cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Adamfofa
Nneɛma a wɔde gu mu
Wobetumi abu adamfofa bi a wobegu no sɛ ankorankoro pow, anaasɛ ebetumi afi abɔde mu nsakrae a ɛba bere a bere kɔ so no mu aba, bere a nnamfo kɔ akyirikyiri kɛse wɔ honam ne nkate fam no. Wɔde adamfofa a wɔsɛe no no ne afobu, abufuw ne adwenemhaw a ɛkɔ soro no wɔ abusuabɔ, na ebetumi ayɛ nsɛm a ɛhaw adwene kɛse, titiriw wɔ mmofraase. Nanso, wobetumi abrɛ nsunsuanso bɔne a ebetumi aba no ase sɛ wɔde abusuabɔ foforo a emu yɛ den si adamfofa bi a wobegu no ananmu a.[4]: 248
Nnipa dodow ho nsɛm
Nnamfo taa yɛ wɔn ho sɛ wɔn ho wɔn ho kɛse wɔ mfe a wɔadi, ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna, suban, nnuru a wɔde di dwuma ɔkwammɔne so, ankorankoro su, ne adesua mu mmɔdenbɔ mu.[4]: 248 [18]: 426 [25]: 55–56 Wɔ aman a mmusuakuw ahorow gu ahorow mu no, adanse a ɛtrɛw wɔ hɔ a ɛkyerɛ sɛ mmofra ne mmabun taa ne afoforo a wofi mmusuakuw anaa mmusuakuw koro mu fa adamfo, efi ase wɔ mmofra a wonnya nkɔɔ sukuu mu, na ɛkɔ soro wɔ mmofraberem mfinimfini anaa awiei mu hɔ.[4]: 264
Nsonsonoe a ɛwɔ mmarima ne mmea ntam
Mmea bɔ amanneɛ sɛ dadwen, ahoɔyaw, ne abusuabɔ mu ayayade pii na wonnya pintinn pii wɔ wɔn nnamfofa ho. Nanso mmarima de, wɔbɔ amanneɛ sɛ wɔyɛ wɔn honam fam ayayade pii. Ne nyinaa mu no, mmarima ne mmea taa bɔ amanneɛ sɛ wɔanya abotɔyam kakra wɔ wɔn nnamfofa ho.[4]: 249–50
Mmea taa yɛ wɔn a wɔn ho akokwaw wɔ asetra mu sen wɔn atipɛnfo mmarima wɔ mpanyimfo a wɔn mfe akɔ anim mu. Nea afi mu aba ne sɛ, mmarima a wɔn mfe akɔ anim pii betumi de wɔn ho ato ɔhokafo a ɔyɛ ɔbea te sɛ ɔhokafo so de atua wɔn asetra mu nimdeɛ a wonni no ho ka.[25]: 55 Nhwehwɛmu bi kyerɛe sɛ mmea a wɔwɔ Europa ne Amerika Atifi fam no na ɛtaa yɛ kɛse kakra sen mmarima sɛ ɔno ankasa bɛbɔ amanneɛ sɛ ɔwɔ adamfo paa.[47]
Amammerɛ
Abusuabɔ ahorow a wobu no sɛ nokware adamfofa, sen sɛ ɛbɛyɛ obi a onim no anaa obi a ɔne no yɛ adwuma no gu ahorow sɛnea amammerɛ te. Wɔ amammerɛ a wɔka Borɔfo kasa mu no, ɛnyɛ ade foforo sɛ nkurɔfo de abusuabɔ a ɛyɛ mmerɛw bɛka ho sɛ nnamfo.[48] Wɔ amammerɛ afoforo te sɛ Russiafo ne Polandfo amammerɛ mu no, abusuabɔ a ɛho hia sen biara nkutoo na wobu no sɛ nnamfo. Ebia Russiani benya nnamfo biako anaa baanu a wɔde "pals" anaa nnipa pii a onim wɔn aka ho; Canadani a ɔwɔ tebea a ɛte saa ara mu no betumi abu saa abusuabɔ ahorow yi nyinaa sɛ nnamfo.[48]
Wɔ Atɔe Famfo amammerɛ mu no, wɔtaa bu adamfofa sɛ ɛyɛ ketewaa bi sen abusua anaa ɔdɔ.[49]
Bere a wɔreka adamfofa ho ahyɛde ahorow ho asɛm no wohui sɛ Chinafo a wobisabisaa wɔn nsɛm no huu pii sen wɔn mfɛfo Britaniafo no.[15][ambiguous]
Ntaafoɔ
Ntaafoɔ yɛ mma mmienu a nyinsɛn baako de ba. Ntaafoɔ tumi sɛ, na wɔn a ɔsɛ no, brɔfo kasa mu no ɔfrɛ wɔn 'Identical', ɛkyerɛ sɛ wɔn firi zagɔt baako mu. na emu kyɛ mmienu na abɛyɛ mma mmienu, wɔn a wɔn sɛ no nso ɔfrɛ wɔn wɔ brɔfo kasa mu 'non-identical anaa fraternal, wei kyreɛ sɛ ntaa no firi kosua ahodoɔ mmienu mu na pueɛ, nna barima no ho nsuo no, ebiaa pai kosua baako. Ɛnam sɛ ntaafoɔ a wɔn sɛ no firi zagɔt baako mu nti no, wɔn nyinaa taa yɛ mmarima anaa mmaa, ɛna ntaafoɔ a wɔn nsɛ no nso tumi yɛ saa anaa sɛ etumi sesa
Nkontabuo
Wɔ afe apem aha-nkron aduowɔtwe (1980) kosi mfeɛ mpem mmienu ne nkron (2009) mu no, nnipa ntaafoɔ a na ɔwo wɔn no maa so kɔɔ ɔha nkyekyemu aduoson nsia (76%) wɔ United States, firi 9.4 kɔsi 16.7 ntaafoɔ (18.8 kɔsi 33.3 ntaafoɔ) wɔ awoɔ apem biara mu. Sɛ yɛkɔ abibirem wɔ Nigeria man mu a Yurobafoɔ no na ɛwɔ ntaafoɔ paa wɔ ewiase afanan nyinaa, 45-50 ntaafoɔ (90-100 ntaafoɔ) ne ntaafoɔ a wɔn enya sɛ ɛkɔba sɛ, wɔn wo apem a, ntaafoɔ a wɔn nya firi mu no no. Na ɛbɛfiri bayerɛ titire bi a wɔn taa di a ɛkura aduane nnuro bi a ɛma wɔ tumi to nkosua firi afa afa nyinaa.
Aduro
Aduro yɛ sɛ worenya atenka bi ama yarefoɔ bi. Sɛ worehwɛ na wafii wo na wasosɔ ano, asikwan,asa wɔn yadeɛ na wɔanya apomuden.Wɔde nnuro bi a etumi sosɔ ano, mfidie nhwehwɛ mu, awosuo nhwehwɛ mu ne ayaresa nhwehwɛ mu de asa anaa asi yadeɛ no kwan nkanka deɛ yɛde name aborɔfo nnuro ne oprehane so nanso ebi nso nam apɔmtenetene so ne mfidie a yɛde yɛ apɔmuden adwuma ne deɛ ɛkeka ho.
Wɔde nnuro ade dwuma firi tete yɛnananom aberɛ so, duruu berɛ bi no na adane nsanodwuma na ɛnne ɔsom ne gyedie anya twaka.
Ayaresa adwuma
Ayaresa a ɛwɔ hɔ ne ayaresa adwuma no da nson wɔ wiase nyinaa ɛnam yɛn amammerɛ ne yɛn nimdeɛ a yɛwɔ nti. Abɛɛfo nnuro dodoɔ no ara firi Abibirem atoeɛ, na Ɔman a afei na wɔn resi mpuntuo kwan so te sɛ, Abibirem ne Asia deɛ dodoɔ gye abibiduro di yie wɔ berɛ a adanseɛ ketewa bi ɛwɔ n'ahoɔden ho, sisodua biara nni hɔ a yɛde ma wɔn a wɔdi ho dwuma no.
Abɛɛfo ayarehwɛ a ɛrekɔ so yi deɛ, wɔn a wɔwɔ suahunu wɔ nnuro mu ne wɔn aboafoɔ na wɔn hwehwɛ ayarefoɔ mu, de wɔn fa mfidie ahodoɔ, dosodoso wɔn asa wasa wɔn yareɛ wɔ abɛɛfo kwan so de si yareɛ anokwan. Ayonkofa a ɛda dokota ne ɔyarefoɔ no tɛm no hyɛ aseɛ firi wɔn nkitahodie ne ɔyarefoɔ no yareɛ ho nsɛm a ɛwɔ hɔ dada ne nnuro a yɛde ama no, deɛ ɛdi hɔ ayaresa mu nhwehwɛmu ne nhwehwɛmu a ɔbɛyɛ no wɔ abɔntene anaa ɔde n'ani bɛyɛ. Afidie nketewa a yɛde yɛ nhwehwɛmu bi te sɛ (e.g. stethoscope, tongue depressor) ɛna mpɛn pii no wɔde yɛ adwuma.
Microsoft PowerPoint
Microsoft PowerPoint yɛ nkyerɛkyerɛmu nhyehyɛe anaasɛ kɔmputa program a ɛboa ma wotumi de mfoni ne nneɛma ahoroɔ kyerɛkyerɛ ɔkasa bi ma emu da hɔ. Robert Gaskins ne Dennis Austin na wɔyɛe wɔ software adwumakuw bi a wɔfrɛ no Forethought, Inc. Wɔyii no adi wɔ Ayɛwohomumɔ da a ɛtɔ so 20, afe 1987 mu. Mfitiaseɛ no, wɔyɛ maa Macintosh kɔmputa nko ara. Microsoft nyaa PowerPoint de gyee bɛyɛ dɔla ɔpepem 14 wɔ asram abiɛsa akyi wɔ bere a epuei akyi. Eyi ne ade titiriw a edi kan a Microsoft gyee, na Microsoft hyehyɛɛ adwumayɛkuw foforo maa PowerPoint wɔ Silicon Valley baabi a na Forethought wɔ no.
PowerPoint bɛyɛɛ Microsoft Office suite no fã. Wɔdii kan de maeɛ wɔ Macintosh so wɔ afe 1989 mu na afei nso wɔde maeɛ wɔ Windows so wɔ afe 1990; a ɛboaboaa Microsoft app ahodoɔ pii ano. Efi PowerPoint 4.0 (1994) so ​​no, wɔde PowerPoint kaa Microsoft Office nkɔsoɔ ho, na wɔfaa nneɛma a ɛkeka bom yɛ adwuma koro ara bi.
Na PowerPoint gua so kyɛfa sua koraa mfitiaseɛ no, ansa na wɔde Microsoft Windows nkyerɛaseɛ bi reba, nanso ɛnyinii ntɛmntɛm berɛ a Windows ne Office nyaa nkɔsoɔ no. Efi afe 1990 mfeɛ no awieeɛ no, PowerPoint wiase nyinaa gua so kyɛfa a ɛwɔ wɔ nkyerɛkyerɛmu software mu no anya nkɔso pii. Wɔbu akontaa sɛ ɛyɛ ɔha biara mu nkyem 95.
Mfitiaseɛ no wɔyɛɛ PowerPoint sɛ ɛbɛboa ma wɔde mfonini ayɛ ɔkasa mu nkyerɛkyerɛmu wɔ adwumayɛkuo nhyiamu ase, nanso wɔde adi dwuma kɛseɛ wɔ nkitahodiɛ tebea foforɔ pii mu, wɔ adwumayɛ mu ne dwumadie ahoroɔ pii ase. Wɔahu nkɛntɛnso a PowerPoint a wɔde di dwuma kɛse yi anya; sɛ nsakrae a tumi wom wɔ ɔmanfo nyinaa mu. Wɔde afotuo a ɛfata wɔ sɛnea ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde PowerPoint di dwuma nso aka hon. Afotuo no bi ne sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde di dwuma kakraa bi, ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde di dwuma wɔ ɔkwan soronko so, anaasɛ ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde di dwuma yiye ka ho .Wɔde PowerPoint a edi kan (Macintosh 1987) dii dwuma de yɛɛ overhead transparencies, nea ɛtɔ so mmienu (Macintosh 1988, Windows 1990) nso tumi yɛɛ kɔla 35 mm mfoni. Nkyerɛaseɛ a ɛtɔ so mmiɛnsa (Windows ne Macintosh 1992) de video a ɛfiri virtual slideshows mu baa digyital projectors mu, a berɛ rekɔ so no ɛbɛsi physical transparencies ne slides ananmu koraa. Efiri saa berɛ no, nkyerɛaseɛ akɛseɛ dumienu de nneɛma foforɔ pii ne akwan a wɔfa so yɛ adwuma nso aka ho ma PowerPoint atumi ayɛ adwuma a ɛboro Apple Macintosh ne Microsoft Windows so, de nkyerɛaseɛ a wɔde yɛ iOS, Android, ne wɛb nso aka ho.
Sɛnea wɔde di dwuma
Na wobetumi de PowerPoint (1987 ma Macintosh) a edi kan koraa no atintim nkratafa tuntum ne fitaa. Na wɔbɛyɛ ho mfonini wɔ sini a ɛda adi nkrataa so de akyerɛ afi mfiri a wɔde kyerɛ nneɛma a wɔ soro so (projector), na wɔde tintim akasamu nsɛm ne atiefo nkrataa; wɔtrɛw nea edi hɔ (1988 ma Macintosh, 1990 ma Windows) no mu ma ɛsan nso yɛɛ kɔla 35mm slides denam file bi a wɔde fa modem so de kɔ Genigraphics mfoninitwa beaɛ. Na slide ahorow bi nso wɔ hɔ a wɔde ba anadwo biara sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wɔde bedi dwuma wɔ slide projectors so. Wɔde PowerPoint dii dwuma de yɛɛ nhyehyɛe na wɔde siesiee asɛm bi a wɔbɛka, nanso ɛnyɛ sɛ wɔde bɛma ɔkasa no ankasa (sɛ yɛde sɛnea ɔkasa no bɛkɔ a wɔdi kan hwɛ wɔ kɔmputa so, anaasɛ krataa a wɔatintim a wɔkyekyɛ no to nkyɛn a). PowerPoint dwumadie sesaeɛ kɛseɛ wɔ ne nkyerɛaseɛ a ɛtɔ so mmiɛnsa (1992 ma Windows ne Macintosh), berɛ a wɔtrɛw PowerPoint mu ma ɛsan nso de nkyerɛkyerɛmu ma denam video a wɔde kyerɛ tẽẽ a wɔyɛ kɔ digital projector anaa monitor akɛseɛ so. Wɔ 1992 mu no, na video a wɔde kyerɛ nsɛm a wɔka kyerɛ no ho yɛ na na ne bo yɛ den, na ɛkame ayɛ sɛ na wonnim ho nsɛm pii anaa sɛnea wɔde di dwuma wɔ kɔmputa so so. Robert Gaskins, animdefoɔ a wɔyɛɛ PowerPoint no mu baako kaa sɛ ɔdaa saa dwumadie no adi wɔ baguam berɛ a ɛdi kan wɔ Microsoft nhyiamu kɛseɛ bi a wɔyɛɛ no ​​Paris wɔ Ɔpɛpɔn 25, 1992, wɔ PowerPoint nkɔsoɔ nhyiamu bi ase. Wɔde PowerPoint 3.0 a na wɔnnya nyii no adi a wɔde dii dwuma wɔ pre-production so nhwɛsode a ɛyɛ laptop a ɛwɔ kɔla foforo a tumi wom na ɛma video projector a ɛyɛ adwumaden a ɛwɔ asa no mu no nsɛm.
Law & Order
Wɔ nansa yi amanyɔsɛm mu, mmra ne nhyehyeɛ yɛ adeɛ wadwen akɔ so na ɛdi mmra no yie na ɛtwe wɔn a wɔtia mmra no aso na ate bɔne yɛ so. Asotwe a ɔde ma wɔn a wɔbu mmra so bi ne wɔde wɔn kɔ to afiease mfeɛ bebree, atɛmmuo, asotwe kɛseɛ wɔ aman bi so.
Wɔde ka akɔdeɛ ma apolisifoɔ a ɛboa anya nnedua dan a ɔde nnipa gu mu wɔ United States.
Wɔn a wɔfua mmra ne nhyehyeɛ no di akyinnye sɛ afiesenna no bɛboa yie ama bɔne so ate. Wɔn a wɔtia nso se asotwe kɛseɛ paa no nka hwee na ɛfiri sɛ ɛboa ma bɔne kɔ so nanso enka deɛ ɛkɔfa bɔne no ankasa ba.
Yie nyinaa mu a wabɔ mmra ne nhyehyeɛ ho dawuro nyinaa no, wɔ afe apem ɔha nkron ne aduosia ne afe apem ɔha nkron ne aduowɔtwe ntɛm no, manpanin Richard Nixon ne Ronald Reagan abɔho dawuro mpɛn bebree nanso ne nyinaa mu no bɔne kɔɔ so bebree wɔ afe apem ɔha nkron ne aduoson ne afe apem ɔha nkron ne aduowɔtwe ntɛm na ɛso saa hyɛɛ aseɛ tee wɔafe apem ɔha nkron ne aduokron mu.
Amanmuo ho nsɛm wɔ United States
Mmra ne nhyehyeɛ mmienu nyinaa bɛyɛɛ nsɛm a na ɛkura amanyɔ tumi wɔ United States wɔ afe apem ɔha nkron ne aduosia akyi mu hɔ. Nipa ɔdi mu a ɔyɛ Amerika manyɔni ɔdikan kaa nsɛm yi yɛ Alabama manpanin George Wallace, a ɔde nsɛm yi yɛ ne amanyɔ asɛmti ne mmusu me kyerɛ dog whistle wɔ afe apem ɔha nkron ne aduosia nnwɔtwe wɔ manpanin satuo mu. Afoforɔ ne Republicans mmienu, manpanin ma Kalifornia Ronald Reagan ne
Ayamtunini/Kɔlera
Kɔlera yɛ nsanyareɛ bi a ɛseɛ mmoawammoawa bi te sɛ Biribi cholerae de sɛe yam nnoɔma. Wonya nsɛnkyerɛnne bɛtumi afiri nkakrankakra de akɔ nea ano yɛ den. Nsɛnkyerɛnneɛ a yɛtaa hu yɛ agyanan a ɛyɛ nsuosuo bɛyɛ nna kakra bi. Wotumi fe na wo honam amoamoa. Woyamtuo no ano tumi yɛ den bɛyɛ dɔnhwere baako. Wei bɛtumi ama w'ani akeka akɔm, woho bɛyɛ nwunu, wo nsa ne wo nan bɛtwintwam. Sɛ woho nsuo twe a wo honam ahosuo tumi yɛ sɛ ewiem. Nsɛnkyerɛnneɛ no hyɛaseɛ dɔnhwere mmienu dekɔ nna num sɛ obi nya yareɛ no akyire a. Vibrio cholerae ahodoɔ na ɛde kɔlera ɛba, a ɛma ebi yɛ kɛseɛ kyɛn bi. Sɛ mmoawammoawa a ɛkɔsi nnipa agyanan so bɛsi nsuo ne aduane  yɛmmɔ ho ban a ɛtumi trɛ yareɛ. Baabi a ɛfiri paa yɛ nsuomunam a yɛfrɛ no "shellfish" a yɛnnoa. Nnipa nkoa na yɛnim sɛ mmoawa no de yareɛ no kɔ wɔn so. Adeɛ baako a ɛyɛ hu paa ara yɛ agyananbea a ɛhɔ yi fi, wɔnnom nsuo a ɛho te pii, ne ahokyerɛ. Wɔde agyanan na ɛyɛ kɔlera ho nhwehwɛmu. Wɔbɛtumi de dipstick test ayɛ nso ɛmma yɛnnya nea yɛpɛ. Nea yɛbɛyɛ de asi kɔlera kwan ne yɛbɛ siesie agyananbea na yɛanom nsuo a ɛho te. Kɔlera paneɛ a yɛde sɛ anom no bɔ yɛnho ban bɛyɛ bosome nsia. Ɛsane boa bɔ yɛnho ban sɛdeɛ ɛbɛyɛ a yɛnya ayamtuo a E. coli de ba. Wɔ mfeɛ mpem mmienu ne du nson mu no, FDA gyee kɔlera paneɛ a yɛfrɛ no Vaxchora a yɛde ma wɔn a adi mfeɛ du nnwɔtwe dekɔ aduosia nan a wɔtu kwan kɔ baabi a saa yareɛ no bi wɔ tom. Ɔbɔ mmɔfra ho ban kakrabi. Wɔn a wɔnya wɔn tiri didi mu wɔ kɔlera yareɛ no ho nom aduro bɛyɛ mfeɛ mmiɛnsa. Aduro a wɔde sɔ wɔn a wanya bi no yɛ ORS,  aduro a dɛdɛ ne akyene wɔ mu. Ɛmo a yɛde si ano nso yɛ. Wɔma mmɔfra Zinc nom. Sɛ yareɛ no ano yɛ den a wɔma wɔn, intravenous fluids, bi te sɛ  Ringer's lactate, ne antibiotics. Wɔhwɛ hunu Antibiotics korɔ a wɔde bɛsi nea wɔpɛ no kwan.
Nsɛnkyerɛnneɛ
Kɔlera nsɛnkyerene a ɛdikan ne ayamtuo me ɛfeɛ. Saa nsɛnkyerɛnne yi ba prɛko pɛ, ɛda fa dekɔ nna num sɛ mmoawammoawa no wura wo mu a. Wɔfrɛ ayamtuo sɛ "ɛmo nsuo" na ɛyɛ nyan. Obi a ɔwɔ Kɔlera a wansa no yam tumi tu da baako bɛyɛ 10-20liyres. Kɔlera a ɛyɛ hu a wansa no kum nnipa wɔwɔ bi no fa. Kɔlera a ano yɛ den no wansa a ɛtumi ma womu nsuo twe. Asymptomatic dekɔ symptomatic nsanyareɛ kɔ firi mmiɛnsa kɔpɛm ɔha. Ahotɛ din a wɔde ma Kɔlera ne "blue death" ɛfiri sɛ nnipa no honam ahosuo bɛyɛ bluish-gray firi nsuo a atwe afiri ne mu. Atiridii yɛ adeɛ ɛbɛma obi yareɛ no biom. Yarefoɔ no ani bɛkeka akɔma, n'ano bɛho, honam bɛyɛ nnwunu anaasɛ ne nsa ne ne nan bɛtwimtwan. Kussmaul breathing, bɛtumi aba ɛnam acidosis a ɛfiri bicarbonate a mɛhwere wɔ yɛagyanan mu ne lactic acidosis ɛba ɛnam ɔhyɛ so nti. Mmogya so te ɛnam nsuo a atwe wɔ ne mu,dwonsɔ so te. Woyɛ mmerɛ na ama wo honam atwomtwom, ɛde seizure ba anaasɛ ɛma wokɔ koma ɛnam electrolyte a ɛntotɔ yie no, ne titire wɔ mmɔfra so.
Kɔmputa so dwumadi ahorow (Computer programming)
Kɔmputa so dwumadi ahorow (Computer programming) yɛ ɔkwan a wɔfa so yɛ akontaabu pɔtee bi (anaasɛ wɔ ɔkwan a ɛkɔ akyiri so no, wɔyɛ kɔmputa so aba pɔtee bi), mpɛn pii no denam kɔmputa so dwumadi ahorow a wotumi di ho nhyehyɛe na wɔyɛ so. Dwumadie fa nnwuma te sɛ nhwehwɛmu, algorithms a wɔyɛ, profiling algorithms’ pɛpɛɛpɛyɛ ne nneɛma a wɔde di dwuma, ne algorithms a wɔde di dwuma (mpɛn pii no wɔ programming kasa pɔtee bi mu, a wɔtaa frɛ no coding). Wɔkyerɛw dwumadi bi Fibea koodu (source code) wɔ kasa biako anaa nea ɛboro saa a nhyehyɛefo a wɔyɛ nhyehyɛe anaa dwumadifo (programmers) te ase mu, sen sɛ wɔbɛkyerɛw mfiri code a central processing unit no na ɛyɛ tẽẽ. Dwumadi nhyehyɛe atirimpɔw ne sɛ wobenya akwankyerɛ ahorow a ɛtoatoa so a ɛbɛma adwuma bi (a ebetumi ayɛ den te sɛ operating system ) ayɛ adwuma wɔ kɔmputa so, a mpɛn pii no wɔde bedi ɔhaw bi ho dwuma. Enti nhyehyɛe a wɔyɛ no yiye taa hwehwɛ sɛ wonya nimdeɛ wɔ nsɛmti ahorow pii mu, a nea ɛka ho ne nimdeɛ a ɛfa dwumadi no mu (application domain) ho, algorithms titiriw, ne ntease a wɔde di dwuma wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so (formal logic).
Nnwuma a ɛka nhyehyɛe ho na ɛfa ho no bi ne sɔhwɛ, debugging, source code a wɔhwɛ so, build systems a wɔde bedi dwuma, ne nneɛma a wonya fi mu a wɔhwɛ so, te sɛ kɔmputa so dwumadi ahorow mfiri code. Nanso, bere a wobetumi abu eyinom sɛ ɛyɛ nhyehyɛe nhyehyɛe no fã no, mpɛn pii no, wɔtaa de asɛmfua softwea nkɔso di dwuma kɛse ma nhyehyɛe kɛse yi nyinaa – bere a nsɛmfua nhyehyɛe, dwumadie, ne mmarahyɛ taa twe adwene si mmara a wɔkyerɛw ankasa so. Nea ɛne eyi hyia no, softwea mfiridwuma de mfiridwuma ho akwan ne nnyinasosɛm ahorow bom ne softwea a wɔyɛ. Afei nso, ɛtɔ mmere bi a wɔn a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ softwea a wɔyɛ mu no betumi de wɔn ho ahyɛ reverse engineering, a ɛyɛ adeyɛ a ɛne sɛ wɔbɛhwehwɛ sɛ wɔbɛte dwumadi bi a ɛwɔ hɔ dedaw ase sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wɔbɛsan de ne dwumadi adi dwuma wɔ ɔkwan bi so no mu.
Abakɔsɛm
Mfiri a wotumi yɛ ho nhyehyɛe wɔ hɔ mfehaha pii. Wɔ afeha a ɛto so 9 mu tɔnn no, Persiafo Banu Musa anuanom na wɔyɛɛ nnwom a wɔde di dwuma nhyehyɛe a wotumi yɛ ho nhyehyɛe, na wɔkaa mfiri a wɔde bɔ sanku a wɔde yɛ adwuma ho asɛm wɔ Book of Ingenious Devices. Wɔ 1206 mu no, Arab mfiridwumayɛfo Al-Jazari yɛɛ afiri a wɔde bɔ sanku a wotumi yɛ ho nhyehyɛe a wobetumi ayɛ mfiri a wɔde bɔ nnwom a wɔde bɔ nnwom a ɛyɛ dɛ ne sanku nhyehyɛe ahorow, denam pegs ne cams so. Wɔ afe 1801 mu no, Jacquard loom no tumi yɛɛ nwene soronko koraa denam "program" no a wɔbɛsesa so – pasteboard card ahorow a ɛtoatoa so a wɔabɔ ntokuru wɔ mu.
Nhyehyɛe ahorow a wɔde brɛki koodu nso awɔ hɔ mfehaha pii. Wɔ afeha a ɛto so 9 mu no, Arabni akontaabufo Al-Kindi kaa ɔkwan bi a wɔfa so kyerɛw nsɛm a wɔde asie a wɔde kyerɛkyerɛ mmara a wɔabɔ no kokoam mu ho asɛm, wɔ A Manuscript on Deciphering Cryptographic Messages. Ɔde nkyerɛkyerɛmu a edi kan mae wɔ cryptanalysis by frequency analysis, algorithm a edi kan a ebrɛki koodu so.
Mpɛn pii no, wɔkyerɛ sɛ kɔmputa so dwumadi a edi kan no wɔyɛɛ no 1843 mu, bere a akontaabufo Ada Lovelace tintim nhyehyɛe bi a wɔde bu Bernoulli akontaahyɛde ahorow a ɛtoatoa so, a na wɔahyɛ da ayɛ sɛ Charles Babbage ne Analytical Engine na ɛbɛyɛ no. Nanso, na Charles Babbage akyerɛw ne dwumadi a edi kan ama Analytical Engine no dedaw wɔ 1837.
Wɔ 1880 mfe no mu no, Herman Hollerith de adwene a ɛne sɛ wɔbɛkora nsɛm so wɔ ɔkwan a mfiri betumi akenkan so bae. Akyiri yi control panel (plug board) a wɔde kaa ne 1906 Type I Tabulator ho maa kwan ma wɔ hyehyɛ maa nnwuma ahorow, na ebeduu 1940 mfe no awiei no, wɔde unit record mfiri te sɛ IBM 602 ne IBM 604 yɛɛ nhyehyɛe denam control panels a ɛte saa ara kwan so, sɛnea na ɛlɛtrɔnik kɔmputa ahorow a edi kan no te no. Nanso, bere a wɔde adwene a ɛne sɛ wɔde kɔmputa a wɔde nneɛma akora so no bɛba wɔ 1949 mu no, wɔde nhyehyɛe ne nsɛm nyinaa siee na wɔyɛɛ ho adwuma wɔ ɔkwan koro no ara so wɔ kɔmputa so nkae mu (computer memory).
Mfiri kasa
Na mfiri koodu yɛ kasa a wɔde kyerɛw nhyehyɛe ahorow a edi kan no, na wɔkyerɛw no wɔ mfiri pɔtee no akwankyerɛ nhyehyɛe mu, na mpɛn pii no wɔde nkyerɛwde abien na ɛkyerɛw. Ankyɛ na wɔyɛɛ assembly kasa ahorow a ɛma Nnhyehyɛefoɔ (programmer) no kyerɛ akwankyerɛ wɔ nsɛm a wɔakyerɛw no kwan so (text format) mu (sɛ nhwɛso no, ADD X, TOTAL), a wɔde tiawa ma adwumayɛ koodu biara ne din ahorow a ntease wom a wɔde bɛkyerɛ address ahorow. Nanso esiane sɛ assembly kasa yɛ kakraa bi sen nkyerɛwde soronko ma mfiri kasa nti, mfiri abien a ɛsono akwankyerɛ ahorow nso wɔ assembly kasa ahorow.
Kɔmpaela kasa ahorow
Kasa ahorow a ɛkorɔn maa ɔkwan a wɔfa so yɛ dwumadi bi no yɛɛ mmerɛw na ntease wom, na na wonhia hardware a ɛwɔ ase no kɛse. Adwinnade a edi kan a ɛfa kɔmpaela ho, A-0 System, no, Grace Hopper, a ɔno nso hyehyɛɛ asɛmfua ‘compiler’ na ɔyɛɛ no afe 1952 mu. FORTRAN, kasa a ɛdi kan a wɔde di dwuma kɛseɛ a ɛwɔ dwumadie a ɛyɛ adwuma, puei wɔ afe 1957 mu, na ankyɛ na wɔyɛɛ kasa foforɔ pii —titiriw no, COBOL a na wɔde asi wɔn ani so sɛ wɔbɛyɛ nsɛm ho dwumadie wɔ aguadi mu, ne Lisp a wɔde yɛ kɔmputa nhwehwɛmu.
Saa kasa ahorow a wɔaboaboa ano yi ma nhyehyɛeyɛfo no tumi kyerɛw nhyehyɛe ahorow wɔ nsɛmfua a ɛyɛ den wɔ kasamufa mu, na otumi yi mmara no mu nsɛm pii, na ɛma ɛyɛ mmerɛw sɛ ɔde n’ani besi mfiri akwankyerɛ ahorow a ɛsonosonoe so denam mpaemuka a wɔaboaboa ano ne heuristics so. Wɔn a wɔboaboa nneɛma ano de kɔmputa tumi dii dwuma de maa nhyehyɛe yɛɛ mmerɛw denam ma a wɔmaa nhyehyɛeyɛfo kwan ma wɔkyerɛɛ akontaabu denam fomula bi a wɔde infix nkyerɛwde bɛhyɛ mu no so.
Nhyehyeɛ Dwumadi kasa ahorow
Dwumadie kasa ahodoɔ boa dwumadie ahodoɔ (a wɔfrɛ no programming paradigms). Kasa a wɔde bedi dwuma no gyina nneɛma pii a ɛsɛ sɛ wosusuw ho, te sɛ adwumakuw no nhyehyɛe, sɛnea ɛfata sɛ wɔyɛ adwuma, sɛnea nnipa foforo package ahorow wɔ hɔ, anaa ankorankoro pɛ. Sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ yiye no, wɔbɛpaw programming kasa a ɛfata yiye ma adwuma a ɛwɔ hɔ no. Nneɛma a wɔde di gua fi saa adwene yi mu ne sɛ wobenya nhyehyɛeyɛfo a wɔdɔɔso a wonim kasa no a wɔde bɛkyekye kuw, sɛnea wɔbɛboaboa nneɛma ano ama saa kasa no, ne sɛnea dwumadi ahorow a wɔakyerɛw wɔ kasa bi mu no yɛ adwuma yiye.
Kasa ahorow a efi ase fi "nea ɛba fam" kosi "nea ɛkorɔn"; "low-level" kasa ahorow no taa yɛ nea ɛfa mfiri ho kɛse na ɛyɛ ntɛm sɛ wɔde di dwuma, bere a "high-level" kasa ahorow no ɛnyɛ den sɛ wɔde bedi dwuma nanso ɛnyɛ ntɛmntɛm. Mpɛn pii no ɛyɛ mmerɛw sɛ wobɛkyerɛw mmara wɔ "nea ɛkorɔn" kasa ahorow mu sen "nea ɛba fam" de. Nhyehyeɛ Dwumadi kasa ahorow ho hia ma sɔftwɛɛ nkɔso. Wɔn ne nneɛma a wɔde si sɔftwɛɛ nyinaa, efi aapɔ ahorow a ɛnyɛ den so kosi nea ɛyɛ nwonwa sen biara so.
Allen Downey, kyerɛw wɔ ne nhoma How To Think Like A Computer Scientist mu sɛ:
Ɛsono sɛnea nsɛm no mu nsɛm no te wɔ kasa ahorow mu, nanso ɛkame ayɛ sɛ akwankyerɛ atitiriw kakraa bi pue wɔ kasa biara mu:
Kɔmputa kasa pii ma wonya ɔkwan bi a wɔfa so frɛ dwumadi ahorow a nhomakorabea ahorow a wɔkyɛ de ma no. Sɛ dwumadie a ɛwɔ nwomakorabea bi di dwumadi mber nhyiamde a ɛfata akyi (sɛ nhwɛsoɔ, method of passing arguments) a, ɛnde wɔbɛtumi akyerɛw saa dwumadie yi wɔ kasa foforɔ biara mu.
Wɔn a wɔyɛ nhyehyɛe
Kɔmputa so dwumadifo ne wɔn a wɔkyerɛw kɔmputa so dwumadi ahorow. Wɔn nnwuma taa hwehwɛ sɛ:
Ɛwom sɛ wɔde nhyehyɛe ho nsɛm akyerɛ wɔ nsɛm ho amanneɛbɔ mu sɛ ɛyɛ akontaabu asɛm bi de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow bi kyerɛ sɛ nhyehyɛeyɛfo pa wɔ ahokokwaw a emu yɛ den wɔ nnipa awosu kasa mu, na sɛnea wosua sɛnea wɔkyerɛw koodu no te sɛ ɔman foforo so kasa a wosua.
Asɛmdibia
Asɛnnibea yɛ nnipa bi anaa dwumakuo, a ɛyɛ aban nnwumakuo, a ɛwɔ tumi sɛ ɔbɛfa mmara kwan so adi nnipa mmienu asɛm a ɛfa ntawantawa ho na wafa asɛntenenee a ɛnam mmara so de adi bɔne a obi yɛ tia ne nua, bɔne a obi yɛ tia aban ne adwuma mu nsɛm. Wɔ (common Law ne civil Law Legal system) mu no, kɔɔto na ɔsiesie ntawantawa, na obiara te aseɛ sɛ nnipa biara wɔ ho kwan sɛ ɔde n'asɛm ba kɔɔto. Nea yɛde ntansa abɔ no sɛ wayɛ bɔne bi no asɛdeɛ ne sɛ ɔde anoyie bɛba wɔ asɛm a yɛde ato no so no wɔ kɔɔto. Kɔɔto nkorabata a ɛkyerɛ mmara san de di dwuma yɛ "Judiciary" Baabi a kɔɔto tena no wɔfrɛ no"bebue". Dan a wɔdi kɔɔto nsɛm no wɔfrɛ no kɔɔto dan na Ɛdan no nso yɛ kɔɔto fie; kɔɔto adan no firi nea ɛnyɛ kyenkyeren dekɔ adan nketewa wɔ nkurase ma no kɔ akɛseɛ wɔn nkuro akɛseɛ. Mmara wɔde ama kɔɔto di dwuma yɛ tumi (firi Latin iūrisdictiō, from iūris, "of the law," + dīcō, "to declare," + -tiō, noun-forming suffix), kɔɔto no tumi a ɔde bɛkyerɛ nsɛmmisa ne adesrɛ a ɔde ka ho.William Blackstone's ''Commentaries on the Laws of England kyerɛ mu sɛ, kɔɔto wɔ kuo mmiɛnsa: "actor anaa plaintiff" nea ɔde n'asɛm akɔda kɔɔto; "reus anaasɛ defendant" nea ɔreyi ne ho ano wɔ kɔɔto ɛna "Judex anaa Judicial power", nea ɔhwehwɛ asɛm no mu nokware, ɔkyerɛ mmara a ɛfa asɛm no ho na sɛ wohunu sɛ mfomsoɔ aba a mpaninfoɔ de no fa mmara kwan so. Ɛyɛ sɛ Superior kɔɔto bɛnya mmaranimfoɔ, kasamafoɔ, aboafoɔ,'' ɛwɔm sɛ Mpempii no kɔɔto wɔ mmaranimfoɔ foforɔ, kɔto nsaman kraataa somafoɔ, nkaeɛbɔfoɔ ne jury. Kɔɔto yɛ mpanimfoɔ, Mpempii atɛmmuafoɔ baako anaa mmienu. Ɔtɛmmuafoɔ na anaa n'apamfo no nso wɔfrɛ wɔn "bench"( a ɛne kasamafoɔ ne mmaranimfoɔ da nso a wɔfrɛ wɔn "bar"). Wɔ United States no, sɛ kɔɔto de mmara bɛdi dwuma a ɔgyina ɔno ara tumi so wɔ nnipa mmienu a wɔn asɛm wɔ kɔɔto no asɛm so de bu wɔn atɛn.
N'abɔseɛ
Kɔɔto firi French cour, baabi a akata, a ɛfiri Latin gotten, "the accusative case of cohors" a ɛsan kyerɛ baabi a akata anaa nnipa a ɛwɔ hɔ. Borɔfo din kɔɔto firi Latin din hortus a ɛfiri Ancient Greek χόρτος (khórtos) a ɛkyerɛ afuom a wɔyɛ no mfikyire, a bɛyɛ horticulture ne orchards), a ne nyinaa kyerɛ baabi a yɛakata so. Judicial Assembly nkyerɛaseɛ hyɛɛ aseɛ wɔ 12th century, na wɔde di dwuma ntɛm de kyerɛ "soveringn and his entourage", a na ɛkyerɛ sɛ wɔde nsɛm wɔ saa beaeɛ a wɔakata so no. Adeyɛ kɔɔto kyerɛ sɛ wɔbɛdi nkunim, a ɛfiri baabi baako ɛnam sɛ nnipa nante kɔ "sovereign court" ma ɔdi nkunim wɔ n'asɛm mu.
Tumi
Tumi ne sɛ wɔbɛnya mmara kwan so atu anamɔn na wabu atɛn wɔ nnipa ne nnoɔma nsɛm mu wɔ baabi. Mmara biara asɛmmisa titire paa ne sɛ " sɛ kɔɔto bi wɔ tumi a ɔde bɛdi asɛm bi". Nnoɔma mmiɛnsa a ɛdi hene wɔ tumi mu ne wo ankasa mmara wɔ nnipa baako anaa biribi so(red), tumi wɔ asɛm pɔtee bi so(subject-matter juridiction) ne territorial juridiction. Tumi a wɔdi no wɔ nnipa so yɛ tumi mua wɔ nnipa so a ɛmfa ho ne baabi a ɔfiri, tumi a ɛfa asɛm pɔtee bi ho no yɛ tumi a wɔwɔ wɔ asɛm no so ma territorial juridiction yɛ tumi a ɔwɔ wɔ nnipa so wɔ kwan bi so. Tumi foforɔ no bi ne "general jurisdiction, exclusive jurisdiction, appellate jurisdiction, ne (in the United States federal courts) diversity jurisdiction".
Trials and appellate courts.
Trial kɔɔto yɛ kɔɔto a ɛkura atɛmmuo mu. Ɛtɔda a wɔfrɛ no "courts of First instance", Trial kɔɔto tumi ankasa no sesa. Trial kɔɔto bɛtumi ne apamfoɔ adi asɛm sɛ obi a wahunu nokware (yɛfrɛ wɔn jury Trials) anaa Trials a ɔtɛmmuafoɔ no di dwuma sɛ obi a wahunu asɛm bi nokware ne mmara((wɔfrɛ no bench Trials wɔ mmara bi mu). Wontaa nhunu apamfoɔ pii wɔ kɔɔto wɔ Anglo-American mmara mu. Appellate courts yɛ kɔɔto a ɛte kɔɔto nketewa ne Trial kɔɔto adesrɛ. Kɔɔto bi te sɛ Crown Court a ɛwɔ England ne Wales wɔ Trial ne appellate tumi.
Civil Law courts and common Law courts
Mmara mmienu a ɛdi ntontom a ɛnnɛ mmerɛ yi ne "civil Law courts ne common Law courts". Saa mmara akɛseɛ yi sɛ, ɛne sɛ ne mmienu firi amanɔne amammerɛ mu, ɛwɔm sɛ nsonsonoeɛ da wɔn ntam. "Civil Law" no fa Romanfoɔ mmara ho,ne titire mmara a wɔfrɛ no "Corpus iuris civilis". Wɔsane nyaa nsɛm a ɛfa civil Law yi ho wɔ 11th century rekɔ m'awieɛ no na ɛbɛyɛɛ mmɔase maa University Legal Education a ɛhyɛɛ aseɛ firii Bologna, Italy na ɛno akyire no wɔkyerɛɛ wɔ Continental European Universities. Civil Law wɔ French ne German mmara mu. English Royal Judges M ma ɔhene no asoeɛ na ɛsii Common Law courts berɛ a Nkraman wuraa Britain wɔ 1066. Royal Judges na ɛtee a mmara kuo a wɔde nkuraseɛ mmara kaa ho a wɔmaa wɔn hunuu wɔ kwan a wɔtu ne nsrahwɛ kɔhwɛ tumi a ɛwɔ nkurase. Mmara a na ɛnyɛ na no na wɔfrɛ no "common Law". Wɔde saa mmara no di dwuma wɔ Engresi ne America mmara mu. Wɔ civil Law tumi mu no, kɔɔto no di dwuma wɔ kɔnkɔnymu. Wɔ common Law mu no, kɔɔto pii no ara di "adversarial system " no akyi. Kwan a wɔfa so yɛ mmara no fa mmara a kɔɔto de yɛ ne dwuma: sɛ obi ne ne yɔnko nnipa nya asɛm a (civil procedure) yɛde siesie ankorankorɛ nsɛm ma "Criminal Procedure" yɛde twe obi a obu mmara so. Wɔ mfeɛ a atwam no na wɔsi amanɔne kɔɔto de siesie nsɛm a ɔman no kɔɔto tumi ntumi nni. Nhwɛsoɔ, International Criminal kɔɔto a ɛwɔ Hague, wɔ Kingdom of the Nethery anaasɛ courts of permanent Lol Adalat(Public utility Services), a ɛwɔ India.
Court television shows
Tɛlɛvihyin yi kɔɔto kyerɛ, a ɛnka Judicial system no ho na wɔyɛ ankorankorɛ, da nnoɔma a ɛkɔ so wɔ kɔɔto adi; ne saa nti nnoɔma a wɔda no adi wɔ kɔɔto kyerɛ afoforɔ no nnipa pii ka sɛ ɛnyɛ mmara a ɛwɔ kɔɔto ankasa no no ne maɔmara no nso su. Kɔɔto no bi ne
Akwadaa
Akokoaa (a efi Latin asɛmfua infans mu, a ɛkyerɛ sɛ ‘ontumi nkasa’ anaasɛ ‘ɔnkasa’) yɛ asɛmfua a wɔtaa de di dwuma a ɛne akokoaa no hyia wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so anaasɛ ɛyɛ soronko, a ɛkyerɛ nnipa asefo nkumaa koraa. Wobetumi de asɛmfua no nso akyerɛ mmoawa afoforo a wɔyɛ mmofra. Akokoaa a wɔawo no foforo yɛ, wɔ kasa mu no, akokoaa a wadi nnɔnhwerew, nna, anaa kosi ɔsram biako pɛ. Wɔ aduruyɛ mu no, abofra a wɔawo no foforo anaa abofra a wɔawo no foforo (efi Latin, neonatus, abofra a wɔawo no foforo) kyerɛ akokoaa wɔ nnafua 28 a edi kan wɔ awo akyi;[1] asɛmfua no fa nkokoaa a wɔawo wɔn ntɛm, wɔn awo bere mũ, ne wɔn a wɔawo wɔn akyi ho.
Ansa na wɔbɛwo no, wɔde asɛmfua awotwaa no di dwuma. Wɔtaa de asɛmfua akokoaa no di dwuma ma mmofra nkumaa paa a wonnii afe biako; nanso, nkyerɛase ahorow betumi ayɛ soronko na ebetumi ayɛ mmofra a wɔadi akodu mfe abien. Sɛ onipa abofra sua nantew a, wobetumi de asɛmfua abofra ketewa no adi dwuma mmom.
Akwahosan ho nsɛm
Nyarewa
Suban
Nkate mu nkɔso
Attachment theory yɛ adannandi ne ethological nsusuwii titiriw a akokoaa anaa abofra no hwehwɛ sɛ ɔbɛn attachment figure pɔtee bi wɔ tebea horow a ɛyɛ hu anaa ahokyere mu sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a obenya nkwa. Wobu nkitahodi ahorow a ɛbata ho no sɛ ɛyɛ akokoaa/abofra no tumi a ɔde bɛhyehyɛ abusuabɔ na wayɛ adwuma wɔ asetra nyinaa mu no fapem. Attachment ne ɔdɔ anaa ɔdɔ nyɛ ade koro ɛwom sɛ wɔtaa bom de. Attachment ne attachment suban taa ba wɔ asram 6 kosi mfe 3 ntam. Nkokoaa bata mpanyimfo a wɔyɛ nkate na wɔyɛ ade wɔ wɔne akokoaa no asetra mu nkitahodi mu, na wɔkɔ so yɛ wɔn a wɔhwɛ wɔn bere nyinaa bere tenten no ho. Awofo mmuae ma wonya nsusuwii ahorow a wɔde bata ho, a ɛno nso de ‘adwumayɛ nhwɛso ahorow a ɛwɔ mu’ a ɛbɛkyerɛ onipa no nkate, nsusuwii, ne akwanhwɛ ahorow kwan wɔ abusuabɔ a ɛbɛba akyiri yi mu no ba.[28] Attachment ‘styles’ dodow bi wɔ hɔ a ɛne ‘secure’, ‘anxious-ambivalent’, ‘anxious-avoidant’, (ne nyinaa yɛ ‘nhyehyɛe’) ne ‘anyɛ nhyehyɛe’, a ebinom yɛ ɔhaw kɛse sen afoforo. Abata a wonni anaasɛ tumi a wɔde bata obi ho a asɛe kɛse no betumi ayɛ ɔhaw ahorow a emu yɛ den.[29]
Nkokoaa nya abusuabɔ soronko ne wɔn maamenom, wɔn agyanom, wɔn nuanom, ne wɔn a wɔhwɛ wɔn a wɔnyɛ abusua mu.[30] Wɔ dyadic attachment abusuabɔ no akyi no, triadic abusuabɔ no su pa nso (ɛna – agya – akokoaa) ho hia ma nkokoaa adwenemyare nkɔso.[31][32]
Ɔhwɛ ne aduan a wɔde ma
Wimhyɛn akwantu
Nipadua mu su ahorow a ɛwɔ mmofra a wɔawo wɔn foforo mu
Ntini abiɛsa na ɛwɔ awotwaa no mu: ntini abien ne ntini biako. Ntini abien no de mogya fi akokoaa no mu kɔ awotwaa no mu bere a ntini biako de mogya san kɔ akokoaa no nkyɛn.
Nneɛma afoforo a wɔde di dwuma
Wɔ Britania Borɔfo kasa mu no, nkokoaa sukuu yɛ mmofra a wɔadi fi anan kosi ason dea.
Ɔhwɛ ne aduan a wɔde ma
Foforɔ
Akwahosan ho nsɛm
Akokoaa no reyɛ nsakrae pii wɔ nkwa a ɛwɔ awotwaa akyi no mu, na ne nipadua mu nhyehyɛe ahorow te sɛ nipadua no mu tumi a ɛko tia nyarewa no nnyaa nkɔso koraa. Nyarewa a ebetumi ahaw adwene wɔ awo bere mu no bi ne:
Akokoaa a wɔawo wɔn foforo mu akisikuru
Akokoaa a wɔawo wɔn foforo a wɔfrɛ wɔn lupus erythematosus
Akokoaa a wɔawo wɔn foforo ani a ɛyɛ mmerɛw
Ɔhwɛ ne aduan a wɔde ma
Wimhyɛn adwumayɛkuw pii pow sɛ nkokoaa a wonnii nnafua 7 nyinaa bɛforo (wɔ ɔman no mu wimhyɛn mu) anaasɛ nnafua 14 wɔ amanaman ntam wimhyɛn mu. Asiana Airlines ma nkokoaa kwan ma wɔforo amanaman ntam wimhyɛn bere a wɔadi nnafua 7. Garuda Indonesia mma nkokoaa a wonnii nnafua 14 nyinaa kwan sɛ wɔbɛforo wimhyɛn biara.
Nkokoaa a wɔhyɛ no ma wɔn ho dwo wɔn. Nhwehwɛmu bi a wɔyɛe wɔ afe 2013 mu kyerɛe sɛ nkokoaa a wɔde wɔn gu akokoaa mu no taa su na wɔbɔ wɔn nan na wɔn koma bɔ kɛse (enti na nkokoaa no yɛɛ basaa), bere a wɔn a ɛna no faa wɔn na ɔsoa wɔn bere a wɔrekyinkyin no ho dwoe kɛse. Nkɛntɛnso a efi nsa a wɔde kura mu a onhinhim mu ba no yɛ ntamgyinafo wɔ nea wɔde di akɔneaba ne nea wɔde gu fam no ntam.[23] Na wɔada no adi dedaw wɔ nhwehwɛmu bi a wɔyɛe a wɔanhyɛ da wɔ 1986 mu no mu sɛ nea wɔde soa (sɛ nhwɛso no, wɔ akokoaa a wɔde kyekyere wɔn ho mu) no ma nkokoaa ani gye ho kɛse na ɛma wonsu pii.[24]
Akwahosan ho nsɛm
Tetanus a wɔawo no foforo
Nkokoaa a wɔawo wɔn foforo alloimmune thrombocytopenia
Akokoaa a wɔawo wɔn foforo dwensɔtwaa a ɛsiw kwan
Ɔhwɛ ne aduan a wɔde ma
Wɔ afe 2020 mu no, Finland nhwehwɛmu bi de sii hɔ (sɛnea nhwehwɛmu kannifo no kyerɛ no) nea edi kan a ɛkyerɛ nkokoaa nna pa a egyina nsɛm kɛse bi so (nkokoaa bɛyɛ 5,700).[19][20] Ɛkame ayɛ sɛ awofo a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛɛ mu a wɔwɔ nkokoaa a wɔadi asram awotwe no mu 40% kae sɛ wɔn nna ho haw wɔn. Nokwarem no, na nna ho haw abu so; nanso, mmofra da ntɛmntɛm, wɔntaa nsɔre anadwo na wɔnna anadwo pii bere a wonyin no. Bere koro no ara mu no, bere a wɔde da nyinaa so tew.
Akwahosan ho nsɛm
Akokoaa a wɔawo wɔn foforo a wɔfrɛ wɔn herpes simplex
Ɔhwɛ ne aduan a wɔde ma
Dabere a wɔhwɛ wɔn
Akwahosan ho nsɛm
Akokoaa a wɔawo wɔn foforo adwene mu yare
Ɔhwɛ ne aduan a wɔde ma
Nhwehwɛmu no nso tumi kyerɛɛ gyinapɛn ahorow a wɔde gyina so ma nna a ɛfata (hwɛ pon no). Mmofra a wɔda a ennu sɛ wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ no taa benya mfaso afi nneɛma a wɔde boa mu, a akwan dodow bi a wɔbɛfa so ayɛ ho (nkɔmmɔbɔ a wɔne mmofra oduruyɛfo bɛbɔ ho nkɔmmɔ anaasɛ wɔbɛhwɛ, sɛ nhwɛso no, asɛm a ɛfa nna ho ntetee ho).[15]
Akwahosan ho nsɛm
Nkokoaa a wɔawo wɔn foforo mmerɛbo mu yare
Ɔhwɛ ne aduan a wɔde ma
Ɛnanom nkate
Nkokoaa su sɛ ɔkwan titiriw a wɔfa so di nkitaho fi awosu mu.[6] Ebia akokoaa a ɔresu rebɔ mmɔden sɛ ɔbɛda nkate ahorow adi a nea ɛka ho ne ɔkɔm, ahotɔ, nneɛma a ɛkanyan no ma ɛboro so, mfonoe, biribi a ɔpɛ, anaa ankonamyɛ.
Wɔtu wɔn a wɔhwɛ akokoaa fo sɛ wɔnhwɛ akokoaa no anim yɛbea na wɔnyɛ no ahwehwɛ. Nkokoaa a wɔsan wo wɔn anim na wonya tema no ma wotumi hu sɛnea ɛyɛ adwuma yiye na ɛyɛ mmerɛw sɛ wobehu wɔn ankasa nneyɛe (hwɛ ahwehwɛ mu ntini ahorow). Wɔkamfo anim ne nsa a wɔde yɛ ade a wɔsan yɛ no ma ɛtra so kyerɛ, efisɛ ɛyɛ nneɛma a wɔde kyerɛ pefee. Ɛsɛ sɛ wɔma akokoaa no rebɔ nkɔmmɔ no nso na wɔsan ka bio. Ɛdenam wɔn ho wɔn ho nnyigyei a wosuasua so no, wofi nkɔmmɔbɔ a ɛnyɛ den a edi kan no ase.[12] Sɛnea wɔbɔ nsɛmfua din kɛse ne nnwom a wɔde bɔ nnwom no ma ɛyɛ mmerɛw sɛ wubehu nsɛmfua mmiako mmiako wɔ kasamu bi mu.[13] Nanso, ɛnyɛ papa sɛ wode "nkokoaa kasa" a wɔayɛ no mmerɛw bedi dwuma (e.g. "So wo 'ouch'?" mmom sen sɛ wode, "So woapira wo ho?").[14]
Nufu a wɔde ma ne ɔkwan a nkokoaa akwahosan ahyehyɛde atitiriw nyinaa kamfo kyerɛ sɛ wɔmfa mma wɔn aduan.[7] Sɛ nufusu a wɔde ma no ntumi nyɛ yiye anaasɛ wɔpɛ a, wɔde nufusu a wɔayi no adi anaasɛ wɔde nkokoaa aduan na ɛyɛ toa mu. Wɔwo nkokoaa a wɔde biribi a ɛma wɔnom nufusu a ɛma wotumi yi nufusu no fi nufu no nufu anaa akokoaa toa no nufu mu, ne suban bi a efi awosu mu a wonim no sɛ ntini a wɔde hwehwɛ nufu no mu. Ɛtɔ mmere bi a wɔfa ɔyarehwɛfo a ɔyɛ nsu ma akokoaa no aduan, ɛwom sɛ eyi ntaa mma de, titiriw wɔ aman a wɔanya nkɔso mu de.
Akwahosan ho nsɛm
Akokoaa a wɔawo no foforo a ɛyɛ hu a ɛyɛ hu
Nipadua mu su ahorow a ɛwɔ mmofra a wɔawo wɔn foforo mu
Wɔ nnafua 5–7 a edi kan wɔ awo akyi no, abofra a wɔawo no foforo no nipadua mu duru so tew 3–7%,[3] na nea efi nsu a mfiase no ɛhyɛ ahurututu no ma no a ɛsan kɔ nipadua no mu na ɛtow gu no mu kɛse, de ka a a ɛkyɛ a ɛtaa yɛ nna kakraa bi ansa na nufu a wɔde ma no ayɛ adwuma yiye. Dapɛn a edi kan no akyi no, ɛsɛ sɛ mmofra a wɔawo wɔn foforo a wɔwɔ apɔwmuden no nya gram 10–20/da.[3]
Ɔhwɛ ne aduan a wɔde ma
Diaper mu akisikuru
Akwahosan ho nsɛm
Asikreyare a ɛba mmofra a wɔawo wɔn foforo mu
Nneɛma afoforo a wɔde di dwuma
Sɛ́ mmara kwan so asɛmfua no, nkokoaa bere te sɛ abofra ketewaa bi kɛse, na ɛkɔ so kosi sɛ obi bedi mfe 18.[2]
Ɔman nipasu (National Identity)
Ɔman nipasu yɛ obi nipasu anaa nka ɔte sɛ ɔyɛ ɔman baako anaa deɛ ɛboro saa anaa ɔman baako anaa deɛ ɛboro saa muni. Ɛyɛ nteaseɛ a ɛwɔ "ɔman bi mu te sɛ adeɛ a ɛka bom, sɛdeɛ wɔde atetesɛm, amammerɛ, ne kasa soronko a ɛgyina hɔ ma no". Ɔman nipasu bɛtumi akyerɛ adwene a obi ne nnipa kuo bi nya wɔ ɔman bi ho, a mmara kwan so ɔman ba a ɔwɔ mfa ho. Wɔbu ɔman nipasu wɔ adwene nsɛm mu sɛ "nsonsonoeɛ ho nimdeɛ", "‘yɛn' ne 'wɔn' ho atenka ne hu". Ɔman nipasu nso ka nnipa dodoɔ ne atubrafo a wɔn wɔ aman ne aman a wɔfiri mmusuakuo ahodoɔ mu a wɔn wɔ adwene a wɔbom yɛ a ɛne ɔman bi de yɛ pɛ berɛ a mmusuakuo ahodoɔ pii a wɔka bom yɛ no ho. Mmusuakuo a wɔde nkyerɛadeɛ ahyɛ mu no yɛ nhwɛsoɔ a ɛkyerɛ sɛdeɛ mmusuakuo ne ɔman ahodoɔ pii ka bɔm wɔ onipa baako anaa kuo baako mu.
Akwadaa
Ɔhwɛ ne aduan a wɔde ma
Aduan a ɛfata a wodi wɔ ne mmofraase no ho hia ma akokoaa nyin. Wɔde akwahosan, onyin, ne ntini mu nkɔso a eye sen biara fapem ahorow si hɔ wɔ nkwa nna nyinaa mu wɔ nkwa nnafua 1000 a edi kan no mu.[8] Efi awo kosi asram asia no, ɛsɛ sɛ nkokoaa nom nufusu anaa nufusu a wɔmfa nsi ananmu a wɔansakra no nkutoo. Bere a akokoaa aduan nyin no, wobetumi de nsateaa nnuan ne nnuaba, nhabannuru ne nam kakraa bi aba mu.[9]
Ɛnanom nkate di dwuma titiriw wɔ abusuabɔ a ɛda wɔne akokoaa no ntam ne nkate mu nkɔso pa mu. Eyi kyerɛ sɛ wɔbɛhwɛ akokoaa no suban a ɔda no adi no yiye, na ɔrenkyerɛ akokoaa no nsɛm ase wɔ ɔkwan a ɛnteɛ so esiane n’ankasa nkate nti, ɔyɛ n’ade ntɛm ara wɔ tebea no ho na wanya mmuae a ɛfata nsɛm a ɛfa ho ne ahiade ahorow a wɔada no adi no. Wɔnam tema ne mmuae a ɛfata ne mmuae a wɔde ma ntɛm so hyɛ abusuabɔ a ahobammɔ wom ho nkuran.[21][22][12] Sɛnea wɔn ahiade atitiriw te no, nkokoaa da suban a wɔde awo wɔn adi a ɛne sɛ wɔbɛhwehwɛ sɛ wɔbɛn ɛna no – anaasɛ wɔbɛn ɔhwɛfo titiriw foforo – na wɔnam saayɛ so ama wɔanya abusuabɔ. Sɛ nkokoaa tetew wɔn ho fi ɛna no ho a, wɔde osu ne nipadua a wɔde keka wɔn ho no yɛ ɔsɔretia.
Nipadua mu su ahorow a ɛwɔ mmofra a wɔawo wɔn foforo mu
Tenten
Asɛm dibea
Trials and appellate courts.
Trial kɔɔto yɛ kɔɔto a ɛkura atɛmmuo mu. Ɛtɔda a wɔfrɛ no "courts of First instance", Trial kɔɔto tumi ankasa no sesa. Trial kɔɔto bɛtumi ne apamfoɔ adi asɛm sɛ obi a wahunu nokware (yɛfrɛ wɔn jury Trials) anaa Trials a ɔtɛmmuafoɔ no di dwuma sɛ obi a wahunu asɛm bi nokware ne mmara((wɔfrɛ no bench Trials wɔ mmara bi mu). Wontaa nhunu apamfoɔ pii wɔ kɔɔto wɔ Anglo-American mmara mu. Appellate courts yɛ kɔɔto a ɛte kɔɔto nketewa ne Trial kɔɔto adesrɛ. Kɔɔto bi te sɛ Crown Court a ɛwɔ England ne Wales wɔ Trial ne appellate tumi.
Akwadaa
Nipadua mu su ahorow a ɛwɔ mmofra a wɔawo wɔn foforo mu
Akokoaa a wɔawo no foforo mmati ne n’asen trɛw, ne yafunu puepue kakra, na ne nsa ne ne nan tenten sɛ wɔde toto ne nipadua no fa a aka no ho a.
Ɔhwɛ ne aduan a wɔde ma
Bere a nkokoaa renyin no, wɔde nnuan a wɔde ka ho ka ho. Awofo pii paw nkokoaa nnuan a wɔtɔn a wɔasiesie de ka nufusu anaa aduan a wɔde ma abofra no ho, bere a afoforo sesa wɔn aduan a wɔtaa di no ma ɛne wɔn ba no aduan ahiade hyia. Wobetumi de nantwi nufusu a ɛyɛ pɛ adi dwuma wɔ afe biako mu, nanso wɔmfa nufusu a srade nnim nkyerɛ kosi sɛ abofra no bedi mfe 2 kosi 3. Nufusu a wotu gu ne ɔkwan a wɔfa so yi nufusu fi akokoaa no aduan mu denam nnuan a ɛyɛ den a wɔde ba de sesa nufusu no so.[10] Enkosi sɛ wɔbɛtete wɔn wɔ tiafi ho no, nkokoaa a wɔwɔ aman a wɔanya nkɔso mu no hyɛ mpaboa. Nsakrae a efi mpaboa a wɔde hyɛ mpaboa so kɔ ntetee pantan so no yɛ nsakrae a ɛho hia wɔ akokoaa/akokoaa nkɔso mu kɔ abofra ketewa bi mu. Mmofra hia nna pii sen mpanyimfo—ɛkɔ nnɔnhwerew 18 ma nkokoaa a wɔawo wɔn foforo, na bere a abofra no nyin no so tew. Enkosi sɛ nkokoaa besua sɛnea wɔnantew no, wɔsoa wɔn wɔ wɔn nsam, wɔde wɔn gu so wɔ agyan anaa nneɛma a wɔde fa nkokoaa mu, anaasɛ wɔde wɔn fa nkokoaa teaseɛnam anaa mmofra ketewa mu. Aman a wɔanya nkɔso dodow no ara wɔ mmara ahorow a ɛhwehwɛ sɛ wɔde nkongua a wɔde bɔ mmofra ho ban ma nkokoaa a wɔwɔ kar mu no.
Suban
Nnyigyei ahorow ho mmuae
Ɔhwɛ ne aduan a wɔde ma
Agya abusuabɔ
Asɛm dibea
Civil Law courts and common Law courts
Mmara mmienu a ɛdi ntontom a ɛnnɛ mmerɛ yi ne "civil Law courts ne common Law courts". Saa mmara akɛseɛ yi sɛ, ɛne sɛ ne mmienu firi amanɔne amammerɛ mu, ɛwɔm sɛ nsonsonoeɛ da wɔn ntam. "Civil Law" no fa Romanfoɔ mmara ho,ne titire mmara a wɔfrɛ no "Corpus iuris civilis". Wɔsane nyaa nsɛm a ɛfa civil Law yi ho wɔ 11th century rekɔ m'awieɛ no na ɛbɛyɛɛ mmɔase maa University Legal Education a ɛhyɛɛ aseɛ firii Bologna, Italy na ɛno akyire no wɔkyerɛɛ wɔ Continental European Universities. Civil Law wɔ French ne German mmara mu. English Royal Judges M ma ɔhene no asoeɛ na ɛsii Common Law courts berɛ a Nkraman wuraa Britain wɔ 1066. Royal Judges na ɛtee a mmara kuo a wɔde nkuraseɛ mmara kaa ho a wɔmaa wɔn hunuu wɔ kwan a wɔtu ne nsrahwɛ kɔhwɛ tumi a ɛwɔ nkurase. Mmara a na ɛnyɛ na no na wɔfrɛ no "common Law". Wɔde saa mmara no di dwuma wɔ Engresi ne America mmara mu. Wɔ civil Law tumi mu no, kɔɔto no di dwuma wɔ kɔnkɔnymu. Wɔ common Law mu no, kɔɔto pii no ara di "adversarial system " no akyi. Kwan a wɔfa so yɛ mmara no fa mmara a kɔɔto de yɛ ne dwuma: sɛ obi ne ne yɔnko nnipa nya asɛm a (civil procedure) yɛde siesie ankorankorɛ nsɛm ma "Criminal Procedure" yɛde twe obi a obu mmara so. Wɔ mfeɛ a atwam no na wɔsi amanɔne kɔɔto de siesie nsɛm a ɔman no kɔɔto tumi ntumi nni. Nhwɛsoɔ, International Criminal kɔɔto a ɛwɔ Hague, wɔ Kingdom of the Nethery anaasɛ courts of permanent Lol Adalat(Public utility Services), a ɛwɔ India.
Court television shows
Tɛlɛvihyin yi kɔɔto kyerɛ, a ɛnka Judicial system no ho na wɔyɛ ankorankorɛ, da nnoɔma a ɛkɔ so wɔ kɔɔto adi; ne saa nti nnoɔma a wɔda no adi wɔ kɔɔto kyerɛ afoforɔ no nnipa pii ka sɛ ɛnyɛ mmara a ɛwɔ kɔɔto ankasa no no ne maɔmara no nso su. Kɔɔto no bi ne
Akwadaa
Nipadua mu su ahorow a ɛwɔ mmofra a wɔawo wɔn foforo mu
Wɔ aman a wɔanya nkɔso mu no, sɛ wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ a, abofra a wɔawo no foforo nipadua tenten nyinaa yɛ 35.6–50.8 cm (14.0–20.0 in), ɛwom sɛ ebia mmofra a wɔawo wɔn ntɛm no bɛyɛ nketewa koraa de.
Ɔhwɛ ne aduan a wɔde ma
Nnuru a wɔde bɔ nipadua no ho ban
Pacifier a wɔde yɛ aduru
Nkokoaa a wɔyɛ wɔn akisikuru
Ɔman nipasu (National Identity)
Sɛ adeyɛ a wɔbom yɛ no, ɔman nipasu bɛtumi asɔre sɛ deɛ efiri nnoɔma a efiri "nsɛntitiri a wɔtaa de di dwuma" mu ba wɔ nnipa da biara da asetena mu: ɔman ahyɛnsodeɛ, kasa, ɔman no abakɔsɛm, ɔman no adwene, ne amammerɛ mu nnoɔma.
Ɔman adwene
Ɔman ho nipasu ahodoɔ a ɛwɔ Europe ne Amerika no nyaa nkɔso nkaa amammuo mu tumidie a wɔde ahyɛ ɔman no adwene no ho. Wɔ Europa Apuei fam no, na wɔtaa de bata mmusuakuo ne amammerɛ nso ho. Ɔmampɛ hwehwɛ sɛ wɔdi kan nya ɔman adwene, ɔman mu nnipa kuo bi, anaa ɔman. Wɔtaa ka sɛ ɔman adwene a wɔkanyan no firi ɔman mu abran na wɔde bata ɔman agyinahyɛde ahodoɔ ho.
Benedict Anderson
Wɔn dwumadie: Esiane adwene mu ahyeɛ anaa adwene nti, yɛde si afoforo amammerɛ ho, mmusuakuo, ne deɛ ɛkeka ho. Yɛnnyɛ obiara a ɔwɔ ɔman baako mu anaa sɛ ɔmampɛ baako ase wɔ yɛn adwene mu, nanso yɛtete yɛn ho wɔ adwene mu.
Akwadaa
Nipadua mu su ahorow a ɛwɔ mmofra a wɔawo wɔn foforo mu
Mmofra a wɔawo wɔn foforo binom wɔ nipadua mu nhwi a ɛyɛ fɛ a ɛyɛ mmerɛw a wɔfrɛ no lanugo. Ebia ɛbɛda adi titiriw wɔ nkokoaa a wɔawo wɔn ntɛm no akyi, wɔn mmati, wɔn moma so, wɔn aso ne wɔn anim. Lanugo yera wɔ adapɛn kakraa bi mu. Ebia wɔbɛwo nkokoaa a wɔn ti nhwi ayɛ ma; afoforo, titiriw nkokoaa a wɔyɛ caucasian, betumi anya ti nhwi a ɛyɛ fɛ yiye anaasɛ ebia wɔn ti nhwi ayɛ mmerɛw mpo. Wɔ awofo a wɔn honam ani yɛ fɛ mu no, ebia saa ti nhwi fɛfɛ yi bɛyɛ bruu, sɛ awofo no nyɛ saa mpo a. Akokoaa ti nhwi kɔla ne ne nwene betumi asesa: kɔkɔɔ betumi ama kwan ma ɛyɛ bruu, ɛyɛ kurukuruwa betumi akɔ tẽẽ, na ti nhwi a ɛyɛ den na ɛyɛ tuntum no betumi asan ada adi kɛse kakraa bi na ayɛ hare.[citation needed] Ti nhwi no nso betumi ayɛ apirakuru anaasɛ ahonhon bere tiaa bi, titiriw wɔ mmofra a wɔawo wɔn foforo a wonni nhwi, na ebia baabi a aniwa no atwa ho ahyia no ahuru.
Tire
Lɔre kwan
Asekyerɛ
Wɔ New Zealand no, lɔre kwan ho nkyerɛaseɛ no so wɔ mmara a nnipa nim mu a statutory nkyerɛkyerɛmu kyerɛ sɛ ɛyɛ beaeɛ a amansan wɔ ho kwan, sɛ n'asɛdeɛ anaasɛ ɛnte saa. Ɛpo nkyɛn, baabi a amansan de ɔn kaa si (sɛ mpo ɛyɛ ankorankorɛ deɛ a), River need, Road shoulders(verges), wharves ne twene ka ho. Nanso lɔre kwan nkyerɛaseɛ ma aponkyibaa titire no akwansideɛ bɛtumi aba ho a ɛbɛ si ɔhaw no kwan.
United Kingdom
Wɔ United Kingdom, Highway COde de nhyehyɛeɛ bi ba maa  "wɔn a wɔfa lɔre kwan so", nanso kwantenpɔn ne lɔre  kwan reyɛ asɛ. Engresi mmara nti, Highway Act 1980, a ɛfa England ne Wales na Scotland anaasɛ Northern Ireland nka ho,no, lɔre kwan yɛ " kwantenpɔn bi  tenten  anaasɛ Lɔre kwan foforɔ bi a amansan nya mu kyɛfa a ɛkwan no twene wɔ so".Ebi ne baabi a nnipa fa, bridleway ne cycle tracks ne ankorankorɛ beaɛ a kwan ne baabi a wɔde wɔn kaa si wɔ. Vehicle ExciseDuty, Lɔre a ɛfa aban kwan no so bo bi tua ɛtoɔ.
Asɛm dibea
N'abɔseɛ
Kɔɔto firi French cour, baabi a akata, a ɛfiri Latin gotten, "the accusative case of cohors" a ɛsan kyerɛ baabi a akata anaa nnipa a ɛwɔ hɔ. Borɔfo din kɔɔto firi Latin din hortus a ɛfiri Ancient Greek χόρτος (khórtos) a ɛkyerɛ afuom a wɔyɛ no mfikyire, a bɛyɛ horticulture ne orchards), a ne nyinaa kyerɛ baabi a yɛakata so. Judicial Assembly nkyerɛaseɛ hyɛɛ aseɛ wɔ 12th century, na wɔde di dwuma ntɛm de kyerɛ "soveringn and his entourage", a na ɛkyerɛ sɛ wɔde nsɛm wɔ saa beaeɛ a wɔakata so no. Adeyɛ kɔɔto kyerɛ sɛ wɔbɛdi nkunim, a ɛfiri baabi baako ɛnam sɛ nnipa nante kɔ "sovereign court" ma ɔdi nkunim wɔ n'asɛm mu.
Lɔre kwan
Asekyerɛ
Lɔre kwan no nkyerɛaseɛ no gyina kwantenpɔn nkyerɛaseɛbso; yɛnni mmara kwan bi a yɛfa so kyerɛkyerɛ kwantenpɔn mu wɔ Act a ɛho wɔ mfasoɔ no so. 1984 asɛnnie nkorabata baako a yɛde no se" asaase  a wɔyɛ kwan to ma amansan no yɛfrɛ no kwantenpɔn; ɛwɔm sɛ kwantenpɔn pii no wadane no Lɔre kwan deɛ ɛna kwan pii no nso wɔ baabi a nnipa fa so, ɛnyɛ nsonsonoeɛ a ɛda kwan mu no na ɛma yɛhunu sɛ kwan no wɔ hɔ anaasɛ ɛnni hɔ. Mmara kwan a wɔfa so hwɛ ne sɛ ɛnam sɛ abakɔsɛm mu no kwantenpɔn no bi ne baabi a nnipa fa, bridleway,driftway ne nea ɛkeka ho nti, seisei ɛbɛtumi ɛbɛtumi akyerɛ sɛ ɛkwan a ɛma moto fa so ɛna ɛkwan papa nso bɛtumi akyerɛ baabi a ɛso.
Akwadaa
Akwahosan ho nsɛm
Nkokoaa a wowuwu yɛ akokoaa a owu wɔ n’asetra afe a edi kan mu, a wɔtaa da no adi sɛ nnipa dodow a wowuwu wɔ mmofra 1000 a wɔwo wɔn a wɔte ase biara mu (nkokoaa a wowuwu dodow). Nneɛma atitiriw a ɛde nkokoaa wuwu ba ne nsu a ɛtɔ wɔn, ɔyare mmoawa, awosu mu nkwaadɔm a ɛnteɛ ne SIDS.[34]
Nipadua mu su ahorow a ɛwɔ mmofra a wɔawo wɔn foforo mu
Ɔkwan a wɔfa so susuw akokoaa tenten ne sɛ wɔde akokoaa no bɛto fam na wɔatrɛw susudua bi mu afi ne ti atifi akodu ne nan ase.
Muduro
Wɔ aman a wɔanya nkɔso mu no, sɛ wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ a, awo mu duru bɛyɛ kilogram 3.4 (7+1⁄2 lb), na mpɛn pii no ɛyɛ kilogram 2.7–4.6 (6.0–10.1 lb).
Lɔre kwan
Asekyerɛ
Wɔ United States no, mmara nkyerɛkyerɛmu no da nso firi aban  kwan  a ɛno wɔn a wɔwɔ aban mu nkoa na ɛfa so, ne ankorankorɛ kwan a ankorankorɛ na ɛdi so.
Akwadaa
Nipadua mu su ahorow a ɛwɔ mmofra a wɔawo wɔn foforo mu
Wedeɛ
Ɔhwɛ ne aduan a wɔde ma
Bassinet/apɔnkɔsotefo
Ɔman nipasu (National Identity)
Kwan a wɔfa so hyehyɛ ɔman nnipasu
Nwomanimfoɔ kakraa bi hwehwɛɛ sɛdeɛ amammerɛ a agye din ne ɔkwan a wɔfa so kyekyere nnipa nipasu no wɔ abusuabɔ mu. Ebinom hunu sɛ nnɛyi nnwom ahodoɔ bɛtumi ahyɛ mmusuakuo mu nipasu mu den ɛnam mmusuakuo ho ahantan a wɔbɛma ayɛ kɛse so.
Lɔre kwan
Asekyerɛ
National Transport Commission Road Transport Legislation 20) ɔfa a ɛtɔ so mmienu,ne nkyekyɛmu baako kyerɛɛ Lɔre kwan wɔ Australia mu sɛ ' baabi a a abui ama amansan a ɛwɔ no dwuma bi a adi sɛ ɛma wɔtwe kaa ne moto wɔ hɔ'.Bio, ɛkyerɛ mu sɛ (ne titire kwan no baabi a ɛmfa kwan no so) no baabi a ayɛ sɛ ɔkwan a ebi ne ahabanmono a ɛte ɛne kwan no ntam, baabi a yɛayɛ ama amansan sɛ wɔntwe wɔn ahyɛn na wɔmfa wɔn ahyɛn nsi. 6
New Zealand
Asɛm dibea
Tumi
Tumi ne sɛ wɔbɛnya mmara kwan so atu anamɔn na wabu atɛn wɔ nnipa ne nnoɔma nsɛm mu wɔ baabi. Mmara biara asɛmmisa titire paa ne sɛ " sɛ kɔɔto bi wɔ tumi a ɔde bɛdi asɛm bi". Nnoɔma mmiɛnsa a ɛdi hene wɔ tumi mu ne wo ankasa mmara wɔ nnipa baako anaa biribi so(red), tumi wɔ asɛm pɔtee bi so(subject-matter juridiction) ne territorial juridiction. Tumi a wɔdi no wɔ nnipa so yɛ tumi mua wɔ nnipa so a ɛmfa ho ne baabi a ɔfiri, tumi a ɛfa asɛm pɔtee bi ho no yɛ tumi a wɔwɔ wɔ asɛm no so ma territorial juridiction yɛ tumi a ɔwɔ wɔ nnipa so wɔ kwan bi so. Tumi foforɔ no bi ne "general jurisdiction, exclusive jurisdiction, appellate jurisdiction, ne (in the United States federal courts) diversity jurisdiction".