cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Abanoma
Wɔn a wɔagye wɔn ayɛ wɔn mma no awofoyɛ
Nhwehwɛmu kakraa bi na wɔayɛ wɔ nea ebefi mmofra a wɔfa wɔn sɛ wɔn mma a wodi kan no so aba no ho, na nea wɔahu no adi afra. Nhwehwɛmu bi kyerɛe sɛ wɔn a wogyaee wɔn mma ma wɔfa wɔn sɛ wɔn mma no ani nnye wɔn gyinaesi no ho kɛse sen wɔn a wɔde wɔn mma siei no. Nanso, na awerɛkyekye dodow a ɛwɔ akuw abien no nyinaa so no dɔɔso, na wɔn a wogyaee wɔn ba no te sɛ wɔn a wɔmaa wɔn ba no siei wɔ asetra mu abotɔyam, abusuabɔ mu abotɔyam, ne daakye ho adwene pa a wɔwɔ wɔ sukuu, adwuma, sikasɛm, ne aware ho nsusuwii ahorow mu ]. Nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛe akyiri yi kyerɛe sɛ ɛnanom a wɔadu mpanyin afe so a wɔpaw sɛ wobegyae wɔn mma ma wɔagye wɔn ayɛ wɔn mma no taa nya awerɛhow ne ahonu wɔ wɔn gyinaesi no ho sen wɔn a wɔkoraa wɔn mma so no. Nanso, saa nkate ahorow yi so tew kɛse fi afe biako wɔ awo akyi kosii afe a ɛto so abien no awiei.[121]
Nnɛyi mmofra a wɔfa wɔn sɛ wɔn mma
Awofo a wɔfa wɔn sɛ wɔn mma ne wɔn a wɔwoo wɔn no ma wotumi hu nsɛm a wɔde di nkitaho wɔ abusuafo ne nea wɔagye no ayɛ wɔn ba no ntam.[70] Awofo a wɔfa wɔn sɛ wɔn mma a wɔn nkutoo na wɔhwɛ abofra no so no betumi ayɛ nhyehyɛe a ɛnyɛ ɔkwan biara so. Wɔ tumidi ahorow bi mu no, awofo a wɔwoo wɔn ne wɔn a wɔagye wɔn ayɛ wɔn mma no betumi ayɛ apam a mmara ma ho kwan na ɛkyekyere wɔn a ɛfa nsrahwɛ, nsɛm a wɔde bɛsesa, anaa nkitahodi foforo a ɛfa abofra no ho.[71] Ɛde besi February 2009 no, U.S. aman 24 maa kwan sɛ wɔde apam ahorow a wɔabue ano a ɛfa mmofra a wɔfa wɔn sɛ wɔn mma ho apam ahorow a mmara ma ho kwan no kaa mmofra a wɔfa wɔn sɛ wɔn mma no ho nhyehyɛe a etwa to no ho.[72]
Ɔsesɛw ne nkabom a ɛrekɔ so
Wɔde mmɔden a wɔbɔ sɛ wɔbɛyɛ nsakrae ne abusua a wɔbɛkora wɔn so no nso abata sɛnea wosusuw sɛ wɔde mmofra a wɔfa wɔn sɛ wɔn mma no di dwuma ɔkwammɔne so no ho denneennen. Wɔ tebea horow bi mu no, wɔagyae awofo hokwan ahorow bere a ɔmanfo abu wɔn mmusuakuw anaa wɔn asetra mu sikasɛm kuw no sɛ wɔmfata no. Ná nnipa pii gye nneyɛe yi bi tom na
Sɛ yɛbɛka no tiawa a, nhyiam a wɔsan hyia no betumi de nsɛm ahorow aba wɔn a wɔagye wɔn ayɛ wɔn mma ne awofo so. Ne nyinaa mu no, ɛte sɛ nea nea efi mu ba a wɔsan hyiam no mu dodow no ara yɛ nea eye. Wɔ nhwehwɛmu kɛse a wɔayɛ de besi nnɛ (a egyina mmuae a nnipa 1,007 a wɔafa wɔn ayɛ wɔn mma ne awofo a wogyaee no de mae so) 90% buae sɛ sankɔhwɛ yɛ osuahu a mfaso wɔ so. Nanso, eyi nkyerɛ sɛ wɔhyehyɛɛ abusuabɔ a ɛkɔ so wɔ nea wɔagye no ayɛ ne ba ne ɔwofo ntam anaasɛ eyi ne botae no.[184]
Kyerɛwtohɔ ahorow a wɔabue: Bere a wɔagye obi a wɔagye no ayɛ ne ba wɔ mmara kwan so akyi wɔ United States no, wɔtaa yɛ nsakrae wɔ awo ho adansedi krataa a edi kan no mu na wɔde awo ho adansedi krataa foforo si ananmu. Wɔde awofo biara a wɔwoo abofra no din a wɔakyerɛw wɔ awo ho adansedi krataa a edi kan no so no, wɔde awofo a wɔfaa no sɛ wɔn ba no din si adansedi krataa a wɔayɛ mu nsakrae no ananmu, na ɛma ɛyɛ te sɛ nea awofo a wɔfaa no sɛ wɔn ba no na wɔwoo abofra no. Efi 1930 mfe no awiei na ɛkɔɔ so kosi 1970 mfe no mu no, ɔman mmara maa kwan sɛ wɔbɛsɔ awo ho adansedi nkrataa a edi kan no ano bere a wɔafa no sɛ wɔn ba akyi, na gye sɛ aman bi mu no, ɛmaa awo ho adansedi krataa a edi kan no antumi annye onipa a wɔagye no ayɛ ne ba no bere a wadi mfe pii mpo no ].
Wɔn a wɔagye wɔn ayɛ wɔn mma no awofoyɛ
Nneɛma pii na ɛka gyinae a wosi sɛ wobegyae abofra no anaasɛ wɔbɛtete no no. Mmabun a wɔyɛ aborɔfo taa de wɔn nkokoaa ma wɔn a wɔnyɛ abusuafo, bere a mmabun a wɔyɛ abibifo taa nya mmoa fi wɔn ankasa mpɔtam hɔfo hɔ wɔ abofra no ntetee mu ne ɔkwan a abusuafo fa so gye wɔn sɛ wɔn mma wɔ ɔkwan a ɛnyɛ ɔhyɛ so nso so. Nhwehwɛmu a Leynes ne Festinger ne Young, Berkman, ne Rehr yɛe no kyerɛe sɛ, wɔ mmabun a wɔyem fam no, gyinae a wosi sɛ wobegyae abofra no ma wagye no ayɛ ne ba no gyina adwene a ɔbabun no maame wɔ wɔ mmofra a wɔfa no sɛ wɔn ba ho no so.[118] Nhwehwɛmu foforo nso kyerɛe sɛ mmabun a wɔyem a wɔn maamenom asua nhoma a ɛkɔ akyiri no taa gyae wɔn mma ma wɔfa wɔn sɛ wɔn mma. Nhwehwɛmu kyerɛ sɛ mmea a wɔpaw sɛ wobegyae wɔn mma ma wɔafa wɔn ayɛ wɔn mma no taa yɛ nkumaa, wɔakyerɛw wɔn din wɔ sukuu mu, na wɔatra awofo baanu fie mu bere a wɔadi mfe 10, sen wɔn a wɔhwɛɛ wɔn mma na wɔtetee wɔn no.[119]
Nnɛyi mmofra a wɔfa wɔn sɛ wɔn mma
Amanaman ntam mmofra a wɔfa wɔn sɛ wɔn mma: eyi fa abofra bi a wɔde bɛto ɔman a wɔwoo saa abofra no akyi ma wɔagye no ayɛ ne ba ho. Eyi betumi aba denam ɔman anaa ankorankoro nnwumakuw so. Wɔ aman bi te sɛ Sweden mu no, saa mmofra a wɔfa wɔn sɛ wɔn mma yi na ɛma wonya nsɛm no mu dodow no ara (hwɛ atifi hɔ pon no). Nanso, U.S. nhwɛso no kyerɛ sɛ nsonsonoe kɛse wɔ ɔman biara mu efisɛ mmofra a wɔfa wɔn sɛ wɔn mma fi amannɔne no nnu ne nsɛm no mu 15%.[82] Russiafo mmofra bɛboro 60,000 na wɔagye wɔn ayɛ wɔn mma wɔ United States fi 1992,[84] na wɔfaa Chinafo mmofra dodow a ɛte saa ara sɛ wɔn mma fi 1995 kosi 2005.[85] Aman ahorow mmara gu ahorow wɔ ɔpɛ a wɔwɔ sɛ wɔbɛma kwan ma amanaman ntam agyede no mu. Esiane sɛ Hague Nhyiam a ɛfa Ankorankoro Amanaman Ntam Mmara ho no huu nsɛnnennen ne nsɛnnennen a ɛbata amanaman ntam agyede ho, ne mmɔden a wɔbɔe sɛ wɔbɛbɔ wɔn a wɔde wɔn ho ahyɛ mu no ho ban afi adifudepɛ ne nneɛma a wɔde di dwuma ɔkwammɔne so a ɛtɔ mmere bi a ɛka ho no ho nti, wɔyɛɛ Hague Mmofra a Wɔfa Wɔn Ba no Apam, a efii ase yɛɛ adwuma wɔ May 1, 1995 na aman 85 agye atom de besi November 2011.[86]
Ɔsesɛw ne nkabom a ɛrekɔ so
Nkabom a wɔsan hyia
Adwene a ɔmanfo kura wɔ mmofra a wɔfa wɔn sɛ wɔn mma ho
Nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛe nnansa yi ara wɔ mmofra a wɔfa wɔn sɛ wɔn mma ho adwene a Evan Donaldson Asoɛe no wiei no de saa animtiaabu yi ho adanse foforo ma. Ɛkame ayɛ sɛ nnipa dodow a wobisabisaa wɔn nsɛm no mu nkyem abiɛsa mu biako gye di sɛ wɔn a wɔagye wɔn ayɛ wɔn mma no ntumi nyɛ nsakrae yiye, wɔtaa nya ayaresa ho nsɛm, na wɔtaa nya nnubɔne ne nsa ho haw ahorow. Bio nso, 40–45% susuwii sɛ wɔn a wɔagye wɔn ayɛ wɔn mma no taa nya suban ho haw ne ɔhaw wɔ sukuu mu. Nea ɛne eyi bɔ abira no, nhwehwɛmu koro no ara kyerɛe sɛ wobu awofo a wɔfa wɔn sɛ wɔn mma no yiye, a ɛkame ayɛ sɛ 90% kaa wɔn ho asɛm sɛ "wɔn anigye, wonya mfaso, na wonni pɛsɛmenkominya".[149]
Nkɔso a ɛfa wɔn a wɔagye wɔn ayɛ wɔn mma ho
Sɛnea nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛe wɔ UK kyerɛ no, mmofra a wɔagye wɔn ayɛ wɔn mma no betumi anya adwenemyare a ɛmma wo de baanan mpo nkɔ yiye bere a wɔafa wɔn ayɛ wɔn mma no akyi. Mmofra a wɔwɔ mmofraberem osuahu ahorow pii a enye no taa nya adwenemyare. Nhwehwɛmu no kyerɛ sɛ sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wobehu adwenemyare ho haw ahorow na wɔatiatia so ntɛm no, wɔn a wɔhwɛ mmofra ne awofo a wɔfa wɔn sɛ wɔn mma no hia abofra no asetra ho nsɛm a ɛkɔ akyiri.[142][144] Nhwehwɛmu foforo bi a wɔyɛe wɔ UK kyerɛ sɛ mmofra a wɔagye wɔn ayɛ wɔn mma no taa nya adwenemhaw a ɛba wɔn akyi (PTS) sen nnipa dodow no ara. Wɔn PTS sɛnkyerɛnne no gyina osuahu bɔne ko a wɔfaa mu no so na nimdeɛ a ɛfa wɔn abakɔsɛm ho no ma wonya mmoa a wɔahyɛ da ayɛ.[145][146]
Abakɔsɛm
Wɔyɛ mmofra a wɔfa wɔn sɛ wɔn mma no ho dwuma nnɛ wɔ wiase nyinaa. Nsɛm a ɛwɔ ase ha no de Atɔe Famfo dodow a wɔfa wɔn sɛ wɔn mma no ho mfonini ntɛm ara ma. Mmofra a wɔfa wɔn sɛ wɔn mma wɔ United States no da so ara kɔ so wɔ dodow a ɛreyɛ adu n’atipɛnfo de no mmɔho abiɛsa ɛwom mpo sɛ mmofra dodow a wɔretwɛn sɛ wobegye wɔn ayɛ wɔn mma no akɔ so ayɛ nea ɛkɔ so daa wɔ nnansa yi mfe mu, efi 100,000 kosi 125,000 wɔ bere a efi 2009 kosi 2018 no mu
Wɔn a wɔagye wɔn ayɛ wɔn mma no awofoyɛ
Adwene ne nneyɛe ho animdefo hui a ɛfa hia a ɛna ne nkokoaa ntam abusuabɔ ho hia no ho no maa ɛhaw adwene bi sɛ ebia awofo a wogye nkokoaa a wɔanyinyin anaa mmofra a wɔretu mmirika wɔ awo akyi no ayera bere titiriw bi a ɛbɛma abofra no anyin anaa. Nanso, nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛe wɔ The Mental and Social Life of Babies ho no kyerɛe sɛ "ɔwofo ne nkokoaa nhyehyɛe", sen sɛ ɛbɛyɛ abusuabɔ a ɛda ankorankoro a wɔne wɔn ho wɔn ho wɔ abusuabɔ ntam no, yɛ ade a ɛdannan a ɛda nnipa nkokoaa nyinaa awosu mu nneyɛe ne mmuae a nnipa a wɔanyinyin de yɛ wɔn ade a ɛkɔ so pɛpɛɛpɛ wɔ ho no ntam saa nkokoaa nneyɛe no. Enti abɔde "hwɛ ma wɔyɛ nsakrae bi a edi kan wɔ obu ma mpanyimfo pɔtee a wogye awofo dwumadi no ho."[95]
Nkɔso a ɛfa wɔn a wɔagye wɔn ayɛ wɔn mma ho
Abusua di dwuma titiriw wɔ nipasu a wɔhyehyɛ mu. Ɛnyɛ mmofraberem nko na eyi te saa, na mmom mmerantebere ne mmabaabere mu nso. Nnipa a wɔyɛ wɔn ho (ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna/ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna/abusuakuw/nyamesom/abusua) da so ara reyɛ wɔ mmerantebere ne mmabaabere mu na abusua kura eyi ho safe titiriw. Ɛte sɛ nea nhwehwɛmu no yɛ nea adwene koro yɛ; abusua a ɛyɛ den, ahobammɔ, ɔdɔ, nokwaredi ne mmoa a emufo nyinaa te nka sɛ wɔwɔ ahobammɔ sɛ wɔbɛhwehwɛ wɔn nipasu mu no ho hia na ama wɔatumi ayɛ nipasu a ɛfata. Transracial ne International adoptions yɛ nneɛma bi a edi dwuma titiriw wɔ wɔn a wɔagye wɔn ayɛ wɔn mma no nipasu a wɔkyekye no mu. Ntawntawdi pii fi abusuabɔ a wɔkyekye wɔ nea wɔagye no ayɛ ne ba no ne wɔn abusua ntam no mu. Eyinom bi ne sɛ "wɔyɛ soronko" wɔ ɔwofo (ɔwofo) ho, abusuakuw mu nipasu pa a wobenya, ne mmusuakuw/abusuakuw mu nyiyim a wobedi ho dwuma.[129] Wɔahu sɛ mmerante ne mmabaa a wɔwɔ amammerɛ ahorow ne aman ntam no taa ne wɔn awofo hu amammerɛ ne mmusuakuw a wofi mu ba sen sɛ wɔbɛkyerɛ baabi a wɔte, nanso ɛtɔ mmere bi a ɛyɛ den sɛ wɔbɛkari pɛ wɔ nnipa baanu no ntam efisɛ sukuu tebea horow taa nni nneɛma ahorow ne gye a wogye tom wɔ nsɛmti a ɛtete saa ho .[130]. Saa nhyɛso ahorow yi nso taa ma nsɛmmisa bi ba ma nea wɔagye no ayɛ ne ba no, ne abusua no nso sɛ wobesusuw ho. Nsɛmmisa bi a wɔtaa bisa no bi ne sɛ abusua no yɛ anibiannaso kɛse wɔ asetra mu akwan horow a wɔkyekye no ho a, dɛn na ɛbɛba? So ntawntawdi bɛba sɛ eyi te saa a? Na sɛ nnipa ankasa a wɔkyerɛ sɛ wɔyɛ nipasu a ɛfata ho nhwɛso no ankasa yɛ nea ahobammɔ a enni hɔ ahyɛ mu ma nso ɛ? Ginni Snodgrass bua nsɛmmisa yi wɔ ɔkwan a edidi so yi so. Ahintasɛm a ɛwɔ abusua a wɔma wɔn mma mu ne pow a wɔpow sɛ ɛsono abusua a wɔfa wɔn sɛ wɔn mma no ma adwumayɛ a entumi nyɛ adwuma yiye ba mu. "... asetra mu adwumayɛfo ne awofo a wɔagye wɔn ayɛ wɔn mma a wonni ahobammɔ no ayɛ abusua abusuabɔ a egyina nokwaredi a wonni, kwati ne nneɛma a wɔde di dwuma so. Sɛ́ wubegye adi sɛ abusuabɔ pa bɛkɔ so wɔ fapem a ɛte saa so no nyɛ adwene mu ntease" (Lawrence). Kokoamsɛm si akwanside ahorow a ɛmma wontumi nnya nipasu a ɛfata.[131]
Nkɛntɛnso ahorow
Abakɔsɛm
Saa nhyehyɛe a ɛfa adesua ne mmofra a wɔfa wɔn sɛ wɔn mma wɔ ɔkwan a ɛnyɛ ɔkwan pa so ho yi trɛw kɔɔ afeha a ɛto so 19 no mu, a nnɛ wobu no sɛ nsakrae fa ma mmofra a wɔfa wɔn sɛ wɔn mma ho abakɔsɛm. Wɔ asetra mu yiyedi ho adwumayɛfo akwankyerɛ ase no, nyisaa guankɔbea ahorow fii ase hyɛɛ mmofra a wogyina nkate so a wɔfa wɔn sɛ wɔn mma no ho nkuran sen sɛ wɔbɛyɛ adwuma; wɔde mmofra too apam ahorow a wɔde bɛhwɛ wɔn sɛ abusua mufo ase sen sɛ wɔde bɛto apam ahorow a ɛfa adesua ho ase.[21] Wogye di sɛ saa nhwɛso yi nkɔso no na ɛmaa Massachusetts Amanaman Nkabom no hyehyɛɛ nnɛyi mmara a edi kan a ɛfa mmofra a wɔfa wɔn sɛ wɔn mma ho wɔ 1851 mu, a ɛyɛ soronko wɔ sɛnea ɛhyehyɛɛ adwene a ɛne sɛ "abofra no yiyedi yiye" no. Nanso, ɛmfa ho ne atirimpɔw no, wɔ nneyɛe mu no, nhyehyɛe no yɛɛ adwuma te sɛ honam a edi kan no. Boston Female Asylum (BFA) no suahunu yɛ nhwɛsoɔ pa, a na ɛwɔ ne soboɔ no mu bɛyɛ 30% a wɔagye atom wɔ afe 1888 mu.[24] BFA mpanyimfo kae sɛ, ɛwom sɛ guankɔbea no hyɛɛ ho nkuran sɛ ɛnte saa de, nanso awofo a wɔfa wɔn sɛ wɔn mma no ankyerɛ nsonsonoe a ɛda indenture ne mmofra a wɔfa wɔn sɛ wɔn mma no ntam: "Yegye di," guankɔbea mpanyimfo no kae sɛ, "sɛ mpɛn pii no, sɛ wɔfa mmofra a wonnii mfe pii sɛ wɔmfa wɔn mma a,... agyede yɛ din foforo a wɔde frɛ ɔsom ara kwa."[25]
Nnɛyi mmofra a wɔfa wɔn sɛ wɔn mma
Awo a wontumi nwo ne ade titiriw nti a awofo hwehwɛ sɛ wobegye mmofra a wɔne wɔn nni abusuafo no ayɛ wɔn mma. Nhwehwɛmu bi kyerɛ sɛ eyi na ɛmaa nkokoaa a wɔfaa wɔn sɛ wɔn mma a wɔnyɛ abusuabɔ no 80% ne wɔn a wɔfaa wɔn sɛ wɔn mma denam mmofra a wɔhwɛ wɔn so no fa.[78] Akontaabu kyerɛ sɛ Amerikafoɔ a wɔntumi nnyinsɛn anaa wɔmfa nkɔsi wɔn mma no mu 11–24% bɔ mmɔden sɛ wɔbɛkyekyere abusua denam mmofra a wɔbɛfa wɔn ayɛ wɔn mma so, na sɛ Amerikafoɔ mmaa a wɔaware daa a wɔfa wɔn mma no nyinaa dodoɔ bɛyɛ 1.4%.[79][80] Nneɛma afoforo a ɛma nkurɔfo gye tom no dɔɔso ɛwom sɛ wɔankyerɛw ho asɛm yiye de. Ebia eyinom bi ne sɛ wɔbɛpɛ sɛ wɔhyɛ abusua foforo mu den wɔ awaregyae anaa ɔwofo biako wu akyi, ayamhyehye a nyamesom anaa nyansapɛ mu gyidi na ɛkanyan wɔn, na wɔakwati sɛ wɔbɛboa ma nnipa adɔɔso dodo esiane gyidi a ɛne sɛ ɛyɛ asɛyɛde kɛse sɛ wɔbɛhwɛ mmofra a anka awofo nni mu sen sɛ wɔbɛwo nti, de hwɛ hu sɛ wɔremfa nyarewa a wonya fi awo mu (e.g., Tay–Sachs yare) mma obi, ne akwahosan ho haw ahorow a ɛfa nyinsɛn ne awo ho. Ɛwom sɛ nneɛma ahorow bi wɔ hɔ de, nanso nhwehwɛmu a wɔayɛ nnansa yi ara a ɛfa mmea a wɔfa wɔn mma no suahu ahorow ho no kyerɛ sɛ ɛda adi kɛse sɛ wɔadi mfe 40–44, wɔaware mprempren, awo a wontumi nwo, na wonni mma.[81]
Abakɔsɛm
Tete nneɛma
Ɔman Ho Dɔ (Nationalism)
Abakɔsɛm
Creole kasa mu
Ɔmampɛ a ɛko tia atubrafoɔ yɛ adwene mu nhyehyɛeɛ a ɛdii, ɛkaa ho na ɛdii akyire wɔ atubrafoɔ a wɔfiri atubrafoɔ mu wɔ 1900 mfeɛ no mfimfini. Benedict Anderson kyerɛɛ ɔman ase sɛ ɔmanfoɔ a wɔakyekyere wɔn wɔ asetena mu a ankorankoro a wɔyɛ wɔn ho sɛ wɔyɛ saa kuw yi fã na wɔbom bɔ.[12][15] Ɔtwe adwene si Wiase Foforo no so sɛ beae a mfiase no wosusuwii sɛ ɔmampɛ sɛ adwene, a wɔde n’adwene a ɛfa abakɔsɛm mu nipasu a ɛnam nkyerɛase so pow atubrafo nniso ho no so. Wɔyɛɛ ɔmampɛ ho adwene yi ho nhwɛso denam atubrafo atubra aman a wɔsakraa no ma ɛbɛyɛɛ aman no so, bere a ɔmampɛ a wɔsɔre tia atubrafo no yɛ nea wɔyɛe wɔ atubrafo tumi ahorow a wɔyɛe wɔ 1900 mfe no mu no ho nhwɛso.
Ɔmanfo ne ahofadi
Wɔatwerɛ saa nsɛm wei wɔ Asante Twi kasa mu
Abakɔsɛm
Ɔmampɛ akuw pii de wɔn ho ama ɔman ahofadi, wɔ adwene a ɛne sɛ aman afoforo retaa wɔn aman ma enti ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde wɔn ho si wɔn ho so denam ahofadi a wobegye afi ɔtaafo a wɔabɔ wɔn sobo no nsam no so. Marxism a ɛko tia nsakrae–Leninism ne saa adwene yi wɔ abusuabɔ kɛse, na nhwɛso ahorow a mfaso wɔ so bi ne Stalin mfitiase adwuma Marxism ne Ɔman Asɛmmisa ne ne sohyialism wɔ ɔman biako ahyɛde mu, a ɛpae mu ka sɛ wobetumi de ɔmampɛ adi dwuma wɔ amanaman ntam abusuabɔ mu, a wɔko ma ɔman ahofadi a enni hɔ mmusuakuw anaa nyamesom mu mpaapaemu.
Nationalism (Ɔman Ho Dɔ) yɛ adwene mu ne kuo a ɛkyerɛ sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ nkuro no ne ɔman no yɛ pɛ. Saa kuo no, ɛtaa hyɛ ɔman pɔtee bi anigyeɛ ho nkuran (te sɛ dea ɛwɔ nnipa kuo bi mu), titire a ne botaeɛ ne sɛ ɛbɛnya amammuo mu tumidie (self-governance) wɔ ne kuro so na wakura mu de abɔ kuro-ɔman. Ɛkyerɛ sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ ɔman biara di ne ho so, a abɔntenfoɔ mfa wɔn ho nhyɛ mu (self-determination), sɛ ɔman yɛ abɔdeɛ mu nnyinasoɔ a ɛyɛ ma amammuosɛm, na ɔman no nkutoo ne amammuo tumi fibea a ɛfata. Deɛ ɛsi n'ani so bi ne sɛ ɛbɛkyekyere na akura ɔman baakoyɛ mu, a ɛgyina asetena mu su ahodoɔ a wɔkyɛ te sɛ amammerɛ, mmusuakuo, asasesin, kasa, amammuosɛm (anaa aban), nyamesom, atetesɛm ne gyidie a wɔwɔ wɔ abakɔsɛm baako pɛ a wɔkyɛ mu a wɔaka abom so, na wɔde ahyɛ ɔman baakoyɛ anaa baakoyɛ ho nkuran. Ɔmampɛ, hwehwɛ sɛ ɛbɛkora ɔman bi atetesɛm amammerɛ so na wɔahyɛ no den. Nkyerɛaseɛ ahodoɔ wɔ hɔ a ɛfa "ɔman" ho, a ɛde ɔman ho dɔ ahodoɔ ba. Nnoɔma titire mmienu a ɛsono ɛmu biara ne mmusuakuo mu ɔmampɛ ne ɔmanfoɔ mampɛ.
Abakɔsɛm
Nativist
Ɔmampɛ a ɛko tia atubrafo no nyɛ nea ɛkɔ so daa na ɔmampɛ ahorow a egyina beae so na ɛkyerɛkyerɛ mu. Wɔ kuw a wɔsɔre tia atubrafo a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ India asasepɔn no so no, Mahatma Gandhi ne n’ayɔnkofo a wɔwɔ India ahofadi kuw no mu no gyee ɔmampɛ a wɔabom ayɛ ho akyinnye, a na wonnye nni sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde ne nyamesom nipasu kyerɛkyerɛ India man a ɛde ne ho mu ]. Ɛmfa ho ɔsɔretia kɛse no, wɔkyekyɛɛ India asasepɔn no mu yɛɛ no aman abien wɔ 1947 mu: Pakistan a Nkramofo dodow no ara te mu ne India Dominion a Hindufo dodow no ara te mu.[177]
Ɔman-anarchism
Ɔmanfo ɔmampɛ da atetesɛm a ɛne ntease ne ahofadi ho adwene mu, nanso sɛ́ ɔmampɛ bi no, wɔtaa de toto mmusuakuw mu ɔmampɛ ho. Wɔde ɔmanfo ɔmampɛ ne aman a wɔde wɔn ho ahyɛ mu akyɛ a na wɔn ahemman sodifo de nkakrankakra anya nsasesin ahorow pii a ɛsono emu biara, a nsakrae kakraa bi na ɛbae wɔ ahye so, nanso na abakɔsɛm mu nnipa a wofi kasa ne/anaasɛ bɔneka mu nsɛm pii wom no wɔ abusuabɔ. Esiane sɛ ebia ankorankoro a ɔte ɔman no asasesin no afã horow no nni adwene koro a ɛda adi pefee nti, ɔmanfo ɔmampɛ nyaa nkɔso sɛ ɔkwan a sodifo bɛfa so akyerɛkyerɛ nnɛyi ntease a enti a ɛsono emu biara a ɛte saa mu na wɔde atirimpɔw biako ama (Ernest Renan nkyerɛkyerɛmu a ɛyɛ nwonwa wɔ What is a Nation mu ?(1882) sɛ fekubɔ a wofi wɔn pɛ mu yɛ de yɛ adwuma biako). Renan kae sɛ nneɛma te sɛ mmusuakuw, kasa, nyamesom, sikasɛm, asase ho nsɛm, ahemman a edi tumi ne abakɔsɛm mu asraafo nneyɛe ho hia nanso ɛnnɔɔso. Na honhom mu ɔkra a ɛma kwan sɛ "da biara da referendum" wɔ nkurɔfo no mu no ho hia.[189] Ɔmanfoɔ-ɔman adwene nyaa ananmusifoɔ demokrase nkɔsoɔ so nkɛntɛnsoɔ wɔ aman a mmusuakuo ahodoɔ te sɛ United States ne France, ne afei nso wɔ amansan mmara mu ahemman te sɛ Great Britain, Belgium ne Spain.[62]
Mmusuakuw
Asɛm titiriw: Ɔmampɛ ne ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna
Mmea ho ɔkasatia kyerɛ ɔmampɛ ase sɛ ɔkwan a wɔfa so ma nna mu tumidi ne nhyɛso fata na wɔma ɛyɛ mmara kwan so de, a mpɛn pii no mmarima tumi bi a ɛwɔ tumi kɛse na ɛyɛ. Ɛnyɛ sɛ ɔmampɛ a wɔde kyerɛ ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna denam adwene a wɔakyekye wɔ asetra mu a ɛfa ɔbarima ne ɔbea ho no na ɛkyerɛ sɛnea mmarima ne mmea kyɛfa a wobenya wɔ saa ɔman no kyekye mu no bɛyɛ nko, na mmom sɛnea ɔmampɛfo bɛyɛ ɔman no ho mfonini wɔ wɔn adwene mu nso. Wobu ɔman a ɛwɔ n’ankasa nipasu sɛ ɛho hia, na mpɛn pii no wontumi nkwati, na wɔde saa nipasu ahorow yi gyina ɔbarima ne ɔbea ntam.[197] Wɔtaa de honam fam asase no ankasa yɛ ɔbea (i.e. "Ɛna Man"), a nipadua bi wɔ asiane mu bere nyinaa sɛ amannɔne mmarima bɛto so, bere a wɔde ɔman ahantan ne "ne" ahye ho banbɔ yɛ ɔbarima ne ɔbea. Abakɔsɛm, amammui adwene, ne nyamesom ahorow de aman dodow no ara to ɔmampɛ a ɛwɔ ntini mu a ɛkɔ so so.[197] Ntini mu ɔmampɛ fa ɔman bi nipasu ho adwene sɛ efi ntini anaa mmarima su ahorow a ɛyɛ soronko wɔ ɔman pɔtee bi mu.[197] Sɛ wɔte ɔmampɛ ne ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna ho nkyerɛase ahorow ase sɛ wɔde asetra ne amammerɛ mu a, wobetumi de abien no abom denam "yɛn" ne "wɔn" ntam nsonsonoe a wɔbɛfrɛ no so a atirimpɔw no ne sɛ wɔbɛyi nea wɔfrɛ no "ɔfoforo," a wɔde di dwuma no afi mu sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wɔbɛhyɛ ɔman no abusuabɔ a ɛka bom no mu den.[196] Tumi a wɔde ma ɔbarima ne ɔbea, ɔman anaa nna mu abusuabɔ taa ba wɔ ɔfoforo a wɔsɛe no na wɔmma wɔn tumi; saa kwan yi so no, wobetumi de ɔmampɛ adi dwuma sɛ adwinnade a wɔde bɛma tumi nhyehyɛe ahorow a ɛyɛ heteronormative akɔ so atra hɔ.[199] Ɔkwan a wɔfa so yɛ ɔmampɛ a ɛwɔ tumi kɛse wɔ aman dodow no ara mu wɔ wiase no mu no anya nkɛntɛnso titiriw wɔ ɛnyɛ ankorankoro osuahu a ɔtraa ase nko so, na mmom amanaman ntam abusuabɔ nso.[200] Abakɔsɛm mu no, atubrafo ne ɔmampɛ a ɛwɔ ntini mu no abɔ mu kɛse, efi nhwehwɛmu a ɛde mmarimayɛ a wɔyɛ tumidi ne ahemman a wɔkyekye bata ho,[196] kosi nhyɛso a ɛda ntam a wɔde atubrafo mfonini ahorow a ɛfa "ɔfoforo" no bu no bem, adeyɛ a ɛho hia wɔ Atɔe Famfo nipasu a wɔhyehyɛ mu. Saa "afoforo" yi betumi aba wɔ apuei famfo kwan so, a ɛnam so ma Apuei famfo yɛ mmea na Atɔe Famfo de wɔn ho hyɛ nna mu. Apuei a wɔyɛ mmea, anaa "afoforo" a wɔyɛ ho mfonini wɔ wɔn adwene mu no wɔ hɔ a ɛne Atɔe Fam a wɔyɛ mmarima no bɔ abira.
Abanoma
Abakɔsɛm
Bere a adwene a ɛfa ahyehyɛde mu hwɛ ho no nyaa adwene no, mmara a wɔahyɛ da ahyɛ da puei wɔ sɛnea wɔde mmofra bɛto mmusua mu: mmarimaa betumi abɛyɛ obi a osua adwumfo na mmeawa betumi aware wɔ ahyehyɛde no tumi ase. Asoɛe ahorow gyee mmofra nso sɛ wɔn mma wɔ ɔkwan a ɛnyɛ ɔhyɛ so, adwinnade a wɔfaa no sɛ ɔkwan a wɔfa so nya adwumayɛfo a wɔn bo nyɛ den, a nokwasɛm a ɛyɛ sɛ bere a wɔn a wɔagye wɔn ayɛ wɔn mma no wuwu no, abusua no de wɔn afunu san kɔ asoɛe no mu ma wosie no da no adi.
Ɔman Ho Dɔ (Nationalism)
Abakɔsɛm
Abusuakuw mu nyiyim
Akasatiafo ka sɛ ɛnyɛ abakɔsɛm mu adanse so na mfitiase nhwɛso ahorow a ɛde ne ho to adannandi adwene so no nnyina abakɔsɛm mu adanse so na mmom nsusuwii ahorow a ɛfa nsakrae a wonhui wɔ mfe mpempem pii mu ho na wosusuw sɛ nnipa dodow a wɔte beae pɔtee bi no awosu mu nneɛma a ɛyɛ pintinn na wontumi nni nsɛm a esisi a ɛyɛ abakɔsɛm mu nsɛm biara a wonim no ho dwuma kwan. Robert Hislope gye akyinnye sɛ:
[A]s adwene a ɛne sɛ Kristosom yɛ wiase onuayɛ a nnipa wɔ no memee wɔ animtiaabu mu esiane sɛ ɛne asɔfodi ne Pope Dibea wɔ ɔfã biako ne mmapɔmma tumidi a ɛyɛ hu wɔ ɔfã foforo nti, na gyidi bere no twaam kɔɔ yɛn mprempren yi mu mfe a adwenem naayɛ ne gyidi a wonni nti, mmarima danee wɔn asetra ho nkyerɛkyerɛmu fii Onyankopɔn ahenni ne adesamma onuayɛ so kɔɔ saa nokwasɛm ahorow a ɛda adi sɛ ɛte ase kɛse yi so, France ne England, Russia Kronkron, Spain, Prussia.... **** Wɔ afeha a ɛto so dumiɛnsa ne dunan mu no na Europafo dodoɔ no ara yɛ nyamesomfo na na wɔwɔ ɔman ho dɔ a emu nna hɔ nkutoo; ebeduu nea ɛto so dunkron no na abɛyɛ ɔman ho dɔ koraa.[49]
Abakɔsɛm akyerɛwfo, asetra ho animdefo ne nnipa ho animdefo agye ɔmampɛ ahorow ho akyinnye fi anyɛ yiye koraa no 1930 mfe no mu.[167] Mpɛn pii no, ɔkwan a wɔtaa fa so kyekyɛ ɔmampɛ mu ne sɛ wɔbɛka akuw ahorow ho asɛm sɛ wɔwɔ "ɔmanfo" anaa "abusuakuw" ɔmampɛ su ahorow. Saa nsonsonoe yi gyee din wɔ 1950 mfe no mu denam Hans Kohn a ɔkaa "ɔmanfo" ɔmampɛ ho asɛm sɛ "Atɔe Fam" na ɛyɛ demokrase kɛse bere a ɔkyerɛɛ "abusuakuw" ɔmampɛ sɛ "Apuei" ne nea enni demokrase. Efi 1980 mfe no mu no, ɔmampɛ ho abenfo akyerɛ sintɔ ahorow pii wɔ saa mpaapaemu a ɛyɛ katee yi mu na wɔahyɛ nyansa sɛ wɔmfa nkyekyɛmu pɔtee bi ne ahorow pii nkɔ.[169][170]
Gellner nkyerɛkyerɛ a ɛfa ɔmampɛ ho no kyerɛ sɛ ɔmampɛ yɛ adwuma de ka amammerɛ anaa abusuakuw biako bom wɔ ɔman biako mu, na ɛno ma saa ɔman no di yiye. Wɔ Gellner fam no, ɔmampɛ yɛ mmusuakuw, na ɛsɛ sɛ ɔman no amammui akuw ahorow da mmusuakuw dodow no ara adi wɔ ɔman no mu. Saa ɔmampɛ ho nkyerɛase yi nso boa ma ɔmampɛ a ɛko tia atubrafo, sɛ obi susuw sɛ akuw a wɔsɔre tia atubrafo yɛ akuw a mmusuakuw pɔtee biako na wɔko tia kuw bi a edi tumi a ɛwɔ akyi a.[173] Edward Said nso huu ɔmampɛ sɛ mmusuakuw, anyɛ yiye koraa no ne fã bi, na ɔkyerɛe sɛ ɔmampɛ ho asɛm taa ne mmusua mu nyiyim kɔ so, sɛnea mpɔtam hɔfo kyerɛkyerɛ wɔn ho mu wɔ ɔfoforo no ho no.[174]
Benkum fam ɔmampɛ ho nhwɛso afoforo ne Fidel Castro July 26th of July Kuw a ɛde Cuba Ɔman Anidan no sii hɔ wɔ 1959 mu, Cornwall Mebyon Kernow, Ireland Sinn Féin, Wales Plaid Cymru, Galicia Galicia Nationalist Bloc, Awami League wɔ Bangladesh, African National Congress wɔ 1959 mu South Africa ne akuw pii a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ Europa Apuei fam.[208][209]
Ɔmampɛfo a wɔboaboaa wɔn ano wɔ Fransefo atubrafo Afrika ne Britania atubrafo India no nyaa nkɔso "bere a atubrafo nniso ahorow powee sɛ wɔde hokwan ahorow bɛma wɔn atubrafo a wɔresua nhoma yiye kɛse no", a wɔhyehyɛɛ aborɔfo atitiriw na wɔfaa ɔkwan pa so na wɔfaa ɔmampɛ akwan horow so na wɔsakraa no. Ɔman foforo betumi atwa mmusuakuw anaa kasa mu mpaapaemu a na ɛwɔ hɔ dedaw no.[12] Ankorankoro a na wɔwɔ nnipa a wɔbom yɛ adwuma na wɔyɛɛ kurom a wonni abɔnten nniso ho mfonini wɔ wɔn adwenem na wodii atubrafo ahofadi akuw a wɔsɔre tiae wɔ Afrika ne Asia wɔ 1900 mfe no mu no anim. Anderson kyerɛ sɛ mmusua mu nyiyim a wɔtaa nya esiane atubrafo nniso nti na wɔkyerɛ sɛ ɛyɛ ɔmampɛ no fi adesuakuw ho nsusuwii ahorow mmom.[147]
Ɛfiri afeha a ɛtɔ so du nnɔtwe awieɛ, titire berɛ a French man Anidan ne nnyinasosɛm a ɛne sɛ nnipa tumidie anaasɛ wɔn ankasa gyinaeɛ si trɛɛ no, amammusɛm ho animdefoɔ na wɔde adwene a ɛne sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ "ɔmanfoɔ" di tumi no baeɛ. Wɔde nsusuiɛ atitire mmiɛnsa adi dwuma de akyerɛkyerɛ ɔmampɛ a ɛbaeɛ no mu:
Abakɔsɛm
Mpɛn pii no, wɔde ɔmanfo ɔmampɛ bata ɔmampɛ a ɛma ahofadi ho, ɛwom sɛ ɛsono abien no de, na ɛnyɛ bere nyinaa na na ɛne ne ho hyia de. Ɔkwan biako so no, kosii afeha a ɛto so 19 awiei ne afeha a ɛto so 20 mfiase no, na wɔn a wɔbata akuw a wɔsɔre tia Nimdeɛ Te sɛ Franse Mmarahyɛ Bagua anaa Spain Carlism akyi no taa pow ɔman biakoyɛ a ɛma ahofadi, ɔman biakoyɛ no, nanso na ɛnyɛ ɔman a efi mmusuakuw mu na wɔde wɔn ho to so na mmom ahemman a ɛnyɛ ɔman de ne ɔmantam feudal hokwan ahorow. Ahɔho tan akuw ahorow a ɛwɔ Europa Atɔe Fam aman a wɔde asi hɔ akyɛ mu no taa fa ‘ɔmanfo ɔman’ kwan so ampa, na wɔpow tumi a kuw bi a wɔde ama no betumi de wɔn ho ahyɛ ɔman no mu esiane sɛ ɛyɛ ɔman bi a ɛtwam ahye mufo nti (Irish Katolekfo wɔ Britain, Ashkenazi Yudafo a wɔwɔ France). . Ɔkwan foforo so no, bere a na wɔtaa de aman nketewa mu mpaapaemu akuw bata mmusuakuw mu ɔmampɛ ho no, na eyi nyɛ saa bere nyinaa, na na ɔmampɛfo te sɛ Corsican Republic, United Irishmen, Breton Federalist League anaa Catalan Republican Party betumi aka ɔmanfo-ɔman a wɔyɛ biako no a wɔpow no bom ɔman a ɛwɔ gyidi a ɛwɔ amansan nyinaa mu ahofadi mu.
Asɛm titiriw: Ɔman-anarchism
Animguase a ɛbae sɛ wɔyɛ ɔman ba a ɔto so abien no maa ɔmantam kakraa bi a wɔwɔ aman a mmusuakuw pii wom te sɛ Great Britain, Spain, France, Germany, Russia ne Ottoman Ahemman no mu no kyerɛkyerɛɛ ɔmampɛ mu wɔ nokwaredi a wodi ma wɔn amammerɛ a ɛyɛ kakraa bi no mu, titiriw kasa ne nyamesom. Ná wɔhyɛ obi ma ɔde ne ho hyɛ mu no yɛ nnome.[193]
Sɛ wɔfa primordialist adwene so bɛn no a, nhwɛsoɔ a ɛkyerɛ sɛ wɔrehu amannɔne asraafoɔ kuo bi a wɔaboaboa wɔn ano wɔ ɔman no ahyeɛ so no betumi ahyɛ ɔman kuw bi mufoɔ abufuo ma wɔayɛ biako na wɔaboaboa wɔn ho ano de ayɛ mmuaeɛ. Nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a ɛbɛn hɔ a ankorankoro hu tebea horow a ɛnyɛ ntɛm ara anaa nea wɔayɛ ho mfonini wɔ wɔn adwene mu a wɔde ka tebea horow a ɛba ntɛm ara a ɛma ankorankoro hyia tebea a ɛtaa ba a ɛfa nneɛma a ɛfa wɔn adwene ne nea wɔde wɔn adwene si so nyinaa a ɛka wɔn gyinaesi ahorow ho.[161] Sɛnea nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a ɛbɛn saa no ma nkurɔfo gyina tebea horow a ɛwɔ hɔ dedaw ne tebea horow a wɔhwɛ kwan so sisi gyinae.[161]
N’akasatiafo bu ɔmampɛ sɛ efi awosu mu na ɛde mpaapaemu ba, efisɛ ebia akyidifo bɛtwe adwene asi nsonsonoe a wosusuw sɛ ɛwɔ nnipa ntam no so na wɔasi so dua, na wɔasi sɛnea ankorankoro bi ne n’ankasa man yɛ no so dua. Wɔsan nso bu adwene no sɛ ebetumi ayɛ nhyɛso, efisɛ ebetumi de ankorankoro nipasu ahyɛ ɔman mũ bi mu na ama nnipa atitiriw anaa amammui akannifo anya hokwan ahorow a wobetumi de adi dwuma anaasɛ wɔadi nnipadɔm no so.[236] Ná ɔsɔretia a wodii kan de tiaa ɔmampɛ no mu dodow no ara fa ne asase so amammui adwene a ɛne sɛ ɔman biara benya ɔman a ɛda nsow no ho. Afeha a ɛto so 19 mu ɔmampɛ akuw a wɔtaa yɛ no pow mmusuakuw pii ahemman ahorow a ɛwɔ Europa ankasa, a ɛne ɔmampɛ ho ɔkasatia a ɛkɔɔ so bɛyɛɛ amanaman ntam nkitahodi ne ɔmampɛ ahorow pii bɔ abira. Nkramofo nkanyan a ɛbaa afeha a ɛto so 20 mu no nso de Nkramofo kasatia bi bae wɔ ɔman-man no ho. (hwɛ Pan-Islamism)[237].
Nneɛma ahorow
Hwɛ nso: Nativism (amammuisɛm).
Abusuakuw mu ɔmampɛ yɛ adwene a ɛkamfo mmusuakuw mu nkyerɛkyerɛmu a wɔde ma wɔ ɔman nipasu ho kyerɛ. Abusuakuw mu ɔmampɛ hwehwɛ sɛ ɛbɛkora abusuakuw bi a wɔde ama no so denam nhyehyɛe ahorow te sɛ mmusuakuw a wɔbɛfrafra ne mmusuakuw afoforo a wotu kɔtra mmeae foforo a wɔbɛbara so. N’adwene taa ne nea ɛfa mmusua mu nyiyim ne amammerɛ ahorow ho bɔ abira tẽẽ.[218][219] Nhwɛso pɔtee bi ne abibifo ɔmampɛ ne aborɔfo ɔmampɛ.
Abrabɔ pa ho mfasoɔ a ɛwɔ ɔmampɛ so, abusuabɔ a ɛda ɔmampɛ ne ɔman ho dɔ ntam, ne ɔmampɛ ne amansan nyinaa mu nnipa ho dɔ a ɛne ne ho hyia no nyinaa yɛ nsɛm a nyansapɛ mu akyinnyegye wom.[12] Wobetumi de ɔmampɛ aka amammuo botaeɛ ne adwene ahodoɔ te sɛ conservatism (ɔman conservatism ne nifa fam populism) anaa socialism (benkum fam ɔmampɛ) ho.[17][18][19][20] Wɔ nneyɛe mu no, wobu ɔmampɛ sɛ ɛyɛ papa anaa bɔne a egyina n’adwene ne nea efi mu ba so. Ɔmampɛ ayɛ ade a ɛwɔ ahofadi ne atɛntrenee akuw ahorow mu,[21] wɔde abata amammerɛ mu nkanyan ho,[8] na ɛhyɛ ɔman nkɔso ho ahantan ho nkuran.[22] Wɔde adi dwuma nso de ama mmusuakuw, mmusuakuw, ne nyamesom mu mpaapaemu ayɛ nea ɛfata, asiw nnipa kakraa bi ano anaasɛ wɔtow hyɛ so, na wɔsɛe nnipa hokwan ne demokrase atetesɛm.[12]
Abakɔsɛm
Mmusuakuw mu ɔmampɛ, a wɔsan frɛ no ethno-nationalism, yɛ ɔmampɛ bi a wɔkyerɛkyerɛ "ɔman" mu wɔ mmusuakuw mu.[191] Mmusuakuw mu ɔmampɛfo asɛmti titiriw ne sɛ "wɔde agyapade a wɔkyɛ na ɛkyerɛkyerɛ aman mu, a mpɛn pii no ɛka kasa biako, gyidi biako, ne mmusuakuw biako nananom ho".[192] Ɛsan nso ka amammerɛ bi a kuw no mufo kyɛ ho adwene, ne wɔn nananom ho. Ɛyɛ soronko wɔ amammerɛ mu nkyerɛase ara kwa a wɔde ma wɔ "ɔman no" ho, a ɛma nkurɔfo kwan ma wɔyɛ ɔman bi mufo denam amammerɛ a wɔde bɛka wɔn ho so; na efi kasa mu nkyerɛase ara kwa mu, a sɛnea ɛte no, "ɔman" no yɛ wɔn a wɔka kasa pɔtee bi nyinaa.
Nea wɔko tia atubrafo
[T]he articulation of cultural evolutionary theory gyina hɔ ma nsusuwii mu nkɔso wɔ sociobiology so, nanso ne nkyerɛkyerɛmu akatua no da so ara yɛ kakraa bi esiane dwuma a nea ɛba ntɛm di wɔ nnipa nsɛm mu ne hia a nea ɛnyɛ adannandi, a ɛbɛn ade a ɛde ba no kyerɛ nti. Bere a akyinnye biara nni ho sɛ adannandi nkyerɛkyerɛ ma abɔde a nkwa wom nyinaa nkɔso mu da hɔ no, ɛbɛyɛ te sɛ nea ɛyɛ adwuma yiye wɔ nhwehwɛmu akɛse, nkyerɛkyerɛmu mmeae a "akyirikyiri", ne bere tenten adwene mu. Enti, ɛyɛ nea ɛbɛda sintɔ ahorow adi wɔ micro-level events a ɛyɛ nea egyina so kɛse wɔ abɔde mu.[162]
Hwɛ nso: Ɔmampɛ ahorow
Aman a wɔadi so nkonim no gyinabea betumi abɛyɛ nea ɛde ba ho asɛnnennen: wodii ɔman no so nkonim efisɛ na wɔyɛ mmea na wohuu wɔn sɛ mmea efisɛ wodii wɔn so nkonim. Sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wobebu ɔman bi sɛ "ɛfata" no, ɛsɛ sɛ ɛwɔ ɔbarima ne ɔbea su a ɛne mmarimayɛ, a ɛne mmea su a ɛyɛ stereotypically a ɛne sɛ wɔbɛhyɛ wɔn ho ase na wɔde wɔn ho to wɔn so no bɔ abira.[197] Mpɛn pii no, wontumi ntetew ɔmampɛ a ɛwɔ ntini mu no mfi ɔkofo adwene a ɛwɔ adwene koro wɔ aman pii mu no ho; wɔde mmarima adwene a ɛfa basabasayɛ, ɔpɛ a wɔwɔ sɛ wɔde wɔn ho bɛhyɛ ɔko mu, gyinaesi, ne ntini mu ahoɔden so na ɛkyerɛkyerɛ mu, a ɛne mmea adwene a ɛne asomdwoe, mmerɛwyɛ, basabasayɛ a wɔnyɛ, ne ayamhyehye bɔ abira. Wɔasusuw sɛ saa ɔkofo mfonini a wɔayɛ no ɔbarima yi yɛ "abakɔsɛm ne asetra mu nsɛm a ɛfa ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna ho a ɛtoatoa so" a wɔadi agoru wɔ ɔman ne amanaman ntam tebea mu no awiei.[196] Adwene a ɛfa amammerɛ mu abien ho —a ɛfa ɔbarima a ɔyɛ ɔko ne ɔbea a ne ho tew ho —a ɛda adi wɔ ɔmampɛ a ɛwɔ ntini mu no, si ɔman nipasu a ɛwɔ tumi kɛse no su a ɛyɛ mmusuakuw, kuw, ɔbarima ne ɔbea, ne heteronormative su so dua.
Nsɛmfua a wɔde di dwuma
Wɔyɛɛ nsɛmfua a wɔde di dwuma wɔ "aman", "tumidi" ne nsusuwii ahorow a ɛbata ho no mu kɛse denam Hugo Grotius a ɔkyerɛwee wɔ De jure belli ac pacis mu wɔ afeha a ɛto so 17 mfiase no so. Esiane sɛ na
Abanoma
Nnɛyi mmofra a wɔfa wɔn sɛ wɔn mma
Awarefo a wɔne wɔn ho da a wɔfa wɔn sɛ wɔn mma
Abakɔsɛm
Fapem a wɔde bɛbɔ abusua
Ɔman Ho Dɔ (Nationalism)
Abakɔsɛm
Ɔmampɛ ho ɔkasatia a ɛyɛ asomdwoe no nso twe adwene si ɔmampɛ akuw bi basabasayɛ, asraafo a wɔde wɔn ho bata ho, ne aman ntam ntawntawdi a jingoism anaa chauvinism kanyan wɔn no so. Ɔman agyiraehyɛde ne ɔman ho dɔ a wɔka no denneennen no yɛ nea wɔsɛe no wɔ aman bi mu esiane abusuabɔ a ɛda wɔne akodi ahorow a atwam ntam wɔ abakɔsɛm mu nti, titiriw wɔ Germany. Britania asomdwoe ho ɔbenfo Bertrand Russell kasa tiaa ɔmampɛ sɛ ɛtew tumi a onipa no wɔ sɛ obebu n’agya man amannɔne amammuisɛm atɛn.[242][243] Albert Einstein kaa sɛ "Ɔmampɛ yɛ nkokoaa yareɛ. Ɛyɛ adesamma akisikuru".[244] Jiddu Krishnamurti kaa sɛ "Ɔmampɛ yɛ mmusuakuw mu nyiyim a wɔhyɛ no anuonyam ara kwa".[245]
Ɔmampɛfo binom yi akuw bi fi mu. Afei ɔmampɛfo binom, a wɔkyerɛkyerɛ ɔman no mufo mu wɔ mmusuakuw, kasa, amammerɛ, abakɔsɛm, anaa nyamesom mu (anaasɛ eyinom a wɔaka abom) mu no betumi ahwehwɛ sɛ wobebu nnipa kakraa bi binom sɛ wɔnyɛ ‘ɔmanfo’ no fã ankasa sɛnea wɔkyerɛkyerɛ mu no. Ɛtɔ da bi a, anansesɛm mu kurom ho hia kɛse ma ɔman no nipasu sen asasesin ankasa a ɔman no di so.[220]
Ɔman-anarchism ama adwenem naayɛ ne nitan a ɛda adi pefee afi benkum fam ne nifa fam akasatiafo nyinaa hɔ.[211][212] Akasatiafo, a nhomanimfo ka ho, bɔ ɔman-anarchistfo sobo sɛ wɔnyɛ hwee sɛ ɔmampɛfo aborɔfo a wɔhyɛ mmusuakuw ne mmusuakuw mu mpaapaemu kwan a ɛfa mpɔtam hɔfo ne mmusua mu nyiyim ho nkuran bere a wɔpɛ sɛ wɔyɛ akofofo chic a wɔbɛfrɛ wɔn ho anarchists a wonni abakɔsɛm ne nyansapɛ mu nneɛma a ɛka asɛm a ɛte saa ho, a nea ɛka ho no nyansapɛ a ɛko tia mmusua mu nyiyim a ɛyɛ pɛ a ɛyɛ anarchist ne ntoboa a Yudafo anarchistfo de mae.[211][212] Nhomanimfo binom gye akyinnye sɛ ɔman-anarchism a wɔde bedi dwuma no bɛma ahofadi atrɛw na wɔaka ho asɛm sɛ ɛyɛ tumidi a ɛko tia ɔman a ɛbɛma tumidi ne nhyɛso aba, wɔ ɔkwan ketewaa bi so.
Wɔ The Communist Manifesto mu no, Karl Marx ne Friedrich Engels kae sɛ "mmarima a wɔyɛ adwuma no nni ɔman biara".[164] Vladimir Lenin foaa adwene a ɛne sɛ obiara besi ne ho gyinae no akyi.[165] Joseph Stalin nhoma Marxism and the National Question (1913) pae mu ka sɛ "ɔman nyɛ abusuakuw anaa abusuakuw, na mmom ɛyɛ nnipa a wɔahyehyɛ wɔn wɔ abakɔsɛm mu;" "ɔman nyɛ akuw a wɔyɛ no kwa anaasɛ bere tiaa mu de, na mmom nnipa kuw a wɔyɛ den"; "wɔhyehyɛ ɔman bi esiane nkitahodi a ɛware na ɛyɛ nhyehyɛe nkutoo nti, esiane nnipa a wɔbom tra awo ntoatoaso akyi awo ntoatoaso"; na, ne nyinaa mu no: "ɔman yɛ nnipa kuw a wɔahyehyɛ wɔn wɔ abakɔsɛm mu, a wogyina pintinn, a egyina kasa koro, asasesin, sikasɛm asetra, ne adwene mu nhyehyɛe a ɛda adi wɔ amammerɛ biako mu so hyehyɛe."[166]
Wɔ 1920 mu no, Engiresini abakɔsɛm kyerɛwfo G. P. Gooch kae sɛ “[bere a ɔman ho dɔ akyɛ te sɛ nnipa fekubɔ na ɛde nkakrankakra atrɛw ne fã no mu afi abusuakuw ne abusuakuw no mu akɔ kurow no ne ɔman no mu no, ɔmampɛ sɛ nnyinasosɛm a ɛyɛ adwuma ne gyidi a wɔka no pefee nkutoo na ɛmaa ne.” a ɛda adi wɔ nnɛyi wiase no mu adwene mu akwan a ɛyɛ den kɛse no mu."[163]
Asasesin mu nsɛm
Asɛm titiriw: Asasesin mu ɔmampɛ
Asɛm titiriw: Nyamesom mu ɔmampɛ
Abanoma
Wɔn a wɔagye wɔn ayɛ wɔn mma no awofoyɛ
Awofoyɛ
Ɔman Ho Dɔ (Nationalism)
Abakɔsɛm
Nyansapɛfo A. C. Grayling ka aman ho asɛm sɛ wɔyɛ nneɛma a wɔde nsa ayɛ, "wɔn ahye a wɔde akodi a atwam mogya atwe". Ɔkyerɛ sɛ "ɔman biara nni asase so a ɛnyɛ amammerɛ soronko bɛboro biako nanso ɛtaa tra faako. Amammerɛ agyapade ne ɔman nipasu nyɛ ade koro".[235]
Ɛwom sɛ asɛmfua ɔman-anarchism no fi 1920 mfe no mu de, nanso nnɛyi ɔman-anarchist kuw no, Britania amammuisɛm ho ɔbenfo Troy Southgate na ɔde too gua fi 1990 mfe no awiei, na ɔde si hɔ sɛ "ɛboro benkum ne nifa so Nhomanimfo kakraa bi a wɔasua ɔman-anarchism ho ade no de ba awiei sɛ egyina hɔ ma nkɔso foforo wɔ nifa famfo a wɔyɛ katee no adwene mu sen sɛ ɛbɛyɛ ade foforo koraa wɔ amammuisɛm mu.[213][214][215] Ɔman-anarchism yɛ nea anarchistfo bu no sɛ ɛyɛ totalitarian fascism a wɔsan de din foforo ne oxymoron esiane abirabɔ a ɛwɔ anarchist nyansapɛ a ɛko tia fascism, nhyehyɛe a ɛnteɛ a woyi fi hɔ, ɔman ahye a wobubu ne amansan nyinaa pɛyɛ a ɛda aman ahorow ntam sɛ ɛne adwene a ɛfa anarchism ne fascism ntam nkitahodi ho.[212]
Benkum fam ntaban
Agumadi mu ahwɛde te sɛ bɔɔlbɔ Wiase Kupɔn no hyɛ wiase nyinaa atiefo bere a aman reko sɛ wɔbɛkorɔn na akyidifo no de mmoa kɛse ma wɔn ɔman kuw no. Nkɔanim na nnipa de wɔn nokwaredi ne wɔn amammerɛ mu nipasu mpo akyekyere ɔman akuw ahorow.[223] Wiase nyinaa atiefoɔ a wɔnam television ne nsɛm ho amanneɛbɔ foforɔ so de wɔn ho ahyɛ mu no ama wɔanya sika afiri aguadeɛ ho dawurubɔfoɔ ne wɔn a wɔkra no hɔ wɔ dɔla ɔpepepem pii, sɛdeɛ FIFA Aniwuosɛm a ɛbaa afe 2015 mu no daa no adi no.[224] Jeff Kingston hwɛ bɔɔlbɔ, Amanaman Nkabom Agumadi, baseball, kriket, ne Olimpik akansi no na ohu sɛ, “Tumi a agumadi wɔ sɛ ɛbɛhyew na ama ɔmampɛ akɔnnɔ ne adwemmɔne ayɛ kɛse no yɛ soronko te sɛ nea tumi a ɛwɔ sɛ ɛkyekye werɛ, ka bom, ma so na ɛma apɛde pa ba no.” ."[225] Adeyɛ no da adi wɔ wiase fã kɛse no ara.[226][227][228] Britania Ahemman no sii agumadi so dua denneennen wɔ n’asraafo ne n’ananmusifo mu wɔ wiase nyinaa, na mpɛn pii no ɛhɔfo de anigye de wɔn ho hyɛ mu.[229] Ɛde akansi bi a ɛwɔ anuonyam kɛse sii hɔ wɔ afe 1930 mu, na wɔtoo din Britania Ahemman Agumadi fi 1930 kosi 1950, Britania Ahemman ne Amanaman Nkabom Agumadi fi 1954 kosi 1966, Britania Amanaman Nkabom Agumadi fi 1970 kosi 1974 ne efi saa bere no Amanaman Nkabom Agumadi.[230]
Asɛm titiriw: Benkum fam ɔmampɛ
Sikasɛm
Nsɛm atitiriw: Ɔmampɛ a edi mũ, Irredentism, ne Pan-nationalism
Marxfoc Nkyerɛaseɛ ahodoɔ
Creole ɔmampɛ ne adwene a epuei wɔ ahofadi akuw ahorow mu wɔ creolefo (atubrafo asefo) mu, titiriw wɔ Latin Amerika wɔ afeha a ɛto so 19 mfiase mu hɔ. Wɔmaa ɛyɛɛ mmerɛw bere a Franse Ɔhempɔn Napoleon gyee Spain ne Portugal so tumi, na ɔpaapaee tumidi nkɔnsɔnkɔnsɔn a efi Spain ne Portugal ahemfo so kosii mpɔtam hɔ amrado ahorow so no. Wɔpoo nokwaredi a wɔde bɛma Napoleon aman no, na na creolefo no hwehwɛɛ ahofadi kɛse. Wɔnyaa no wɔ ɔmanko akyi 1808–1826.[190]
Wɔ ahofadi amammui atetesɛm mu no, na adwene a ɛnteɛ a wɔwɔ wɔ ɔmampɛ sɛ tumi a asiane wom ne nea ɛde ntawntawdi ne ɔko ba aman-aman ntam no ho kɛse. Abakɔsɛm kyerɛwfo Lord Acton de asɛm no too hɔ sɛ "ɔmampɛ sɛ agyimisɛm" wɔ 1862. Ɔkyerɛe sɛ ɔmampɛ siw nnipa kakraa bi ano, ɛde ɔman to abrabɔ pa nnyinasosɛm so na ɛma ankorankoro bata ɔman no ho a asiane wom. Ɔsɔre tiaa demokrase na ɔbɔɔ mmɔden sɛ ɔbɛbɔ pope no ho ban afi Italiafo ɔmampɛ ho.[240] Efi afeha a ɛto so 20 awiei no, ahofadifo mu apaapae kɛse, na nyansapɛfo binom te sɛ Michael Walzer, Isaiah Berlin, Charles Taylor ne David Miller sii so dua sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ ɔmanfo a wɔpɛ ahofadi gyina ɔman man a ɛyɛ den so.
Asɛm titiriw: Abusuakuw mu ɔmampɛ
Wɔn a wɔkasa tia ɔmampɛ aka sɛ mpɛn pii no ɛnyɛ nea ɛda adi pefee wɔ nea ɛyɛ ɔman, anaasɛ sɛ ebia ɔman bi yɛ amammui nniso kuw a ɛfata. Ɔmampɛfoɔ ka sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ ɔman ne ɔman hyeɛ ne wɔn ho wɔn ho hyia, enti ɔmampɛ taa sɔre tia amammerɛ ahodoɔ[234] ne mmusua mu nyiyim a wɔsɔre tia.[218][219] Ebetumi nso de ntawntawdi aba bere a aman akuw bɛboro biako hu sɛ wɔreka sɛ wɔwɔ hokwan wɔ asasesin pɔtee bi mu anaasɛ wɔrehwehwɛ sɛ wobedi ɔman no so no.[6]
Sikasɛm mu ɔmampɛ, anaa sikasɛm mu ɔman ho dɔ yɛ adwene a ɛpɛ ɔman de ne ho hyɛ sikasɛm mu, a nhyehyɛe ahorow a esi ɔman no mu tumi a wɔde di sikasɛm, adwumayɛfo, ne kapital a wɔhyehyɛ so dua, sɛ eyi hwehwɛ mpo sɛ wɔde tow ne anohyeto afoforo to adwumayɛfo a wɔde wɔn ho bɛhyɛ mu so a, nneɛma ne kapital.[195]
Abanoma
Nkɔso a ɛfa wɔn a wɔagye wɔn ayɛ wɔn mma ho
Nhwehwɛmu a wɔadi kan ayɛ wɔ mmofra a wɔfa wɔn sɛ wɔn mma ho no ama wɔanya nsusuwii ahorow a ɛkyerɛ sɛ asiane a ɛkɔ soro wɔ adwene mu nkɔso ne asetra mu abusuabɔ mu ma wɔn a wɔagye wɔn ayɛ wɔn mma no. Nanso, wɔama nsusuwii ahorow a ɛtete saa no mu ada hɔ sɛ ɛyɛ mfomso esiane akwan a wɔfa so yɛ adwuma no huammɔdi nti. Nanso nnansa yi nhwehwɛmu ahorow aboa ma wɔakyerɛ nsɛm a ɛyɛ nokware kɛse ne nea efi mu ba a ɛfa nsɛdi, nsonsonoe ne asetra kwan nyinaa a wɔn a wɔafa wɔn ayɛ wɔn mma no asetra kwan ho.[124]
Ɔman Ho Dɔ (Nationalism)
Abakɔsɛm
Ka tia
Abanoma
Nnɛyi mmofra a wɔfa wɔn sɛ wɔn mma
Common law adoption: eyi yɛ adoption a asɛnnibea ahorow no nni kan nnye ntom, nanso ɔwofo bi, a ɔmfa ne ho nhyɛ mmara kwan so nhyehyɛe biara mu, gyaw ne mma ma n’adamfo anaa obusuani bi bere tenten ][88] na ɛwɔ hɔ. Sɛ wɔde bere bi a wɔahyɛ ato hɔ a ɛne sɛ wɔbɛtra (a wofi wɔn pɛ mu) bɛtra mu no awiei, sɛnea ɔmanfo di ho adanse no, afei wobu abofra no sɛ ɛyɛ nea ɛhyɛ obi so, wɔ asennibea ahorow bi mu, ɛwom mpo sɛ mfiase no asɛnnibea no amma ho kwan de. Mmara kwan so tumidi biara na ɛkyerɛkyerɛ nsɛm pɔtee a ɛfa mmara kwan so agyede ho. Sɛ nhwɛso no, U.S. mantam California gye mmara kwan so abusuabɔ tom bere a wɔabom atra mfe 2 akyi no. Wɔfrɛ adeyɛ no "private fostering" wɔ Britain.[89]
Ɔman Ho Dɔ (Nationalism)
Abakɔsɛm
Nhomanimfoɔ taa de ɔmampɛ mfiase to Amerika Ahofadi Mpaemuka anaa Franse Ɔman Anidan no so wɔ afeha a ɛto so 18 awiei anaa afeha a ɛto so 19 mfiase.[29][30][31] Adwene a ɛwɔ mu ne sɛ wɔde ɔmampɛ sɛ adwene sii hɔ pintinn wɔ afeha a ɛto so 19 no mu.[32][33][34] Wɔ ɔmampɛ abakɔsɛm mu no, wohu Franse Ɔman Anidan (1789) sɛ mfiase a ɛho hia, ɛnyɛ nkɛntɛnso a enyae wɔ Fransefo ɔmampɛ so nko na mmom kɛse mpo esiane nkɛntɛnso a enyae wɔ Germanfo ne Italiafo ne Europafo anyansafo so nti. Ɔmampɛ ho nhyehyɛe, sɛ ɔkwan a wɔfa so boaboa ɔmanfo adwene ano twa ɔman foforo a egyina nnipa tumidi so ho hyia no kɔɔ akyiri sen 1789: na nyansapɛfo te sɛ Rousseau ne Voltaire a wɔn adwene nyaa Franse Ɔman Anidan no so nkɛntɛnso no ankasa anya nhwɛso no so nkɛntɛnso anaasɛ wɔahyɛ wɔn nkuran a edi kan no mu ahofadi akuw a wɔpɛ mmarahyɛ bagua, titiriw Corsican Republic (1755–1768) ne Amerika Ɔman Anidan (1775–1783).[36]
Nnipa a wɔsakra nnipa nso ada wɔn sɔretia a wɔde tia ɔmampɛ adi, akodu baabi a wɔn a wɔsakra nnipa binom gye di sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ wɔsɛe ɔman nipasu koraa. FM-2030 a ɔyɛ nnipa a ɔsakra nnipa a ɔwɔ nkɛntɛnso no powee sɛ ɔde ne ho bɛto ɔman biara mu, na ɔkaa ne ho asɛm sɛ ‘amansan nyinaa de’.[246] Bio nso, wɔ The Transhumanist Handbook mu no, Kate Levchuk kae sɛ obi a ɔsakra nnipa "nnye ɔman nni".[247]
Abanoma
Wɔn a wɔagye wɔn ayɛ wɔn mma no awofoyɛ
Awosu mu abusuabɔ a ɛda ɔwofo ne abofra ntam no ho hia, na wɔn baanu a wɔatew wɔn ho no ama wɔahaw wɔ mmofra a wɔfa wɔn sɛ wɔn mma ho. Atetesɛm mu adwene a ɛfa awofo a wɔfa wɔn sɛ wɔn mma ho no nyaa mmoa a wonya fii Princeton Sukuupɔn nhwehwɛmu bi a wɔyɛe wɔ mmusua 6,000 a wɔfaa wɔn mma, wɔyɛ wɔn mma, na wɔhwɛ wɔn wɔ United States ne South Africa fi 1968 kosi 1985 no hɔ; nhwehwɛmu no kyerɛe sɛ aduan a wɔsɛe no wɔ afie a ɛnanom a wɔn mma a wɔnyɛ awofo wom (bere a wɔhwɛ sika a wonya, ofie dodow, nnɔnhwerew a wɔde yɛ adwuma, mfe a wɔadi, ne nea ɛkeka ho so) no sua koraa ma wɔn a wɔafa wɔn ayɛ wɔn mma, mmanoma mma, ne mmofra a wɔagye wɔn ayɛ wɔn mma, na ɛmaa nhwehwɛmufo no yɛɛ saa kyerɛ sɛ nkurɔfo ani nnye ho kɛse sɛ wɔbɛma afoforo awosu mu nkwaadɔm no atra hɔ.[91] Wɔfoa saa nsusuwii yi so wɔ nhwehwɛmu foforo a ɛfa su ho kɛse a ɛfa mmofra a wɔfa wɔn sɛ wɔn mma a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ wɔn a wɔpɛ wɔn asɛm, wɔn nipasu, ne wɔn honam ani hwɛbea koro no ara agyirae no, ne wɔn a wɔanyinyin a wɔagye wɔn ayɛ wɔn mma no nyinaa wɔ abusuabɔ ne awofo a wɔagye wɔn ayɛ wɔn mma no bɔ amanneɛ sɛ wɔn ani agye kɛse wɔ mmofra a wɔfa wɔn sɛ wɔn mma no ho.
Ɔman Ho Dɔ (Nationalism)
Abakɔsɛm
Bɔbeasu ne ntini mu ahoɔden
Ɔmampɛ ahodoɔ bi wɔ hɔ a Risorgimento ɔmampɛ ne Integral ɔmampɛ ka ho.[204][205] Bere a risorgimento ɔmampɛ fa ɔman a ɛrehwehwɛ sɛ ɛde ɔman a ɛma ahofadi besi hɔ ho (sɛ nhwɛso no, Risorgimento a ɛwɔ Italy ne akuw a ɛte saa ara a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ Greece, Germany, Poland wɔ afeha a ɛto so 19 mu anaasɛ ɔmanfo Amerika ɔmampɛ) ho no, ɔmampɛ a ɛyɛ den fi mu ba bere a ɔman bi anya ahofadi akyi na de ɔman bi asi hɔ. Sɛnea Alter ne Brown kyerɛ no, na Fasist Italy ne Nasi Germany yɛ ɔmampɛ a ɛho hia ho nhwɛso.
Franse Ahemman no anka Britaniafo akyi koraa wɔ agumadi a wɔde dii dwuma de hyɛɛ atubrafo biakoyɛ a wɔne France wɔ no mu den no mu. Atubrafo mpanyimfo hyɛɛ apɔw-mu-teɛteɛ, pon so agodie, ne asaw ho nkuran na wɔboaa wɔn na wɔboaa bɔɔlbɔ ma ɛtrɛw kɔɔ Franse atubra aman mu.[231]
Benkum fam ɔmampɛ, a ɛtɔ mmere bi a wɔfrɛ no sohyialist ɔmampɛ, a ɛnsɛ sɛ wɔde frafra German fasist "Ɔman Sohyialism",[207] yɛ amammui kuw a ɛka benkum fam amammuisɛm ne ɔmampɛ bom.
Su ahorow a ɛda ɔmampɛ a ɛho hia adi no bi ne ankorankoro a wɔsɔre tia, ɔman ho adwemmɔne, kateeyɛ a emu yɛ den, ne asraafo a wɔyɛ basabasa a wɔtrɛw mu. Asɛmfua Integral Nationalism taa ne fasist nniso di nsɛ, ɛwom sɛ abɔde mu nneɛma pii a wɔn adwene nhyia wɔ hɔ de. Ɔmampɛ a edi mũ sɔre wɔ aman a asraafo su a emu yɛ den agye ntini denam ahofadi ho apereperedi no so, bere a, sɛ wonya ahofadi pɛ a, wogye di sɛ asraafo a wɔyɛ den ho hia na ama ɔman foforo no anya ahobammɔ ne nea ebetumi ayɛ adwuma no. Afei nso, ahofadi ho apereperedi a ɛte saa a edi mu no ma wɔte nka sɛ ɔman korɔn a ebetumi ama wɔanya ɔmampɛ a ɛtra so.
Wɔn a wodii kan gyinaa ɔman-anarchism akyi no bi ne Hans Cany, Peter Töpfer ne kan National Front ɔdeyɛfo Troy Southgate, a ɔhyehyɛɛ National Revolutionary Faction, ahyehyɛde a egyina Britania so fi bere a wɔtew a ɛde abusuabɔ bae wɔ benkum fam akyirikyiri ne nifa fam akuw bi mu wɔ United Kingdom ne aman a ɛwɔ Soviet akyi mu no, ɛnsɛ sɛ wɔde frafra ɔman-anarchism a ɛwɔ Black Ram Kuw no mu.[210][211][212] Wɔ United Kingdom no, ɔman-anarchistfo ne Albion Awake, Alternative Green (a kan Green Anarchist samufo Richard Hunt tintimii) ne Jonathan Boulter yɛɛ adwuma de yɛɛ Anarchist Heretics Fair.[211] Saa ɔman-anarchistfoɔ no fa wɔn nkɛntɛnsoɔ titire fi Mikhail Bakunin, William Godwin, Peter Kropotkin, Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, Max Stirner ne Leo Tolstoy hɔ.[210]
Abanoma
Ɔsesɛw ne nkabom a ɛrekɔ so
Ne nyinaa mu no, wobetumi anya nneɛma bi a ɛkyerɛ sɛnea wɔn a wɔagye wɔn ayɛ wɔn mma no ani gye ho sɛ wɔbɛhwehwɛ nneɛma mu no afi England ne Wales asɛm a ebuee wɔn a wɔagye wɔn ayɛ wɔn mma no awo ho kyerɛwtohɔ ahorow mu wɔ 1975. U.K. Office for National Statistics no ahyɛ ho nkɔm sɛ awiei koraa no, wɔn a wɔagye wɔn ayɛ wɔn mma no nyinaa mu 33% bɛsrɛ sɛ wɔmfa bi mma wɔn wɔn awo ho kyerɛwtohɔ a edi kan no mu, a ɛboro mfitiase nkɔmhyɛ ahorow a wɔkae wɔ 1975 mu bere a na wogye di sɛ nnipa dodow a wɔagye wɔn ayɛ wɔn mma no mu kakraa bi pɛ na wɔbɛbisa wɔn kyerɛwtohɔ no so no. Nanso, wonim sɛ nsusuwii no bu nhwehwɛmu dodow ankasa no adewa, efisɛ nnipa pii a wɔagye wɔn ayɛ wɔn mma wɔ saa bere no mu no nam akwan foforo so nya wɔn awo ho kyerɛwtohɔ.[180]
Ɔman Ho Dɔ (Nationalism)
Abakɔsɛm
Esiane sɛ atubrafo de ɔman ne aman ntam kwan a ɛfa mmusuakuw, nyamesom, kasa ne abakɔsɛm mu ahye afoforo so nti, ɔmampɛ a ɛko tia atubrafo no ne asase wɔ abusuabɔ kɛse kan. Ahofadi akyi, titiriw wɔ aman a nnipa gu ahorow titiriw a wɔwɔ abakɔsɛm mu nitan mu no, ahofadi akuw nketewa a ɛtoatoa so aba a wɔn nso kyerɛkyerɛ mu denam atubrafo a wɔsɔre tia so.
Hwɛ nso: Mmusuakuw mu ɔmampɛ
Nyansapɛfo ne nhomanimfo Achille Mbembe ka sɛ atubrafo akyi yɛ asɛmfua a ɛbɔ abira, efisɛ atubrafo wɔ hɔ bere nyinaa.[178] Wɔn a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ saa adwene mu adeyɛ yi mu no hwɛ atubrafo akyi kwan no ho mfonini ɛmfa ho sɛ ɛyɛ wiase no nhyehyɛe a ɛkyerɛkyerɛ mu no. Eyi te saa wɔ atubrafo a wɔsɔre tia no nso ho. Ɔmampɛ a ɛko tia atubrafo sɛ nyansahu nhyehyɛe no kɔɔ so kosii afeha a ɛto so 20 awiei bere a wɔsɔre tia akuw a ɛwɔ Soviet satellite aman mu no mu na ɛkɔ so wɔ ahofadi akuw a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ Arab wiase no mu wɔ afeha a ɛto so 21 yi mu no mu.
Amammuo mu basabasayɛ a ɛbaa afeha a ɛto so 18 awiei a ɛbaa Amerika ne Franse ɔman anidan ahorow ho no maa ɔman ho dɔ ɔmampɛ a ɛtrɛwee no yɛɛ kɛse.[42][43] Napoleon Bonaparte tumidi no maa ɔmampɛ sii hɔ bio bere a ɔtow hyɛɛ Europa fã kɛse no ara so no. Napoleon de hokwan yi dii dwuma de trɛw ɔman anidan adwene mu, na ɛde afeha a ɛto so 19 Europa Ɔmampɛ no fã kɛse no ara bae.[44]