy-E a wɔhyɛɛ wɔn ma wɔde wɔn nsa hyɛɛ wɔn apam ase (bere a nanso wɔkoraa wɔn hokwan a wɔwɔ sɛ wotintim nhoma no fã bi so) ho no, akansi a emu yɛ den bae. Dr. Dre fii asesesa no ase wɔ afe 1992 mu denam Death Row a edi kan a woyii no adi, "Fuck Wit Dre Day (And Everybody's Celebratin')", na ne video a ɛka ho no daa nipa bi a wɔfrɛ no "Sleazy-E" (a odiyifo A.J. Johnson dii n'ade) a otuu mmirika dii akɔneaba denneennen sɛ obenya sika adi. Animtiaabu no toaa so wɔ The Chronic so de "Bitches Ain't Shit". Eazy-E buae wɔ afe 1993 mu de EP It's On (Dr. Dre) 187um Killa wɔ nnwom "Real Muthaphuckkin G's" ne "It's On" mu.