cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Furth bei Göttweig
Furth bei Göttweig ni msumba mu boma la Lower Austria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Kanolo, Lilongwe
Kanolo ni zina la sukulu yakwamba kweneso malo agho ghakusangika mu chigaŵa cha kumafumilo gha dazi gha boma la Lilongwe,mu chigaŵa cha Pakati,mu charu cha Malaŵi.
Kabwabwa,Lilongwe
Kabwabwa ni malo agho ghakusangika mu boma kweneso tauni ya Lilongwe,chigaŵa cha pakati, charu cha Malaŵi.
Gaweinstal
Gaweinstal ni msumba mu boma la Lower Austria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Takumana, Lilongwe
Takumana ni zina la sukulu yakwamba kweneso malo agho ghakusangika mu chigaŵa cha kumafumilo gha dazi gha boma la Lilongwe,mu chigaŵa cha Pakati,mu charu cha Malaŵi.
Dzenza,Lilongwe
Dzenza ni malo agho ghakusangika ku manjililo gha dazi mu boma kweneso tauni ya Lilongwe,chigaŵa cha pakati, charu cha Malaŵi.
Matuta, Lilongwe
Matuta ni zina la sukulu yakwamba kweneso malo agho ghakusangika mu chigaŵa cha kumafumilo gha dazi gha boma la Lilongwe,mu chigaŵa cha Pakati,mu charu cha Malaŵi.
Kapudzama,Lilongwe
Kapudzama ni malo agho ghakusangika ku manjililo gha dazi mu boma kweneso tauni ya Lilongwe,chigaŵa cha pakati, charu cha Malaŵi.
Badwa, Lilongwe
Badwa ni zina la sukulu yakwamba kweneso malo agho ghakusangika mu chigaŵa cha kumafumilo gha dazi gha boma la Lilongwe,mu chigaŵa cha Pakati,mu charu cha Malaŵi.
Selengo, Lilongwe
Selengo ni zina la sukulu yakwamba kweneso malo agho ghakusangika mu chigaŵa cha kumafumilo gha dazi gha boma la Lilongwe,mu chigaŵa cha Pakati,mu charu cha Malaŵi.
Grafenegg
Grafenegg ni msumba mu boma la Lower Austria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Mngwangwa,Lilongwe
Mngwangwa ni malo agho ghakusangika ku manjililo gha dazi mu boma kweneso tauni ya Lilongwe,chigaŵa cha pakati, charu cha Malaŵi.
Tambalero, Lilongwe
Tambalero ni zina la sukulu yakwamba kweneso malo agho ghakusangika mu chigaŵa cha kumafumilo gha dazi gha boma la Lilongwe,mu chigaŵa cha Pakati,mu charu cha Malaŵi.
Chiulongo, Lilongwe
Chiulongo ni zina la sukulu yakwamba kweneso malo agho ghakusangika mu chigaŵa cha kumafumilo gha dazi gha boma la Lilongwe,mu chigaŵa cha Pakati,mu charu cha Malaŵi.
Ndaula,Lilongwe
Ndaula ni malo agho ghakusangika ku manjililo gha dazi mu boma kweneso tauni ya Lilongwe,chigaŵa cha pakati, charu cha Malaŵi.
Großgöttfritz
Großgöttfritz ni msumba mu boma la Lower Austria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Falls Estate, Lilongwe
Mu ChiTumbuka, mazgu ghakuti "Falls Estate" ghakung'anamura kuti "Nyumba ya Falls"
Jolowale, Mzimba
Jolowale ni malo agho ghakusangika chaku mpoto kwa boma la Mzimba, chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa charu cha Malaŵi.
Padzuwa, Lilongwe
Padzuwa ni zina la sukulu yakwamba kweneso malo agho ghakusangika mu chigaŵa cha kumafumilo gha dazi gha boma la Lilongwe,mu chigaŵa cha Pakati,mu charu cha Malaŵi.
Chatsala, Lilongwe
Chatsala ni zina la sukulu yakwamba kweneso malo agho ghakusangika mu chigaŵa cha kumanjililo gha dazi gha boma la Lilongwe,mu chigaŵa cha Pakati,mu charu cha Malaŵi.
Kahelele, Mzimba
Kahelele  ni malo agho ghakusangika chaku mpoto kwa boma la Mzimba, chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa charu cha Malaŵi.
Wantaya, Mzimba
Wantaya ni malo agho ghakusangika chaku mpoto kwa boma la Mzimba, chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa charu cha Malaŵi.
Kusanthura-Maŵiro
Statistical measurement processes are also prone to error in regards to the data that they generate. Many of these errors are classified as random (noise) or systematic (bias), but other types of errors (e.g., blunder, such as when an analyst reports incorrect units) can also occur. The presence of missing data or censoring may result in biased estimates and specific techniques have been developed to address these problems.
Mbiri
Today, statistical methods are applied in all fields that involve decision making, for making accurate inferences from a collated body of data and for making decisions in the face of uncertainty based on statistical methodology. The use of modern computers has expedited large-scale statistical computations and has also made possible new methods that are impractical to perform manually. Statistics continues to be an area of active research, for example on the problem of how to analyze big data.
Kutolela Viyezgero
Sampling theory is part of the mathematical discipline of probability theory. Probability is used in mathematical statistics to study the sampling distributions of sample statistics and, more generally, the properties of statistical procedures. The use of any statistical method is valid when the system or population under consideration satisfies the assumptions of the method. The difference in point of view between classic probability theory and sampling theory is, roughly, that probability theory starts from the given parameters of a total population to deduce probabilities that pertain to samples. Statistical inference, however, moves in the opposite direction—inductively inferring from samples to the parameters of a larger or total population.
Null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis
The best illustration for a novice is the predicament encountered by a criminal trial. The null hypothesis, H0, asserts that the defendant is innocent, whereas the alternative hypothesis, H1, asserts that the defendant is guilty. The indictment comes because of suspicion of the guilt. The H0 (status quo) stands in opposition to H1 and is maintained unless H1 is supported by evidence "beyond a reasonable doubt". However, "failure to reject H0" in this case does not imply innocence, but merely that the evidence was insufficient to convict. So the jury does not necessarily accept H0 but fails to reject H0. While one can not "prove" a null hypothesis, one can test how close it is to being true with a power test, which tests for type II errors.
Error
A statistical error is the amount by which an observation differs from its expected value. A residual is the amount an observation differs from the value the estimator of the expected value assumes on a given sample (also called prediction).
Examples
• Analysis of variance (ANOVA)
• Correlation
Statistics in academia
A typical statistics course covers descriptive statistics, probability, binomial and normal distributions, test of hypotheses and confidence intervals, linear regression, and correlation. Modern fundamental statistical courses for undergraduate students focus on correct test selection, results interpretation, and use of free statistics software.
Statistical computing
Increased computing power has also led to the growing popularity of computationally intensive methods based on resampling, such as permutation tests and the bootstrap, while techniques such as Gibbs sampling have made use of Bayesian models more feasible. The computer revolution has implications for the future of statistics with a new emphasis on "experimental" and "empirical" statistics. A large number of both general and special purpose statistical software are now available. Examples of available software capable of complex statistical computation include programs such as Mathematica, SAS, SPSS, and R.
Statistics applied to mathematics or the arts
Traditionally, statistics was concerned with drawing inferences using a semi-standardized methodology that was "required learning" in most sciences. This tradition has changed with the use of statistics in non-inferential contexts. What was once considered a dry subject, taken in many fields as a degree-requirement, is now viewed enthusiastically. Initially derided by some mathematical purists, it is now considered essential methodology in certain areas.
Specialized disciplines
Statistical techniques are used in a wide range of types of scientific and social research, including: biostatistics, computational biology, computational sociology, network biology, social science, sociology and social research. Some fields of inquiry use applied statistics so extensively that they have specialized terminology. These disciplines include:
Afilika
Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira, nga ni Ŵaeguputo na Carthage, ŵakafuma ku North Africa. Kufuma apo, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakasamira mu vyaru vinyake na kusama. Mu vyaka 400 ivyo vyajumpha, ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵamba kukhwaska chomene caru ici. Kwambira mu ma 1500 C.E., ŵanthu ŵakendanga chomene mu vyaru vya ku America chifukwa cha malonda, kusazgapo malonda gha ŵazga. Kwambira kuumaliro wa m'ma 1800 m'paka kukwambilira kwa m'ma 1900, vyaru vya ku Europe vikamba kulamulira pafupifupi charu chose cha Africa. Vyaru vinandi ivyo vilipo sono mu Africa vikafuma mu vyaru ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa maboma gha vyaru vinyake pamanyuma pa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose.
Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira
Kumwera kwenikweni, pakati pa Nigeria, cha m'ma 1500 B.C.E., ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Nok ŵakamba kukhala pa Jos Plateau. Ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga pamoza. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Nok ŵakapanganga vithuzithuzi vya ŵanthu, njovu, na vinyama vinyake. Kuzakafika mu 500 B.C.E., panji kumasinda wuwo, ŵanthu ŵakamba kusungunura visulo. Kufika mu 200 C.E., ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Nok ŵakaŵa kuti ŵamara. Ndipo ŵakamara mu nyengo ya 500 C.E., ndipo ŵakakhala vyaka pafupifupi 2,000. Chifukwa cha kuyana kwa kalembedwe kake na ka terracotta ka Nok, ŵanthu ŵakughanaghana kuti vithuzithuzi vya mkuŵa vya ufumu wa Yoruba ku Ife na vya ufumu wa Bini ku Benin, ni vyakulondezgana na mitheto ya ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa mtundu wa Nok.
Makhalilo gha chilwa, malo na charu
Mphepete mwa nyanja ili na utali wa makilomita 26,000 (mailosi 16,000), ndipo palije malo ghakunjilirapo agho ghakusangika mu nyanja. Kuchokera kumpoto kwambiri, Ras ben Sakka ku Tunisia (37°21' N), mpaka kumwera kwambiri, Cape Agulhas ku South Africa (34°51'15" S), ndi mtunda wa pafupifupi 8,000 km (5,000 mi). Cape Verde, 17°33'22" W, malo gha kumanjiliro gha dazi chomene, ghali pa mtunda wa makilomita 7,400 (4,600 mi) kufuma ku Ras Hafun, 51°27'52" E, chigaŵa chakumafumiro gha dazi chomene icho chili kufupi na Cape Guardafui, kuumaliro wa Horn of Africa.
African Union
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Chuma
Nangauli charu cha Africa chili na vinthu vinandi vyakuthupi, kweni ntchaukavu chomene pa charu chose chapasi kweniso ntchakusuzgika chomene (pambere Antarctica yindaŵeko). Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikupangiska kuti charu ichi chiŵe na masuzgo nga ni vimbundi, kuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu, kuleka kunozgekera makora vinthu, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵambura kusambira, kujithemba, kuleka kusanga ndalama kufuma ku vyaru vinyake, vinthu ivyo vikaŵako chifukwa cha ufumu, malonda gha ŵazga, na Nkhondo Yakuzizima. GDP yake yose yikulondezga ya United States, China, Japan, Germany, United Kingdom, India na France. Kuyana na lipoti la wupu wa United Nations lakuyowoya za umo ŵanthu ŵakukulira mu 2003, vyaru 24 ivyo vikaŵa pasi chomene pa vyaru vinyake vyose (151 na 175) vikaŵa vya mu Africa.
Mu kafukufuku uyo wakalembeka sonosono apa, uyo wakwendera vya ndyali wa ku Austria, Arno Tausch, wakati vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa, chomenechomene Ghana, vikukolerana comene na umo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwera demokilase na malonda.
Kusanthura-Maŵiro
Specialized disciplines
• Statistical mechanics
Afilika
Chuma
Kafukufuku uyo wakacitika pa Yunivesite ya Harvard, wakalongosora kuti caru ca Africa cingajipwelelera yekha para cingaleka kuguliska vinthu ku vyaru vinyake na kwamba kujiguliska. "Charu cha Africa chili pa mphambano; tili pafupi kumalizga vyaka 100 ivyo vikaŵa vyakuti vyakurya vikusangikenge mu vyaru vinyake. Africa yikwamba kuŵika mtima pa kupanga vyakurya vyakupambanapambana kuti viwovwire kuti mu vigaŵa vyose muŵe malonda ghawemi".
Kusanthura-Maŵiro
Specialized disciplines
• Statistics in various sports, particularly baseball – known as sabermetrics – and cricket
See also
• Abundance estimation
Afilika
Shares of Africa and World Population, 0–2020 AD (% of world total)
Ukaboni: Maddison and others (University of Groningen).
Kabudula, Lilongwe
Kabudula ni zina la sukulu yakwamba kweneso malo agho ghakusangika mu chigaŵa cha kumanjililo gha dazi gha boma la Lilongwe,mu chigaŵa cha Pakati,mu charu cha Malaŵi.
Kusanthura-Maŵiro
See also
• Statistics education
Afilika
Mwambo
Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, ŵanthu ŵakutondeka kulondezga mitheto yinyake ya mu Africa chifukwa cha kuyuyulika na kusuzgika na maboma gha ŵanthu. Mwaciyerezgero, mitheto ya ku Africa yikakanizgika, ndipo viyowoyero vya ku Africa vikakanizgika mu masukulu gha ŵamishonale. Leopold II wa ku Belgium wakayezga "kusambizga" ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa mwa kukanizga kutora ŵanakazi ŵanandi na uloyi.
Obidoh Freeborn wakughanaghana kuti ukoloni ni cinthu cimoza ico cikapangiska kuti luso la ku Africa liŵe la mazuŵa ghano. Kuyana na umo Douglas Fraser na Herbert M. Cole wakati: "Vinthu vikasintha mwamabuchi mu boma chifukwa cha muwuso wa ŵasilikari. Fraser na Cole ŵakayowoya kuti mu Igboland, vinthu vinyake vya luso "vikusoŵa nkhongono na luso nga umo vikaŵira na vinthu vyakwambilira ivyo vikachitikanga mu nyengo yakale. Chika Okeke-Agulu, uyo ni mulembi wa mabuku, wakati: "Ufumu wa Britain ukapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kuzomerezga kuti caru ca Africa ciŵe na mazaza paŵekha kweniso kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kutemwana". Awo ŵakung'anamura F. Abiola Irele na Simon Gikandi ŵakayowoya kuti mabuku gha mu Africa ghakaŵako cifukwa ca "kukumana pakati pa Africa na Europe". Kweni Mhoze Chikowero wakugomezga kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito sumu, kuvina, vyauzimu, na mitheto yinyake kuti ŵajiwonenge kuti mbanthu ŵakujiyimira ŵekha na ŵavinjeru.
Kambira, Lilongwe
Kambira ni zina la sukulu yakwamba kweneso malo agho ghakusangika mu chigaŵa cha kumanjililo gha dazi gha boma la Lilongwe,mu chigaŵa cha Pakati,mu charu cha Malaŵi.
Heldenberg
Heldenberg ni msumba mu boma la Lower Austria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Mikundi, Lilongwe
Mikundi ni zina la sukulu yakwamba kweneso malo agho ghakusangika mu chigaŵa cha kumanjililo gha dazi gha boma la Lilongwe,mu chigaŵa cha Pakati,mu charu cha Malaŵi.
Herzogenburg
Herzogenburg ni msumba mu boma la Lower Austria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Hochleithen
Hochleithen ni msumba mu boma la Lower Austria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Höflein
Höflein ni msumba mu boma la Lower Austria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Kasukanthanga, Mzimba
Kasukanthanga  ni malo agho ghakusangika kummwela kwa boma la Mzimba, chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa charu cha Malaŵi.
Likuni, Lilongwe
Likuni ni zina la sukulu yakwamba kweneso malo agho ghakusangika mu chigaŵa cha kumanjililo gha dazi gha boma la Lilongwe,mu chigaŵa cha Pakati,mu charu cha Malaŵi.
Milala, Lilongwe
Milala ni zina la sukulu yakwamba kweneso malo agho ghakusangika mu chigaŵa cha kumanjililo gha dazi gha boma la Lilongwe,mu chigaŵa cha Pakati,mu charu cha Malaŵi.
Hohenau an der March
Hohenau an der March ni msumba mu boma la Lower Austria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Hohenberg, Lower Austria
Hohenberg, Lower Austria ni msumba mu boma la Lower Austria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Kamwanjiwa, Mzimba
Kamwanjiwa ni malo agho ghakusangika ku mmwela kwa boma la Mzimba, chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa charu cha Malaŵi.
Hohenwarth-Mühlbach am Manhartsberg
Hohenwarth-Mühlbach am Manhartsberg ni msumba mu boma la Lower Austria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Mphalapala, Mzimba
Malo
Mphalapala mu Ward ya Khonsolo South, Mzimba South East.
Malingowe, Mzimba
Malingowe ni malo agho ghakusangika kummwela kwa boma la Mzimba, chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa charu cha Malaŵi.
Berere, Mzimba
Berere  ni malo agho ghakusangika kummwela kwa boma la Mzimba, chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa charu cha Malaŵi.
Chasato, Mzimba
Chasato  ni malo agho ghakusangika kummwela kwa boma la Mzimba, chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa charu cha Malaŵi.
Bokola, Mzimba
Bokola  ni malo agho ghakusangika kummwela kwa boma la Mzimba, chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa charu cha Malaŵi.
Chipata, Mzimba
Chipata  ni malo agho ghakusangika ku mmwera kwa boma la Mzimba, chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa charu cha Malaŵi.
Fanagalo
Mbiri na kugwiliskira nchito
Adendorff wakalongosora mitundu yiŵiri ya ciyowoyero ici, Mine Fanagalo na Garden Fanagalo. Zina laumaliro ili likung'anamura ŵateŵeti ŵa mu nyumba. Pakwamba ŵakachemekanga Kitchen Kaffir. Fanagalo na Kitchen Kaffir wose ŵakawovwira kuti chiyowoyero chiŵe na ŵanthu ŵanandi, chifukwa Kitchen Kaffir yikapangika kuti yapambaniskenge ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa ivi na ŵanthu ŵa mu vigaŵa ivi. (Mu caru ca South Africa, lizgu lakuti "kaffir" likagwiranga nchito nga ni lizgu lakuyuyura ŵanthu ŵafipa, ndipo sono likuwoneka kuti ndakukhozga soni comene. Lizgu ili lili kufuma ku lizgu Lachihebere lakuti Kafir, kung'anamura wambura kugomezga.)
Liberia
Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira
Michael Omolewa ndiyo wakasimikizgira kuti ku West Africa kukaŵa vinthu vya ku Oldowan ivyo vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakale ŵakaŵako.
Kukura kwa mtundu wa ŵanthu ŵa Mande
Mu chigaŵa ichi mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakakhalanga m'ma 1200. Ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga ciyowoyero ca Mande ŵakamba kufumako kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi, ndipo mitundu yinandi yichoko yikachimbilira kumwera ku nyanja ya Atlantic. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Dei, Bassa, Kru, Gola, na Kissi ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵakwambilira kulembeka mu malo agha.
Chikoloni chakuchelezga chakwamba
Kwambira mu 1461 m'paka kuumaliro wa m'ma 1600, ŵamalonda ŵa ku Portugal, Netherlands, na Britain ŵakendanga mu chigaŵa ichi. Ŵamalonda ŵakaguliskanga vinthu na ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha.
Gulu la ndale
Kuzakafika mu 1877, True Whig Party yikaŵa chipani champhamvu comene mu caru ici. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Americo-Liberia, ndipo ŵakalutilira kuŵa na mazaza pa vinthu vya ndyali, vyachuma, na vya ndyali m'paka mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakasankhiranga maudindo mu chipani, ndipo para munthu wasankhika na chipani, vinthu vikendanga makora.
Fanagalo
Vinthu ivyo vikuchitika mu viyowoyero vinyake
Zonke nyoni lapa moyo ena kala, ena kala
Liberia
Nkhondo za caru cose na nyengo ya pakati pa nkhondo
Mu 1927, pa mavoti gha mu caru ici pakawonekaso kuti True Whig Party yikaŵa na mazaza, ndipo mavoti agha ghakaŵa ghakupambana comene na ghanyake. (Uyo wakatondeka wakapokera mavoti pafupifupi 60 peresenti.)
Pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1900, charu cha Liberia chikamba kusinthasintha na wovwiri wa ku America. Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose, boma la United States likanozga vinthu vinandi kuti likhozge nkhondo ya ku Africa na Europe. Wakapanga Freeport of Monrovia na Roberts International Airport mu ndondomeko ya Lend-Lease pambere wandanjire Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose.
Fanagalo
Vinthu ivyo vikuchitika mu viyowoyero vinyake
(The Lord's Prayer) Baba ga tina, Wena kona pezulu, Father of ours, You are above< Tina bonga lo Gama ga wena; We thank (for) the name of you
Togo
Togo ni caru ca ku mpoto kwa Sahara, ndipo cuma cake cikuthemba comene pa ulimi. Ciyowoyero ico cikuyowoyeka mu caru ici ni Cifurenci, kweni ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vinyake, comenecomene viyowoyero vya mtundu wa Gbe. 47.8% ya ŵanthu ŵakugomezga Chikhristu, ndipo ndicho ntchisopa chikuru mu charu ichi. Charu cha Togo chili ku United Nations, African Union, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone, Francophonie, Commonwealth, na Economic Community of West African States.
Liberia
Vyaka vyamuma 2000
Wupu wa United Nations ku Liberia ukamba kwiza mu Seputembala 2003 kuti uŵape civikiliro na kulaŵilira umoza wa mtende.. Pa caru cose, ŵanthu ŵakawona kuti maungano agho ghakacitika mu 2005, ndigho ghakaŵa ghakufwatuka comene na ghakugomezgeka comene mu mbiri ya Liberia. Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, nkhwantha ya vyachuma iyo wakasambira ku America, uyo wakaŵa nduna ya vya ndalama ndipo pamasinda wakapokera chawanangwa cha Nobel cha mtende, wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti wakwamba mwanakazi mu Africa. Pakunjira pa udindo wake, Sirleaf wakapempha kuti Taylor wafumiskike ku Nigeria na kumutumizga ku SCSL kuti wakeruzgike ku The Hague.
Togo
Mbili
Ivyo ŵanthu ŵakufukura vinthu vyakale ŵali kusanga vikulongora kuti ŵanthu aŵa ŵakamanyanga kupanga viŵiya vya dongo na visulo. Zina lakuti Togo likung'anamulika kufuma ku ciyowoyero ca Ewe kuti "kumanyuma kwa mlonga". Pakati pa vilimika vya m'ma 1100 na 1600, mafuko ghanyake ghakanjira mu cigaŵa ici: ŴaEwe kufuma kumanjiliro gha dazi, ndipo ŴaMina na Ŵaguni kufuma kumafumiro gha dazi. Ŵanandi ŵakakhalanga mumphepete mwa nyanja. Munda wa ŵazga ku Atlantic ukamba mu virimika vya m'ma 1500, ndipo kwa vilimika 200 vyakulondezgapo, cigaŵa ici cikaŵa cigaŵa cakupharazgako ku Europe, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakakhumbanga ŵazga. Ici cikapangiska kuti caru ca Togo na vigaŵa vyapafupi na ico citumbikike na zina lakuti "Munda wa ŵazga".
Benin
Chikoloni
Boma la France likakanizga kugura na kuguliska ŵazga. Ŵenecho ŵa ŵazga ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵambeso kulamulira ŵazga nga umo ŵakachitiranga na malo, ŵekhaŵekha, na ŵanthu ŵa mu mbumba yawo. Ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Dahomean ŵambeso kulimbana, "kwamba mu 1895 m'paka 1920, kuti ŵamanye umo ŵangapokera malo na ntchito. Ŵanthu ŵa mu mizi iyi ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵamanye mphaka za malo agho ŵakakhalanga. Masuzgo gha cisopa ghakaŵa nga ni mphindano za caru na malonda. Ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghakupambanapambana ŵakalimbananga kuti ŵaŵe na mazaza pa mbumba zikuruzikuru".
Liberia
Makhalilo gha charu
Malo ghapacanya comene mu Liberia ni Phiri la Wuteve ilo lili pa mtunda wa mamita 1,440 kumpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Liberia. Kweni Phiri la Nimba ilo lili pafupi na Yekepa, lili pachanya pa mamita 1,440 kweni lili mu charu cha Liberia yayi. Phiri ili lili pafupi na charu cha Guinea na Ivory Coast.
Biodiversity and conservation
Nyama iyi yikusangika mu viŵeto vinyake, nga ni viŵeto vyamunyumba na vyamuthondo. Ici cikupangiska nthenda ya nagana. Ku viŵeto vya ng'ombe kuno na ku Ivory Coast, ivyo vikusazgapo Tbg gulu 1. Tbg na Glossina palpalis gambiense ni vyakumera ivyo vikusangika nyengo zose mu nkhorongo za kuno. Mu ma 1970, Mehlitz na Gibson ŵakachita kafukufuku wakukhwaskana na Tbg. Ntcheŵe yakucemeka paria nayo yikutolera TBG.
Togo
Mbili
Eyadéma Gnassingbé wakafwa pa 5 February 2005. Ŵasilikari ŵakati ŵimika mwana wake Faure Gnassingbé kuŵa mulongozgi wa caru, caru cose cikasuska, kweni ku France yayi. Ŵalongozgi ŵanyake ŵa mu Africa awo "ŵakasankhika mwakuyana na demokilase", nga ni Abdoulaye Wade wa ku Senegal na Olusegun Obasanjo wa ku Nigeria, ŵakakolerana nayo fundo iyi, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti mu African Union muŵe mphindano. Gnassingbé wakafumapo pa udindo na kuluta ku mavoti, ndipo pamanyuma pa myezi yiŵiri wakathereska. Ŵakususka ŵakayowoya kuti ivyo vikacitika vikaŵa vyaupusikizgi. Vinthu ivyo vikacitika mu 2005 vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵambe kukayikira ivyo boma likuchita pa nkhani ya demokalase. Boma ili likakhumbanga kuti vinthu viŵe makora na wupu wa European Union. Wupu uwu ukaleka kovwira wupu wa European Union mu 1993 chifukwa cha nkhani ya wanangwa wa ŵanthu. Kuyana na UN, ŵanthu pafupifupi 400 ŵakakomeka pa nkondo iyo yikacitika pa nyengo ya kusora pulezidenti. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 40,000 ŵa ku Togo ŵakachimbilira ku vyaru vyapafupi. Gnassingbé wakasankhikaso mu 2010 na 2015.
Boma
Faure Gnassingbé wakathereskeka mu March 2010 pa chisankho cha pulezidenti, wakatora 61% ya voti kwimikana na Jean-Pierre Fabre wa UFC, uyo wakawovwirika na gulu la chipani cha FRAC (Republican Front for Change). Ŵakuwona vya visankho ŵakayowoya kuti pakaŵa "upusikizgi" na masuzgo ghanyake, ndipo ŵalwani ŵakakana kuzomerezga ivyo vikachitika. Ŵanthu ŵakamba kugalukira Faure Gnassingbé pamanyuma pa mavoti. Mu mwezi wa May 2010, mulongozgi wa chipani cha opposition Gilchrist Olympio wakapharazga kuti wazamunjira mu mgwirizano wa kugaŵana mazaza na boma, ndondomeko ya umoza iyo yikupereka UFC na maudindo 8 gha nduna. Mu mwezi wa Juni 2012, vinthu vyasintha pa nkhani ya mavoti, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakamba kugalukira boma. Ŵakachita ivi kuti ŵaŵike dango la mu 1992 ilo likayowoyerathu kuti muwuso wa munthu ukwenera kuŵa na nyengo yichoko waka. Mu Julayi 2012, nduna yikuru ya ku Malaŵi, Gilbert Houngbo, yikamba kuleka nchito. Pakati pajumpha mazuŵa ghacoko waka, nduna ya vya malonda, Kwesi Ahoomey-Zunu, yikasoleka kuti yilongozge boma liphya. Mu mwezi wenewuwo, nyumba ya mulongozgi wakususka Jean-Pierre Fabre yikatimbanizgika na ŵapolisi, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakumanaso kuti ŵakane ivyo boma likacitanga.
Makhalilo gha charu
Pafupifupi mapaki ghankhondi na malo ghanyake ghakusungirako vyamoyo ghali kupangika: Abdoulaye Faunal Reserve, Fazao Malfakassa National Park, Fosse aux Lions National Park, Koutammakou, na Kéran National Park.
Chuma
Mu 2012, migodi yikapanga 33.9% ya GDP ndipo mu 2010 yikagwiliskiranga nchito 12% ya ŵanthu. Ku Togo ndiko kuli phosphates zinayi izo zikusangika comene pa caru cose. Vikufumiska matani 2.1 miliyoni pa cilimika. Ku malo agha kuli malibwe gha kalama, malibwe gha marble, na mchere. Makampani ghakuzenga ghakupanga 20.4% ya ndalama izo charu cha Togo chikusanga. Malibwe ghanyake gha malibwe ghakovwira kuti ku Togo kupangike simenti.
Road
Ku Togo kuli misewu ya makilomita 7,520 (4,670 mi) kwambira mu 2000, ndipo palije data ya 2023. Charu ichi chili na misewu yiŵiri yikuru, N1 na N2, iyo yikusazga Lomé na msumba wa Dapaong, ndipo yikufumako kumpoto kukafika ku Burkina Faso kufuma apo yikuluta kumpoto-kumanjiliro gha dazi ku Mali, na kumpoto-kumanjiliro gha dazi ku Niger. N1 ni mseu utali comene mu Togo, ndipo utali wake ni 613 km. N2 yikusazga Lomé na Aneho. Msewu wa N2 ni Highway RNIE1, panji Trans ⁇ West African Coastal Highway, kufuma ku Aneho kuya ku Cotonou mu Benin. Misewu yinyake ni misewu ya mu vigaŵa vinyake mu caru cose ici, iyo yikwendaso mu vyaru vyapafupi. Msewu wa Trans ⁇ West African Coastal Highway ukujumpha mu charu cha Togo, ndipo ukufika ku Benin na Nigeria kumafumiro gha dazi, kweniso ku Ghana na Ivory Coast kumanjiliro gha dazi. Para mulimo wa kuzenga mu vigaŵa vya Liberia na Sierra Leone wamalizgika, msewu uwu uzamulutilira kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa vyaru vinyake vinkhondi na viŵiri vya Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS).
Benin
Makhalilo gha charu
Ku chigaŵa cha mumphepete mwa nyanja, kukulokwa maji pafupifupi mamita 1,300 pa chaka. Mu Benin, mu chaka mukuŵa nyengo ziŵiri za vula na nyengo ziŵiri za chilangalanga. Nyengo ya vula yikwamba kufuma mu Epulero m'paka kuumaliro wa Julayi, ndipo kufuma mu Seputembala m'paka Novembala kukuŵa nyengo yifupi ya vula. Nyengo ya chilangalanga yikwamba mu Disembala m'paka mu Epulero, ndipo nyengo yakuzizima yikwamba mu Julayi m'paka Seputembala. Ku vigaŵa vya mumphepete mwa nyanja, kuthukira na kuthukira kwa maji ni vinandi. Ku Cotonou, kutentha kwapakati pa nyengo ni 31 °C (87.8 °F); ndipo kwapasi ni 24 °C (75.2 °F).
Para munthu wakwenda kumpoto na kujumpha mu viŵaya na mapiri ghakututuŵa na kuluta ku Sahel, matenthedwe ghakusazgikira. Mphepo yakufuma ku Sahara yakucemeka Harmattan yikuputa kufuma mu Disembala mpaka mu Malichi, apo utheka ukufota, vyakumera vinyake vikuŵa vyakubinkha, ndipo fuvu likunjilira mu caru, ndipo kucanya "kukubenekelera". Kweniso ni nyengo iyo ŵalimi ŵakotcha makuni mu minda yawo.
Chuma
Charu ichi chikuthemba pa ulimi, kupanga katoni, na malonda. Makuni gha katoni ghakukwana 40% gha GDP na pafupifupi 80% ya ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakuguliska.
Kirnberg an der Mank
Kirnberg an der Mank ni msumba mu boma la Lower Austria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Togo
Religion
Cikhristu cikamba kuthandazgika pakati pa virimika vya m'ma 1400, pamanyuma pakuti ŵamishonale ŵa Cikatoriki ŵafika. Kuumaliro wa vilimika vya m'ma 1800, ŵanthu ŵa ku Germany ŵakambiska Ciphulotesitanti apo ŵamishonale 100 ŵa gulu la Bremen Missionary Society ŵakatumika ku vigaŵa vya Togo na Ghana ivyo vili mumphepete mwa nyanja. Ŵaprotesitanti ŵa ku Togo ŵakamanyikwanga na zina lakuti "Brema", ilo likung'anamura "Bremen". Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose yikati yamara, ŵamishonale ŵa ku Germany ŵakafumamo, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti mpingo wa Ewe Evangelical Church uŵe wakujiyimira pawekha.
Mu 2022, Freedom House yikati wanangwa wa kusopa mu Togo ni 3 pa 4, ndipo yikati wanangwa wa kusopa ukuvikilirika na dango la boma kweniso ŵanthu wose ŵakuwuchindika. Boma likuzomerezga visopa vya Cisilamu, Cikatolika, na Ciphulotesitanti. Kulembeka kwa ma ID kwajumpha nyengo yitali, ndipo ŵanthu pafupifupi 900 ŵakakhumbikwiranga ma ID mu 2021.
Benin
Human and financial investment in research
Mu 2007, ku Benin kukaŵa ŵasayansi 1,000. Ichi chikulongora kuti pa ŵanthu 1 miliyoni, pali ŵasayansi 115. "Vipinda vikuruvikuru vya kafukufuku" ni Center for Scientific and Technical Research, National Institute of Agricultural Research, National Institute for Training and Research in Education, Office of Geological and Mining Research na Center for Entomological Research.
Arts
Pamanyuma pakuti charu cha Ghana chazakaŵa na wanangwa, ŵanthu ŵa ku Ghana ŵakamba kwimba sumu za ŵanthu ŵa ku Ghana, French cabaret, American rock, funk and soul, na rumba ya ku Congo.
Cuisine
Mu vyakurya vyawo ŵakuŵa na vyakurya viphya ivyo ŵakuphika pamoza na vyakurya vinyake. Mu vyakurya vya kumwera kwa charu cha Benin, chakurya ichi chikuŵa na chiŵiya cha chimanga icho ŵakugwiliskira ntchito pakunozga ufu uwo ŵakupeleka pamoza na msuzi wa phere panji wa tomato. Ŵakurya somba na nkhuku, nyama ya ng'ombe, mbuzi, na mphumphi. Mu chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa Benin, ŵanthu ŵakutemwa kurya yamsisi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku vigaŵa vya kumpoto ŵakurya nyama ya ng'ombe na ya nkhumba iyo ŵayiphika mu mafuta gha makuni gha maolive panji gha phesulu. Mu vyakurya vinyake ŵakugwiliskira nchito cheese. Ŵanthu ŵakurya mphangwe, mpunga, na vipasi, kweniso vipambi nga ni mango, lalanje, avokado, nthochi, kiwi, na anyezi.
Liberia
Corruption
Vimbundi vili palipose mu boma la Liberia. Apo Pulezidenti Sirleaf wakamba kuwusa mu 2006, wakayowoya kuti vimbundi ni "mulwani mukuru wa ŵanthu". Mu 2014, kazembe wa United States ku Liberia wakayowoya kuti vimbundi vikupweteka ŵanthu chifukwa cha "kupeleka ndalama zambura kwenelera pa vinthu na mauteŵeti agho ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Liberia ŵakutondeka kugura".
Laa an der Thaya
Laa an der Thaya ni msumba mu boma la Lower Austria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Togo
Umoyo
AFD yikugwira nchito kuti yikhozge umoyo wa ŵanthu ŵa mu Lomé, tawuni ya mumphepete mwa nyanja iyo yili na ŵanthu ŵakukwana 1.4 miliyoni, mwa kunozga vinthu vyakovwira kuti ŵakhalenge makora. Ntchito iyi yikusazgapo kunozga malo ghakusungiramo viswaswa agho ghakukolerana na malango gha caru cose.
Liberia
Economic history
Pamanyuma pa kukhira kwa unandi wa ndalama mu 2003, unandi wa ndalama ukakwera comene mu 2008 cifukwa ca suzgo la vyakurya na magesi pa caru cose. Mu 2006, ngongoli ya ku Liberia yikaŵa pafupifupi madola 4.5 biliyoni, panji kuti 800% ya GDP. Chifukwa cha kuchepeskako ngongoli ya vyaru viŵiri, vinandi, na ya malonda kufuma mu 2007 m'paka mu 2010, ngongoli ya charu ichi yikakhira kufika pa $222.9 miliyoni mu 2011.
Togo
Mwambo
Vinthu ivi ni wayilesi, TV, na mabuku. Wupu wa nkhani wa Agence Togolaise de Presse [fr] ukayamba mu 1975. Bungwe la nyuzipepara la Union des Journalistes Indépendants du Togo likukhala ku Lomé.
Vigaŵa vya kuwalo
Malonda
Liberia
Ŵanthu
Ku Liberia, ŵanthu 4,694,608 ndiwo ŵakakhalanga. Pa ŵanthu aŵa, 1,118,241 ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa cha Montserrado, icho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene mu charu ichi. Chigaŵa cha Greater Monrovia chili na ŵanthu 970,824. Chigaŵa cha Nimba ndicho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene, ndipo chili na ŵanthu 462,026. Kuyana na kalembera wa mu 2008, ŵanthu ŵa ku Monrovia mbanandi chomene kuluska ŵa mu vigaŵa vyose.
Chisopo
Kuyana na kalembera wa mu 2008, ŵanthu 85.6% ŵakasopanga Chikhristu, apo Ŵasilamu ŵakaŵa ŵachoko waka pa ŵanthu 12.2%. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa matchalitchi gha Chiprotesitanti nga ni Lutheran, Baptist, Episcopal, Presbyterian, Pentecostal, United Methodist, African Methodist Episcopal (AME) na African Methodist Episcopal Zion (AME Zion) ndiwo ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa chikuru cha Chikhristu. Ŵanandi ŵa visopa ivi ŵakafuma ku America ndipo ŵakaluta ku Liberia. Pakwambilira, chisopa cha Chiprotesitanti chikakolerananga na ŵanthu ŵa ku America awo ŵakakhalanga ku America na awo ŵakafuma ku America na Liberia. Nangauli Mbakhristu, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Liberia ŵakuchitako magulu ghachisisi gha chisopa, nga ni Poro na Sande. Ŵanakazi wose ŵa mu mpingo wa Sande ndiwo ŵakuchita ukotoli.
Mwambo
Ŵanthu ŵa ku Liberia ŵakaŵa na luso lwa kusona na kupangaso salu. Mu 1857 na 1858, ku Liberia kukaŵaso viphikiro vya viŵeto. Yumoza wa ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa comene awo ŵakapanganga kofi ku Liberia wakaŵa Martha Ann Ricks, uyo wakapeleka cikozgo ca khuni la khofi ku Fumukazi Victoria mu 1892. Apo pulezidenti Ellen Johnson Sirleaf wakasamukiranga ku Executive Mansion, wakapanga chibenekelero mu ofesi yake.
Maseŵera
Maseŵera ghakumanyikwa chomene mu Liberia ni bola, ndipo George Weah (woseŵera wakale wa bola ndipo sono ni purezidenti wa Liberia) ndiyo wakumanyikwa chomene mu charu ichi. Mpaka pano ndi yekha wa ku Africa uyo wapika udindo wa FIFA World Player of the Year. Gulu la mpira la ku Liberia lafika ku Africa Cup of Nations kaŵiri, mu 1996 na 2002.
Maseŵero ghaciŵiri agho ŵanthu ŵakutemwa comene mu Liberia ni basketball. Gulu la basketball la ku Liberia lafika ku AfroBasket kaŵiri, mu 1983 na 2007.
Langenlois
Langenlois ni msumba mu boma la Lower Austria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Langschlag
Langschlag ni msumba mu boma la Lower Austria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Mank, Austria
Mank, Austria ni msumba mu boma la Lower Austria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Maria Taferl
Maria Taferl ni msumba mu boma la Lower Austria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Markgrafneusiedl
Markgrafneusiedl ni msumba mu boma la Lower Austria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Saint Helena
Saint Helena ntchalo chakuoneleleka na Britain icho chili pa maji Kummwela kwa nyanja ya Atlantic.
Kandiyani, Lilongwe
Kandiyani ni zina la sukulu yakwamba kweneso malo agho ghakusangika ku kumanjililo gha dazi gha boma la Lilongwe,mu chigaŵa cha Pakati,mu charu cha Malaŵi.
Central African Republic
Central African Republic (CAR; Sango: Ködörösêse tî Bêafrîka; French: République centrafricaine, RCA; French: [ʁepyblik sɑ̃tʁafʁikɛn], panji Centrafrique, [sɑ̃tʁafʁik]) ntchalo icho chili pakati mu chilwa cha Afilika.
Anglès (Spain)
Anglès ni muzi uwo ukusangika mu chigaŵa cha Girona mu malo ghakulu gha Catalonia mu charu cha Spain.
Münchendorf
Münchendorf ni msumba mu boma la Lower Austria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Neusiedl an der Zaya
Neusiedl an der Zaya ni msumba mu boma la Lower Austria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Oberndorf an der Melk
Oberndorf an der Melk ni msumba mu boma la Lower Austria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Oberwaltersdorf
Oberwaltersdorf ni msumba mu boma la Lower Austria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Blanes
Blanes ni muzi uwo ukusangika mu chigaŵa cha Girona mu malo ghakulu gha Catalonia mu charu cha Spain.
Parbasdorf
Parbasdorf ni msumba mu boma la Lower Austria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Borrassà
Borrassà ni muzi uwo ukusangika mu chigaŵa cha Girona mu malo ghakulu gha Catalonia mu charu cha Spain.
Los Angeles
Post-WWII
Mu 1984, mu msumba uwu mukacitikaso maseŵero gha pa Olimpiki. Nangauli vyaru 14 vya Cikomyunizimu vikakana kuti vileke kuŵapo pa maseŵero gha Olimpiki, kweni maseŵero gha Olimpiki gha mu 1984 ghakaŵa ghakovwira comene kuluska maseŵero ghanyake ghose agho ghakaŵako, ndipo ghakaŵa ghaciŵiri kuti ghaŵe na phindu. Pa 29 Epulero, 1992, pakawuka viwawa pakati pa mafuko, ndipo khoti la ku Simi Valley likagamura kuti ŵapolisi ŵanayi ŵa Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) ŵaleke mulandu.
Overview
Kanandi mu msumba wa Los Angeles mukuŵa nyumba zambura kujumpha msinkhu, mwakupambana na mu msumba wa New York. Ku Los Angeles kuli nyumba zikuruzikuru yayi, kweni pali malo ghachoko waka nga ni Downtown, Warner Center, Century City, Koreatown, Miracle Mile, Hollywood, na Westwood. Nyumba zichoko waka izo zili kuzengeka kuwaro kwa malo agha, zikuwoneka makora comene. Mulimo wa kuzenga ukucitika mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana, m'malo mwa kuzenga nyumba yimoza. Kweni mu msumba wa Los Angeles muli nyumba zinandi zakujumpha 30 zakudikanya, ndipo 14 zili na nyumba zakujumpha 50 zakudikanya, ndipo ziŵiri zili na nyumba zakujumpha 70 zakudikanya, ndipo nyumba yitali chomene ni Wilshire Grand Center. Kweniso mu msumba wa Los Angeles muli nyumba zinandi zakukhalamo m'malo mwa nyumba za mbumba yimoza.
Chiwerengero cha anthu
Ku United States, mu 2010, ŵanthu awo ŵakalembeka mu msumba wa Los Angeles ŵakaŵa 3,792,621. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu tawuni iyi ŵakaŵanga 8,092.3 pa mita yimoza na hafu (3,124.5 pa kilomita yimoza). Kuyana na msinkhu wawo, ŵanthu 874,525 (23.1%) ŵakaŵa na vyaka vyambura kukwana 18, ŵanthu 434,478 (11.5%) ŵakaŵa ŵa vyaka vya pakati pa 18 na 24, ŵanthu 1,209,367 (31.9%) ŵakaŵa ŵa vyaka vya pakati pa 25 na 44, ŵanthu 877,555 (23.1%) ŵakaŵa ŵa vyaka vya pakati pa 45 na 64, ndipo ŵanthu 396,696 (10.5%) ŵakaŵa ŵa vyaka vya pakati pa 65 na kujumphirapo. Ŵakaŵa na vyaka 34.1. Pa ŵanakazi 100, ŵanalume ŵakaŵapo 99.2. Pa ŵanakazi 100 ŵa vyaka 18 kuya munthazi, pakaŵa ŵanalume 97.6.
Kuyana na kalembera wa mu 2010, mu msumba wa Los Angeles, ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu ukavu ŵakasanganga ndalama zakukwana $49,497.
Mtundu na fuko
Ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu ŵa ku Los Angeles awo ŵakababikira ku vyaru vinyake ŵakababikira mu Mexico, El Salvador, Guatemala, Philippines na Korea.
Cabanelles
Cabanelles ni muzi uwo ukusangika mu chigaŵa cha Girona mu malo ghakulu gha Catalonia mu charu cha Spain.
Los Angeles
Viwawa
Mu 2015, vikavumbukwa kuti ŵapolisi ŵa ku Los Angeles ŵakayowoyanga viŵi yayi vya ulwani kwa vyaka 8, ivyo vikapangiska kuti ulwani uwu uwoneke kuŵa uchoko chomene kuluska umo uliri.
Camós
Camós ni muzi uwo ukusangika mu chigaŵa cha Girona mu malo ghakulu gha Catalonia mu charu cha Spain.
Los Angeles
Kuphika
Ŵanthu awo ŵakafuma ku Latin America, comenecomene ku Mexico, ŵakiza na cakurya nga ni tacos, burritos, quesadillas, tortas, tamales, na enchiladas ico ŵakaguliskanga mu magalimoto ghakuguliska vyakurya, mu malo ghakupangira cakurya, na mu malo ghakupangira cakurya. Ku malo ghakurya gha ku Asia, uko kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake, kuli malo ghanandi mu tawuni iyi. Kweniso ku Los Angeles kuli vyakurya vinandi vyambura vyakurya vya nyama.
Boma
Mu msumba uwu muli maofesi ghanandi na maofesala, kusazgapo Dipatimenti ya Polisi ya Los Angeles (LAPD), Los Angeles Board of Police Commissioners, Los Angeles Fire Department (LAFD), Housing Authority of the City of Los Angeles (HACLA), Los Angeles Department of Transportation (LADOT), na Los Angeles Public Library (LAPL).
Colleges and universities
Pali makoleji na mayunivesite ghanandi agho ghakusangika kuwaro kwa msumba wa Greater Los Angeles, kusazgapo Claremont Colleges consortium, iyo yikusazgapo makoleji agho ghakusankha makoleji agho ghakusambizga vya maluso ku U.S., na California Institute of Technology (Caltech), yimoza ya mabungwe agho ghakusambizga vya STEM pa charu chose.
Sukulu
Sukulu ya Los Angeles Unified School District yikusambizga ŵana ŵa sukulu pafupifupi 800,000 mu msumba wa Los Angeles na mu vigaŵa vinyake. Pamasinda pakuti pulogiramu ya Proposition 13 ya mu 1978 yazomerezgeka, masukulu gha mu matawuni ghakaŵa na suzgo la ndalama. LAUSD yikumanyikwa na masukulu agho ghali na ndalama zinandi yayi, ghakuzura na ŵanthu kweniso ghakupwelelereka makora yayi, nangauli masukulu 162 agho ghakusangika mu Magnet Schools ghakukolerana na masukulu ghapadera.
Wayilesi
Chigawo cha Los Angeles ndi chigawo chachiwiri cha msika waukulu kwambiri ku US (pambuyo pa New York) ndi nyumba 5,431,140 (4,956% ya US), yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ma wailesi osiyanasiyana a AM ndi FM ndi ma TV. Los Angeles na New York City ni vyaru viŵiri pera ivyo vili na VHF 7.
Fortià
Fortià ni muzi uwo ukusangika mu chigaŵa cha Girona mu malo ghakulu gha Catalonia mu charu cha Spain.
Castellfollit de la Roca
Castellfollit de la Roca ni muzi uwo ukusangika mu chigaŵa cha Girona mu malo ghakulu gha Catalonia mu charu cha Spain.
Esponellà
Esponellà ni muzi uwo ukusangika mu chigaŵa cha Girona mu malo ghakulu gha Catalonia mu charu cha Spain.
Colomers
Colomers ni muzi uwo ukusangika mu chigaŵa cha Girona mu malo ghakulu gha Catalonia mu charu cha Spain.
Forallac
Forallac ni muzi uwo ukusangika mu chigaŵa cha Girona mu malo ghakulu gha Catalonia mu charu cha Spain.
Gualta (Spain)
Gualta (Spain) ni muzi uwo ukusangika mu chigaŵa cha Girona mu malo ghakulu gha Catalonia mu charu cha Spain.
Sierra Leone
Mbiri yakwambilira
Ivyo ŵanthu ŵakufukura vinthu vyakale ŵasanga vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Sierra Leone ŵakukhalapo vyaka 2,500. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 900 C.E., ŵanthu ŵakamba kugwiliskira ntchito visulo, ndipo mu 1000 C.E., ŵalimi ŵakamba kulima mumphepete mwa nyanja. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, nyengo yikasintha comene, ndipo mphaka pakati pa malo ghakupambanapambana zikasintha.
Ŵakavu ŵa ku London
Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Africa na America ŵakakhumbanga kuvikilirika na boma la Britain. Pakaŵa vikwi na vikwi vya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Black Loyalists, ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakanjira usilikari wa Britain pa nyengo ya Nkhondo ya ku America. Ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵazga awo ŵakachimbira kuti ŵakateŵetere ku Britain. Buku la ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Negro likulongosora za ŵazga ŵanandi awo ŵakafwatuka ku wuzga ku United States.
Chigaŵa cha Ufulu
Mu Janyuwale 1787, sitima ya Atlantic na ya Belisarius zikanyamuka kuluta ku Sierra Leone, kweni nyengo yiheni yikapangiska kuti ŵalute ku Plymouth. Ŵanyake 24 ŵakafumiskika, ndipo ŵanyake 23 ŵakacimbira. Paumaliro, mu Epulero 1787, ŵanthu 411 ŵakaluta ku Sierra Leone. Pa ulendo wa pakati pa Plymouth na Sierra Leone, ŵanthu 96 ŵakafwa.
Ŵanthu ŵa ku Nova Scotia
Mu ma 1790, ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu tawuni iyi, kusazgapo ŵanakazi, ŵakavota kakwamba. Mu 1792, mu Britain, ŵanakazi ndiwo ŵakamba kuŵa na wanangwa wa kuvota. Ŵanthu ŵafipa awo ŵakakhalanga ku Sierra Leone ŵakaŵa na wanangwa ukuru kuluska ŵazungu awo ŵakakhalanga ku Europe. Ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake ŵakasankhanga ŵimiliri ŵa ndyali ŵa vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana, awo ŵakamanyikwanga kuti 'ŵanthu ŵa chakhumi,' awo ŵakimiranga ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi. Mu Nova Scotia mukaŵavya ndondomeko iyi. Pakwamba, chikaŵa chakusuzga chomene kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵe mu Freetown. Boma likapeleka yayi vinthu vyakukhumbikwa pa umoyo wa ŵanthu, ndipo ŵakukhalamo ŵakasuzgikanga comene na malonda gha ŵazga na uheni wa kuzgoka ŵazga.
Kujiyimira pawekha (1961) na Margai Administration (1961~1964)
Mu Meyi 1962, ku Sierra Leone kukachitika chisankho chakwamba. Chipani cha Sierra Leone People's Party (SLPP) chikapokera vithuzi vinandi mu nyumba ya malango, ndipo Milton Margai wakasankhikaso kuŵa nduna yikuru.
Pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya Milton Margai na Albert Margai (1964-1967)
Mu 1967, mu Freetown mukawuka vivulupi chifukwa cha ivyo Margai wakachitanga. Sir Albert ŵakamusanga na mulandu wa vimbundi kweniso wa kutemwera mtundu wa Mende. Sir Albert Margai wakatora mazaza ndipo wakakhumbanga kuti ŵasilikari ŵa Mende ŵaŵe ŵakukolerana. Kweniso wakayezga kusintha Sierra Leone kufuma ku boma la demokilase kuya ku boma la chipani cimoza. Nangauli wakaŵa na wovwiri wose wa ŵasilikari ŵa caru ici, kweni wakacema kuti paŵe maungano ghakufwatuka na ghakugomezgeka.
Nkhondo ya ku Sierra Leone (1991-2002) na boma la NPRC (1992-1996)
Chifukwa chakuti ŵasilikari ŵaŵiri ŵa NPRC, Lt. Sahr Sandy na Lt. Solomon Musa ŵakaŵavya mwaŵi wa kumuvikilira, utsogoleri wa Strasser mukati mwa NPRC ukaŵa wambura nkhongono. Pa 16 January 1996, pamanyuma pa vilimika vinayi pa mazaza, Strasser wakakakika mu nyumba ya boma iyo yikapangika na ŵasilikari ŵanyake ŵa NPRC awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Brigadier Bio ku likuru la Defence ku Freetown. Nyengo yeneyiyo, Strasser wakatolekera ku Conakry, ku Guinea. Mu nkhani yake yakwamba ya pa wumba pamanyuma pa boma kuwukira mu 1996, Brigadier Bio wakayowoya kuti wovwiri wake wa kuwezgerapo Sierra Leone.
Nyengo ya Kabbah: boma, "kuwuka kwa boma liphya", AFRC na umaliro wa Nkhondo Yachiŵeniŵeni (1996~2007)
Mu Okutobala 1999, wupu wa United Nations ukazomera kutuma ŵasilikari kuti ŵakhazikiske mtende na kufumiska vilwero ku ŵakugaluka. Gulu lakwamba la ŵasilikari 6,000 likamba kwiza mu Disembala, ndipo mu Febuluwale 2000, wupu wa UN Security Council ukazomerezga kusazgirako ŵasilikari aŵa kufika pa 11,000. Kweni mu Meyi, apo pafupifupi ŵasilikari wose ŵa ku Nigeria ŵakafumako ndipo ŵasilikari ŵa UN ŵakayezga kuti ŵaleke kuvikilira RUF ku mafumiro gha dazi kwa Sierra Leone, ŵasilikari ŵa Sankoh ŵakakumana na ŵasilikari ŵa UN, ndipo ŵasilikari 500 ŵakakoleka nga mbanthu awo ŵakakanizgika. Nkhondo iyi yikapangiska kuti paŵe nkhondo zinandi pakati pa RUF na boma apo ŵasilikari ŵa UN ŵakambiska ntchito ya Khukri kuti ŵamalizge nkhondo iyi. Ntchito iyi yikaŵa yakukondweska comene, ndipo ŵasilikari ŵa ku India na Britain ndiwo ŵakalongozganga.
2018 General election
Mu 2018, ku Sierra Leone kukaŵa maungano gha chigaŵa. Pa maungano gha ku malo gha boma, palije uyo wakafika pa 55%, ndipo maungano ghaciŵiri ghakacitika.
Makhalilo gha charu
Pakati pa charu ichi pali malo gha chipalamba agho ghali na makuni, vivwati, na malo ghakurya. Chigaŵa chakumpoto cha charu ichi chili kugawika na wupu wa World Wildlife Fund kuŵa chigaŵa cha nkhorongo ya ku Guinea, apo chigaŵa chakumwera chili na makuni ghakututuŵa na minda.
Biodiversity
Mu Sierra Leone, ŵanthu ŵakuloŵa comene somba.
Wupu wa Environmental Justice Foundation ukulongora kuti mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, unandi wa maboti agho ghakuloŵa mwambura kuzomerezgeka mu maji gha ku Sierra Leone wawonjezeka comene. Ŵalwani ŵa visomba ŵamba kukora visomba vinandi chomene. Vinthu vyafika paheni comene cifukwa cakuti somba ndizo zikovwira ŵanthu ŵanandi mu caru ici kusanga ndalama.
Boma na ndale
Kuti munthu wasankhike kuŵa pulezidenti wa Sierra Leone, wakwenera kusanga mavoti pafupifupi 55 peresenti. Usange palije uyo wapokera 55%, paŵenge chigaŵa chachiŵiri pakati pa ŵalongozgi ŵaŵiri.
Parliament
Kufuma apo Sierra Leone yikapokera wanangwa mu 1961, vyaru ivi vili na vipani vikuruvikuru viŵiri: SLPP na APC. Pakaŵaso magulu ghacoko waka agho ghakaŵavya ŵanthu ŵanandi.
Foreign relations
Sierra Leone wali na ubwezi uwemi na vyaru vya ku Western Europe, na United States. Kufuma waka apo boma la United Kingdom likakanira nkhondo ya pawenenawene mu 2000, likawovwira chomene charu ichi.
Administrative divisions
Chigaŵa cha Sierra Leone chili na vigaŵa vinkhondi: chigaŵa cha kumpoto, chigaŵa cha kumpoto cha kumanjiliro gha dazi, chigaŵa cha kumwera, chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi, na chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi. Vigaŵa vinayi vili kugaŵika vigaŵa 14.
Mining
Charu cha Sierra Leone chili na vinthu vinandi vyakuthupi. Charu ichi chili pakati pa vyaru 10 ivyo vikupanga dayamondi zinandi chomene. Vinthu vyakuzirwa comene ivyo vikusangika pa caru capasi ni vyakununkhira. Charu cha Sierra Leone ndicho chikupanga dayamondi zinandi. Nangauli charu ichi chili na dayamondi zinandi, kweni kanandi chikuŵa na suzgo la kupanga na kutumizga dayamondi.
Transport infrastructure
Sierra Leone wali pa ndandanda wa vyaru ivyo vikukanizgika kupeleka vyakupharazga ku ndege. Ichi chikung'anamura kuti palije ndege iyo yili kulembeka mu charu cha Sierra Leone iyo yingachita uteŵeti uliwose mu charu cha Europe. Ici nchifukwa cakuti malango ghakwendeskera vinthu ghakwenda makora yayi.
Ŵanthu
Mu 2019 Sierra Leone yikaŵa na ŵanthu 7,813,215 ndipo yikakuranga 2.216% pa chaka. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu charu ichi mbawukirano, ndipo ŵanthu 41.7% ŵali na vyaka vyakukwana 15. Chifukwa cha kusamukira ku misumba, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala mu matawuni, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakuwona kuti matawuni agha ghakusazgikira na 2.9% pa chaka.