cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Frederick Chiluba
Vimbundi
Pa Meyi 24, 2007, Chiluba wakawa chifukwa cha suzgo la mtima ndipo ŵakamuŵika mu chipatala. Wakafumiskika ku cipatala pa Meyi 29, ndipo pa Meyi 30 madokotala ghakamupima kuti ngwakwenelera kweruzgika pa mulandu wa kunanga ndalama pamanyuma pa kuyezgana. Pa Meyi 31, khoti likadumura kuti mulandu wake ulutilire, nangauli maloya ghake ghakati ntchakwenelera yayi cifukwa ca ulwari wake. Mweruzgi wakakana ivyo maloya na madokotala gha Chiluba ŵakayowoya kuti pulezidenti wakale uyu ni mulwari comene mwakuti wangapika mulandu yayi. Pa Julayi 27, ŵakaluta nayo ku South Africa kuti ŵakamuchizge nthenda ya mtima. Iyo wakeneranga kwiza ku khoti pa Ogasiti 14, ndipo wakawelera ku Zambia pa Ogasiti 11, ndipo wakati "wakukhala na umoyo mwakuyana na khumbo la Ciuta". Muyowoyeri wake wakati chifukwa cha ulwari wake, chikaŵa chakusuzga kumanya usange wawonekenge ku khoti. Mu Julayi, khoti likadumura kuti para mphakukhumbikwa, Chiluba wawonelerenge pa vidiyo panji mweruzgi walute ku nyumba yake. Pa Ogasiti 14, Chiluba wakakana fundo yakuti waŵepo pa mulandu uwu pa vidiyo.
Ndondomeko za ndyali pamanyuma pa kufumapo
Ubwezi wa Chiluba na Pulezidenti Mwanawasa na MMD ukasuzga chomene wati wapika mulandu wa vimbundi. Wakakhozgera mulwani mukuru wa Mwanawasa, Michael Sata, mu mavoti gha 2006 gha purezidenti. Mwanawasa wakati wafwa mu 2008, wapampando Rupiah Banda ndiyo wakamusanga ndipo chuma cha Chiluba chikakwera chomene. Chiluba wakatoleka mulandu mu 2009 chifukwa cha ivyo Sata wakayowoya kuti Banda ndiyo "wakapangiska" mulandu uwu. Chiluba wakapharazga mu Janyuwale 2010 kuti wakovwilirenge Banda kuti wasankhikeso mu 2011, uku wakususka ŵalongozgi ŵakususka. Transparency International yikati Chiluba wakakolerana na Banda "mwakuti waŵe na wanangwa wake", ndipo Sata nayo wakadandawura kuti: "Chiluba wachitenge chilichose kuti mubwezi wake walutilire kuŵa na mazaza."
Vimbundi
Chiluba wakati wafumapo pa udindo wake, Mwanawasa wakamba kumususka chifukwa cha vimbundi. Mu Febuluwale 2003, wakajalirika mulandu pamoza na mulara wake wakale wa wupu wakuwona vya vimbundi, Xavier Chungu, na ŵaminisitala ŵanyake na ŵalara ŵa boma.
Chasefu, Chasefu
Chuma
Boma likulongozgaso ntchito ya Chasefu Agricultural Income Generating Activity (AIGA). Chilato cha AIGA nkhusanga ndalama zakukwana vyakukhumbikwa vya sukulu iyi na Chasefu Model Farm. Chifukwa cha mulimo uwu, wupu uwu ukuŵika mtima pa kulima phere, soya na vyakurya vinyake. Chifukwa chakuti boma likukanizga vyakurya ku Zambia, mbuto iyi yikuwoneka nga njakovwira yayi.
Ntchito zaumoyo
Mu msumba ya Hoya, Chasefu, Mthwalo, Malandula, na Munyuka muli malo ghakupwelelera umoyo agho ghali na Kanyanga ZHC.
Frederick Chiluba
Migwilizano
Chiluba wakalutilira kuwina udindo wa wupu wa Zambia Congress of Trade Unions (ZCTU). Iyo pamoza na ŵalongozgi ŵanyake ŵa ZCTU ŵakakakika mu 1981 na pulezidenti Kenneth Kaunda cifukwa ca kuchema kuti paŵe kunjilira mu nchito uko kukapangiska kuti ndalama zinandi za Zambia zileke kwenda makora. Ŵalongozgi ŵa wupu uwu ŵakafwatulika pamanyuma pakuti mweruzgi wakati ŵakakika mwakuyana yayi na dango. Mu 1987, wakathereska suzgo la kuŵa pulezidenti wa NUBEGW ilo likeneranga kumupangiska kuti wasuzgike.
Chasefu, Chasefu
Malo
Boma ichi chikupokera maji ghanandi kufuma ku milonga ya Kawondo na Lundazi kumwera kwa chigaŵa ichi. Msumba uwu uli pa mtunda wa makilomita 600 kufuma ku Lusaka.
Frederick Chiluba
Vimbundi
Mwanawasa wakafwa mu 2008 cifukwa cakuti wakalwara kwa nyengo yitali. Pa 17 August 2009, Chiluba ŵakamusanga na mulandu yayi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakiza mu khoti la Lusaka kuti ŵazakapulike ivyo mweruzgi Jones Chinyama wakayowoya. Frederick Chiluba wakaŵa wambura mulandu pa milandu ya vimbundi iyo ŵakamupa ndipo ŵakamufwatura.
Vya ndale
Chiluba wakasuskanga vyamalonda vya pa caru cose. Muhaliri wake Levy Mwanawasa wakambaso kukolerana na IMF na World Bank ivyo vikaleka kugwira ntchito mu nyengo ya Chiluba. Fundo iyi yikususkana na ivyo Chiluba wakacita pa nkhani ya ndalama, kusazgapo privatization ya Parastatals iyo wakadangilira pamoza na World Bank na IMF. Chiluba nayo wakumanyikwa kuti ndiyo wakambiska ndondomeko ya privatization ya ZCCM (Zambia Consolidatited Copper Mines) mu ma 1990s.
Kufwa
Chiluba wakafwa pa 18 Juni 2011, Nyengo yichoko waka pakati pa usiku. Muyowoyeri wake, Emmanuel Mwamba, wakapharazga nyifwa yake. Mwamba wakati Chiluba wakaŵa na zuŵa lakuyana na ghanyake pa Juni 17, ndipo wakaŵa na nyengo yakucezgera na maloya ghake. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, wakadandawura kuti wali na nthenda ya mu nthumbo.
Ukaboni
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Vya ndale
Kuumaliro wa 2001, Chiluba wakalekana na muwoli wake waciŵiri, Vera, uyo wakaŵa na ŵana 9, Helen, Miko, Hortensia, Castro, Chongo, Kaindu, Huldah, Frederick Jr na Verocia. Na muwoli wake wakwamba wakababa Tito na Nikombe.
Chasefu, Chasefu
Ndyali
Msumba uli ndi likulu, lomwe lingagwiritsidwe ntchito polembetsa ovota ku Chasefu Town Council pa zisankho za ECZ, matauni awa ndi Boyole, Chasefu, Malandula, Mthwalo, Chambuzi, Mbenje, Khulamayembe, Mwata, Zozo, Kaponga, Lusuntha, Phikamalaza, Kamzoole, Kakoma, Khufyu, Kamusis, na Hoya.
Chasefu ni msumba mu Boma la Chasefu, Zambia.
Frederick Chiluba
Vimbundi
Mu Meyi 2008, boma likapharazga kuti lasanga ndalama na katundu wakukwana madola pafupifupi 60 miliyoni, ivyo vikayowoyeka kuti vikibika pa nyengo iyo Chiluba wakaŵa pulezidenti.
Mthwalo, Chasefu
Mthwalo ni msumba mu Boma la Chasefu, Zambia.
Malo
Boma ichi chikupokera maji ghanandi kufuma ku milonga ya Kawondo na Lundazi kumwera kwa chigaŵa ichi. Msumba uwu uli pa mtunda wa makilomita 600 kufuma ku Lusaka.
Ndyali
Msumba uli ndi likulu, lomwe lingagwiritsidwe ntchito polembetsa ovota ku Chasefu Town Council pa zisankho za ECZ, matauni awa ndi Boyole, Chasefu, Malandula, Mthwalo, Chambuzi, Mbenje, Khulamayembe, Mwata, Zozo, Kaponga, Lusuntha, Phikamalaza, Kamzoole, Kakoma, Khufyu, Kamusis, na Hoya.
Ŵanthu
ChiTumbuka ndicho chikuyowoyeka chomene mu msumba uwu.
Ntchito zaumoyo
Mu msumba ya Hoya, Chasefu, Mthwalo, Malandula, na Munyuka muli malo ghakupwelelera umoyo agho ghali na Kanyanga ZHC.
Masambiro
Mu Boma ichi muli masukulu ghanandi mu matawuni na mu vikaya. Koleji yikuru mu cigaŵa ici ni Chasefu Theological College, iyo yili na masambiro gha ulimi kuti ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵasambire umo ŵangagwilira nchito zaulimi.
Boma la Chasefu
Boma likulongozgaso ntchito ya Chasefu Agricultural Income Generating Activity (AIGA). Chilato cha AIGA nkhusanga ndalama zakukwana vyakukhumbikwa vya sukulu iyi na Chasefu Model Farm. Chifukwa cha mulimo uwu, wupu uwu ukuŵika mtima pa kulima phere, soya na vyakurya vinyake. Chifukwa chakuti boma likukanizga vyakurya ku Zambia, mbuto iyi yikuwoneka nga njakovwira yayi.
Mthwalo
Chijokeni, Munyathe, Mnyoka, Mthwalo na Ponda ni malo agho ŵanthu ŵakadumuranga makuni kuti ŵapange makara ghanandi.
Kenneth Kaunda
Kenneth David Kaunda GCIH SCOT (28 Epulero, 1924 - 17 Juni, 2021), Wakuchemekaso KK''', monga wandale wa ku Zambia uyo wakaŵa purezidenti wakwamba wa Zambia kufuma 1964 mpaka 1991. Wakaŵa panthazi chomene pakulwera wanangwa wa ŵanthu. Wakakondwa yayi na umo Harry Nkumbula wakalongozgera Northern Rhodesian African National Congre ss, ndipo wakafumako na kukhazikiska Zambia African National Congress, ndipo pamanyuma wakazgoka mutu wa Socialist United National Independence Party (UNIP).
Mu 1999, wakawuskika wanangwa wake wa kukhala mu Zambia, kweni wakawuskako wanangwa uwu mu chaka chakulondezgapo.
Economic policies
Boma liphya la Kaunda likapokera caru ico nchimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vikaŵa na cuma cikuru comene mu caru ca Africa kumwera kwa Sahara, comenecomene cifukwa ca malo agho ghakaŵa na visulo vinandi, nangauli ghakaŵa pasi pa mazaza gha vyaru vinyake. Mwaciyelezgero, kampani ya British South Africa Company (BSAC, iyo yikazengeka na Cecil Rhodes) yikaŵa kuti yicali na katundu wa malonda ndiposo wanangwa wakuzenga vinthu vyakuthupi ivyo yikasanga cifukwa ca phangano ilo yikacita na Litunga wa ku Bulozi mu 1890. Wakaŵa Kaunda pera uyo wakawoneseska kuti boma la BSAC limupokelere.
Cifukwa cakuti wakacitanga makora yayi vinthu vya cuma, caru cake cikalutilira kukura. Nangauli Kaunda wakaŵa na minda yiwemi comene mu Africa, kweni nayo wakacitanga vinthu nga ni Tanzania.
Nkhondo ya kujithemba na kuwusa
Apo Kaunda wakaŵa mu jele, Mainza Chona na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti vinthu vyende makora ŵakafumamo mu ANC, ndipo mu Okutobala 1959, Chona wakaŵa pulezidenti wakwamba wa United National Independence Party (UNIP). Ndipouli, Chona wakajiwonanga kuti ni mweneko wa chipani yayi. Apo Kaunda wakafumanga mu jele mu 1960 wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti wa UNIP. Mu 1960 wakaluta kukawona Martin Luther King Jr. ku Atlanta ndipo pamanyuma, mu Julayi 1961, Kaunda wakambiska kampeni ya kuleka kupulikira mu Northern Province, iyo yikamanyikwanga kuti kampeni ya Cha-cha-cha, iyo yikang'anamuranga kunjizga moto na kujandizga misewu yikuruyikuru. Kaunda wakaluta ku mavoti gha UNIP mu chaka cha 1962. Ivi vikapangiska kuti paŵe boma la wupu wa UNIPANC, ndipo Kaunda wakaŵa nduna ya boma na umoyo wa ŵanthu. Mu Janyuwale 1964, UNIP yikathereska ŵalwani ŵawo ŵa ANC na kusanga Kaunda kuŵa nduna yikuru. Pa 24 Okutobala 1964 wakazgoka purezidenti wakwamba wa Zambia wakujiyimira yekha, ndipo wakasankha Reuben Kamanga kuŵa wachiŵiri wake.
Economic policies
Pakughanaghana za kuzenga vyaru vyakupambanapambana, Zambia yikambiska pulogiramu ya vyaru vyakupambanapambana, mwakulongozgeka na National Commission for Development Planning, iyo yikambiska "Transitional Development Plan" na "First National Development Plan". Vinthu viŵiri ivi vikawovwira kuti paŵe ndalama zinandi mu vigaŵa vya vyakuzenga na kupanga vinthu. Mu Epulero 1968, Kaunda wakambiska ndondomeko ya Mulungushi Reforms, iyo yikakhumbanga kuti mabungwe gha vyaru vinyake gha mu Zambia ghaŵe pasi pa boma. Mu vilimika vyakulondezgapo, mabungwe ghanandi gha migodi ghakaŵa gha boma, nangauli mabanki gha mu caru ici, nga ni Barclays na Standard Chartered, ghakaŵa gha ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake. Vinthu vikasintha mu Zambia mu 1973 apo mitengo ya mafuta yikakwera ndipo mkuŵa ukakhira. Charu ichi chikaŵa na ngongoli zinandi na International Monetary Fund (IMF), ndipo ndondomeko yacitatu ya vyakuzenga yikaleka kugwira nchito cifukwa cakuti ndondomeko ya nyengo yitali yikanjira m'malo mwa ndondomeko ya suzgo. Ivyo wakachita kuti wasinthe vinthu pa nkhani ya vyachuma mu ma 1980 vikapangiska kuti vinthu vifike paheni chomene mu Zambia. Pamasinda, Kaunda wakadumbiskana na wupu wa IMF, ndipo mu 1990 wakachichizgika kuti waguliske vinthu vinyake vya boma. Paumaliro, masuzgo gha vya cuma ghakamupangiska kuti waleke kuwusa.
Boma la chipani cimoza na "cisopa ca ku Africa"
Pulezidenti wa Malawi Hastings Banda wakumana na Kaunda
Mbili ya umoyo
Kaunda wakaŵa msambizgi pa sukulu ya Upper Primary School na Boarding Master ku Lubwa ndipo pamanyuma wakaba Headmaster ku Lubwa kufuma mu 1943 mpaka 1945. Wakagwira nchito ku migodi ya Salisbury na Bindura. Kukwambilira kwa 1948, wakazgoka msambizgi mu Mufulira ku United Missions to the Copperbelt (UMCB). Kufuma apo, wakaŵa movwiri wa wupu wakuwona vya umoyo wa ŵanthu ku Africa na msambizgi wa sukulu ya migodi ku Mufulira. Pa nyengo iyi, wakalongozganga gulu la ŵawukirano ndipo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa gulu la ŵakwimba mu mpingo wa Church of Central Africa. Wakaŵaso Vice-Secretary wa Mpingo wa Nchanga.
Nkhondo ya kujithemba na kuwusa
Mu 1949, Kaunda wakanjira mu ndyali ndipo wakaŵa yumoza wa awo ŵakambiska Northern Rhodesian African National Congress. Pa 11 November 1953 wakasamira ku Lusaka kuti wakaŵe Secretary General wa African National Congress (ANC), pasi pa muwuso wa Harry Nkumbula. Kaunda na Nkumbula ŵakatondeka kusonkhaniska ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa kuti ŵawukire charu cha Rhodesia na Nyasaland. Mu 1955, Kaunda na Nkumbula ŵakakakika kwa myezi yiŵiri cifukwa ca kugaŵira mabuku ghakwambukira boma. Ŵalongozgi ŵaŵiri aŵa ŵakapatukana apo Nkumbula wakakhwaskika chomene na ŵanthu ŵatuŵa ndipo wakatondeka kuvikilira ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa, Kuanda wakalongozga gulu la ŵanthu ŵakususkana na Nkumbula ilo pamasinda likamazga ubwezi na ANC ndipo wakambiska chipani chake, Zambia African National Congress (ZANC) mu Okutobala 1958. ZANC yikakanizgika mu Malichi 1959 ndipo mu Kaunda wakalangika kuti wakhale mu jele myezi yinkhondi na umoza.
Boma la chipani cimoza na "cisopa ca ku Africa"
Mu 1964, pambere charu chindambe kujiyimira paŵekha, pakawuka vivulupi pakati pa ŵalondezgi ŵa mpingo wa Lumpa, awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Alice Lenshina. Kaunda wakazomerezga yayi kuti tchalitchi ili liŵepo, ndipo wakalangura kuti Lumpa wakoleke.
Kaunda wakaŵa pulezidenti wakwamba wa Zambia. Mu 1973, pamanyuma pa vivulupi vya mafuko na vyaru vinyake, vyaru vyose vya ndyali kupatulako UNIP vikakanizgika kwizira mu kusintha kwa dango la boma pamanyuma pa kusazgirako Chima Declaration. Pa nyengo yeneyira, Kaunda wakalaŵiliranga kugura masheya ghanandi mu makampani ghakufuma ku vyaru vinyake. Cifukwa ca suzgo la mafuta ilo likacitika mu 1973 na kunangika kwa ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakasanganga para ŵakuguliska vinthu ku vyaru vinyake, Zambia yikaŵa mu suzgo la vya cuma. Ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yose ŵakamucicizga Kaunda kuti wasinthe malango agho ghakamovwira kuti walutilire kuwusa. Mu 1991, pakaŵa mavoti gha vyaru vinandi, ndipo Frederick Chiluba, mulongozgi wa Movement for Multi-Party Democracy, wakawuskapo Kaunda.
Boma la chipani cimoza na "cisopa ca ku Africa"
Kwambira mu 1964, boma la Kaunda likamba kuŵa na mazaza. Kaunda wakazomerezga yayi vyaru vinyake padera pa UNIP. Ndipouli, mu 1972, wakasangana na suzgo liphya apo Simon Kapwepwe wakafumamo mu UNIP ndipo wakasanga chipani chinyake, cha United Progressive Party, icho Kaunda wakayezga kukanizga. Kufuma apo, wakasora Komiti ya Chona, iyo yikapangika na Mainza Chona mu Febuluwale 1972. Mulimo wa Chona ukaŵa wakupeleka ulongozgi wa dango liphya la Zambia ilo lingapangiska kuti caru ciŵe na chipani cimoza. Komiti iyi yikazomerezgekanga yayi kudumbiskana ivyo Kaunda wakabuda, kweni yikadumbiskana waka fundo zakukhwaskana na kusintha kwa boma la chipani chimoza. Paumaliro, Kaunda wakawuskapo Nkumbula mwa kumupangiska kuti wanjire UNIP na kuzomera Choma Declaration pa 27 June 1973. Pa Ogasiti 25 mu chaka chenechichi, ŵakalemba dango liphya. Pa mavoti ghakwamba agho ghakacitika mu Disembala, Kaunda ndiyo wakaŵa yekha wakwimilira.
Nyumba ya Ufumu ya Windsor
Mbili
Zina ili likukolerana na muwuso wa ufumu wa Britain, kwizira mu tawuni ya Windsor, Berkshire, na Windsor Castle. Arthur Bigge, Baroni Wakwamba wa ku Stamfordham ndiyo wakasachizga. Themba la ku Germany, Wilhelm II, likati lapulika kuti mubali wake wasintha zina la nyumba yachifumu ya Britain kuŵa Windsor, ndipo likati lawona buku la Shakespeare lakuti The Merry Wives of Windsor, likati likukhumba kuwonelera "The Merry Wives of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha"..
Kenneth Kaunda
Ndondomeko ya vyaru vinyake
Kwambira mu Epulero 1975, apo wakaluta kwa pulezidenti wa ku United States, Gerald Ford ku White House ku Washington, D.C., na kuyowoya nkhani yankhongono yakuchiska kuti United States yiŵe na mulimo wakuzirwa comene na wakukhozga ŵanthu mu vyaru vya kumwera kwa Africa. Kufika mu 1984, Kaunda wakaŵa mulongozgi wa ku Africa uyo wakacitanga vinthu vya ndyali pa nkhani ya nkhondo mu Angola, Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), na Namibia. Mu 1976, Henry Kissinger wakaluta ku Zambia, ndipo wakakolerana makora na Jimmy Carter, kweniso wakateŵeteranga lumoza na Chester Crocker, movwiri wa pulezidenti Ronald Reagan. Nangauli pakaŵa mphindano pakati pa Kaunda na ŵalongozgi ŵa ku United States (nga ni apo Zambia yikagura ndege za Soviet za MiG panji apo yikapusikizgira ŵadipuloma ŵaŵiri ŵa ku America kuti mbapenjere), Kaunda wakaŵa na ubwezi uwemi na United States mu vyaka ivi.
Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yakuzizima, Kaunda wakakhozgera comene gulu la ŵanthu ŵambura kukolerana. Wakachitiska ungano wa NAM ku Lusaka mu 1970 ndipo wakaŵa mulaŵiliri wa gulu ili kwambira mu 1970 m'paka 1973. Wakalutilira kuŵa paubwezi na Josip Broz Tito, mulongozgi wa Yugoslav uyo wakaŵapo nyengo yitali. Wakalutaso na kupokelera pulezidenti wa ku Romania, Nicolae Ceaușescu, mu ma 1970. Mu 1986, Yunivesite ya Belgrade, ku Yugoslavia, yikamupa digiri ya udokotala. Kaunda wakaŵa na mphindano zinandi kweni zaubwezi na pulezidenti wa ku US Ronald Reagan uyo wakakumana nayo mu 1983 na nduna yikuru ya Britain Margaret Thatcher comenecomene cifukwa ca ivyo wakawona kuti ni kujara maso ku apartheid ya ku South Africa. Nyengo zose wakaŵanga paubwezi uwemi na ŵanthu ŵa ku China awo ŵakawovwira pa milimo yinandi mu Zambia, kusazgapo njanji ya Tazara.
El Purial, Camajuaní
Nyumba
Ŵanthu ŵa mu cigaŵa ici ŵasanga candulo cikuru comene cifukwa lero ŵali na maofesi gha munkhwala, maofesi gha munthavi gha mazuŵa ghano, na maofesi ghanyake gha munthavi.
Malo
Chifukwa cha malo agha, zuŵa lililose mu tawuni iyi mukuŵa chithukivu cha madigiri 30.29 na madigiri 21.66. Mphepo zikufuma kumafumiro gha dazi na kumpoto-kumafumiro gha dazi kwa tawuni iyi ndipo zikujumpha pa 8.3 km pa ora.
Kenneth Kaunda
Kuleka mazaza
Mu 1990, vinthu vikasintha comene. Mu Julayi, pakati pa mazuŵa ghatatu gha vivulupi mu msumba wa Kaunda, Kaunda wakapharazga kuti pa Okutobala kuzamucitika referendum ya usange maboma ghanyake ghazomerezgekenge. Ndipouli, wakayowoya kuti UNIP ndiyo yikwenera kuŵa na mazaza pa nkhani iyi. Pakajumpha maora ghacoko waka, ndipo mulara wa ŵasilikari uyo wakakwiya nayo wakaluta pa wayilesi kuti wakapharazge kuti Kaunda wapokeka. Kuyezga kupoka boma kukamara pati pajumpha maora ghatatu panji ghanayi, kweni cikaŵa cakumanyikwa kuti Kaunda na UNIP ŵakagongowa. Kaunda wakayezga kukhozga ŵakususka mwa kusamuskira referendum mu Ogasiti 1991; ŵakususka ŵakayowoya kuti zuŵa lakwamba likapeleka nyengo yinandi yayi yakulembera ŵanthu.
Umoyo na nyifwa
Kaunda wakati wakukhala umoyo utali cifukwa ca kurya vyakurya vyambura nthukumusi. Kweniso wakaleka kumwa moŵa ndipo mu 1953 wakaleka kumwa tiyi. Pulezidenti Edgar Lungu wakapharazga pa peji lake la Facebook kuti Zambia yizamuŵa na mazuŵa 21 gha kulira. Pa 21 June, Vice-President Inonge Wina wakapharazga kuti viwangwa vya Kaunda vizamutolekera ku vigaŵa vyose vya chalo ichi, na ma church services mu capital ya chigaŵa chilichose, pambere wandafike pa state funeral pa National Heroes Stadium ku Lusaka pa 2 July na burial pa Presidential Burial Site pa 7 July. Vyaru vinyake vinandi navyo vikamba kulira nyifwa ya munthu. Zimbabwe yikapharazga mazuŵa khumi na ghanayi gha kulira; South Africa yikapharazga mazuŵa khumi gha kulira; Botswana, Malawi, Namibia na Tanzania vyose vikapharazga mazuŵa ghankhondi na ghaŵiri gha kulira; Mozambique yikapharazga mazuŵa ghankhondi na limoza gha kulira; South Sudan yikapharazga mazuŵa ghatatu gha kulira; Cuba yikapharazga zuŵa limoza la kulira. Purezidenti wa Singapore Halimah Yacob wapeleka chitima chake ku banthu ŵa ndyali na banthu ba Zambia pa nyifwa ya Kaunda.
Nyumba ya Ufumu ya Windsor
Ŵana ŵa Elizabeth II
Fumu yiliyose iyo yizamuwusa kunthazi yingasintha zina la ufumu wake kwizira mu dango lakuyana waka, chifukwa dango ili lili na mazaza yayi.
El Purial, Camajuaní
Malo
Mlonga wa Sagua la Chica na wa Camajuaní ndiwo ni misewu yikuru comene mu tawuni iyi. Malo agha ghakaŵa ghambura kwenda makora, ndipo ghakaŵa na madambo ghanandi.
Kenneth Kaunda
Vyakupeleka na malumbo
Awards
El Purial, Camajuaní
Mbili
Pa Epulero 25 wa chaka chenechicho, dokotala Juan Bruno Zayas wakawuka kufuma ku munda wapafupi mu Vega Alta, pamoza na gulu lakwamba la ŵasilikari mu Villa Clara ya mazuŵa ghano. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa ku malo agha ŵakaŵa na nkharo yiwemi, nga ni Mubali Leoncio Vidal Caro, kweniso Mubali Roberto Méndez Peñate na Rafael Casallas. Vidal ndiyo wakalongozga kuwukira kwa Santa Clara pa Malichi 23, 1896.
Kenneth Kaunda
Ndondomeko ya vyaru vinyake
Mu Ogasiti 1989, Farzad Bazoft ŵakamukaka mu Iraq cifukwa ca kusopa vigeŵenga. Wakaŵa pamoza na nesi munyake wa ku Britain, Daphne Parish, uyo nayo wakakika. Bazoft wakaŵa mulembi wa nyuzipepara wakubabika ku Iran uyo wakayezga kuvumbura umo Saddam wakakomera ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Iraq. Pamanyuma pake Bazoft wakeruzgika, wakakomeka, na kukomeka, kweni Kaunda wakafiska kufumiska mwanakazi munyake.
Educational policies
Pa nyengo iyo Zambia yikapokera wanangwa wake, mulimo wake wa kunozga vinthu ukaŵa kuti undamalizgike. Pa vyaru ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa Britain, caru ici cikaŵa na masambiro ghapacanya comene. Mu caru ici mukaŵa waka ŵanthu 100 awo ŵakamalizga masambiro ghapacanya. Cifukwa ca ici, Zambia yikakhumbikwiranga kuŵika ndalama zinandi pa masambiro gha vigaŵa vyose. Kaunda wakambiska ndondomeko yakuti ŵana wose, kwali ŵapapi ŵawo ŵangafiska kulipira, ŵapikenge mabuku, mapepara, na maphesulu kwawanangwa. Ŵapapi ŵakaŵa na mulimo wa kugura yunifomu, kulipira "tundalama" na kuwoneseska kuti ŵana ŵakuluta ku sukulu. Fundo iyi yikang'anamuranga kuti ŵana ŵawemi comene ndiwo ŵakalongozgekanga kuti ŵafiske vilato vyawo, kwambira ku pulayimale mpaka ku yunivesite. Mwaciyelezgero, ni ŵana wose yayi awo ŵakasambiranga masambiro ghapacanya, kweni awo ŵakasambiranga ŵakaŵa ŵakusambira comene.
Mbili ya umoyo
Kenneth Kaunda wakababika pa 28 April 1924. ku Lubwa Mission ku Chinsali, ku Northern Rhodesia, sono ku Zambia, Mu banja lithu tikaŵamo ŵana 8 ndipo ine nkhaŵa waumaliro. Awiske, Reverend David Kaunda, ŵakaŵa mishonale kweniso msambizgi wa Church of Scotland, uyo wakababikira ku Nyasaland (uko sono ni Malawi) ndipo wakasamira ku Chinsali, kukagwira nchito ku Lubwa Mission. Amama ŵake ŵakaŵa ŵasambizgi ndipo ŵakaŵa mwanakazi wakwamba wa ku Africa kusambizga mu Northern Rhodesia. Wose ŵakaŵa ŵasambizgi ŵa fuko la Bemba ilo lili kumpoto kwa Zambia. Awiske ŵakafwa apo Kenneth wakaŵa mwana. Apa ndipo Kenneth Kaunda wakasambilira m'paka m'ma 1940. Pamasinda wakalondezga mendero gha ŵapapi ŵake na kuŵa msambizgi; pakwamba ku Northern Rhodesia kweni pakati pa m'ma 1940 wakasamira ku Tanganyika Territory (sono ni Tanzania). Wakagwiraso nchito ku Southern Rhodesia. Wakasambira ku Munali Training Centre ku Lusaka pakati pa 1941 na 1943. Kukwambilira kwa umoyo wake, wakaŵazga mabuku gha Mahatma Gandhi agho wakati "ghakanikhwaska comene".
Post-presidency
Pa 4 June 1998, Kaunda wakapharazga kuti wafumengepo pa udindo wa United National Independence Party ndipo wafumengepo pa ndyali. Wakati wapumura pa nchito mu 2000, wakacitako milimo yakupambanapambana. Cinthu ico wakacitapo cikuru comene nchakuti wakalimbikiranga comene kulimbana na HIV na AIDS. Mwana munyake wa Kaunda wakafwa na nthenda iyi mu ma 1980. Kufuma mu 2002 mpaka 2004, wakaŵa African President-in-Residence ku African Presidential Archives and Research Center ku Boston University.
El Purial, Camajuaní
Mbili
Mu vyaka vya Repubulika la New Colonial, ŵanthu ŵakamba kulimbana na ŵantchito. Vyaka ivi vikaŵa vyakukondweska comene cifukwa cakuti ŵantchito ŵa mu vigaŵa vikuruvikuru ŵakacitanga milimo yinandi; ŵantchito ŵa mu vigaŵa vya shuga na hona ŵakacitanga maungano gha mazuŵa ghacoko waka kuti ŵavikilire vilato vyawo, nga ni kunanga kwa ŵantchito ŵa mu vigaŵa vyakwambilira kuti ŵasangire ndalama zakupambana na za ŵantchito ŵa mu vigaŵa vyakwambilira.
Nyumba ya Ufumu ya Windsor
Mbili
George V wakazomerezgaso kuti ŵekha awo ŵakaŵa ŵabali ŵake ŵa ku Britain ndiwo ŵaŵe na mazina gha ufumu. Mu 1919, wakawuskako mazina gha ufumu ku ŵabali ŵake ŵatatu ŵa ku Germany.
Nyumba ya Windsor ni nyumba ya ufumu ya Britain na Commonwealth. Mu 1901, ŵa nyumba ya Saxe-Coburg na Gotha (awo ŵakaŵa chigaŵa cha nyumba ya Wettin) ŵakamba kulamulira mu ufumu wa Britain. Mu 1917, zina la nyumba yachifumu ya Britain likasinthika kufuma ku German Saxe-Coburg na Gotha kuya ku English Windsor chifukwa cha ŵanthu ŵakususka Germany mu United Kingdom pa Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose. Kufuma nyengo yira, ŵa nyumba ya Windsor ŵaŵapo ŵalongozgi ŵankhondi: George V, Edward VIII, George VI, Elizabeth II, na Charles III. Ŵana na ŵana ŵanalume ŵa Fumukazi Elizabeth II na Prince Philip nawo ŵali mu mbumba ya Oldenburg cifukwa Philip wakaŵa mu mbumba ya Glücksburg.
Kenneth Kaunda
Kuleka mazaza
Apo wakayowoyanga kuti wakukhumba kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Zambia ŵavoterenge ndondomeko ya vyaru vinandi, Kaunda wakati boma la chipani cimoza pera ndilo lingawovwira kuti kusankhana mafuko na nkhaza vileke kunjilira mu caru. Kweni mu Seputembala, Kaunda wakasintha maghanoghano chifukwa cha ivyo ŵakamususkanga. Wakakanaso fundo ya ŵanthu wose, ndipo m'malo mwake wakapeleka ulongozgi wakuti ŵasintheso dango ilo likovwira kuti UNIP yileke kuŵa na mazaza. Kweniso wakapharazga kuti mu chaka chakulondezgapo paŵenge maungano ghaciŵiri gha boma. Mu Disembala, wakalembapo ivyo vikakhumbikwanga.
Nyumba ya Ufumu ya Windsor
Mbili
Edward VII na mwana wake, George V, ŵakaŵa ŵa nyumba ya Sachsen-Coburg na Gotha cifukwa cakuti ŵakaŵa ŵa fuko la Albert, mfumu wa Fumukazi Victoria. Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose yikati yamara, ŵanthu ŵa mu Ufumu wa Britain ŵakamba kutinkhana comene na Germany. Mu 1917, ndege yikuru yakucemeka Gotha G.IV yikamba kuwombera msumba wa London. Mu chaka chenechichi, pa Malichi 15, mubali wa Themba George, Emperor Nicholas II wa ku Russia, wakachichizgika kuleka ufumu. Paumaliro, Themba na mbumba yake ŵakaghanaghana kuti ŵaleke maudindo ghose agho ŵakaŵa nagho mu ufumu wa Germany na kusintha mazina gha ku Germany kuŵa gha Chingelezi. Ntheura pa Julayi 17, 1917, Themba George V likalangura kuti:
Kenneth Kaunda
Boma la chipani cimoza na "cisopa ca ku Africa"
Pakuŵa purezidenti wa UNIP, ndipo pasi pa boma la chipani chimoza, Kaunda wakaŵa yekha uyo wakasankhika kuŵa purezidenti wa charu mu mavoti gha 1978, 1983, na 1988, nyengo yiliyose na ma results gha boma agho ghakulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 80 peresenti ŵakakolerana nayo. Kaunda ndiyo wakalamuliranga pa nyengo ya maungano gha pa caru cose. Mu mavoti gha UNIP mu 1978, Kaunda wakasintha malango gha chipani ichi kuti waŵikemo malango agho ghakazomerezganga yayi ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga: Kapwepwe wakaphalirika kuti wangasankha yayi chifukwa ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa mamembala kwa vyaka vinkhondi pera ndiwo ŵangasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti (wakawelera waka ku UNIP vyaka vitatu kumasinda).
Umoyo na nyifwa
Kweniso wakalemba sumu zakulongosora za wanangwa uwo wakakhumbanga, nangauli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Zambia ŵakumanya sumu yimoza pera ("Tiyende pamodzi ndi mtima umo" kung'anamura kuti "Tiyendenge lumoza na mtima umoza").
El Purial, Camajuaní
El Purial, wakuchemekaso Purial, ni muzi wa ku Aguada de Moya, Camajuaní, Villa Clara, Cuba.
Kenneth Kaunda
Kuleka mazaza
Pa mavoti agha, gulu la Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD), ilo likalongozgekanga na Frederick Chiluba, likathereska UNIP. Pa mavoti gha purezidenti, Kaunda wakatondeka, wakatora waka mavoti 24 pa 100 gha Chiluba. Gulu la UNIP likakhala waka mu Nyumba ya Malango 25. Chimoza mwa vinthu ivyo vikaŵa mu kampeni iyi chikaŵa chakuti Kaunda wapeleke chigaŵa chimoza pa vigaŵa vinayi vya charu ku Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, munthu wa ku India uyo wakalayizga kuti wazamugwiliskira ntchito malo agha pakukhozga vyaru ivyo ŵanthu ŵakugomezga kuti ni "Mwamba pa Charu". Kaunda wakacicizgika kughanaghana kuti wakulondezga yayi ivyo wakasambira. Apo Kaunda wakapelekanga mazaza kwa Chiluba pa Novembala 2, 1991, wakazgoka mulongozgi waciŵiri wa chalo ca ku Africa uyo wakazomerezga mavoti gha vyaru vinandi na kuleka mazaza mwa mtende wati watondeka. Mathieu Kérékou wa ku Benin ndiyo wakaŵa wakwamba kucita nthena mu Malici wa caka ceneci.
Ndondomeko ya vyaru vinyake
Kaunda wakaŵa mulongozgi wa Organisation of African Unity (OAU) kufuma mu 1970 mpaka 1971 ndipo kufuma mu 1987 mpaka 1988.
Nyumba ya Ufumu ya Windsor
Fumu ndiyo yikulongozga vyaru 15. Vyaru ivi ni United Kingdom, Antigua na Barbuda, Australia, Bahamas, Belize, Canada, Grenada, Jamaica, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Saint Kitts na Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent na Grenadines, Solomon Islands, na Tuvalu. Padera pa mafumu agha, paliso vyaru vitatu ivyo vili pasi pa ufumu wa Britain, vyaru 14 vya ku Britain ivyo vili ku mpoto kwa charu ichi, na vyaru viŵiri vya New Zealand: Virwa vya Cook na Niue.
El Purial, Camajuaní
Mbili
Pakukhumba kuti charu chiŵe na wanangwa, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu chigaŵa ichi ŵakamba kulimbana na batistato. Ŵanandi ŵa iwo ŵakapeleka umoyo wawo cifukwa ca mulimo uwu. Ŵanthu awo ŵakuzunulika ni Anastasio Cárdenas Ávila, uyo wakafwa ku Trinidad, na Andrés Cuevas Heredia, uyo wakafwa mu nkhondo ya Sierra Maestra, ndipo wakapika udindo wa mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari cifukwa ca nkhongono zake. Cinthu cakuzirwa comene pa umo nkhondo iyi yikendera cikaŵa kuŵapo kwa ŵalongozgi ŵa nkhondo Camilo Cienfuegos na Ernesto Che Guevara, mu nyengo yaumaliro ya nkhondo iyi.
Kenneth Kaunda
Umoyo na nyifwa
Pa 14 June 2021, Kaunda wakalaŵiskika ku chipatala cha Maina Soko Military Hospital ku Lusaka kuti wakachizgike chifukwa cha suzgo la matenda. Boma la Zambia likati ŵadokotala ŵakucita vyose ivyo ŵangafiska kuti waŵeso makora, nangauli nchambura kupulikikwa umo waliri. Pa 15 Juni 2021, vikamanyikwa kuti wakulwara nthenda ya nthenda ya nthumbo, iyo dokotala wake wakati yikaŵa suzgo la umoyo wake. Pa 17 June 2021 vikamanyikwa kuti wakafwa pa vyaka 97 pamanyuma pa kulwara kwa nyengo yichoko waka ku chipatala cha Maina Soko Military Hospital. Wakaŵa na ŵazukuru 30 na ŵazukuruŵana 11.
Educational policies
Yunivesite ya Zambia yikajulika mu Lusaka mu 1966, pamanyuma pakuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Zambia ŵakaciskika kuti ŵapeleke ndalama izo zingaŵawovwira pakuzenga yunivesite iyi. Kaunda wakasankhika kuŵa Chancellor ndipo wakacitiska ungano wakwamba wa kumalizga masambiro mu 1969. Msumba ukuru ukaŵa pa Great East Road, apo msumba wa vyadokotala ukaŵa ku Ridgeway kufupi na University Teaching Hospital. Mu 1979, ku Zambia Institute of Technology ku Kitwe, kukapangikaso sukulu yinyake. Mu 1988, sukulu ya Kitwe yikasinthika zina na kucemeka Copperbelt University, ndipo yikamba kusambizga vya bizinesi, vyamakampani, na vya cilengiwa. Masukulu ghanyake agho ghakaŵako mu nyengo ya Kaunda ghakaŵa gha masukulu gha masambiro gha ku sekondare ndipo ghakaŵa pasi pa Dipatimenti ya Masambiro gha Uteŵeti. [Vinyake mwa vyaru ivi ni Evelyn Hone College na Natural Resources Development College (vyose vili ku Lusaka), Northern Technical College ku Ndola, [Pakukhumbika ukaboni apa] Livingstone Trades Training Institute ku Livingstone, na makoleji ghakusambizga ŵasambizgi.
Ukaboni
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El Purial, Camajuaní
Chuma
Msumba uwu uli mu malo gha vyakumera, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakulima. Vinthu vikuru comene vya mu caru ici ni: vyakurya vya shuga, hona, vyakurya vyakupambanapambana na viŵeto. Mu vigaŵa vyapafupi na msumba uwu muli mafakitale ghakujumpha 20, kusazgapo nyama na moŵa, kweniso fakitare yakupangiramo vinthu vyaulimi.
Kenneth Kaunda
Boma la chipani cimoza na "cisopa ca ku Africa"
Pakuti ŵakususka wose ŵakamara, Kaunda wakazomerezga kuti ŵanthu ŵambe kusopa ŵanthu ŵambura kwenelera. Wakamba kulondezga fundo za chisopa icho chikachemekanga kuti Zambia Humanism. Fundo iyi yikajintha pa fundo za pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1900 zakukhwaskana na kunozgekera vinthu na boma kweniso ivyo iyo wakawonanga kuti ni fundo za mu Africa: wovwiri, kugomezgana, na kugomezgeka ku ŵanthu. Kwame Nkrumah ("Consciencism") ndiyo wakambiska fundo zakuyana na izi mu Ghana, ndipo Julius Nyerere ("Ujamaa") ndiyo wakambiska fundo iyi mu Tanzania. Kuti walongosore makora maghanoghano ghake, Kaunda wakalemba mabuku ghanandi: Humanism in Zambia and a Guide to its Implementation, Parts 1, 2 na 3. Mabuku ghanyake ghakulongosora vya ŵanthu ŵa ku Zambia ni: Fundamentals of Zambian Humanism, by Timothy Kandeke; Zambian Humanism, religion and social morality, by Rev. Fr. Cleve Dillion-Malone, S.J., and Zambian Humanism: some major spiritual and economic challenges, by Justin B. Ŵazulu. Kaunda on Violence (zina la ku United States lakuti The Riddle of Violence) likalembeka mu 1980.
El Purial, Camajuaní
Chikhalidwe
Msumba uwu uli na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala mu malo agha, nga ni Raúl Planas, Omar González, Juan Manuel García, kweniso Leoncio Yanes na Ruperto Delgado Limendux. Wovwirani kuti muzi uwu uŵe na gulu la vyakusanguluska, makhoti gha ŵanthu ŵakutemwa kuvina, malo ghakusungirako vinthu vyakale, na vinyake.
Mbili
Uthenga wakwamba wakulongosora za malo agha ngwakufuma mu 1703. Mu cigaŵa ici, vinthu vikamba kwenda makora comene ndipo vikafika pa vigaŵa vyose vya umoyo wa cuma, ndyali na wa ŵanthu. Pakuyowoya za zina la cigaŵa ico tawuni iyi yili, Camajuaní, pali Mabaibolo ghakupambanapambana, ndipo ghakuzomerezgeka comene ndigho ghakuyowoya za lizgu ili, ilo likufuma ku ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ici, ilo likung'anamura mlonga uwo ukuskamba mu madambo ghake, ndipo likung'anamura, pakati pa vinyake, maji ghakutowa, ghakutowa na ghakwenda.
Kenneth Kaunda
Ndondomeko ya vyaru vinyake
Pambere nkhondo yakwamba ya ku Gulf yindambe, Kaunda wakaŵa paubwezi na pulezidenti wa ku Iraq, Saddam Hussein. Msewu unyake mu Lusaka ukacemeka kuti Saddam, kweni pamanyuma pake zina ili likasinthika apo ŵalongozgi ŵaŵiri aŵa ŵakaleka mazaza.
Nyumba ya Ufumu ya Windsor
Vyaru ivyo vikawusanga
Apo nyumba ya Windsor yikapangikanga, yikalongozganga Ufumu wa Britain. Ndipouli, Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose yikati yamara, vinthu vikasintha ndipo vikapangiska kuti vyaru vya Commonwealth viŵe vyakujiyimira. Kusintha uku kukazunulika mu mazgu gha Balfour Declaration of 1926, Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927, na Statute of Westminster 1931. Mbumba ya Windsor yikamanyikwa kuti ni mbumba yacifumu ya vyaru vinandi vyambura mazaza, ndipo ciŵerengero ici cikasintha kwa vyaka vinandi, pakuti ma Dominion ghanyake ghakazgoka ma republic ndipo ma Crown Colonies ghakazgoka ma realms, ma republics, panji ma monarchy agho ghakaŵa pasi pa fumu yinyake. Kwambira mu 1949, mathemba ghatatu gha nyumba ya Windsor, George VI, Elizabeth II na Charles III, ndiwo ŵakulongozga Commonwealth of Nations, iyo yikusazgapo vigaŵa vinandi vya ufumu wakale wa Britain na vyaru vinyake ivyo vikaŵako yayi.
El Purial, Camajuaní
Mbili
Chigaluka chakwamba mu vyaru ivi chikachitika pa Febuluwale 14, 1869, ndipo mulongozgi wake wakaŵa Salome Hernández wa ku Venezuela, uyo wakagwiranga nchito mu caru ici, ndipo wakaŵa mulara wa ŵasilikari. Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakamanyikwa na nkhondo iyi ŵakaŵa Jesús del Sol, Aquilino Tuñón, na Diego Dorado.
Kenneth Kaunda
Post-presidency
Wakati wafumapo pa udindo wake, Kaunda wakakumana kanandi waka na boma la Chiluba na MMD. Pamanyuma, Chiluba wakayezga kumusezga Kaunda cifukwa cakuti wakaŵa wa ku Malawi. Boma la MMD ilo likulongozgeka na Chiluba likasintha dango la chalo, ndipo likakanizga ŵanthu ŵa ku vyaru vinyake kuti ŵaleke kwimilira pa udindo wa pulezidenti. Pamanyuma pa kuwukira boma mu 1997, pa Zuŵa la Sabata mu 1997 ŵakamukora na ŵapolisi. Ndipouli, ŵalara ŵa boma ŵakadandawura, ndipo pa Zuŵa la Chaka Chiphya mu chaka chenechichi, ŵakamujalira mu nyumba yake m'paka apo wakeruzgikira. Mu 1999, Khoti Likuru la Ndola likati Kaunda walije wanangwa wa kuŵa mwenekaya. Kweni Kaunda wakadandawura ku Khoti Likuru Chomene mu Zambia, ilo likati iyo ni mwenekaya wa Zambia mu mulandu wa Lewanika and Others v. Khoti likadumura mulandu wa Chiluba.
Nyumba ya Ufumu ya Windsor
Ŵana ŵa Elizabeth II
Ivi vikacitika pamanyuma pa myezi yicoko waka ya kulemberana makalata pakati pa nduna yikuru Harold Macmillan na Edward Iwi, nkhwantha ya malango. Iwi wakayowoya kuti mwana wacifumu uyo wababikenge mu Febuluwale 1960 waŵenge na "Cimanyikwiro ca Uheni" usange wapika zina la amama ŵake (Windsor) m'malo mwa zina la awiske (Mountbatten). Macmillan wakayezga kumukanizga Iwi, m'paka mu Janyuwale 1960, Fumukazi yikaphalira Rab Butler kuti kwa nyengo yitali yikukhumba kusintha zina la Mountbatten. Wakakhumbanga kuti wasinthe pambere mwana wake wandababike. Nkhani iyi yikakhwaska yayi Karonga Charles panji Kasungwana Anne, cifukwa ŵakababika na zina lakuti Mountbatten, pambere Fumukazi iyi yindambe kuwusa. Fumu Andrew yikababika pamanyuma pa mazuŵa 11, pa Febuluwale 19, 1960.
El Purial, Camajuaní
Mbili
Kufuma waka apo Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose yikambira, ŵanthu ŵakujiyuyura ŵa mu tawuni iyi ŵalongora kuti mbakunozgeka kuvikilira tawuni iyi ku ŵasilikari. Ŵakaŵapo pakurwa nkhondo na vigeŵenga, mu Playa Girón na pakuparanya ŵanthu awo ŵakachitanga vivulupi. Ŵanthu ŵa mu chigaŵa ichi ŵakovwira ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vinyake pa nkhondo.
Malo
Ku tawuni iyi kukulokwa maji ghanandi chomene pa chaka.
Nyumba ya Ufumu ya Windsor
Ŵana ŵa Elizabeth II
Mu 1947, Fumukazi Elizabeth (iyo yikazgoka Fumukazi Elizabeth II), mwenecho wa Themba George VI, wakatora Philip Mountbatten (uyo wakababika Prince Philip wa Greece na Denmark), wa nyumba ya Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, munthavi wa nyumba ya Oldenburg. Pakati pajumpha myezi yichoko waka pambere ŵandatorane, Philip wakaleka maudindo ghake gha ufumu na kwamba kumanyikwa na zina lakuti Mountbatten, ilo likaŵa la adada ŵake ŵacibali ca amama, Earl Mountbatten wa ku Burma. Lizgu ili lili kung'anamulika kufuma ku lizgu la Chijeremani lakuti Battenberg.
Nyengo yichoko waka Elizabeth wati waŵa Fumukazi mu 1952, Fumu Mountbatten yikati cifukwa cakuti cikaŵa kaluso kwa mwanakazi kutora zina la mfumu wake, nyumba ya Mountbatten ndiyo yikamba kuwusa. Nkhoko ya Elizabeti, Fumukazi Mary, yikati yapulika mazgu agha, yikaphalira Winston Churchill, uyo pamasinda wakaphalira Fumukazi iyi kuti yipharazge kuti nyumba ya ufumu yiŵenge na zina lakuti Nyumba ya Windsor. Wakacita nthena pa Epulero 9, 1952, ndipo wakapharazga kuti "Ine na ŵana ŵane tiŵenge ŵa nyumba na mbumba ya Windsor, ndipo ŵana ŵane, padera pa ŵana ŵanakazi awo ŵatorana na ŵana ŵawo, ŵaŵenge na zina la Windsor". Philip wakadandawura kuti: "Ndine waka amoeba. Ndine pera mu caru ici uyo wakuzomerezgeka yayi kuphalira ŵana ŵake zina lake".
Ŵabali
Mu 1917, boma la Britain likadumura kuti zina la nyumba yauthemba na ŵana wose ŵa Victoria na Albert ŵa mu mzere wa ŵanalume ŵaŵe na zina lakuti Windsor.
El Purial, Camajuaní
Chuma
Kuyana na DMPF (Departamento de control de la Dirección Municipal de Planificación Física) ya Camajuani, El Purial ni malo agho ghakukolerana yayi na chuma panji ntchito.
Minda ya A. L. Bruce
Munda wa A. L. Bruce wakaŵa yumoza wa ŵanthu ŵatatu awo ŵakaŵa na malo ghakurughakuru mu charu cha Nyasaland. Mu 1893, Alexander Low Bruce, mukweni wa David Livingstone, wakasanga malo ghakuru ku Magomero ku Shire Highlands ku Nyasaland pamoza na ghanyake ghaŵiri. Wakati wafwa, malo agha ghakaŵa nga ni malo ghakupwelelera Ŵakhristu na malonda ku Central Africa. Kweni pamanyuma, ŵana ŵake ŵaŵiri ŵakapanga kampani ya malonda iyo yikagura malo agha. Kampani iyi yikamanyikwanga kuti yikagwiliskiranga nchito ŵanthu ŵankhaza na kuŵachitira nkhaza. Cinthu cimoza ico cikapangiska kuti mu 1915, John Chilembwe wakambiske ciwukirano ico cikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵatatu ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakagwiranga nchito mu kampani iyi ŵafwe. Kampani iyi yikati yaleka kupanga makuni gha katoni na hona, yikapangiska ŵaganyu ŵake kuti ŵalimenge hona m'malo mwa chakurya pa malo ghawo. Pakati pajumpha vyaka pafupifupi 30, malo agha ghakaŵa ghambura ntchito, kweni pakati pa 1949 na 1952, kampani iyi yikaguliska malo agha na phindu chifukwa boma likakhumbikwiranga malo ghakukhala ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakachimbizgika mu malo agha. Kampani iyi yikamara mu 1959.
Magomero
Bruce wakalutapo yayi ku Nyasaland, kweni wakasanga malo ghakukwana maekala 170,000, ghanandi ghakaŵa kumwera kwa Zomba kwizira mu kampani ya African Lakes Company na John Buchanan. Wakathya malo agha zina lakuti Magomero, cifukwa ca mulimo wa umishonale uwo Livingstone wakacitapo pambere wandafike. Wakati wafwa mu 1893, apo wakaŵa na vilimika 54, katundu wake wa ku Africa wakasamira ku A. L. Wakayama Bruce Trust, iyo ŵana ŵake ŵaŵiri ndiwo ŵakasangangapo chandulo.
"... mu cilindizga cakuti ŵaŵenge ŵakunweka na kujura kwa Africa ku Cikristu na Malonda mwakuyana na fundo izo zikayowoyeka na sekuru wawo David Livingstone".
Kuwukira kwa Chilembwe
Nkhani ikulu: Kuwukira kwa Chilembwe
Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakamba kuwukira malo gha Bruce. J. Wakayama Livingstone, (uyo ŵanthu ŵakamutinkhanga comene) wakakomeka na kudumulika mutu. Ŵalwani ŵakakoma ŵantchito ŵanyake ŵa ku Europe ŵaŵiri na ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵatatu. Pa Zuŵa la Sabata pa 24 Janyuwale, Chilembwe wakacitiska maungano mu tchalitchi la Providence Industrial Mission pafupi na mzati uwo ukaŵa na mutu wa Livingstone, kweni pa 26 Janyuwale, wakamanya kuti kuwukira kukatondeka. Pamanyuma pa kuyezga kucimbira ku Mozambique, wakasangika na kukomeka pa 3 February. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakamulondezganga na ŵanyake awo ŵakaŵapo ŵakakomeka pamanyuma pakuti ŵeruzgi ŵaŵikika pasi pa dango la nkhondo.
Chorrerón, Cuba
Masambiro
Ŵanthu ŵa mu cigaŵa ici ŵasanga candulo cikuru comene cifukwa lero ŵali na maofesi gha munkhwala, maofesi gha munthavi gha mazuŵa ghano, na maofesi ghanyake gha munthavi.
Minda ya A. L. Bruce
John Chilembwe
Mu 1899, wakimikika kuŵa muliska wa mpingo wa Baptist ndipo wakawelera ku Nyasaland mu 1900. Na wovwiri wa ndalama wa National Baptist Convention of America, Chilembwe wakambiska ntchito ya Providence Industrial Mission mu chigaŵa cha Chiradzulu. Mu vyaka 10 vyakwambilira, ntchito iyi yikalutilira, nangauli yikacitikanga mwakucepa, cifukwa ca wovwiri wa ku America. Wakayowoyanga vya kulimbikira ntchito, kujikuzga na kujiwovwira yekha, ndipo wakasuskanga umo ŵanthu ŵa ku Nyasaland ŵakakhalira. Pakwamba wakakananga kususka boma. Kweniso Chilembwe wakachezga na matchalitchi gha mu Africa agho ghakaŵa ghakujiyimira payekha.
Ndipouli, mu 1912 panji 1913, Chilembwe wakaŵa kuti wamba kulimbikira chomene ndyali ndipo wakasuskanga chomene ŵanthu awo ŵakagwiranga nchito mu vigaŵa vya Shire Highlands, comenecomene awo ŵakakhalanga ku A. L. Wakayama Bruce Estates. Ofesi ya Providence Industrial Mission yikaŵa mu cigaŵa ico mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakhalanga mu malo agha. Ŵanandi awo ŵakakakika cifukwa ca kugaluka ŵakati ŵawuka, ŵakacemekanga "Anguru", ndipo ŵanandi ŵakaŵa ŵa mu tchalitchi la Chilembwe. Chilembwe na ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakasambira chomene, awo ŵanyake ŵakaŵa na mazaza pa nkhondo ya 1915, nawo ŵakakwiya chomene chifukwa chakuti boma na ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakakana kuzomera kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa mbakuzirwa. Kwambira mu 1910, wakasangana na masuzgo ghanandi pa uteŵeti wake kweniso pa umoyo wake, kusazgapo ngongoli, kutayika kwa ndalama kufuma ku America, nyifwa ya mwana wake mwanakazi, nthenda ya mphumu, na suzgo la maso. Vinthu ivi vikwenera kuti vikamupangiska kuti waŵe na citima comene. Ndipouli, Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose yikati yamba, wakaleka kuyowoya vyakususka, ndipo wakamba kughanaghana vyakucita vinthu ivyo wakagomezganga kuti ndivyo vizamumucitikira.
John Chilembwe wakababikira ku Nyasaland kumwera mu 1870 panji 1871. Wakasambira sukulu ya ŵamishonale, ndipo mu 1892 wakamba kuteŵetera mu nyumba ya Joseph Booth, uyo wakaŵa mishonale. Chilembwe wakamanya maghanoghano gha Booth ghakukhwaskana na cisopa kweniso wanangwa wa ŵanthu ndipo mu 1897, wakaluta ku United States uko wakasambirako ku koleji ya cisopa ya Negro Baptist Theological College.
Chorrerón, Cuba
Malo
Chifukwa cha malo agha, zuŵa lililose mu tawuni iyi mukuŵa chithukivu cha madigiri 30.29 na madigiri 21.66. Mphepo zikufuma kumafumiro gha dazi na kumpoto-kumafumiro gha dazi kwa tawuni iyi ndipo zikujumpha pa 8.3 km pa ora.
Mlonga wa Sagua la Chica na wa Camajuaní ndiwo ni misewu yikuru comene mu tawuni iyi. Malo agha ghakaŵa ghambura kwenda makora, ndipo ghakaŵa na madambo ghanandi.
Masambiro
Mu tawuni iyi muli sukulu yimoza, iyo ni iyi:
Chorrerón ni tawuni yichoko mu Camajuaní, Villa Clara, Cuba. Msumba uwu uli na ŵanthu 614. Matawuni ghanyake agho ghali pafupi nagho ni Vega de Palma, Vega Alta, Tarafa, Taguayabón, San Benigno, Vueltas, na Oliver.
Minda ya A. L. Bruce
Alexander Low Bruce
Alexander Low Bruce wakababikira mu msumba wa Edinburgh mu 1839, mwana wa Robert Bruce na Ann Low. Wakati wamalizga sukulu, wakamba kugwira ntchito ku kampani ya William Younger and Company apo wakaŵa na vyaka 19. Apo wakaŵa na vilimika vya m'ma 20, Bruce wakagwiranga nchito mu ofesi ya kampani iyi ku London na kukhozga milimo ya kampani iyi mu North America. Mu 1876, wakazgoka mubwezi na mulongozgi munyakeso wa nyumba yikuru yakupangira moŵa ya ku Edinburgh. Mu 1887, Alexander Low Bruce wakaŵa wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti wa Younger, ndipo wakaŵa na vyakukhumba vinyake vya ndalama. Bruce wakaŵa yumoza wa ŵa mu chipani cha Liberal Party mpaka apo suzgo ya Irish Home Rule mu 1886 yikapangiska kuti chipani ichi chipatukane ndipo wakazgoka yumoza wa ŵa mu chipani cha Liberal Unionist Party.
Bruce wakatora kaŵiri; na muwoli wake wakwamba wakaŵa na ŵana ŵatatu, Agnes (b. 1865), Robert (wakababika mu 1867) na Daniel (wakababika mu 1869), wose ŵakababika apo wakakhalanga ku Islington, Middlesex. Mu 1875, Alexander Low Bruce wakatora mwanakazi munyake zina lake Agnes (1847-1912), mwana wa David Livingstone na muwoli wake Mary. Mbumba iyi yikaŵa na ŵana ŵanayi, David Livingstone Bruce (1877-1915), Mary Livingstone Bruce (1879-1883), Alexander Livingstone Bruce (1881-1954), na Annie Livingstone Bruce (1883-1954), awo ŵakatora Thomas Russell mu 1909. Alexander Low Bruce wakazomerezgana na fundo za Livingstone za umo malonda gha ŵazga ghakwendera mu vyaru vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa ndipo wakati watora Agnes Livingstone, Bruce wakamba kovwira mabungwe gha vya malonda na umishonale mu vyaru vya kumafumiro gha dazi na pakati pa Africa. Mu 1888, wakaluta ku Kuruman uko Robert Moffat wakambiska upharazgi wake. Wakaŵa yumoza wa awo ŵakambiska wupu wa Royal Scottish Geographical Society ndipo wakaŵa mulara wa African Lakes Company, iyo yikaŵa na vyakukhumba mu malo agho sono ni Malawi, kweniso wa Imperial British East Africa Company, iyo yikaŵa na vyakukhumba mu Kenya.
Natives on Private Estates Ordinance
Mu m'ma 1930, boma lakwamba likaghanaghananga kuti A. L. Wakayama Bruce Estates Ltd kuti waŵe mweneko wa nyumba wa njuŵi yiwemi, uyo wakwendeska makora malo ghake m'malo mwa kupenja ndalama zakugulira nyumba, ndipo wakuyezga yayi kufumiskapo ŵanthu para waguliska malo. Pambere vyaka vya m'ma 1940 vindakwane, charu ichi chikaguliskanga panji kupeleka malo ghachoko waka ku ŵalimi ŵachoko. Ici cikacitika cifukwa ca kujikuzga kwa Alexander Livingstone Bruce, na kukana kwake kuwona vinthu mwakwenelera. A. Wakutemweka wane. L. Wakayama Bruce Estates Ltd wakaŵa na ndalama zinandi yayi, kweni wakakana kuguliska malo ghanyake kuti wasange ndalama zinyake. Chifukwa chakuti Bruce wakalutilira kulimbana na ŵalimi ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakakhalanga mu malo gha Ŵanandi awo ŵakagwiranga makora ntchito chifukwa cha ndalama zichoko, vikapangiska kuti paŵe mphindano pakati pa kampani iyi na awo ŵakagwiranga. Ŵanandi awo ŵakakhalanga mu malo agha ŵakakhumbanga kulima mbuto za mbuto panji za maniyu kuti ŵaguliske mu misika. L. Wakayama Bruce Estates Ltd. pa mtengo wapasi, na malipiro ghakusunkhunyika. Kincaid-Smith, uyo wakaŵa mulara wa ŵantchito, wakalangura kuti vyakurya vyasezgeke, kweni boma likamususka comene. Mu Disembala 1939, Kazembe wakacicizga Kincaid-Smith kuti wafumeko ku Nyasaland cifukwa ca ivyo wakacita.