cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Afua Adwo Jectey Hesse
Nhomasua ne ntetee
Wɔwoo Afua Hesse wɔ September 11 wɔ Kumasi. Ɔnyaa ne ntoaso sukuu wɔ Wesley Girls’ Senior High School a ɛwɔ Cape Coast. Afei ɔkɔɔ so kɔɔ Ghana Suapɔn Aduruyɛ Sukuu mu baabi a ɔtetee ne ho sɛ ɔbɛyɛɛ aduruyɛ ho oduruyɛfo. Ɔyɛ Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh (FRCSE), UK, ne West African College of Surgeons (FWACS) no muni ne Ghana College of Physicians and Surgeons (FFGCS) no Fapem Fellow. Ɔsan yɛ Amanaman Ntam Nnuruyɛfo Kuw a Wɔyɛ Oprehyɛn (FICS) no muni. Ɔwɔ Level 8 Diploma wɔ Chartered Management Institute, London, UK Ɔsan nso wɔ adansedie krataa wɔ Health Management Administration for Senior Health Practitioners firi Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration (GIMPA), Abodin krataa wɔ Health Management Institute, 1999 mu. Nhyehyɛe ne Nhyehyɛe a efi Leeds Sukuupɔn mu.
Adwuma
Ɔyɛ ɔbea a odi kan pii. Ɔyɛ ɔbaa Mmofra Oprehyɛn Oduruyɛfoɔ a ɔdi kan wɔ Ghana ne ɔbaa oprehyɛnfoɔ a ɔdi kan a ɔfiri ne alma mater na ɔsom sɛ Aduruyɛ Mmea Amanaman Ntam Fekuo no Titenani, foforɔ a ɛdi kan maa Ghanani wɔ Fekuo no mfeɛ 91 abakɔsɛm mu a ɛyɛ deɛ ɛdi kan Amanaman Ntam Mmea a Wɔyɛ Adwumayɛfo Fekuw. Ɔyɛ Oprehyɛn ho Ɔbenfoɔ wɔ Ghana Suapɔn Aduruyɛ Sukuu mu na wasom wɔ nnwuma ahodoɔ mu wɔ Aduruyɛ Sukuu ne Korle Bu Nkyerɛkyerɛ Ayaresabea nyinaa a ɔwɔ bɛboro mfeɛ aduasa osuahu. Ɔno ne ɔbea a odi kan a ɔsom sɛ Oprehyɛn Dwumadibea no Titenani, Aduruyɛ ho Nsɛm ho Ɔkwankyerɛfo, Mmofra Oprehyɛn Dwumadibea no Titenani na akyiri yi ɔyɛɛ Korle Bu Nkyerɛkyerɛ Ayaresabea no kwankyerɛfo panyin a ɔyɛ adwuma. Ɔno ne ɔbea a odi kan a ɔyɛ Ghana Aduruyɛ Fekuw no Nidi Ɔkyerɛwfo. Ɔma ɔkasa wɔ adesua a edi kan ne nea wɔawie akyi nyinaa wɔ Ghana Sukuupɔn Aduruyɛ Sukuu mu na ɔyɛ nhwehwɛmufo wɔ Amanaman Ntam aduruyɛ ho nsɛmma nhoma ahorow a atipɛnfo ahwɛ mu. Ɔayɛ nnwuma pii a nea ɛka ho ne sɛ ɔsom sɛ Ɔfotufoɔ ma Ministry of Health, ɔsom wɔ nnwumakuo ne sukuupɔn asoɛeɛ bi ne Ghana Aduruyɛ Fekuo ne Suapɔn Mpɔtam no boards mu wɔ dibea ahodoɔ mu. Mprempren, ɔyɛ Co-founder ne President of the Accra College of Medicine, Ghana ankorankoro Aduruyɛ sukuu a ɛdi kan a ɛbɛwie ne nnuruyɛfoɔ kuo a ɛdi kan wɔ afe 2020.
Nhoma ahorow a wɔapaw
Afua Hesse akyerɛw na waboa ti ahorow wɔ nhoma ahorow pii a ɛho hia mu. Ɔwɔ nhoma bɛboro aduasa a ɔde kamfo no.
Ankorankoro asetra
Afua Hesse aware Adukwei Hesse, a ɔyɛ Mfinimfini Aduruyɛ ho Ɔbenfo ne saa ara nso na ɔyɛ Presbyterian Asɔre no Somfo ne Accra College of Medicine a ɔne no wɔ mma baanan no mu biako.
Hokwan a ɛwɔ sɛ obi nya akwahosan (Right to health)
Hokwan a obi wɔ sɛ onya akwahosan (The right to health) ne sikasɛm (economic), asetra (social), ne amammerɛ mu hokwan (cultural right) a ɔwɔ sɛ wonya amansan nyinaa akwahosan gyinapɛn a ɛba fam koraa a ankorankoro nyinaa wɔ hokwan sɛ wonya. Wɔakan adwene a ɛfa hokwan a obi wɔ sɛ ɔwɔ akwahosan ho no wɔ amanaman ntam apam ahorow a nea ɛka ho ne Amansan Mpaemuka a Ɛfa Hokwan a Nnipa Wɔ Ho (Universal Declaration of Human Rights), Amanaman Ntam Apam a Ɛfa Sikasɛm (International Covenant on Economic), Asetra ne Amammerɛ Hokwan Ho (Social and Cultural Rights), ne Apam a Ɛfa Hokwan a Nnipa a Wɔadi dɛm wɔ ho Akyinnyegye wɔ hokwan (Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities) a obi wɔ sɛ onya akwahosan no nkyerɛase ne ne di ho esiane nsusuwii ahorow te sɛ sɛnea wɔkyerɛkyerɛ akwahosan mu, hokwan ahorow a ɛba fam koraa a ɛka hokwan a obi wɔ sɛ onya akwahosan ho, ne ahyehyɛde ahorow a ɛyɛ wɔn asɛyɛde sɛ wɔhwɛ ma wonya akwahosan hokwan nti.
Hokwan a Nnipa Wɔ Ho Nhwehwɛmu Dwumadi (Human Rights Measurement Initiative) susuw hokwan a aman a ɛwɔ wiase nyinaa nya akwahosan ho, gyina sika dodow a wonya so.
Afe 1946 Wiase Nyinaa Akwahosan Ahyehyɛde no Amanyɔ Mmara (Constitution of the World Health Organization - 1946).
Afe 1946 Wiase Nyinaa Akwahosan Ahyehyɛde (World Health Organization - WHO) Amanyɔ Mmara no nnianim asɛm no kyerɛkyerɛ akwahosan mu kɛse sɛ “honam fam, adwene ne asetra mu yiyedi koraa tebea na ɛnyɛ yare anaa mmerɛwyɛ a enni hɔ ara kwa - (a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity).” Amanyɔ Mmara no kyerɛkyerɛ hokwan a obi wɔ sɛ onya akwahosan mu sɛ "akwahosan gyinapɛn a ɛkorɔn sen biara a wobetumi anya mu anigye," na ɛkan hokwan yi nnyinasosɛm ahorow bi sɛ mmofra nkɔso a ahoɔden wom; aduruyɛ ho nimdeɛ ne mfaso a ɛwɔ so a wɔbɛtrɛw mu pɛpɛɛpɛ; ne asetra mu nhyehyɛe ahorow a aban de ma a ɛbɛma wɔanya akwahosan a ɛfata.
Frank P. Grad de WHO Amanyɔ Mmara no ho anuonyam ma sɛ "ɛka ... nnɛyi amanaman ntam ɔmanfo akwahosan no fã mũ no nyinaa," de hokwan a obi wɔ sɛ onya akwahosan no si hɔ sɛ " ɔdesamma hokwan titiriw a wontumi nnye mfi (inalienable human right) ne nsam " a aban ahorow ntumi mmɔ so, na ɛyɛ wɔn asɛyɛde mmom sɛ wɔbɔ ho ban na gyina akyi. WHO Amanyɔ Mmara no titiriw na ɛhyɛ hokwan a obi wɔ sɛ onya akwahosan ho hye a edi kan wɔ amanaman ntam mmara mu wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so.
Afe 1948Amansan Mpaemuka a Ɛfa Hokwan a Nnipa Wɔ Ho (Universal Declaration of Human Rights - 1948).
Amanaman Nkabom no 1948 Amansan Mpaemuka a ɛfa Hokwan a Nnipa Wɔ ho (Universal Declaration of Human Rights) no Ahyɛde aduonu anum (25) ka sɛ "Obiara wɔ hokwan sɛ onya asetra gyinapɛn (right to a standard of living) a ɛfata ma n'abusua akwahosan ne yiyedi, a aduan, ntade, adan ne ayaresa ne ayaresa ka ho asetra mu nnwuma a ɛho hia." Amansan Mpaemuka no ka dabere foforo a wɔde bɛma ahobammɔ wɔ nipadua mu mmerɛwyɛ anaa dɛmdi ho, na ɛka ɔhwɛ a wɔde ma wɔn a wɔwɔ ɛnanom anaa mmofraberem no ho asɛm titiriw.
Afe 1965 Amanaman Ntam Apam a Ɛfa Abusuakuw Mu Nyiyim Nyinaa a Wobeyi Afi Hɔ Ho (International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination - 1965)
Wɔaka akwahosan ho asɛm tiawa wɔ Amanaman Nkabom Amanaman Ntam Apam a Ɛfa Abusuakuw Mu Nyiyim Nyinaa a Wobeyi Afi Hɔ Ho (International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination), a wogye toom wɔ 1965 mu na efii ase yɛɛ adwuma wɔ 1969 mu no mu.
Apam no frɛ Aman sɛ "Wɔnbara na wonnyi mmusua mu nyiyim mfi hɔ wɔ ne kwan nyinaa so na wɔmfa hokwan a obiara wɔ, a nsonsonoe biara nni mu wɔ abusuakuw, kɔla, anaa ɔman anaa mmusuakuw a ofi mu, sɛ ɔyɛ pɛ wɔ mmara no anim," ne nsɛm a wɔatwe adwene asi so wɔ eyi ase nhyehyeɛ "Hokwan a ɔwɔ sɛ ɔnya ɔmanfoɔ akwahosan, ayaresa, asetena mu ahobanbɔ ne asetena mu nnwuma." Aman a wɔyɛ saa Apam yi gye hokwan a obiara wɔ sɛ onya nipadua ne adwene mu akwahosan a ɛkorɔn sen biara a wobetumi anya no tom. Anamɔn a Aman a wɔyɛ saa Apam yi mufoɔ no bɛtu na ama wɔanya hokwan yi abam koraa no bi ne deɛ ɛhia ma:
Nkokoaa a wɔwo wɔn a wɔawuwu ne nkokoaa a wowuwu a wɔbɛtew so na ama abofra no nyin yiye;
Nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ne mfiridwuma mu ahotew afã horow nyinaa a wɔbɛma atu mpɔn;
Nyarewa a ɛyɛ ɔyaredɔm, ɔyaredɔm a ɛwɔ hɔ, adwuma mu ne nyarewa afoforo a wosiw ano, sa wɔn yare na wodi so;
Afe 1966 Amanaman Ntam Apam a Ɛfa Sikasɛm, Asetra ne Amammerɛ Hokwan Ho (International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights - 1966)
Amanaman Nkabom no san kyerɛkyerɛ hokwan a obi wɔ sɛ onya akwahosan mu wɔ afe 1966 Amanaman Ntam Apam a Ɛfa Sikasɛm, Asetra ne Amammerɛ Hokwan Ho (International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights) no Ahyɛde dumien (12) mu, a ɛka sɛ:
Afe 2000 Nsɛm a Wɔkae a Ɛto so 14 (General Comment No. 14 - 2000)
Wɔ afe 2000 mu no, Amanaman Nkabom Boayikuw a Ɛhwɛ Sikasɛm, Asetra ne Amammerɛ Hokwan So (United Nations' Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights) no de Nsɛm a Ɛtɔ so dunnan (14) mae, a ɛfa "nsɛm atitiriw a ɛsɔre wɔ Amanaman Ntam Apam a Ɛfa Sikasɛm, Asetra ne Amammerɛ Hokwan Ho no a wɔde bedi dwuma mu (substantive issues arising in the implementation of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights)" a ɛfa Ahyɛde dumien (12) ne "hokwan a obi wɔ sɛ onya akwahosan gyinapɛn a ɛkorɔn sen biara a wobetumi anya (the right to the highest attainable standard of health)." General Comment no de kasa a ɛda adi pefee, a ɛyɛ adwuma ma wɔ ahofadi ne hokwan ahorow a ɛka hokwan a obi wɔ sɛ onya akwahosan ho,
General Comment no ma emu da hɔ tẽẽ sɛ "ɛnyɛ sɛ wɔte hokwan a obi wɔ sɛ onya akwahosan no ase sɛ hokwan a ɔwɔ sɛ onya apɔwmuden. " Mmom no, wɔaka hokwan a ɔwɔ sɛ onya akwahosan ho asɛm sɛ ahofadi ne hokwan ahorow nyinaa a ɛfa onipa no abɔde mu ne asetra mu tebea horow ne Ɔman no nneɛma a ɛwɔ hɔ nso ho, a abien no nyinaa betumi asiw hokwan a ɔwɔ sɛ ɔwɔ apɔwmuden kwan esiane nneɛma a ɛboro nkɛntɛnso anaa tumi so nti Ɔman no. Ahyɛde 12 de adwuma hyɛ Ɔman no nsa sɛ onnye ntom sɛ ankorankoro biara wɔ hokwan a efi awosu mu wɔ akwahosan gyinapɛn a eye sen biara a wobetumi ayɛ ho, na ɛka (anyɛ yiye koraa no ne fa bi) ‘ahofadi a ɔwɔ fi’ ne ‘hokwan a ɔwɔ sɛ obenya’ a ɛka hokwan a ɛte saa ho no ho asɛm; nanso, ɛnyɛ Ɔman no sobo sɛ ɔnhwɛ sɛ ankorankoro nyinaa, nokwarem no, wɔ apɔwmuden koraa, na saa ara nso na ɛnyɛ sɛ ankorankoro nyinaa agye hokwan ne hokwan ahorow a wɔabobɔ din wɔ hokwan a wɔwɔ sɛ wonya akwahosan mu no atom koraa.
Abusuabɔ a ɛda hokwan afoforo ntam (Relation to other rights)
Te sɛ Amansan Mpaemuka a Ɛfa Hokwan a Nnipa Wɔ Ho no,(Universal Declaration of Human Rights) Nsɛm a Wɔkae Kɛse (General Comment) no ma nnipa hokwan ahorow a ɛne wɔn ho wɔn ho wɔ abusuabɔ no mu da hɔ, na ɛka sɛ, "hokwan a obi wɔ sɛ onya akwahosan no ne hokwan afoforo a nnipa wɔ no wɔ abusuabɔ kɛse na egyina so," na ɛnam so si hia a ɛho hia sɛ wonya nkɔso wɔ hokwan afoforo te sɛ hokwan ahorow a obi wɔ sɛ onya aduan, adwuma, dan, asetra, nyiyim a wɔnyɛ, nnipa nidi, ne nea ɛho hia a wobenya, ne afoforo, a ɛbɛma wɔagye hokwan a obi wɔ sɛ onya akwahosan tom. Saa ara nso na Nsɛm a Wɔkae Kɛse no gye tom sɛ "hokwan a obi wɔ sɛ onya akwahosan no fa asetra ne sikasɛm mu nneɛma ahorow pii a ɛhyɛ tebea horow a nnipa betumi atra ase a ahoɔden wom ho nkuran, na ɛtrɛw kɔ nneɛma a ɛhyɛ akwahosan ho nkuran no so." Wɔ eyi mu no, Nsɛm a Wɔkae Kɛse no kyerɛ sɛ anammɔn pɔtee a wɔfa so nya hokwan a obi wɔ sɛ onya akwahosan a wɔabobɔ din wɔ Ahyɛde dumien (12) no mu no nyɛ nea edi mu na ɛyɛ nhwɛso katee.
Abusuabɔ a wontumi ntetew mu a ɛda Akwahosan ne Hokwan a Nnipa Wɔ ntam (The inextricable link between Health and Human Rights) Ná Jonathan Mann yɛ Francois-Xavier Bagnoud Ɔbenfo a ɔkyerɛ Akwahosan ne Hokwan a Nnipa Wɔ ne Ɔbenfo a ɔkyerɛ Nyarewa Ho Adesua ne Amanaman Ntam Akwahosan wɔ Harvard T. H. Chan Sukuu a Ɛhwɛ Ɔmanfo Akwahosan So (Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health). Na wonim no sɛ ɔyɛ ɔkwampaefo a ɔwɔ tumi na ɔkamfo akwahosan, abrabɔ pa, ne nnipa hokwan ahorow a wɔbɛhyɛ ho nkuran, na ɔkamfoo nsusuwii a ɛne sɛ Akwahosan ne Hokwan a Nnipa wɔ wɔ abusuabɔ a wontumi ntetew mu wɔ abusuabɔ a ɛyɛ nnam mu no akyi.
Wɔ "Akwahosan ne Hokwan a Nnipa Wɔ (Health and Human Rights)" no po a edi kan mu no, Jonathan Mann ne ne mfɛfo tintim asɛm bi a ɛsakra de hwehwɛɛ biakoyɛ a ebetumi aba wɔ Akwahosan ne Hokwan a Nnipa Wɔ mu. Wɔ saa asɛm yi mu no, Mann ne afoforo. kyerɛkyerɛ nhyehyeɛ a wɔde bɛka domain mmienu a ɛka bom no bom. Wɔakyekyɛ saa nhyehyɛe yi mu ayɛ no abusuabɔ abiɛsa a ɛtrɛw.
Abusuabɔ a edi kan a ɛda Akwahosan ne Hokwan a Nnipa Wɔ ntam no yɛ amammuisɛm. Mann ne ne mfɛfo ka sɛ akwahosan ho nhyehyɛe, nhyehyɛe, ne nneyɛe nya hokwan ahorow a nnipa wɔ so nkɛntɛnso, titiriw bere a wosusuw ɔman tumidi ho wɔ ɔmanfo akwahosan ho no.
Afei, asɛm no de abusuabɔ a ɛne no bɔ abira kyerɛ: sɛ nnipa hokwan ahorow a wobu so no nya akwahosan so nkɛntɛnso. Ɛsan nso hwehwɛ sɛ akwahosan ho nimdeɛ bɛboa ma wɔate sɛnea akwahosan ne yiyedi betumi anya nkɛntɛnso wɔ nnipa hokwan ahorow a wobu so denam susudua ne nhwehwɛmu so.
Nhyehyɛeɛ a ɛka Akwahosan ne Nnipa Hokwan bom no fã a ɛtɔ so mmiɛnsa no de adwene a ɛne sɛ nnipa hokwan ne akwahosan ho banbɔ ne nkɔsoɔ wɔ abusuabɔ titire wɔ abusuabɔ a ɛyɛ nnam mu no ba. Bere a nhoma ahorow afoa abusuabɔ abien a edi kan no so kɛse no, wɔanhwehwɛ saa nsusuwii hunu a ɛto so abiɛsa yi mu kɛse saa.
Asɛm no foa saa adwene yi so denam ka a ɛka sɛ saa nkitahodi yi kyerɛ sɛ nea efi mu ba a mfaso wɔ so a ɛyɛ nwonwa wɔ ɔmanfo akwahosan ho adeyɛ ne nnipa hokwan ahorow a wɔde di dwuma no dwumadi ahorow a ɛde ne ho, nanso nkitahodi a ɛwɔ dwumadi ahorow mu nso mu. Nea wobu no sɛ ɛyɛ nea ɛde ne ho to wɔn ho wɔn ho so a wontumi nnye ntom wɔ hɔ. Mann ne ne mfɛfo no san ka sɛ nhwehwɛmu, nhomasua, osuahu, ne nsɛm a wɔka de gyina nkurɔfo akyi nyinaa ho hia na ama wɔate saa nhyiam yi ase, na ama wɔate nnipa yiyedi ase na wɔama anya nkɔso wɔ wiase nyinaa.
Awiei koraa no, Mann ne ne yɔnko dwumayɛni adwuma ne sɛ wɔbɛda no adi sɛ, bere a ankorankoro akwahosan ayɛ nea wɔde wɔn adwene asi so kɛse wɔ aduruyɛ ne akwahosan ho nhyehyɛe afoforo mu, titiriw wɔ nipadua mu yare ne dɛmdi ho no, ɔmanfo akwahosan (public health') adwene no akɔ so kɛse wɔ sɛnea nkurɔfo betumi ayɛ ho te apɔ. Sɛnea nkyerɛase a ɛyɛ mmerɛw a ɛyɛ nwonwa yi kyerɛ no, ɔmanfo akwahosan adwuma ne sɛ wɔbɛhyɛ akwahosan pa ho nkuran na wɔasiw akwahosan ho haw ahorow ano – yare, dɛmdi, owu a ɛba ntɛm. Ɛne sɛ, atetesɛm mu nteaseɛ a ɛfa ankorankoro akwahosan ho sɛdeɛ akwahosan ho dwumadie te aseɛ na ɛdi ho dwuma no yɛ "tebea baako a ɛho hia ma akwahosan", nanso ɛnyɛ ɛno nko ara na ɛfata anaa asɛmfua a wɔde sesa "akwahosan". Ɔkwan foforɔ so no, akwahosan ho dwumadie nnɔɔso mma akwahosan, sɛdeɛ ɔmanfoɔ akwahosan ho adwumayɛfoɔ te aseɛ no – abɔnten so nneɛma bi wɔ hɔ a ɛde nsunsuansoɔ pa ne bɔne a ɛda adi wɔ wiase nyinaa nnipa dodoɔ akwahosan ne yiedie so no ayɛ nuanced na ɛda adi nso.
Akwahosan mu pɛyɛ (Health equity)
Nsɛm a Wɔkae no Kɛse (General Comment) no nso ka asɛmmisa a ɛfa akwahosan mu pɛyɛ ho (health equity), adwene a wɔanka ho asɛm wɔ Amanaman Ntam Apam a edi kan no mu no ho asɛm foforo. Krataa no hyɛ no nsow sɛ, "Apam no bara nyiyim (discrimination) biara a wɔbɛyɛ wɔ akwahosan ho nhyehyɛe a wobenya ne nneɛma a ɛhyɛ akwahosan ho gyinae, ne akwan ne hokwan ahorow a wɔde bɛtɔ wɔn." Bio nso, wɔde asɛyɛde a ɛne sɛ wɔbɛma nyiyim ne nea efi mu ba wɔ akwahosan ho no atu mpɔn no ahyɛ Ɔman no nsa: “Aman no wɔ asɛyɛde titiriw sɛ wɔde akwahosan ho insurance ne akwahosan ho nhyehyɛe a ɛho hia bɛma wɔn a wonni sika a ɛdɔɔso, na wɔasiw nyiyim biara ano (States have a special obligation to provide those who do not have sufficient means with the necessary health insurance and health-care facilities, and to prevent any discrimination on internationally prohibited grounds in the provision of health care and health services).” wɔ nneɛma a wɔabara wɔ amanaman ntam wɔ akwahosan ho nhyehyɛe ne akwahosan ho nnwuma a wɔde ma mu." Wɔasi nyiyim a wɔnyɛ (non-discrimination) a egyina ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna (basis of gender), mfe a wɔadi (age), dɛmdi (disability), anaa asɔremma a wɔyɛ wɔ aborɔfo mpɔtam hɔ so dua bio (membership in indigenous communities).
Aman ne amanaman ntam ahyehyɛde ahorow asɛyɛde ahorow (Responsibilities of states and international organizations)
Nkyerɛkyerɛmu Kɛse no afa horow a edi hɔ no ka asɛyɛde ahorow a aman ne amanaman ntam ahyehyɛde ahorow wɔ wɔ hokwan a obi wɔ sɛ onya akwahosan ho asɛm kɔ akyiri. Wɔakyekyɛ aman asɛyɛde ahorow mu akuw abiɛsa: asɛyɛde ahorow a ɛne sɛ wobedi obu, asɛyɛde ahorow a ɛne sɛ wɔbɛbɔ wɔn ho ban, ne asɛyɛde ahorow a ɛne sɛ wobedi hokwan a wɔwɔ sɛ wonya akwahosan ho dwuma. Eyinom ho nhwɛso (wɔ ɔkwan a ɛnyɛ nea edi mu so) ne nyiyim a wobesiw ano wɔ ɔhwɛ a wobenya anaa wɔde ma mu; anohyeto ahorow a ɛwɔ nnuru a wɔde siw nyinsɛn ano anaa abusua nhyehyɛe ho a wɔbɛkwati; akwahosan ho nsɛm a wɔpow a wɔbɛbara; nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a wɔtew so; aduruyɛ mu nneyɛe a wɔde hyɛ nkurɔfo ne/anaasɛ epira a egyina amammerɛ so ano hye; hwɛ a wɔbɛhwɛ sɛ wobenya nneɛma a ɛkyerɛ akwahosan wɔ asetra mu no pɛpɛɛpɛ; ne akwankyerɛ a ɛfata a wɔde bɛma wɔ nnuruyɛbea ahorow, adwumayɛfo, ne nnwinnade a wobegye atom ho. Amanaman ntam asɛyɛde ahorow bi ne sɛ wɔbɛma kwan ma wɔanya akwahosan mu anigye wɔ aman afoforo so; akwahosan ho mmara a wobu so wɔ aman afoforo so a wobesiw ano; a wɔbɛyɛ biako wɔ mmoa a wɔde ma wɔ nnipa mmoa a wɔde ma wɔ asiane ne tebea horow a egye ntɛmpɛ ho; ne kwati a wɔbɛkwati sɛ wɔde bara a wɔabara nnuruyɛ mu nneɛma anaa adwumayɛfo bedi dwuma sɛ adeyɛ a ɛde amammui anaa sikasɛm mu nkɛntɛnso ba.
Apam a Ɛfa Nyiyim a Wɔyɛ Tia Mmea Nyinaa a Wobeyi Afi Hɔ Ho (Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women)
Amanaman Nkabom Apam a ɛfa afe 1979 Amanaman Nkabom Apam a Ɛfa Nyiyim a Wɔyɛ Tia Mmea Nyinaa a Wobeyi Afi Hɔ Ho (Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women) no Ahyɛde dumien (12) kyerɛ ahobammɔ a mmea bɛbɔ afi nyiyim a wɔyɛ wɔ ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna ho bere a wɔrenya akwahosan ho nnwuma ne hokwan a mmea wɔ sɛ wonya akwahosan ho nhyehyɛe pɔtee bi a ɛfa ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna ho. Ahyɛde dumien (12) no mu nsɛm nyinaa ka sɛ:
Ahyɛdeɛ 12:
Apam a Ɛfa Hokwan a Abofra Wɔ Ho (Convention on the Rights of the Child)
Wɔaka akwahosan ho asɛm wɔ nsɛm pii mu wɔ Mmofra Hokwan Ho Apam afe 1989) mu (Convention on the Rights of the Child - 1989). Ahyɛde mmiɛnsa (3) no frɛ afã horow no sɛ wɔnhwɛ sɛ ahyehyɛde ahorow ne mmeae a wɔhwɛ mmofra no di akwahosan gyinapɛn ahorow so. Ahyɛdeɛ dunson (17) no gye hokwan a abofra no wɔ sɛ ɔnya nsɛm a ɛfa ne nipadua ne n’adwene mu akwahosan ne ne yiedie ho tom. Ahyɛdeɛ aduonu mmiɛnsa (23) no ka hokwan a mmofra a wɔadi dɛm wɔ ho asɛm pɔtee, a ɛka ho ne akwahosan ho dwumadie, ahosiesie, ɔhwɛ a wɔde siw ano. Ahyɛde aduonu anan (24) no ka mmofra akwahosan ho asɛm kɔ akyiri, na ɛka sɛ, "Afanu no gye hokwan a abofra no wɔ sɛ onya akwahosan gyinapɛn a ɛkorɔn sen biara a wobetumi anya mu anigye ne mmeae a wɔbɛsa yare na wɔasan asiesie akwahosan no tom (Parties recognize the right of the child to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health and to facilities for the treatment of illness and rehabilitation of health. States shall strive to ensure that no child is deprived of his or her right of access to such health care services)." Aman bɛbɔ mmɔden sɛ wɔbɛhwɛ sɛ wɔremfa hokwan a ɔwɔ sɛ obenya akwahosan ho nhyehyɛe a ɛte saa no mfi abofra biara nsam." Sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wɔde saa nhyehyɛe yi bedi dwuma no, Apam no kan nneɛma a edidi so yi:
Wiase Akwahosan Ahyehyɛde (World Health Organization) no wɛbsaet (website) no ka sɛ, "CRC yɛ mmara ne mmara nhyehyɛe a ɛfa WHO adwuma ho wɔ mmofra ne mmabun akwahosan ho nsɛm pii mu." Goldhagen de CRC no kyerɛ sɛ "nsusuwii a wɔde bɛkamfo mmofra (template for child advocacy)" na ɔhyɛ nyansa sɛ wɔmfa nni dwuma sɛ nhyehyɛe a wɔde bɛtew nsonsonoe so na ama nea efi mu ba wɔ mmofra akwahosan mu no atu mpɔn.
Apam a Ɛfa Hokwan a Nnipa a Wɔadi M dɛm Wɔ Ho (Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities)
Ahyɛdeɛ aduonu anum (25) a ɛfa Hokwan a Nnipa a Wɔadi dɛm (Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities) wɔ afe (2006) no kyerɛ pefee sɛ "nnipa a wɔadi dɛm wɔ hokwan sɛ wɔnya akwahosan a ɛkorɔn a wɔbɛtumi anya a wɔnyɛ nyiyim wɔ dɛmdi ho (persons with disabilities have the right to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health without discrimination on the basis of disability)." Ahyɛdeɛ aduonu anum (25) no mu nkyekyɛmu nketewa (sub-clauses) no ka sɛ Aman bɛma mmubuafoɔ akwahosan ho nhyehyɛeɛ "a ɛyɛ papa, ne gyinapɛn" korɔ no ara a wɔde ma nnipa foforɔ, ne saa nnwuma a wɔhwehwɛ titire ma mmubuafoɔ a wɔsiw ano, wɔhunu wɔn, na wɔdi ho dwuma. Nsiesiei foforo kyerɛ sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ wɔma akwahosan ho nhyehyɛe ma mmubuafo wɔ mpɔtam hɔ na ɛsɛ sɛ wɔhwɛ ma wɔyɛ pɛ wɔ asasesin mu, a nsɛm foforo ka ho tia akwahosan ho nnwuma a wɔpow anaasɛ ɛnyɛ pɛ a wɔde ma (a "aduan ne nsu (food and fluids)" ne "nkwa ho insurance (life insurance)" ka hoɔ wɔ so nea egyina dɛmdi so.
Hendriks na ɔkyerɛwee  kasa tia sɛnea apam no antumi ankyerɛkyerɛ asɛmfua " dɛmdi" mu pɔtee no; ɔsan ka sɛ "nkyerɛkyerɛmu a emu da hɔ a enni hɔ betumi asɛe nkyerɛase koro no, anaasɛ anyɛ yiye koraa no, ɛde ahobammɔ a ɛkɔ so daa a Apam no hwehwɛ sɛ ɛde bɛma no bɛto asiane mu." Nanso, ogye tom sɛ nkyerɛase a emu da hɔ a wonnya mma "mmubuafo" no betumi aboa mmubuafo denam tumi a Ɔman no wɔ sɛ ɛbɛto apam no mu nhyehyɛe ahorow a wɔbɛtrɛw mu akɔ nnipa pɔtee bi anaa wɔn a wɔwɔ tebea horow bi so no ano hye so.
Nkyerɛase ahorow a ɛwɔ nhomasua nhoma ahorow mu (Definitions in academic literature)
Bere a wɔde nsusuwii hyehyɛ nnipa hokwan dodow no ara sɛ hokwan ahorow a enye, a ɛkyerɛ sɛ ɛyɛ mmeae a ɔmanfo ntumi mfa amammuisɛm mu nneyɛe mfa wɔn ho nnye mu anaasɛ wontumi nsiw ano no, Mervyn Susser kyerɛ sɛ hokwan a obi wɔ sɛ onya akwahosan yɛ hokwan soronko titiriw na ɛyɛ den efisɛ wɔtaa da no adi sɛ ɛyɛ adepa right, baabi a ɔmanfo wɔ asɛyɛde sɛ wɔde nneɛma ne hokwan ahorow bi bɛma ɔmanfo nyinaa.
Susser san de nhyehyɛe anan a ohu sɛ ɛka ho wɔ hokwan a obi wɔ sɛ onya akwahosan ho no to hɔ: akwahosan ne ayaresa ho nnwuma a wobenya wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so; "gyidi pa" asetra mu mmɔdenbɔ a wɔde bɛhyɛ akwahosan a ɛyɛ pɛ ho nkuran wɔ asetra mu akuw ahorow mu; kyerɛ sɛ wɔbɛsusu na wɔasusu akwahosan mu pɛyɛ ho; ne asetena mu amammui nhyehyɛe a ɛyɛ pɛ a ɛbɛma afã horow no nyinaa anya nne soronko wɔ akwahosan ho nsɛm a wɔka ne ne nkɔso mu. Ɔhwɛ yiye sɛ ɔbɛhyɛ no nsow wɔ ha sɛ, bere a ɛda adi sɛ eyi hwehwɛ sɛ wonya akwahosan ho nneɛma a ɛba fam koraa no, ɛnkyerɛ sɛ obiara nya akwahosan tebea a ɛfata anaasɛ ɛmma ɛnhia sɛ obi nya akwahosan tebea a ɛyɛ pɛ esiane nsonsonoe a ɛwɔ abɔde mu wɔ akwahosan tebea mu a efi awosu mu nti. Saa nsonsonoe yi yɛ nea ɛho hia, efisɛ kasatia bi a wɔtaa ka wɔ "hokwan a obi nya wɔ akwahosan ho" ho ne sɛ ɛde hokwan a obi wɔ wɔ gyinapɛn bi a wontumi nnya ho si hɔ na ɛpɛ sɛ wonya akwahosan tebea a ɛsakra dodo wɔ adwene mu fi onipa biako so kɔ foforo so anaasɛ ɔman biako mu de kɔ nea edi hɔ no so.
Bere a Susser nkɔmmɔbɔ no twe adwene si akwahosan ho sɛ hokwan pa so no, Paul Hunt bɔ saa adwene yi gu na ɔde asɛm a ɛne sɛ hokwan a obi wɔ sɛ onya akwahosan nso ka hokwan ahorow bi a enye te sɛ ahobammɔ a wonya fi nyiyim ho ne hokwan a obi wɔ sɛ onnya ayaresa a nea ogye no no mfi ne pɛ mu mpene so no ma. Nanso, Hunt gye tom sɛ hokwan pa bi, te sɛ asɛyɛde a ɔmanfo wɔ sɛ wɔde wɔn adwene si wɔn a wonnya mmoa ne wɔn a wonni ahobammɔ no akwahosan ahiade so titiriw no ka hokwan a wɔwɔ sɛ wonya akwahosan ho.
Paul Farmer di asɛm a ɛfa akwahosan ho nhyehyɛe a ɛnyɛ pɛ a wobenya ho asɛm wɔ n'asɛm, "Nyarewa akɛse a ɛde ɔyare mmoawa ba wɔ wiase - sɛ wɔbɛsa anaasɛ wɔrensa." Ɔka "nsonsonoe a ɛda nea efi mu ba" a ɛrenya nkɔanim wɔ nnipa dodow a wonya akwahosan ho nhyehyɛe ne wɔn a wɔnyɛ saa ntam no ho asɛm. Ahiafo nnya ayaresa koro no ara, sɛ ebi wɔ hɔ koraa a, sɛnea wɔn a wɔwɔ sikasɛm mu anigye kɛse no. Nnuru ne ayaresa ho ka a ɛkɔ soro no ma ɛyɛ ɔhaw ma aman a wodi hia sɛ wobenya ɔhwɛ a ɛyɛ pɛ. Ɔka sɛ, "Nneɛma a ɛkyɛn so a pɛyɛ nni mu no reba sɛ akwahosan ho asɛnnennen titiriw a ɛfa nnipa hokwan ahorow ho wɔ afeha a ɛto so aduonu baako (21) yi mu."
Hokwan a nnipa wɔ sɛ wonya akwahosan ho nhyehyɛe (Human right to health care)
Ɔkwan foforo a wɔfa so susuw hokwan a obi wɔ sɛ onya akwahosan no fa biako ho ne “hokwan a onipa wɔ sɛ onya akwahosan ho nhyehyɛe.” Nea ɛda nsow ne sɛ, eyi ka hokwan ahorow a ayarefo ne wɔn a wɔde mmoa ma no nyinaa wɔ wɔ akwahosan ho nnwuma a wɔde ma mu ho, na nea etwa to no nso abue kwan ma aman no taa yɛ wɔn ayayade. Hokwan ahorow a ayarefo wɔ wɔ akwahosan ho nhyehyɛe (ealth care) a wɔde ma mu no bi ne: hokwan a wɔwɔ sɛ wonya kokoam nsɛm (right to privacy), nsɛm (information), asetra (life), ne ɔhwɛ a ɛfata (quality care), ne ahofadi a wobenya afi nyiyim (freedom from discrimination), ayayade (torture), ne atirimɔdensɛm, atirimɔdensɛm, anaasɛ animtiaabu ho (cruel, inhumane, or degrading treatment). Akuw a wɔato wɔn hintidua, te sɛ atubrafo (migrants) ne nnipa a wɔatu wɔn afi wɔn afie mu, mmusuakuw ne mmusuakuw nketewa (ethnic minorities), mmea (women), nna mu nnipa kakraa bi (sexual minorities), ne wɔn a wɔwɔ HIV no, yɛ mmerɛw (vulnerable) titiriw sɛ wobebu nnipa hokwan ahorow so wɔ akwahosan ho nhyehyɛe ahorow mu. Sɛ nhwɛso no, wobetumi akyekyɛ mmusuakuw ne mmusuakuw nketewa mu akɔ ayaresabea ahorow a ɛnyɛ papa mu, wobetumi asiw mmubuafo ano na wɔama wɔn nnuru wɔ ahoɔden so, wɔapow wɔn a wɔnom nnubɔne no ayaresa a wɔde ma wɔn a wɔnom nnubɔne, wobetumi ahyɛ mmea ma wɔayɛ wɔn awotwaa mu nhwehwɛmu na wɔapow wɔn sɛ wontu nyinsɛn a egye nkwa, wosusuw sɛ wɔyɛ mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da wobetumi ahyɛ mmarima ma wɔayɛ wɔn akyi nhwehwɛmu, na wɔde ahoɔden (forcibly sterilized) ahyɛ mmea a wɔwɔ akuw a wɔato wɔn hintidua mu ne wɔn a wɔsakra wɔn bɔbeasu mu.
Mmara mu nsakrae sɛ ɔkwan a wɔfa so ko tia na wɔasiw ayarefo ne wɔn a wɔde mmoa ma no hokwan ahorow a wobu so no ano no de ɔkwan a ɛhyɛ bɔ ba. Nanso, wɔ aman a wɔresakra mu (aman a wɔatew no foforo a wɔreyɛ nsakrae - newly formed countries undergoing reform), ne mmeae afoforo a mmara nniso a ɛyɛ mmerɛw no, betumi ayɛ nea anohyeto wom. Wɔayɛ nneɛma ne nnwinnade a wɔde bɛma mmaranimfo, wɔn a wɔde mmoa ma, ne ayarefo a wɔn ani gye ho sɛ wɔbɛma nnipa hokwan ahorow atu mpɔn wɔ ayarefo hwɛ mu.
Hokwan a ɛwɔ mmara mu wɔ akwahosan ho nhyehyɛe mu (Constitutional right to health care)
Bebree  mmarahyɛ bagua ahorow gye hokwan a obi wɔ sɛ onya akwahosan tom mprempren. Ɛtɔ da bi a, saa hokwan ahorow yi yɛ nea ɛfata, a ɛkyerɛ sɛ wobetumi de asɛm adi wɔ asɛnnibea. Nokwarem no, adeyɛ bi a ɛrekɔ so wɔ mmarahyɛ bagua mu nsakrae mu wɔ wiase nyinaa ne sɛ wɔbɛma hokwan a obi wɔ sɛ onya akwahosan no agye ntini na wɔama ayɛ nea ɛfata. U.S. yɛ nea ɛyɛ soronko wɔ saa nneɛma yi ho, anyɛ yiye koraa no wɔ aban mpanyimfo gyinabea. Ne nyinaa mu no, ɔsatu ahorow akɔ so wɔ U.S. a wɔrehwehwɛ sɛ wɔbɛboa ma wɔagye hokwan a obi wɔ sɛ onya akwahosan tom wɔ mmarahyɛ bagua mu. Baabi a mmarahyɛ bagua ahorow gye hokwan a ɛfata sɛ wonya akwahosan tom ampa no, mmuae a asennibea ahorow de mae no adi afra.
Wɔ afe 2022 mu no, Oregon bɛyɛɛ ɔman a ɛdi kan a ɛnam Oregon Ballot Measure 111 so hyɛɛ mmara kwan so hokwan a ɛfa akwahosan ho.
Ka tia (Criticism)
Philip Barlow kyerɛw sɛ ɛnsɛ sɛ wobu akwahosan ho nhyehyɛe sɛ onipa hokwan esiane sɛ ɛyɛ den sɛ wɔbɛkyerɛkyerɛ nea ɛhwehwɛ mu ne baabi a ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde ‘gyinabea a ɛba fam' a ɛfa hokwan ahorow a ɛwɔ hokwan no ase ho no si hɔ nti. Bio nso, Barlow kyerɛ sɛ hokwan ahorow de asɛyɛde ahorow si afoforo so sɛ wɔbɛbɔ wɔn ho ban anaasɛ wɔbɛbɔ wɔn ho ban, na ɛnyɛ nea ɛda adi pefee sɛ hena na ɔwɔ asetra mu asɛyɛde wɔ hokwan a ɔwɔ sɛ onya akwahosan ho. John Berkeley, a ɔne Barlow yɛ adwene no, kasa tia bio sɛ hokwan a obi wɔ sɛ onya akwahosan no nsusuw asɛyɛde a ɛsɛ sɛ ankorankoro wɔ sɛ okura n’ankasa akwahosan mu no ho yiye.
Richard D Lamm gye akyinnye denneennen tia akwahosan ho nhyehyɛe a wɔbɛma ayɛ hokwan. Ɔkyerɛkyerɛ hokwan mu sɛ nea ɛsɛ sɛ wɔbɔ ho ban ɔkwan biara so, ne adwene a atemmu nhyehyɛe no kyerɛkyerɛ mu na ɛkyerɛ ase. Akwahosan ho nhyehyɛe a wɔbɛma ayɛ hokwan no bɛhwehwɛ sɛ aban ahorow sɛe wɔn ahonyade no fa kɛse de ma wɔn manfo. Ɔsi so dua sɛ akwahosan ho nhyehyɛe no gyina mfomso a wosusuw sɛ nneɛma a anohyeto nni mu no so. Nneɛma kakraa bi na ɛmma aban ahorow ntumi mfa akwahosan ho nhyehyɛe a ɛfata mma obiara, titiriw wɔ bere tenten mu. Sɛ wɔbɔ mmɔden sɛ wɔde akwahosan ho nhyehyɛe a "mfaso" bɛma nnipa a wɔde nneɛma kakraa bi di dwuma nyinaa a, ebetumi ama sikasɛm asɛe. Lamm si so dua sɛ akwahosan ho nhyehyɛe a wobenya nanso ɛyɛ ɔfa ketewaa bi wɔ ɔman a ɛwɔ apɔwmuden a wɔbɛma aba mu, na sɛ wɔbɛbɔ ɔman a ɛwɔ apɔwmuden a, ɛsɛ sɛ wɔsɛe nneɛma nso wɔ asetra mu nneɛma ho.
Ɔkasatia foforo a wɔkasa tia hokwan a obi wɔ sɛ onya akwahosan ne sɛ ɛrentumi nyɛ yiye. Imre J. P. Loefler, a na anka ɔyɛ Nairobi Ayaresabea Nsɛm a Wɔkae (Nairobi Hospital Proceedings) samufo na ɔtaa boa Britania Aduruyɛ Ho Nsɛmma Nhoma (British Medical Journal), no kyerɛ sɛ sikasɛm ne nhyehyɛe mu adesoa a ɛwɔ akwahosan ho nhyehyɛe a wɔhwɛ ma obiara so no yɛ nea wontumi nnya, na nneɛma a wɔde di dwuma no ma ɛnyɛ nokware sɛ wobebu hokwan a obi wɔ sɛ ɔbɛma obi nkwa nna akyɛ daa no bem. Mmom no, Loefler kyerɛ sɛ wɔnam asetra ne sikasɛm nhyehyɛe so di botae a ɛne sɛ wɔbɛma ɔmanfo akwahosan atu mpɔn no ho dwuma yiye sen hokwan a wɔde ma wɔ akwahosan ho wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so.
Nhoma ahorow a wɔahyehyɛ (Bibliography)
Nkyekyεmu:Pages with unreviewed translations
Felix Owusu-Adjapong
Felix Owusu-Adjapong yɛ Ghanani amanyɔni a wɔwoo no Ɔgyefuo 13, afe apem ahankron aduanan-nan no mu. Ɔdii dwuma sɛ mmarahyɛbadwani maa New patriotic party, Ɔsono Amanyɔkuo no wɔ Akyem Swedru  abatoɔ mpasua a ɛwɔ Atɔeɛ mantam no mu wɔ Ghana. Ɔsane dii dwuma sɛ ɔsoafoɔ a ɔhwɛ ahoɔden mu nsɛm so. Bio nso, na ɔyɛ daanodini New patriotic party, Ɔsono Amanyɔkuo no.
N'abrabɔ ne ne sukuukorɔ
Felix Owusu-Adjapong suaa Land Economy wɔ Kwame Nkrumah suapɔn a ɛwɔ Kumase no mu. Ɔsane gyee nteteɛ wɔ Adansie ne adansɛm mu wɔ Bouwcentrum Institute a ɛwɔ Rotterdam, ɛnna ɔsan suaa Urban Land Appraisal wɔ University of Reading a ɛwɔ England no mu. Afei, ɔsane kɔsuaa mmara wɔ Ghana School of Law mu.
N'adwuma sɛ amanyɔni
Owusu-Adjapong somm sɛ mmarahyɛbadwa a ɛtɔ so mmienu, mmiɛnsa ne nan no muni wɔ Ghana Repɔblik a ɛtɔ so nan no mu. Ɔno ne mmarahyɛbadwani a wɔdii kan too aba maa no wɔ Akyem Swedru abatoɔ mpasua no mu wɔ afe apem ahankron ne aduokron-nsia ɔman abatoɔ no mu. Ɔnyaa mma a wɔtoeɛ no nyinaa mu mpem num, ahanwɔtwe ne aduonu-nan a ɛgyina hɔ ma ɔha mu nkyɛmu aduanan-num akyiripɔ aduasa wɔ saa afe abatoɔ no mu. Wɔsane too aba maa no sɛ mmarahyɛbadwani wɔ mfeɛ mpenu ɔman abatoɔ no mu berɛ a ɔnyaa mma mpem dunan, ahansia ne dunan a ɛgyina hɔ ma ɔha mu nkyɛmu aduonum-nsia akyiripɔ aduowɔtwe.
Ɔgyefuo bosome no mu wɔ mfeɛ mpenu ne baako mu no, wɔyii no sɛ ɔsoafoɔ a ɔhwɛ Akwantuo ne Nkitahodie so, ɛnna Oforisuo bosome no mu wɔ mfeɛ mpenu ne mmiɛnsa mu nso, wɔyii no sɛ Ɔsoafoɔ a ɔhwɛ mmarahyɛbadwa ho nsɛm so.
Kaole
Kaole yɛ ɔman abakɔsɛm beae a ɛwɔ Bagamoyo Mansin mu wɔ Pwani Mantam mu wɔ Tanzania. Beae no wɔ abakɔsɛm mu kurow Bagamoyo apuei fam akwansin abiɛsa wɔ India Po no mpoano. Swahilifo abo dedaw a wɔde akorade ayɛ a efi afeha a ɛto so 13 ne afeha a ɛto so 16 ntam no wɔ mpɔtam hɔ. Amamfõ no bi fi afeha a ɛto so 13 mu na ɛwɔ asɔredan abien ne adamoa 30.
Wɔde akorade abo a wɔde abo adum a ɛhyɛ adamoa no bi agyirae na esii adamoa a ɛwɔ Kaole no. Sɛnea ɛhɔnom atetesɛm kyerɛ no, adamoa no bi yɛ mpɔtam hɔ sodifo a na wonim wɔn sɛ "diwanis" no adamoa. Wogye di sɛ "Diwanis" yɛ Sheikh Ali Muhamad al-Hatim al-Barawi asefo. Wɔasisi tete nneɛma akorae ketewaa bi, baabi a wɔda nneɛma bi a wohuu wɔ amamfõ no mu adi. Saa nneɛma yi bi yɛ Chinafo de ma enti ɛma wonya tete aguadi mu abusuabɔ ho adanse.
Abakɔsɛm
Mfiase no, wɔtraa Kaole wɔ afeha a ɛto so 8 mu sɛ aguadi kurow. Anka mangrove nnua, sandalwood, ebony ne asonse bɛyɛ nneɛma atitiriw a wɔde di gua. Ná wɔde nnua na esisi Kaolefo atrae dodow no ara, na ɛmaa ɛnyɛ den sɛ abo asɔredan ne adamoa no. Akyiri yi, Zaramofoɔ a wɔwɔ mpɔtam hɔ no frɛɛ beaeɛ no Kaole, a ɛkyerɛ "kɔ na hwɛ". Nea odii kan suaa Kaole Amamfõ no ho ade ne Britania fam tutufo Neville Chittick, bɛyɛ afe 1958.
Hwɛ eyi nso
Abakɔsɛm mu Swahilifo Atenae (Historic Swahili Settlements)
Garamba Ɔman Mmoa Yɛmmea
Garamba Ɔman Mmoa Yɛmmea no bɛyɛ 2,000-square-mile (5,200 km  ɔman mmɔnten so atrae a ɛwɔ Democratic Republic of the Congo atifi fam apuei . Ɛka Afrika mmɔnten so atrae a akyɛ sen biara no ho, na UNESCO paw no sɛ Wiase Agyapade wɔ 1980 mu esiane sɛ ɛbɔɔ atifi fam asono fitaa, asono, asono, ne akraman atrae a ɛho hia ho ban nti.  Afrika Mmoa Yɛmmea a wɔne Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature (ICCN) ayɛ biako na ɛhwɛ Garamba so, fi afe 2005.
Nsɛm a wɔaka abom
Wɔde Garamba Ɔman Mmoa Yɛmmea sii hɔ wɔ 1938 mu na ne kɛse yɛ 4,900 kilomita  wɔ Democratic Republic of the Congo atifi fam apuei. Gangala-na-Bodio Hunting Reserve na ɛtwa ho hyia wɔ atɔeɛ, anafoɔ, ne apueeɛ, na ɛne South Sudan hyeɛ wɔ atifi ne atifi apueɛ. Ɛyɛ Sudano– Guinea savanna beae no fa. Abɔnten so atrae no yɛ mmeae a wɔabɔ ho ban a akyɛ sen biara wɔ Afrika no mu biako. Ɛda nsakraeɛ beaeɛ a ɛda mmeaeɛ mmienu a ɛwɔ endemism ntam : Guinea-Congolia ne Guinea-Sudanese savanna. Saa mmeae abien a nkwa wom yi boa wuram mmoa ahorow, a wɔn dodow so atew wɔ nnansa yi mfe du du mu esiane mmoa a wɔkyere wɔn we nti. Garamba Ɔman Mmoa Yɛmmea no, ahyehyɛdeɛ a ɛnyɛ mfasoɔ a ɛhwɛ nneɛma so a wɔfrɛ no African Parks na ɛhwɛ so sɛ ayɔnkofa a wɔne Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature (ICCN) ayɛ no fa, ɛfiri afe 2005. ICCN rangers ne augmented ne asraafo a wɔwɔ Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo yɛ adwuma de bɔ Garamba ho ban fi abɔmmɔfo ne atuatewfo akuw ho.
Abakɔsɛm
UNESCO paw saa abɔnten so atrae no sɛ Wiase Agyapade wɔ afe 1980 mu, na wɔde kaa adwumakuw titiriw no List of World Heritage in Danger ho fi 1984–1992. Wɔ 1991 ne 1993 ntam no, Sudan aguanfo 50,000 kɔtraa Garamba akyi bere a Sudan Nnipa Ahofadi Asraafo no tu fii wɔn afie mu akyi, na ɛmaa mmoa a wɔkyere wɔn sie no kɔɔ soro. Wɔbɔ amanneɛ sɛ ntawntawdi 121 sii abɔmmɔfo ne mmɔnten so ahwɛfo ntam wɔ 1993 ne 1995 ntam, na akode bɛboro 900 na mmoa a wɔhwɛ mmoa so nyae wɔ 1991–1996 mu. Amanaman Ntam Asono Fapem no de sika mae maa kar a wɔde hwɛ nneɛma so wɔ 1994 mu, ne ranger akatua wɔ 1995 mu. Wɔ February 1996 mu no, wokunkum asono abien—ɔbarima biako, Bawesi, ne Juliet, ɔbere a onyinsɛn. Wɔsan de Garamba kaa asiane ahorow ho wɔ 1996 mu esiane atifi fam asono fitaa a wɔkyere wɔn sie nti. Wɔ nkogudi dodow bi akyi wɔ Congo Ko a Edi Kan ne Sudan Ɔmanko a Ɛto so Abien mu, nea ɛho hia sen biara no Operation Thunderbolt, Uganda atuatewfo a wɔyɛ WNBF ne UNRF (II) no guan kɔɔ Garamba National Park wɔ afe 1997. [12] Ahyehyɛde ahorow te sɛ Frankfurt Mmoa Ho Adesua Kuw,. Amanaman Ntam Kuw a Ɛhwɛ Abɔde So, ne Wiase Nyinaa Wim Mmoa Foto nso ne mpɔtam hɔ atumfoɔ ayɛ adwuma de asiesie Garamba.
Nsɛm a wɔde gyinaa so
Nkyekyεmu:Wiase Agyapade Mmeae a Ɛwɔ Asiane Mu
Zumbenti Afahyɛ
Zumbenti Afahyɛ afehyia afahyɛ a ahenfo ne wɔn manfoɔ a wɔn wɔ Kaleo a ɛwɔ Nadowli mansin a ɛwɔ Atɔe Mantam mu wɔ Ghana no di. Wodi saa afahyɛ yi wɔ bosome a ɛtɔ so ɛtɔ so nnan no mu. Afoforo nso di no wo bosome a ɛtɔ so nnum no mu.
Afa hyɛ
Wɔde nnuane ne nsa gye ahohoɔ wɔ afahyɛ no ase. Amanfoɔ no hyɛ wɔn amammerɛ ntadeɛ ahorɔw de kɔ dwa dataa a ahenfo no abɔ no ase. Asa ne nnwomtoɔ nso kɔ so wɔ afahyɛ no ase.
Mfasoɔ
Wɔdi saa afahyɛ de da wɔn anyame ase, wɔde tew wɔn nsaase firi ahomhom bɔne ho na afei nso, wɔde afahyɛ no ka mmusua bomu. Wohu no sɛ saa bere no yɛ bre a ɛsɛ ma awareɛ nhyehyei.
Ghana Democratic Republican Party
Ghana Democratic Republican Party yɛ amannyɔkuo a ɛhyɛ Ghana ase. Yɛtee kuo no wɔ afe 1992 mu. Neɛ ɔyɛ kuo no panin seisei ara ne Kofi Amoah. Ɔno na ɔte mmrahyɛbadwa akonnwa no so seisei.
Beaɛ a menyaa mmoa firiieɛ
Nkyekyεmu:Amanyɔkuo ahodoɔ a ɛwɔ Ghana
Matthew Kwaku Antwi
Matthew Kwaku Antwi yɛ Ghanani mmarahyɛbadwanni wɔ Ghana kwasafoman mu. Na ɔyɛ mmarahyɛbadwanni de ma Atwima- Kwanwoma mpasua a ɛwɔ Asante mantam wɔ Ghana wɔ mmarahyɛbadwam a ɛtɔ so nan wɔ kwasafoman a ɛtɔ so nan wɔ Ghana. Na ɔyɛ kuoba de ma Ɔsono amanyɔkuo (NPP) no.
Abrabɔ mfitiaseɛ ne ne nnwomasua
Wɔwoo Antwi wɔ Ahinime bosom da a ɛtɔ so nan, afe ahankron ne aduanan baako (October 4, 1941). Ɔwɔ abɔde nyansahu abɔdin krataa wɔ kuadwoma nyansahu ne PhD.
N'adwuma
Antwi yɛ abɛɛfo suahunu hwehwɛmuni.
Amanyɔkuo adwuma
Antwi yɛ kuoba wɔ Ɔsono amanyɔkuo (NPP) no mu. Ɔhyɛɛ n'adwuma ase wɔ afe apem.ahankron ne aduokron nson (1997) berɛ a ɔdii nkonim wɔ afe apem ahankron ne aduokron nsia (1996) Ghanaman nyinaa abatoɔ a ɛkɔɔ so no mu. Wɔsan too ne so aba wɔ Ɔpɛpɔn bosom da a ɛtɔ so nson wɔ afe mpem mmienu ne nan (7 January 2005) berɛ a ɔdii nkonim wɔ abatoɔ a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ Ɔpɛpɔn bosom no mu wɔ mfe mpem mienu ne nan ( December 2004) wɔ afe no ewiei. Susan too ne so aba sɛ mmarahyɛbadwanni de maa Atwima-Kwanwoma mpasuaso wɔ mmarahyɛbadwam a ɛtɔ so nan wɔ kwasafoman a ɛtɔ so nan no mu wɔ Ghana.
N'abrabɔ
Ɔyɛ kristonni.
Aba Andam
Professor Aba A. Bentil Andam (a wɔwoo no wɔ afe apem ahankron aduanan nwɔtwe mu [1948]) yɛ Ghanani a ne dwuma titirew a wɔdi ne particle physicist a na ɔyɛ panin paa a ɔda Ghana Academy of Arts and Sciences ano firi afe mpem mmienu ne du-nson mu (2017) de kɔ si – afe mpem mmienu ne du-nkron mu (2019). ɔno ne ɔbaa a ɔfiri ɔman Ghana mu a ɔyɛɛ physicist.
Abrabɔ ahyɛaseɛ ne nwomasua
Aba A. Bentil Andam a wɔwoo no wɔ Ghana wɔ afe apem ahankron aduanan nwɔtwe mu (1948) wɔ kuro a wɔfrɛ no sɛ Ajumako Kokoben. ɔkɔɔ ne ntoasoɔ sukuu wɔ Mfantsiman Senior High School. ɔgyee n'abɔdin krataa a ɛdi kan wɔ suapɔn a wɔfrɛ no sɛ University of Cape Coast a ɛwɔ ɔman Ghana mu wɔ afe apem ahankro aduosia nkron mu de kɔ si afe apem ahankron aduoson mmiensa mu (1969-1973), a na ade titirew a na ɔsua ne physics ɛna afei nso na ɔsane nso sua biribi kakra fa nkontabuo nso ho (mathematics). Afei ɔkɔtoaa ne nwomasua no so wɔ Britain aborɔkyi man mu a ɛhɔ na ɔkɔnyaa n'abɔdin krataa a ɛtɔ so mmienu a wɔfrɛ no borɔfo kasa mu sɛ master's degree ɛfirii suapɔn a wɔfrɛ no sɛ University of Birmingham wɔ afe apem ahankron aduoson nsia mu de kɔ si afe apem ahankron aduoson nson mu (1976-1977) afei ɔtoaa so sua adeɛ gyee abɔdin krataa a wɔfrɛ no Ph.D ɛfirii Durham University wɔ afe apem ahankron aduoson nwɔtwe mu de kɔ si afe apem ahankron aduowɔtwe baako mu (1978-1981). Berɛ a na ɔregye nteteɛ wɔ University of Cape Coast ɛne Durham University nyinaa mu no, na ɔno nkɔ ara ne ɔbaa a ɛyɛ physicist wɔ saa mmerɛ no mu.
Adwumayɛ
Wɔ afe apem ahankron aduowɔtwe nsia mu no (1986) ɔbɛyɛɛ chartered physicist ɛna afei nso na ɔsane nso yɛ Institute of Physics kuoba amapa. sɛ wode n'abodin krataa ahodoɔ a wagye no wɔ abɔdeɛ mu nyansapɛ nwomasua mu no to nkyɛn a, na ɔsane nso te French kasa no a na ɔtumi ka no yie pa ara, ɛna na ɔsane nso wɔ abɔdin krataa ahodoɔ beberee wɔ French kasa no nkorabata ahodoɔ pii mu, a ɛbi mpo ne Diplome de Langue d’Alliance Francaise de Paris; the French Proficiency Certificate of Ghana Institute of Languages; and the Certificate of Translation, Alliance Francaise de Paris.
Abɔdin ne Animuonyamhyɛ ahodoɔ
Ɔne nnwumakuo ahodoɔ pii na adi dwuma a ɛbinom ne; The World Innovation Foundation (ɛfiri afe mpem mmienu ne mmienu mu 2002), Ghana Academy of Arts and Sciences (ɛfiri afe mpem mmienu ne mmiensa mu 2003), ɛna the Institute of Physics (ɛfiri afe mpem mmienu ne nan mu 2004). ɔno na na ɔyɛ panin paa a na ɔda Ghana Academy of Arts and Sciences kuo no ano (ɛfiri afe mpem mmienu ne du-nson mu 2017- de kɔ si ɛfiri afe mpem mmienu ne du-nkron mu 2019), ɔno ne ɔbaa a na ɔtɔ so mmienu a ɔbɛkuraa saa diberɛ yi mu.
Awaresɛm
Aba A. Bentil Andam hokafoɔ a ɔwaree no ne Professor Kwesi Akwansah Andam a na ɔno nso yɛ Civil Engineer, afei nso na ɔsane nso yɛ nwomanimfoɔ a woayɛ suapɔn Vice Chancellor mpo pɛn. wɔwoo mma nan.
Hiroshima
Hiroshima (広島市) yε kuro a ɛwɔ Yapan.
Ayerye Afahyɛ
Ayerye Afahyɛ yɛ afehyia afahyɛ a ahemfo ne manfoɔ a ɛwɔ Akyemfo Nankesedo a ɛwɔ Nkusukum mpɔtam wɔ Saltpond a ɛwɔ mfimfini mantam wɔ Ghana na ɛdie. Mpempii no wɔdi afahyɛ no Obubuo bosome. Ekumfi Narkwafoɔ nso di saa afahyɛ no. Enyam-Maim nso di afahyɛ no bi.
Sɛdeɛ wɔdi afahyɛ no
Afahyɛ da no, wɔgye ahɔhoɔ ma wɔn nnuane ne anonneɛ. Manfoɔ no hyɛ ntaadeɛ amammerɛ kwan so ɛna ahemfo pii nso ba aseɛ. Wɔsa sane bɔ twene wɔ afahyɛ no ase.
Mfasoɔ
Wɔdi saa afahyɛ no de kae adeɛ bi a ɛkɔ so wɔ hɔ mfeɛ bi a atwam no. Wɔdi afahyɛ no de hyɛ nananom abosomfoɔ a wɔko firii Ghana empire de kɔɔ Techiman na wɔkɔɔ beaɛ a wɔte seisei berɛ a wɔkɔɔ adwumaden ne amanehunu pii mu. Wɔdi saa afahyɛ no de kae nnipa a ɛwɔ mpɔtam hɔ sɛ wakora wɔn ho afiri awudifoɔ a wɔbɔ wura mpɔtam hɔ ɛno nti ɛhia ma sɛ wɔma wɔn ani da hɔ.
Beaɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ
Nkyekyεmu:Ghana afahyɛ ahodoɔ Nkyekyεmu:Ghana amammrɛ afahyɛ ahodoɔ Nkyekyεmu:Afahyɛ
Priscilla Kolibea Mante
Priscilla Kolibea Mante yɛ Ghana neuropharmacologist, nhwehwɛmufo ne ɔkyerɛkyerɛfo a ofi Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, mprempren ɔte Kumasi sukuupɔn no mu. Ne nhwehwɛmu adwuma no twe adwene si akwan foforo a wɔfa so sa yare a egyina afifide so de adi akisikuru a nnuru ntumi nnye ne yare a ɛwɔ ɔhyew mu a wobu ani gu so a wɔfrɛ no neurocysticercosis. Wɔ n’adwuma mu no, ɔhwehwɛ afifide mu alkaloid cryptolepine ne ne solid-lipid nanoparticles dwumadi a ɛko tia akisikuru mu kɛse wɔ neurocysticercosis a ɛma akisikuru no di mu. Ne botae ne sɛ obehu ɔkwan bi a ɔbɛfa so aboa cryptolepine ma akɔ ntini a ɛwɔ mfinimfini no mu yiye na ama asiane a ɛwɔ hɔ sɛ wɔbɛtwetwe wɔn ho no so atew, na aboa ayarefo ma wɔadi wɔn tebea no ho dwuma yiye sɛnea wobetumi. Sɛ Mante adesua a ɛfa akisikuru ho no da nkyɛn a, wayɛ adwuma nso de anya ayaresa foforo a ɛbɛma ɛyaw, dadwen, ne adwenemhaw so atew.
Wɔ afe 2019 mu no, ɔno nko ara ne Afrikani a ɔnyaa L’Oréal-UNESCO For Women in Science International Rising Talent Award, na ne nyinaa yɛ dunum mu baako. Ɔsan nso yɛ obi a wanya 2018 L’Oréal-UNESCO For Women in Science Sub-Saharan Africa sub-doctoral fellowship. Ɔsan nso kɔɔ so dii nkonim wɔ 2019 OWSD Early Career Fellowship mu.
Ɔmanfo ne Ayɔnkofo Adwumayɛfo Kuw a ɛwɔ South Africa (Public and Allied Workers Union of South Africa)
Ɔmanfo ne Ayɔnkofo Adwumayɛfo Kuw a ɛwɔ South Africa (Public and Allied Workers Union of South Africa - PAWUSA) yɛ adwumayɛfoɔ kuo a wɔde ma ɔman adwumayɛfoɔ a wɔwɔ South Africa. Ɛne South Africa Adwumayɛfo Kuw Mmarahyɛ Badwa (COSATU) wɔ abusuabɔ.
Priscilla Kolibea Mante
Nwomasua
Mante wiee ne ntoaso sukuu wɔ Wesley Girls’ Senior High School, Cape Coast, Ghana. Ɔnyaa PhD wɔ Nnuruyɛ mu wɔ Kwame Nkrumah Suapɔn a ɛhwɛ Nyansahu ne Mfiridwuma so wɔ afe 2013 mu. Mante oduruyɛfo nhwehwɛmu no twee adwene sii Antiaris toxicaria a wɔde di dwuma sɛ aduru a ɛko tia akisikuru, titiriw wɔ Ghana. Wɔ saa bere koro no ara mu no ɔsan yɛɛ nhwehwɛmu wɔ ayaresa a egyina afifide so ma ntini a ɛwɔ nipadua no mfinimfini no mu. Mante nyaa ne oduruyɛfo akyi ntetee wɔ Michigan Sukuupɔn Aduruyɛ Sukuu a ɛwɔ USA, faako a na onya Michigan Sukuupɔn STEM Aba mmoa no.
Adwuma
Mante yɛ nnuruyɛfo a wɔakyerɛw ne din wɔ Pharmaceutical Society of Ghana. Efi afe 2010 kosi afe 2014 no, ɔyɛɛ adwuma sɛ nnuruyɛfo wɔ Constant Pharmacy. Efi afe 2013 no, Mante ayɛ adwuma wɔ Pharmacology Department a ɛwɔ Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology a ɔyɛ ɔkyerɛkyerɛfo panyin. Ɔyɛ Pharmacist a wɔakyerɛw ne din na mprempren ɔyɛ Ghana Young Academy no guamtrani. Wonim Mante nso sɛ n’ani gye nhomasua ho na odi mmea anim wɔ nyansahu mu ma wɔtoa wɔn adwuma so.
"Wiase no bɛma yɛn kwan." Dodow a mmea piapia dibea akɛse no, dodow no ara na ɛbɛyɛ den sɛ wobebu wɔn ani agu so." —Oduruyɛfo. Mante, ɛfa mmea a wɔrenya nkɔanim wɔ nyansahu mu ho.
Ismail bawa
Yɛwoo Ismail Bawa wɔ Fankwa Ɛbɔ da a ɛtɔ so nan wɔ afe apem ahankron ne aduanan nson (4 Seeptember 1947) a ɔyɛ  Ghana amanyɔni ne akorokansie kyerɛfo. Ɔsom sɛ ekuoba wɔ mmarahyɛbedwam de maa Ablekuma mfinimfin mpɛsoaso a ɛwɔ Nkran mantam wɔ Ghana.
Abrabɔ Mfitiaseɛ ne Nnwomasua
Yɛwoo no wɔ Fankwa Ɛbɔ da a ɛtɔ so nan wɔ afe apem ahankron ne aduanan nson. Ɔkɔɔ  Winneba Sport College  babia onyaa abɔdin wɔ akorokansie kyerɛfo no.
Amanyɔsɛm
Wɔtoo aba yii Bawa sɛ ekuoba wɔ mmarahyɛbedwam a edikan wɔ Adehyeman a ɛtɔ so nan wɔ Ghana wɔ bere a wɔtoo afe apem ahankron ne aduokron mmienu (1992) Ghana mmarahyɛbedwam aba a na ɔyɛ anamɔnsini de ma Kyineɛ Amanyɔkuo (National Democratic Congress). Adotey Nelson -Cofie badii Bawa adeɛ a na ɔyɛ ekuoba wɔ Mmarahyɛbedwam wɔ Adehyeman a ɛtɔ so mmiensa wɔ Ghana. Nanso, ɔhweree akɔnnwa no wɔ afe apem ahankron ne aduokron nsia (1996) wɔ Ghana abatoɔ a yɛto de yi amanpaninfoɔ ne mmarahyɛbedwafoɔ de maa Clement Samuel Crabbe a na ogyina hɔ ma Ɔsono Amanyɔkuo (New Patriotic Party) no ma ɔfaa akɔnnwa no.
Gifty Ohene-Konadu
Gifty Ohene-Konadu (wɔwoo no 23 Ɔbɛnem 1957) yɛ ɔman adwumayɛni  ne Ghana amanyɔni a ɔwɔ Republic of Ghana. Na ɔyɛ mmrahyɛbagua no muni a ogyina hɔ ma Asante-Akim Anafo mantam a ɛwɔ Ashanti Mantam mu wɔ Ghana    wɔ mmrahyɛbagua a ɛto so 4 ne 5 a ɛwɔ Ghana Ɔmanpanyin a ɛto so 4 no mu. Ɔyɛ Ɔman Ho Dɔ Kuw Foforo no muni.