cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Nua bɛrima
Anuanom a wɔagye din
Prabowo Subianto ne Hashim Djojohadikusumo, amammuifo
Jackie Jackson, Tito Jackson, Jermaine Jackson, Marlon Jackson, Michael Jackson ne Randy Jackson, a wɔyɛ The Jackson 5 ne akyiri yi The Jacksons no mufo
Jesse ne Frank James, Atɔe Famfo Dedaw no mmaratofo
Billy Leon McCrary ne Benny Loyd McCrary, akuturukubɔfo a wonim wɔn sɛ The McGuire Twins
Marvin Winans, Carvin Winans, Michael Winans, ne Ronald Winans, a wɔyɛ The Winans kuw no mufo, nnwontofo ne nnwontofo
Nnwuma afoforo a ɛfa anuanom ho
Me Nua, Me Nua, ne Me, podcast
Adam ne Hawa mma, Kain ne Habel
Anuanom a wɔagye din
John, Robert ne Ted Kennedy yɛee biribi wɔ agoro mu
Theodore Roosevelt Kumaa, Kermit Roosevelt, Archibald Bulloch Roosevelt, ne Quentin Roosevelt na wɔde wɔn ho hyɛɛ mu
Nnwuma afoforo a ɛfa anuanom ho
Amerikafo television so dwumadi ahorow a ɛboro nnipa de so
Mose ne Aaron, adiyifo
Anuanom a wɔagye din
Herbert Hoover Kumaa ne Allan Hoover
Nnwuma afoforo a ɛfa anuanom ho
Bonanza (1959–1973), television so dwumadi ahorow
Anuanom a wɔagye din
Doud Eisenhower ne John Eisenhower, Dwight D. Eisenhower mmabarima
Emilio Estevez ne Charlie Sheen, agoruyɛfo
Nnwuma afoforo a ɛfa anuanom ho
Anuanom Karamazov, ayɛsɛm
Anuanom a wɔagye din
Fred Trump Kumaa, Donald Trump, ne Robert Trump na wɔde wɔn ho hyɛɛ mu
Alexander Anuanom no; nnwontofo
John, Robert ne Ted Kennedy, amammuifo
Alec Baldwin, William Baldwin, Stephen Baldwin, Daniel Baldwin, a wɔsan frɛ no Baldwin anuanom; agoruyɛfo
Logan Paul ne Jake Paul, YouTubefo, intanɛt so nnipa, ne agoruyɛfo
Nnwuma afoforo a ɛfa anuanom ho
Rama, Lakshmana, Bharata, ne Shatrughna na wɔde wɔn ho hyɛɛ mu
Anuanom a wɔagye din
James Roosevelt, Elliot Roosevelt, Franklin Delano Roosevelt Kumaa, ne John Aspinwall Roosevelt na wɔde wɔn ho hyɛɛ mu
Bob Weinstein ne Harvey Weinstein, siniyɛfo
Stephen Curry ne Seth Curry a wɔyɛ adwuma wɔ hɔ; mprempren NBA point guards wɔ Atɔe Fam Nhyiam no mu
Alan Osmond, Wayne Osmond, Merrill Osmond, Jay Osmond ne Donny Osmond, a wɔyɛ The Osmonds no mufo
Nnwuma afoforo a ɛfa anuanom ho
Pandavafoɔ no – Yudhishthira, Arjuna, Bhima, Sahadeva ne Nakula
Anuanom a wɔagye din
Brian Wilson, Dennis Wilson, ne Carl Wilson, a wɔyɛ The Beach Boys no mufo
Dizzy ne Daffy Dean, Major League Baseball abɔfo
Mark DeBarge, Randy DeBarge, El DeBarge, James DeBarge, ne Bobby DeBarge, mmarima a wɔyɛ nnwom kuw DeBarge no mufo
Damon Wayans, Dwayne Wayans, Keenan Ivory Wayans, Marlon Wayans, Shawn Wayans, adwumfo a wɔyɛ agoru, akwankyerɛfo ne wɔn a wɔyɛ sini
Thomas "Tommy" Smothers ne Richard "Dick" Smothers, a wɔyɛ mfoniniyɛfo a wɔfrɛ wɔn Smothers Anuanom no
George Washington Adams, John Adams II, ne Charles Francis Adams Kumaa, amammuifo
Barry Gibb, Robin Gibb, ne Maurice Gibb, Anuanom Gibb anaa "Bee Gees" nnwom kuw no mufo
Nnwuma afoforo a ɛfa anuanom ho
Ahotefo. Petro ne Andre, asomafo
Anuanom a wɔagye din
Joel ne Ethan Coen; siniyɛfo a wɔyɛ sini
Nnwuma afoforo a ɛfa anuanom ho
Wɔ Bible mu no:
Onuayɛ abusuabɔ
Nhoma a wɔato din Nicomachean Ethics, Nhoma VIII a Aristotle kyerɛwee wɔ 350 A.Y.B. Wɔde asɛm a edidi so yi ato anuanom ntam abusuabɔ so: "Anuanom adamfofa wɔ su horow a wohu wɔ mfɛfo de no mu na mpɛn pii no nnipa a wɔte sɛ wɔn ho wɔn ho ntam no, ɛyɛ sɛnea wɔyɛ wɔn ho wɔn ho de kɛse na wofi ase de a." ɔdɔ a wɔde ma wɔn ho wɔn ho fi wɔn awo ankasa mu, na wɔ dodow a wɔn a awofo koro awo wɔn na wɔtetee wɔn bom na wɔasua nhoma saa ara no suban di nsɛ kɛse; na wɔde bere sɔhwɛ no adi dwuma koraa na ɛyɛ nokware sen biara wɔ wɔn asɛm no mu". [9] . Esiane saa nneɛma yi nti, ɛyɛ onua panyin no adwuma sɛ obenya onua kumaa no abrabɔ pa so nkɛntɛnso denam obi a ɔyɛ ade pa a ɔbɛyɛ so. Aristotle se "ɛdenam nnipa pa nneyɛe a osuasua na ɔsan yɛ ho ɔyɛkyerɛ so no, abofra nya nneyɛe pa ho su". Bere kɔ so no, onua kumaa no nso benya onua panyin no nneyɛe pa na wayɛ sɛ ɔno. Aristotle nso de eyi ka ho wɔ asɛm a ɛfa adeyɛ a ɛne sɛ wɔbɛyɛ papa bere bi a wɔasuasua bere bi no a wɔbɛkora so no ho: "Sɛ abrabɔ pa anaa ɔbrasɛe ho suban ahorow no gye ntini a, ɛyɛ den sɛ wobegyae."[10] Suban pa a wɔn a wɔn mfe akɔ anim nkɛntɛnso de ba no onua bɛyɛ suban wɔ onua kumaa no asetra mu na ɛdan nea ɛte sɛ nea ɛbɛtra hɔ daa. Ɛyɛ onua panyin no dwumadi sɛ obenya nkɛntɛnso pa wɔ onua kumaa no ntetee nkɔso so bere a ɛfa abrabɔ pa ne nneyɛe pa ho nkyerɛkyerɛ ho no. Sɛ onua panyin no da su pa adi kyerɛ onua kumaa no yiye a, wosuasua saa suban ne su ahorow yi na ɛma wonya abrabɔ pa ne nneyɛe pa ho ntease a ɛwɔ nkɛntɛnso.
Anuanom a wɔagye din
Russo anuanom, wɔn a wɔyɛ sini, wɔn a wɔyɛ sini, ne wɔn a wɔhwɛ sini so
Terry Labonte ne Bobby Labonte, a wɔyɛ kar a wɔde tu mmirika
Nnwuma afoforo a ɛfa anuanom ho
Kain ne Habel
Anuanom a wɔagye din
Loud Brothers, wɔn a wɔyɛ piano ne wɔn a wɔyɛ piano
Chang ne Eng Bunker, Siamfo mmanoma a wodii kan bae no
Nnwuma afoforo a ɛfa anuanom ho
Ahotefo. Yakobo ne Yohane, asomafo
Anuanom a wɔagye din
Orville Wright ne Wilbur Wright a wonim wɔn sɛ Wright anuanom no, na wɔyɛ wimhyɛnkafo akwampaefo
David Carradine, Keith Carradine, ne Robert Carradine, Amerikafo agoruyɛfo
Ben Affleck ne Casey Affleck, agoruyɛfo
Nnwuma afoforo a ɛfa anuanom ho
Simon & Simon, television so dwumadi ahorow
Anuanom a wɔagye din
John McCain, U.S. Mmarahyɛ Bagua no muni ne ɔmampanyin a ɔpɛ sɛ ɔyɛ ɔmampanyin mprenu, ne Joe McCain, Amerikani agoprama so odiyifo, atesɛm krataa mu amanneɛbɔfo
Isaac Everly ne Phil Everly, The Everly Anuanom, nnwontofo
Harold Nixon, Richard Nixon, Donald Nixon, Arthur Nixon, ne Edward Nixon na wɔde wɔn ho hyɛɛ mu
Frederick Dent Grant, Ulysses S. Grant, ne Jesse Root Grant na wɔde wɔn ho hyɛɛ mu
Jacob Grimm ne Wilhelm Grimm a wonim wɔn sɛ Anuanom Grimm, Germanfo nhomanimfo ne wɔn a wɔboaboa amanne mu anansesɛm ano
Onua yɛ ɔbarima anaa abarimaa a ɔne ɔfoforo kyɛ ɔwofo biako anaa nea ɛboro saa; onua a ɔyɛ ɔbarima.[1] Ɔbea yɔnko no yɛ onuawa. Ɛwom sɛ asɛmfua no taa kyerɛ abusua mu abusuabɔ de, nanso ɛtɔ mmere bi a wɔde di dwuma wɔ ɔkwan a ɛyɛ anigye so de kyerɛ abusuabɔ a ɛnyɛ abusua de.[2] Onua a ɔyɛ pɛ yɛ obusuani a odi kan.
Anuanom a wɔagye din
John D. Rockefeller ne William Rockefeller, wɔn a wɔka ho hyehyɛɛ Standard Oil ne Rockefeller abusua no mufo
Gracchi, Tete Romafo ɔsesɛwfo
Kornelio Roosevelt ne James I. Roosevelt na wɔkyerɛwee
John Gotti, Eugene "Gene" Gotti, Peter Gotti ne Richard V. Gotti, ne Vincent Gotti, New York "yɛɛ mmarima" wɔ Gambino nsɛmmɔnedi abusua no mu
John ne Lionel Barrymore, agoruyɛfo
Vincent van Gogh, mfoniniyɛfo, ne Theo van Gogh, adwinni ho aguadifo
George W. Bush, Jeb Bush, Neil Bush ne Marvin Bush, George H. W. Bush mmabarima
Wallace Shawn ne Allen Shawn, a ɔkyerɛwfo ne nea ɔhyehyɛ The Fever no
Pau ne Marc Gasol, basketball bɔfo a wɔyɛ adwumaden
Mario ne Luisi, video so agodie mu nnipa
Liam Gallagher ne Noel Gallagher, a wɔyɛ Oasis (nnwontofo kuw) no mufo.
Nnwuma afoforo a ɛfa anuanom ho
Kauravafo no – Anuanom ɔha a Duryodhana, Dushasana ne Vikarna ka ho, ne afoforo
Anuanom a wɔagye din
Mannerheim anuanom no; efi benkum kɔ nifa: Carl ne Gustaf
Edward M. Kennedy Kumaa ne Patrick J. Kennedy, amammuifo
Robert Todd Lincoln, Edward Baker Lincoln, William Wallace Lincoln ne Tad Lincoln, Abraham Lincoln mmabarima
Justin, Travis, ne Griffin McElroy, a wɔyɛ podcastfo
Eli ne Peyton Manning, Ɔman Bɔɔlbɔ Kuw no mufo a wɔbɔ bɔɔl
Bill Clinton, United States Ɔmampanyin a ɔto so 42, ne Roger Clinton, Kumaa, ne nuabarima kumaa
Nnwuma afoforo a ɛfa anuanom ho
The Wayans Bros., television so dwumadi ahorow
Anuanom a wɔagye din
O’Kelly Isley, Kumaa, Rudolph Isley, ne Ronald Isley, Ernie Isley, Marvin Isley, ne Vernon Isley, a wɔyɛ The Isley Brothers nnwontofo kuw ne nnwontofo kuw no mufo, a na wɔn asew, Chris Jasper nso ka ho
J. J. Watt, T. J. Watt, Derek Watt, Ɔman Bɔɔlbɔ Kuw no mu Agodifo
Anuanom
Suban a ɛsan akyi bere a wɔawo no
Akokoaa foforo a ɔbɛba no yɛ adwennwene titiriw ma mmakan ne anuanom a wɔadi fi mfe 3 kosi 5. Suban a ɛsan n’akyi ne nneyɛe a ɛyɛ basabasa te sɛ akokoaa no a wɔde di dwuma ɔkwammɔne so nso betumi aba. Wobu saa sɛnkyerɛnne ahorow yi nyinaa sɛ ɛyɛ nea ɛtaa ba na ɛfata wɔ nkɔso mu ma mmofra a wɔadi fi mfe 3–5.[citation needed] Bere a wobetumi asiw ebinom ano no, wobetumi ama nea aka no atu mpɔn wɔ asram kakraa bi mu. Ebia nneyɛe a ɛsan n’akyi no bi ne toa a wɔhwehwɛ, nsateaa a wɔnom, adesrɛ a wɔde bɛma sɛ wɔmfa mpaboa nhyɛ (sɛ wɔatete no wɔ tiafi mu mpo a), anaasɛ wɔbɛsrɛ sɛ wɔmfa ntama a wɔde bɔ wɔn ho ban nkɔ.
Suban a ɛsan n’akyi yɛ ɔkwan a abofra no fa so hwehwɛ sɛ awofo no dɔ wɔn na wɔde wɔn adwene si so.
Onua yɛ obusuani a anyɛ yiye koraa no ɔne asɛm no kyɛ ɔwofo biako. Onua barima yɛ onua na onua a ɔyɛ ɔbea yɛ onuawa. Obi a onni nuanom no yɛ abofra koro pɛ.
Bere a tebea horow bi betumi ama wɔatete anuanom wɔ ɔkwan soronko so (te sɛ mmofra a wɔhwɛ wɔn wɔ mmofraase) no, aman dodow no ara wɔ anuanom a wɔbom nyin. Eyi ma nkate mu abusuabɔ a emu yɛ den ba, a wobu anuanom sɛ abusuabɔ soronko bi ma n’ankasa ho. Nkate mu abusuabɔ a ɛda anuanom ntam no taa yɛ den na nneɛma te sɛ awofo ayaresa, awo nhyehyɛe, nipasu, ne ankorankoro osuahu ahorow a ɛwɔ abusua no akyi na ɛma wonya so nkɛntɛnso.[1]
Awo nhyehyɛe
Wobetumi ahwehwɛ awo nhyehyɛe ho nsusuwii ne adesua no afi Francisco Galton (1822–1911) nsusuwii a ɛfa awo nhyehyɛe ne nea ɛkorɔn ho ne Alfred Adler (1870–1937) nsusuwii a ɛfa awo nhyehyɛe ne nipasu su ho no mu.[citation needed
Aduruyɛ mu no, onua a ɔyɛ pɛ yɛ obusuani a ɔdi kan na onua fa yɛ obusuani a ɔtɔ so mmienu sɛdeɛ wɔyɛ abusuafoɔ 50% ne 25%.[2][3]
Akansi
Anuanom akansi taa fi ase bere a abofra a ɔto so abien no aba akyi pɛɛ, anaasɛ ansa na aba. Bere a anuanom bɛda so ara dɔ wɔn ho wɔn ho no, ɛnyɛ ade foforo sɛ wɔbɛkasakasa na wɔayɛ wɔn ho adwemmɔne.[40] Mmofra yɛ nkate fi bere a wɔadi afe 1 wɔ nsonsonoe a ɛwɔ awofo ayaresa mu ho na ebedu mfe 3 no wɔanya abusua mmara ho ntease a ɛkɔ akyiri na wotumi susuw wɔn ho wɔ wɔn nuanom ho.[1] Anuanom akansi taa kɔ so wɔ wɔn mmofraase nyinaa na ebetumi ayɛ abasamtu ne adwennwen kɛse ama awofo.[41] Nhwehwɛmu bi hui sɛ mfe a wɔadi mfe 10–15 no bɔɔ amanneɛ sɛ akansi a ɛkɔ soro sen biara wɔ anuanom ntam.[42] Anuanom akansi betumi akɔ so akodu mpanyin afe so na anuanom ntam abusuabɔ betumi asesa kɛse wɔ mfe no mu. Mpanyimfo bɛyɛ nkyem abiɛsa mu biako ka wɔne anuanom ntam abusuabɔ ho asɛm sɛ ɛyɛ akansi anaasɛ ɛwɔ akyirikyiri. Nanso, akansi taa so tew bere kɔ so na anyɛ yiye koraa no, anuanom a wɔadi boro mfe 60 no mu 80% nya abusuabɔ a emu yɛ den.[1]
Abofra biara a ɔwɔ abusua bi mu si akan de kyerɛ nnipa ko a wɔyɛ sɛ nnipa na wɔpɛ sɛ wɔkyerɛ sɛ wɔatew wɔn ho afi wɔn nuanom ho. Anuanom akansi kɔ soro bere a mmofra te nka sɛ wɔrenya wɔn awofo adwene a ɛnsɛ, baabi a adwennwen wɔ awofo ne mmofra asetra mu, ne baabi a abusua no gye ntɔkwaw tom sɛ ɔkwan a wɔfa so siesie ntawntawdi ahorow no. Sigmund Freud hunuu anuanom abusuabɔ no sɛ ɛyɛ Oedipus complex no ntrɛwmu, faako a na anuanom resi akan wɔ wɔn maame adwene ho na anuanom mmea de wɔn papa de wɔn adwene si wɔn so.[43] Adannandie adwene ho animdefo kyerɛkyerɛ anuanom akansi mu wɔ awofo sika a wɔde hyɛ mu ne abusuafo a wɔpaw wɔn ho: ɔwofo pɛ sɛ ɔtrɛw nneɛma mu pɛpɛɛpɛ wɔ mmofra a wɔwɔ abusua no mu nyinaa mu, nanso abofra pɛ nneɛma dodow no ara ma n’ankasa.
Consanguinity ne awosu mu nneɛma
Obi betumi akyɛ nea ɛboro gyinapɛn consanguinity ne ne nuabarima sɛ n’awofo yɛ abusuafo a (coefficient of inbreeding no boro zero)..[citation needed] Nea ɛyɛ anigye no, anuanom fa betumi ayɛ abusuabɔ denam sɛ "anuanom nkyem anan mu abiɛsa" (related by 3/ 8) sɛ wɔn awofo a wɔnkyɛ wɔn no wɔ consanguinity 50% a. Wei kyerɛ sɛ awofoɔ a wɔnkyɛ no yɛ anuanom, ɛma wɔn nuanom fa no yɛ nuanom mmarima, anaa ɔwofoɔ ne abofra, na ɛma wɔyɛ wɔn nuabea ne ne nua barima fa.[26]
Awo nhyehyɛe
Awo nhyehyɛe yɛ dibea a obi adi wɔ ne nuanom mu sɛnea mfe a wadi te. Mpɛn pii no, nhwehwɛmufo kyekyɛ anuanom mu sɛ "mpanyin", "mfinimfini abofra", ne "nkumaa" anaasɛ wɔkyerɛ nsonsonoe a ɛda "abakan" ne "akyiri yi" ntam ara kwa.
Wɔtaa gye di sɛ awo nhyehyɛe wɔ pop adwene ne nneyɛe ho adesua ne amammerɛ a agye din mu no nya adwene mu nkɔso ne nipasu so nkɛntɛnso kɛse na ɛtra hɔ daa. Sɛ nhwɛso no, wohu mmakan sɛ wɔyɛ nnipa a wɔyɛ katee na wotumi yɛ nneɛma pii, mmofra a wɔwɔ mfinimfini sɛ abɔde mu ntamgyinafo, na wobu mmofra nkumaa sɛ wɔyɛ nnipa a wɔn ho yɛ fɛ na wɔpɛ nnipa pii. Ɛmfa ho sɛ ɛwɔ ɔmanfo anim daa no, nhwehwɛmu ahorow ntumi mmaa nneɛma a emu da hɔ, ɛfata, na ɛyɛ den mma bere nyinaa. Enti, anya abodin a ɛyɛ atoro-adwene ho nimdeɛ wɔ nyansahu adwene ho nimdefo kuw no mu.[27]
Nkyerɛase ahorow
Stepsiblings (stepbrothers anaa stepsisters) yɛ obi mpena mma a wofi abusuabɔ bi a atwam mu.
Abusuabɔ
Ntawntawdi a ɛto so abien no fa abofra bi a wosusuw sɛ ɛyɛ n’ankasa tumi a wɔn nua no bɛtow ahyɛ ne so no ho. Saa ntawntawdi yi ho nhwɛso ne bere a abofra bi hyɛn ne nua no dan mu bere a wɔmma no akwaaba, anaasɛ bere a abofra bi twa kɔ ne nua no nkyɛn wɔ kar no mu wɔ ɔkwan tenten bi mu no. Ɛte sɛ nea saa ntɔkwaw ahorow yi ho hia kɛse ma anuanom a wɔn mfe akɔ anim esiane ahofadi ho akɔnnɔ kɛse a wɔwɔ nti.[46]
Ɔhyew
Nkwammoaa (abɔdeɛ a nkwa wɔm ho adesua) (Living Cells)
Mmoawa nsusuiiɛ ahodoɔ
Asɛm titiri: Mmoawa § Nsɛsoɔ
Anuanom
Nkyerɛase ahorow
Anuanom anaa anuanom a wɔyɛ pɛ (anuanom mmea anaa anuanom mmarima [a wɔyɛ pɛ]) wɔ awofo koro a wɔwoo wɔn. Anuanom a wɔyɛ pɛ nso yɛ anuanom a wɔtaa yɛ.[citation needed] Twins yɛ anuanom a wɔwo wɔn bere koro mu.[citation needed] Mpɛn pii no, mmanoma a wɔwɔ abusuabɔ a emu yɛ den benya twin kasa fi nkokoaabere mu, kasa a wɔkyɛ nkutoo ne ate ase wɔ abien no ntam. Nhwehwɛmu ahorow kyerɛ sɛ ɛte sɛ nea mmanoma a wɔyɛ pɛ no da mmanoma kasa pii adi sen mmanoma a wɔyɛ anuanom. Sɛ obi di bɛyɛ mfe 3 a, mpɛn pii no, mmanoma kasa ba awiei.[6] Mpɛn pii no, mmanoma wɔ abusuabɔ kɛse esiane sɛ wɔbom nyin na wɔadi mfe koro nti.
Awo nhyehyɛe
Galton na ɔkyerɛwee
Abusuabɔ
Ahoɔyaw
Nkyerɛase ahorow
Anuanom a wɔagye wɔn ayɛ wɔn mma no, obi a ɔyɛ obiako a ɔyɛ ne ba na ɔfoforo no yɛ ɔwofo a ɔfa ne ba anaa ɔwofo ankasa na ɔtete no.
Anuanom mma (nuanom mma anaa anuanom mma) yɛ nnipa a wɔne ɔwofo biako. Ebia wɔwɔ ɛna koro nanso ɛsono agyanom (wɔ saa tebea no mu no, wonim wɔn sɛ anuanom a wɔwɔ awotwaa mu anaasɛ ɛnanom mu anuanom fa), anaasɛ ebia wɔwɔ agya koro nanso ɛsono ɛnanom (wɔ saa tebea yi mu no, wonim wɔn sɛ anuanom a wɔyɛ agya anaa agya fa -nuanom.Wɔ mmara mu no, wɔde asɛmfua consanguine si agnate ananmu)..[citation needed] Wɔ mmara mu (ne titiriw no agyapade ho mmara) mu no, wɔtaa ma anuanom a wɔyɛ fa no ayaresa a ɛne anuanom a wɔyɛ mũ de no nyɛ pɛ. Bere bi Engiresifo mmara dedaw a wɔtaa de di dwuma no de pɛyɛ a enni hɔ kaa mmara a ɛfa adedi a wonni agyapade ho no ho, na na anuanom fa gye wɔn nuanom a wonni agyapade no agyapade fa pɛ te sɛ anuanom a wɔwɔ mogya mũ no nyinaa. Wɔayi ayaresa a ɛnteɛ a ɛte sɛɛ no ​​afi hɔ koraa wɔ England,[7] nanso ɛda so ara wɔ hɔ wɔ U.S. mantam Florida mu.[8]
Nkwammoaa (abɔdeɛ a nkwa wɔm ho adesua) (Living Cells)
Nkwammoaa ne sɛdeɛ ɛyɛ adwuma ho nhwehwɛmu ama wɔayɛ nhwehwɛmu afoforɔ pii wɔ abɔdeɛ a nkwa wɔm ho nnoɔma a ɛfa ho mu, a deɛ ɛka ho ne: DNA a wɔahunu, kokoram nhyehyɛeɛ abɔdeɛ a nkwa wɔm ho adesua, onyini ne nkɔsoɔ ho adesua.
Anuanom
Nkyerɛase ahorow
Nyame nuanom yɛ nyame agya anaa nyame maame mma anaa agya anaa ɛna nyame mma.[citation needed]
Awo nhyehyɛe
Awofo nneɛma wɔ anohyeto, mmofra a wodi kan nya saa nneɛma yi ho kwan a edi mũ na edi kan.[28]
Nkwammoaa (abɔdeɛ a nkwa wɔm ho adesua) (Living Cells)
Awosu mu nnoɔma
Wɔahyehyɛ prokaryotic awosuo mu nnoɔma wɔ ɔyare mmoawa chromosome a ɛyɛ kurukuruwa a ɛnyɛ den mu wɔ nucleoid fa a ɛwɔ cytoplasm no mu. Wɔakyekyɛ eukaryotic awosuo mu nnoɔma mu ayɛ no molecule ahodoɔ, linear molecules a wɔfrɛ no chromosomes wɔ nucleus a ɛda nson mu, mpɛn pii no awosuo mu nnoɔma foforɔ ka ho wɔ organelles bi te sɛ mitochondria ne chloroplasts mu (hwɛ endosymbiotic theory).
Nkwammoa ahodoɔ
Wɔakyekyɛ nkwammoaa mu akuoakuo mmienu: eukaryotic nkwammoaa, a ɛwɔ nuklea, ne prokaryotic nkwammoaa, a enni nuklea nanso ɛda so ara wɔ nucleoid mpɔtam. Prokaryotes yɛ mmoawa a wɔwɔ nkwammoaa baako, berɛ a eukaryotes bɛtumi ayɛ nkwammoaa baako anaa nkwammoaa pii.
nkwammoaa mu ntini a ɛwɔ nipadua no mu
Nkwammoaa mu ntini, anaa plasma ntini, yɛ abɔdeɛ mu ntini a wɔpa a ɛtumi fa mu a ɛtwa nkwammoaa bi mu nkwammoaa ho hyia. Wɔ mmoa mu no, plasma membrane no ne nkwammoaa no akyi hyeɛ, berɛ a wɔ afifideɛ ne prokaryotes mu no, mpɛn pii no, nkwammoaa fasuo kata so. Saa ntini yi yɛ adwuma de tete nkwammoaa bi mu na ɛbɔ ho ban firi nnoɔma a atwa ho ahyia no ho na wɔde phospholipids a ɛwɔ afa mmienu a ɛyɛ amphiphilic (afa bi a ɛnyɛ nsu na ne fa bi nso pɛ nsu) na ɛyɛ no kɛseɛ. Enti, wɔfrɛ ɔfa no phospholipid bilayer, anaasɛ ɛtɔ mmere bi a nsu a ɛyɛ mosaic membrane. Wɔde macromolecular nhyehyɛeɛ bi a wɔfrɛ no porosome amansan kokoam kwan a ɛwɔ nkwammoaa mu ne protein molecule ahodoɔ a ɛyɛ adwuma sɛ akwan ne pɔmpɛ a ɛde molecule ahodoɔ kɔ nkwammoaa no mu na efiri mu no ahyɛ saa ntini yi mu. Ntini no yɛ deɛ ɛtumi fa mu fa bi, na ɛyɛ abɔdeɛ mu ntini a wɔpa a ɛtumi fa mu, wɔ ɔkwan a ɛne sɛ ɛtumi ma ade bi (molecules anaa ion) fa mu kwa, fa mu kɔduru baabi anaasɛ ɛnfa mu koraa. Nkwammoaa ani ntini nso wɔ protein ahodoɔ a ɛma nkwammoaa tumi hunu abɔnten so nsɛnkyerɛnne molecule ahodoɔ te sɛ hormone ahodoɔ.
Anuanom
Abusuabɔ
Awofo kwan a wfa so di ntawntawdi ho
Mmarima ne mmea dwumadi ahorow wɔ mmofra ne awofo mu
Nsonsonoe bi wɔ anuanom ntam bere nyinaa, titiriw anuanom a ɛsono wɔn bɔbeasu. Mpɛn pii no, anuanom a ɛsono wɔn bɔbeasu betumi abu nneɛma sɛ ɛnteɛ efisɛ wɔma wɔn nuabarima anaa nuabea kwan ma wɔyɛ nneɛma bi esiane wɔn bɔbeasu nti, bere a wonya kwan yɛ biribi a ɛnyɛ anigye pii anaasɛ ɛyɛ soronko ara kwa no. McHale ne ne yɔnko dwumayɛni yɛɛ nhwehwɛmu a ɛkɔ akyiri a wɔde mmofra a wɔadi mfe mfinimfini dii dwuma na wɔhwɛɛ ɔkwan a awofo no faa so boaa su horow a ɛyɛ katee wɔ wɔn mma mu no. Wɔ wɔn nhwehwɛmu no mu no, wɔn a wɔsɔɔ hwɛe no yɛɛ mmusua ahorow abien mu nhwehwɛmu, biako wɔ anuanom a wɔne wɔn ho da, na biako nso wɔ anuanom a ɛsono wɔn bɔbeasu, ne mmofra no awo nhyehyɛe nso.[52] Wɔde telefon so nsɛmbisa na ɛyɛɛ sɔhwɛ no, a na wɔn a wɔsɔ hwɛ no bebisa mmofra no dwumadi ahorow a wɔyɛe wɔ wɔn da mũ no nyinaa wɔ sukuu akyi no ho asɛm.[52] Wɔn a wɔsɔɔ hwɛe no hui sɛ wɔ afie a na mmofra a wɔyɛ mmarima ne mmea a wɔadi afra wɔ hɔ, na agya no kura atetesɛm gyinapɛn ahorow no mu no, mmofra no nso kura atetesɛm gyinapɛn ahorow na enti wɔsan nso di dwuma a egyina ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna so wɔ fie hɔ. Nea ɛne eyi bɔ abira no, wɔ afie a na agya no nni atetesɛm mu gyinapɛn ahorow mu no, na wɔkyekyɛ ofie nnwuma no mu pɛpɛɛpɛ kɛse wɔ ne mma no mu.[52] Nanso, sɛ agyanom wɔ mma mmarima baanu a, na ɔbarima kumaa no taa boa kɛse wɔ ofie nnwuma mu, nanso bere a oduu ne mmabunbere mu no abofra kumaa no gyaee sɛ ɔbɛboa saa wɔ ofie no mu. Nanso, nhomasua betumi ayɛ ade a ɛma obi adwene tu fra a ɛka agya no suban ne anuanom no nneyɛe nyinaa, na ɛna no suban no annya nkɛntɛnso a ɛda adi.[52]
Nkwammoaa (abɔdeɛ a nkwa wɔm ho adesua) (Living Cells)
Awosu mu nnoɔma
Awosuo mu nnoɔma ahodoɔ mmienu na ɛwɔ hɔ: deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) ne ribonucleic acid (RNA). Nkwammoaa de DNA di dwuma de sie wɔn nsɛm berɛ tenten. Wɔde abɔdeɛ mu nsɛm a ɛwɔ abɔdeɛ bi mu no ahyɛ ne DNA ntoatoasoɔ mu. Wɔde RNA di dwuma de fa nsɛm (e.g., mRNA) ne enzymatic dwumadie ahodoɔ (e.g., ribosomal RNA). Wɔde transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules di dwuma de amino acid ahodoɔ ka ho berɛ a wɔrekyerɛ protein ase no.
Organelles
Nucleus kwammoaa: Nkwammoaa bi nsɛm ho beaɛ, nkwammoaa nucleus ne akwaa a ɛda adi sene biribiara a wɔhunu wɔ eukaryotic nkwammoaa mu. Ɛhɔ na nkwammoaa no nkwaboaa ahodoɔ no wɔ, na ɛkame ayɛ sɛ ɛhɔ na DNA a wɔyɛ no foforɔ ne RNA a wɔyɛ (nkyerɛeɛ) nyinaa kɔ so. Nuklea no yɛ kurukuruwa na ɛnam ntini mmienu a wɔfrɛ no nuklea nkatasoɔ so na ɛtete afiri cytoplasm no ho, wɔfrɛ ahunumu a ɛda saa ntini mmienu yi ntam perinuclear space. Nuklea nkatasoɔ no yi nkwammoaa bi DNA firi molecule ahodoɔ a ɛbɛtumi asɛe ne nhyehyɛe wɔ akwanhyia mu anaasɛ asi ne dwumadi a ɛbɔ ho ban kwan. Berɛ a wɔreyɛ DNA ho adwuma no, wɔkyerɛ DNA, anaasɛ wɔyɛ ho mfonin kɔ RNA soronko bi a wɔfrɛ no messenger RNA (mRNA) mu. Afei wɔde saa mRNA yi firi nuklea no mu, na wɔkyerɛ ase kɔ protein molecule pɔtee bi mu. Nucleolus yɛ beaɛ titiri bi a ɛwɔ nucleus no mu a wɔboaboa ribosome subunits ano. Wɔ prokaryotes mu no, DNA dwumadie kɔ so wɔ cytoplasm mu.
Anuanom
Awo nhyehyɛe
Ɛho nhia sɛ abakan no kyɛ awofo adwene na wonya wɔn awofo adwene koraa. Anuanom pii a wɔwɔ abusua no mu no to adwene a wɔde si wɔn mu biara so no ano hye.[28]
Wɔ nneyɛe mu no, awo nhyehyɛe ho nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛ no nhyehyɛe mu no yɛ asɛnnennen efisɛ ɛyɛ den sɛ wobedi so ama nneɛma a ɛsakra a akontaabu kyerɛ sɛ ɛne awo nhyehyɛe wɔ abusuabɔ no nyinaa. Sɛ nhwɛso no, mpɛn pii no, mmusua akɛse no asetra ne sikasɛm tebea sua sen mmusua nketewa, enti ɛda adi sɛ mmofra a wɔwo wɔn a wɔwoo wɔn mprɛnsa no fi mmusua a wodi hia mu sen mmofra a wodi kan no. Mmofra ntam kwan a ɛda wɔn ntam, ɔkwan a wɔfa so yɛ awofo, ne ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna yɛ nneɛma foforo a ɛsɛ sɛ wosusuw ho.
Abusuabɔ
Akwan a awofo fa so di wɔn mma ntawntawdi ho dwuma no bi ne awofo a wɔmfa wɔn ho nhyɛ mu, awofo a wɔde wɔn ho bɛhyɛ mu ho akwan horow a wɔde wɔn adwene si mmofra so, ne nea ɛntaa mma sɛ wɔbɛhyɛ honam fam ntawntawdi ho nkuran wɔ anuanom ntam. Nea ɛka awofo a wɔmfa wɔn ho nhyɛ mu no ho ne akwan horow a ɔwofo no bu n’ani gu anuanom no ntawntawdi so na ɔma wɔyɛ ho adwuma wɔ wɔn ntam a wonni akwankyerɛ a efi abɔnten. Wɔ tebea horow bi mu no, wɔpaw saa kwan yi sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wɔbɛkwati tebea horow a ɔwofo no si onua a ɔfata ho gyinae na ebia ɔbɛpɛ onua biako asen ɔfoforo no, nanso, ɛdenam saa kwan yi a wobedi akyi so no, ɔwofo no betumi de hokwan a ɔwɔ no abɔ afɔre de akyerɛkyerɛ wɔn mma sɛnea wɔbɛyɛ no di ntawntawdi ho dwuma. Nea ɛka awofo a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ mu a wɔde mmofra di dwuma no ho ne akwan horow a ɔwofo no fa so yɛ ntamgyinafo ma akyinnyegye a ɛkɔ so wɔ mmofra baanu no ntam na ɔboa wɔn ma wɔyɛ adwene biako. Sɛ awofo de saa kwan yi di dwuma a, ebia wɔbɛboa ma wɔayɛ sɛnea mmofra no betumi adi ntawntawdi ho dwuma daakye ho nhwɛso; nanso ɛsɛ sɛ awofo kwati sɛ wɔbɛkyerɛ nea ebefi mu aba no akyerɛ mmofra no, na wɔhwɛ hu sɛ wɔn na wɔreyɛ ntamgyinafo a wɔde nyansahyɛ ahorow rema akyinnyegye no, na ama mmofra no atumi asi nea ebefi mu aba no ho gyinae. Ebia eyi ho hia titiriw bere a mmofra no binom wɔ autism no.[49] Awofo no betumi apaw akwan horow a awofo hyɛ nipadua mu basabasayɛ ho nkuran wɔ anuanom ntam no ho nkuran na aboa mmofra ma wɔadi basabasayɛ ho dwuma daakye, nanso, ɛte sɛ nea saa kwan yi nyɛ nea etu mpɔn efisɛ ɛne ntawntawdi kɛse a ɛkɔ so wɔ mmofra ntam no wɔ abusuabɔ. Awofo a wɔmfa wɔn ho nhyɛ mu no nso ne anuanom ntam ntawntawdi a ɛkɔ soro, ne anuanom a wɔn ho yɛ hyew a ɛba fam no wɔ abusuabɔ. Ɛte sɛ nea awofo a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ mu a egyina mmofra so no nya nkɛntɛnso pa wɔ anuanom ntam abusuabɔ so a ɛne anuanom ɔhyew a ɛkɔ soro ne anuanom ntawntawdi a ɛba fam no wɔ abusuabɔ.[50]
Awo nhyehyɛe
Robert Zajonc hyɛɛ nyansa sɛ adwene mu tebea a ɛwɔ abusua bi mu no sesa bere nyinaa esiane nneɛma abiɛsa nti, na ɛno nti ɛma mmofra a wodi kan awo wɔn adwene mu nkɔso ho kwan kɛse:[28]
Consanguinity ne awosu mu nneɛma
Consanguinity yɛ susudua a ɛkyerɛ sɛnea nnipa bɔ abusua kɛse.[21] Awosu mu abusuabɔ kyerɛ awosu mu nkwaadɔm dodow a obi wɔ. Sɛnea nnipa nyinaa kyɛ bɛboro 99% wɔ awosu mu nkwaadɔm koro no ara mu no, consanguinity ho hia ma awosu mu nkwaadɔm no fa ketewaa bi a ɛsono nnipa ahorow ntam nkutoo.[22] Awosu mu nkwaadɔm a wonya no wɔ ade bi a ɛba kwa,[22] na ɛsono saa nsusuwii abien yi.[23] Consaguinity so tew fa wɔ awo ntoatoaso biara a wɔtetew mu denam wɔn nana a wɔbom yɛ nnansa yi ara no so. Anuanom yɛ abusuafo 50% denam consanguinity so sɛnea awo ntoatoaso abien tetew wɔn ho fi wɔn ho wɔn ho ho (onua fi ɔwofo kosi onua) na wɔkyɛ awofo baanu sɛ nananom a wɔbom yɛ.
Nkwammoaa (abɔdeɛ a nkwa wɔm ho adesua) (Living Cells)
Awosu mu nnoɔma
Wobɛtumi de amannɔne awosuo mu nnoɔma (a ɛtaa yɛ DNA) nso de afiri a wɔde yɛ ade akɔ nkwammoaa no mu ɛnam adeyɛ bi a wɔfrɛ no transfection so. Wei bɛtumi ayɛ berɛ tiaa mu deɛ, sɛ wɔamfa DNA no anhyɛ nkwammoaa no genome mu a, anaasɛ ɛyɛ deɛ ɛgyina pintinn, sɛ ɛte saa a. Mmoawa bi nso de wɔn awosuo mu nnoɔma hyɛ genome no mu.
Anuanom
Awo nhyehyɛe
Nhyiam ho nhwɛso
Abakan nya mpanyimfo kasa pii. Wɔn a wɔwo wɔn akyiri yi no nya wɔn nuanom mpanyimfo kasa a ɛnyɛ nea ɛho akokwaw kɛse no.[28]
Wɔ 1996 mu no, wɔsan nyaa nyansahu a ɛwɔ awo nhyehyɛe akyi ho anigye bere a wotintim Frank Sulloway nhoma Born To Rebel no. Wɔ nhoma yi mu no, Sulloway kyerɛ sɛ abakan no ani gye ho kɛse, wodi asetram tumi kɛse, wɔn adwene nhyia pii, na wɔn ani nnye nsusuwii foforo ho kɛse bere a wɔde toto mmofra a wɔawo wɔn akyiri yi ho no. Bere a ɛte sɛ nea ɛyɛ osuahu ne nhomasua mu de, sɛnea wɔatwe adwene asi nhwehwɛmu pii so wɔ nhoma no nyinaa mu no, wɔtaa kasa tia no sɛ ɛyɛ anuanom ne awo nhyehyɛe no nyinaa ho kyerɛwtohɔ a ɛyɛ animhwɛ na enni mũ. Esiane sɛ ɛyɛ ayɛsɛm nti, nhwehwɛmu ne nsusuwii ahorow a wɔde too gua wɔ ne nyinaa mu no, nhomanimfo afoforo ankasa atia na atipɛnfo ahwɛ mu ansa na wɔreyi no adi.[35]Nwoma mu nhwehwɛmu a ɛhwehwɛ nhwehwɛmu pii mu na wɔabɔ mmɔden sɛ ɛbɛhwɛ nneɛma a ɛsakra a ɛyɛ ahodwiriw so no taa hu nkɛntɛnso kakraa bi wɔ awo ho nhyehyɛe a ɛfa nipasu ho.[36][37] Wɔ ne nyansahu nhoma ahorow mu nhwehwɛmu mu no, Judith Rich Harris kyerɛ sɛ ebia awo nhyehyɛe mu nsunsuanso wɔ abusua a wofi mu no mu, nanso ɛnyɛ nipasu afa horow a ɛtra hɔ daa.[38]
Abusuabɔ
Ntawntawdi
Mmofra a wɔanyinyin taa ani bere pii te sɛ wɔn nua kumaa no.[44] Eyi fi tumi a wotumi de adwene di asetra mu tebea no ho dwuma wɔ ɔkwan bi so a ɛma wonya nkate pa, tema kɛse ma wɔn nua kumaa no.[44] Mmofra a wɔanyinyin tumi gyina wɔn anibere nkate a wɔwɔ ma wɔn nua kumaa no ano yiye esiane abusuabɔ a ɛho hia a ɛda ɔwofo no ne ne nua kumaa ntam no ntease nti.[44] Mmofra a wɔanyinyin nso tumi hwɛ wɔn nkate so yiye na wɔmfa wɔn ho nto wɔn a wɔhwɛ wɔn so kɛse wɔ abɔnten so mmara ho sɛnea ɛne wɔn nuanom nkumaa bɔ abira.[44] Anuanom nkumaa ahoɔyaw nkate no yɛ nea abufuw nkate di so.[44] Abusuabɔ a ɛda abofra kumaa ne abofra panyin no ntam no su nso yɛ ade a ɛma ahoɔyaw ba, efisɛ dodow a abusuabɔ no ye no dodow no ara na ahoɔyaw nkate ahorow no ankɔ so kɛse na nea ɛne no bɔ abira no.[44]
Nkwammoaa (abɔdeɛ a nkwa wɔm ho adesua) (Living Cells)
Nkwammoaa a ɛyɛ prokaryotic
Prokaryotes mmoawa no bi ne archaea,a ɛyɛ nkwa afa mmiɛsa no mu mmienu. Na prokaryotic nkwammoaa no ne nkwa a edi kan wɔ Asase so, a deɛ ɛda nson ne sɛ na ɛwɔ abɔdeɛ mu nnoɔma a ɛho hia a nkwammoaa mu nsɛnkyerɛnne ka ho. Wɔyɛ mmerɛ na wɔyɛ nketewa sene eukaryotic nkwammoaa, na wonni nuklea, ne akwaa afoforɔ a ɛkyekyere ntini. Prokaryotic nkwammoaa DNA yɛ chromosome baako a ɛyɛ kurukuruwa a ɛne cytoplasm no di nkitaho tee. Wɔfrɛ nuklea beaɛ a ɛwɔ cytoplasm no mu no nucleoid. Prokaryote dodoɔ no ara yɛ abɔdeɛ a nkwa wɔm nyinaa mu ketewaa bi a ne kɛse firi 0.5 kɔsi 2.0 μm.
Anuanom
Abusuabɔ
Ahoɔyaw nyɛ nkate biako pɛ. Nkate atitiriw a wɔda no adi wɔ ahoɔyaw nkitahodi mu ne ehu, abufuw, ahotɔ, awerɛhow, ne dadwen.[44] Ahoɔyaw ba wɔ asetra mu ahinanan a ɛyɛ abusuabɔ ahorow a enhia onipa a ɔto so abiɛsa mu. Asetra mu afa abiɛsa no fa abusuabɔ a ɛda onipa a n’ani bere ne ɔwofo no ntam, abusuabɔ a ɛda ɔwofo ne nea ɔne no resi akan no ntam, ne abusuabɔ a ɛda onipa a n’ani bere ne nea ɔne no resi akan no ntam.[44]
Awo nhyehyɛe
Mfinimfini Mmofra: Te nka sɛ mmusua a wɔatu wɔn afi mu bere a wonni abofra a odi kan no a wodi kan ne "adwene a ɛboaboa ano nnansa yi ara" a akumaa no de ba no. Saa mmofra yi taa yɛ adwumaden kɛse de yi wɔn ho fi wɔn nuanom ho, de bɔ mmɔden sɛ wɔbɛyɛ nipasu soronko na ɛyɛ ankorankoro de ama wɔn ho bere a wɔte nka sɛ "wɔapiapia wɔn afi" wɔn mmusua mu no.
Mmofra nkumaa: Wɔte nka sɛ wɔn ho nni asɛm sɛ wɔde toto anuanom a wɔanyinyin ho a, wɔtaa bu wɔn sɛ wonni ahoɔden anaa osuahu pii ma enti wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ mu na wɔsɛe wɔn. Esiane eyi nti, wɔn ho akokwaw wɔ afoforo a wɔtwetwe wɔn/wɔtwetwe wɔn ho sɛ wɔnyɛ nneɛma mma wɔn anaasɛ wɔmfa mma wɔn no mu. Eyi boa ma wonya wɔn ho mfonini sɛ wɔpɛ nnipa na wɔpɛ nnipa pii, bere a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ nneyɛe a ɛhwehwɛ adwene mu de di wɔn ahiade ho dwuma no.[30]
Nkwammoaa (abɔdeɛ a nkwa wɔm ho adesua) (Living Cells)
Nkwammoaa a ɛyɛ prokaryotic
Prokaryotic nkwammoaa a wɔtaa de di dwuma no nhyehyɛe
Nkwammoaa a edi kan no mfitiase
Nsɛm foforɔ: Abiogenesis ne Evolution of cell
Anuanom
Abusuabɔ
Nsusuwii ahorow a ɛda adi pefee a ɛfa abusuabɔ ho no ne akwan horow a mmofra fa so susuw akwan horow a wɔbɛfa so adi tebea foforo bi ho dwuma ho no wɔ abusuabɔ. Mmofra betumi ahwe ase akuw abien a ɛfa nsusuwii a wɔde di dwuma wɔ ɔkwan a ɛnyɛ nokware so ho. Ebia wɔyɛ nsusuwii hunufo a wotumi dannan wɔn ho na wogye di sɛ wobetumi aka nsakrae wɔ tebea horow ne nnipa so. Sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ foforo no, wobetumi ayɛ nsusuwiifo a wɔahyɛ da ayɛ, a wogye di sɛ tebea horow ne nnipa ntumi nsakra.[45] Saa gyidi ahorow a ɛda adi pefee yi na ɛkyerɛ sɛnea wɔn ahoɔyaw nkate no mu yɛ den, ne bere tenten a saa ahoɔyaw nkate ahorow no bɛtra hɔ.[45]Malleable Theorists da suban ahorow a ɛkanyan adwene adi, te sɛ ɔwofo anaa onua a wɔne wɔn di nkitaho de bɔ mmɔden sɛ wɔbɛma tebea no atu mpɔn. Wɔtaa nya ahoɔyaw nkate a emu yɛ den na ɛtra hɔ kyɛ efisɛ wɔde bere pii susuw tebea no ho na wɔkyekye akwan horow a wɔbɛfa so ama ayɛ yiye.[45]Fixed Theorists da nneyɛe a ɛnyɛ nea wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ mu adi, sɛ nhwɛso no, wɔsan wɔn akyi kɔ wɔn dan mu esiane sɛ wogye di nti wɔn nneyɛe no mu biara rennya tebea no so nkɛntɛnso anaasɛ ɛbɛma atu mpɔn.[45] Wɔtaa nya ahoɔyaw nkate a emu yɛ den na ɛtra hɔ bere tiaa bi sen nsusuwiifo a wotumi dannan wɔn ho.[45]
Nkwammoaa (abɔdeɛ a nkwa wɔm ho adesua) (Living Cells)
Nkwammoaa a edi kan no mfitiase
Nsusuiiɛ ahodoɔ pii wɔ hɔ a ɛfa sɛdeɛ molecule nketenkete a ɛde nkwa baa Asase a edi kan no so no mfitiase ho. Ebiara wɔde wɔn kɔɔ Asase so wɔ meteorites so (hwɛ Murchison meteorite), wɔbɔɔ wɔn wɔ po a emu dɔ mu mframa a ɛkɔ mu, anaasɛ anyinam a ɛwɔ wiem a ɛte so na ɛyɛɛ no (hwɛ Miller–Urey sɔhwɛ). Nsɔhwɛ mu nsɛm kakraa bi na ɛwɔ hɔ a ɛkyerɛkyerɛ deɛ na ɛyɛ nkyerɛdeɛ ahodoɔ a edi kan a wɔyɛɛ wɔn ho sɛdeɛ ɛte no mu. Wosusu sɛ RNA ne molecule a edi kan a ɛyɛ ne ho, ɛfiri sɛ ɛtumi sie awosuo mu nsɛm na ɛma nnuro yɛ adwuma (hwɛ RNA wiase nsusuiiɛ hunu), nanso anka ade foforɔ bi a ɛbɛtumi ayɛ ne ho foforɔ bɛtumi adi RNA anim, te sɛ dɔte anaa peptide nucleic acid a wɔde yɛ nnoɔma.
Awosu mu nnoɔma
Onipa nkwammoaa wɔ awosu mu nnoɔma a ɛwɔ nkwammoaa no nucleus (nuklea genome) ne mitochondria (mitochondrial genome) mu. Wɔ nnipa mu no, wɔakyekyɛ nuklea genome no mu ayɛ no DNA molecule ahodoɔ aduanan nsia (46) a ɛyɛ linear a wɔfrɛ no chromosomes, a chromosomes mmienu mmienu a ɛne ne ho di nsɛ aduonu mmienu (22) ne ɔbarima ne ɔbaa nna mu chromosomes mmienu ka ho. Mitochondrial genome yɛ DNA molecule a ɛyɛ kurukuruwa a ɛda nson wɔ nuklea DNA ho. Ɛwom sɛ mitochondrial DNA no sua koraa sɛ wɔde toto nuklea chromosomes ho de, nanso ɛkyerɛ protein du mmiɛnsa (13) a ɛka mitochondrial ahoɔden a wɔyɛ ne tRNA pɔtee bi ho mmara.
Anuanom
Abusuabɔ
Abakan a wɔde wɔn ho bata wɔn awofo ho no ne wɔn ahoɔyaw suban no wɔ abusuabɔ tẽẽ. Wɔ nhwehwɛmu bi a Volling yɛe mu no, wogyinaa sɛnea wɔyɛ wɔn ade wɔ ahoɔyaw ho wɔ anuanom a wɔyɛ nkokoaa foforo ne awofo nkitahodi ho mmuae ahorow a ɛsono emu biara no so huu mmofra akuw anan. Nhwehwɛmu a wɔahyɛ ho mmara Mmofra: Mmofra 60% na wɔhyɛ saa kuw yi mu.[44] Saa mmofra yi hwɛ wɔn awofo yiye sɛ wɔne wɔn nua a wɔawo no foforo no di nkitaho, wɔkɔ wɔn nkyɛn wɔ ɔkwan pa so na ɛtɔ mmere bi a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ nkitahodi no mu.[44] Wɔda suban ho haw kakraa bi adi wɔ asram a edi awo foforo akyi no mu na wɔnkyerɛ suban a ɔhaw wom wɔ ɔwofo ne akokoaa ntam nkitahodi no mu.[44] Wobu saa mmofra yi sɛ wɔwɔ ahobammɔ bere a wɔyɛ wɔn ade sɛnea wɔbɛhwɛ kwan sɛ abofra bi bɛyɛ ade wɔ ofie tebea a wonim no yiye mu a wɔn awofo wɔ hɔ sɛ nnyinaso a ahobammɔ wom a wɔde bɛhwehwɛ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia no mu.[44]Mmofra a Wɔkwati Ɔkwan a Wɔfa so Kwati: Mmofra 30% hwe ase wɔ saa kuw yi mu. [44] . Saa mmofra yi hwɛ awofo ne akokoaa ntam nkitahodi yiye na wɔntaa nkɔ akokoaa no ne ɔwofo no nkyɛn. Wɔn ho pere wɔn sɛ wɔbɛhwehwɛ tebea foforo no mu efisɛ wɔtaa hwehwɛ awerɛkyekye kakraa bi fi wɔn awofo hɔ.[44]Mmofra a Wɔbata Wɔn Ho: Mmofra 6% hwee ase wɔ saa kuw yi mu. Saa mmofra yi wɔ anigye kɛse wɔ ɔwofo ne nkokoaa nkitahodi ho ne ɔpɛ a emu yɛ den sɛ wɔbɛhwehwɛ bɛn ne ɔwofo no nkitahodi, na ɛtɔ mmere bi a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ ɔwofo ne abofra nkitahodi mu.[44]Mmofra a Wɔhaw: Mmofra 2.7% hwe ase wɔ saa kuw yi mu ]. Saa mmofra yi yɛ wɔn ade wɔ nkate fam na wɔyɛ basabasa. Ɛyɛ den ma wɔn sɛ wɔbɛhwɛ wɔn nkate bɔne no so na ebia ɛda adi sɛ wɔde bɛto akyi sɛ nneyɛe bɔne a ɛfa abofra a wɔawo no foforo no ho.[44]
Nkwammoaa (abɔdeɛ a nkwa wɔm ho adesua) (Living Cells)
Nhwehwɛmu ho abakɔsɛm
Asɛm titiri: Nkwammoaa ho nsusuiiɛ
Robert Hooke mfonini a ɔyɛe a ɛfa nkwammoaa a wɔde korɔn ayɛ ho, wɔ 1665
Anuanom
Nkyerɛase ahorow
Diblings, portmanteau a ɛyɛ onua a ɔde mae, anaasɛ onua a ɔde mae nyinsɛn no, anaasɛ onua a ɔde mae-sperm no, nam nkesua anaa mmadwoa a wɔde ama so na ɛka bom wɔ abɔde mu.[11][12] Diblings yɛ anuanom wɔ awosu mu ɛwom sɛ ɛnyɛ mmara kwan so de esiane abusua hokwan ne agyapade nti. Wohu sɛ ntoboa a wɔmmɔ din no de nsɛnnennen ka aware nhyehyɛe no ho.
Cross-siblings yɛ ankorankoro a wɔkyɛ anuanom fa biako anaa nea ɛboro saa; sɛ anyɛ yiye koraa no, onipa biako wɔ ɛna no nuabarima biako ne anyɛ yiye koraa no agya no nuanom fa biako a, ɛna ne agya nuanom fa no yɛ anuanom a wɔyɛ mmeamudua ma wɔn ho wɔn ho.[20][adwenem naayɛ – ka ho asɛm].
Nkwammoaa (abɔdeɛ a nkwa wɔm ho adesua) (Living Cells)
Fimbriae a ɛwɔ nipadua mu
Fimbria (dodow kabea fimbriae a wɔsan frɛ no pilus, dodow kabea pili) yɛ nhoma tiawa a ɛyɛ tratraa a ɛte sɛ nhwi a wohu wɔ mmoawa ani. Protein bi a wɔfrɛ no pilin (antigenic) na ɛyɛ fimbriae na ɛno na ɛma mmoawa bata nnoɔma pɔtee bi a ɛwɔ nnipa nkwammoaa mu ho (nkwaboaa a ɛbata ho). Pili ahodoɔ soronko bi wɔ hɔ a ɛka mmoawa a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ mu no ho.
Anuanom
Awo nhyehyɛe
Wɔn a Wodi Kan: Abusua dwumadi ahorow a ɛfa akannifo ne tumidi ho a wodi ho dwuma, otie ma protocol ne hierarchy. Hwehwɛ na wopɛ nhyehyɛe, nhyehyɛe ne gyinapɛn ne mmara a wodi so. Wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ botae a wɔde pere wɔn ho suban mu bere a wɔn asetra gyina nkɔso ne nea wɔatumi ayɛ ho nsɛmti ahorow so no. Wosuro sɛ wɔbɛhwere wɔn dibea wɔ mpanyimfo no atifi.[29]
Nkwammoaa (abɔdeɛ a nkwa wɔm ho adesua) (Living Cells)
Nneɛma a wɔahyehyɛ wɔ nkwammoaa no akyi
Nkwammoaa pii nso wɔ nhyehyɛeɛ ahodoɔ a ɛwɔ nkwammoaa no akyi koraa anaa ne fa bi. Saa nhyehyɛeɛ ahodoɔ yi da nso efiri sɛ nkwammoaa mu ntini a ɛtumi fa mu fa bi no mmɔ ho ban mfiri akyiri nnoɔma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia no ho. Sɛdeɛ ɛbɛyɛ na wɔaboaboa saa nhyehyɛeɛ ahodoɔ yi ano no, ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde nnoɔma a ɛwom no fa nkwammoaa no mu ɛnam akwan a wɔfa so de kɔ no so.
Flagella
Flagella yɛ akwaa a ɛma nkwammoaa tumi tu. Mmoawa flagellum no trɛw firi cytoplasm mu fa nkwammoaa ntini no mu na ɛfa nkwammoaa no fasuo no mu firi adi. Wɔyɛ nnoɔma ma atenten a ɛyɛ den a ɛte sɛ asaawa a wɔde ka ho, protein wɔ abɔdeɛ mu. Flagellum soronko bi wɔ tetefoɔ nnoɔma mu na emu soronko bi wɔ eukaryotes mu.
Anuanom
Nkyerɛase ahorow
Anuanom a wɔma nufusu yɛ mmofra a ɔbea koro no ara ama wɔn nufu. Saa abusuabɔ yi wɔ amammerɛ ahorow a ɛwɔ nufusu abusuafo ne Islam mmara mu.[citation needed]
Nkwammoaa (abɔdeɛ a nkwa wɔm ho adesua) (Living Cells)
Afifideɛ ne mmoa nkwammoaa dodoɔ no ara yɛ deɛ wɔtumi hu wɔ hann afidie a wɔde hwɛ nnoɔma nketenkete mu nkutoo, na ne kɛseɛ yɛ micrometres baako kɔsi ɔha. Electron microscopy ma wonya nsusuiiɛ a ɛkorɔn kɛseɛ a ɛkyerɛ nkwammoaa nhyehyɛeɛ a ɛkɔ akyiri kɛseɛ. Wɔbɛtumi akyekyɛ abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom mu sɛ nkwammoaa baako (a ɛyɛ nkwammoaa baako te sɛ mmoawa) anaasɛ nkwammoaa pii (a afifideɛ ne mmoa ka ho). Wɔkyekyɛ abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom a wɔwɔ nkwammoaa baako mu dodoɔ no ara mu sɛ mmoawa nketenkete. Nkwammoaa dodoɔ a ɛwɔ afifideɛ ne mmoa mu no gu ahodoɔ wɔ mmoa ahodoɔ mu; wɔabu akontaa sɛ nkwammoaa bɛyɛ ɔpepepem aduasa nson (37) (3.72×1013) na ɛwɔ onipa nipadua mu. Onipa adwene na ɛyɛ saa nkwammoaa yi bɛyɛ ɔpepepem aduonwɔtwe.
Anuanom
Suban a ɛsan akyi bere a wɔawo no
Michigan Sukuupɔn Akwahosan Nhyehyɛe no tu fo[citation needed] sɛ nneyɛe a ɛsan akyi a ɛba no dodow no ara yɛ nea emu nyɛ den na ɛsɛ sɛ wɔhwɛ kwan; nanso ɛkamfo kyerɛ awofo sɛ sɛ abofra a wanyin no bɔ mmɔden sɛ obepira akokoaa no, sɛ suban a ɛsan n’akyi no ankɔ yiye wɔ asram 2 anaa 3 ntam a, anaasɛ awofo no wɔ nsɛmmisa anaa nsɛm foforo a ɛhaw wɔn a, wɔnkɔ mmofra oduruyɛfo anaa mmofra adwene ho ɔbenfo nkyɛn.
Akansi
"Anuanom akansi" yɛ akansi anaa nitan bi a ɛda anuanom mmarima ne mmea ntam. Ɛte sɛ nea emu yɛ den titiriw bere a mmofra bɛn wɔn mfe a wɔadi yiye anaasɛ wɔn bɔbeasu yɛ pɛ no.[39] Anuanom akansi betumi ayɛ basabasa; nanso, ɛnyɛ ade koro ne anuanom ayayade a abofra biako yɛ ɔfoforo ayayade no.
Nkwammoaa (abɔdeɛ a nkwa wɔm ho adesua) (Living Cells)
Nkwammoa fasuo
Prokaryotic ne eukaryotic nkwammoaa ahodoɔ pii wɔ nkwammoaa fasuo. Nkwammoaa fasuo no yɛ adwuma de nnuru bɔ nkwammoaa no ho ban firi nnoɔma a atwa ne ho ahyia ho, na ɛyɛ ahobammɔ foforo a ɛbɔ nkwammoaa no mu ntini no ho ban. Nkwammoaa ahodoɔ wɔ nkwammoaa afasuo a nnoɔma ahodoɔ na ɛyɛ; afifideɛ nkwammoaa afasuo yɛ cellulose titiri, fungi nkwammoaa afasuo yɛ chitin na mmoawa nkwammoaa afasuo yɛ peptidoglycan.
Anuanom
Nkyerɛase ahorow
Non mogya mu abusuabɔ
Ɛnam abusuabɔ so na ɛfa ho:
Nkwammoaa (abɔdeɛ a nkwa wɔm ho adesua) (Living Cells)
Organelles
Eukaryotic
Anuanom
Abusuabɔ
Awofo Foforo
Mfe ahorow ahorow
Mmofra a wɔwɔ awofo a wɔwɔ aware mu abusuabɔ pa no tumi hwɛ wɔn ahoɔyaw nkate horow no so yiye.[44] Mmofra taa da ahoɔyaw adi bere a wɔn awofo de wɔn adwene rekɔ onua no so sen bere a awofo no ne wɔn nkutoo na ɛredi nkitaho no bɔ abira.[44] Awofo a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ aware mu nkitahodi pa mu no boa wɔn mma ma wogyina ahoɔyaw ano ma wotumi sesa wɔn ho. Wɔyɛ eyi denam ɔhaw ahorow ano aduru ne ntawntawdi ano aduru ho nhwɛso a wɔyɛ ma wɔn mma no so. Mmofra nso ntaa nnya ahoɔyaw nkate bere a wɔte ofie a abusua no mu biara kyɛ ɔdɔ ne anigye mu na ɔda no adi mu no.[44]
Awo nhyehyɛe
(Blake, 1981) de nneɛma abiɛsa a ebetumi ama anuanom a wɔanyinyin nya nkontaa a ɛkɔ soro wɔ IQ sɔhwɛ ahorow mu no ma:[28]
Mfitiase mmara: mmakan nya wɔn awofo sikasɛm mu ahonyade de toa wɔn nhomasua so.[28]
Abusuabɔ
Asɛm a wɔka sɛ nkurɔfo "ko te sɛ anuanom" no kyerɛ sɛnea anuanom ntam ntawntawdi betumi ayɛ nea wɔde sobo abɔ wɔn ne sɛnea wogye anuanom ntawntawdi tom yiye. Ɛmfa ho sɛnea wobetumi agye saa akasakasa ahorow yi atom kɛse no, anuanom ntam ntawntawdi betumi anya anuanom baanu no so nkɛntɛnso ahorow pii. Wɔada no adi sɛ anuanom ntam ntawntawdi dodow a ɛkɔ soro no ne dadwen ne adwenemhaw a ɛkɔ soro wɔ anuanom mu no wɔ abusuabɔ, ne ne ho a ɛsom bo a ɛba fam ne nhomasua mu nimdeɛ a ɛba fam. Nea ɛka ho no, anuanom a wɔn ho yɛ hyew nyɛ ade a ɛbɔ wɔn ho ban wɔ nkɛntɛnso bɔne a efi dadwen, adwenemhaw, ne ho a wonni ne nhomasua mu nimdeɛ a ɛba fam mu ba no ho. Wei kyerɛ sɛ anuanom a wɔn ho yɛ hyew no ntumi nsiw saa nsunsuanso bɔne yi ano.[47] Anuanom ntam ntawntawdi nso ne nneyɛe a asiane wom kɛse a ɛkɔ soro no wɔ abusuabɔ a nea ɛka ho ne: sigaretnom, sukuu nna a wohuruw, polisifo a wɔne wɔn di nkitaho, ne nneyɛe afoforo a ɛwɔ Caucasian anuanom baanu mu gye mmakan a wɔwɔ anuanom nkumaa nkutoo. Gye sɛ onua panyin a ɔwɔ saa baanu yi mu no anuanom ntawntawdi ne suban a asiane wom wɔ abusuabɔ pa, enti anuanom ntawntawdi betumi ayɛ asiane a ɛde suban ho haw ahorow ba.[48] Nhwehwɛmu bi a wɔyɛe wɔ nea na ɔko no asɛmti yɛ ho (ankorankoro tumidi a wɔtow hyɛ so anaasɛ pɛyɛ a enni hɔ) nso kyerɛ sɛ ebia ɔko no asɛmti no benya nea ebefi ntawntawdi no mu aba no so. Saa nhwehwɛmu yi kyerɛe sɛ na anuanom ntam ntawntawdi wɔ ankorankoro tumidi ho no ne obu a ɛba fam a wobu wɔn ho no wɔ abusuabɔ, na ɛte sɛ nea anuanom ntam ntawntawdi a ɛfa pɛyɛ a wosusuw sɛ enni hɔ ho no ne adwenemhaw ho sɛnkyerɛnne ahorow wɔ abusuabɔ kɛse. Nanso, nhwehwɛmu no nso kyerɛe sɛ adwenemhaw ne dadwen ho sɛnkyerɛnne akɛse nso ne anuanom ntam ntawntawdi a ɛtaa ba ne anuanom ntawntawdi a emu yɛ den kɛse no wɔ abusuabɔ.[46]
Nsunsuanso a ɛba bere tenten a ɛba bere a obi wɔ hɔ
Nkwammoaa (abɔdeɛ a nkwa wɔm ho adesua) (Living Cells)
Nkwammoaa no ne abɔdeɛ ahodoɔ nyinaa nhyehyɛeɛ ne dwumadie titiri. Nkwammoaa biara yɛ "cytoplasm" a ɛwɔ "membrane" bi mu, na ɛwɔ macromolecules a ɛwɔ nnipadua no mu pii te sɛ "protein", DNA ne RNA, ne "molecule" nketewa pii a ɛyɛ nnuannuru a ɛma ahoɔden ne nnoɔma a ɛkeka bom ma nnipa yɛ adwuma (metabolites). Asɛmfua no firi Latin asɛmfua cellula a ɛkyerɛ ‘dan ketewa’ mu.
Anuanom
Awo nhyehyɛe
Bere a mmofra dodow a wɔwɔ abusua bi mu kɔ soro no, dodow no ara na ɛsɛ sɛ wɔkyɛ nneɛma pii.[28]
Consanguinity ne awosu mu nneɛma
Onuayɛ mmanoma yɛ onua na ɛno nti ɔne abusuafo 50% consanguinity.[24] Anuanom mmanoma no awosu nsɛ kɛse te sɛ anuanom a wɔyɛ daa no. Sɛnea mmanoma a wɔyɛ pɛ no fi zygote koro mu no, wɔn nana a wɔbom yɛ nnansa yi ara ne wɔn ho wɔn ho. Wɔyɛ awosu mu ade koro na wɔyɛ abusuafo 100% bere a awo ntoatoaso a ɛnyɛ hwee na ɛpaapae wɔn mu.[22] Nyansahufo ayɛ nhwehwɛmu a ɛfa mmanoma ho de ahwehwɛ dwuma a awosu ne nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia di wɔ su ahorow a ɛba no mu. Nhwehwɛmu a ɛte saa no hwehwɛ mpɛn dodow a mmanoma a wɔyɛ pɛ no wɔ suban su koro no ara mu na wɔde toto mpɛn dodow a mmanoma a wɔyɛ anuanom wɔ su koro no ara ho.[citation needed] Wɔ nhwehwɛmu afoforo mu no, wɔtete mmanoma wɔ mmusua ahorow mu, na nhwehwɛmu ahorow de suban su bi a wɔde kɔ baabi foforo no toto ho denam abusua no mu tebea ne su biako a ɛwɔ mmanoma a wɔyɛ pɛ ntam. Saa nhwehwɛmu yi ada no adi sɛ wɔ nipasu su ahorow a wonim sɛ ɛyɛ agyapade ho no, awosu di dwuma kɛse wɔ asetra nyinaa mu na edi dwuma kɛse mpo wɔ mfe a edi kan no mu.[25]
Nkwammoaa (abɔdeɛ a nkwa wɔm ho adesua) (Living Cells)
Nkwammoaa no tumi nya dwumadie pɔtee bi na wɔyɛ nnwuma ahodoɔ wɔ nkwammoaa no mu te sɛ deɛ wɔreyɛ no foforɔ, DNA a wɔsiesie, protein a wɔyɛ, ne sɛdeɛ wɔkanyan wɔn ho. Nkwammoaa tumi yɛ soronko na wɔtumi tu wɔ nkwammoaa no mu.
Anuanom
Nkyerɛase ahorow
Anuanom asewnom yɛ obi hokafo nuanom, ne nuabarima hokafo, anaa ne hokafo nuabarima hokafo.[13][14] Wobetumi nso afrɛ obi hokafo nuabarima hokafo sɛ ɔyɔnko nuanom.[15][16]
Nkwammoaa (abɔdeɛ a nkwa wɔm ho adesua) (Living Cells)
Organelles
Akwaa ahodoɔ pii na ɛwɔ nkwammoaa bi mu. Ebinom (te sɛ nucleus ne Golgi mfiri) taa yɛ ankonam, berɛ a afoforo (te sɛ mitochondria, chloroplast, peroxisomes ne lysosomes) bɛtumi ayɛ pii (ɔhaha kɔsi mpempem). Cytosol yɛ gelatinous nsu a ɛhyɛ nkwammoaa no ma na ɛtwa akwaa no ho hyia.
Anuanom
Awo nhyehyɛe
Wɔde wɔn adwene si mmakan so kɛse na wonya aduannuru wɔ mmusua a wɔn sikasɛm tebea sua mu.[28]
Nneɛma a wɔde di dwuma ho nhwɛso
Ɛsɛ sɛ mmakan ne anuanom mpanyimfo bua nsɛmmisa na wɔkyerɛkyerɛ nneɛma mu kyerɛ anuanom nkumaa, na wɔyɛ wɔn ade sɛ akyerɛkyerɛfo. Eyi ma wɔn adwene mu nsɛm ne kasa ho nimdeɛ a wɔde di dwuma no nya nkɔso.[28]
Nkwammoaa (abɔdeɛ a nkwa wɔm ho adesua) (Living Cells)
Deɛ wɔhunuu yɛ
Berɛ a wɔkɔɔ so nyaa nkɔsoɔ wɔ afidie a wɔde hwɛ nnoɔma nketenkete mu no, mfidinnwuma a ɛma nnoɔma yɛ kɛse no nyaa nkɔanim araa ma wohuu nkwammoaa. Wɔkyerɛ sɛ Robert Hooke na ohunu no kɛse, na ɔfiri nyansahunu mu nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɔeɛ wɔ nkwammoaa ho, a wɔfrɛ no nkwammoaa mu abɔdeɛ a nkwa wɔ mu ho adesua ase. Berɛ a ɔhwɛɛ asinasini bi wɔ scope no ase no, ɔtumi hunu ntini ahodoɔ. Wei yɛɛ ahodwiri saa berɛ no efiri sɛ na wɔgye di sɛ obi foforo biara nhunu weinom. Deɛ ɛbɛyɛ na wɔafoa ne nsusuiiɛ no so bio no, Matthias Schleiden ne Theodor Schwann nyinaa nso suaa mmoa ne afifideɛ nyinaa nkwammoaa ho adeɛ. Deɛ wohunuiɛ ne nsonsonoeɛ titiri a ɛda nkwammoaa ahodoɔ mmienu no ntam. Wei de adwene a ɛne sɛ ɛnyɛ afifideɛ nko na nkwammoaa nko ara nyɛ ade titiri, na mmom mmoa nso.
Anuanom
Abusuabɔ
Awofo nkɛntɛnso
Nkwammoaa (abɔdeɛ a nkwa wɔm ho adesua) (Living Cells)
Nkwammoaa a ɛyɛ eukaryotic
Asɛm titiri: Eukaryote
Anuanom
Westermarck nkɛntɛnso
Nnipa ho ɔdenimfo Edvard Westermarck hui sɛ mmofra a wɔtete wɔn bom sɛ anuanom no nte nka sɛ wɔn ho wɔn ho bɛkɔ nna ho akɔnnɔ akyiri yi wɔ wɔn asetra mu. Wɔfrɛ eyi Westermarck Nkɛntɛnso. Wobetumi ahu wɔ mmusua a wɔwoo wɔn ne wɔn a wɔfa wɔn sɛ wɔn mma mu, nanso wɔ tebea afoforo a wɔtete mmofra wɔ nkitahodi a emu yɛ den mu nso mu, te sɛ Israel kibbutz nhyehyɛe ne Chinafo shim-pua aware.[53][54]
Nkwammoaa (abɔdeɛ a nkwa wɔm ho adesua) (Living Cells)
N'abɔseɛ
Nkwammoaa abɔseɛ fa nkwa mfitiaseɛ ho, na ɛno na efiri asetena a ɛwɔ Asase so ho abakɔsɛm ase.
Anuanom
Abusuabɔ
Nneɛma bɔne a efi ntawntawdi mu ba
Awo nhyehyɛe
Adler na ɔkyerɛwee
Nkwammoaa (abɔdeɛ a nkwa wɔm ho adesua) (Living Cells)
Nkwammoaa a ɛyɛ prokaryotic
Prokaryotic nkwammoaa wɔ mmeaɛ mmiɛnsa:
Anuanom
Suban a ɛsan akyi bere a wɔawo no
Amerika Mmofra Ayaresabea Sukuu no kyerɛ[citation needed] sɛ sɛ́ anka awofo bɛkasa atia anaasɛ wɔbɛka akyerɛ mmofra sɛ wɔnyɛ wɔn mfe ho ade no, ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde wɔn abisade ahorow no tom ara kwa a wɔrenhaw wɔn. Ɛrenkyɛ mmofra a asɛm no aka wɔn no bɛsan akɔ wɔn dwumadi a wɔtaa yɛ no so bere a wobehu sɛ mprempren wɔanya baabi a ɛho hia wɔ abusua no mu te sɛ onua foforo no ara pɛ no. Wobetumi ama nneyɛe no mu dodow no ara atu mpɔn wɔ asram kakraa bi mu.
Awo nhyehyɛe
Ɛnnɛ, sintɔ ahorow ne nea enhyia wɔ awo nhyehyɛe ho nhwehwɛmu mu no ma ne nokwaredi fi hɔ. Ɛyɛ den yiye sɛ wobedi nneɛma a ɛfa awo nhyehyɛe ho nkutoo so, na enti nhwehwɛmu dodow no ara de nea efi mu ba a emu nna hɔ ba.[29] Nea wɔde ahyɛ awo nhyehyɛe ho nsusuwii ahorow mu ne abɔde ne ntetee ho akyinnyegye. Wɔabɔ no agu sɛ biribi awosu wɔ gyinabea a wɔwo obi wom no mu, na ɛno nti ɛde dwuma a wɔahyɛ ato hɔ ba. Awo nhyehyɛe nni awosu mu nnyinaso biara.[31]
Wɔ ne nhoma English Men of Science: Their Nature and Nurture (1874) mu no, Galton kae sɛ nnwom hyehyɛfo ne nyansahufo a wɔagye din no yɛ wɔn a wɔyɛ abakan dodo.[28] Ɔkaa nneɛma atitiriw abiɛsa a enti mpɛn pii no mmakan da nsow kɛse ho asɛm: