cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Mbiri ya Tanzania
Nyengo Yakwambilira ya Malibwe
Ku Tanzania kuli malo ghanyake ghakale comene agho ŵasayansi ŵakasanga. Vinthu vyakale chomene ivyo ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito na viswaswa vikusangika mu Olduvai Gorge, kumpoto kwa Tanzania. Mu 1931, Louis Leakey wakabowozga kuti malibwe agho Hans Reck wakiza nagho ku Germany kufuma ku Olduvai mu 1913 ni malibwe. Mu chaka chenechicho, Louis Leakey wakasanga vinthu vyakale chomene mu Olduvai Gorge. Ivi ndivyo vikaŵa viyelezgero vyakwamba vya vinthu vyakale chomene ivyo ŵanthu ŵakavumbura mu Afilika, ndipo pamasinda vikamanyikwa pa charu chose chapasi kuti Oldowan.
Vyakuchita vya umoyo na masambiro
Mu nyengo ya ufumu wa Britain, ŵanthu ŵakamba kulimbana na nthenda ya tsetse fly (iyo yikwambiska nthenda ya African trypanosomiasis), maleriya na bilharziasis.
Mbiri Yaposachedwapa
Mu 1990, gulu la ŵanthu ŵa mafuko na mitheto ya ku Zanzibar likapempha kuti paŵe referendum. Iwo ŵakati cifukwa ca kukolerana na caru cikuru ca Tanzania, ico cikalongozgekanga na cisambizgo ca wupu wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu ico sono cafwa, Zanzibar wazgoka caru cakupeleŵera. Ŵakapulikira yayi ivyo ŵakakhumbanga.
Charu cha Tanzania icho chikaŵa pasi pa Nyerere chikaŵa paubwezi wakukhora na charu cha China, United Kingdom, na Germany. Mu 1979, caru ca Tanzania cikapharazga nkhondo ku Uganda, pamanyuma pakuti caru ca Uganda ico cikateŵeteranga ku Soviet Union cikanjira mu caru ici na kupoka cigaŵa ca Kagera. Tanzania yikathereska waka ŵasilikari ŵa ku Uganda yayi, kweni yikaŵaso na ŵasilikari ŵa ku Uganda. Pa Epulero 11, 1979, pulezidenti wa ku Uganda, Idi Amin, wakacicizgika kufumamo mu msumba ukuru wa Kampala, na kumazga nkhondo ya pakati pa Uganda na Tanzania. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Tanzania ŵakatora msumba uwu na wovwiri wa ŵasilikari ŵa ku Uganda na Rwanda. Amin wakacimbilira ku caru cinyake.
Mbiri ya Kenya
Nyengo ya Paleolithic
Mu 2011, ku Lomekwi, kufupi na Nyanja ya Turkana, ŵakasanga vinthu vyaka 3.2 miliyoni ivyo ŵanthu ŵakalembapo kale chomene.
Yimoza mwa viwangwa vya ŵanthu vyakumanyikwa comene na vyakumalirapo ivyo vikavumbukwa ni Homo erectus uyo wakaŵa na vyaka 1.6 miliyoni, ndipo wakucemeka Nariokotome Boy. Kamoya Kimeu ndiyo wakasanga chiwangwa ici mu 1984 apo Richard Leakey ndiyo wakalongozganga.
Trade Unionism and the struggle for independence
The Kenya Federation of Registered Trade Unions (KFRTU) was started by Aggrey Minya in 1952 but was largely ineffective. Tom Mboya was one of the young leaders who stepped into the limelight. His intelligence, discipline, oratory and organisational skills set him apart. After the colonial government declared a state of emergency on account of Mau Mau, at age 22, Mboya became the Director of Information of KAU. After KAU was banned, Mboya used the KFRTU to represent African political issues as its Secretary General at 26 years of age. The KFRTU was backed by the western leaning International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU). Tom Mboya then started the Kenya Federation of Labour (KFL) in place of KFRTU, which quickly became the most active political body in Kenya, representing all the trade unions. Mboya's successes in trade unionism earned him respect and admiration. Mboya established international connections, particularly with labour leaders in the United States of America through the ICFTU. He used these connections and his international renown to counter moves by the colonial government.
Several trade union leaders who were actively involved in the independence struggle through KFL would go on to join active politics becoming members of parliament and cabinet ministers. These include Arthur Aggrey Ochwada, Dennis Akumu, Clement Lubembe and Ochola Ogaye Mak'Anyengo. The trade union movement would later become a major battlefront in the proxy cold war that would engulf Kenyan politics in the 1960s.
Constitutional Debates and the Path to Independence
After the suppression of the Mau Mau rising, the British provided for the election of the six African members to the Legislative Council (MLC) under a weighted franchise based on education. Mboya successfully stood for office in the first election for African MLCs in 1957, beating the previously nominated incumbent, Argwings Kodhek. Daniel Arap Moi was the only previously nominated African MLC who kept his seat. Oginga Odinga was also elected and shortly afterwards nominated as the first chairman of the African elected members. Mboya's party, the Nairobi People's Convention Party (NPCP), was inspired by Kwame Nkurumah's People's Convention Party. It became the most organised and effective political party in the country. The NPCP was used to effectively mobilise the masses in Nairobi in the struggle for greater African representation on the council. The new colonial constitution of 1958 increased African representation, but African nationalists began to demand a democratic franchise on the principle of "one man, one vote." However, Europeans and Asians, because of their minority position, feared the effects of universal suffrage.
Mau-Mau Uprising
An intense propaganda campaign by the colonial government effectively discouraged other Kenyan communities, settlers and the international community from sympathising with the movement by emphasising on real and perceived acts of barbarism perpetrated by the Mau Mau. Although a much smaller number of Europeans died compared to Africans during the uprising, each individual European loss of life was publicised in disturbing detail, emphasising elements of betrayal and bestiality. As a result, the protest was supported almost exclusively by the Kikuyu, despite issues of land rights and anti-European, anti-Western appeals designed to attract other groups. The Mau Mau movement was also a bitter internal struggle among the Kikuyu. Harry Thuku said in 1952, "To-day we, the Kikuyu, stand ashamed and looked upon as hopeless people in the eyes of other races and before the Government. Why? Because of the crimes perpetrated by Mau Mau and because the Kikuyu have made themselves Mau Mau." That said, other Kenyans directly or indirectly supported the movement. Notably, Pio Gama Pinto, a Kenyan of Goan descent, facilitated the provision of firearms to forest fighters. He was arrested in 1954 and detained until 1959. Another notable example was the pioneering lawyer Argwings Kodhek, the first East African to obtain a law degree. He became known as the Mau Mau lawyer as he would successfully defend Africans accused of Mau Mau crimes pro bono. 12,000 militants were killed during the suppression of the rebellion, and the British colonial authorities also implemented policies involving the incarceration of over 150,000 suspected Mau Mau members and sympathizers (mostly from the Kikuyu people) into concentration camps. In these camps, the colonial authorities also used various forms of torture to attempt information from the detainees. In 2011, after decades of waiting, thousands of secret documents from the British Foreign Office were declassified. They show that the Mau Mau rebels were systematically tortured and subjected to the most brutal practices, men were castrated and sand introduced into their anus, women were raped after introducing boiling water into their vaginas. The Foreign Office archives also reveal that this was not the initiative of soldiers or colonial administrators but a policy orchestrated from London.
Nyengo ya Paleolithic
Vinthu vyakale chomene ivyo vikusangika pa charu chapasi vikufuma ku West Turkana, ndipo vikulongora kuti vikaŵa vyaka pafupifupi 1.76 miliyoni ivyo vikaŵako mu 2011.
Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe na Ŵaarabu awo ŵakakhalanga ku Mombasa ŵakamba kuŵako mu nyengo ya kuuyambiro wa nyengo yithu, kweni ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakamba kusanda malo agha mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800. Ufumu wa Britain ukakhazikiska East Africa Protectorate mu 1895, kufuma mu 1920 yikamanyikwa kuti Kenya Colony.
Mu 1963, charu cha Kenya chikamba kujiyimira paŵekha. Charu ichi chikalongozgekanga na wupu wa Kenya African National Union (KANU), uwo ukalongozgekanga na Jomo Kenyatta kufuma mu 1963 m'paka 1978. Kufuma apo, Daniel arap Moi ndiyo wakalongozga mpaka mu 2002. Moi wakayezga kusintha chalo cha Kenya icho chikaŵa na chipani chimoza mu ma 1980, kweni Nkhondo Yakuzizima yikati yamara, vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi vikaleka kuzomerezga nkhaza na kutambuzga ŵanthu.
Kuyimilira
Nkhongono zikalutilira kuŵa mu mawoko gha kazembe; ndipo mu 1906, pakaŵaso wupu wakulongozga na wakwimika malango. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakakhalanga ku malo agha ŵakazomerezgeka kusankha ŵimiliri mu wupu wakulongozga mu 1920, apo malo agha ghakakhazikiskikanga. Ŵazungu 30,000 awo ŵakakhalanga ku malo agha, ŵakakhumbanga kuti paŵe boma ilo lingaŵawovwira. Iwo ŵakasuskanga ivyo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku India ŵakakhumbanga. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakakhalanga ku malo agha ŵakaŵavya malo ghakukhalako, kweni ŵakakhalanga waka mu Nyumba ya Malango ya Ŵaindiya na Ŵaarabu. Boma likimika munthu munyake wa ku Europe kuti waŵe mwimiliri wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa. Mu "Devonshire declaration" ya 1923, ofesi ya Colonial Office yikati vilato vya ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa (awo ŵalipo 95 peresenti ya ŵanthu) vikwenera kuŵa pakwamba. Charles Mowat, wakulemba mdauko, wakalongosora masuzgo agha:
Second World War
In the Second World War (1939–45) Kenya became an important British military base for successful campaigns against Italy in the Italian Somaliland and Ethiopia. The war brought money and an opportunity for military service for 98,000 men, called "askaris". The war stimulated African nationalism. After the war, African ex-servicemen sought to maintain the socioeconomic gains they had accrued through service in the King's African Rifles (KAR). Looking for middle class employment and social privileges, they challenged existing relationships within the colonial state. For the most part, veterans did not participate in national politics, believing that their aspirations could best be achieved within the confines of colonial society. The social and economic connotations of KAR service, combined with the massive wartime expansion of Kenyan defence forces, created a new class of modernised Africans with distinctive characteristics and interests. These socioeconomic perceptions proved powerful after the war.
Rural trends
British officials sought to modernise Kikuyu farming in the Murang'a District 1920–1945. Relying on concepts of trusteeship and scientific management, they imposed a number of changes in crop production and agrarian techniques, claiming to promote conservation and "betterment" of farming in the colonial tribal reserves. While criticised as backward by British officials and white settlers, African farming proved resilient and Kikuyu farmers engaged in widespread resistance to the colonial state's agrarian reforms.
Independence
Mu 1962, boma la KANU-KADU likapangika, pamoza na Kenyatta na Ngala. Mu 1962, boma likakhazikiska wupu wakulongozga uwo uli na ŵanthu 117. Charu chikagaŵika mu vigaŵa 7, cilicose cikaŵa na wupu wake. Ndondomeko ya kuŵika mipando ya ŵanthu ŵambura kufumako ku Africa yikamara, ndipo mu Meyi 1963 ŵakacita mavoti. KADU yikamba kuwusa mipingo ya ku Rift Valley, Coast na Western. KANU yikasanga mazaza ghanandi mu Nyumba ya Malango na mu Nyumba za Malango, kweniso mu vigaŵa vya Central, Eastern na Nyanza. Pa nyengo iyi, charu cha Kenya chikaŵa na boma lakujiwusa na Jomo Kenyatta uyo wakaŵa pulezidenti wakwamba. Ŵa Britain na KANU ŵakakolerana kuti mu Okutobala 1963 ŵasinthe dango ilo likakhozga boma lapakati. Charu cha Kenya chikamba kujiyimira paŵekha pa Disembala 12, 1963 ndipo likapharazgika kuŵa republic pa 12 December 1964 na Jomo Kenyatta nga mutu wa boma. Mu 1964, boma likasintha malango gha boma na kwambiska maboma ghanyake. Yimoza mwa maofesi gha boma ni Central Bank of Kenya iyo yikapangika mu 1966.
Nyengo ya Neolithic
Mazuŵa ghano, ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga Cushitic ŵakukhala kumpoto kwa Tanzania kufupi na Nyanja ya Eyasi. Kuyana na umo ŵanthu ŵakayowoyeranga mu viyowoyero vinyake, ŵanthu aŵa ŵakamanyikwanga kuti ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Highland Savanna.
Constitutional Debates and the Path to Independence
In June 1958, Oginga Odinga called for the release of Jomo Kenyatta. This call built momentum and was taken up by the NPCP. Agitation for African suffrage and self-rule picked up in pace. One major hindrance to self-rule was the lack of African human capital. Poor education, economic development and a lack of African technocrats were a real problem. This inspired Tom Mboya to begin a programme conceptualised by a close confidante Dr. Blasio Vincent Oriedo, funded by Americans, of sending talented youth to the United States for higher education. There was no university in Kenya at the time, but colonial officials opposed the programme anyway. The next year Senator John F. Kennedy helped fund the programme, hence its popular name – The Kennedy Airlift. This scholarship program trained some 70% of the top leaders of the new nation, including the first African woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize, environmentalist Wangari Maathai and Barack Obama's father, Barack Obama Sr.
Nyengo ya Chitsulo
Ŵakusanda mdauko ŵakuti mu vyaka vya m'ma 1400, ŵanthu ŵa ku Southern Luo ŵakamba kusamira ku Western Kenya. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Luo ŵali kufuma ku ŵanthu awo ŵakasamukira ku vyaru vinyake vya Nile (makamaka Acholi na Padhola) awo ŵakafuma ku South Sudan na kuluta ku Uganda na kunjira ku Kenya. Apo ŵakasamukiranga ku Kenya na Tanzania, ŵakasangananga na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana.
Charu cha Kenya
Mu nyengo iyo kukaŵa nkhondo, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakachitanga ndyali, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Luo ku Kenya ndiwo ŵakachitanga chomene ndyali. Kuumaliro wa m'ma 1930, boma likamba kunjilirapo pa ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa kwizira mu malonda, kulongozga masambiro, na kusintha malo. Ŵalongozgi ŵavisopa ŵakaŵavya ntchito, ndipo ŵanalume ŵachoko ŵakazgoka ŵanthu ŵakumanya kuyowoyeskana. Boma la Kenya likati lachichizga ŵanthu ŵanandi kuti ŵasinthe vinthu mu m'ma 1930 m'paka mu 1950, vikawovwira kuti magulu gha ndyali ghaŵe na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakolerananga nawo.
Kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1900, ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain na ŵa ku Europe ŵakamba kukhala mu chigaŵa cha mapiri. Kuzakafika m'ma 1930, ŵanthu 15,000 awo ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa ichi ŵakaŵa na mazaza pa ndyali.
Kuyimilira
Nkhondo iyi yikati yamara, ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain ŵakamba kukhala mu Kenya. Usange ŵakaŵa na ndalama zakukwana mapaundi 1,000, ŵakasanganga malo ghambura kulipira ghakukwana maekala 1,000 (4 km2). Ŵakazenga minda ya khofi, iyo yikakhumbikwiranga makina ghakudura, ŵantchito ŵakukhazikika, na vilimika vinayi kuti ŵambe kulima. Nangauli ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakaleka kuŵa na wanangwa wa kwendera malango gha boma na kukhomeska misonkho ku Britain, kweni ŵakatondeka. Cifukwa ca kusankhana mitundu mu ndyali ya ŵanthu awo ŵakusamira ku vyaru vinyake, ŵazungu ŵakalutilira kuŵa ŵacoko. Ŵanandi ŵakafumako ku caru ici ŵakati ŵaŵa na wanangwa.
Mubali Moi wakasuzgika chomene na Smith Hempstone, uyo wakaŵa kazembe wa ku United States, kuti waŵeso na vipani vinandi. Moi wakathereska pa mavoti gha mu 1992 na 1997, agho ghakaŵa na vifukwa vya ndyali. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990, ukaboni ukulongora kuti Moi wakachitanga vinthu viheni na vimbundi nga ni nkhani ya Goldenberg. Wakazomerezgeka yayi kwimilira pa mavoti gha mu 2002, agho Mwai Kibaki ndiyo wakathereska. Vinthu vyambura urunji ivyo vikacitika pa nyengo ya visankho vya mu 2007 vikapangiska kuti mu Kenya muŵeko masuzgo gha mu 2007 na 2008. Kibaki wakasankhika na Uhuru Kenyatta mu mavoti gha 2013. Pakaŵa milandu yakuti mpikisano wake Raila Odinga ndiyo wakathereska, kweni khoti likuru chomene la Supreme Court likati lawona ukaboni wakukwana, likasanga kuti pakaŵavya viheni ivyo vikacitika pa nyengo ya mavoti gha 2013 kufuma ku IEBC na Jubilee Party ya Uhuru Kenyatta. Uhuru wakasankhikaso mu 2017. Kweni ŵanthu ŵakakwesananga pa nkhani ya kupambana kwake. Khoti likuru likati Uhuru watonda pamanyuma pakuti Raila Odinga wakususka ivyo vikachitika kwizira mu petition iyo khoti likuru likapeleka. Raila Odinga pamasinda wakawukiraso mavoti agho khoti likalangura kuti ghachitikenge, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti Uhuru Kenyatta waleke kususkika na 98% ya mavoti.
Nyengo ya Paleolithic
Charu cha East Africa, kusazgapo charu cha Kenya, ndicho chikaŵa chakwamba kuti ŵanthu ŵa mazuŵa ghano ŵakhalenge. Mu 2018, pa malo gha Olorgesailie, ku Kenya, pakaŵa ukaboni wakuti ŵanthu ŵakamba kuchita vinthu nga umo ŵakuchitira mazuŵa ghano. Ŵanthu awo ŵakalemba mabuku ghatatu mu 2018 ŵakayowoya kuti ukaboni wa nkharo izi ukusangika mu nyengo ya ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakaŵako mu Africa (nga ni awo ŵakaŵako ku Jebel Irhoud na Florisbad). Mu 2021 pakaŵa ukaboni unyake wakuti ŵanthu ŵakachitanga nthena. Mu mphanji ya Panga ya Saidi ŵakasanga dindi la mwana wa vyaka vitatu ilo lili na vyaka 78,000. Ŵasayansi ŵakuti mutu wa mwana uyu ukaŵa nga waŵikika pa pilo. Thupi ili likaŵa mu nthumbo. Michael Petraglia, pulofesa wa vya kusanduka kwa ŵanthu na mbiri yakale pa Max Planck Institute, wakati, "Ni malo ghakale comene ghakusungako ŵanthu mu Africa. Vikutovwira kumanya umo tikuwonera vinthu, umo tikucitira vinthu na ŵanyithu, ndiposo umo tikucitira vinthu.”
Rural trends
As Kenya modernized after the war, the role of the British religious missions changed their roles, despite the efforts of the leadership of the Church Missionary Society to maintain the traditional religious focus. However the social and educational needs were increasingly obvious, and the threat of the Mau Mau uprisings pushed the missions to emphasize medical, humanitarian and especially educational programs. Fundraising efforts in Britain increasingly stressed the non-religious components. Furthermore, the imminent transfer of control to the local population became a high priority.
Nyengo ya Neolithic
Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakakhalanga mu charu icho sono chikuchemeka Kenya ŵakaŵa ŵalovi na ŵakuwunjika vyakurya. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Kansyore awo ŵakakhalanga pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 500 B.C.E. na 1500 B.C.E., ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵakwamba kupanga vinthu vya ku East Africa. Chikaya ichi chikaŵa ku Gogo Falls mu chigaŵa cha Migori kufupi na Nyanja ya Victoria. Vinthu ivyo ŵanthu ŵakulemba mu miyala ku Kenya vili kulembeka pakati pa 2000 B.C.E. na 1000 C.E. Cizgoŵi ici cikakura comene pa cirwa ca Mfangano, mapiri gha Chelelemuk, Namoratunga na Lewa Downs. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti vinthu ivi vikalembeka na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Twa, awo kale ŵakakhalanga ku East Africa. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vinandi ivyo vikalimanga vyakurya ndipo ŵakamba kusamira ku Kenya kwambira mu vyaka vya m'ma 1000 B.C.E.
Mau-Mau Uprising
The Mau Mau uprising set in play a series of events that expedited the road to Kenya's Independence. A Royal Commission on Land and Population condemned the reservation of land on a racial basis. To support its military campaign of counter-insurgency the colonial government embarked on agrarian reforms that stripped white settlers of many of their former protections; for example, Africans were for the first time allowed to grow coffee, the major cash crop. Thuku was one of the first Kikuyu to win a coffee licence, and in 1959 he became the first African board member of the Kenya Planters Coffee Union. The East African Salaries Commission put forth a recommendation – 'equal pay for equal work' – that was immediately accepted. Racist policies in public places and hotels were eased. John David Drummond, 17th Earl of Perth and Minister of State for Colonial affairs stated: "The effort required to suppress Mau Mau destroyed any settlers illusions that they could go it alone; the British Government was not prepared for the shedding of [more] blood in order to preserve colonial rule."
Nyengo ya Chitsulo
Ukaboni ukulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku West Africa ŵakamba kupanga visulo mu 3000-2500 B.C.E. Ŵasekuru ŵa ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya Chibantu ŵakafumako ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa kuti ŵakhalenge mu vyaru vinandi vya kumafumiro gha dazi, pakati na kumwera kwa Africa. Ŵakaŵa na luso lwa kupanga visulo na maluso gha ulimi apo ŵakasamukiranga ku vyaru vinyake. Ŵanthu ŵakugomezga kuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ŵakafika ku Kenya cha m'ma 1000 B.C.E.
Kenya African Union
As a reaction to their exclusion from political representation, the Kikuyu people, the most subject to pressure by the settlers, founded in 1921 Kenya's first African political protest movement, the Young Kikuyu Association, led by Harry Thuku. After the Young Kikuyu Association was banned by the government, it was replaced by the Kikuyu Central Association in 1924.
In 1944 Thuku founded and was the first chairman of the multi-tribal Kenya African Study Union (KASU), which in 1946 became the Kenya African Union (KAU). It was an African nationalist organization that demanded access to white-owned land. KAU acted as a constituency association for the first black member of Kenya's legislative council, Eliud Mathu, who had been nominated in 1944 by the governor after consulting élite African opinion. The KAU remained dominated by the Kikuyu ethnic group. However, the leadership of KAU was multitribal. Wycliff Awori was the first vice president followed by Tom Mbotela. In 1947 Jomo Kenyatta, former president of the moderate Kikuyu Central Association, became president of the more aggressive KAU to demand a greater political voice for Africans. In an effort to gain nationwide support of KAU, Jomo Kenyatta visited Kisumu in 1952. His effort to build up support for KAU in Nyanza inspired Oginga Odinga, the Ker (chief) of the Luo Union (an organisation that represented members of the Luo community in East Africa) to join KAU and delve into politics.
In response to the rising pressures, the British Colonial Office broadened the membership of the Legislative Council and increased its role. By 1952 a multiracial pattern of quotas allowed for 14 European, 1 Arab, and 6 Asian elected members, together with an additional 6 Africans and 1 Arab member chosen by the governor. The council of ministers became the principal instrument of government in 1954.
Chikhalidwe cha Chiswahili ndi malonda
Mu 1000 B.C.E., ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ŵakasamukira ku chigaŵa cha Great Lakes. Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakayowoyanga Chibantu ŵakalutilira kusama na kuluta kumwera cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakolerananga na ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha awo ŵakakumana nawo mumphepete mwa nyanja. Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakakhalanga ku Swahili Coast ŵakusangika ku Kwale, Kenya, Misasa, Tanzania, na Ras Hafun, Somalia. Ku Kenya kukaŵa ŵanthu awo ŵakagwiranga ntchito ya kuzenga visulo, kweniso ŵanthu ŵa ku East Bantu awo ŵakakhalanga ku mizi, awo ŵakaliskanga somba na kuvwara visulo. Pakati pa 300 C.E. na 1000 C.E., ŵanthu ŵa ku Azanian na Zanj awo ŵakakhalanga mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Swahili ŵakalutilira kukura. Pakati pa 500 na 800 C.E., ŵakamba kwenda pa nyanja na kwamba kusama. Mu vyaka vyakulondezgapo, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuguliska vinthu nga ni golide, mino gha zovu, na ŵazga mu vyaru vya mu Africa. Ŵanthu aŵa ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵakwamba kuŵa mu misumba iyo yikaŵa pasi pa Ufumu wa Roma.
Kenyatta tenure (1963–1978)
The government used a variety of political and economic measures to harass the KPU and its prospective and actual members. KPU branches were unable to register, KPU meetings were prevented and civil servants and politicians suffered severe economic and political consequences for joining the KPU. A security Act was passed in Parliament in July 1966 and granted the government powers to carry out detention without trial, which was used against KPU members. In a series of dawn raids in August 1966, several KPU party members were arrested and detained without trial. They included Ochola Mak'Anyengo (the secretary general of the Kenya Petroleum Oil Workers Union), Oluande Koduol (Oginga Odinga's private secretary) and Peter Ooko (the general secretary of the East African Common Services Civil Servants Union).
Independence
Boma la Britain likaguliska ŵanthu ŵatuŵa awo ŵakakhalanga mu Kenya ndipo ŵanandi ŵakafumamo. Ŵanthu ŵa ku India ndiwo ŵakendeskanga malonda mu misumba na matawuni ghanandi, kweni ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakaŵagomezganga yayi. Cifukwa ca ici, ŵanthu 120,000 pa ŵanthu 176,000 ŵa ku India ŵakasunga pasipoti yawo yakale ya ku Britain m'malo mwa kuŵa ŵenekaya ŵa Kenya.
Kenyatta tenure (1963–1978)
At Kenyatta's death (22 August 1978), Vice-president Daniel arap Moi became interim President. On 14 October, Moi formally became president after he was elected head of KANU and designated its sole nominee. In June 1982, the National Assembly amended the constitution, making Kenya officially a one-party state. On 1 August members of the Kenyan Air Force launched an attempted coup, which was quickly suppressed by Loyalist forces led by the Army, the General Service Unit (GSU) – paramilitary wing of the police – and later the regular police, but not without civilian casualties.
Once in power Kenyatta swerved from radical nationalism to conservative bourgeois politics. The plantations formerly owned by white settlers were broken up and given to farmers, with the Kikuyu the favoured recipients, along with their allies the Embu and the Meru. By 1978 most of the country's wealth and power was in the hands of the organisation which grouped these three tribes: the Kikuyu-Embu-Meru Association (GEMA), together comprising 30% of the population. At the same time the Kikuyu, with Kenyatta's support, spread beyond their traditional territorial homelands and repossessed lands "stolen by the whites" – even when these had previously belonged to other groups. The other groups, a 70% majority, were outraged, setting up long-term ethnic animosities.
Foreign policies
Independent Kenya, although officially non-aligned, adopted a pro-Western stance. Kenya worked unsuccessfully for East African union; the proposal to unite Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda did not win approval. However, the three nations did form a loose East African Community (EAC) in 1967, that maintained the customs union and some common services that they had shared under British rule. The EAC collapsed in 1977 and was officially dissolved in 1984. Kenya's relations with Somalia deteriorated over the problem of Somalis in the North Eastern Province who tried to secede and were supported by Somalia. In 1968, however, Kenya and Somalia agreed to restore normal relations, and the Somali rebellion effectively ended.
Ndondomeko ya vyaru vinandi
Moi wakawusa mwa kupangiska ŵanthu kuti ŵatemwenge mitundu yinyake, kukanizga boma, na kusuzga awo ŵakususka boma. Wakagwiliskira nchito kukakika na kutambuzgika, kwiba ndarama za boma na kupoka caru na katundu munyake. Moi wakawovwiranga ŵasilikari awo ŵakasuzganga ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Luo, Luhya na Kikuyu, ndipo wakakana kuti ndiyo wakapangiska vivulupi ivi. Kwamba mu 1998, Moi wakambiska ndondomeko ya umo wangalondezgera mazaza gha pulezidenti kuti iyo na chipani chake ŵasange chandulo. Pakukumana na suzgo la kukolerana na mitundu yinandi, Moi wakasintha ivyo wakakhumbanga kuchita pa viphikiro vya mu 2002 kufuma pa mtundu kuya pa mphindano za pakati pa miwiro. Ndondomeko iyi yikatimbanizga, ndipo yikapangiska kuti chipani chake chitimbanizgike, ndipo mwanalume wa Kenyatta, uyo wakaŵa wakunjilirapo, wakatondeka pa mavoti gha mu Disembala 2002.
Kenyatta tenure (1963–1978)
In June 1969, Tom Mboya, a Luo member of the government considered a potential successor to Kenyatta, was assassinated. Hostility between Kikuyu and Luo was heightened, and after riots broke out in Luo country the KPU was banned. The specific riots that led to the banning of the KPU resulted in the incident referred to as the Kisumu massacre. Kenya thereby became a one-party state under KANU.
Nyengo ya Chitsulo
Ŵanthu ŵa ku Urewe ndiwo ŵakacitanga kupanga visulo vyakale comene mu Africa. Kufuma mu 550 B.C.E. m'paka 650 B.C.E., ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa cha Great Lakes, kusazgapo Kenya. Ku Kenya kuli malo nga ni Urewe, Yala na Uyoma kumpoto kwa Nyanza. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 100 B.C.E., ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga Chibantu mu chigaŵa cha Great Lakes, ŵakamba kupanga visulo ivyo vikaŵawovwiranga kupanga visulo vya karboni.
Nyengo ya Neolithic
Kwamba mu 700 B.C.E., ŵanthu ŵa ku South Nilotic awo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero ichi ŵakasamira kumwera ku vigaŵa vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa charu cha Kenya.
Nyengo ya Chitsulo
Malo ghakuzingilizgika na viliŵa gha Thimlich Ohinga, ndigho ghakaŵa ghakuru comene pa malo 138 agho ghakazengeka kuzingilizga chigaŵa cha Nyanza. Ivyo ŵanthu ŵakulemba na awo ŵakusanda malulimi ŵakuyowoya vikulongora kuti malo agha ghakaŵako vyaka pafupifupi 550. Para ŵasayansi na ŵanthu ŵakuwona malo agha ŵakugwiliskira ntchito vinthu vya mdauko, viyowoyero, na majini, ŵakulongora kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakazenga, kusunga, na kukhala mu malo agha ŵakaŵa na mitundu yakupambanapambana..
Presidency of Uhuru Kenyatta (2013-2022)
The 3rd President of Kenya Mwai Kibaki ruled since 2002 until 2013. After his tenure Kenya held its first general elections after the new constitution had been passed in 2010. Uhuru Kenyatta (son of the first president Jomo Kenyatta) won in a disputed election result, leading to a petition by the opposition leader, Raila Odinga. The supreme court upheld the election results and President Kenyatta began his term with William Ruto as the deputy president. Despite the outcome of this ruling, the Supreme Court and the head of the Supreme Court were seen as powerful institutions that could carry out their role of checking the powers of the president. In 2017, Uhuru Kenyatta won a second term in office in another disputed election. Following the defeat, Raila Odinga again petitioned the results in the Supreme Court, accusing the electoral commission of mismanagement of the elections and Uhuru Kenyatta and his party of rigging. The Supreme Court overturned the election results in what became a landmark ruling in Africa and one of the very few in the world in which the results of a presidential elections were annulled. This ruling solidified the position of the Supreme Court as an independent body. Consequently, Kenya had a second round of elections for the presidential position, in which Uhuru emerged the winner after Raila refused to participate, citing irregularities.
Kenyatta tenure (1963–1978)
Ignoring his suppression of the opposition and continued factionalism within KANU the imposition of one-party rule allowed Mzee ("Old Man") Kenyatta, who had led the country since independence, to claim he had achieved "political stability." Underlying social tensions were evident, however. Kenya's very rapid population growth and considerable rural to urban migration were in large part responsible for high unemployment and disorder in the cities. There also was much resentment by blacks at the privileged economic position held by Asians and Europeans in the country.
Nyengo ya Neolithic
Ŵanthu ŵa ku Southern Nilotes ŵakiza ku Kenya pambere chisulo chindafike ku East Africa. Ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero ichi ŵakaŵako kale chomene, nga umo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoyera mazina gha malo, mazgu agho ŵakagwiliskira ntchito na maluso agho ŵanthu ŵakayowoyanga.
Trade Unionism and the struggle for independence
The pioneers of the trade union movement were Makhan Singh, Fred Kubai and Bildad Kaggia. In 1935, Makhan Singh started the Labour trade union of Kenya. In the 1940s, Fred Kubai started the Transport and Allied Workers Union and Bildad Kaggia founded the Clerks and Commercial Workers Union. In 1949, Makhan Singh and Fred Kubai started the East Africa Trade Union Congress. They organised strikes including the railway workers strike in 1939 and the protest against granting of a Royal Charter to Nairobi in 1950. These pioneering trade union leaders were imprisoned during the crackdown on Mau Mau. Following this crackdown, all national African political activity was banned. This ban was in place even when the first African members of the legislative council (MLCs) were elected. To manage and control African political activity, the colonial government permitted district parties starting in 1955. This effectively prevented African unity by encouraging ethnic affiliation. Trade unions led by younger Africans filled the vacuum created by the crackdown as the only organisations that could mobilise the masses when political parties were banned.
Chikhalidwe cha Chiswahili ndi malonda
Mu vyaka vya m'ma 100 C.E., ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakhalanga mu misumba ya Mombasa, Malindi, na Zanzibar ŵakamba kuchita malonda na Ŵaarabu. Ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Swahili ŵalutilire kuŵa na ndalama zinandi, Chisilamu chikamba kwiza, ŵanthu ŵa ku Arabia ŵakamba kuyowoya chiyowoyero ichi, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kusambira chiyowoyero ichi. Chisopa cha Cisilamu chikamba kusazgikira mu Africa pakati pa 614 AD na 900 AD. Kwambira apo ŵalondezgi ŵa ntchimi Muhammad ŵakafikanga ku Ethiopia, chisopa cha Chisilamu chikafika mu vyaru vya kumafumiro gha dazi, kumpoto na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Swahili awo ŵakakhalanga mu misumba iyi ŵakamba kuchita malonda. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakumanya mdauko ŵakagomezganga kuti ŵamalonda ŵa ku Arabia na Peresiya ndiwo ŵakambiska misumba iyi, kweni ŵasayansi ŵakumanya kuti misumba iyi yikaŵa ya ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Azanian na Zanj ŵakasangananga chomene na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake. Fundo iyi yikuwoneka mu ciyowoyero, cikaya, na luso lwa maluso ivyo vikucitika mumphepete mwa nyanja. Mwaciyerezgero, pakati pa 630 AD - 890 AD, maukaboni ghakulongora kuti visulo vyakukolera vikapangikanga ku Galu, kumwera kwa Mombasa. Ŵasayansi awo ŵakasanda vinthu vyachisulo, ŵakasanga kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Swahili ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito nthowa zakupambanapambana. Mu vyaka vya pakati pa 1000 na 1500 C.E., ŵanthu ŵakamba kukhala mu misumba iyo yikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi. Malibwe ghakale chomene agho ghakasangika pa malo ghakusungako vinthu gha ku Gedi ghakalembeka mu nyengo iyi. Kweniso malemba ghakale chomene gha Chiswahili agho ghalipo sono, ghakalembeka mu nyengo iyi. Vikalembeka na vilembo vyakale vya Ciswahili (vilembo vya Ciswahili na Cirabishi) vyakuyana na vilembo vya Cirabishi. Ili ni lemba ilo likasangika pa malibwe ghakale chomene.
2007 elections and ethnic violence
In the December 2007 elections, Odinga, the candidate of the ODM, attacked the failures of the Kibaki regime. The ODM charged the Kikuyu with having grabbed everything and all the other tribes having lost; that Kibaki had betrayed his promises for change; that crime and violence were out of control, and that economic growth was not bringing any benefits to the ordinary citizen. In the December 2007 elections the ODM won majority seats in Parliament, but the presidential elections votes were marred by claims of rigging by both sides. It may never be clear who won the elections, but it was roughly 50:50 before the rigging started.
Mbiri ya m'ma 1800
Ŵanthu ŵa ku Oman awo ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vya ku Kenyan na Tanzania ŵakamba kulamulira misumba iyi. Nga umo vikaŵira na ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵako kumanyuma, Ŵaarabu ŵa ku Oman ŵakathereskanga vigaŵa vya mumphepete mwa nyanja pera. Ndipouli, Seyyid Said wakambiska vyaru vinyake, ndipo mu 1839 wakambiska malonda gha ŵazga na kusamuskira msumba ukuru wa Oman ku Zanzibar. Kuguliska ŵazga kukayamba kuchepa comene kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1700, apo mu Zanzibar mukaŵa msika ukuru wa ŵazga. Apo Sultan Seyyid Said wakasamuskira msumba wake ku Zanzibar, minda yikuru ya clove na spice yikalutilira kukura. Ŵazga aŵa ŵakafumanga ku vigaŵa vya kumanyuma. Ŵazga ŵakendanga mu vigaŵa vya mukati mwa Kenya m'paka ku mapiri gha Phiri la Kenya, Nyanja ya Victoria na Nyanja ya Baringo.
East Africa Protectorate
Apo njanji iyi yikazengekanga, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Africa ŵakaleka kulimbana na ŵasilikari ŵa Britain. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵakamba kudandawura cifukwa ca ndondomeko ya ku Europe. Kazembe Percy Girouard wakukolerana na ivyo vikachitika pa phangano laciŵiri la Maasai ilo likacitika mu 1911, ilo likaŵapangiska kuti ŵafumemo mu malo gha Laikipia na kuluta ku Ngong. Kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe (ŵanandi ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Britain na ŵazungu ŵakufuma ku South Africa) ŵafike ku malo agha, Ŵamaasai ŵakakhala mu mapiri gha kumwera kwa Loieta mu 1913. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Kikuyu ŵakakhumbanga malo ghanyake agho ghakaŵa gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe, ndipo ŵakalutilira kuwona kuti ŵakapokako yayi chiharo chawo.
Charu cha Kenya
Ku Kavirondo (pambuyo pake chigawo cha Nyanza), kunyanyala ku sukulu ya umishonale, komwe kunakonzedwa ndi Daudi Basudde, kunadzutsa nkhawa chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa umwini wa nthaka ku Africa chifukwa chosintha kuchokera ku East African Protectorate kupita ku Kenya Colony. Maungano ghanandi agho ghakachemekanga kuti "Piny Owacho" (Lizgu la Ŵanthu) ghakafika pa msinkhu ukuru mu Disembala 1921, ndipo ghakachiska ŵanthu kuti ŵaŵe na mabuku ghakulongosora katundu wawo, kuwuskamo ndondomeko ya kipande, na kuŵa na misonkho yiwemi. Muteŵeti Mukuru W. E. Owen, uyo wakaŵa mishonale wa Anglican ndipo wakavikiliranga ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa, ndiyo wakawovwira kuti vinthu viŵe makora ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa. James Beauttah nayo wakaŵa na maghanoghano ghakuyana waka ndipo wakambiska mgwirizano pakati pa Ŵakuyu na Ŵaluo.
Chikhalidwe cha Chiswahili ndi malonda
ChiSwahili, chiyowoyero cha Bantu icho chili na mazgu ghanandi gha mu Chiarabu, chikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi. Ŵanthu ŵa mu vigaŵa ivi ŵakasopanga Chiswahili. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakususka umo ŵanthu ŵa ku Arabia na Peresiya ŵakagwilira ntchito na kusamira ku charu chinyake. Mu nyengo ya ku Middle Ages, Ku mphepete mwa nyanja ya Swahili ku East Africa [kusazgapo Zanzibar] kukaŵa malo ghakutowa na ghakutowa, agho ghakaŵa na misumba yinandi ya ŵamalonda. Vinthu vikendanga makora mu misumba iyi chifukwa chakuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ndiwo ŵakendanga pakati pa ŵamalonda ŵa ku India, Persia, Arabia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Africa, na China. Ŵanthu wose aŵa ndiwo ŵakasambizganga Ciswahili. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Swahili ŵakamba kulemba viyowoyero vyawo. Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru ivi ŵakaŵa ŵamalonda ŵasambazi awo chifukwa cha usambazi wawo, ŵakamba kuŵa na mazaza pa misumba ya mumphepete mwa nyanja.
Ndondomeko ya vyaru vinandi
Mu Disembala 1991, pamanyuma pa kukakamizgika na ŵanthu ŵa mu caru na ŵa ku vyaru vinyake, nyumba ya malango yikalekeska dango lakuti pali cipani cimoza. Mu 1992, pakaŵa maungano gha vyaru vinandi.
Mbiri ya m'ma 1800
Msumba wakwamba wa Cikhristu ukazengeka pa Ogasiti 25, 1846, na Dr. Johann Ludwig Krapf, wa ku Germany, uyo wakawovwirika na Church Missionary Society of England.:561 Wakakhazikiska msasa pakati pa Mijikenda ku Rabai mumphepete mwa nyanja. Pamanyuma, wakang'anamura Baibolo mu Chiswahili. Ŵazga ŵanandi awo ŵakathaskika na ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain ŵakakhalanga kuno. Vinthu vikamba kwenda makora chomene pakati pa 1875 na 1884. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti ku Kenyan kukaŵa ŵazga 47,000, awo ŵakakwimira 44 peresenti ya ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi. Mu 1874, msumba wa Frere Town ukaŵa ku Mombasa. Malo agha ghakaŵa gha ŵazga awo ŵakathaskika na ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain. Nangauli boma la Britain likakhumbanga kuti ŵaleke kuguliska ŵazga ku East Africa, kweni ŵakalutilira kuguliska ŵazga m'paka mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900.
East Africa Protectorate
Pakuzenga njanji iyi, Ŵabritishi ŵakasangana na ŵanthu ŵakususka comene, comenecomene Koitalel Arap Samoei, uyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa Nandi. Kwa vilimika 10, wakalimbana na awo ŵakazenganga njanji. Mu 1907, ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga ku malo agha ŵakapika mwaŵi wa kuyowoyapo pa nkhani za boma kwizira mu wupu wakuwona vya malango, uwo ukaŵa wupu wa ku Europe. Kweni pakuti mazaza ghanandi ghakaŵa mu mawoko gha Kazembe, ŵakukhazikika mu charu ichi ŵakamba kucitiska kuti Kenya waŵe malo gha ufumu. Ŵakafiska cilato ici mu 1920, na kuzgora wupu uwu kuŵa wakwimira comene ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakakhalanga mu caru ici. Kweni Ŵafrika ŵakaŵavya mwaŵi wa kunjira ndyali mpaka mu 1944, apo ŵaŵiri ŵakwamba ŵa mu wupu uwu ŵakazomerezgeka..
Mbiri ya m'ma 1800
Boma la Ŵaarabu likalutilira kulamulira virwa vikuruvikuru vyose mumphepete mwa nyanja ya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa m'paka apo ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵalutilire kugwiliskira ntchito'malibwe gha ku India' na kupanga malonda pakati pa ŵanthu ŵakamba kuŵika mphindano pa boma la Oman. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵakamazga chomene malonda gha ŵazga. Ŵaarabu ŵa ku Oman ŵakakhumbanga yayi kulimbana na ŵasilikari ŵa ku Royal Navy awo ŵakakhumbanga kukanizga ŵazga. Nga ni umo phangano la Moresby likalongolera, apo Oman wakakhumbanga mazaza pa maji ghake, Seyyid Said wakawona kuti palije cifukwa cakuti wanjilirengepo pa malonda gha ŵazga, cifukwa awo ŵakaguranga ŵazga ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Europe. Nga ni umo Farquhar wakayowoyera mu kalata yake, malonda gha ŵazga gha ku Europe agho ghakacitikanga ku Western Indian Ocean ghakamara pekha para Sayidi wanjilirapo. Pakuti boma la Oman likalutilira kuŵapo mu Zanzibar na Pemba m'paka mu 1964, boma la Oman likalutilira yayi kuŵapo mu Kenya cifukwa cakuti ŵa German na British ŵakakora malo ghakuru gha ku Kenani na kupanga ubwezi na ŵalongozgi ŵa mu charu ichi mu ma 1880. Ndipouli, chiharo cha Ŵaarabu ŵa ku Oman mu vyaru vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa, pasono chikuwoneka kwizira mu ŵana ŵawo ŵanandi awo ŵakusangika mumphepete mwa nyanja.
Charu cha Kenya
Vinthu vyakwamba ivyo vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa ŵambeso kwendera ndyali mu charu cha Kenya vikaŵa vyakususka fundo za ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru ivi. Pambere nkhondo yindambe, ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vya ku Africa ŵakamanyanga vinandi yayi. Kweni nkhondo yikati yamara, masuzgo agho ghakaŵapo chifukwa cha misonkho yiphya, malipiro ghakukhizgika, kweniso ŵanthu ŵaphya awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵakhale mu vyaru vya ku Africa, ghakachitiska kuti ŵanthu ŵambeso kusama. Ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakasambira mu nkhondo iyi, pamoza na kukhazikiskika kwa charu cha Kenya icho chikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵazungu, vikawovwira kuti paŵe ndyali. Ishmael Ithongo wakacema ungano wakwamba wa ŵanthu ŵanandi mu Meyi 1921 kuti wakane kucepeskeka kwa malipiro gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa. Harry Thuku wakambiska bungwe la Young Kikuyu Association (YKA) ndipo wakambiska buku lakucemeka Tangazo ilo likasuskanga boma na mautumiki. Gulu la YKA likawovwira ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mtundu wa Kikuyu kuti ŵatemwenge charu chawo. YKA yikapeleka malo ku Kikuyu Association (KA) iyo yikaŵa wupu wa fuko uwo ukamanyikwanga na Harry Thuku kuŵa mulembi wake. Kwizira mu KA, Thuku wakavikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa. Pakughanaghana kuti nchambura mahara kuti gulu la ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghaŵo liŵe la fuko limoza, Thuku wakasintha zina la wupu wake kuŵa East African Association ndipo wakakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghanandi ŵaŵepo. Boma likamupa mulandu Thuku kuti wakuwukira boma, ndipo likamukora na kumujalira mu jele mpaka mu 1930.
Chikhalidwe cha Chiswahili ndi malonda
Ŵanthu ŵa ciSwahili ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vya mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Indian Ocean ku South East Africa. Charu ichi chili na virwa vinandi, misumba na matawuni nga ni Sofala, Kilwa, Zanzibar, Comoros, Mombasa, Gede, Malindi, Pate Island na Lamu. Mu nyengo ya Ŵagiriki na Ŵaroma, chigaŵa ichi chikachemekanga Azania. Buku la Periplus of the Erythraean Sea ni mupukutu wa Ŵagiriki na Ŵaroma uwo ukalembeka m'ma 100 C.E. Likulongosora za mumphepete mwa nyanja ya East Africa (Azania) na nthowa iyo ŵanthu ŵakendangamo mu nyanja ya Indian Ocean. Ku East Africa kukaŵa ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa ichi kufuma mu 3000 B.C.E. Vinthu ivyo vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi ŵakagwiranga ntchito ya kuzenga viŵiya na kulima vikusangika mumphepete mwa nyanja na pa virwa vinyake. Vinthu ivyo ŵanthu ŵakaguliskanga ku vyaru vinyake nga ni viŵiya vya ku Greece na Roma, viŵiya vya ku Siriya, viŵiya vya ku Persia vya ku Sassania, na malibwe gha ku Tanzania, ivyo vikamba mu 600 B.C.E. vikusangika mu chigaŵa cha Mlonga wa Rufiji.
Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose
Mu Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose (1914-1918), caru ca Kenya cikazgoka cigaŵa ca ŵasilikari ŵa Britain cifukwa cakuti ŵakayezgayezga kuti ŵathereske caru ca Germany. Nkhondo yikati yamba mu Ogasiti 1914, maboma gha British East Africa na German East Africa ghakakolerana kuti ghaleke kurwa nkhondo. Ndipouli, Lt. Col. Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck wakatora mazaza pa ŵasilikari ŵa Germany, ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵathereske ŵasilikari ŵanandi ŵa Britain. Von Lettow wakaŵa kutali comene na caru ca Germany, ndipo wakacitanga nkhondo ya nkhondo ya ŵasilikari. Paumaliro wakajipeleka ku Zambia mazuŵa 11 pamanyuma pakuti ŵasaina phangano la kuleka nkhondo mu 1918. Kuti ŵalondezge von Lettow, Ŵacigiriki ŵakatuma ŵasilikari ŵa Indian Army kufuma ku India, ndipo ŵakakhumbikwiranga ŵanthu ŵanandi kuti ŵayeghe katundu. Gulu la ŵasilikari la Carrier Corps likapangika ndipo paumaliro likawovwira ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakujumpha 400,000, ndipo likaŵawovwira kuti ŵaŵe na maghanoghano gha ndyali.
Moi regime (1978–2002)
Kenyatta wakafwa mu chaka cha 1978 ndipo wakimikika na Daniel Arap Moi (wakababika mu 1924, wakafwa mu 2020) uyo wakawusa nga ni President 1978-2002. Moi, wa fuko la Kalenjin, wakalutilira kuŵa na mazaza ndipo wakawusa mwauryarya. Kuzakafika mu 1986, Moi wakaŵa kuti waŵika mazaza ghake ghose ndiposo vyandulo vinandi mu mawoko gha Kalenjin na ŵabwezi ŵake ŵachoko waka.
Mbiri ya m'ma 1800
Kuzakafika mu 1850, ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakamba kupanga mapu gha vyaru vya mukati.:229 Mu hafu yakwamba ya vyaka vya m'ma 1800, vinthu vitatu vikawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵambe kutemwa vyaru vya ku East Africa.:560 Chakwamba, kukaŵa chirwa cha Zanzibar, icho chili kufupi na nyanja ya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa.:560 Zanzibar yikaŵa malo ghakusangirako ŵanthu awo ŵakendeskanga malonda na kupenjerezga vyaru vya ku Africa.:560 Kuzakafika mu 1840, kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Zanzibar ŵavikilire vyakusanguluska vyawo, ku Britain, France, Germany, na ku America, ŵakajura maofesi gha ŵasilikari. Mu 1859, matani gha ngaraŵa za ku vyaru vinyake izo zikafikanga ku Zanzibar ghakaŵa matani 19,000.:561 Mu 1879, matani gha ngaraŵa izi ghakaŵa matani 89,000. Cinthu caciŵiri ico cikapangiska kuti ŵa ku Europe ŵambe kutemwa comene vyakurya vya ku Africa, nchakuti ŵakakhumbanga comene vyakurya vya ku Africa, nga ni njovu na cinkhara. Cacitatu, caru ca Britain cikamba kukhumba comene kumazga malonda gha ŵazga mu vyaru vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa. Pamanyuma pa vyaka ivi, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain ŵakamba kulimbana na ŵa ku Germany.
2007 elections and ethnic violence
The Luo population of the southwest had enjoyed an advantageous position during the late colonial and early independence periods of the 1950s, 1960s and early 1970s, particularly in terms of the prominence of its modern elite compared to those of other groups. However the Luo lost prominence due to the success of Kikuyu and related groups (Embu and Meru) in gaining and exercising political power during the Jomo Kenyatta era (1963–1978). While measurements of poverty and health by the early 2000s showed the Luo disadvantaged relative to other Kenyans, the growing presence of non-Luo in the professions reflected a dilution of Luo professionals due to the arrival of others rather than an absolute decline in the Luo numbers.