cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
N.W.A
N.W.A (1991–1995) awiei.
Eazy-E bɔɔ Dr. Dre sobo sɛ ɔyɛ ɔbarima a ɔne ɔbarima da, ɔfrɛɛ no "she thang", na ɔkasa tiaa Dre mfonini foforo no denam ɔne Snoop a ɔfrɛɛ no "studio gangsters" no so. Nnwom video a wɔde yɛɛ "Real Muthaphuckkin G's" no kyerɛɛ Dre a ɔhyɛ make-up ne jumpsuit a wɔde sequined ayɛ. Mfonini ahorow no fi Oduruyɛfo Dre World Class Wreckin’ Cru nna no mu, bere a na ntadehyɛ a ɛte saa abu so wɔ West Coast electro hop nnwontofo mu, ansa na N.W.A rema gangsta rap agye din no. Eazy-E kɔɔ so dissing Dre ne Death Row wɔ ne nnwom dodow no ara mu kosii sɛ owui wɔ AIDS ho wɔ March 26, 1995.
Eazy-E adamfo a ɔne no atena akyɛ MC Ren mpo kaa sɛ ɔmpɛ Eazy-E wɔ afe 1994 mu, frɛɛ Eazy-E sɛ "ti kɛse" ne "wannabe mega-star", na mpo ɔhyɛɛ nyansa sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ N.W.A san ka bom a Eazy-E nka ho. Akyiri yi MC Ren kae sɛ abusuabɔ biako pɛ a ɔne Eazy-E wɔ ne Ruthless Records, faako a oyii EP a wɔtɔn platinum Kizz My Black Azz (1992) ne album Shock of the Hour (1993) adi. Eazy-E ne MC Ren de wɔn ntawntawdi no baa awiei bere tiaa bi ansa na kan no rewu wɔ wɔn 1995 duet '"Tha Muthaphukkin' Real" mu wɔ mfe abien a wɔne wɔn ho wɔn ho nkasae akyi. Awiei koraa no, mogya bɔne nyinaa gyaee wɔ kuw no mufo a aka no mu. Akyiri yi Dr. Dre, MC Ren ne Ice Cube daa wɔn nkate a wɔasan asusuw ho adi kyerɛɛ wɔn adamfo dedaw no wɔ 1998 "Ruthless for Life", 1999 "What's the Difference" ne "Chin Check", 2000 "Hello", 2006 "Growin' Up", ne 2011 nnwom video "I Need a Doctor" mu.
Reunions (1995–mprempren).
Esiane sɛ wɔn baanu nyinaa ne Ruthless Records tetew mu wɔ nsɛm bɔne mu nti, awiei koraa no, Ice Cube ne Oduruyɛfo Dre ntam ntawntawdi no brɛɛ ase wɔ wɔn ankasa mu. Bere a Ice Cube yɛɛ cameo wɔ Dr. Dre "Let Me Ride" video mu wɔ 1993 mu akyi no, wɔn baanu no kyere dwom a agye din "Natural Born Killaz" maa Snoop Dogg 1994 sini tiawa ne nnyigyei Murder Was the Case. Ice Cube nso akyiri yi puei wɔ MC Ren album Ruthless for Life mu wɔ dwom "Comin' After You" mu. MC Ren puei wɔ Dre 1999 album 2001 mu, na N.W.A emcees baasa a wɔaka no san boom maa "Hello" wɔ Ice Cube 2000 album War & Peace Vol. 2 (The Peace Disc), ne dwom "Chin Check" wɔ afe 1999 mu maa Next Friday nnyigyei, sini a Ice Cube dii mu akoten.[2]
Nanso, esiane nhyehyɛe a adagyew nnim na ɛbɔ abira ne akwanside ahorow a ɛwɔ sɛ wɔbɛhyehyɛ nnwom ahorow abiɛsa (Priority, No Limit ne Interscope), hokwan ahorow a wobenya wɔ edin N.W.A no so na wɔapene adwuma no nyinaa so de anya hokwan ahorow a ɛyɛ soronko nti, album no amma mu da. Nnwom mmienu pɛ na wɔyii saa nhyiamu ahodoɔ yi adi: "Chin Check" a yɛadi kan aka ho asɛm (a Snoop Dogg yɛ N.W.A muni) a ɛfiri 2000 Next Friday soundtrack mu ne "Hello" a ɛfiri Ice Cube 2000 album War & Peace Vol. 2 (Asomdwoe Disk no). Nnwom abien no nyinaa nso puei wɔ N.W.A nnwom a wɔasan ayɛ no Greatest Hits mu. Wɔsan nso yɛɛ nhyiamu fã bi wɔ nnwuma foforɔ mu, titire "Set It Off", a ɛfiri Snoop Dogg Tha Last Meal (2000), a na MC Ren ne Ice Cube na ɛwɔ mu, ne The D.O.C. "The Shit", a ɛfiri ne 2003 album Deuce, a MC Ren, Ice Cube, Snoop Dogg ne Six-Two ka ho. Ná Oduruyɛfo Dre ne DJ Yella wɔ studio hɔ maa dwom a etwa to no.
Wɔ Greatest Hits a Priority yii no adi mfiase no wɔ 1996 mu akyi no, Capitol ne Ruthless Records boom yii The N.W.A Legacy, Vol. 1: 1988–1998 wɔ 1999 mu, nnwom a wɔaboaboa ano a na nnwom a rap nnwontofo afoforo yɛe ne nnwom abiɛsa pɛ a efi kuw ankasa no mu nanso nnwom ahorow a wɔn nkutoo na wɔwom a efi emufo baanum no hɔ. Sɛnea album no dii yiye no kanyan nhoma a ɛto so abien, The N.W.A Legacy, Vol. 2, mfe abiɛsa akyi. Ɛsuasua sɛnea na nnwom a edii n’anim no yɛe no, na na N.W.A nnwom ankasa abiɛsa pɛ ne mmɔdenbɔ pii a adwumayɛfo no nkutoo bɔe. Wɔ afe 2007 mu no, woyii nnwom foforo a ɛyɛ dɛ sen biara adi, a wɔtoo din The Best of N.W.A: The Strength of Street Knowledge.
Agya
Agya yɛ abofra bi awofo barima. Sɛ agya bi ne ne mma ntam abusuabɔ da nkyɛn a, ebia agya no ne abofra no benya awofo, mmara, ne asetra mu abusuabɔ a ɛde hokwan ne asɛyɛde ahorow bi ka ho. Agya a ɔfa abofra no yɛ ɔbarima a wabɛyɛ abofra no ɔwofo denam mmara kwan so nhyehyɛe a ɛfa abofra a wɔfa no sɛ wɔn ba no so. Agya a ɔwoo no ne ɔbarima awosu mu ade a ɛboa ma wɔbɔ akokoaa no, denam nna anaa mmadwoa a wɔde ma so. Agya a ɔwoo no betumi anya mmara kwan so asɛyɛde ahorow wɔ abofra a ɔntetee no ho, te sɛ sika fam mmoa ho asɛyɛde. Agya a wɔkyerɛ sɛ ɔyɛ ɔbarima a wɔkyerɛ sɛ ɔne abofra bi wɔ abusuabɔ nanso wonnya nkyerɛɛ no. Agya a ɔyɛ ɔbaatan yɛ ɔbarima a ɔyɛ abofra maame kunu na wobetumi ayɛ abusua kuw, nanso mpɛn pii no onni mmara kwan so hokwan ne asɛyɛde ahorow a ɔwofo wɔ wɔ abofra no ho.
N.W.A
Reunions (1995–mprempren).
Wɔ June 27, 2015 no, MC Ren ne DJ Yella bɛkaa Ice Cube ho wɔ ne solo set mu sɛ BET Experience show no fã wɔ Staples Center wɔ Los Angeles, California. Eyi ne kuw no dwumadi a edi kan a wɔasan ahyiam (a wɔayi Oduruyɛfo Dre afi mu) wɔ mfe 15 mu. Mfeɛ aduonu nson a wɔde gyaeeɛ no akyi no, kuw no san ne emufoɔ a wɔda so te aseɛ no boom ne Ice Cube, MC Ren, Dr. Dre ne DJ Yella a wɔkɔɔ asɛnka agua so wɔ dapɛn awieeɛ a ɛtɔ so mmienu wɔ Coachella Valley Nnwom ne Adwinni Afahyɛ no mu wɔ April 2016 mu, nna kakraa bi akyi wɔ kuw no Rock N’ Roll Hall of Fame a wɔde wɔn hyɛɛ mu no akyi.
Agya
Asɛmfua "agya" kyerɛ agya na sɛ wɔde toto ho a, ɛkyerɛ "ɛna" ma ɛna. Adeyɛ asɛmfua "agya" kyerɛ sɛ wobɛwo anaa wobɛwo abofra a edin "agya" nso fi mu. Agyanom a wɔwoo wɔn no nam mmadwoa nkwammoaa bi a X chromosome (ɔbea), anaa Y chromosome (ɔbarima) wom so na ɛkyerɛ wɔn ba no bɔbeasu.[1] Nsɛmfua a ɛfa ɔdɔ ho ne papa (dada, papa), baba, papa, pappa, papasita, (pa, pap) ne pop. Ɛtɔ mmere bi a wɔfrɛ ɔbarima a ɔyɛ nhwɛso a mmofra betumi ahwɛ no yiye sɛ agya-nsusuwii.
agya hokwan ahorow
Agyayɛ akwamma
Awofo akwamma yɛ bere a agya bi gye n’ahome de hwɛ ne ba a wɔawo no foforo anaa wafa no sɛ ne ba no.[2] Agya akwamma a wotua ho ka no dii kan fii ase wɔ Sweden wɔ 1976 mu, na wotua ho ka wɔ Europa Aman Nkabom aman bɛboro fa mu.[3] Wɔ mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da fam no, mmara no taa nyɛ nhyehyɛe biara sɛ agyanom biako anaa wɔn baanu nyinaa begye agyayɛ akwamma.
Mmofra a wɔhwɛ wɔn so
Agyanom hokwan ahorow ho akuw te sɛ Agyanom 4 Atɛntrenee kyerɛ sɛ abusua asennibea ahorow no yɛ animhwɛ tia agyanom.[4]
Mmofra mmoa
Agyayɛ ho nsisi
Wobu akontaa sɛ Britania agyanom mu 2% nya agyayɛ ho nsisi wɔ adeyɛ bi a ɛnyɛ agyayɛ mu, na wɔtete abofra a wogye di wɔ ɔkwan a ɛnteɛ so sɛ ɔyɛ wɔn asefo a wɔwoo wɔn no.[5]
Dwuma a agya no di
Agyayɛ wɔ Atɔe Fam Wiase
Wɔ Atɔe Fam no, agya a waware no ho mfonini sɛ nea onya akatua titiriw no resakra. Asetra mu tebea a ɛfa agyayɛ ho no di dwuma titiriw wɔ mmarima ne wɔn mma yiyedi mu.[6] Wɔ United States no, awofoɔ a wɔnwaree no mu 16% yɛ mmarima kɔsi afe 2013.[7]
Agya anaa agya-nsusuwii ho hia
Agyanom a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ mu no de nsiesiei pɔtee a ɛfa nkɔso ho ma wɔn mma na wɔn ankasa nya nkɛntɛnso denam saa a wɔyɛ so. Agyanom akontaabu a wɔyɛ nnam betumi adi dwuma wɔ suban ne adwene mu haw ahorow a ɛso tew wɔ mmerante ne mmabaa a wɔadu mpanyin afe so mu no mu.[8] Agya–abofra a wɔde wɔn ho bɛhyɛ mu dodow a ɛkɔ soro no betumi aboa ma abofra asetra mu ahotɔ, nhomasua mu nkɔso,[9]: 5 ne tumi a wɔwɔ sɛ wobenya aware a ɛyɛ den sɛ ɔpanyin no akɔ soro. Ebia wɔn mma nso ani begye wiase a atwa wɔn ho ahyia no ho kɛse na wɔanya ɔhaw ahorow ano aduru ho nimdeɛ kɛse.[10] Mmofra a wɔne agyanom tetee wɔn no bu wɔn ho sɛ wɔn ho akokwaw wɔ adwene ne nipadua mu sen wɔn atipɛnfo a wonni agya.[11] Ɛnanom a wɔne wɔn agya bom tete mmofra no bɔɔ amanneɛ sɛ wɔne wɔn ba no nnya akasakasa a emu nyɛ den pii.[12]
Agya-mfonini no nyɛ abofra no agya a ɔwoo no bere nyinaa na mmofra binom benya agya a ɔwoo no ne agya a ɔyɛ ɔbaatan anaa ɔtete no nso. Sɛ wɔfa mmadwoa a wɔde ma so nyinsɛn abofra a, nea ɔde ma no bɛyɛ abofra no "agya a ɔwoo no".
Agyayɛ sɛ nipasu a ɛfata betumi agyina ofie nneɛma ne nneyɛe so. Sɛ nhwɛso no, nhwehwɛmu bi a wɔyɛe wɔ abusuabɔ a ɛda agyanom, wɔn mmabarima, ne ofie kɔmputa ntam no hui sɛ agya ne mmarimayɛ a wɔbɛkyekye no hwehwɛ sɛ agyanom da kɔmputa ho nimdeɛ adi.[13]
Abakɔsɛm a ɛfa agyayɛ ho
Mmoa anini pii mfa wɔn ho nhyɛ wɔn mma ntetee mu. Nnipa nnipa nkɔsoɔ sɛ abɔdeɛ a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ wɔn asefoɔ nteteeɛ mu no sii wɔ aboɔ berɛ no mu.[14]
Wɔ mfinimfini mmere mu ne nnɛyi Europa abakɔsɛm fa kɛse no ara mu no, na ɛnanom titiriw na wɔhwɛ mmofra, bere a agyanom a wɔwɔ aman pii mu no na wɔhwɛ abusua mũ no nyinaa so. Efi 1950 mfe no mu no, asetra mu nyansahufo ne mmea ho animdefo akasa atia mmarima ne mmea dwumadi ahorow kɛse wɔ Atɔe Fam aman mu, a ɔbarima a ɔhwɛ mmoa so no de ka ho. Nhyehyɛe ahorow de wɔn ani asi agyayɛ so kɛse sɛ adwinnade a wɔde bɛsakra mmarima ne mmea ntam abusuabɔ.[15] Nhwehwɛmu a efi aman ahorow mu kyerɛ sɛ efi afeha a ɛto so 20 mfinimfini no agyanom de wɔn ho ahyɛ wɔn mma hwɛ mu kɛse.[16][17][18][19]
Agyanom a wokunkum wɔn
Wɔ adesamma abakɔsɛm a edi kan mu no, agyanom a wokunkum wɔn ho nsɛm a ɛda nsow aba. Nhwɛsoɔ:
Senaherib (r. 704–681 A.Y.B.), Asiria hene no, ne mmabarima baanu kum no esiane sɛ ɔguu Babilon ho fĩ nti.
Ɔhene Kassapa I (473 kosi 495 Y.B.) a ɔbɔɔ Sigiriya abankɛse a ɛwɔ tete Sri Lanka no kum ne papa ɔhene Dhatusena maa ahengua no.
Wɔkyerɛ sɛ Ɔhempɔn Yang a ofi Sui wɔ Chinafo abakɔsɛm mu no kum ne papa, Ɔhempɔn Wen a ofi Sui.
Beatrice Cenci, Italiani ɔdehye a sɛnea anansesɛm kyerɛ no, okum ne papa bere a ɔde no too afiase na ɔtoo no mmonnaa no. Wobuu no fɔ na wotwitwaa ne ti wɔ nsɛmmɔnedi no ho ne ne nuabarima ne ne mpena wɔ 1599 mu.
Wɔkyerɛ sɛ Lizzie Borden (1860–1927) de agyan kum ne papa ne ne mpena wɔ Fall River, Massachusetts, wɔ 1892. Wobuu no bem, nanso wɔda so ara gye ne ho a enni fɔ.
Iyasus I a ofi Ethiopia (1654–1706), a ɔyɛ Ethiopia ahempɔn akɛse a wɔyɛ akofo no mu biako no, ne babarima Tekle Haymanot tuu no fii n’ahenni so wɔ 1706 mu na akyiri yi wokum no.
Wɔ nnɛyi abakɔsɛm mu no, agya ne asefo ntam ntawntawdi ho nhwɛso ahorow nso aba, te sɛ:
Chiyo Aizawa kum n’ankasa papa a na wato no mmonnaa mfe dunum, wɔ October 5, 1968 mu, wɔ Japan. Asɛm a esii no sesaa Japan Nsɛmmɔnedi Mmara a ɛfa agyanom a wokunkum wɔn ho no.
Kip Kinkel (1982- ), Oregon abarimaa bi a wobuu no fɔ sɛ okum n’awofo wɔ fie ne ne mfɛfo sukuufo baanu wɔ sukuu mu wɔ May 20, 1998 mu.
Wɔbɔ amanneɛ sɛ Dipendra a ofi Nepal (1971–2001) kunkum n’abusua no fa kɛse no ara wɔ adehye anwummere adidi bi ase wɔ June 1, 2001, a n’agya Ɔhene Birendra, ne maame, ne nuabarima, ne ne nuabea ka ho.
Christopher Porco (1983- ), wobuu no fɔ wɔ August 10, 2006, sɛ okum ne papa na ɔbɔɔ mmɔden sɛ ɔde agyan kum ne maame.
Nsɛmfua a wɔde di dwuma
Baby Daddy – Agya a ɔwoo no a ɔsoa sikasɛm mu asɛyɛde wɔ abofra ho, nanso ɛna no ne no nni nkitaho kɛse anaasɛ ɔne no nni nkitaho biara.
Agya a ɔwoo no – abofra a ɔwoo abofra a esiane sɛ wɔfa no sɛ ɔyɛ ne ba anaa awofo ntetewmu nti, ɔntete abofra no anaasɛ ontumi nhwɛ bi.
Agya a ɔwoo no – anaasɛ ɛtɔ da bi a wɔfrɛ no "Agya" kɛkɛ no yɛ abofra bi awosu mu agya.
Agya a ɔwu akyi – agya wui ansa na wɔrewo mma (anaasɛ mpo wonyinsɛnee wɔ awotwaa a wɔde nsa ayɛ ho).
Agya a wɔkyerɛ sɛ ɔware – ɔbarima a ɔwaree a wɔankyerɛ ne mmara kwan so abusuabɔ a ɔne abofra wɔ nanso wɔkyerɛ sɛ ɔyɛ anaa ɔka sɛ ebia ɔyɛ abofra bi agya a ɔwoo no.
Nkwaboaa a wɔde ma – agya a ɔno ne mmadwoa a wɔammɔ ne din anaasɛ wonim no a ɔde ne mmadwoa ma sɛ wɔmfa nni dwuma wɔ afiri a wɔde hyɛ nipadua mu anaasɛ in vitro fertilisation mu sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a ɔbɛwo abofra ama ɔbea a ɔto so abiɛsa. Afei nso wɔde di dwuma sɛ slang asɛmfua a ɛkyerɛ "baby daddy".
Agya a ɛyɛ nwonwa – baabi a na mmarima no nnim sɛ abofra bi wɔ hɔ kosii sɛ ebia mfe bi akyi
Agya a onnii mfe aduonu/agya a ɔyɛ mmabun – Agya a ɔda so ara yɛ ɔbabun.
Nea ɛnyɛ abɔde mu nneɛma (asetra ne mmara mu abusuabɔ) .
Adoptive father – agya a wagye abofra ayɛ ne ba
Cuckolded father – baabi a abofra no yɛ ade a efi ɛna no awaresɛe abusuabɔ mu ba
Agya-asew – obi hokafo agya
Ɛna hokafo – adwene a ɛne sɛ mprempren ɔhokafo no hyɛ agya dwumadi ma
Ɛna kunu – wɔ tumidi ahorow bi ase (e.g. wɔ Quebec ɔman mmara mu), sɛ ɛna no ware ɔbarima foforo a, wɔbɛkyerɛ nea otwa to no ase sɛ agya no
Agya a wosusuw sɛ ɔyɛ – Baabi a agya a wosusuw sɛ ɔyɛ agya no akyerɛ sɛ ɔbarima yɛ abofra bi agya a sɛ ebia ɔyɛ agya a ɔwoo no ankasa anaasɛ ɔnyɛ no mfa ho
Social father – baabi a ɔbarima bi fa de facto asɛyɛde to abofra bi ho, te sɛ nea ɔhwɛ obi a wɔagyaw no hɔ anaa wayɛ nyisaa (wɔfrɛ abofra no sɛ "abusua no ba" wɔ Engiresi mmara mu).
Stepfather – agya a ɔware a ɔnyɛ awofo a abofra no fi abusuabɔ bi a atwam mu
Agyayɛ a wɔde nkitahodi gyinabea kyerɛkyerɛ mu
Agya a onni hɔ – agya a ontumi anaasɛ ɔrennya bere ne ne ba(mma).
Agya a ɔto so abien – obi a ɔnyɛ ɔwofo a ne nkitahodi ne mmoa yɛ den araa ma ɛbɛn awofo abusuabɔ ba (wɔtaa de di dwuma ma anuanom mmarima a wɔanyinyin a wɔboa kɛse wɔ abofra ntetee mu, ɛtɔ mmere bi a mmarima a wɔn mfe akɔ anim a wɔhwɛɛ nnamfo nkumaa a wonni mmusua)
Nnawɔtwe awiei/akwamma agya – baabi a abofra (mma) ne agya nkutoo tena dapɛn awiei, nnapɔnna, ne nea ɛkeka ho.
Agya a ɛnyɛ onipa de
Darwin ɔkɔre (Rhinoderma darwini) agyanom kura nkesua wɔ nne kotoku no mu.
Nsu mu nnomaa anini dodow no ara bɔ wɔn mma ho ban kɛse wɔ wɔn mma a wɔtete wɔn no mu, na wɔne mmea no kyɛ scout nnwuma. Nhwɛso ahorow ne akɔre, akraman, akɔre, akraman, ne ananse ahorow kakraa bi. Sɛ nsu mu nnomaa yi mu dodow no ara mmusua tu kwan a, wɔtaa tu kwan wɔ ntonto mu na mpɛn pii no agyanom no na wɔwɛn mma no wɔ nhama no awiei bere a ɛnanom no di kwan no anim no.
Po mu ɔpɔnkɔ a ɔyɛ ɔbea (Hippocampus) de nkesua gu kotoku a ɛwɔ onini no yafunu so no mu. Onini no yi mmadwoa gu kotoku no mu, na ɛma nkesua no nya nyinsɛn. Nkwaboaa no nyin wɔ ɔbarima no kotoku no mu, na wɔn kotoku ankorankoro a wɔde ahyɛ mu no na ɛma wonya aduan.
Catfish anini de wɔn nkesua gu wɔn anom, na wogyae adidi kosi sɛ wɔbɛtow.
Ɔhempɔn penguin mmarima nkutoo na wɔtow wɔn nkesua; mmea no nyɛ incubation biara. Sɛ́ anka onini biara besi berebuw no, ɔbɔ ne nkesua ho ban denam kari a ɔkari pɛ wɔ ne nan atifi, a wɔde mmofra kotoku titiriw bi ahyɛ mu no so. Nanso sɛ wɔtow nkesua no wie a, mmea no bɛsan akɔka abusua no ho.
Beaver mmarima ne mmea no bɔ wɔn mma ho ban wɔ wɔn asetra mu nnɔnhwerew kakraa bi a edi kan no mu. Bere a beaver mma no nyin no, wɔn agyanom bɛkyerɛ wɔn sɛnea wɔbɛhwehwɛ nneɛma a wɔde besisi wɔn ankasa atare na wɔasiesie, ansa na wɔahwete akɔhwehwɛ wɔn ankasa ahokafo.
Akraman agyanom boa ma wɔn mma aduan, bɔ wɔn ho ban, na wɔne wɔn di agoru. Wɔ tebea horow bi mu no, mpataku awo ntoatoaso pii te kuw no mu, na wɔma mmofra no nananom, wɔn maame nuabeanom/nuanom nuanom, ne anuanom hwɛ wɔn, de ka awofo ho. Agya ɔkraman nso ne nea ɔyɛ abɔmmɔ no fa kɛse no ara bere a mmea no rebɔ wɔn mma a wɔawo wɔn foforo no ho ban no.
Coyotes yɛ ɔyere biako na coyotes anini bɔ abɔmmɔ na wɔde aduan brɛ wɔn mma.
Dolphin agyanom boa ma wɔhwɛ mmofra no. Awofo baanu no nyinaa kura mmofra a wɔawo wɔn foforo wɔ nsu no ani kosi sɛ wɔn ankasa besiesie wɔn ho sɛ wobeguare.
Nnomaa ahorow dodow bi wɔ agyanom a wɔyɛ nnam a wodwen afoforo ho a wɔboa ɛnanom no te sɛ nsu mu nnomaa a yɛaka wɔn ho asɛm wɔ atifi hɔ no.
Nanso, mmoa ahorow pii,[citation needed]. Onini no fi ɔbere no mu bere a waware akyi bere tiaa bi ne bere tenten ansa na wɔawo aba biara. Ɛyɛ mmea no na ɛsɛ sɛ wɔyɛ adwuma a ɛne sɛ wɔbɛhwɛ mmerante ne mmabaa no nyinaa.
Ɔsebɔ anini gyaw ɔbere no bere a waware akyi bere tiaa bi na obekum na ɛtɔ mmere bi a wadi ɔsebɔ ba biara a obehyia no, sɛ ba no yɛ ne de mpo a. Asono ɛnanom de wɔn mma mmofraase fa kɛse no ara bɔ wɔn ho ban fi anini ho. (Adwinni ahorow pii, te sɛ aguade ho dawurubɔ ne mfoninitwa mfiri, yɛ "papa asono" ho mfonini a efi ayamye mu bere a eyi ne nokwasɛm no bɔ abira koraa no.)
Akraman agyanom a wɔyɛ wɔn afie mu no nkyerɛ wɔn mma ho anigye kɛse, na ɛnte sɛ mpataku no, wɔne wɔn ahokafo nware ɔyere biako na enti ɛda adi sɛ wobegyaw wɔn bere a wɔaware awie no.
Gyata anini benya mma ho abotare, nanso wɔbɛma wɔn kwan ma wɔadi nam a efi mmoa a wɔawuwu no mu bere a wɔayɛ wɔn ma akyi nkutoo. Kakraa bi yɛ atirimɔdenfo koraa wɔ wɔn mma ho na wobetumi apira wɔn anaasɛ wobekunkum wɔn a wɔrenhyɛ wɔn abufuw kɛse.[citation needed] Onini a okum onini foforo de adi n’ahantan so no nso bɛtaa akum mma biara a ɛyɛ saa onini a ɔne no resi akan no dea. Nanso, ɛyɛ mmarima no nso na ɛyɛ wɔn asɛyɛde sɛ wɔwɛn ahantan no bere a mmea no bɔ abɔmmɔ no. Nanso agyata anini no nkutoo ne mpataa a wɔwɔ dwuma wɔ agyayɛ mu ankasa.
Mpɛn pii no, kraman anini nya kits ho kwan nanso ɛnte sɛ mmea no, wɔtaa nkyerɛ kit no ho anigye kɛse na wonim sɛ wɔne wɔn mma di agoru denneennen bere a wɔanyinyin no, titiriw wɔn mmabarima no. Ebia saa suban yi nso yɛ awosu bi a ɛne sɛ wɔbɛpam mmarima nkumaa no na wɔasiw abusuafo a wɔne wɔn ho da aware wɔ anuanom no ntam no ho. Awiei koraa no, mmea no bɛpete afi warren no mu bere a wɔanyin ara pɛ nanso agya no mpam wɔn sɛnea ɔtaa yɛ mmarima no no.
Apɔnkɔ apɔnkɔ ne mprako mprako nni dwuma kɛse biara wɔ awofoyɛ mu, na saa ara nso na wɔne wɔn ahokafo nware ɔyere biako. Wɔbɛma mmofra ho abotare akodu baabi, nanso esiane sɛ wɔyɛ mmarima a wɔyɛ basabasa nti, mpɛn pii no, mmerante ne mmabaa no ahoɔden a wɔde yɛ anigye no hyɛ wɔn abufuw, na ebetumi apira mmofra no anaasɛ wɔakum wɔn mpo. Enti, wɔmfa stud stallions ne mprako nsie wɔ pen koro mu sɛ wɔn mma anaa mmea afoforo.
Awiei koraa no, wɔ mmoa ahorow bi mu no, agya no anaa ɛna no mfa ɔhwɛ biara mma.
Eyi te saa wɔ nkoekoemmoa, mmoa a wɔwea fam, ne mpataa dodow no ara fam.
Ɔbabɛrima
Ɔbarima yɛ ɛba yɛawo no a ɔyɛ barima; barima anaa onipa ma n'awofoɔ. Ɔbaa nso yɛ babaa. Sɛ obi na ɔwoo ɛba bi, babarima no gyina hɔ ma abusuani a ɔdi kan.
Asetena mu Nsɛm
Wɔ mpɔtam a wɔwɔ nnwumakuo ne aman a wɔyɛ nsaase dwuma no, nea ɛsombo ma wɔn paa yɛ ɔbarima kyɛn ɔbabaa, wɔma mmarima anidie wɔ wɔn mpɔtam, ɛfiri sɛ mmarima apomuden yɛ den na wɔbɛtumi ayɛ kuadwuma yie. Wɔ China, akwadaa baako nhyehyɛeɛ dii dwuma kɔpem mfeɛ mpem mmienu ne du num sɛdeɛ ɛbɛyɛ a nnipa bɛdɔɔ so. Ɛfiri berɛ a wɔde saa nhyehyɛeɛ yi kɔɔ mmara mu no, mmɔfra dodoɔ a wɔkan no ma wawo no ma mmarima no kɔ soro. Wɔgyinaa nnoɔma pii so na wɔhyɛɛ saa, ebi ne kwan bɔne a wɔfa so yi mmɔfra guo ne mmaa a wɔawo wɔn ama wɔn adɔɔso. Wɔ mpɔtam a wɔdi agya adeɛ no, babarima nya agyapadeɛ gya ɔbaa. Wɔ amammerɛ bi mu nso, ba panin a ɔyɛ barima no wɔ akwanya soronko. Nhwɛsoɔ ne sɛ, yɛhwɛ twerɛsɛm mu a, babarima a ɔdikan a yɛwoo no no nyaa nnoɔma pii firi n'agya hɔ. Japanfoɔ nnoɔma bi a wɔde wɔn ba panin gye mu no bi ne: "ɛne sɛ awofoɔ tumi ne wɔn ba panin tena sɛ ɔyɛ babarima a" ne Awofoɔ tumi ne wɔn ba panin tena sɛ mpo ɔnyɛ babarima a".
Akristofoɔ Ahyɛnsodeɛ
Wɔ akristofoɔ mu no, "babarima " anaasɛ onyankopɔn ba no ne Yesu Kristo. ￼ Akristofoɔ a wɔgye nyame baasa koro di no hunu Yesu sɛ nnipa ɔtɔ so mmienu wɔ Onyankopɔn afam a wɔfrɛ no Onyankopɔn ba. Wɔ asɛmpa no mu, ɛtɔ da a Yesu frɛ ne ho onipa ba.
Nea saa edin no kyerɛ.
Wɔ amammerɛ pii mu no, abusua din bi kyerɛ sɛ "ɛba a", a ɛkyerɛ nananom-ie., sɛ abusuamu no nyinaa firi nananom hɔ. Ɛtumi sesa firi mfitiaseɛ anaasɛ abusua din noa wɔatwa mu no.
Semitic
Edin a Arabic de ma babarima ne Ibn. Ɛfiri sɛ abusua ne tete nananom yɛ amammerɛ a ɛhohia paa wɔ Arab ne nkramosom, Arab ne nkramofoɔ pii(nhwɛsoɔ Bruneian) de non di dwuma, a ɛte sɛ Ibn, wɔ wɔn din nyinaa mu. Bom kyerɛ sɛ "ɛba ma ". Nhwɛsoɔ ne sɛ, Arab din "Saleh nim Tarif nim Khaleb Al-Fulani"  (cf. Arab din nyinaa ankasa). Saa ara nso na,ibn/bom abirabɔ ne abu, a ɛkyerɛ sɛ "agya ma". Ɛyɛ edin bi a wɔde ma obi babarima a ɔdikan, na wɔde di dwuma sɛ moniker de kyerɛ agya din a wɔde ama no, kyɛn abusua. Nhwɛsoɔ sɛ na Mahmoud babarima de Abdullah, firi Mahmoud so no wɔbɛtumi afrɛ no "Abu Abdullah". Ɛne Hebrew kasa ben a ɛwɔ "Judah ben Abram HaLevi", a ɛkyerɛ "Yuda,Abram ba, lewi" sɛ. Ben nso gyina ne ho so.
Nsuo
Nsu (nnuru nsusuwii H2O) yɛ nnuru a ɛnyɛ nkwaboaa, ɛyɛ mmerɛw, ɛnyɛ dɛ, enni hua, na ɛkame ayɛ sɛ enni kɔla, a ɛno ne ade titiriw a ɛwɔ Asase so nsu ne abɔde a nkwa wom a wonim nyinaa mu nsu (a ɛyɛ adwuma sɛ ade a wɔde hyɛ mu[1]). . Ɛho hia ma nkwa ahorow a wonim nyinaa, ɛwom mpo sɛ ɛmma aduan, ahoɔden, anaasɛ aduannuru nketenkete a ɛwɔ nkwa mu de. Ne nnuru nhyehyɛe, H2O, kyerɛ sɛ ne molecule biara kura oxygen biako ne hydrogen atom abien, a wɔde covalent bonds abɔ mu. Hydrogen atɔm no bata oxygen atom no ho wɔ anim a ɛyɛ 104.45°.[2] "Nsuo" nso yɛ din a wɔde frɛ nsu tebea a ɛwɔ H2O mu wɔ ɔhyew ne nhyɛso a ɛfata mu.
Okunafoɔ
Okunani baa yɛ ɔbaa bi a ne kunu awu; okuani barima yɛ barima a ne yere awu.
Nsunsuansoɔ a ɛba wɔyɛn apomuden so
Obi hokafoɔ wu a nea ɛmma no ntena hɔ afebɔɔ no wɔfrɛ no kunayɛ nsunsuansoɔ. "Ano yɛ den wɔ bosome mmiɛnsa a ɛdikan a ne hokafoɔ no awu no, sɛ wɔhunu sɛ wɔn wuo no bɛtumi ayɛ ɔhamu nkyekyɛmu aduosia nsia". Ɛhɔ na wentwiwentwi ba sɛ ɔbaa no anaa barima no ntumi ntena, na adesua nso ahwɛ sɛ wɔbɛhwɛ mu, saa ara nso na afoforɔ susu sɛ yɛnni nsonsonoeɛ da wɔ ntam. Berɛ wɔasusu ho sɛ sɛ nna nhyiamu ɛdi dwuma wɔ esu mu no, ɛsane ma yɛhunu sɛdeɛ obi abrabɔ sesa sɛ ne hokafoɔ wu a. Nhwehwɛmu kyerɛ sɛ nsonsonoeɛ a ɛda mu no gyina asodie a ɛda no so sɛ ɔbɛtumi ahwɛ ne ho, nnoɔma a ɔhwehwɛ ne sɛdeɛ wɔsi yɛ wɔ ne hokafoɔ no wuo akyi. Nhweɛsoɔ ne sɛ, mmaa na ɛkɔ saa tebea no mu kyɛn mmarima na wɔmpɛ sɛ wɔn hokafoɔ foforɔ nso bɛwu. Sɛ ɔdi kuna no wie a, mmarima ne mmaa no sesa wɔn suban. Mmaa no de wɔn kunu sɛ wɔwuu mpofirim a; mmarima nso de wɔn yerenom sɛ wɔwuu berɛ a yareɛ bi tenaa wɔn so kyɛɛ a. Bio, yɛahunu sɛ mmarima ne mmaa nyinaa wɔn suban ne wɔn nneyɔeɛ bi asesa berɛ wɔn hokafoɔ wui no akyire.Wɔn mmienu no brɛ ansana wahwɛ wɔn ho, ɛwɔm sɛ ɛbɛtumi asesa a ɛgyina nnipa su no so ne dwuma a na nea wawu no di wɔ wɔn abrabɔ mu. Sɛ wɔdi awerɛhoɔ kyɛ a wɔnyini ntɛm. Wei de ɔhaw ba wɔn adwene ne wɔn nnipadua so.
Sɛdeɛ wɔsi di kuna
Wɔ Europe fa baabi te sɛ Russia, Slovakia, the Czech Republic, Greece, Italy ne Spain, no, akunafoɔ mmaa hyɛ ataade tuntum afebɔɔ dekyerɛ sɛ wɔredi kuna, adeɛ a wɔyɛ a atwam. Akristofoɔ nsɔre bi wagye atom wɔ United States hyɛ ataade tuntum de kyerɛ sɛ wɔredi kuna ne ahofama ma ne kunu noa wawu no.Wɔ Hindi widow's Remarriage Act, 1856 wɔ India no, akunafoɔ gyinaberɛ ma indiafoɔ yɛ honam ahyɛnsodeɛ. Wɔyi kunani baa no ti, wɔmfa ade kɔkɔɔ bira nyɛ ne mɔma so na wɔtaa no sɛ ɛneɛ sɛ wɔhyɛ agudeɛ na wɔma no de ne nan saa nante fam. Saa amammerɛ yi yɛ adeɛ a ayera na atwam. Wɔ South Asia fa baabi no, na wɔka sɛ mmaa na ɛma wɔn kununom wu na wɔmma no hwɛ obiara ɛfiri sɛ wɔsusu sɛ sɛ wohwɛ obi a ɛde nomee baba ɔnikorɔ so. Alatfoɔ bi nso ma kunani baa nom nsuo a wɔboro ne kunu a w'awu wɔ mu no, anaasɛ ɔbɛda ne kunu no ahunu no nkyɛn bɛyɛ nnansa. Wɔ chiloé a ɛwɔ Southern Chile anansesɛm mu no, okunani ne ɔkra tuntum yɛ adeɛ a ɛho hia paa ara sɛ wɔrekɔ ha ama carbunclo.
Nhweren
Nhwiren, a ɛtɔ mmere bi a wɔfrɛ no nhwiren anaa nhwiren, ne awo nhyehyɛe a wohu wɔ afifide a ɛsow nhwiren mu (afifide a ɛwɔ mpaapaemu Angiospermae mu). Abɔde mu dwumadi a nhwiren yɛ ne sɛ ɛbɛma awo ayɛ mmerɛw, mpɛn pii no denam ɔkwan bi a ɛma mmadwoa ne nkesua bom so. Nhwiren betumi ama outcrossing (nkwaboaa ne nkesua a efi ankorankoro ahorow mu a wɔde bɛka abom wɔ nnipa dodow bi mu) a efi cross-pollination mu ba no ayɛ mmerɛw anaasɛ ɛbɛma kwan ma selfing (nkwaboaa ne nkesua a efi nhwiren koro no ara mu a wɔde bɛka abom) bere a ankasa pollination ba no.
pollination ahorow abien na ɛwɔ hɔ: ne ho pollination ne cross-pollination. Anther-pollination ba bere a pollen a efi anther no mu no gu nhwiren koro no ara stigma so, anaasɛ nhwiren foforo a ɛwɔ afifide koro no ara so no. Cross-pollination yɛ bere a wɔde pollen fi nhwiren biako anther mu kɔ nhwiren foforo stigma so wɔ ankorankoro soronko bi a ɔyɛ nhwiren koro no ara so no. Nhwiren a ɛtwetwe ne ho no si wɔ nhwiren a stamen ne carpel no nyin bere koro mu, na wɔde si hɔ sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a pollen no betumi akɔ fam wɔ nhwiren no stigma no so. Saa pollination yi nhia sika a efi afifide no hɔ na ama nectar ne pollen ayɛ aduan ama pollinators.[1]
Nnua
dua bi taa wɔ nkorabata a ɛto so abien pii a dua no gyina akyi fi fam. Mpɛn pii no, nnua ntini a ɛma ahoɔden, ne ntini mu ntini a ɛde nneɛma fi dua no fa biako kɔ foforo wɔ saa dua yi mu. Wɔ nnua dodow no ara fam no, wɔde dua bi a ɛyɛ akwanside a ɛbɔ ho ban atwa ho ahyia. Wɔ fam ase no, ntini no yɛ nkorabata na ɛtrɛw kɛse; wɔsom sɛ wɔde hyɛ dua no mu na woyi nsu ne aduannuru fi asase no mu. Wɔ fam no, nkorabata no mu paapae yɛ nkorabata nketewa ne nkorabata. Mpɛn pii no, nhaban no sow nhaban, na ɛkyere hann ahoɔden na ɛdan asikre denam photosyntesis so, na ɛma dua no nyin na enyin.
Nnua taa de aba na ɛwo. Ebia nhwiren ne nnuaba wɔ hɔ, nanso nnua bi te sɛ nnua a wɔfrɛ no conifers no wɔ pollen cones ne aba cones mmom. Nnua, banana, ne bamboo nso ma aba, nanso nnua mu fern ma spore mmom.
Nhweren
Nea ɛka nhwiren a ɛma ɛyɛ mmerɛw sɛ wɔbɛsan awo ho no, nnipa ani gye nhwiren ho fi bere tenten na wɔde di dwuma ma nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia no yɛ fɛ, na ɛsan nso yɛ nneɛma a wɔde yɛ ɔdɔ, amanne, ahintasɛm, abayisɛm, nyamesom, nnuru a wɔde di dwuma wɔ biribiara mu, ne aduan fibea.
Nnua
Nnua di dwuma titiriw wɔ nsu a ɛtɔ gu fam no so tew na ɛma wim tebea yɛ mmerɛw no mu. Woyi carbon dioxide fi wim na wɔkora carbon pii so wɔ wɔn ntini mu. Nnua ne kwae ma mmoa ne afifide ahorow pii tra. Kwae a osu tɔ na owia bɔ kɛse wom no ka mmeae a abɔde a nkwa wom gu ahorow sen biara wɔ wiase no ho. Nnua ma sunsuma ne dabere, nnua a wɔde si adan, pɛtro a wɔde noa aduan ne ɔhyew, ne nnuaba a wɔde yɛ aduan ne nneɛma afoforo pii a wɔde di dwuma. Wɔ wiase no afa horow no, kwae ahorow so retew bere a wotutu nnua ma asase a wobetumi ayɛ kua no ayɛ kɛse no. Esiane sɛ nnua kyɛ na mfaso wɔ so nti, wɔabu nnua bere nyinaa, na ɛwɔ kwae kronkron wɔ amammerɛ ahorow mu, na edi dwuma wɔ wiase anansesɛm pii mu.
Nhweren
dwumadie
Nhwiren atirimpɔw titiriw ne sɛ ɛbɛsan awo onipa no ne ne su no. Afifide a ɛsow nhwiren nyinaa yɛ heterosporous, kyerɛ sɛ, afifide biara a ɛwɔ hɔ no yɛ spore ahorow abien. Microspores nam meiosis a ɛwɔ anthers mu na ɛba na megaspores ba ovules a ɛwɔ ovary mu no mu. Anthers taa yɛ microsporangia anan na ovule yɛ megasporangium a ɛyɛ integumented. Nkwammoaa ahorow abien no nyinaa nyin bɛyɛ gametophytes wɔ sporangia mu. Sɛnea ɛte wɔ afifide a ɛwɔ heterosporous nyinaa ho no, gametophytes no nso nyin wɔ spores no mu, i. e., wɔyɛ endosporic.
Nnua
Nkyerɛaseɛ
ɛwom sɛ "dua" yɛ asɛmfua a wɔtaa ka de, nanso nkyerɛase pɔtee biara nni hɔ a wogye tom wɔ amansan nyinaa mu wɔ nea dua yɛ ho, wɔ afifide mu anaasɛ kasa a wɔtaa de di dwuma mu.[1][2] Wɔ ne ntease a ɛtrɛw mu no, dua yɛ afifide biara a ɛwɔ ɔkwan a ɛtrɛw te sɛ dua, anaa dua a ɛware, a ɛboa nhaban anaa nkorabata a ɛma hann no wɔ akyirikyiri bi wɔ fam no. Wɔtaa kyerɛkyerɛ nnua nso mu denam sorokɔ so,[4] a wɔfrɛ afifide nketewa a ne tenten fi mita 0.5 kosi 10 (anammɔn 1.6 kosi 32.8) sɛ nnuadewa,[5] enti wɔkyerɛkyerɛ dua bi sorokɔ a ɛba fam koraa no mu wɔ ɔkwan a ɛyɛ mmerɛw so nkutoo. Afifide akɛse a ɛyɛ nhabannuru te sɛ papaya ne banana yɛ nnua wɔ ntease a ɛtrɛw yi mu.[2][6]
Nkyerɛase a ɛyɛ teateaa a wɔtaa de di dwuma ne sɛ dua bi wɔ dua bi a ɛyɛ dua a ɛnam nyin a ɛto so abien so na ɛba, a ɛkyerɛ sɛ dua no yɛ den afe biara denam nyin a ɛkɔ akyi no so, de ka onyin titiriw a ɛkɔ soro fi ano a enyin no ho. Wɔ nkyerɛase a ɛte saa ase no, wɔmfa afifide a ɛyɛ nhabannuru te sɛ mmɛw, banana ne papaya sɛ nnua ɛmfa ho sɛnea ne tenten, sɛnea enyin anaasɛ ne dua no te. Wobetumi abu monocots binom sɛ nnua wɔ nkyerɛase a ɛyɛ mmerɛw kakra ase;[8] bere a Yosua dua, bamboos ne palms nni nyin a ɛto so abien na ɛnsow nokware nnua a enyin nkaa da no,[9][10] wobetumi ayɛ "pseudo-wood." " denam nkwammoaa a ɛnam nyin a edi kan so hyehyɛ no so.[11] Nnua ahorow a ɛwɔ Dracaena abusua mu no, ɛmfa ho sɛ ɛyɛ monocots nso no, ɛwɔ nyin a ɛto so abien a meristem a ɛwɔ wɔn dua mu no de ba, nanso ɛyɛ soronko wɔ meristem a ɛyɛ den a wohu wɔ nnua a ɛwɔ dicotyledonous mu no ho.[12]
Nhweren
dwumadie
Wɔ afifide ahorow dodow no ara mu no, nhwiren ankorankoro wɔ carpels ne stamens a ɛyɛ adwuma nyinaa. Afifide ho animdefo ka nhwiren yi ho asɛm sɛ ɛyɛ pɛ anaasɛ ɛyɛ ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna, na nhwiren ahorow no ka ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna ho asɛm. Wɔ afifide ahorow kakraa bi mu no, wɔn nhwiren no nni awo akwaa biako anaa foforo na wɔka ho asɛm sɛ ɛnyɛ pɛ anaasɛ ɛyɛ ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna. Sɛ afifide ankorankoro a ɛwɔ ɔkwan bi so no mu biara wɔ nhwiren a ɛyɛ ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna biako a, ɛnde na afifide no yɛ nea ɛwɔ ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna biako. Sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ foforo no, sɛ afifide biara wɔ nhwiren a ɛyɛ ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna nkutoo a, ɛnde na afifide no yɛ dioecious.
Nnua
Nkyerɛaseɛ
Sɛ yɛde nhyehyɛe ho nkyerɛase ahorow to nkyɛn a, wɔtaa de di dwuma na ɛkyerɛkyerɛ nnua mu; sɛ nhwɛso no, sɛ saa afifide a ɛma nnua no.[13]
Nsɛm a Wɔaka abom
Nnua nyin su yɛ adannandi nsakrae a wohu wɔ afifide akuw ahorow mu: ɛdenam nyin a ɛware so no, nnua tumi si akan yiye wɔ owia hann ho.[14] Nnua taa yɛ atenten na ɛtra hɔ kyɛ,[15] ebinom di mfe mpempem pii.[16] Nnua pii ka abɔde a nkwa wom a akyɛ sen biara a wɔte ase mprempren no ho.[17] Nnua wɔ nhyehyɛe ahorow a wɔayɛ mu nsakrae te sɛ ntini a ɛyɛ den a nkwammoaa titiriw na ɛwom a ɛma ahoɔden ne nea ɛtra hɔ kyɛ ka ho, na ɛma enyin tenten sen afifide afoforo pii na ɛtrɛw wɔn nhaban mu. Ɛsono nnua, a ɛwɔ onyin kwan a ɛte saa ara, denam mpɛn pii no enyin kɛse na ɛwɔ dua titiriw biako so;[5] nanso nsonsonoe biara nni dua ne dua bi ntam daa,[18] a nokwasɛm a ɛyɛ sɛ nnua no ma ɛyɛ basaa kɛse ebia wɔbɛtew ne kɛse so wɔ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia tebea horow a emu yɛ den te sɛ mmepɔw ne mmeae a ɛwɔ asase ase no mu. Dua no su no anya nkɔso wɔ ɔkwan soronko so wɔ afifide ahorow a ɛnyɛ abusuabɔ mu de bua nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho nsɛnnennen a ɛte saa ara, na ɛma ɛyɛ adannandi a ɛne ne ho di nsɛ ho nhwɛso a wɔagye din. Sɛ wobu akontaa sɛ nnua ahorow 60,000-100,000 na ɛwɔ hɔ a, nnua dodow a ɛwɔ wiase nyinaa no betumi ayɛ afifide ahorow a ɛte ase nyinaa mu ɔha biara mu nkyem aduonu anum.[19][20] Eyinom dodow a ɛsen biara no nyin wɔ mmeae a osu tɔ na owia bɔ kɛse; afifide ho animdefo nnya nyɛɛ mmeae yi pii ho nhwehwɛmu nwiei, na ɛma wonnim nnua ahorow ne mmeae a ɛwɔ hɔ no yiye.[21]
Ɔbaa
Ɔbaa yɛ ɔbarima ɔbaa a wanyin.[1][2] Ansa na obi bɛyɛ mpanyin no, wɔfrɛ onipa ɔbea sɛ abeawa (abofra anaa ɔbabun a ɔyɛ ɔbea).[3] Ɛtɔ da bi a wɔde dodow kabea mmea di dwuma wɔ nsɛmfua bi te sɛ "mmea hokwan ahorow" mu de kyerɛ nnipa mmea a mfe a wɔadi mfa ho.
Mpɛn pii no, mmea nya X chromosome abien fi wɔn awofo hɔ, na wotumi nyinsɛn na wɔwo fi wɔn mmabunbere kosi sɛ wobegyae brayɛ. Mpɛn pii no, nsonsonoe a ɛda ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna mu wɔ akokoaa a ɔyɛ ɔbea no mu no gyina SRY-gene a ɛwɔ hɔ mprempren, anaasɛ ɛreyɛ adwuma, a enni ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna mu nkwaadɔm no mu biara so no so.[4] Ɔbea nipadua mu nneɛma yɛ soronko wɔ ɔbarima nipadua ho nhyehyɛe ho denam ɔbea awo nhyehyɛe a ɛka ho ne mmadwoa, awotwaa mu ntini, awotwaa, ɔbea awotwaa, ne ɔbea no awotwaa mu. Ɔbea a wanyin no akyi berɛmo no trɛw, n’asen trɛw, na nufu no sõ sen mmarima a wɔanyinyin de no. Mmea nni anim ne nipadua afoforo nhwi kakraa bi koraa, wɔn nipadua mu srade pii, na sɛ wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ a, wɔyɛ tiaa na wɔn ntini nyɛ kɛse sen mmarima.
Wɔ nnipa abakɔsɛm nyinaa mu no, atetesɛm mu mmarima ne mmea dwumadi ahorow taa kyerɛkyerɛ mmea dwumadi ne hokwan ahorow mu na ɛto ano hye; nyamesom nkyerɛkyerɛ pii kyerɛ mmara ahorow bi ma mmea. Esiane sɛ anohyeto ahorow no agyae wɔ afeha a ɛto so 20 yi mu wɔ aman pii mu nti, mmea anya adwuma a ɛboro ofiehwɛfo a ɔtaa yɛ no so, ne tumi a wɔde kɔ nhomasua a ɛkɔ anim. Basabasayɛ a wɔyɛ mmea, sɛ́ ɛyɛ mmusua mu anaa mpɔtam hɔ no, afi hɔ akyɛ na mmarima titiriw na wɔyɛ. Wɔmma mmea binom mma wɔn awo hokwan ahorow. Feminism akuw ne adwene ahorow no wɔ botae koro a ɛne sɛ wobenya mmarima ne mmea nyinaa pɛyɛ.
Etymology ho nsɛm
"Ɔbaa" a wɔkyerɛw wɔ Borɔfo kasa mu no anya nkɔso wɔ mfirihyia apem a atwam no mu fi wīfmann[5] kosi wīmmann so kosi wumman, na awiei koraa no, nnɛyi nkyerɛwde ɔbea.[6] Wɔ Borɔfo Dedaw mu no, na wīfmann kyerɛ "ɔbea" (nea ɛkyerɛ ankasa ne "ɔbea-onipa"), bere a na wer kyerɛ "ɔbarima". Na Mann wɔ ntease a ɛfa ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna ho a ɛne "onipa", a ɛne Nnɛyi Engiresi kasa "onipa" anaa "obi" hyia; nanso, Norman Nkonimdi no akyi no, wofii ase de onipa dii dwuma kɛse de kyerɛ "onipa barima", na ebeduu afeha a ɛto so 13 awiei no na afi ase rekata asɛmfua dedaw wer a wɔde di dwuma no so. Mfinimfini labial nnyigyei nkyerɛwde f ne m a ɛwɔ wīfmann mu no boom yɛɛ nnɛyi kwan "ɔbea", bere a mfitiase element wīf, a na ɛno nso kyerɛ "ɔbea" no, faa nkyerɛase mu teateaa mu kɔɔ ɔbea warefo ("ɔyere") ntease mu.
Ɛyɛ adwene a ɛnteɛ a agye din sɛ asɛmfua "ɔbea" no ne "awotwaa" wɔ abusuabɔ wɔ etymological mu.[8] "Womb" fi Engiresi kasa Dedaw mu asɛmfua wamb a ɛkyerɛ "yafunu, awotwaa"[9] (a ɛne nnɛyi German kasa mu asɛmfua "Wamme" a efi Dedaw High German wamba a ɛkyerɛ "yafunu, paunch, lap" mu no hyia).
Nsɛmfua a wɔde di dwuma
Ɔbeayɛ yɛ bere a ɛwɔ onipa ɔbea asetra mu bere a watwam wɔ mmofraberem, ne mmabunbere, ne mmerantebere ne mmabaabere mu akyi.[12] Aman ahorow wɔ mmara ahorow, nanso wɔtaa bu mfe 18 sɛ mfe a wadi (mfe a mmara kwan so bu obi sɛ ɔpanyin).
Wobetumi de asɛmfua ɔbea no adi dwuma wɔ ɔkwan a ɛkɔ akyiri so, de akyerɛ onipa ɔbea biara, anaasɛ pɔtee, de akyerɛ onipa ɔbea a wanyin sɛnea wɔde toto abeawa ho no. Mfiase no na asɛmfua abeawa no kyerɛ "aberante a ofi ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna mu" wɔ Borɔfo kasa mu;[13] ɛyɛ bɛyɛ afeha a ɛto so 16 mfiase nkutoo na ɛbɛkyerɛ abofra a ɔyɛ ɔbea pɔtee.[14] Ɛtɔ mmere bi a wɔde asɛmfua abeawa no di dwuma wɔ kasa mu de kyerɛ ababaa anaa ɔbea a ɔnwaree; nanso, wɔ 1970 mfe no mfiase mu hɔ no, mmea ho animdefo kasa tiaa sɛnea wɔde di dwuma saa efisɛ asɛmfua no a wɔde di dwuma de kyerɛ ɔbea a wanyin koraa no betumi ama obi abufuw. Titiriw no, wɔmfa nsɛmfua a kan no na wɔtaa de di dwuma te sɛ office girl nni dwuma kɛse bio. Nea ɛne no bɔ abira no, wɔ amammerɛ ahorow bi a ɛde abusua nidi bata ɔbea baabun ho mu no, wɔda so ara de asɛmfua abeawa (anaasɛ nea ɛne no sɛ wɔ kasa afoforo mu) di dwuma de kyerɛ ɔbea a ɔnwaree da; wɔ saa ntease yi mu no wɔde di dwuma wɔ ɔkwan a ɛkame ayɛ sɛ ɛne Engiresini abaawa anaa ababaa a ne bere atwam kɛse anaasɛ ne bere atwam no di nsɛ so.
Nsɛmfua ahorow wɔ hɔ a wɔde di dwuma de kyerɛ su a obi wɔ sɛ ɔyɛ ɔbea. Asɛmfua "ɔbaayɛ" no kyerɛ tebea a obi yɛ ɔbaa ara kwa; wɔde "ɔbea" di dwuma de kyerɛ mmea su ahorow a ɛyɛ soronko a ɛbata adwene pɔtee bi ho wɔ ɔbarima ne ɔbea dwumadi ahorow ho; "ɔbaayɛ" te sɛ "ɔbaayɛ", nanso ɛtaa bata adwene soronko a ɛfa mmarima ne mmaa dwumadi ho. "Distaff" yɛ tete asɛmfua a wonya fii mmea dwumadi a wɔtaa di sɛ spinner mu, mprempren wɔde di dwuma sɛ tete asɛm a wɔahyɛ da ayɛ nkutoo.
Sɛ wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ a, menarche, brayɛ a efi ase no ba bere a wɔadi mfe 12–13 no. Amammerɛ pii wɔ amanne ahorow a wɔfa so yɛ abeawa bi mfe a ɔreba ho sɛnkyerɛnne, te sɛ nea wɔde si so dua wɔ Kristosom nkorabata ahorow bi mu,[15] bat mitzvah wɔ Yudasom mu, anaasɛ amanne bi a ɛne sɛ wodi afahyɛ titiriw bi ma awoda pɔtee bi (mpɛn pii no, wodi mfe 12 kosi 21 ntam),. te sɛ quinceañera a ɛwɔ Latin Amerika no.
Trans mmea nyaa ɔbarima nna ho dwumadi wɔ awo mu a ɛne wɔn bɔbeasu nhyia, bere a ebia mmea a wɔyɛ ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna ho su ahorow a ɛne mmea abɔde a nkwa wom ho adwene a ɛtaa ba no nhyia.[16][17]
Abɔde a nkwa wom ho adesua
Awosu mu su ahorow
Mpɛn pii no nkwammoaa a efi mmea mu no kura X chromosome abien, na nkwammoaa a efi mmarima mu no kura X ne Y chromosome.[18] Wɔ awotwaa no nyin a edi kan mu no, mmarima ne mmea nyinaa nkwaboaa no nsɛso yɛ pɛ kosi bɛyɛ dapɛn 6 anaa 7 bere a gonads ahorow no yɛ soronko ma ɛbɛyɛ awotwaa wɔ mmarima mu esiane Y chromosome no dwumadi nti. Nsonsonoe a ɛda ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna mu no kɔ so wɔ mmea mu wɔ ɔkwan bi so a ɛnyɛ gonadal hormones.[19] Esiane sɛ nnipa nya mitochondrial DNA fi ɛna no mmadwoa mu nkutoo nti, abusua anato ho nhwehwɛmufo betumi ahwehwɛ ɛnanom abusua mu akyirikyiri.
Onipa bea bi a wanyin mfonini, a onini a wanyin ka ho a wɔde bɛtoto ho. Hyɛ no nsow sɛ wɔayi mfonini abien no nyinaa akyi nhwi no afi hɔ.
Hormone ahorow, brayɛ ne brayɛ
Mmabunbere a ɛba mmea mu no kanyan nsakrae wɔ nipadua no mu a ɛma wotumi nya nna mu awo denam awo so. Wɔ nnuru nsɛnkyerɛnne a efi pituitary ntini no mu ba ho mmuaema mu no, mmadwoa no yi hormone ahorow a ɛkanyan nipadua no nyin, a nea ɛka ho ne ne tenten ne ne mu duru a ɛkɔ soro, nipadua no mu nhwi nyin, nufu no nyin ne menarche ( brayɛ mfiase) a mpɛn pii no ɛba wɔ mfe 12–13 ntam. 20][21][22][23] na ɛwɔ hɔ.
Mmabaa dodow no ara fa nna mu na afei wotumi nyinsɛn na wɔwo mma. Mpɛn pii no eyi hwehwɛ sɛ wɔde ɔbarima mmadwoa hyɛ ne nkesua no mu denam nna mu, ɛwom sɛ awo ho mfiridwuma ma wonya akwan foforo de.[24] Nnipa te sɛ mmoa akɛse afoforo a wɔnom nufusu wɔ ɔkwan a ɛne sɛ wɔtaa wo mma biako wɔ nyinsɛn biara mu, nanso wɔyɛ soronko wɔ sɛnea wɔyɛ altricial mu sɛ wɔde toto mmoa akɛse afoforo dodow no ara ho a, ɛkyerɛ sɛ mmofra no nnyaa nkɔso bere a wɔawo wɔn na wohia mmoa fi wɔn awofo anaa wɔn a wɔhwɛ wɔn so na ama wɔanyin koraa .[25][26] Ɔde ne nsa kyerɛɛ ne so. Ɛtɔ da bi a nnipa wɔ awo pii, na mpɛn pii no wɔyɛ mmanoma.[27]
Mpɛn pii no, ɔbea bi a wadi mfe 49 kosi 52 no du brayɛ mu[28][29] (a wɔsan frɛ no climacteric), a ɛyɛ bere a mmea asetra mu no gyae brayɛ daa, na wontumi nwo mma bio. 30] na.
Morphological ne nipadua mu su ahorow
Wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom ho adesua mu no, ɔbea nna ho akwaa ahorow no ka awo nhyehyɛe no ho, bere a ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna ho su a ɛto so abien no ka mmofra nufu ne ɔhokafo a wɔtwetwe wɔn ho.[31][32][kratafa a ɛho hia] Nnipa yɛ mmoa a wɔnom nufu wɔ awotwaa mu, a ɛkyerɛ ɛna no de akokoaa no kɔ awotwaa no mu na awotwaa no ma aduannuru ne nwura a ɛna no ne akokoaa no sesa no yɛ mmerɛw.[33][34]
Awotwaa no, wɔ wɔn mmara dwumadi a ɛne sɛ wɔyɛ hormone ahorow no akyi no, ɛma mmea gametes a wɔfrɛ no ova a sɛ mmarima gametes (nkwaboaa) ma wɔwo a, ɛma wonya awosu mu nnipa foforo. Awotwaa yɛ akwaa a ntini a ɛbɔ akokoaa a ɔrenyin no ho ban na ɛhwɛ ne ntini ne ntini a ɛbɛpam no bere a ɔrewo no. Wɔde ɔbea awotwaa di dwuma wɔ ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna ne awo mu, ɛwom sɛ wɔtaa de asɛmfua ɔbea awotwaa di dwuma wɔ kasa mu na wɔ ɔkwan a ɛnteɛ so wɔ Borɔfo kasa mu ma awotwaa (anaasɛ ɔbea honam ani fa a ɛwɔ akyi),[35][36] a ɛyɛ (de ka ɔbea awotwaa a wobue mu no ho). labia, clitoris, ne ɔbea no urethra. Wosusuw sɛ nufu mu ntini no fi ntini a ɛte sɛ apocrine mu bae ma ɛyɛɛ nufusu, aduannuru a ɛba a ɛyɛ mmoa a wɔnom nufusu su a ɛda nsow sen biara, ne awo a wɔte ase ka ho.[37] Wɔ mmea a wɔn ho akokwaw fam no, mpɛn pii no nufu no da adi kɛse sen mmoa afoforo a wɔnom nufusu dodow no ara; wosusuw sɛ saa din a ɛda nsow yi, a ɛho nhia ma nufusu a wɔyɛ no, anyɛ yiye koraa no, efi nna mu paw mu ba fa bi.[31]
Bɔbeasu nkyekyɛmu ne nkwa nna a wɔhwɛ kwan
Ɛwom sɛ mmea kakraa bi na wɔwo sen mmarima (nsusuwii no bɛyɛ 1:1.05) de, nanso mmeawa a wɔawo wɔn foforo no taa du wɔn awoda a edi kan sen mmarimaa na mpɛn pii no mmea nkwa nna tenten fi mfe asia kosi awotwe, ɛwom sɛ wɔ mmeae bi no, mmarima ne mmea-. nyiyim a egyina mmea so no ama mmea nkwa nna so atew aba fam anaasɛ ɛne mmarima de yɛ pɛ. Wɔ nnipa dodoɔ a ɛwɔ afe 2015 mu nyinaa mu no, na mmarima 101.8 na wɔwɔ hɔ wɔ mmaa 100 biara mu. Nsonsonoe a ɛwɔ nkwa nna mu no fa bi fi abɔde mu mfaso horow a efi awosu mu, nanso ɛda mmarima ne mmea suban mu nsonsonoe nso adi. Nsonsonoe no so retew akodu baabi wɔ aman a wɔanya nkɔso bi mu, ebia esiane sigaretnom a ɛkɔ soro wɔ mmea mu ne koma ne ntini mu yare dodow a ɛrekɔ fam wɔ mmarima mu nti. Wiase Akwahosan Ahyehyɛde (WHO) kyerɛw sɛ "ɛho hia sɛ yɛhyɛ no nsow sɛ ɛnyɛ bere nyinaa na mmea asetra mfe a ɛboro so no tra ase wɔ akwahosan pa mu."[38][39][40]
Apomuden
Nneɛma a ɛka mmea ne mmarima akwahosan pɔtee no da adi kɛse wɔ nea ɛfa awo ho no mu, nanso wɔahu nsonsonoe a ɛwɔ ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna mu fi molecule so kosi suban ho nsenia so. Nsonsonoe ahorow yi bi yɛ anifere na ɛyɛ den sɛ wɔbɛkyerɛkyerɛ mu, a ne fa bi fi nokwasɛm a ɛyɛ sɛ ɛyɛ den sɛ wɔbɛtetew akwahosan so nkɛntɛnso a abɔde mu nneɛma a efi awosu mu ba no ne nkɛntɛnso a nneɛma a atwa ho ahyia a ɛwɔ mu no nya no. Ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna mu nkwaadɔm ne hormone ahorow, ne ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna wogye di sɛ asetra kwan pɔtee, nipadua mu nneɛma a ɛsakra, nipadua no mu tumi a ɛko tia nyarewa no dwumadi, ne nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho nkate no na ɛma ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna mu nsonsonoe ba akwahosan mu wɔ nipadua, nkate, ne adwene mu. Mmea betumi anya mmuae soronko wɔ nnuru ho ne ahwehwɛde ahorow a wɔde hwehwɛ yare no mu.[41]
Nyarewa binom ka mmea titiriw anaasɛ wohu wɔn nkutoo, te sɛ lupus, nufu mu kokoram, awotwaa mu kokoram, anaa awotwaa mu kokoram.[42] Wɔfrɛ aduruyɛ a ɛfa mmea awo ne awo akwaa ho no gynaecology ("mmea ho nyansahu").[43][44]
Ɛnanom a wowuwu
WHO kyerɛkyerɛ ɛnanom a wowuwu anaa ɛnanom wu mu sɛ "ɔbea bi a owu bere a onyinsɛn anaa nnafua 42 akyi bere a wɔagyae nyinsɛn no mu, a bere tenten ne baabi a nyinsɛn no te mfa ho, esiane biribiara a ɛfa nyinsɛn no ho anaasɛ ɛma ɛyɛ kɛse wɔ nyinsɛn no anaa ne sohwɛ mu nti." nanso ɛnyɛ nea efi akwanhyia anaa nea ɛba wɔ akwanhyia mu."[45] Wɔ afe 2008 mu no, bere a yɛhyɛ no nsow sɛ afe biara mmea bɛboro 100,000 wuwu esiane nyinsɛn ne awo mu nsɛnnennen nti na anyɛ yiye koraa no ɔpepem ason nya akwahosan ho haw a emu yɛ den bere a ɔpepem 50 foforo nya akwahosan ho nsunsuanso bɔne wɔ awo akyi no, Wiase Nyinaa Akwahosan Ahyehyɛde no hyɛɛ awogyefo ntetee a wɔde bɛhyɛ ɛnanom ne mmofra a wɔawo wɔn foforo akwahosan ho nnwuma mu den. Sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wɔbɛboa awogyefo ho nimdeɛ a wɔbɛma anya nkɔso no, WHO de awogyefo ntetee nhyehyɛe bi sii hɔ, Action for Safe Motherhood.[46]
Ɛnanom a wowuwu no bɛyɛ 99% na ɛba wɔ aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔso mu. Wɔn mu bɛboro fa ba Afrika Sahara anafo fam na ɛkame ayɛ sɛ nkyem abiɛsa mu biako wɔ Asia Kesee Fam. Nneɛma titiriw a ɛde ɛnanom wuwu ba ne pre-eclampsia ne eclampsia, nyinsɛn a woyi gu a ahobammɔ nnim, nyinsɛn mu nsɛnnennen a efi malaria ne HIV/AIDS mu ba, ne mogya a ɛtɔ kɛse ne ɔyare mmoawa a ɛba wɔ awo akyi. Europa aman dodow no ara, Australia, Japan, ne Singapore wɔ ahobammɔ kɛse wɔ awo ho.[48]
Wɔ 1990 mu no, U.S. dii aman a wɔanya nkɔso 14 a wɔyɛɛ mu nhwehwɛmu no mu nea ɛto so 12 na efi saa bere no, nnipa dodow a wowuwu wɔ ɔman biara mu no anya nkɔso nkakrankakra bere a U.S. dodow no akɔ soro kɛse no. Bere a afoforo a wɔyɛɛ mu nhwehwɛmu wɔ 1990 mu no kyerɛ sɛ afe 2017 mu no, nnipa dodow a wowuwui no nnu 10 wɔ mmofra 100,000 biara a wɔawo wɔn a wɔte ase no mu no, U.S. dodow no kɔɔ soro koduu 26.4. Bio nso, wɔ mmea 700 kosi 900 a wowuwu wɔ U.S. afe biara wɔ nyinsɛn anaa awo mu no mu biara mu no, 70 nya nsɛnnennen a ɛho hia, na sɛ wɔka bom yɛ awo nyinaa mu bɛboro ɔha biara mu biako.[49][50]
Awo hokwan ne ahofadi
Awo hokwan ahorow yɛ mmara kwan so hokwan ne ahofadi ahorow a ɛfa awo ne awo akwahosan ho. Amanaman Ntam Mmea ne Awo Ho Nnuruyɛfo Fekuw no aka sɛ:[51]
... nnipa hokwan ahorow a mmea wɔ no bi ne hokwan a wɔwɔ sɛ wonya tumi na wosi gyinae wɔ ahofadi ne asɛyɛde mu wɔ nsɛm a ɛfa wɔn nna ho, a nna ne awo akwahosan ka ho, a nhyɛso, nyiyim ne basabasayɛ biara nni mu. Abusuabɔ a ɛyɛ pɛ a ɛda mmea ne mmarima ntam wɔ nna ne awo ho nsɛm mu, a obu a edi mũ a wɔde ma onipa no mudi mu kura ka ho no hwehwɛ sɛ wodi wɔn ho wɔn ho ni, pene so na wɔkyɛ asɛyɛde a ɛfa nna mu nneyɛe ne nea efi mu ba ho.
mmara ahorow a anohyeto wom
nnwuma a wonnya nyɛ yiye
ɛka kɛse a wɔbɔ
animtiaabu
akwahosan ho adwumayɛfo a wɔpow sraadi esiane ahonim nti
ahwehwɛde ahorow a ɛho nhia, te sɛ bere a ɛsɛ sɛ wɔtwɛn, afotu a wɔhyɛ sɛ wɔmfa mma, nsɛm a ɛdaadaa a wɔde ma, tumi krataa a wɔde ma obi foforo, ne nhwehwɛmu a ɛho nhia wɔ aduruyɛ mu a ɛtwentwɛn ɔhwɛ ase.[52]
Amammerɛ ne mmarima ne mmea dwumadi ahorow
Wɔ nnansa yi abakɔsɛm mu no, mmarima ne mmea dwumadi asesa kɛse. Wɔ abakɔsɛm mu mmere bi a edi kan no, na ɛsono mmofra adwumayɛ ho apɛde ahorow a efi ase wɔ wɔn mmofraase sɛnea ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna te.[53] Sɛnea wɔtaa yɛ no, na mmea a wɔwɔ mfinimfini mpanyimfo de wɔn ho hyɛ ofie nnwuma a esi mmofra hwɛ so dua mu. Wɔ mmea a wodi hia, titiriw mmea a wɔyɛ adwuma fam no, ɛwom sɛ na eyi taa kɔ so yɛ ade a eye de, nanso [kyerɛ] sikasɛm mu ahiade hyɛɛ wɔn ma wɔhwehwɛ adwuma wɔ fie akyi. Nnwuma a na wɔwɔ ma wɔn no pii akatua sua sen nea mmarima betumi anya.[citation needed]
Bere a nsakrae baa adwumayɛfo gua so maa mmea no, adwuma a wobenya no sesae fii adwumayɛbea adwuma a "ɛho ntew" nkutoo so kɔɔ adwumayɛbea adwuma a "ɛho tew", a nidi wom kɛse a na wɔhwehwɛ nhomasua pii wom no so. Mmea a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛɛ U.S. adwumayɛfo mu no kɔɔ soro fi 6% wɔ 1900 mu koduu 23% wɔ 1923. Saa nsakrae yi baa adwumayɛfo mu no maa nsakrae baa mmea suban mu wɔ adwumam, na ɛmaa nsakrae a ɛmaa mmea bɛyɛɛ wɔn a wɔpɛ adwuma ne nhomasua no kwan. [asɛm a wɔafa aka ho hia].
Wɔ 1970 mfe no mu no, mmea nhomanimfo pii, a nyansahufo ka ho, kwatii sɛ wɔbɛwo mma. Wɔ 1980 mfe no nyinaa mu no, ahyehyɛde ahorow bɔɔ mmɔden sɛ wɔbɛma mmarima ne mmea tebea horow ayɛ pɛ wɔ adwumam. Ɛno mpo no, pɛyɛ a enni hɔ wɔ fie no siw mmea hokwan ahorow kwan: na wɔda so ara bu mmea a wɔyɛ adwumaden no sɛ wɔyɛ ofie adwuma ne mmofra hwɛ ho asodi, na ɛno maa bere ne ahoɔden a wobetumi de ayɛ wɔn adwuma no ano hye. Ɛde besi afeha a ɛto so 20 mfiase no, na U.S. mmea kɔlege ahorow hwehwɛ sɛ wɔn mmea akyerɛkyerɛfo no kɔ so yɛ ahokwafo, esiane sɛ ɔbea ntumi nyɛ bere nyinaa adwuma abien prɛko pɛ nti. Sɛnea Schiebinger kyerɛ no, "Nyansahufo ne ɔyere ne ɛna a wobɛyɛ no yɛ adesoa wɔ ɔmanfo mu a ɛhwɛ kwan sɛ mmea taa de abusua di kan sen mmarima sen mmarima." (nkr. 93).[54]