cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Algeria
Charu cha Algeria chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakhalanga mu maufumu, maufumu, na mafumu, kusazgapo ŵanthu ŵa ku Numidia, Mauretania, Phoenicians, Carthaginians, Romans, Vandals, Mauro-Romans, Byzantines, Umayyads, Ifranids, Abbasids, Rustamids, Idrisids, Sulaymanids, Aghlabids, Fatimids, Zirids, Hammadids, Almoravids, Almohads, Marinids, Hafsids na Zayyanids.
Calhoun County, Texas
Calhoun County ni nkhalwe panji muzi uwo ukusangika mu nthavwa panji state ya Texas, mu charu cha United States of America, ku Amerika Wakumpoto.
Algeria
Vyaka vinandi kufuma apo ŵanthu ŵa ku Arabia ŵakasamukira ku Maghreb, ŵakasintha vinthu mu charu cha Algeria. Mu 1516, caru ca Algeria cikapangika na ŵa Ottoman, ndipo ici cikakopa ŵanthu kufuma mu vyaru vyose vya ku Mediterranean. Vinthu vikamba kunangika mu ma 1800, ndipo mu 1830, Ŵafarisi ŵakanjira mu charu ichi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Algeria ŵakathereska charu ichi m'paka mu 1903, ndipo mu 1848, charu ichi chikaŵa pasi pa France. Nkhondo ya Sétif na Guelma mu 1945 yikaŵa nyengo yakupambanapambana mu vyalo vya France na Algeria ndipo yikambiska Nkhondo ya ku Algeria. Nkhondo iyi yikamara apo charu cha Algeria chikapokera wanangwa wake pa Julayi 5, 1962, ndipo pa Seputembala 25 chaka chenechicho, charu cha Algeria chikamba kulamulira.
Viyowoyero vya boma mu Algeria ni Chiarabic na Chiberberber. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Algeria Mbaarabu, ndipo ŵakusopa Cisilamu. Chiarabu ndicho chikuyowoyeka chomene ku Algeria. Chifurenchi ndicho chikuyowoyeka pa vinthu vinyake, kweni chilije udindo.
Charu cha Algeria chili na vigaŵa 58 na vikaya 1,541. Charu cha Algeria chili na mazaza pa nkhani za caru cose. Mu vyaru vyose vya mu Africa, charu ichi ndicho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene ŵakukura mwauzimu. Charu cha Algeria chili na mafuta ghanandi chomene kuluska vyaru vinyake vyose pa charu. Sonatrach, kampani ya mafuta iyo yikugwira nchito mu caru ici, ndiyo yikuru comene mu Africa, ndipo yikuguliska gasi munandi comene ku Europe. Gulu la ŵasilikari la ku Algeria ndimoza mwa magulu ghakuru comene mu Africa, ndipo lili na bajeti yikuru comene ya kuvikilira caru. Charu ichi chili mu wupu wa African Union, Arab League, OIC, OPEC, United Nations, and the Arab Maghreb Union, ndipo chili mu wupu uwu.
Zina
Zina linyake la zina ili ni: الجزائر, الدزاير; Berber languages: , ⴷⵣⴰⵢⴻⵔ, دزاير; Algérie.Charu ichi chikuchemeka kuti Democratic People's Republic of Algeria (Arabic: الجمهورية الجزائرية الديمقراطية الشعبية, romanized: al-Jumhūriyya al-Jazāʾiriyya ad-Dīmuqrāṭiyya aš-Šaʿbiyya; French: République algérienne démocratique et populaire, wakafupiskika kuti RADP).
Etymology
Zina la charu cha Algeria lili kufuma ku msumba wa Algiers (Algiers), ndipo lizgu ili lili kufuma ku lizgu la Chiarabu lakuti al-Jazāʾir (الجزائر, "vyirwa") pakuyowoya vya virwa vinayi vichoko ivyo vili mumphepete mwa nyanja. Buluggin ibn Ziri ndiyo wakazenga msumba uwu mu 950 C.E. pa malo agho ghakaŵa mabingu gha msumba wa Icosium. Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakalemba vya charu ŵakaŵa Muhammad al-Idrisi na Yaqut al-Hamawi. Ufumu wa Ottoman ukamba kuchema msumba uwu kuti al-Jazā'ir.
Ntheura, lizgu ili likuyana na malo ghanyake ghanandi, nga ni Alzira ku Valencia, Algeciras ku Andalusia, Lezíria ku Portugal, Cizre ku Turkey, Gżira ku Malta, chilumba cha Nile ku Gezira ku Egypt, na chigaŵa cha Gezira ku Sudan.
Mbili yakwambilila na yakale
Vinthu vyakuzengeka na malibwe vyakufuma ku Ain Hanech (Algeria) ivyo vikaŵa vyaka pafupifupi 1.8 miliyoni, vikamanyikwa kuti ni vinthu vyakale chomene ku North Africa. Vinthu vya mu malibwe na viwangwa ivyo vikazengeka kufupi na Ain Boucherit vikulongora kuti vikaŵa vyaka pafupifupi 1.9 miliyoni. Ntheura, ukaboni wa ku Ain Boucherit ukulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵakakhalanga ku mphepete mwa nyanja ya Mediterranean kumpoto kwa Africa. Ukaboni ukulongora kuti kale chomene ŵanthu ŵakamba kupanga na kugwiliskira ntchito malibwe kufuma ku East Africa.
Ŵanthu ŵa ku Neanderthal ndiwo ŵakapanga visulo vya mawoko mu nyengo ya Levalloisian na Mousterian (43,000 B.C.E.) nga umo vikaŵira ku Levant. Ku Algeria ndiko kukaŵa ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene awo ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito vinthu vyamalibwe. Vyakovwira vya nyengo iyi, vyeneivyo vikamba kuzengeka pafupifupi 30,000 B.C.E., vikuchemeka Aterian (kuyana na malo ghakuzengera vinthu vyakale gha Bir el Ater, kumwera kwa Tebessa).
Makampani ghakwambilira agho ghakapanganga malupanga ku North Africa ghakachemekanga Iberomaurusian (ghakaŵa mu chigaŵa cha Oran). Vinthu ivi vikwenera kuti vikaŵa mu vigaŵa vyose vya mumphepete mwa nyanja ku Maghreb pakati pa 15,000 na 10,000 B.C.E. Ŵanthu ŵa mu nyengo ya Neolithic (ŵakaŵanga na viŵeto na kulima) ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vya Sahara na Mediterranean Maghreb, panyake m'ma 11,000 B.C. panji m'ma 6000 na 2000 B.C. Umoyo uwu, uwo ukulongosoreka makora chomene mu vithuzithuzi vya Tassili n'Ajjer, ndiwo ukaŵa wakuzirwa chomene mu Algeria m'paka mu nyengo yakale. Ŵanthu ŵa ku North Africa awo ŵakakhalanga pamoza ŵakazgoka ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa kuti Ŵaberi.
Ku Carthage, uko kukaŵa msumba wawo ukuru, ŵanthu ŵa ku Carthage ŵakamba kukhala mu malo ghachoko waka mumphepete mwa nyanja ya kumpoto kwa Africa. Kufika mu 600 B.C.E., ŵanthu ŵa ku Phoenicia ŵakakhalanga ku Tipasa, kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Cherchell, Hippo Regius (lero ni Annaba) na Rusicade (lero ni Skikda). Malo agha ghakaŵanga na misika kweniso malo ghakukhazikika.
Apo ufumu wa Carthage ukakuranga, ŵanthu ŵa ku Carthage nawo ŵakakhwaskika. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Berber ŵakaŵa kale pa nyengo iyo kulima, kupanga vinthu, malonda, na ndyali vikawovwiranga vyaru vinandi. Vinthu vikamba kwenda makora pakati pa Carthage na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Berber awo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vya mukati, kweni chifukwa cha kusazgikira kwa vigaŵa, ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakazgoka ŵazga panji ŵasilikari. Kuzakafika kuuyambiro wa vyaka vya m'ma 400 B.C.E., ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Berber ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵanandi chomene mu ŵasilikari ŵa ku Carthage. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Berber ŵakagaluka kufuma mu 241 m'paka mu 238 B.C.E. ŵakati ŵaleka kupokera malipiro chifukwa cha kuthereskeka kwa msumba wa Carthage mu Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Punic. Ŵakaŵa na mazaza pa vigaŵa vinandi vya kumpoto kwa Africa, ndipo ŵakapanga ndalama izo zikaŵa na zina lakuti Libyan. Boma la Carthage likamara cifukwa cakuti Ŵaroma ŵakathereskeka kanandi waka pa Nkhondo za Punic.
Mu 146 B.C.E., msumba wa Carthage ukaparanyika. Apo ŵasilikari ŵa ku Carthage ŵakamba kuchepa, ŵalongozgi ŵa ku Berber ŵakamba kuŵa na mazaza pa ŵanthu ŵa ku Carthage. Kuzakafika mu vyaka vya m'ma 100 B.C.E., maufumu ghanandi gha Ŵaberi ghakaŵa kuti ghababika. Vinyake viŵiri vikaŵa ku Numidia, kuseri kwa malo gha mumphepete mwa nyanja agho ghakaŵa pasi pa Cartagena. Kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Numidia kukaŵa charu cha Mauretania, icho chikambukanga Mlonga wa Moulouya mu caru ico sono ni Morocco na kufika ku Nyanja ya Atlantic. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Berber ŵakamba kuŵa na chitemwa chikuru chomene m'paka apo Almohad na Almoravid ŵakizira. Masinissa wakati wafwa mu 148 B.C.E., maufumu gha Ŵaberi ghakagaŵikana na kuwungana kanandi waka. Mzere wa Masinissa ukakhala m'paka mu 24 C.E., apo chigaŵa cha Ŵaberi icho chikakhalako chikapokelereka na Ufumu wa Roma.
Kwa vyaka vinandi, Ŵaroma ndiwo ŵakalongozganga charu cha Algeria. Ŵakazenga malo ghanandi mu charu ichi. Mu 146 B.C.E., Ŵaroma ŵakati ŵamara kuthereska msumba wa Carthage, ŵakamba kulamulira kumpoto kwa Africa. Ŵakazenga misumba yakujumpha 500. Nga ni vyaru vinyake vya kumpoto kwa Africa, Algeria ndiyo yikaŵa yikuru chomene mu ufumu wa Roma. Augustine wakaŵa bishopu wa ku Hippo Regius (uno ni Annaba, Algeria), mu cigaŵa ca ku Africa. Mu 429 C.E., Ŵajeremani ŵa ku Geiseric ŵakanjira mu North Africa, ndipo mu 435 C.E., ŵakamba kulamulira chigaŵa cha mumphepete mwa nyanja cha Numidia. Ŵakaŵavya malo ghakukhalako chifukwa mitundu yinyake yikaŵasuzganga. Nakuti apo Ŵabyzantine ŵakafikanga, msumba wa Leptis Magna ukaŵa kuti walekeka, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku Msellata ŵakakhalanga mu muzi wa Laguatan. Kweniso mu nyengo ya Ŵaroma, Ŵabyzantine, Ŵavandal, Ŵacarthage, na Ŵaotoman, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Berber ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵekha panji ŵacoko comene mu North Africa awo ŵakaŵa ŵakujiyimira ŵekha. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Berber ŵakaŵa ŵankhongono comene mwakuti nanga ni apo Ŵasilamu ŵakathereskanga kumpoto kwa Africa, ŵakalutilira kulamulira mapiri ghawo.
Ufumu wa Ŵaroma ukawa, ndipo ukapangiska kuti paŵe ufumu unyake uwo ukaŵa ku Altava (uno ku Algeria). Ufumu unyake uwo ukaŵa ku Altava ndiwo ukamulondezga. Mu nyengo ya kuwusa kwa Kusaila, chigaŵa chake chikafuma ku chigaŵa cha lero cha Fez kumanjiliro gha dazi kukafika ku Aurès kumanjiliro gha dazi na Kairaouan pamanyuma na mukati mwa Ifriqiya kumafumiro gha dazi.
Middle Ages
Ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ŵakakana, kweni Ŵasilamu ŵa mu ufumu wa Umayyad ŵakathereska charu cha Algeria kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 800.
Mu vyaka vyapakati pa 500 na 1500 C.E., mu vyaru vya ku Maghreb na vyaru vinyake vyapafupi mukaŵa mafumu ghanandi gha Ŵaamazigi. Ibn Khaldun wakulongosora vya mafumu gha ku Maghreb, Zirid, Ifranid, Maghrawa, Almoravid, Hammadid, Almohad, Merinid, Abdalwadid, Wattasid, Meknassa na Hafsid. Mafumu gha Hammadid na Zirid kweniso gha Fatimids ghakawusa mu vyaru vyose vya Maghreb. Ŵa Ziridi ŵakalongozganga charu icho sono ni Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, Libya, Spain, Malta, na Italy. Ŵahamadidi ŵakathereska na kuwusa vigaŵa vyakuzirwa nga ni Ouargla, Constantine, Sfax, Susa, Algiers, Tripoli na Fez. ŴaFatimidi awo ŵakapangika na ŵanthu ŵa ku Kutama ŵakathereska vyaru vyose vya kumpoto kwa Africa kweniso Sicily na vigaŵa vinyake vya ku Middle East.
Pamanyuma pa kugaluka kwa ŵanthu ŵa ku Berber, vyaru vinandi vya ku Maghreb vikamba kujiyimira. Mu Algeria, ufumu wa Rustamid ukapangika. Ufumu wa Rustamidi ukambira ku Tafilalt ku Morocco mpaka ku mapiri gha Nafusa ku Libya kusazgapo kumwera, pakati na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Tunisia.
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania ni nthavwa (state) iyo ikusangika mu charu cha United States of America.Ndipo msumba ukulu wa boma wa nthavwa ili ni Harrisburg
Algeria
Middle Ages
Ŵanthu ŵa ku Girisi ŵakamba kulamulira chigaŵa chose cha Maghreb, chigaŵa cha Spain, na Sicily. Ŵaziridi ŵakamanya kuti Ŵafatisimu ŵa ku Cairo ndiwo ŵakaŵa na mazaza. Muwusi wa Zirid, zina lake El Mu'izz, wakazomerezga yayi kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi ŵaŵe na wanangwa uwu. Ŵaziridi ŵakalweraso maufumu ghanyake gha Zenata, nga ni Maghrawa, ufumu wa Ŵaberi uwo ukafuma ku Algeria ndipo nyengo yinyake ukaŵa wankhongono chomene ku Maghreb.
Pakuti boma la Ŵafatisimu likaŵa lambura nkhongono pa nyengo iyi, ŵakasanga nthowa yinyake yakuwezgera. Pakati pa Mlonga wa Nile na Nyanja Yiswesi pakaŵa mafuko gha Ŵabedouin agho ghakacimbizgika ku Arabia cifukwa ca kugaluka kwawo. Mwaciyelezgero, Ŵana Hilal na Ŵana Sulaym, awo kanandi ŵakasuzganga ŵalimi ŵa mu Dambo la Nayelo cifukwa kanandi ŵanthu ŵakwendakwenda ŵakaphanga minda yawo. Muwusi wa ku Fatimid wakakhumbanga kuparanya vinthu ivyo wakatondeka kuvilamulira, ndipo wakaleka kukolerana na ŵalongozgi ŵa mafuko gha Ŵabedouin. ŴaFatimidi ŵakaŵapa nanga ni ndalama kuti ŵafumemo.
Mafuko ghose ghakafuma pamoza na ŵanakazi, ŵana, ŵalara, viŵeto, na vinthu vinyake. Ŵanyake ŵakimilira pa nthowa, comenecomene ku Cyrenaica, uko ŵachali vinthu vyakuzirwa comene pa malo agha, kweni ŵanandi ŵakafika ku Ifriqiya kufuma ku Gabes, mu 1051. Fumu ya ku Zirid yikayezga kukanizga nkhondo iyi, kweni pa nkhondo yiliyose iyo yikacitikanga, yaumaliro iyo yikacitikanga pasi pa viliŵa vya Kairouan, ŵasilikari ŵake ŵakathereskeka ndipo Ŵaarabu ŵakalutilira kuŵa na mazaza pa nkhondo. Kanandi Ŵaarabu ŵakathereskanga yayi misumba, kweni ŵakayiphanganga na kuyibwangandura.
Nkhondo iyi yikalutilira, ndipo mu 1057 Ŵaarabu ŵakafika mu vigaŵa vya Constantine uko ŵakazingilizga msumba wa Qalaa wa Banu Hammad (mzinda ukuru wa Hammadid Emirate). Kufuma apo, ŵakamba kukhala mu vigaŵa vya ku Algiers na Oran. Vinyake mwa vyaru ivi vikawuskikapo na ŵasilikari ŵa Almohad mu hafu yachiŵiri ya vyaka vya m'ma 1200. Ŵanthu ŵa mafuko gha Ŵabedouin ndiwo ŵakapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Maghreb ŵaŵe na chiyowoyero na maluso gha Chiarabu. Ibn Khaldun wakalemba kuti malo agho ghakasakazika na mafuko gha Banu Hilal ghakazgoka mapopa.
Ŵalmohad ŵakafuma ku Morocco, nangauli ŵakakhazikiskika na munthu wa ku Algeria zina lake Abd al-Mu'min. Mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Almohad, fuko la Abd al-Mu'min, la Koumïa, ndilo likaŵa na mazaza pa ufumu. Ŵakati ŵathereska ufumu wa Almoravid uwo ukalopwa na kwamba kulamulira Morocco mu 1147, ŵakanjira mu Algeria mu 1152, ndipo ŵakamba kulamulira Tlemcen, Oran, na Algiers.
Ŵalmohad ŵakati ŵathereskeka pa Nkhondo ya ku Las Navas de Tolosa mu 1212, ŵakamba kusuzgika, ndipo mu 1235, kazembe wa ku Algeria, Yaghmurasen Ibn Zyan, wakapharazga kuti waŵa wakujiyimira payekha. Ŵakalimbana na ŵasilikari ŵa Almohad awo ŵakayezga kuwezgerapo mazaza ghawo pa charu cha Algeria kwa vyaka 13. Ŵakaŵathereska mu 1248 ŵati ŵakoma Khalifa wawo.
Ŵa Zayyanid ŵakalutilira kulamulira charu cha Algeria kwa vyaka 300. Vigaŵa vinandi vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Algeria vikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa muwuso wa Hafsid, nangauli Emirate wa Bejaia uwo ukaŵa na vigaŵa vya Algeria vya Hafsids nyengo zinyake ukaŵa wakujiyimira payekha. Pa nyengo iyo ufumu wa Zayyanid ukaŵa na mazaza ghakuru, ufumu uwu ukaŵa na caru cose ca Morocco ico cikaŵa pasi pawo.
Ottoman era
Mu 1516, ŵabali ŵa ku Ottoman, Aruj na Hayreddin Barbarossa, awo ŵakateŵeteranga mwakukondwa mu ufumu wa Hafsids, ŵakasamukira ku Algiers. Ŵakapoka msumba wa Jijel na Algiers kufuma ku Spain na wovwiri wa ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha awo ŵakaŵawonanga kuti mbawomboli ŵa Ŵakhristu, kweni pamanyuma ŵabali aŵa ŵakakoma Salim al-Tumi, munthu wakuzirwa wa ku malo agha. Apo Aruj wakakomekanga mu 1518 apo wakawukira msumba wa Tlemcen, Hayreddin ndiyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari ŵa Algiers. Fumu ya Ottoman yikamupa zina lakuti beylerbey na ŵasilikari pafupifupi 2,000. Na wovwiri wa ŵasilikari aŵa na ŵanthu ŵa ku Algeria, Hayreddin wakathereska chigaŵa chose pakati pa Constantine na Oran (nangauli msumba wa Oran ukaŵa mu mawoko gha Spain m'paka mu 1792).
Matenda agha ghakaŵa kuti ghazara comene mu misumba ya ku North Africa. Mu 1620, ŵanthu 30,000 m'paka 50,000 ŵakafwa na muliri uwu, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakafwa mu 1654, 1665, 1691 na 1740. Ŵankhungu ŵa ku Barbary ŵakalyeranga Ŵakhristu na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakaŵa Ŵasilamu yayi mu nyanja ya Mediterranean. Kanandi ŵankhungu ŵakatoranga ŵanthu awo ŵakendanga mu ngalaŵa na kuŵaguliska panji kuŵa ŵazga. Kweniso ŵakasanganga ndalama zinandi kuti ŵawombore ŵanthu ŵanyake. Robert Davis wakati kwamba mu ma 1500 m'paka mu 1800, ŵankhungu ŵakakora ŵazga ŵa ku Europe pakati pa 1 miliyoni na 1.25 miliyoni. Kanandi ŵakalutanga ku misumba ya ku mpoto kuti ŵakatore ŵazga awo ŵakaŵa Ŵakhristu na kuguliska ku misika ya ŵazga ku North Africa na vigaŵa vinyake vya Ufumu wa Ottoman. Mwaciyelezgero, mu 1544, Hayreddin Barbarossa wakapoka cirwa ca Ischia, wakatora ŵakayidi 4,000, ndipo wakapanga ŵazga ŵanthu pafupifupi 9,000 ŵa ku Lipari. Mu 1551, Turgut Reis, kazembe wa ku Algiers, uyo wakaŵa wa Ufumu wa Ottoman, wakapangiska ŵanthu wose ŵa pa cirwa ca Gozo kuŵa ŵazga. Kanandi ŵankhungu ŵakizanga na kuwukira virwa vya Balearic. Cinthu ici cikaŵa cakofya comene mwakuti ŵanthu ŵakaleka kukhala pa cirwa ca Formentera. Mu ma 1700, ŵanthu ŵakamba kugwiliskira ntchito ngalaŵa zakupambanapambana.
Mu Julayi 1627, ngaraŵa ziŵiri za ŵankhungu izo zikalongozgekanga na Jan Janszoon, zikafuma ku Algiers na kuluta ku Iceland. Masabata ghaŵiri kumasinda, ngaraŵa yinyake yakufuma ku Salé, Morocco, nayo yikanjira mu Iceland. Ŵazga ŵanyake awo ŵakiza ku Algiers, pamasinda ŵakaŵawombora na kuluta nawo ku Iceland, kweni ŵanyake ŵakasankha kukhala ku Algeria. Mu 1629, ŵankhungu ŵa ku Algeria ŵakiza ku Faroe Islands.
Mu 1671, gulu la ŵasilikari awo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa ivi ŵakagaluka, ŵakakoma Agha, na kuŵika yumoza wa iwo pa mazaza. Mulongozgi muphya wakapokera zina lakuti Dey. Pamanyuma pa 1689, wanangwa wakusankha ŵamazaza ukafika ku divan, wupu wa mafumu 60. Pakwamba, wakalizganga chomene woyimbiro wa ojaq, kweni m'ma 1800, wakazgoka wayimbiro wa dey. Mu 1710, Dey wakapangiska Sultani kuti wazomerezge kuti iyo na awo ŵakamulondezganga ŵaŵe muwusi. Nangauli msumba wa Algiers ukaŵa chigaŵa cha Ufumu wa Ottoman, kweni ukachitanga vinthu mwakuyana yayi na Ufumu wa Ottoman.
Iyo wakaŵa muwusi wankhaza. Dey wakasankhikanga umoyo wake wose, kweni mu vyaka 159 (1671-1830) apo boma ili likaŵako, ŵa dey 14 pa 29 ŵakakomeka. Nangauli boma la Deylikal likaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi, kweni vinthu vikendanga makora. Nangauli boma ili likawovwiranga chomene ŵalongozgi ŵa mafuko, kweni ŵanthu ŵa ku mizi ŵakakolerananga yayi, chifukwa kanandi ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga na masuzgo chifukwa cha msonkho. Boma la mafuko ghakupambanapambana likazomerezgekanga, ndipo mazaza gha muwusi ghakaŵanga ghachoko chomene mu Kabylia, nangauli mu 1730 muwusi uyu wakamanya kuwusa Ufumu wa Kuku kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Kabylia. Matawuni ghanandi gha kumpoto kwa mapopa gha Algeria ghakalipanga misonkho ku Algiers panji ku Bey, nangauli ghakaŵa na wanangwa wa kujilongozga.
Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Spain ŵakalutilira kuwukira ŵamalonda ŵa ku Spain. Mu 1784, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Spain ŵakamba kuwukira msumba wa Algiers. Ŵakaponya mabomba ghakujumpha 20,000, msumba wose na vigongwe vyake vikaparanyika, ndipo sitima zinandi za ku Algeria zikabira.
Mu 1792, msumba wa Algiers ukawuskapo msumba wa Oran na Mers el Kébir, ivyo vikaŵa vyaru ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain ŵakakhalanga. Mu chaka chenechichi, ŵakathereska chigaŵa cha Rif na Oujda, ndipo ŵakamalizga kuvisida mu 1795. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵankhungu ŵa ku Algeria ŵakakolerananga na ŵamazaza ŵa ku Caribbean.
Ŵankhungu ŵa ku Algeria ŵakamba kuwukira ŵamalonda ŵa ku America, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti paŵe Nkhondo Yakwamba na Yachiŵiri ya ku Barbary. Pakati pajumpha chaka chimoza, ŵasilikari ŵa Anglo-Dutch awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Lord Exmouth, ŵakabomba msumba wa Algiers kuti ŵaleke kukoma ŵalovi ŵa ku Europe. Ivyo ŵakacita vikaŵa vyakukondweska, nangauli ŵankhungu ŵa ku Algeria ŵakalutilira kucita vinthu vyacigeŵenga m'paka apo ŵa ku France ŵakaŵaparanyira mu 1830.
Kuwusa kwa France (1830-1962)
Mu 1830, Ŵafarisi ŵakanjira mu msumba wa Algiers na kuwupoka. Pakuyowoya za umo Ŵafarisi ŵakathereskera Algeria, Ben Kiernan wakalemba kuti: "Mu 1875, Ŵafarisi ŵakamara kuthereska charu chose. Nkhondo iyi yikakoma ŵanthu pafupifupi 825,000 ŵa ku Algeria kwambira mu 1830". Ŵasilikari ŵa ku France ŵakakomeka mu ciŵaya ici kufuma mu 1831 m'paka mu 1851. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Algeria ŵakaŵa 2.9 miliyoni mu 1872, kweni mu 1960 ŵakaŵa pafupifupi 11 miliyoni. Ndondomeko ya caru ca France yikaŵa yakuti caru ici ciŵe "cakutchuka". Ŵanthu ŵa ku Algeria ŵakaleka kuguliska ŵazga na kunanga vinthu vyawo ŵakati ŵathereskeka na ŵa ku France. Pakutora nyengo yitali kuti Ŵafarisi ŵapoke charu cha Algeria ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakomeka. Chifukwa cha nkhaza na matenda, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵa ku Algeria chikakhira chomene pakati pa 1830 na 1872. Pa Seputembala 17, 1860, Napoleon III wakayowoya kuti: "Cinthu cakwamba ico tikwenera kucita nkhuwoneseska kuti Ŵaarabu mamiliyoni ghatatu awo ŵakukhala mu caru ici ŵakukhala makora". Mu nyengo iyi, Kabylia yekha ndiyo wakakananga, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku Kabylia ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vinyake yayi m'paka apo ŵakagalukira boma la Mokrani mu 1871.
Kwambira mu 1848 m'paka apo charu cha Algeria chikapokera wanangwa wake, charu cha France chikalongozganga chigaŵa chose cha Algeria. Chinyake mwa vyaru ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa mazaza gha France kwa nyengo yitali chomene, ni Algeria. Pakati pa 1825 na 1847, ŵanthu 50,000 ŵa ku France ŵakaluta ku Algeria. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakasanga chandulo chifukwa chakuti boma la France likapoka malo gha ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghanyake, kweniso chifukwa cha kulondezga nthowa zamasono zakulimi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Europe ŵakakhazikika mu tawuni ya Oran na Algiers, ndipo kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1900, iwo ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵanandi mu misumba yose iyi.
Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800 na kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1900, ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ndiwo ŵakaŵa na chiŵelengero ichi. Boma la France likakhumbanga kuti charu cha Algeria chiŵe chigaŵa cha charu cha France, ndipo likagwiliskira ntchito ndalama zinandi pa nkhani ya masambiro, chomenechomene kufuma mu 1900. Ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi ŵakasuskanga chomene fundo iyi, kweni mwakupambana na vyaru vinyake ivyo vikaŵa ku Central Asia na Caucasus, charu cha Algeria chikalutilira kuŵa na maluso ghake na ulimi uwo ukaŵanga na ŵanthu ŵanandi.
Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose, charu cha Algeria chikathereskeka na ŵasilikari ŵa Vichy.
Mariano Baptista
Mariano Baptista (1831–1907)  wakawa prezidenti wa chalo cha Bolivia kufuma  11 August 1892 mpaka 19 August 1896.
Algeria
Kuwusa kwa France (1830-1962)
Pachoko na pachoko, Ŵasilamu awo ŵakaŵa ŵambura kukhorwa na umo vinthu vikaŵiranga mu charu ichi ŵakamba kukhumba kujilamulira ŵekha. Mu Meyi 1945, ŵanthu awo ŵakagalukira ŵasilikari ŵa ku France ŵakakomeka mu msumba wa Sétif na Guelma. Nkhondo ya ku Algeria yikamba mu 1954, apo ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru viŵiri ivi ŵakakolerana. Ŵakulemba mdauko ŵakuti ŵanthu 30,000 m'paka 150,000 ŵa mtundu wa Harki na awo ŵakathembanga iwo ŵakakomeka na gulu la National Liberation Front (FLN) panji ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakaŵakoma ku Algeria. Gulu la FLN likagwiliskiranga ntchito nkhondo iyi ku Algeria na France. Kweniso Ŵafarisi ŵakaparanya vikaya vyakujumpha 8,000 na kusamuska ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 2 miliyoni ŵa ku Algeria ku misasa yakuyuzgirako ŵanthu.
Nkhondo iyi yikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Algeria ŵafwe na kupwetekeka. Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakulemba mdauko, nga ni Alistair Horne na Raymond Aron, ŵakuti chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakafwa pa nkhondo ya Ŵasilamu ku Algeria chikaŵa chikuru chomene kuluska icho chikalembeka na gulu la FLN kweniso ku France, kweni chikaŵa chichoko chomene kuluska chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu 1 miliyoni awo ŵakafwa. Horne wakati mu vyaka 8 ivyo vikajumpha, ku Algeria kukafwa ŵanthu pafupifupi 700,000. Nkhondo iyi yikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 2 miliyoni ŵa ku Algeria ŵafumemo mu vikaya vyawo.
Severo Fernández
Severo Fernández (1849–1925)   wakawa prezidenti wa chalo cha Bolivia kufuma  19 August 1896 mpaka 12 April 1899.
Algeria
Kuwusa kwa France (1830-1962)
Nkhondo yakwimikana na boma la France yikamara mu 1962, apo charu cha Algeria chikamba kujiyimira paŵekha.
Vyaka 30 vyakwambilira vya wanangwa (1962-1991)
Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Pied-Noir awo ŵakachimbira ku Algeria ŵakakwana 900,000 pakati pa 1962 na 1964. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakaluta ku caru ca France pamanyuma pa nkhondo ya ku Oran mu 1962, apo ŵasilikari ŵanandi ŵakanjira mu vigaŵa vya ku Europe na kwamba kuwukira ŵanthu..
Pulezidenti wakwamba wa Algeria wakaŵa Ahmed Ben Bella, mulongozgi wa Front de Libération Nationale (FLN). Ivyo charu cha Morocco chikayowoya vyakuti chili na vigaŵa vinyake vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa charu cha Algeria, vikapangiska kuti paŵe nkhondo ya mchenga mu 1963. Mu 1965, Houari Boumédiène, uyo kale wakaŵa mubwezi wake kweniso nduna ya vyavikiliro, wakathereska Ben Bella. Mu nyengo ya Ben Bella, boma likamba kuŵa la wupu wakulongozga ŵanthu, ndipo Boumédienne wakalutilira. Ndipouli, wakathemba comene ŵasilikari kuti ŵamovwirenge, ndipo wakapangiska kuti ŵasilikari ŵekha awo ŵakaŵa na wanangwa wa kusankha ŵacitenge vinthu mwakuthupi. Wakakhozga comene ulimi na kwamba kupanga vinthu vinandi. Vipinda vya mafuta vikaŵa vya boma. Ici cikawovwira comene ŵalongozgi ŵa boma la Britain pamanyuma pa suzgo la mafuta mu 1973.
Chadli Bendjedid, uyo wakanjira m'malo mwa Boumédienne, wakambiska vinthu vinyake vyakukhwaskana na ndalama. Wakakhozga fundo yakuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Algeria ŵaŵe Ŵaarabu. Ŵasambizgi ŵa Ciarabu awo ŵakafuma ku vyaru vinyake vya Ciislamu, ŵakathandazga visambizgo vya Cisilamu mu masukulu ndipo ŵakamba kusambizga ŵanthu kuti ŵawelere ku cisopa ca Orthodox.
Chuma cha ku Algeria chikamba kuthemba chomene mafuta, ndipo chikaŵa chinonono chomene chifukwa mafuta ghakaŵa ghanandi chomene mu ma 1980. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1980, ku Algeria kukaŵa vivulupi chifukwa cha suzgo la vyachuma ilo likachitika chifukwa cha kukwera kwa mafuta pa charu chose. Maboma ghakupambanapambana gha ndyali, nga ni Islamic Salvation Front (FIS), gulu likuru la visopa vya Cisilamu.
Nkhondo ya Caru (1991-2002) na umaliro wake
Mu Disembala 1991, gulu la Islamic Salvation Front ndilo likaluska pa vigaŵa viŵiri vyakwambilira vya maungano gha boma. Pakopa kuti boma la Cisilamu lingasankhika, boma likacitapo kanthu pa Janyuwale 11, 1992, na kulekeska maungano. Bendjedid wakaleka mulimo wake ndipo pakaŵa Wupu Wakulongozga wa Boma uwo ukacitanga mulimo wa kuwusa. Likakanizga gulu la FIS, ndipo likapangiska kuti paŵe nkhondo pakati pa gulu la ŵasilikari la FIS, la Armed Islamic Group, na ŵasilikari ŵa boma, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 100,000 ŵakakomeka. Ŵasilikari ŵa cisopa ca Ciyuda ŵakamba kukoma ŵanthu ŵanandi. Pa nyengo zinandi za nkhondo iyi, vinthu mu Algeria vikaŵa vyakukondweska pa caru cose, comenecomene pa nyengo ya suzgo ya ndege ya Air France Flight 8969, iyo yikatoleka na gulu la Armed Islamic Group. Gulu la Asilamu likapharazga kuti ŵaleke kuwukira mu Okutobala 1997.
Mu 1999, ku Algeria kukaŵa mavoti agho ŵalongozgi ŵa vyaru na magulu ghanandi ghakwimikana nagho ghakawona kuti ghakaŵa ghaheni. Wakayezgayezga kuwezgerapo mtende wa ndyali mu caru ici ndipo wakapharazga za ndondomeko ya "Civil Concord", iyo yikazomerezgeka mu referendum, umo ŵakayidi ŵanandi ŵa ndyali ŵakagowokereka, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa magulu ghakwimikana na ndyali ŵakafwatulika ku khoti. Gulu la AIS likamara ndipo nkhaza za ŵanthu ŵakugaluka zikakhira. Gulu la Salafiste pour la Prédication et le Combat (GSPC), gulu ilo likafumako ku gulu la Armed Islamic Group, likalutizga kampeni yakofya ya kuwukira boma.
Bouteflika wakasankhikaso pa mavoti gha pulezidenti mu Epulero 2004 pamanyuma pa kucita kampeni pa ndondomeko ya kuwezgerapo wenenawene. Ndondomeko iyi yikaŵa ya kusintha vinthu pa vya cuma, ndyali, na vya cikaya kuti caru ciŵe ca mazuŵa ghano, kukwezga umoyo wa ŵanthu, na kumazga masuzgo agho ghakupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kukolerana na ŵanyawo. Chikaŵaso na phangano laciŵiri lakuti ŵanthu wose ŵagowokereke, la Charter for Peace and National Reconciliation, ilo likapokelereka mu Seputembala 2005. Likapeleka wanangwa ku ŵasilikari ŵanandi na ŵasilikari ŵa boma.
Mu Novembala 2008, Dango la ku Algeria likasinthika pamanyuma pa kuvota mu Nyumba ya Malamulo, kufumiska mphaka ya nyengo ziŵiri za wupu wakulamulira. Kusintha uku kukamovwira Bouteflika kuti waŵikike pa mavoti gha 2009 ndipo wakasankhikaso mu Epulero 2009. Pa nyengo ya kampeni yake na pamanyuma pa kuwuskikaso, Bouteflika wakalayizga kusazgirako ndondomeko ya kuwezgerapo mtende na ndalama zakukwana madola 150 biliyoni kuti wapange nchito ziphya zakukwana mamiliyoni ghatatu, kuzenga nyumba ziphya zakukwana miliyoni yimoza, na kulutilira na mapulogiramu ghakusintha vinthu vya boma.
Pa Disembala 28, 2010, ŵanthu ŵakamba kususka ivyo vikachitika ku Middle East na North Africa. Pa Febuluwale 24, 2011, boma likawuskapo dango la vyakofya ilo likaŵa mu Algeria kwa vyaka 19. Boma likakhazikiska malango ghakukhwaskana na vipani vya ndyali, malango ghakwendeskera mavoti, na kuŵapo kwa ŵanakazi mu wupu wakulongozga. Mu Epulero 2011, Bouteflika wakalayizga kuti wazamuchitaso kusintha kwa ndyali na malango. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵakususka maungano gha visopa chifukwa cha vinthu vyambura urunji ivyo vikuchitika pa maungano agha.
Pa 2 Epulero, 2019, Bouteflika wakafumapo pa udindo wake wa pulezidenti pamanyuma pakuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakasuska kuti waŵepo pa nyengo yakwamba.
Mu Disembala 2019, Abdelmadjid Tebboune wakazgoka purezidenti wa Algeria, wati watonda chigaŵa chakwamba cha chisankho cha purezidenti na chiŵerengero chakukwana cha ŵanthu awo ŵakakana. Tebboune wakususkika kuti wali pafupi na ŵasilikari ndipo ngwakugomezgeka kwa pulezidenti uyo wali kukanizgika. Tebboune wakukana ivyo ŵanthu ŵakumuyowoyera, ndipo wakuti ŵanthu ŵakukhumba kumukora. Wakukumbuskaso awo ŵakumususka kuti wakafumiskika mu boma mu Ogasiti 2017 pa chilato cha ma oligarchs agho ghali mu jele.
Makhalilo gha charu
Kufuma apo Sudan yikapatukira mu 2011, ndipo pakapangika South Sudan, Algeria ndiyo yikaŵa caru cikuru comene mu Africa, ndiposo mu Mediterranean Basin. Ku chigaŵa chakumwera kwa charu ichi kuli chigaŵa chikuru cha Sahara. Ku mpoto, mtunda wa Tell Atlas ukuyana na mtunda wa Sahara Atlas, ndipo kumwera, mtunda uwu uli na malo ghaŵiri ghakuyana waka. Ma Atlas ghose ghaŵiri ghakusangana kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Algeria. Mapiri ghakuru gha Aures na Nememcha ghali kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Algeria, ndipo ghali kufupi na mphaka ya Tunisia. Phiri la Tahat ndilo lili pachanya chomene.
Mapiri gha Hoggar (Arabic), agho ghakumanyikwaso na zina lakuti Hoggar, ni malo gha mapiri ghapakati pa Sahara, kumwera kwa Algeria. Malo agha ghali pa mtunda wa makilomita 1,500 kumwera kwa msumba ukuru wa Algiers, na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Tamanghasset. Algiers, Oran, Constantine, na Annaba ni misumba yikuru ya Algeria.
Nyengo na maji
Mu chigaŵa ichi, mu mapopa nyengo ya muhanya yikuŵa yakuzizima caka cose. Kweni para dazi lanjira, mphepo yakuzizima yikumazga luŵiro chithukivu, ndipo usiku ukuzizima. Ku malo agha, zuŵa lililose kutentha kukusinthanga comene.
Ku chigaŵa cha mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Tell Atlas, kukulokwa vula zinandi chomene. Ku chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Algeria ndiko kukulokwa chomene.
Ku vigaŵa vinyake, vula yikuchepa. Ku Algeria kuli mapiri ghanandi agho ghali na mchenga. Mu nyengo ya chihanya, para mphepo yikuputa chomene, nkhongono zikukwera kufika pa 43.3°C.
Fauna and flora
Vyakumera vyakupambanapambana vya ku Algeria ni vyamumaji, vya mu mapiri, na vyamuthondo. Viyuni vinandi vya ku Algeria vikukhala kufupi na ŵanthu. Viyuni ivyo vikusangika comene ni mphumphi, viyuni vya mu nkhorongo, na viyuni vya mu nkhorongo. Ku Algeria nako kuli nyalubwe muchoko waka wa ku Africa na chiŵeta cha ku Sahara, kweni vikusangika viŵi yayi. Ciŵinda cinyake, ico cikucemeka Barbary stag, cikukhala mu nkhorongo za kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi. Nkhaŵala iyi ndiyo ni nyama ya ku Algeria.
Ŵanthu awo ŵakutemwa kuwona viyuni ŵakutemwa kuwona viyuni vyakupambanapambana. Mu nkhorongo iyi muli nkharamu na viŵeto vinyake. Viyuni vya mtundu wa Barbary macaques ndivyo ni vyamoyo vya mtundu uwu. Mu vigaŵa vinandi vya ku Algeria, muli njoka, viyuni vinyake ivyo vikwenda. Viyuni vinandi sono vyafwa, kusazgapo nkharamu za ku Barbary, nkhalamira za ku Atlas na ng'ona.
Ku chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa charu ichi, kuli makuni ghanyake nga ni makuni gha macchia, makuni gha maolive, makuni gha oak, makuni gha sidara, na makuni ghanyake. Mu vigaŵa vya mapiri muli makuni ghakuru gha makuni gha sidara (Aleppo pine, juniper, na oak) kweniso makuni ghanyake gha makuni gha sidara. Makuni gha mkuyu, eucalyptus, agave, na makuni ghanyake gha mikama ghakumera mu malo ghakuzizima. Vipambi vya mpheska vikufuma ku mizi ya mumphepete mwa nyanja. Mu vigaŵa vinyake vya Sahara, muli makuni gha mikama. Makuni gha acacia agho ghali na maolive gha mu thengere ndigho ghakukura comene mu vigaŵa vinyake vya Sahara. Charu cha Algeria chikaŵa pa nambara 5.22/10, ndipo chikaŵa pa nambara 106 pa vyaru 172.
Ngamila zikugwiliskirika nchito comene; mu mapopa muli njoka zinonono na zambura kununkha, mphumphi, na tusomba tunandi.
Boma na ndale
Ŵandyali awo ŵali kusankhika ŵakuŵa na mazaza ghacoko comene pa caru ca Algeria. M'malo mwake, gulu la ŵasilikari na ŵasilikari awo ŵakusoleka yayi, ŵakucemeka "décideurs" ("ŵakusankha"), awo ŵakumanyikwa na zina lakuti "le pouvoir" ("nkhongono"), ndiwo ŵakulongozga caru, ndipo ŵakusankha uyo wakwenera kuŵa pulezidenti. Munthu wankhongono chomene pa ŵanthu wose wakaŵa Mohamed Mediène, mulara wa ŵapolisi ŵa nkhondo, pambere wandawuskike mu 2019. Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, ŵasilikari ŵanandi aŵa ŵali kufwa, ŵali kupumura pa nchito, panji ŵali kujalirika mu jere. Pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya Jenerale Larbi Belkheir, pulezidenti wakale Bouteflika wakaŵika ŵanthu ŵakugomezgeka ku maudindo ghakuzirwa, chomene ku Sonatrach, ndipo wakasunga malango agho ghakamovwira kuti wasankhikeso kwamuyirayira, m'paka apo wakathereskekera mu 2019 pa viphikiro.
Mulongozgi wa boma ni pulezidenti wa Algeria, uyo wakusankhika kwa vyaka vinkhondi. Muwuso wa pulezidenti ukuŵa wa vilimika vinkhondi. Chisankho chaposachedwapa cha purezidenti chikadakhala mu Epulo 2019, koma ziwonetsero zazikulu zidachitika pa 22 February motsutsana ndi chisankho cha purezidenti kuti achite nawo chisankho, zomwe zidapangitsa Purezidenti Bouteflika kulengeza kuti achoka pa Epulo 3. Abdelmadjid Tebboune, uyo wakaŵa wakujiyimira payekha, wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti pamanyuma pakuti mavoti ghachitika pa Disembala 12, 2019. Awo ŵakasuskanga ŵakakana kuzomerezga Tebboune kuŵa pulezidenti, ndipo ŵakakhumbanga kuti boma lisinthe vinthu vyose. Ŵanthu wose mu Algeria ŵakuŵa na wanangwa wa kusankha para ŵafika vyaka 18. Pulezidenti ndiyo wakulongozga ŵasilikari, wupu wa nduna, na wupu wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu. Wakwimika nduna yikuru iyo nayo ni mutu wa boma. Nyumba ya mafumu ya Algeria njakukhora; nyumba yaciŵiri, People's National Assembly, yili na mamembala 462 agho ghakusankhika mwakudunjika kwa nyengo ya vilimika vinkhondi, apo nyumba ya pachanya, Council of the Nation, yili na mamembala 144 agho ghakuteŵetera nyengo ya vilimika vinkhondi na cimoza. Kuyana na dango la boma ili, palije wupu wa ndyali uwo ungapangika usange uli "wakupambana cisopa, ciyowoyero, mtundu, kugonana, nchito, panji cigaŵa". Mwakusazgirapo, ma kampeni gha ndyali ghakwenera kufumako ku nkhani izo zazunulika.
Malo ghakusoperapo ghakaŵa mu Meyi 2017. Pa mavoti agha, FLN yikaluza vithuzithuzi 44, kweni yikalutilira kuŵa chipani cikuru comene na vithuzithuzi 164, gulu la National Rally for Democracy ilo likovwirika na ŵasilikari likapokera vithuzithuzi 100, ndipo gulu la Muslim Brotherhood Movement of Society for Peace likapokera vithuzithuzi 33.
Maubale na vyaru vinyake
Charu cha Algeria chili mu ndondomeko ya European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) ya European Union, iyo yikukhumba kusendelera ku vyaru vyapafupi. Kupeleka viwovwirano na kutumbika awo ŵakuchita makora chomene, kweniso kupeleka ndalama mwaluŵiro kweniso mwakukolerana na umo vinthu viliri, ni fundo zikuru ziŵiri izo zili mu ndondomeko ya European Neighbourhood Instrument (ENI) iyo yikamba kugwira ntchito mu 2014. Ndondomeko iyi yili na ndalama zakukwana 15.4 biliyoni ndipo yikovwira chomene pa ntchito zinyake.
Mu 2009, boma la France likazomerezga kupeleka wovwiri ku ŵanthu awo ŵakakomeka pa viyezgo vya nyukiliya ku Algeria. Nduna ya vyavikiliro Herve Morin yikati: "Ni nyengo yakuti caru cithu ciŵe pa mtende na umo ciliri, cifukwa ca ndondomeko ya kuwezgerapo nduzga", apo yikapelekanga dango lakukhwaskana na malipiro agha. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵa boma la Algeria na ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakugomezga kuti iyi ni nthowa yiwemi yakwamba ndipo ŵakugomezga kuti nthowa iyi yingawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵapokere njombe.
Vinthu vyakukondweska pakati pa Algeria na Morocco pa nkhani ya Western Sahara vyapangiska kuti ŵaleke kukolerana na wupu wa Arab Maghreb Union, uwo ukaŵako mu 1989. Pa Ogasiti 24, 2021, Algeria yikapharazga kuti yatondeka kukolerana na Morocco.
Ŵankhondo
Gulu la ŵasilikari la Algeria lili na ŵasilikari ŵa People's National Army (ANP), Algeria National Navy (MRA), na Algeria Air Force (QJJ), pamoza na Territorial Air Defense Forces. Chipani ichi ndicho chikapokeleranga wanangwa wa National Liberation Army (Armée de Libération Nationale panji ALN), chigaŵa cha National Liberation Front icho chikarwanga nkhondo ya ku Algeria.
Ŵasilikari wose ŵakusazgapo 147,000 awo ŵakuteŵetera, 150,000 awo ŵali mu malo ghakusungirako ŵasilikari, na 187,000 awo ŵakuteŵetera mu mawoko gha ŵasilikari (2008 estimate). Ŵanalume ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 19 na 30 ŵakwenera kugwira nchito ya usilikari kwa myezi 12. Mu 2012, ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito pa nkhondo zikaŵa 4.3% ya GDP. Charu cha Algeria chili na ŵasilikari ŵaciŵiri pa caru cose ca kumpoto kwa Africa. Vinthu vinandi vya ku Algeria vikufuma ku Russia, uyo ni mubwezi wake.
Mnkhamanga, Dowa
Mnkhamanga ni malo agho ghakusangika mu boma la Dowa, chigaŵa cha Pakati, mu charu cha Malaŵi.
Mndunje, Dowa
Mndunje ni malo agho ghakusangika mu boma la Dowa, chigaŵa cha Pakati, mu charu cha Malaŵi.
Felipe Segundo Guzmán
Felipe Segundo Guzmán (1879–1932)   wakawa prezidenti wa chalo cha Bolivia kufuma  3 September 1925 mpaka 10 January 1926.
Delaware County
Delaware County ni komboni panji nkhalwe (county) yakusangika mu boma panji nthavwa (state) ya Pennsylvania mu charu cha United States of America ku Amelika.
Rhode Island
Rhode Island ni nthavwa (state) iyo ikusangika mu charu cha United States of America.Ndipo msumba ukulu wa boma wa nthavwa ili ni Providence
Mpalankhwali, Dowa
Mpalankhwali ni malo agho ghakusangika mu boma la Dowa, chigaŵa cha Pakati, mu charu cha Malaŵi.
Mpatsa, Dowa
Mpatsa ni malo agho ghakusangika mu boma la Dowa, chigaŵa cha Pakati, mu charu cha Malaŵi.
Longa, Chama
Longa ni msumba mu Boma la Chama, Zambia.
Hernando Siles Reyes
Hernando Siles Reyes (1882–1942)  wakawa prezidenti wa chalo cha Bolivia kufuma  10 January 1926 mpaka 28 May 1930.
José Manuel Pando
José Manuel Pando (1849–1917)   wakawa prezidenti wa chalo cha Bolivia kufuma  25 October 1899 mpaka 14 August 1904.
Ismael Montes
Ismael Montes (1861–1933)   wakawa prezidenti wa chalo cha Bolivia kufuma  14 August 1904 mpaka 12 August 1909.
Mndolera, Dowa
Mndolera ni malo agho ghakusangika mu boma la Dowa, chigaŵa cha Pakati, mu charu cha Malaŵi.
Khanjyan, Armenia
Khanjyan, Armenia ni muzi mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Armavir, mu charu cha Armenia.
Mondwe, Dowa
Mondwe ni malo agho ghakusangika mu boma la Dowa, chigaŵa cha Pakati, mu charu cha Malaŵi.
Wisconsin
Wisconsin ni nthavwa (state) iyo ikusangika mu charu cha United States of America.Ndipo msumba ukulu wa boma wa nthavwa ili ni Madison
Eliodoro Villazón
Eliodoro Villazón (1848–1939)   wakawa prezidenti wa chalo cha Bolivia kufuma  12 August 1909 mpaka 14 August 1913.
Laikipia County, Kenya
Laikipia County, Kenya ni boma ilo likusangika mu charu cha Kenya mukati mwa chilwa chikulu cha Afilika.
Carlos Blanco Galindo
Carlos Blanco Galindo (1882–1943)   wakawa prezidenti wa chalo cha Bolivia kufuma  28 June 1930 mpaka 5 March 1931.
José Luis Tejada Sorzano
José Luis Tejada Sorzano (1882–1938)   wakawa prezidenti wa chalo cha Bolivia kufuma  1 December 1934 mpaka 17 May 1936.
José Gutiérrez Guerra
José Gutiérrez Guerra (1869–1929)   wakawa prezidenti wa chalo cha Bolivia kufuma  15 August 1917 mpaka 12 July 1920.
Bautista Saavedra
Bautista Saavedra (1870–1939)  wakawa prezidenti wa chalo cha Bolivia kufuma   28 January 1921 mpaka 3 September 1925.
Armstrong County
Armstrong County ni komboni panji nkhalwe (county) yakusangika mu boma panji nthavwa (state) ya Pennsylvania mu charu cha United States of America ku Amelika.
Algeria
Wanangwa wa ŵanthu
Boma la United States la Freedom House, likamba kulemba vya charu cha Algeria kuti "chalije wanangwa" mu 1972, kweni mu 1989, 1990, na 1991, charu ichi chikalembeka kuti "chalije wanangwa". Mu Disembala 2016, wupu wa Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor ukalemba lipoti lakukhwaskana na kuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu ku Algeria. Likati boma la Algeria likakanizga wanangwa wa vyalo; wanangwa wa kuyowoya; wanangwa wa kususka, kususka na kuwungana mwamtendere kweniso likakanizga ŵanthu kuti ŵaleke kuŵerenga nkhani mu manyuzipepara na pa webusayiti. Chifukwa chakuti ŵapharazgi na ŵanthu ŵakususka boma, ŵaboma ŵakuwuskapo malaisensi gha mawupu ghanyake gha vyakupharazga.
West Virginia
West Virginia ni nthavwa (state) iyo ikusangika mu charu cha United States of America.Ndipo msumba ukulu wa boma wa nthavwa ili ni Charleston
Tennessee
Tennessee ni nthavwa (state) iyo ikusangika mu charu cha United States of America.Ndipo msumba ukulu wa boma wa nthavwa ili ni Nashville
Lukashin
Lukashin ni muzi mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Armavir, mu charu cha Armenia.
Baringo County, Kenya
Baringo County, Kenya ni boma ilo likusangika mu charu cha Kenya mukati mwa chilwa chikulu cha Afilika.
Algeria
Wanangwa wa ŵanthu
Makampani agho ghakujiyimira payekha ghakusuzgika na boma, ndipo ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵakukakika na kukanizgika kwendera fundo zawo. Mu 2016, Ku Algeria, kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi pera nkhukanizgika. Para munthu wakucita uzaghali pa wumba, wakukakhala mu jere vyaka viŵiri. Nangauli vili nthena, ŵanthu pafupifupi 26% ku Algeria ŵakuwona kuti ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha ŵakwenera kuzomerezgeka, mwakuyana na kafukufuku uyo wakachitika na BBC News Arabic-Arab Barometer mu 2019. Charu cha Algeria ndicho chikazomerezganga chomene ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa LGBT kuluska vyaru vinyake vya ku Arabia.
Wupu wa Human Rights Watch watimba boma la Algeria kuti likugwiliskira ntchito nthenda ya COVID-19 nga ni chifukwa chakukanizgira ŵanthu kuti ŵaleke kwendera demokalase.
Kugawikana kwa boma
Charu cha Algeria chili na vigaŵa 58 (wilayas), vigaŵa 553 (daïras), na maboma 1,541 (baladiyah). Chigaŵa chilichose, chigaŵa chilichose, na msumba uliwose vikuchemeka kuyana na msumba ukuru uwo ulipo.
Nakuru County, Kenya
Nakuru County, Kenya ni boma ilo likusangika mu charu cha Kenya mukati mwa chilwa chikulu cha Afilika.
Mabinga
Mabinga wangang'anamula:
Narok County, Kenya
Narok County, Kenya ni boma ilo likusangika mu charu cha Kenya mukati mwa chilwa chikulu cha Afilika.
Nancy Hanks Lincoln
Nancy Hanks Lincoln (February 5, 1784 – October 5, 1818) wakawa anyina wa Abraham Lincoln,mlala wa chalo wa nambala 16 cha USA.
Ferreirasdorp
Ferreirasdorp panji Ferreirastown ni ni msumba udoko mu msumba ukulu wa Johannesburg (Chigaŵa F), mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Gauteng, charu cha South Africa, ku mmwela kwa chilwa chikulu cha Afilika.
Kajiado County, Kenya
Kajiado County, Kenya ni boma ilo likusangika mu charu cha Kenya mukati mwa chilwa chikulu cha Afilika.
Daniel Salamanca
Daniel Salamanca (1869–1935)   wakawa prezidenti wa chalo cha Bolivia kufuma  5 March 1931 mpaka 1 December 1934.
Elk County
Elk County ni komboni panji nkhalwe (county) yakusangika mu boma panji nthavwa (state) ya Pennsylvania mu charu cha United States of America ku Amelika.
Mabinga (msumba), Chama
Mabinga ni msumba mu Boma la Chama, Zambia.
Mayisyan, Armavir
Mayisyan, Armavir ni muzi mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Armavir, mu charu cha Armenia.
Carlos Quintanilla
Carlos Quintanilla (1888–1964)   wakawa prezidenti wa chalo cha Bolivia kufuma  3 August 1939 mpaka 15 April 1940.
Algeria
Kugawikana kwa boma
Kufuma apo charu chikapokera wanangwa uwu, malo agha ghakasintha kanandi waka. Para ŵaŵika vigaŵa viphya, ŵakusunga manambara gha vigaŵa vyakale, ntheura ŵakwendera mu ndondomeko ya vilembo yayi. Mazuŵa ghano (kwambira mu 1983) ŵali na nambara zawo.
Germán Busch
Germán Busch (1903–1939)   wakawa prezidenti wa chalo cha Bolivia kufuma  13 July 1937 mpaka 23 August 1939.
Algeria
Chuma
Ndalama za ku Algeria ni dinari (DZD). Boma likulutilira kulamulira vyachuma, ndipo ni ciyelezgero ca umo caru cikacitira pamanyuma pakuti cajiyimira pawekha. Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, boma la Algeria lalekeska kupanga vinthu vya boma na kukanizga vyakurya vyakunjilira mu vyaru vinyake. Nangauli pasono malango agha ghakwamba waka kuwuskikapo, kweni pali mafumbo ghanandi ghakukhwaskana na umo chuma cha Algeria chikuŵira.
Bomet County, Kenya
Bomet County, Kenya ni boma ilo likusangika mu charu cha Kenya mukati mwa chilwa chikulu cha Afilika.
Algeria
Chuma
Charu cha Algeria chikusuzgika kupanga vyakumera vinyake padera pa mafuta chifukwa cha unandi wa ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira ntchito. Ivyo boma likucita kuti likhozge vinthu vinyake mu caru ici mwa kukopa ndalama za caru na za ku caru cinyake padera pa za magesi, vyawovwira comene yayi kuti ŵawukirano ŵaleke kugwira nchito panji kuti ŵaleke kusoŵa nyumba. Charu ichi chikukumana na masuzgo ghakupambanapambana gha nyengo yicoko na yapakati, kusazgapo kukhumbikwa kwa kupangiska vyaru vinyake kuti viŵe na cuma cakupambanapambana, kukhozga ndondomeko za ndyali, za ndyali na za ndalama, kunozga vinthu vya bizinesi, na kuchepeska upusikizgi pakati pa vigaŵa.
Enrique Peñaranda
Enrique Peñaranda (1892–1969)  wakawa prezidenti wa chalo cha Bolivia kufuma  15 April 1940 mpaka 20 December 1943.
Algeria
Chuma
Mu Febuluwale na Malichi 2011, boma la Algeria likapeleka ndalama zakukwana madola 23 biliyoni ku ŵanthu kuti liŵawovwire. Mu vyaka vinkhondi ivyo vyajumpha, ndalama za boma zakwera na 27 peresenti pa caka. Ndondomeko ya ndalama za boma ya 2010-14 yikugwiliskira nchito ndalama zakukwana madola 286 biliyoni gha ku America, ndipo 40% gha ndalama izi ghapelekekenge ku vya ŵanthu.
Virginia
Virginia ni nthavwa (state) iyo ikusangika mu charu cha United States of America.Ndipo msumba ukulu wa boma wa nthavwa ili ni Richmond
Kakamega County, Kenya
Kakamega County, Kenya ni boma ilo likusangika mu charu cha Kenya mukati mwa chilwa chikulu cha Afilika.
Néstor Guillén
Néstor Guillén (1890–1966)   wakawa prezidenti wa chalo cha Bolivia kufuma  21 July 1946 mpaka 17 August 1946.
Algeria
Chuma
Cifukwa ca ndalama zinandi izo charu cha Algeria chikusanga kufuma ku vyakurya vya mafuta, chili na ndalama zakukwana madola mabiliyoni 173. Kweniso ngongoli ya caru cose ya Algeria njakukhora comene, pafupifupi 2% ya GDP. Vyaru vya Algeria vikuthemba comene pa vyakurya vya mafuta, ndipo nangauli vili na ndalama zinandi (US$178 biliyoni, izo zikuyana na ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakuguliska mu vyaru vinyake kwa vyaka vitatu), kweni ndalama izo ŵakuguliska zikukwera.
North Dakota
North Dakota ni nthavwa (state) iyo ikusangika mu charu cha United States of America.Ndipo msumba ukulu wa boma wa nthavwa ili ni Bismarck
Algeria
Chuma
Charu cha Algeria nchindanjire mu WTO nangauli pajumpha vyaka vinandi, kweni nchimoza mwa vyaru vya ku Arabia ivyo vili na malo ghakurughakuru gha malonda na vyaru vya ku Africa.
Ndalama izo Turkey yikugwiliskira nchito mu Algeria zaŵiraso zinandi comene, ndipo zakukwana madola 5 biliyoni. Kuzakafika mu 2022, makampani gha ku Turkey agho ghali mu Algeria ghajumpha 1,400. Mu 2020, nangauli kukaŵa nthenda iyi, makampani ghakujumpha 130 gha ku Turkey ghakasangika mu Algeria.
Mafuta na vya chilengiwa
Charu cha Algeria, icho chuma chake chikuthemba pa mafuta, chili mu gulu la OPEC kwamba mu 1969. Likupanga mafuta pafupifupi 1.1 miliyoni pa zuŵa, kweni likufumiskaso gasi ndipo likukolerana na vyaru vinyake. Kwa nyengo yitali, vyakumera ivi ndivyo vikovwira chomene pa chuma cha charu ichi. Charu cha Algeria chili pa nambara 10 pa vyaru ivyo vili na mafuta ghanandi chomene pa charu chose. U.S. Wupu wakuwona vya magesi (Energy Information Administration) ukati mu 2005, charu cha Algeria chikaŵa na magesi ghakukwana 4.5 trillion cubic metres (160×1012 cu ft). Kweniso lili pa nambara 16 pa vyaru ivyo vili na mafuta ghanandi.