cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
YouTube
Censorship and bans
Vinthu vinyake ivyo vyachitika apo YouTube yikakanizgika ni ivi:
Nyengo zinyake ŵanthu ŵakutondeka kuwonelera mavidiyo ghanyake chifukwa cha malango ghakukhwaskana na kuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu (ku Germany), kuswa malango ghakukhwaskana na nkhani za kutinkha ŵanthu, na kutondeska kuwonelera mavidiyo agho ghakwenelera yayi ŵawukirano. Makampani, masukulu, maboma, na mawupu ghanyake ghakupambanapambana kanandi ghakukana mawebusayiti gha pa Intaneti, kusazgapo YouTube, chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa bandwidth kweniso kuti ghangatimbanizga ŵanthu.
Aristotle
Umoyo
Kuumaliro wa umoyo wake, Alexander na Aristotle ŵakamba kutemwana cifukwa ca ubwezi uwo wakaŵa nawo na Ŵaperesiya. Ŵanthu ŵanandi mu nyengo yakale ŵakagomezganga kuti Aristotle ndiyo wakacitiska kuti Alekizanda wafwe. Kweni ukaboni wa fundo iyi ngwakuti wakacita ivi pakati pajumpha vilimika vinkhondi na cimoza. Pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya Alexander, ŵanthu ŵa ku Ateni ŵakamba kutinkha Ŵaroma. Mu 322 B.C.E., Demophilus na Eurymedon the Hierophant ŵakayowoya kuti Aristotle wakaŵa wambura kopa Chiuta, ndipo ŵakamuchiska kuti wachimbilire ku nyumba ya anyina ku Chalcis, ku Euboea. Wakafwira ku Chalcis, Euboea, mu chaka chenechicho, ndipo wakasankha Antipater kuti waŵe mulara wake.
Five elements
Mu buku lake lakuti On Generation and Corruption, Aristotle wakayaniska vinthu vinayi ivyo Empedocles wakayowoya, vyakuti caru, maji, mphepo, na moto, na vinthu viŵiri ivyo ŵanthu ŵakumanya, moto, kuzizima, kuthukira, na kuuma. Mu ndondomeko ya Empedoclean, vinthu vyose vikapangika na vinthu vinayi ivi. Aristotle wakasazgirapo mzimu wakucemeka ether, uwo ni mzimu wa Ciuta uwo ukupangiska vinthu vya kucanya, nyenyezi, na mapulaneti.
Motion
Aristotle wakalongosora za mitundu yiŵiri ya vyakuchitika: "vyakofya" panji "vyambura kwenelera", nga ni malibwe agho ghakuponyeka mu buku la Physics (254b10), kweniso "vyakuchitika", nga ni vinthu ivyo vikuwa mu buku la On the Heavens (300a20). Para munthu wakuchita vinthu mwakofya, para wakaleka waka kuchitiska, wakuleka kuchitaso vinthu vinyake. Para tapulikiska fundo iyi, tingamanya kuti nga umo Aristotle wakayowoyera, vinthu vizito vikukhumbikwira nkhongono zinandi kuti visendelere. Ici cikung'anamura kuti ciyerezgero ici
YouTube
Nkhani za Copyright
Mu Epulero 2013, vikayowoyeka kuti Universal Music Group na YouTube ŵali na phangano ilo likukanizga kuti vinthu ivyo vyajalika pa YouTube na UMG viwezgepo, nanga ni para munthu uyo wakugwiliskira ntchito vidiyo iyi walembapo dango lakuyana na dango la DMCA. Mu 2017, Universal na YouTube ŵakakolerana na mabungwe ghanyake ghakurughakuru kuti ŵagulirenge sumu pa YouTube. Kufika mu 2019, awo ŵakalenga mavidiyo ŵakamba kuwuskamo panji kulekeska kugwiliskira ntchito ndalama para Content ID yawona kuti sumu izo zili na copyright zili mu mavidiyo ghatali. Ŵadokotala ŵakasanga kuti vinyake mwa vinthu ivi vikaŵa vyakwenelera kugwiliskira ntchito.
Content ID
Pambere chaka cha 2016 chindafike, ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito mavidiyo yayi kuti ŵasange ndalama. Kwambira mu Epulero 2016, mavidiyo ghakulutilira kusanga ndalama para mulandu uli mukati. Usange munthu uyo wakujura vidiyo wakukhumba kusanga ndalama pa vidiyo iyi, wangawuskamo mazgu agho ŵakususkana nagho mu "Video Manager". YouTube yikuyowoya kuti Content ID njimoza mwa vifukwa ivyo vikapangiska kuti mu Disembala 2010 ŵasinthe malango gha pa webusayiti iyi kuti ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵaŵikenge mavidiyo ghambura kumara.
Aristotle
On Hellenistic science
Herophilus wa ku Chalcedon, uyo wakaŵa msambizgi wakwamba wa vyadokotala ku Alexandria, wakasintha maghanoghano gha Aristotle. Herophilus wakalongosoraso mphambano pakati pa misipa na misipa. Nangauli ŵasayansi ŵanyake ŵakale nga ni Lucretius ŵakasuskanga fundo ya Aristotle yakukhwaskana na umoyo, kweni Baibolo likayowoya kuti sayansi ya vinthu vyamunthazi ndiyo yikambiska vinthu ivi. Ernst Mayr wakati: "Pakati pa nyengo ya Lucretius na Galen m'paka mu nyengo ya Renaissance, pakaŵavya chinthu chakuzirwa chomene pa nkhani ya vyamoyo".
Pa ŵasambizgi ŵa ku Byzantine
Ŵalembi Ŵachigiriki ŵakawovwira chomene kuti Aristotle waleke kufwa. Ŵakhristu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakayowoyapo vya Aristotle ŵakaŵa Philoponus, Elias, na David, awo ŵakaŵako mu vyaka vya m'ma 500 C.E. kweniso Stephen wa ku Alexandria, uyo wakaŵako mu vyaka vya m'ma 600 C.E. John Philoponus wakaŵa na maghanoghano ghakukhwaskana na umoyo wamuyirayira wa charu chapasi, umo vinthu vikwendera, kweniso fundo zinyake za Aristotle. Philoponus wakadandawura na ivyo Aristotle wakasambizganga pa nkhani ya sayansi, ndipo wakalembapo maubudi ghake.
Pa ŵanthu awo ŵakaghanaghananga vya m'ma 1700 na 1800
Charles Darwin wakawonanga Aristotle kuti ndiyo wakawovwira chomene pa nkhani ya vyamoyo. Mu kalata yinyake iyo wakalemba mu 1882, wakati: "Linnaeus na Cuvier ŵakaŵa ŵachiuta ŵane ŵaŵiri, nangauli ŵakaŵa ŵakupambana, kweni ŵakaŵa waka ŵana ŵa sukulu kwa Aristotle". Kweniso mu buku la On the Origin of Species, Darwin wakalongosora umo vinthu vikasinthira kufuma ku vinyake m'paka ku Aristotle.
Corpus Aristotelicum
Mabuku gha Aristotle agho ghakapona kufuma mu nyengo yakale, ghakusangika mu buku la Corpus Aristotelicum. Malemba agha, ghakupambana na mabuku gha Aristotle agho ghakazgeŵa. Ŵakuzunurika mu buku la Immanuel Bekker la Royal Prussian Academy (Aristotelis Opera edidit Academia Regia Borussica, Berlin, 1831~1870), ilo likujintha pa malemba ghakale gha milimo iyi..
Vya Chuma
Aristotle wakalemba fundo yakulongosora ntchito ya ndalama iyo yikwenera kuti yikaŵa yiwemi chomene mu nyengo yake. Iyo wakalemba kuti cifukwa cakuti nchambura macitiko kumanya mtengo wa cinthu cilicose mwa kupenda unandi wa vinthu vinyake ivyo ni vyakuzirwa, ntheura pakukhumbikwa nthowa yimoza yakuyezgera. Ntheura, ndalama zikovwira kuti vinthu vyakupambanapambana viŵe pamoza ndipo vikuyana. Wakalutilira kuyowoya kuti ndalama ni zakovwira pa kusinthana vinthu munthazi. Fundo iyi yikung'anamura kuti, "usange tikukhumba yayi cinthu sono, tingacisanga para tacisanga".
Ndyali
Kuti walongosore makora fundo iyi, Aristotle wakayowoya fundo yakwamba pa nkhani ya mawerengero gha mavoti, nangauli yikalembeka mu malemba..
Pa Theophrastus, uyo wakanjira mu malo ghake
Theophrastus, uyo wakaŵa msambiri wa Aristotle, wakalemba buku lakuti History of Plants. Mazuŵa ghano napo ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira ntchito mazgu agha, nga ni carpel kufuma ku carpos, chipambi, na pericarp kufuma ku pericarpion, chipinda cha mbuto. Theophrastus wakafipiranga mtima yayi vinthu ivyo vikupangiska kuti vinthu viŵe makora kuluska Aristotle.
South Africa
Makhalilo gha charu
Mu vigaŵa vya kumwera na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa caru ici, cirwa ca Cape Peninsula ndico cili kumwera comene kwa nyanja ya Atlantic. Chilumba cha Cape chili na mphepo ya Mediterranean, ndipo ichi chikupangiska kuti chigaŵa ichi na vigaŵa vinyake ivyo vili pafupi nacho ndivyo viŵe vyekha mu Africa kumwera kwa Sahara uko kukulokwa vula yinandi mu nyengo ya chiwuvi. Mphepete mwa nyanja kumpoto kwa Cape Peninsula kuli Nyanja ya Atlantic kumanjiliro gha dazi. Mapiri gha Cape Fold ghakumalira pa latitude 32° S, ndipo pamanyuma pake Great Escarpment yikumalira pa nyanja. Chigaŵa chakumwera chomene cha mumphepete mwa nyanja ichi chikuchemeka Swartland and Malmesbury Plain, ndipo ni malo ghakulimira tirigu. Chigaŵa icho chili kumpoto chomene chikuchemeka Namaqualand. Para vula yikuwa pachoko, kanandi yikuwa mu nyengo ya chiwuvi.
Ubale na vyaru vinyake
Pulezidenti Jacob Zuma na Pulezidenti wa China Hu Jintao ŵakakhozga ubwezi pakati pa vyaru viŵiri ivi mu 2010 apo ŵakasaina phangano la Beijing ilo likakwezga "ubwezi wakudumura" wa South Africa na China ku "ubwezi wakudumura" mu vyaru vyose vya vyaru ivi. Mu 2011, chalo cha South Africa chikapokelerana na maboma gha Brazil-Russia-India-China (BRICS), agho Zuma wakamanya kuti ni maboma agho ghakwendeska malonda gha charu ichi kweniso maboma agho ghakwendeska malonda gha Africa. Mr. Zuma wakati vyaru vya BRICS vicitirenge lumoza nchito kwizira mu UN, G20, na India, Brazil South Africa (IBSA).
Boma
Ndondomeko ya malango ya ku South Africa ndiyo njakwenelera. Malamulo gha ku South Africa ghakafuma ku malango gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Roma na ŵa ku Netherlands, kweniso ku malango gha ŵanthu ŵa ku England. Dango lakwamba la ku Europe ilo likakhazikiskika ku South Africa likafuma ku Dutch East India Company ndipo likucemeka dango la Ŵaroma na ŵa ku Netherlands. Dango ili likatoleka pambere dango la ku Europe lindanozgeke na kunjizgika mu Dango la Napoleon. Mu ma 1800, boma la England likamba kulondezga malango gha boma. Pamanyuma pa kuwungana mu 1910, charu cha South Africa chikaŵa na nyumba yake ya malango iyo yikapeleka malango ghakukhwaskana na charu ichi. Makhoti agha ni: Khoti Likuru Chomene (Supreme Court of Appeal) na Khoti Likuru Chomene (Constitutional Court).
Kupeleka maji na maji ghakumwa
Vinthu viŵiri ivyo vikupambana na maji mu charu cha South Africa ni ndondomeko ya kupeleka maji kwawanangwa na maboma gha maji, agho ghakupeleka maji ghanandi na kuguliska maji ku maboma. Vinthu ivi vyapangiska kuti paŵe masuzgo ghakuru pa nkhani ya ndalama za awo ŵakupeleka mauteŵeti. Kufuma waka apo muwuso wa apartheid ukamalira, ŵanthu awo ŵakasanganga maji ghakumwa ŵakasazgikira chomene. Mu nyengo yeneyiyo, ŵanthu awo ŵakasanganga maji ghakwenda makora ŵakakwera kufuma pa 71% kufika pa 79%. Ndipouli, mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, maji na vyakusungiramo vinthu vyaukazuzi vyafika paheni chomene nangauli boma la Russia lajipeleka kuti liŵawovwire makora na kuŵapa ndalama zakwendeskera vyakusungiramo maji.
Mabuku
Breyten Breytenbach ŵakamujalira mu jele cifukwa ca kunjilirapo pa gulu lakususkana na apartheid. André Brink wakaŵa munthu wakwamba uyo boma likamukanizga kulemba buku lake lakuti A Dry White Season.
Chuma
Mwakupambana na vyaru vinandi vikavu, caru ca South Africa nchambura ndalama. Pa ŵanthu awo ŵakugwira ntchito mu vyaru vya ku South Africa, 15 pera ndiwo ŵali mu vyaru vyambura kulembeka. Wupu wakuwona vya ndalama (OECD) ukuti chifukwa cha mphambano iyi ni umo vinthu viliri mu charu cha South Africa. Kafukufuku wa Banki ya Caru Cose wakulongora kuti caru ca South Africa cili na mphambano yikuru comene pakati pa GDP ya munthu yumoza na Index ya Kukura kwa Munthu.
Magesi
Charu cha South Africa chili na nkhongono zinandi comene ndipo pa nyengo yasono ndico nchigaŵa cimoza pera pa caru ca Africa ico cili na sitima ya nyukiliya. Charu ichi ndicho chikupanga magesi ghanandi comene pa caru ca Africa ndipo pa caru cose cili pa nambara 21. Charu cha South Africa chili pa nambara 7 pa vyaru ivyo vikupanga malasha ghanandi pa caru cose, ndipo chikupanga matani ghakujumpha 248 miliyoni gha malasha ndipo pafupifupi vigaŵa vitatu pa vinayi vya mafuta agha vikugwiliskirika nchito mu vyaru vinyake. Pafupifupi 77% ya nkhongono izo charu cha South Africa chikukhumbikwira zikufuma ku malasha ndipo 92% ya malasha agho ghakugwiliskirika nchito mu Africa ghakugwiliskirika nchito mu South Africa. Charu cha South Africa ndicho chikufumiska magasi ghanandi chomene pa charu.
Njanji
Mtundu wa njanji mu caru ca South Africa ngwakuzirwa comene pa vinthu vya mu caru ici. Matawuni ghose ghakurughakuru ghakukolerana na njanji. Transnet Freight Rail yikugwira nchito ya kwendeska katundu, apo PRASA yikugwira nchito ya kwendeska katundu. Gulu la boma la Transnet Freight Rail ndilo likwendeska masitima ghakurughakuru pa Africa.
Nkhondo za ma Boer
Maboma gha ma Boer ghakalimbana na ŵasilikari ŵa Britain mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yakwamba ya ma Boer (1880-1881) pakugwiliskira ntchito nthowa za nkhondo za ŵasilikari. Ŵabali ŵa ku Britain ŵakawelera na unandi wa ŵasilikari, maluso ghanandi, na nthowa yiphya mu Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya ku Boer (1899-1902) ndipo, nangauli ŵakakomeka comene cifukwa ca kuyuzgika, kweni paumaliro ŵakawina. Ŵanakazi na ŵana ŵakujumpha 27,000 ŵa mtundu wa Boer ŵakafwa mu misasa yakuyuzgirako ŵanthu ya Britain.
Maseŵera
Ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa pa maseŵero gha nkhondo nga ni Baby Jake Jacob Matlala, Vuyani Bungu, Welcome Ncita, Dingaan Thobela, Corrie Sanders, Gerrie Coetzee, Brian Mitchell na Dricus du Plessis. Jordy Smith wakathereska mu 2010 Billabong J-Bay Open ndipo ndiyo wakathereska chomene pa charu chose. Mu 1979, Jody Scheckter, uyo wakaŵa kazembe wa caru cose pa maseŵero gha galimoto, wakafuma ku South Africa. Ŵaseŵera ŵa cricket ŵakumanyikwa chomene nga ni Kagiso Rabada, David Miller, Keshav Maharaj, Anrich Nortje, Reeza Hendricks na Faf du Plessis.
Mpira wa mawoko ni maseŵero ghakumanyikwa comene mu South Africa. Ŵaseŵera ŵa mpira awo ŵakaseŵera mu magulu ghakurughakuru gha ku vyaru vinyake ni Steven Pienaar, Lucas Radebe, Philemon Masinga, Benni McCarthy, Aaron Mokoena, na Delron Buckley. Ku South Africa ndiko kukachitikira maseŵero gha pa caru cose gha FIFA mu 2010, ndipo Sepp Blatter, pulezidenti wa FIFA, wakapeleka mapointi 9 pa 10 ku South Africa cifukwa ca kucita makora maseŵero agha. Msewera Benni McCarthy ndi mphunzitsi wa timu yoyamba ya mpira wa England Manchester United.
Nyengo
Charu cha South Africa chili na mphepo yakuzizima chifukwa chili kuzingilizgika na nyanja za Atlantic na Indian Ocean ku vigaŵa vitatu, ndipo chili ku Southern Hemisphere. Vinthu vyakupambanapambana ivi vikupangiska kuti nyengo yiŵe yakupambanapambana. Vyaru ivi vili mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana. Nyengo ya chiwuvi mu South Africa yikuŵa pakati pa Juni na Ogasiti. Ku chigaŵa chakutali chomene cha kumwera kwa charu ichi kuli nyengo yakuyana na ya ku Mediterranean. Malo agha ndigho ghakupangira vinyo linandi ku South Africa ndipo ghakumanyikwa na mphepo izo zikuputa pafupifupi cilimika cose. Pakuti mphepo iyi yikaŵa yankhongono comene, ŵakwendeska ngalaŵa ŵakasuzgikanga comene kuzingilira Cape of Good Hope. Ku chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa nyanja, vula yikuwira mwakuyana waka chaka chose, ndipo malo agha ngakutowa. Mvula iyo yikulokwa pa chaka yikukwera chomene kumwera kwa chigaŵa cha Lowveld, chomenechomene kufupi na mumphepete mwa nyanja. Chigaŵa cha Free State ntchakudikanya comene cifukwa chili pakati pa mapiri. Kumpoto kwa Mlonga wa Vaal, malo gha Highveld ghakuthirira makora ndipo ghakuŵa na chithukivu yayi. Johannesburg, mu mphepete mwa Highveld, yili pa mtunda wa mamita 1,740 (5,709 ft) pachanya pa nyanja ndipo yikulokwa mvula ya mamita 760 pa chaka. Mu chigaŵa ichi nyengo yakuzizima yikuŵa yakuzizima, nangauli chiwuvi chikuŵa chichoko.
Ŵanthu
[[File:South Africa 2011 population density map (hex cells).svg|thumb|Map of population density in South Africa
Sayansi na tekinoloji
Vinthu vinandi vya sayansi na vyakupangapanga vyafuma ku South Africa. Charu cha South Africa chili pa malo 61 pa Global Innovation Index mu 2021, kufuma pa 63 mu 2019. Mu Disembala 1967, dokotala wa vya mtima, Christiaan Barnard, wakachita opareshoni yakwamba ya mtima kufuma kwa munthu kuya kwa munthu ku Groote Schuur Hospital. Max Theiler wakapangiska katemera wakukoma nthenda ya yellow fever, Allan MacLeod Cormack wakambiska opareshoni ya X-ray computed tomography (CT scan); ndipo Aaron Klug wakapangiska nthowa za crystallographic electron microscopy. Cormack na Klug ŵakapokera njombe ya Nobel cifukwa ca mulimo wawo. Sonosono apa, mu 2002, Sydney Brenner ndiyo wakapokera njombe iyi chifukwa cha ntchito yake yakupharazga za umoyo.
Ŵasilikari na ŵamazaza
Makampani gha kuvikilira caru ca South Africa ndigho ghali na vinthu vinandi comene pa caru ca Africa ndipo ndigho ghali na vinthu vinandi comene pa caru cose. Kufika mu 2020 chalo cha South Africa chili pa chigaŵa cha 24 pa vyaru ivyo vikuguliska vilwero pa charu chose chapasi. Charu ichi chikupanga mitundu yinandi ya vilwero kufuma ku vyakuphakaphaka vya nkhondo mpaka ku mabomba gha balistic, vilwero vyakuzirwa vya ku South Africa vikusazgapo Ratel IFV, galimoto yakwamba ya nkhondo ya ŵasilikari pa charu chose. Charu ichi chikapangaso ndege yake yakuchemeka "Denel Rooivalk" iyo njimoza mwa vilwero vyakukhora chomene pa charu chose. Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, boma la Japan likapangana ndalama zakukwana R16 biliyoni (USD 1 biliyoni) na makampani ghakuvikilira charu ichi kuti ghapangire magalimoto gha Badger gha muwiro uphya 244 gha nkhondo.
Nyengo ya apartheid
Mu Meyi 2008, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 60 ŵakafwa pa viwawa. Wupu unyake ukati ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 100,000 ŵakachimbizgika mu nyumba zawo. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakomeka ŵakaŵa ŵanthu awo ŵakasamukira ku vyaru vinyake mwakuzomerezgeka na dango yayi, kweniso ŵakachimbira kwawo. Mu kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu 2006, wupu wa South African Migration Project ukati ŵanthu ŵa ku South Africa ŵakususka chomene ŵanthu awo ŵakwiza mu charu chawo. Wupu wa UN High Commissioner for Refugees ukati mu 2008, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 200,000 ŵakapempha malo ghakubisamamo ku South Africa. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵanandi ŵakafuma ku Zimbabwe, kweni ŵanandi ŵakafuma ku Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Eritrea, Ethiopia, na Somalia. Kuphalizgana cifukwa ca nchito, mwaŵi wa bizinesi, mauteŵeti gha boma, na nyumba kwapangiska kuti paŵe mphindano pakati pa ŵanthu ŵakucimbira kwawo na awo ŵakuŵapokelera. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵa ku South Africa ŵachali kutinkhana ŵalendo, kweni wupu wa United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) ukati mu 2011, nkhaza zafika paheni chomene. Ndipouli, pakuti South Africa yikulutilira kusuzgika na nkhani za kusankhana mitundu, nthowa yimoza iyo yikovwira njakuti ŵanthu ŵaŵikengepo malango, nga ni malango ghakukhwaskana na kusankhana mitundu.
Mbili
Kuyowoya
Ŵakumanya mdauko ŵakulemba mu nyengo yawo, ndipo ŵakughanaghanira chomene maghanoghano agho ŵanthu ŵali nagho pa nkhani ya umo ŵangalongosolera ivyo vikachitika kale. Mu mazgu gha Benedetto Croce, "mbiri yose nja sono". Mbiri yikuŵa yipusu cifukwa ca kupanga "mazgu ghaunenesko gha ivyo vikacitika kale" kwizira mu nkhani na kusanda vinthu ivyo vikacitika kumanyuma vyakukhwaskana na ŵanthu. Sayansi yasono ya mdauko yikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye makora nkhani iyi.
Public
Public history describes the broad range of activities undertaken by people with some training in the discipline of history who are generally working outside of specialized academic settings. Public history practice has quite deep roots in the areas of historic preservation, archival science, oral history, museum curatorship, and other related fields. The term itself began to be used in the U.S. and Canada in the late 1970s, and the field has become increasingly professionalized since that time. Some of the most common settings for public history are museums, historic homes and historic sites, parks, battlefields, archives, film and television companies, and all levels of government.
Methods
Mu mazgu ghakwambilira gha mu buku lake la Muqaddimah (1377), Ibn Khaldun, uyo wakaŵa Muarabu, wakachenjezga za maubudi ghankhondi na ghaŵiri agho ŵanthu ŵakulemba mbiri ŵakacitanga. Mu nkhani iyi, wakawonanga vinthu vyamunthazi nga ni vyakuzizika ndipo vikukhumbikwira kung'anamulika. Ivyo Ibn Khaldun wakalemba vikulongora kuti mphambano ya mitheto ya mu nyengo yinyake yikwenera kulongozga umo vinthu vya mdauko vikweruzgikira, kuti munthu wapambaniskenge fundo izo wangayezgera kughanaghanirapo, kweniso kuti wamanye kuti ntchakukhumbikwa kuŵa na vinjeru. Kanandi Ibn Khaldun wakasuskanga "maluso ghambura ntchito na kuzomera waka vinthu ivyo vikachitika kale". Lekani wakambiska masambiro ghakukhwaskana na mdauko, ndipo kanandi wakaghacemanga kuti "sayansi yiphya". Nthowa yake ya kusanda mdauko yikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye udindo wa boma, umo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoyeskana, umo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoyera, kweniso umo ŵanthu ŵakughanaghanira pa nkhani za mdauko. Ntheura ŵanthu ŵakumuwona kuti ni "wiske wa mbiri" panji "wiske wa vinjeru vya mdauko".
Kuyowoya
Kaŵirikaŵiri maphunziro a mbiriyakale amagawidwa monga gawo la maphunziro a zaumunthu ndipo nthawi zina monga gawo la sayansi ya chikhalidwe. Kweniso tingawona kuti ni nthowa yakukumanira pakati pa vigaŵa viŵiri ivi. Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakusanda mdauko ŵakukolerana na fundo iyi. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, sukulu ya Annales yikasintha chomene umo ŵanthu ŵakusambilira mdauko wa charu chapasi.
Nationalism
From the origins of national school systems in the 19th century, the teaching of history to promote national sentiment has been a high priority. In the United States after World War I, a strong movement emerged at the university level to teach courses in Western Civilization, so as to give students a common heritage with Europe. In the U.S. after 1980, attention increasingly moved toward teaching world history or requiring students to take courses in non-western cultures, to prepare students for life in a globalized economy.
World
World history is the study of major civilizations over the last 3000 years or so. World history is primarily a teaching field, rather than a research field. It gained popularity in the United States, Japan and other countries after the 1980s with the realization that students need a broader exposure to the world as globalization proceeds.
Intellectual
Intellectual history and the history of ideas emerged in the mid-20th century, with the focus on the intellectuals and their books on the one hand, and on the other the study of ideas as disembodied objects with a career of their own.
Cultural
Cultural history replaced social history as the dominant form in the 1980s and 1990s. It typically combines the approaches of anthropology and history to look at language, popular cultural traditions and cultural interpretations of historical experience. It examines the records and narrative descriptions of past knowledge, customs, and arts of a group of people. How peoples constructed their memory of the past is a major topic. Cultural history includes the study of art in society as well is the study of images and human visual production (iconography).
Mbiri ya Tanzania
Zanzibar
Zanzibar lero likung'anamura cirwa ca zina ili, ico cikumanyikwaso na zina lakuti Unguja, na cirwa ca Pemba. Virwa vyose viŵiri vikaŵa pasi pa Ŵapwitikizi mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500 na m'ma 1700, kweni Ŵaarabu ŵa ku Oman ŵakaviwuskamo mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800. Ulamuliro wa Aarabu ukafika pachanya pa nyengo ya muwuso wa Sultan Said, uyo wakasamuska msumba wake ukuru kufuma ku Muscat, Oman kuya ku Zanzibar, wakambiska ufumu wa Aarabu, ndipo wakakhwimiska vyakumera vya clove, na kugwiliskira nchito ŵazga ŵa pa cirwa ici. Zanzibar na Pemba ŵakaŵa ŵakumanyikwa pa caru cose cifukwa ca malonda ghawo gha vyakununkhira ndipo ŵakamanyikwanga na zina lakuti Zanzibar Archipelago. Zanzibar yikaŵaso malo ghakuru ghakulongozgako ŵazga pa nyanja zikuruzikuru za mu Afilika na mu nyanja ya Indian Ocean. Zanzibar yikakopanga maboti ghakufuma kutali comene nga ni United States, iyo yikakhazikiska ofesi ya wupu wakuwona vya chalo mu 1833. Boma la United Kingdom likamba kutemwa chomene charu cha Zanzibar chifukwa cha malonda na kukhumba kumazga malonda gha ŵazga. Mu 1822, ŵa ku Britain ŵakasazga phangano lakwamba na Sultan Said kuti ŵamazge malonda agha, kweni mu 1876 pera ndiwo ŵakakanizga kuguliska ŵazga. Pa phangano la Heligoland-Zanzibar la mu 1890, Zanzibar na Pemba vikazgoka vigaŵa vya Britain, ndipo chigaŵa cha Caprivi mu Namibia chikazgoka chigaŵa cha Germany. Ufumu wa Britain ukendanga mwakuyana waka kufuma kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800 m'paka mu 1957, apo kukaŵa maungano gha ŵalara.
Nyengo ya Chitsulo
Yumoza mwa malo ghakuzirwa comene gha ku Tanzania agho ghakusangika mu nyengo ya Iron Age ni Engaruka mu Great Rift Valley, uko kuli ulimi na ulimi.
Mbiri Yaposachedwapa
Kuti wapange chipani chimoza cha boma mu vigaŵa vyose viŵiri vya chalo ichi, Julius Nyerere wakasazga TANU na chipani cha boma cha Zanzibar, Afro-Shirazi Party (ASP) of Zanzibar kuti wapange CCM (Chama cha Mapinduzi-CCM Revolutionary Party), pa February 5, 1977.
Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose
Ndondomeko ya Von Lettow ya kuwotcha caru na kupoka nyumba zikapangiska kuti boma lileke kusambizga ŵanthu, nangauli masukulu ghanyake ghakasungilira visambizgo. Mwakupambana na maboma gha ku Belgium, Britain, France, na Portugal, agho ghakaŵa ku Afilika, ku Germany kukaŵa masukulu ghakwamba, ghaciŵiri, na ghasono. Ŵasambizgi ŵakeneranga kuŵa na maluso, mabuku, na vinthu vinyake vyakusambizgira." Mu 1924, pati pajumpha vilimika 10 kufuma apo Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose yikambira ndiposo vilimika vinkhondi na cimoza kufuma apo Britain yikambira kuwusa, wupu wa Phelps-Stokes Commission wa ku America ukayowoya kuti: Pa nkhani ya masukulu, Ŵajeremani ŵacita vinthu vyakuzizwiska. Pakwenera kujumpha nyengo yitali pambere masambiro ghaleke kuŵa nga umo ghakaŵira mu nyengo ya Ŵachijeremani.. Kweni mu 1920, Dipatimenti ya Masambiro yikaŵa na mulara yumoza na ŵantchito ŵaŵiri, ndipo ndalama izo ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito zikaŵa zakukwana 1% ya ndalama za mu charu.
Kutemwa caru ca Afilika
Kwamba mu chaka cha 1954, mtundu wa Afilika ukaghanaghana chomene vya Tanzania African National Union (TANU), gulu la ndyali ilo likapangika na Julius Nyerere. Chipani cha TANU chikapambana pa zisankho za mu 1958, 1959, na 1960, ndipo Nyerere wakazgoka nduna yikuru pamanyuma pa chisankho cha 1960. Boma likamba kulamulira pa 1 Meyi 1961, ndipo likamba kujiyimira pawekha pa 9 Disembala 1961.
Kusamukira ku wanangwa
Mu 1947, charu cha Tanganyika chikazgoka chigaŵa cha wupu wa United Nations. "Charu cha Tanganyika chili na malo ghanandi, nyengo, ndyali, umo ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga na mbiri yake." Kweni ŵanthu ŵaŵiri pa ŵanthu ŵatatu ŵakakhalanga mu cigaŵa cimoza pa vigaŵa 10 vya caru ici cifukwa ca kupeleŵera kwa maji, kunangika kwa dongo, vula zambura kugomezgeka, viyuni vya tsetse, kweniso cifukwa ca suzgo la kwendera na kwendera.
Mbiri Yaposachedwapa
Nyerere wakagomezganga kuti maboma ghanandi, mu chalo icho chili na mafuko ghanandi, ghangaŵa pangozi ku umoza wa chalo ndipo wakakhumbanga nthowa zakovwilira kuti paŵe chipani chimoza Mu nyengo iyo vinthu vikaŵa makora yayi, Nyerere 'wakamanyanga makora kuti ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghakupambana, ntheura wakafumiskamo visopa mu ndyali.' Kuti wawovwire ŵanthu kuti ŵaŵe ŵakukolerana, Nyerere wakasankha chiyowoyero cha Chiswahili kuŵa chiyowoyero cha charu.
Kalembera wa 1931
Mu 1931, ŵanthu ŵa ku Tanganyika ŵakaŵa 5,022,640, kusazgapo ŵanthu ŵa ku Asia 32,398 na ŵa ku Europe 8,228.
World War II
Mu nyengo ya nkhondo, ŵanthu pafupifupi 100,000 ŵakufuma ku Tanganyika ŵakanjira gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa vyaru vinyake. Ŵakaŵa mu gulu la ŵasilikari 375,000 ŵa Britain awo ŵakarwa nkhondo na ŵasilikari ŵa Axis. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Tanganyikan ŵakarwa mu gulu la King's African Rifles ndipo ŵakarwa mu East African Campaign ku Somalia na Abyssinia kwimikana na ŵa ku Italy, ku Madagascar kwimikana na ŵa Vichy French mu nyengo ya Madagascar Campaign, na ku Burma kwimikana na ŵa ku Japan mu nyengo ya Burma Campaign. Charu cha Tanganyika chikaŵa chakukhumbikwa chomene pa vyakurya, ndipo ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakaguliskanga ku vyaru vinyake zikakura chomene kufuma apo kukaŵa suzgo yikuru. Ndipouli, nangauli ŵanthu ŵakasanganga ndalama zinandi, kweni nkhondo yikapangiska kuti vinthu visinthe mu caru.
Mbiri ya Kenya
Rural trends
Modernisation was accelerated by the Second World War. Among the Luo the larger agricultural production unit was the patriarch's extended family, mainly divided into a special assignment team led by the patriarch, and the teams of his wives, who, together with their children, worked their own lots on a regular basis. This stage of development was no longer strictly traditional, but still largely self-sufficient with little contact with the broader market. Pressures of overpopulation and the prospects of cash crops, already in evidence by 1945, made this subsistence economic system increasingly obsolete and accelerated a movement to commercial agriculture and emigration to cities. The Limitation of Action Act in 1968 sought to modernise traditional land ownership and use; the act has produced unintended consequences, with new conflicts raised over land ownership and social status.
Constitutional Debates and the Path to Independence
At a conference held in 1960 in London, agreement was reached between the African members and the British settlers of the New Kenya Group, led by Michael Blundell. However many whites rejected the New Kenya Group and condemned the London agreement, because it moved away from racial quotas and toward independence. Following the agreement a new African party, the Kenya African National Union (KANU), with the slogan "Uhuru," or "Freedom," was formed under the leadership of Kikuyu leader James S. Gichuru and labour leader Tom Mboya. KANU was formed in May 1960 when the Kenya African Union (KAU) merged with the Kenya Independence Movement (KIM) and Nairobi People's Convention Party (NPCP). Mboya was a major figure from 1951 until his death in 1969. He was praised as nonethnic or antitribal, and attacked as an instrument of Western capitalism. Mboya as General Secretary of the Kenya Federation of Labour and a leader in the Kenya African National Union before and after independence skilfully managed the tribal factor in Kenyan economic and political life to succeed as a Luo in a predominantly Kikuyu movement. A split in KANU produced the breakaway rival party, the Kenya African Democratic Union (KADU), led by Ronald Ngala and Masinde Muliro. In the elections of February 1961, KANU won 19 of the 33 African seats while KADU won 11 (twenty seats were reserved by quota for Europeans, Asians and Arabs). Kenyatta was finally released in August and became president of KANU in October.
Nyengo ya Chitsulo
Pamanyuma, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakasamukira ku vyaru vinyake ku Tanzania. Ivyo ŵanthu ŵakufukura vinthu vyakale ŵasanga vikulongora kuti mu 100 B.C.E. m'paka 300 C.E., ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya Chibantu ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vya mumphepete mwa nyanja vya Misasa ku Tanzania, Kwale ku Kenya, na Ras Hafun ku Somalia. Kweniso ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakolerananga na ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mumphepete mwa nyanja. Pakati pa 300 AD-1000 AD, kwizira mu nthowa ya malonda ya ku Indian Ocean, ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakolerana na ŵamalonda ŵa ku Arabia na India, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Swahili ŵakure.
2007 elections and ethnic violence
Once regarded as the world's "most optimistic," Kibaki's regime quickly lost much of its power because it became too closely linked with the discredited Moi forces. The continuity between Kibaki and Moi set the stage for the self-destruction of Kibaki's National Rainbow Coalition, which was dominated by Kikuyus. The western Luo and Kalenjin groups, demanding greater autonomy, backed Raila Amolo Odinga (1945– ) and his Orange Democratic Movement (ODM).
East Africa Protectorate
Mu 1885, ufumu wa Germany ukakhazikiska boma la ku Zanzibar, ndipo mu 1888, kampani ya British East Africa Company (BEAC) ya Sir William Mackinnon yikamba kugwira ntchito mu charu ichi. Nkhondo iyi yikamara mu 1890, apo boma la Germany likapeleka malo ghake ku Britain. Nyengo zinyake ŵanthu ŵakakanizganga awo ŵakalondezganga boma ili: Waiyaki Wa Hinga, mulongozgi wa Kikuyu uyo wakalamuliranga Dagoretti, wakawotcha linga la Lugard mu 1890. Pakati pajumpha vilimika viŵiri, Wayaki wakakoleka na Ŵacigiriki na kukomeka.
Pamanyuma pa masuzgo ghakuru gha ndalama gha British East Africa Company, boma la Britain pa Julayi 1, 1895, likakhazikiska boma la ku East Africa Protectorate.
Charu cha Kenya
Ku Nyanza kumwera, kukaŵa gulu la ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga muwuso wa Britain. Ŵalara ŵa boma ŵakamba kuliwona kuti ni chisopa chautesi. Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, gulu ili likucemeka kuti Anti-Colonial Movement. Mu 1913, Onyango Dunde wa ku Kavirondo wakati wakatumika na Ciuta njoka wa mu Nyanja ya Victoria, Mumbo kuti wapharazge visambizgo vyake. Boma ili likawona kuti gulu ili likususka mazaza ghawo cifukwa ca cisambizgo ca Mumbo. Mumbo wakalayizga kuti wazamucimbizga ŵakoloni na awo ŵakaŵawovwiranga. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakaŵavya nkhongono zakuchitira nkhondo na Ŵabritishi. Ntheura, gulu ili likakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu ŵagomezge kuti ufumu wa ŵasilikari umalirenge. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Luo na wa Kisii ŵakamba kusopa vikozgo. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵa boma ŵakakanizga gulu ili mwa kuwufumiska mu charu chawo na kuŵakaka mu jele mu vyaka vya m'ma 1920 na 1930. Mu 1954, boma likakanizga vyakusanguluska ivi.
Vinthu vya ku Portugal na Oman
Ŵapwitikizi ŵakamba kulamulira ku East Africa, ndipo ŵakakhalanga ku Mombasa. Ŵapwitikizi ŵakamba kukhala mu vyaru vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa mu 1505, apo ŵasilikari ŵa ku nyanja awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Dom Francisco de Almeida ŵakathereska chilumba cha Kilwa, icho chili kumwera kwa Tanzania.
Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1400, ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku Portugal ŵakiza ku Africa. Ŵapwitikizi ŵakakhumbanga yayi kukhazikiska malo ghakukhala ŵanthu, kweni ŵakakhumbanga kukhazikiska misasa ya ŵasilikari ŵa mu nyanja kuti ŵachitire ufumu wa ku India. Pakati pajumpha vyaka vinandi, Ŵaarabu ŵa ku Oman ŵakathereska Ŵapwitikizi ku Kenya.
Mu nyengo ya Seyyid Said (uyo wakawusa mu 1807 m'paka mu 1856), uyo wakaŵa fumu ya Oman ndipo wakasamuskira msumba wake ukuru ku Zanzibar mu 1824, [Pakukhumbika ukaboni apa] Ŵaarabu ŵakambiska masitima ghakurughakuru ghakwendamo mu Africa. Ku vigaŵa vyamumpoto kukaŵa viŵeto vinandi yayi. Kumwera, ŵaliska ŵa viŵeto na ŵalimi ŵakaguliskana vinthu na kuphalizgana malo chifukwa misewu ya mitunda yitali yikaŵakumananga na nyanja ya Kenyan kumafumiro gha dazi na maufumu gha Uganda kumanjiliro gha dazi.
Mbili ya Afilika
Mu vyaka vyapakati pa 500 na 1500 C.E., chisopa cha Cisilamu chikamba kusazgikira kufuma ku Arabia m'paka ku Eguputo. Vyaru vinyake ivyo vikaŵako pambere charu chindambe kulamulira mu Africa vikaŵa Ufumu wa Ajuran, Ufumu wa Bachwezi, Ufumu wa D'mt, Ufumu wa Adal, Ufumu wa Alodia, Ufumu wa Dagbon, Ufumu wa Warsangali, Ufumu wa Buganda, Ufumu wa Nri, Chikhalidwe cha Nok, Ufumu wa Mali, Ufumu wa Bono, Ufumu wa Songhai, Ufumu wa Benin, Ufumu wa Oyo, Ufumu wa Lunda (Punu-yaka), Ufumu wa Ashanti, Ufumu wa Ghana, Ufumu wa Mossi, Ufumu wa Mutapa, Ufumu wa Mapungubwe, Ufumu wa Sine, Ufumu wa Sennar, Ufumu wa Saloum, Ufumu wa Baol, Ufumu wa Cayor, Ufumu wa Zimbabwe, Ufumu wa Congo, Ufumu wa Kaabu, Ufumu wa Ife, Ise, Carthage wakale, Numidia, Mauretania, na Ufumu wa Aksumite. Pa nyengo iyo caru ca Africa cikaŵa cakutowa comene, pambere ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵandambe kulamulira caru ici, ŵanthu ŵakaghanaghananga kuti mu Africa mukaŵa vyaru vyakupambanapambana 10,000 na magulu gha ŵanthu ŵakujiwusa ŵekha, awo ŵakayowoyanga viyowoyero na mitheto yakupambanapambana.
West Africa
Kumwera, pakati pa Nigeria, cha m'ma 1500 B.C.E., ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Nok ŵakamba kukhala ku Jos Plateau. Ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga pamoza. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Nok ŵakapanganga vithuzithuzi vya ŵanthu, njovu, na vinyama vinyake. Kuzakafika mu 500 B.C.E., ŵakaŵa kuti ŵakusazgapo chisulo. Mu 200 C.E., ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Nok ŵakafwa. Chifukwa cha kuyana kwa kalembedwe ndi ma terracotta a Nok, ziboliboli za mkuwa za ufumu wa Yoruba wa Ife ndi za ufumu wa Bini wa Benin tsopano zikukhulupirira kuti ndizopitilira miyambo ya chikhalidwe choyambirira cha Nok.
World War I
Vinthu vyakuthupi na vya ndyali mu Africa mu 1929
Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose yikati yamara, maboma agho ghakalamuliranga caru ca Africa ghakalutilira kukhozga mazaza ghawo pa vyaru vyawo. Mu vigaŵa vinyake, comenecomene kumwera na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa, ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vinyake ŵakakhozga kuti boma liŵawovwire, ndipo ŵakaŵachema kuti "ŵanthu ŵa mu nyumba zawo". Mu vyaru vinandi, ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru ivi ŵakaŵasuzganga chomene ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa, ndipo ŵakaŵawonanga kuti mbanthu awo ŵangapoka mazaza gha ndyali. Nkhondo iyi yikakhwaska chomene chuma cha mu Africa, icho chikagwiranga ntchito pa malonda gha ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi. Apo unandi wa vyakurya ukakuranga m'ma 1930, chuma cha mu Africa nacho chikakwera.
Kingdom of Kongo
Kuzakafika m'ma 1500, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa manikongo ŵakaŵa na mazaza kufuma ku nyanja ya Atlantic kumanjiliro gha dazi m'paka ku mlonga wa Kwango kumafumiro gha dazi. Mu cigaŵa cilicose mukaŵa mani-mpembe (kazembe wa cigaŵa) uyo wakapika na manikongo. Mu 1506, Afonso I (1506-1542), uyo wakaŵa Mkhristu, wakamba kuwusa. Apo Afonso wakathereskanga ŵanthu, malonda gha ŵazga ghakalutilira kukura. Mu 1568 m'paka 1569, Ŵagaga ŵakanjira mu charu cha Kongo, ndipo ŵakaparanya ufumu wose. Mu 1574, Manikongo Álvaro I wakawezgekeramo mu ufumu wake na wovwiri wa ŵasilikari ŵa ku Portugal. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1660, Ŵapwitikizi ŵakayezga kuti ŵambe kulamulira charu cha Kongo. Manikongo António I (1661-1665), pamoza na ŵasilikari 5,000 ŵa ku Congo, ŵakaparanyika na ŵasilikari ŵa Afro-Portuguese pa Nkhondo ya Mbwila. Ufumu uwu ukagaŵikana mu vigaŵa vichokovichoko, ndipo ŵanthu awo ŵakakoleka ku nkhondo ŵakaguliskikanga ku wuzga.
Historiography of British Africa
Mu ma 1950, ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵanandi ŵa ku Africa ŵakasambiranga ku yunivesite za ku Britain, ndipo ŵakakhumbanga masambiro ghaphya, ndipo nawo ŵakamba kughapeleka. Yunivesite ya Oxford yikazgoka likuru la masambiro gha vya mu Africa, kweniso ku Cambridge University na London School of Economics. Ŵalongozgi ŵa boma la Britain na ŵantchito awo ŵakagwiranga ntchito mu vyaru vinyake ŵakamba kutemwa chomene vinthu vya ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha, chomenechomene vya kusankhana mitundu. Ivyo Ronald Robinson na John Andrew Gallagher ŵakachita vikovwira chomene pa nkhani ya malonda mu Africa. Mu 1985, buku la The Oxford History of South Africa (2 vols.) likalembeka, ndipo likayezga kupangiska mabuku agho ghakaŵapo. Mu 2013, ŵakafumiska buku la Oxford Handbook of Modern African History.
Metallurgy
Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuzomerezga yayi fundo yakuti chisulo chikafika ku vyaru vya ku Sub-Saharan Africa kwizira mu tawuni ya Meroe ku Nubia. Ku Africa kumanjiliro gha dazi, ŵanthu ŵakamba kugwiliskira ntchito visulo kwamba mu 2500 B.C.E. ku Egaro kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Mlonga wa Termit ku Niger. Ku Nigeria, ŵanthu ŵakamba kusungunula visulo mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000 B.C.E. Ku Central Africa kuli ukaboni wakuti ŵanthu ŵakagwiranga ntchito ya chisulo kwamba mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000 B.C.E. Kusungunula zitsulo kunayamba pakati pa Nyanja ya Chad ndi Nyanja za Great African pakati pa 1,000 ndi 600 BC, ndipo ku West Africa pafupi ndi 2,000 BC, kale kwambiri lusoli lisanafike ku Egypt. Pambere chaka cha 500 B.C.E. chindambe, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Nok mu Jos Plateau ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito kusungunula visulo. Malo gha Gbabiri (mu Central African Republic) ghakasangaso ukaboni wa vyakupangira visulo, kufuma ku ng'anjo yakuchepeskeramo visulo na malo ghakusoperapo ŵanthu; ndipo ghakafuma mu 896-773 BC na 907-796 BC.
Swahili coast
Pamanyuma pa kusama kwa Bantu, mu vigaŵa vya mumphepete mwa nyanja ku South East Africa, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ŵakamba kukolerana na Ŵasilamu ŵa ku Arabia na Ŵaperesiya, ndipo ŵakamba kuzgoka misumba ya ku Arabia, Peresiya na Swahili. Chikhalidwe cha Chiswahili chomwe chinachokera ku kusinthana uku chikuwonetsa zikhalidwe zambiri zachiarabu ndi Chisilamu zomwe sizikuwoneka mu chikhalidwe cha Bantu, monga momwe zimakhalira ndi anthu ambiri a Afro-Arab a Bantu Swahili. Chiyowoyero cha Bantu cha Swahili chili na mazgu ghanandi gha mu Chiarabu agho ghakusangika mu vigaŵa vya mumphepete mwa nyanja vya Tanzania (makamaka Zanzibar) na Kenya.
Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vya kumwera kwa Kenya na Tanzania awo ŵakakumana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Arabia na Peresiya ŵakamanyikwa kuti ŵakaŵa ŵanthu ŵa ku Rhapta, Azania, na Menouthias. Vinthu ivi vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ndiwo ŵakamba kukhala mu vyaru vinyake.
North Africa
Mu ma 1930, ŵanthu ŵa ku Morocco ŵakamba kutemwana chomene. Mu 1953, themba la Morocco, Mohammed V, likapempha kuti charu ichi chijiyimire paŵekha. Pa Malichi 2, 1956, charu cha Morocco chikamba kujiyimira paŵekha. Mohammed V wakaŵa fumu ya Morocco.
Post-war Africa: decolonization
Mu 1951, charu cha Libya ndicho chikamba kusuzga ŵanthu kuti ŵafumemo mu vyaru vyawo. Vyaru vinandi vikamulondezga mu vyaka vya m'ma 1950 na 1960, ndipo mu 1960 vikaŵa na chaka cha Africa, apo vyaru 17 vya mu Africa vikapharazga kuti vyafwatuka. Vyaru vinandi ivyo vikakhalako vikapokera wanangwa mu m'ma 1960, nangauli ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vinyake (mwakudumura Portugal) ŵakakhumbanga yayi kuleka mazaza ghawo, ntheura nkhondo zikamara. Vyaru vyaumaliro vya mu Africa ivyo vikajiyimira pavyekha ni Guinea-Bissau (1974), Mozambique (1975) na Angola (1975) kufuma ku Portugal; Djibouti kufuma ku France mu 1977; Zimbabwe kufuma ku United Kingdom mu 1980; na Namibia kufuma ku South Africa mu 1990. Mu 1993, charu cha Eritrea chikapatuka ku Ethiopia.
Ancient Egypt
Ufumu wa pakati wa Egypt ukawuka apo Mentuhotep II wa muwuso wa 11 wa Egypt wakambaso kuwungana pakati pa 2041 na 2016 BC kwambira na kuwukira kwake muwuso wa 10 mu 2041 BC. Ŵanthu ŵakambiraso kuzenga mapiramidi, malonda ghakaŵa kutali chomene, ndipo msumba wa Memphis ukaŵa ku Thebes. Ŵakakhozga ubwezi wawo na vigaŵa vya kumwera kwa Kush, Wawat na Irthet. Kufuma apo, pakaŵa nyengo yaciŵiri, apo Ŵaigupto ŵakamba kuwukira caru cawo na magileta ghakuyegheka na mahaci na vilwero vya mkuŵa. Nyengo yichoko waka, magileta agho ghakotekanga na mahachi ghakafika ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Sahara na North Africa. Ŵaiguputo ŵakatondeka kusunga malo ghawo, ndipo ŵakamba kukolerana nawo. Ivi vikapangiska kuti paŵe ufumu uphya wa Eguputo (1,580-1,1080 B.C.E.) uwo ukaŵa na muwuso wa muwuso wa muwuso wa muwuso wa muwuso wa muwuso wa 18. Ŵaeguputo ŵakaŵa na mazaza pa Nubia na Yudeya, kweniso ŵakalamuliranga ŵanthu ŵa ku Libya na ŵa ku Mediterranean.
Apo Ŵaasiriya na Ŵanubia ŵakafumako, ufumu uphya waciŵiri na citatu ukafuma mu Sais. Ukalutilira m'paka mu 525 B.C.E., apo Ŵaperesiya ŵakanjira mu Eguputo. Mwakupambana na Ŵaasiriya, Ŵaperesiya ŵakakhalako. Mu 332 C.E., Alexander Mukuru wakathereska Eguputo. Ici cikaŵa kwamba kwa muwuso wa Ptolemy, uwo ukamara apo Ŵaroma ŵakathereska caru mu 30 B.C.E. Eguputo wa Farawo wakamara.
European colonial territories
France
Germany
Wadai Empire
Ufumu wa Wadai ukaŵa ku Chad na Central African Republic kwambira mu ma 1700. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Tunjur ndiwo ŵakambiska ufumu wa Wadai kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Bornu mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1700, ŵanthu ŵa Maba ŵakagaluka ndipo ŵakambiska ufumu wa Ŵasilamu.
Pakwamba, Wadai wakapeleka msonkho ku Bornu na Durfur, kweni mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, Wadai wakaŵa wakujiyimira yekha ndipo wakawukira ŵazengezgani ŵake. Wose ŵaŵiri ŵakanjira mu ufumu wa Sokoto mu nyengo ya nkhondo ya Fulani ya mu 1805, iyo yikasuzga Bornu.
Songhai
Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Songhai ŵali kufuma ku ŵalovi awo ŵakakhalanga mu Mlonga wa Niger. Ŵakazenga msumba wawo ukuru ku Kukiya mu vyaka vya m'ma 900 C.E. na ku Gao mu vyaka vya m'ma 1200 C.E. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Songhai ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha ku Nilo na Sahara.
Ancient Egypt
Para Sahara wazgoka mapopa, ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga chomene mu Dambo la Nayelo. Vyaru ivyo vikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene vikaŵa mu chigaŵa cha Nile Delta ku Lower Egypt, Upper Egypt, kweniso ku Dongola Reach ku Nubia. Ŵanthu ŵakasazgikiranga comene cifukwa ca kulima vyakurya vya kumwera ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Asia, nga ni tirigu na balere, kweniso kuŵeta mberere, mbuzi, na ng'ombe. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kuphalizgana kuti ŵatore malo gha kulima. Ŵakapanga mabungwe gha ŵalara ŵa visopa. Ufumu wakwamba na wankhongono comene ukaŵa wa Ta-Seti, uwo ukazengeka mu 3,500 B.C.E. Fundo yakuti ŵakaronga ndiwo ŵakalongozganga ŵanthu yikazara chomene mu Eguputo. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, ŵakaronga ŵakamba kukolerana mu vyaru vinandi mu Upper na Lower Egypt, ndipo Narmer (Menes) ndiyo wakapangiska kuti charu cha Egypt chiŵe chimoza mu chaka cha 3100 B.C.E. M'malo mwa kuwoneka nga ni mulongozgi wa cisopo, iyo wakaŵa fumu ya Ciuta. Chisopa chautesi, panji kusopa chiuta yumoza, icho chikachitikanga mu vigaŵa vya ku Upper na Lower Egypt, chikazgoka chisopa chautesi mu Eguputo. Mu nyengo ya mafumu gha Eguputo, maboma ghakaŵa na ŵamazaza, ŵakazembe, ŵakusonkheska msonkho, ŵalongozgi ŵa ŵasilikari, ŵantchito, na ŵantchito. Ŵakapokeleranga misonkho, ŵakanozganga ntchito zakovwira ŵanthu, ŵakazenganga maji, mapiramidi, matempile, na migelo. Mu nyengo ya muwuso wa muwuso wa ŵanayi (2,620-2,480 B.C.E.), malonda gha mtunda utali ghakacitika, na vyakumera vya ku Levant, na vya golide na vikumba vya ŵanthu vya ku Nubia, na vyakununkhira vya ku Punt, kweniso na vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Libya. Mu nyengo ya Ufumu Wakale, Eguputo wakapangiska vinthu vyakupambanapambana, maboma na mitheto, ndipo nyengo zose wakacitanga ivi kwizira mu boma la boma na Faro.
Somalia
Cifukwa cakuti cisopo ca Ciislamu cikababika kufupi na nyanja ya Somalia, ŵamalonda ŵa ku Somalia na ŵakwendeska ngalaŵa awo ŵakakhalanga mu caru ca Arabia ŵakamba kulondezga cisopa ici. Mu vyaka vyakwambilira vya Chisilamu, mbumba za Chisilamu zikaluta ku Somalia, ndipo mu vyaka vyakulondezgapo, ŵanthu ŵa Chisilamu ŵa ku Somalia ŵakasintha mitima yawo kuti ŵaŵe Ŵasamariya. Msumba wa Mogadishu ndiwo ukamanyikwanga na zina lakuti Msumba wa Cisilamu ndipo ndiwo ukendeskanga malonda gha golide ku East Africa kwa vyaka vinandi.
Mali
Pamanyuma pa muwuso wa Mansa Suleyman (1341-1360) charu cha Mali chikamba kunjira mu suzgo. Ŵasilikari ŵa Mossi ŵakawukira mphaka ya kumwera. Ŵa Tuareg ŵakasuzganga ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga kumpoto kwa charu ichi kuti ŵapoke Timbuktu. Ŵafulani (Fulbe) ŵakathereska mazaza gha Mali kumanjiliro gha dazi mwa kukhazikiska boma lakujiyimira palekha la Futa Toro, ilo likapokelera ufumu wa Takrur. Ubali wa Serer na Wolof ukamara. Mu 1545 m'paka 1546, Ufumu wa Songhai ukatora Niani. Pamanyuma pa 1599, ufumu uwu ukaleka kusanga golide ku Bambouk ndipo ukagaŵikana.
Songhai
Morocco wakawona kuti mulimo wake ukaŵa wambura phindu. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ndiwo ŵakaguliskanga golide. Ntheura malonda ghanandi agho ghakacitikanga mu caru ca Sahara ghakafika ku Bornu. Vinthu vyakudura ivyo ŵakagura na golide vikeneranga kutumizgika ku mapiri gha mu Sahara. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Morocco awo ŵakakhalako ŵakatorana na ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ici ndipo ŵakacemekanga Arma panji Ruma. Ŵakajiŵika mu Timbuktu nga ni gulu la ŵasilikari ilo likaŵa na vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana. Pakati pa vivulupi ivi, magulu ghanyake ghakamba kujikhwimiska, kusazgapo Ŵafulani ŵa ku Futa Tooro awo ŵakiza kufuma kumanjiliro gha dazi. Ufumu wa Bambara, umoza mwa maufumu agho ghakafumako ku Songhai, ukaparanya Gao. Mu 1737, ŵa Tuareg ŵakakoma ŵanthu ŵa ku Arma.
French Africa
Ŵalaraŵalara ŵa boma ku West Africa ŵakaphalira boma la Vichy kuti ŵathembenge boma la Vichy, nga umo ŵakacitira ŵasilikari ŵa boma la French Gabon. Mu Novembala 1940, Gabon wakathereskeka na ŵa Free France, kweni vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa vikaŵa pasi pa Vichy m'paka mu Novembala 1942. Ŵasilikari ŵa Vichy ŵakayezga kuti ŵaleke kuwukira ŵasilikari ŵa ŵasilikari ŵa ku North Africa mu Novembala 1942. Mwamabuci Admiral François Darlan wa ku Vichy wakasintha gulu ndipo nkhondo yikamara. Ŵalwani ŵakamupa Darlan mazaza pa ŵasilikari ŵa ku France ŵa ku North Africa kuti waŵawovwire. Vichy sono yikaŵa kuti yindacitikepo mu Africa. Mu Disembala, Darlan wakakomeka, ndipo magulu ghaŵiri gha Free French, agho ghakalongozgekanga na Charles de Gaulle na Henri Giraud, ghakamba kulimbana kuti ghaŵe na mazaza. Paumaliro De Gaulle wakathereska.