cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Botswana
Vinthu viphya na vya zeru
Pa 18 December, 2020, charu cha Botswana chikamba ntchito yake ya vyaka vitatu yakuzenga na kwambiska satellite (CubeSat). Bungwe la Botswana International University of Science and Technology (BIUST) ndilo lizamulongozga mulimo wa kupanga satellite iyi ndipo lizamovwira Yunivesite ya Oulu ku Finland. Satellite iyi yizamuteŵetera pakuwona caru capasi, ndipo yizamupeleka fundo zakovwira pa ulimi wavinjeru na pa vyalo vya pa caru. Kweniso vitovwirenge kumanya nyengo iyo tiryenge mbuto mwakugwiliskira ntchito ma robot na makina.
Mu 2016, kampani yinyake yakuchemeka Almaz, yikajura kampani yakwamba ya kupanga makompyuta..
Vyakuzenga
Ku Botswana kuli misewu ya makilomita 971, misewu ya makilomita 18,482, na ma eyapoti 92. Misewu iyi yili kuzengeka kufuma apo tikambira kujiyimira tekha mu 1966. Wupu wa ndege wa ku Botswana ni Air Botswana, ndipo ukwendeska ndege mu charu ichi na ku vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa. Botswana Railways ni kampani ya sitima ya ku caru cose, iyo yikovwira comene pa misewu ya ku Southern Africa. Botswana Railways yikupeleka vinthu vyakwendeskera njanji kuti ŵanthu ŵagulire vinthu vinandi mu migodi na vyamuminda, kweniso njanji za ŵanthu na madoko ghakomira.
Pa nkhani ya magesi, ku Botswana, ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira nchito malasha pakupanga magesi. Sonosono apa, caru ici caŵika mtima comene pa vyakununkhira vya magesi ndipo cafiska ndondomeko yikuru ya kukopa ŵaganyu mu vyakununkhira vya magesi nga ni mphepo, zuŵa na biomass. Vipinda vya magesi vya ku Botswana ni Morupule B Power Station (600 MW), Morupule A Power Station (132 MW), Orapa Power Station (90 MW), Phakalane Power Station (1.3 MW) na Mmamabula Power Station (300 MW), ivyo vikulindizgika kuti vizamunjira pa intaneti sonosono apa. Unduna wa vya Mineral Resources, Green Technology and Energy Security, uli kunozga na kupanga sitima ya magesi ya 200 MW.
Health industry
Dipatimenti ya vyaumoyo mu charu cha Botswana ndiyo yikulaŵilira umoyo wa ŵanthu mu charu chose. Kuyana na Banki ya Caru Cose, mu 2009 ŵanthu ŵakakhazganga kukhala na umoyo utali wa vilimika 55, kweni mu 1990 ukaŵa vyaka 64,1 ndipo mu 2002 ukaŵa vyaka 49. Kuyana na kalembera wa mu 2011, ŵanthu ŵakukhala vyaka 54,06.
Wupu wa Khensa wa ku Botswana ni wupu wakujipeleka. Wupu uwu uli mu wupu wa International Union for Cancer Control. Wupu uwu ukupeleka wovwiri wakukwana ku ŵanthu awo ŵakulwara nthenda ya kansa..
Nthenda ya HIV/AIDS
Nga umo viliri mu vyaru vinyake vya ku Africa, AIDS yikupangiska masuzgo ghanandi pa vya cuma. Ndalama zakwendeskera vyachuma zikadumulika na 10 peresenti mu 2002'3 cifukwa ca kunangika kwa bajeti na kusazgikira kwa ndalama zakwendeskera vya cipatala. Ku Botswana, nthenda ya AIDS yikananga comene umoyo wa ŵanthu. Mu 2006, ŵakawona kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakubabika na nthenda iyi ŵakukhala vyaka 65 m'paka 35. Ndipouli, kuyana na kalembera wa mu 2011, ŵanthu ŵakukhala vyaka 54,06. Kweni pa chithuzithuzi apa pali vyaka vyakujumpha 65, ntheura pali mauthenga ghakupambana pa nkhani ya umoyo.
Ku Botswana, ŵanthu ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 15-49 ŵakaŵa na nthenda ya HIV/AIDS. Ivi vikupangiska kuti charu cha Botswana chiŵe chachitatu pa vyaru ivyo vili na matenda agha mu 2013, uku "chikulongozga pa nkhani ya kugega na kupwelelera matenda". Mu 2003, boma likamba ndondomeko yikuru yakusazgapo munkhwala wa HIV waulere panji wa mtengo wapasi kweniso kampeni yakupharazga kuti nthenda ya HIV yileke kuthandazgika; mu 2013, ŵanthu ŵakukwana 40% mu Botswana ŵakaŵa na nthenda ya HIV.:28 Mu gulu la vyaka vyapakati pa 15 na 19, nthenda ya HIV yikamba kuthandazgika pa 6% pa ŵanakazi na 3.5% pa ŵanalume mu 2013,:33 ndipo mu gulu la vyaka vyapakati pa 20 na 24, nthenda ya HIV yikamba kuthandazgika pa 15% pa ŵanakazi na 5% pa ŵanalume.:33 Botswana ni yimoza mwa vyaru 21 ivyo gulu la UN AIDS likati vyazunulika mu 2011 mu ndondomeko ya Global Plan ya kumazga nthenda ya HIV pakati pa ŵana na kusunga ŵanyinawo ŵamoyo.:37 Kufuma mu 2009 kufika mu 2013, nthenda ya HIV yikakhira pa 50% pa ŵana.:38 Cinthu cinyake ico cikulongora kuti banthu ŵakukwaniska panji ŵakugomezga kuti nthenda ya HIV yikumara, nchakuti pa banthu ŵakukwana 10% pa banthu ŵakutora nthenda ya HIV mu 2013, banthu ŵakukwana pafupifupi 50% pa banthu ŵakukwana ŵakukwaniska na
Na pulogiramu ya kuchepeska nthenda ya HIV kufuma ku amama kuya ku ŵana, caru ca Botswana cachepeska nthenda iyi kufuma pa 40% kufika pa 4%. Pa muwuso wa Festus Mogae, Boma la Botswana likapempha wovwiri wa ku vyaru vinyake pakulwera HIV/AIDS ndipo likapokera wovwiri kufuma ku Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Merck Foundation, ndipo pamoza ŵakapanga African Comprehensive HIV/AIDS Partnership (ACHAP). Ŵabali ŵanyake awo ŵakateŵeterapo pa nyengo yakwambilira ŵakaŵa ku Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute, ku Harvard School of Public Health, na ku Botswana-UPenn Partnership of the University of Pennsylvania. Kuyana na lipoti la UNAIDS la mu 2011, ŵanthu wose mu Botswana ŵakutora munkhwala uwo ukovwira kuti ŵaleke kufwa.
Vinyake ivyo vingapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵaŵe na HIV ku Botswana ni kugonana pa nyengo yimoza, kugonana na munthu munyake, kugonana na ŵanthu ŵa miwiro yakupambanapambana, kweniso ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakuluta ku vyaru vinyake kukapenja ntchito. Cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵanandi, ŵakuŵa na suzgo linyake.
Ulendo
Bungwe la Tourism Organisation la ku Botswana ndilo likwendeska vyalo mu charu ichi. Ŵalendo ŵanandi ŵakuluta ku Gaborone chifukwa cha vinthu vinandi ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuchita. Lion Park Resort ni malo ghakwamba ghakusanguluskira ŵanthu ku Botswana. Malo ghanyake agho ŵanthu ŵakuluta ku Botswana ni Gaborone Yacht Club na Kalahari Fishing Club kweniso malo ghanyake ghakukondweska nga ni Gaborone Dam na Mokolodi Nature Reserve. Pali malo gha gofu agho ghakusungilizgika na bungwe la Botswana Golf Union (BGU). Phakalane Golf Estate ni nyumba yakuzirwa comene iyo yili na mahotelo kweniso malo ghakukhala gofu. Malo ghakusungirako vinthu vyakale mu Botswana ni:
Els Torms
Els Torms ni muzi uwo ukusangika mu chigaŵa cha Lleida mu malo ghakulu gha Catalonia mu charu cha Spain.
Farrera
Farrera ni muzi uwo ukusangika mu chigaŵa cha Lleida mu malo ghakulu gha Catalonia mu charu cha Spain.
Zeiselmauer-Wolfpassing
Zeiselmauer-Wolfpassing ni msumba mu boma la Lower Austria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Fígols i Alinyà
Fígols i Alinyà ni muzi uwo ukusangika mu chigaŵa cha Lleida mu malo ghakulu gha Catalonia mu charu cha Spain.
Espot
Espot ni muzi uwo ukusangika mu chigaŵa cha Lleida mu malo ghakulu gha Catalonia mu charu cha Spain.
Yspertal
Yspertal ni msumba mu boma la Lower Austria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Es Bòrdes
Es Bòrdes ni muzi uwo ukusangika mu chigaŵa cha Lleida mu malo ghakulu gha Catalonia mu charu cha Spain.
Würmla
Würmla ni msumba mu boma la Lower Austria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Würflach
Würflach ni msumba mu boma la Lower Austria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Ybbs an der Donau
Ybbs an der Donau ni msumba mu boma la Lower Austria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Ybbsitz
Ybbsitz ni msumba mu boma la Lower Austria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Els Plans de Sió
Els Plans de Sió ni muzi uwo ukusangika mu chigaŵa cha Lleida mu malo ghakulu gha Catalonia mu charu cha Spain.
Estamariu
Estamariu ni muzi uwo ukusangika mu chigaŵa cha Lleida mu malo ghakulu gha Catalonia mu charu cha Spain.
Zelking-Matzleinsdorf
Zelking-Matzleinsdorf ni msumba mu boma la Lower Austria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Zellerndorf
Zellerndorf ni msumba mu boma la Lower Austria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Gimenells i el Pla de la Font
Gimenells i el Pla de la Font ni muzi uwo ukusangika mu chigaŵa cha Lleida mu malo ghakulu gha Catalonia mu charu cha Spain.
Zillingdorf
Zillingdorf ni msumba mu boma la Lower Austria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Gavet de la Conca
Gavet de la Conca ni muzi uwo ukusangika mu chigaŵa cha Lleida mu malo ghakulu gha Catalonia mu charu cha Spain.
Türnitz
Türnitz ni msumba mu boma la Lower Austria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Ziersdorf
Ziersdorf ni msumba mu boma la Lower Austria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Golmés
Golmés ni muzi uwo ukusangika mu chigaŵa cha Lleida mu malo ghakulu gha Catalonia mu charu cha Spain.
Guinea-Bissau
Guinea-Bissau (Guiné-Bissau; Mandinka:  Gine-Bisawo), mwalamulo  Charu cha Guinea-Bissau (República da Guiné-Bissau ), ni chalo icho chili ku West Africa ndipo chili na malo ghakukwana 36,125 square kilometres (13,948 sq mi) ndipo chili na ŵanthu 2,026,778. Charu ichi chili kumpoto kwa Senegal ndipo kumwera chakumafumiro gha dazi kwake ni Guinea.
Nyengo yinyake caru ca Guinea-Bissau cikaŵa cigaŵa ca ufumu wa Kaabu, kweniso cigaŵa ca Ufumu wa Mali. Vigaŵa vinyake vya ufumu uwu vikaŵako m'paka m'ma 1700, ndipo vinyake vikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa Ŵaphwitikizi kufuma waka m'ma 1500. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, charu ichi chikachemekanga kuti Portuguese Guinea. Boma la Portugal likaŵa na mazaza ghacoko ndipo likaŵavya mazaza mpaka kukwambilira kwa vilimika vya m'ma 1900. Nkhondo yaumaliro ya Ŵaputukezi iyo yikachitika mu 1915, apo ŵasilikari ŵa ku Portugal ŵakathereska ŵasilikari ŵa Papel awo ŵakakhalanga ku Bissau. Ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakathereskeka na msilikari wa ku Wolof zina lake Abdul Injai. Virwa vya Bissagos, ivyo vili kufupi na Guinea-Bissau, vikathereskeka mu 1936, ndipo vikawovwira kuti Portugal yiŵe na mazaza pa virwa na charu chose. Ŵakati ŵajiyimira paŵekha mu 1973, ndipo mu 1974 ŵakazomera kuti boma ili lili na wanangwa, zina lakuti Bissau likasazgikaso ku zina la caru ici kuti ŵaleke kutimbanizga zina ili na la Guinea (uyo kale wakacemekanga French Guinea). Charu cha Guinea-Bissau chili na mdauko wa masuzgo gha ndyali kufuma waka apo chikapokelera wanangwa, ndipo pali pulezidenti yumoza pera uyo wali kuteŵeterapo kwa vyaka vinkhondi. Purezidenti wamakono ndi Umaro Sissoco Embaló, yemwe adasankhidwa pa 29 December 2019.
Pafupifupi ŵanthu 2 pera pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ndiwo ŵakuyowoya Ciphwitikizi, ciyowoyero ca boma, ndipo 33 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ndiwo ŵakuyowoya Ciphwitikizi nga ni ciyowoyero caciŵiri. Ndipouli, ciyowoyero ca ku Guinea-Bissau, ico cikayowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal, ndico cikuyowoyeka mu caru cose ici, ndipo cikulongoraso umoza. Kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu 2012, wakalongora kuti ŵanthu 54 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ŵakuyowoya Chikiliyo, ndipo ŵanthu 40 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero chinyake. Ŵanyake wose ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana vya mu Africa. Charu ichi chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakulondezga chisopa cha Chisilamu, Chikhristu, na visopa vinyake, nangauli palije gulu la chisopa ilo likulongozga ŵanthu ŵanandi. Pa caru cose pa caru pali vinthu vyambura kuzirwa comene ivyo vikucitikira waliyose.
People and society
Ŵasayansi ŵakutondeka kulongosora makora umo vinthu vikaŵira ku Guinea-Bissau. Mu 1000 AD, kukaŵa ŵanthu awo ŵakasankhanga vyakurya mu cigaŵa ici, pamanyuma pa vilimika vikwi vinandi kufuma apo ŵakambukira mu vigaŵa vinyake vya mu Africa. Ŵakufukura vinthu vyakale ŵakasanga kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito vyakununkhira ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito visulo.
Mulimo wa ku Guinea-Bissau ukaŵa wakukhwaskana na vyaru vya ku Sudan. 18). Malibwe ghanyake agho ŵakasanga ku Guinea Bissau ghakaŵa ghakuyana waka na ivyo ŵakajambura mu mapiri gha Sahara, ivyo vikaŵa na ŵakavalo na ngamila, kweniso vinthu vyakale vya golide (p. 19).
Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakafumanga mu vigaŵa vya mukati mwa caru, ndipo ŵakasuzgikanga comene na maboma gha ku Sudan. (p.19, 25) Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakakhalanga mu tawuni iyi ŵakaŵa ŵa fuko la Jolas, Papels, Manjaks, Balantas, Biafadas, na Bijagos. Pamasinda ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Mandinka na Fulani ŵakasamira ku malo agha. 20). Ŵanthu ŵa Mandinka ŵakasamukira ku malo ghanyake mu vyaka vya m'ma 1300, chifukwa cha kuwukira na kukolerana kwa Senegambia na Ufumu wa Mali na General Tiramakhan Troare, uyo wakapangiska kuti Kaabu yiŵe chigaŵa cha Mali. Ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵa mtundu wa Mandinka ŵakaŵako mu cigaŵa ici mu vilimika vya m'ma 1000 C.E. Ŵakaŵa ŵalovi, ŵalovi, na ŵamalonda awo ŵakasamukira ku Senegambia. Ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ŵakazomera ndipo ŵakamba "kulondezga visambizgo vya Mandinki". 6). Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Fulani ŵakafika mu cilimika ca m'ma 1200 C.E. ndipo ŵakakhalanga na viŵeto, kweni mu vilimika vya m'ma 1400 C.E., ŵanthu ŵakasazgikira.
Ŵapapel ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa cha Biombo, Balanta mu chigaŵa cha Oio, Manjaks mu chigaŵa cha Cacheu, Ŵamandinka ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa cha Bafata, Biafada mu chigaŵa cha Quinara, Ŵajagos mu chigaŵa cha Bijagos, ndipo Ŵafulani ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa cha Gabu, nangauli Ŵamandinka na Ŵafulani ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa cha Oio. (p. 23). Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakayowoya kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Buramos ŵakayowoyanga viyowoyero vyawo, ivyo vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵayowoye kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Buramos ŵakayowoyanga viyowoyero vyawo. 6).
Chipani cha Movement for Multi-Party Democracy
Chipani cha Movement for Multi-party Democracy (MMD) chakucemekaso New Hope MMD, ni chipani cha ndyali mu Zambia. Gulu ili likapangika kuti liwuskeko boma lakale la Zambia, ndipo likaŵa na wanandi wa ŵanthu mu nyumba ya malango pakati pa 1991 na 2001, apo Frederick Chiluba wakaŵa pulezidenti wa Zambia. Mu 1991, boma ili likati lakhala ku wupu wa United National Independence Party (UNIP), likamalizga muwuso wa vyaka 27. Likalutilira kuŵa chipani chikuru chomene mu Zambia m'paka pa chisankho cha mu 2011.
Guinea-Bissau
People and society
Ŵanthu ŵa ku Balanta ŵakaŵa na luso lwa kulima, ntheura ŵanthu ŵa ku Beafada na Papels ŵakagomezganga chomene vyakurya vya ku Balanta. Kuleka kukolerana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe kukang'anamuranga kuti katundu wakafikanga ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe kwizira mu msewu wa Papel na Beafada, ndipo m'malo mwake wakafikanga ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe kwizira mu msewu wa Papel na Beafada. 69). Vinthu ivyo ŵakaguliskanga mu vigaŵa ivi vikaŵa vyakuti, ŵanthu ŵa ku Biafada ŵakaguliskanga chitowe na vipasi vya kola kufuma ku nkhorongo za kumwera, ŵanthu ŵa ku Papel, Felupe, na Banhun ŵakaguliskanga vipasi vya kola, visulo, na vinthu vya visulo kufuma ku nkhorongo za ku savannah, ŵanthu ŵa ku coastal ŵakaguliskanga mchere na somba zakomira, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku Mandinka ŵakaguliskanga salu za thonje (p. 4). Vinthu ivi ŵakaguliskanga pa misika na pa viphikiro ivyo vikachitikanga sabata yiliyose. 69). Misika yikajulikanga mulenji ndipo yikamara namise kuti yiŵengeso sabata yakulondezgapo. Ŵasilikari ŵakakanizgikanga kwenda mu misika, ndipo ŵasilikari ŵakakhalanga mu misika kuti ŵavikilire mtende. 70). Misika na viphikiro vikaŵanga na ŵanthu ŵakukwana vikwi na vikwi awo ŵakaguranga na kuguliska vinthu kufuma kutali chomene, ndipo gulu ili likayowoya kuti, vigaŵa vinyake vya msika vikagaŵikiranga vinthu vinyake padera pa vinyo ilo likaguliskikanga palipose, kweni awo ŵakaguliskanga vinyo ŵakalongosoranga waka umo misika yikagwiliranga ntchito (p.70).
Zöbern
Zöbern ni msumba mu boma la Lower Austria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Chipani cha Movement for Multi-Party Democracy
Kupangika na boma
Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakasuskanga umo UNIP yikugwilira ntchito, cifukwa ca masuzgo gha vya cuma na vimbundi. Mu chaka chenechicho, Kaunda wakazomerezga kuti paŵe referendum ya boma la chipani chimoza, kweni chifukwa cha kugaluka, wakaleka.
Guinea-Bissau
People and society
Ŵanthu ŵa ku Guinea Bissau ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito comene sitima za pa maji. Cinthu cakuzirwa comene ico cingalaŵa cikagwiranga nchito, cikazunulika mu ntharika yinyake ya ku malo agha, iyo yikati: "Ndopa za mathemba na masozi gha awo ŵakuzenga cingalaŵa ni vinthu vyakupatulika, ndipo vikwenera yayi kukhwaska caru". 42–44). Vimphanyi vikaŵa vya ukuru wakupambanapambana, kufuma pa ivyo vikakwananga munthu yumoza kufika pa ivyo vikakwananga ŵanthu 60, ndipo mu chigaŵa ichi vikamanyikwanga kuti vikakwananga kwenda pa nyanja. 42, 43). Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Jolas ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito boti la munthu yumoza kuti ŵende mu minda yawo ya mpunga iyo yikazura maji, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bijagos ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito boti likuru kuti ŵayeghe ŵasilikari ŵawo para ŵakwenda mumphepete mwa nyanja. 42). Kuzenga maboti kukapambananga kuyana na chigaŵa icho munthu wakukhala. Mu vigaŵa vya nkhorongo, ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake ndiwo ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito maboti agha. 43). John Hawkins wa ku Britain ndiyo wakalongosora umo ŵakendeskera boti ili.
Chipani cha Movement for Multi-Party Democracy
Kupangika na boma
Pa Okutobala 31, 1991, pakaŵa mavoti gha vyaru vinandi ndipo boma la MMD likasanga mazaza. Chiluba wakasankhika kuŵa purezidenti na mavoti 76% kwa Kaunda 24%, apo MMD yikapokera vithuzithuzi 125 pa vithuzithuzi 150 mu National Assembly. Ndipouli, paumaliro wa nyengo yakwamba ya Chiluba ya vyaka vinkhondi pakuŵa pulezidenti, chilato cha MMD cha kunozga ndyali chikaŵa kuti chachepa chifukwa cha kukhumba kuwuskikaso ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakumanyikwa ŵakafumapo na kwamba maboma ghanyake.
Guinea-Bissau
People and society
"Vinthu ivi vikapangika kufuma ku khuni limoza ndipo vikakura mamita 24 pa mamita 3. Pa gulu lililose pakaŵanga ŵanalume 20 panji 30, kweni awo ŵakendangapo ŵakaŵa munthu yumoza na ŵanthu ŵanayi awo ŵakendanga na maboti ghatali agho ghakaŵanga na malupanga ghachoko waka". (p. 42).
Chipani cha Movement for Multi-Party Democracy
Kupangika na boma
Kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 2001, othandizira Purezidenti Chiluba adakhazikitsa kampeni yosintha lamulo kuti athandize Chiluba kufunafuna nthawi yachitatu; kampeniyi idatsogolera ku ziphuphu zina kuchokera ku MMD, kuphatikiza Forum for Democracy and Development ndi Heritage Party. Paumaliro, wupu wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu, vyaru vyakususka, na mamembala ghanyake gha MMD ŵakamucicizga Chiluba kuti waleke kuyezgapo nyengo yacitatu.
Guinea-Bissau
People and society
"yakupangika kufuma ku khuni likuru la thonje, ndipo yitali mamita pafupifupi 70. Ŵakapangaso viŵiya vinyake ivyo Ŵaphwitikizi ŵakavitemanga kuti falsas, ndipo para vyasinthika, viŵiya ivi vikanyamuliranga ŵanalume 24 na vilwero vyawo, kweniso ŵakayidi na viŵeto para ŵakuwerako ku vyaru vinyake". (p. 42).
Nthowa iyo Ŵabijagos ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito pakuŵaŵaja yikaŵa yakuti:
Chipani cha Movement for Multi-Party Democracy
Kupangika na boma
Levy Mwanawasa wakasankhika kuŵa mulongozgi wa MMD pa mavoti gha 2001, ndipo wakathereska na 28% pera. Nangauli MMD yikalutilira kuŵa chipani cikuru comene mu Nyumba ya Malango, kweni yikaluza unandi wake cifukwa ca kuchepeskeka ku vithuzithuzi 69. Vipani vitatu vikadandawura ku Khoti Likuru la ku Georgia kuti vimbenge ivyo vikachitika. Khoti likalutilira kughanaghanira pempho ili mu Febuluwale 2003, ndipo likadumura kuti nangauli pakaŵa vinthu vinyake ivyo vikaŵa vyambura kwenelera, kweni vikaŵa vikuru yayi kuti vikhwaske ivyo vikachitika. Mwanawasa wakasankhika ku mavoti gha 2006 na 43% apo MMD yikapokera vithuzi 72 mu National Assembly.
Guinea-Bissau
People and society
Buku linyake la m'ma 1800, likuti boti ili likendanga mu nthowa yakupambana na zinyanja za ku Sierra Leone. Ŵanthu wose awo ŵakaŵa mu boti ŵakaŵa ŵakukwera boti, ndipo ŵakakhalanga pasi mu boti, ndipo ŵakanyamukanga para ŵakukwera boti". (p. 43).
Fondarella
Fondarella ni muzi uwo ukusangika mu chigaŵa cha Lleida mu malo ghakulu gha Catalonia mu charu cha Spain.
Guinea-Bissau
Society
Ufumu wa ku Bissau ukaŵa na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana. 73–79). Themba la ku Bissau likaŵanga na mphumphu, ndipo likaŵanga na chimanyikwiro cha ufumu wake. 66). Para themba laŵikika pa chitengo, likaŵanga na kaluso ka kumukaka na kumutimba, pakuti themba likeneranga kumanya umo chilango chikaŵiranga pambere lindambe kulipeleka (p. 66). Ŵakaŵanga na mazaza ghakupambanapambana ndipo ŵakaŵanga na mazaza ghakupambanapambana. 364). Nyumba za mu ufumu uwu zikazengeka na dongo, ndipo madenga ghakazengeka na mahamba gha makuni agho ghakazingilizga msumba uwu, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu nyumba izi ŵakaŵa ŵambura kusopa Ciuta m'paka apo Ŵayesuti ŵakafikira (p. 366).
Chipani cha Movement for Multi-Party Democracy
Kupangika na boma
Pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya Mwanawasa mu Ogasiti 2008, mavoti gha ku mphala ya malango ghakachitika. Rupiah Banda wakasankhika kuŵa mulongozgi wa MMD, ndipo wakasankhika na 40% ya mavoti gha chalo chose, wakatonda Michael Sata wa Patriotic Front (PF) na mphaka ya 2%.
Guinea-Bissau
Society
Ŵapapi ŵa Papels ŵakasuzgikanga na ŵazga ŵa mtundu wa Bijagos awo ŵakalutanga ku Bissau kukapenja ŵazga (p. 204). Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵa Papels ŵakaguliskanga ŵazga, ndipo ŵakalutanga ku Balantas, Biafadas, na Bijagos na wovwiri wa ŵa ku Europe na ŵa ku Lançados (p. 207).
Decline
Nkhondo iyo yikaŵapo pakati pa ufumu wa Bissau na ufumu wa Portugal, yikaŵavikilira, ndipo ŵakathereska Ŵaputukezi mu 1891, 1894, na 1904. 9). Kweni mu 1915, pamanyuma pa nkhondo izo Ŵaphwitikizi ŵakarwanga kwa vyaka 30, Ŵaphwitikizi ŵakathereska Ufumu wa Bissau. Ŵakaphalirika na Teixeira Pinto, uyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari, kweniso na Abdul Injai, uyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa nkhondo.
Isona i Conca Dellà
Isona i Conca Dellà ni muzi uwo ukusangika mu chigaŵa cha Lleida mu malo ghakulu gha Catalonia mu charu cha Spain.
Gósol
Gósol ni muzi uwo ukusangika mu chigaŵa cha Lleida mu malo ghakulu gha Catalonia mu charu cha Spain.
Guinea-Bissau
Kingdom of Guinala
Themba la ku Guinala likaŵa likuru comene, ndipo likaŵanga na ŵasilikari awo ŵakalondezganga, pamoza na ŵacenje 50 awo ŵakavwaranga vyakuvwara vyakukhora nga ni vya ng'ombe. (p. 365). Agha ghakaŵa agalu agho ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito kuti ŵawovwire ŵazga awo ŵakanjiranga mu nyumba za ŵanthu na kuŵakora. 365).
Mu nyengo ya themba ili, ŵakaŵapo ŵalongozgi 7 awo ŵakavwaranga visulo ivyo ŵakaŵapelekanga nga ntchimanyikwiro cha udindo wawo. 365). Ufumu uwu ukaŵa na mazaza pa maufumu ghanyake 6, ndipo ŵalongozgi ŵa maufumu agha ŵakakumananga mu wupu. Muwuso wa themba ukaŵa na kazembe uyo wakacemekanga kuti Pulezidenti (p. 365).
Pa nyifwa ya themba, ŵanalume 12 awo ŵakavwara malaya ghatali gha mapapindo, ŵakalondezganga ŵakwimba awo ŵakalizganga sumu za citima, ndipo ŵakapharazganga nyifwa ya themba ku ŵanthu mu misewu. 366). Ŵakavwaranga malaya ghatuŵa zuŵa lose, ndipo ŵakacitanga kalikose yayi kweni kwenda mu misewu uku ŵali na citima. Ŵabwezi, ŵabali, na ŵateŵeti ŵa fumu yakufwa ŵakakumananga kuti ŵasankhe munthu uyo wazamunjira mu malo ghake (p. 366). Thupi la themba likageziskikanga, viwangwa vyake vikawochekanga panthazi pa cikozgo, vyoto vya viwangwa vyake vikasungikanga na kuŵikika pamoza na thupi lake kwa mwezi umoza, pamanyuma pake ŵanthu wose ŵa mu maufumu ŵakizanga na mafuta gha basamu, mure, amberere, musk, na mafuta ghanyake ghakununkhira kuti ŵaghaghawotche na kusumba pafupi na chitanda (p. 366). Ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa 6 ŵakayeghanga thupi la munthu kuti ŵakasunge uku ŵavwara salu zituŵa, ŵakalondezgana na ŵakwimba awo ŵakalondezgana na sumu zachitima, ndipo pamanyuma pake ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakayimbanga sumu zachitima panji ŵakaliranga, ndipo fumu yikalondezgana nayo pa hachi uku yikuvwara salu zituŵa (p. 366). Pafupi na dindi, pakaŵa ŵanakazi ŵake, ŵateŵeti ŵake, mahaci, na ŵanthu awo wakaŵatemwanga, awo ŵakalindiliranga kuti ŵakomeke na kusungika pamoza na iyo, kuti ŵateŵetere para ŵafwa. Ŵakafwanga para ŵakudumura minwe na malundi ghawo, ndipo ŵakaswanga viwangwa vyawo. Ŵateŵeti ŵakakhumbanga kuleka kuteŵetera themba pambere lindafwe, panji ŵakabisamanga para ŵawona kuti lizamupora yayi (p. 366).
Kingdom of Biguba
Ŵanthu ŵa mu ufumu uwu ŵakakhalanga nga ni awo ŵakakhalanga mu Ufumu wa Guinala. Awo ŵakawonanga umo ufumu uwu ukendanga ŵakayowoyanga kuti para fumu yafwa, mphumphu yikakhalanga mu mawoko gha mbumba yakukhora, ndipo ivi vikapangiskanga kuti paŵe nkhondo, ndipo nkhondo zikalutiliranga mpaka apo mulwani wakukhora wakapangiskanga ŵalwani ŵake kuti ŵapulikirenge. 367).
Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakalondezganga cisopa cimoza na ca ŵanthu ŵa mu Ufumu wa Guinala (p. 367).
Zistersdorf
Zistersdorf ni msumba mu boma la Lower Austria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Guinea-Bissau
Kingdom of Biguba
Ufumu wa Biguba ukaŵa na ŵalongozgi ŵachoko chomene kuluska Ufumu wa Guinala, ndipo ukaŵa na ŵalongozgi ŵanayi. 65).
Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Portugal ŵakakhalanga mu ufumu uwu. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵalayizga kuti ŵalutilirenge kuŵa ŵakugomezgeka ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal, ndipo ŵakalondezganga visopa vya ku malo agha, kuvwara nga mbanthu ŵa ku malo agha, na kusuzgika chomene. 366).
Chipani cha Movement for Multi-Party Democracy
Kususka
Ndipouli, pa zisankho za 2011, Sata wakatimba Banda na mphambano ya 42% ⁇ 35%, apo MMD yikapoka viphara 55 pera mu Nyumba ya Malamulo apo PF yikakhala na vipo 60.
Guinea-Bissau
Origins
Ŵanthu ŵa ku Bijagos ŵakufuma ku chigaŵa icho kuli ŵanthu ŵa ku Biafada, ndipo ŵakafumako ku malo agho ŵakakhalanga na kuluta ku virwa ivi. Ŵanthu awo ŵakasamira ku virwa ivi ŵakaŵa ŵakupambana mitundu. 25). Cirwa cilicose cikawusikanga na mafumu agho ghakalapa kuti ghaŵenge ghakugomezgeka kwa Fumu ya Isla do Po (p. 364). Virwa vyose vikaŵa na ŵanthu padera pa Chirwa cha Bolama icho chikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵa fuko la Biafada, kweni mazaza gha Chirwa ichi ghakasintha kanandi waka (p. 7) (p. 5).
Chipani cha Movement for Multi-Party Democracy
Kusankha kwa Pulezidenti kwa 2015
Mu 2015, apo pakaŵa chisankho cha mu boma, Pulezidenti wakale wa chipani cha Rwanda, Rupiah Banda, wakawerako ku ntchito ya ndale ndipo wakati wazamuŵa mulongozgi wa chipani ichi para wasankha, apo chipano ichi chachitiska kuti chiŵe mulongo wa chalo ichi.
Guinea-Bissau
Society
Ŵakaŵanga ŵatali, ŵakumanyikwa kuti ŵakaŵa na cikanga ndiposo kuti ŵakaŵa ŵankhongono. Ŵakamanyikwanga kuti ŵakamanyanga umo ŵangakwera maboti, umo ŵangakendera pa nyanja, na umo ŵangasuzgira ŵanthu mu nyanja, kweniso umo ŵangasuzgira ŵanthu pa mtunda. Ŵa Bijagos ŵakatemwanga kuwukira ngaraŵa za ku Europe izo zikendanga mu maji ghawo, kweniso awo ŵakakhumbanga kupoka caru cawo (p. 364). Ngalaŵa za Bijago zikaŵa zapadera cifukwa zikaŵa zambura kusuzga kunyamura, ntheura para ŵafika mumphepete mwa nyanja, ŵakeneranga yayi kopa kuti ŵathereskekenge.
Chipani cha Movement for Multi-Party Democracy
Kusankha kwa Pulezidenti kwa 2015
Ciweruzo ici cikacitika masabata ghaŵiri pambere pa ungano wa cigaŵa wandachitike ndipo cifukwa ca kuti MPD iyo yikaŵa na Dr. Mumba, yikapokera 0.9%.
Guinea-Bissau
Society
Ŵanthu ŵa ku Bijago ŵakaŵa ŵankhondo. Ŵanakazi ŵakalimanga minda, kuzenga nyumba, na kuwunjika vyakurya (p. 204). Ŵanalume ŵakagwiranga nchito ya kupanga maboti na kurwa nkhondo mu virwa, ŵakasuzganga ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mumphepete mwa nyanja nga ni Jolas, Papels, na Balantas, ndipo ŵakagomezganga kuti ŵalije themba, ntheura ŵakasuzganga virwa vinyake (p. 204). Ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakamanyikwanga kuti mbakusambira makora, ŵakwendeska ngalaŵa, na ŵasilikari, ndipo mu gulu ili ŵanakazi ndiwo ŵakasankhanga ŵafumu ŵawo, ŵakasankhanga ŵasilikari awo ŵakaŵa na lumbiri luwemi. Ŵasilikari awo ŵakathereskeka ŵakaŵa na ŵanakazi na maboti ghanandi, ndipo mwenecho wa maboti agha wakapikanga chigaŵa chimoza pa vigaŵa vitatu vya vinthu vyose ivyo vikatoreka pa nkhondo. 205).
Chipani cha Movement for Multi-Party Democracy
Msonkhano wa 2016 wa zachiwawa za MMD
Mu Meyi 2016, gulu la ŵanthu awo kale ŵakaŵa ŵa MMD ndipo ŵakachimbizgika likasankha Felix Mutati kuŵa mulongozgi wa chipani ichi pa ungano wa ku Mulungushi Rock of Authority ku Kabwe, apo chipano ichi chikalutilira kovwira Nevers Mumba.
Guinea-Bissau
Society
Ŵasilikari ŵakasunkhizganga thupi lawo na mafuta gha golide, makara, na dongo lituŵa, ŵakaŵikanga mapapindo mu sisi lawo, na kulizga tumabango twa mahachi pa chifuŵa chawo. Ŵasembe ŵanakazi ŵakacitanga kuphwanya ciwuvi pa cingalaŵa, ndipo ŵakalutanga ku mtunda usiku. (p. 205). Ŵakafikanga pa mphepete mwa nyanja mwaluŵiro, ŵakazingiliranga mizi ya mumphepete mwa nyanja, ŵakagoleranga moto mu nyumba, ndipo para ŵakumana na ŵalwani ŵakaŵakomanga, nangauli awo ŵakakhalanga mu mizi iyi ŵakajipelekanga (p. 205). Ŵakapharazga kuti ŵazga ŵaŵengeko mu caru ca Portugal, ndipo Lemos Coelho, uyo wakaŵa wamalonda wa ku Cape Verde, wakalongosora umo ŵazga ŵakukwana 1,000 ŵakakolelera mu maulendo 25 mu vilimika vicoko waka (p. 206). Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1600, ŵanthu ŵa ku Bijago ŵakamba kulimbana na ŵanthu ŵa ku mainland, ndipo ŵakasazgirako ŵasilikari na mabwato ghawo. 206). Maulendo agha ghakapangiska kuti fumu ya ku Guinala yitaye maufumu 6, ndipo yikachimbilira ku nkhorongo (p. 364). Ŵaputukezi ŵakasuzganga chomene ŵanthu ŵa ku Bijago chifukwa ŵakaŵachitiranga nkhaza. Ŵazga ŵakaŵanga ŵachoko chomene mu madoko, ndipo ŵakawonanga nga kuti zina lawo layuyuka. Ŵakapulikanga kuti para ŵakukoma ŵanthu, mbwenu ŵakuŵa na mtima wakujikuzga. 207).
Ŵanthu ŵa ku Bijagos ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵakuvikilirika chomene ku ŵazga, chifukwa cha chirwa chawo ŵakaŵavikilira ku ŵalwani ŵa ŵazga awo ŵakizanga kufuma ku vyaru vinyake (p. 218). Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakaŵawonanga kuti mbazga yayi ndipo ŵakakhumbanga yayi kuŵagwiliskira nchito nga mbazga. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ŵakuti ŵana ŵakaŵa ŵazga ŵawemi, kweni ŵanthu ŵalara ŵakaŵanga ŵazga ŵawemi yayi. Ŵazga aŵa ŵakagomezganga kuti mizimu yawo yingawelera ku Bijagos. 218, 219).
Chipani cha Movement for Multi-Party Democracy
Ivyo Mweruzgi Newa Wakapeleka
Pa Novembala 9, 2019, Mweruzgi wa Khoti Likuru Sharon Newa, uyo wakakhalanga ku Lusaka, wakati phangano ilo likasankha Felix Mutati kuŵa Mudangiliri wa chipani likaŵa lakupelekeka yayi ndipo vyeruzgo vyose ivyo vikachitika pakati pa nyengo iyi na zuŵa lira vikaŵa vyambura kuzirwa.
Guinea-Bissau
Origins
Kaabu wakapangika nga ni chigaŵa cha Mali kwizira mu kuwukira kwa Senegambia na yumoza wa ŵasilikari ŵa Sundiata Keita wakuchemeka Tiramakhan Troare. Kuyana na ivyo ŵanthu ŵakayowoyanga, Tiramakhan wakaluta ku malo agha kuti wakawezgere mulandu uwo Themba la Ŵawolofu likapeleka kwa Sundiata, ivyo vikapangiska kuti Ŵawolofu ŵathereske Ŵawolofu, ndipo pamanyuma ŵakambukira ku Mlonga wa Gambia. Ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Mandinka ŵasamire ku malo agha mu vyaka vya m'ma 1200, nangauli ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵakakhalanga ku malo agha. Mu virimika vya m'ma 1400, cigaŵa cikuru ca Guinea Bissau cikaŵa pasi pa Mali ndipo cikalongozgekanga na Farim Kaabu (Mulongozgi wa Kaabu).
The decline of the Mali Empire in the 14th century lead to Kaabu becoming independent in the 16th century. Ŵakaŵa na mazaza gha kuwusa kufuma ku ufumu wawo. Ŵakafumiskapo Farim Kaabu na kuŵikapo Kaabu Mansaba. Msumba ukuru wa ufumu uwu ukaŵa Kansala, uwo lero ni Gabu, kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Guinea Bissau mu chigaŵa cha Geba (p. 4). Ŵanthu wose ŵa mu chigaŵa ichi, kupaturako Ŵapapepel, Ŵamanjak, na Ŵabiafadas ŵakapulikiranga na kupeleka msonkho ku Ŵamansaba. 367).
Society
Ufumu uwu ukaŵa na ŵasilikari ŵanandi kweniso ŵanthu ŵakakolerananga chomene kuluska Ufumu wa Mali. Ŵanthu awo ŵakalamuliranga ŵakaŵa ŵasilikari ŵakufumira ku Nyancho ( Ñaanco) awo ŵakafumira ku Tiramakhan Troare, ndipo kufuma ku matrilineal ŵakaluta ku Baleba uyo ŵakagomezganga kuti wali na nkhongono zakuzizwiska (p. 3). Mansaba wakapangika mu mzere wa anyina kwizira mwa munung'una wa Mansaba, uyo mwana wake wakaŵa wakulondezgapo (p. 3).
Chipani cha Movement for Multi-Party Democracy
Ukaboni
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Zwentendorf
Zwentendorf ni msumba mu boma la Lower Austria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Guinea-Bissau
Society
Ŵasilikari ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵazga ŵaguliskike mu cigaŵa ici. Ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakasambazga comene cifukwa ca malonda agho ŵakacitanga na ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe (p. 6). Pakukhumba kuti Serer na Wolof ŵaleke kunjira mu vyaru vya kumpoto, kweniso kuti ŵalutilire kudumura malonda, iwo ŵakakolerana na vyaru vya pafupi, ndipo ŵakajivikilira makora kweniso ŵakasanganga ndalama zinandi pa malonda (p. 7). Vinthu ivi vikawovwiranga kuti ŵaŵe na ntchindi, kweniso kuti ŵaŵe na vyakurya vinandi, kweniso kuti ŵaŵe paubwezi na ŵanyawo. 8). Umoyo wa ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa ukeneranga kulutilira, ndipo apa ndipo ŵanthu bweka na ŵazga ŵakamba kuŵa ŵakovwira, ŵanthu bweka ndiwo ŵakendeskanga mahachi na kugwira ntchito zaulimi, ŵanthu bweka ndiwo ŵakalimanga, ŵanthu ŵa mawoko ŵakapanga vinthu vyakugwilira ntchito zaulimi na vyakugwilira mahachi, ndipo ŵasofi na ŵasembe awo ŵakaŵa Ŵasilamu yayi ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito vyamasalamusi na kuwukwa. 8).
Maufumu agha ghakaŵa gha Ŵamandinka, chiyowoyero chawo chikaŵa cha Ŵamandinka, mabungwe gha ŵanthu ghakaŵa gha Ŵamandinka, mabungwe gha ndyali ghakaŵa gha Ŵamandinka, ndipo mitheto yawo yikaŵa ya Ŵamandinka. 11). 'Mandinkization' yikaŵa yikuru mu ufumu, ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghanyake ŵakamba kuŵa Mandinka, ndipo nthengwa za pakati pa Mandinka na mafuko ghanyake zikawovwira kuti ivi vichitike. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe na ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa ichi ŵakamba kuŵa 'Mandinkized' m'paka pa fundo yinyake. 12). Kuyana na umo vinthu vikaŵiranga mu caru, kuŵa paubwezi na munthu munyake kukaŵa kwakukhumbikwa comene. Ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa ŵakamanyikwanga na ŵanyawo kwambura kupwelerako mtundu wawo, Soninke uyo wakacitanga Soninkeya ndiyo wakamanyikwanga na ŵanthu aŵa, Soninke wakang'anamuranga ŵanthu awo ŵakagomezganga kuti vyamoyo vili na umoyo mu cigaŵa ico, ndipo mazgu agha ghakaŵagwiranga pamoza ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa aŵa kwambura kupwelerako za uko ŵakafuma panji uko ŵakakhalanga (p. 12). Cisopa cawo cikaŵa kusopa mathabwa na malibwe ndipo nyengo zose ŵakayowoyeskananga na ŵakuloska, wasembe mukuru wakakhalanga mu msumba ukuru wa ufumu (p. 368). Kaabu ndiyo yikaŵa ufumu wankhongono comene wa ku Western Mandinka panyengo iyo Mali yikawa (p. 13).
Zeillern
Zeillern ni msumba mu boma la Lower Austria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Guinea-Bissau
Society
Ŵanthu ŵakaŵanga na maluso ghakupambanapambana, nga ni kulima vyakurya, kulera viŵeto, kuŵa ŵamalonda ŵa ŵanthu ŵakuzirwa, panji kuŵa ŵasilikari awo ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito minthondwe kuti ŵawovwire ŵasilikari ŵankhongono (p. 15). Awo ŵakaŵavya mwaŵi wa kugwiliskira nchito maluso ghawo ŵakaŵa pa ngozi, ndipo kukolerana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe, ku North Africa, panji ku makhoti gha ku Africa uko kukaŵa kutali, kukaŵa pafupi kumara (p. 15).
Kweniso, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Kaabu ŵakamba kugwiliskira nchito malonda gha ku Guinea Bissau na kumpoto kwa Africa mu vyaka vya m'ma 1400, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500. 3). Vinthu ivyo Kaabu wakaguliskanga ku Guinea Bissau vikaŵanga vya ndalama zinandi (p. 4). Ŵazga ndiwo ŵakaŵapangiskanga ndalama zinandi, ndipo malipoti ghakulongora kuti mu vyaka vya pakati pa 1600 na 1700, ŵazga 700 ŵakafumanga mu chigaŵa ichi chaka chilichose, ntheura mu vyaka 100 ŵazga 70,000 ŵakafumanga mu chigaŵa ichi, ndipo Kaabu ndiyo wakawovwiranga chomene pa mulimo uwu. 5) Ŵaarabu (Ŵanthu ŵa ku North Africa) na ŵamalonda awo ŵakakhalanga kufupi na malo agha, ŵakamanyikwanga kuti ŵakaguliskanga golide mu chigaŵa ichi. 367).
Juncosa
Juncosa ni muzi uwo ukusangika mu chigaŵa cha Lleida mu malo ghakulu gha Catalonia mu charu cha Spain.
Guinea-Bissau
Decline
Pamanyuma pa vilimika 800 vya kuwusa na vilimika 47 vya Mansa, ufumu ukamba kuchepa cifukwa ca vinthu vinandi, kusazgapo nkhondo ya pa caru cose. Mu virimika vya m'ma 18 na 19 maufumu gha Ŵasilamu ghakazingilizga caru ca Ŵapagani ici, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵa Imamate ŵa ku Futa Jallon ŵapharazge vya Jihad, na wovwiri wa ŵalongozgi ŵa Ŵasilamu ŵa Soninke na Mandinka. Futa Jallon wakakhozgeka na Ŵafula awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵajiyimire paŵekha. 5, 6). Maufumu ghaŵiri agha ghakalimbana kwa vyaka vinandi ndipo Kaabu wakathereska ŵasilikari ŵa Imamate kwa nyengo yitali. Ŵasilikari ŵa Imamate ŵakalutilira kulimbana na ŵasilikari ŵa Berekolong m'paka m'ma 1860, apo ŵakathereskeka pa Berekolong. Nkhondo iyi yikapangiska kuti paŵe nkhondo yaumaliro pakati pa Imamate na Kaabu mu 1867 iyo yikachemeka Nkhondo ya Kansala, ŵasilikari awo ŵakalongozgekanga na General Alfa Molo Balde ŵakazingilizga viliŵa vya dongo vya Kansala kwa mazuŵa 11. Gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa Fulani likaŵa na ŵasilikari 35,000 na ŵasilikari ŵakwenda pa mahachi 12,000. Ŵanthu ŵakayowoyanga kuti munthu munyake wa mtundu wa Timbo wakaphalira ŵasilikari ŵa mtundu wa Fulani kuti para ŵangamba kulaska mbwenu ŵathereskekenge, ndipo munthu munyake wa mtundu wa Jakhanke wakaphalira ŵa mtundu wa Nyancho kuti para ŵangamba kulaska mbwenu ŵathereskekenge. Ŵandu ŵa ku Nyancho ŵakakwiya cifukwa cakuti ŵasilikari ŵa Fula ŵakaŵa kuwaro kwa viliŵa vyawo, ndipo ŵakawona kuti nchakusuzga kuti ŵaleke kuwukira. Ŵandu ŵa ku Mandinka ŵakakanizga ŵanthu ŵa ku Fulani kukwera viliŵa kwa nyengo yicoko waka, kweni viliŵa vikaŵa pasi pawo. Mansaba Dianke Walli wakati wawona kuti watherenge, wakapeleka mwaŵi kwa Imamate kuti wathereske nkhondo, ndipo wakalangura ŵasilikari ŵake kuti ŵawotche msumba na moto, ŵakakoma ŵanthu awo ŵakavikiliranga msumba pamoza na ŵasilikari ŵa Imamate. Kutayika kwa Kansala kukaŵa umaliro wa Kaabu, pamoza na kuwusa kwa Mandinka mu chigaŵa ichi na kuŵikika mu Imamate ya Futa Jallon (p. 3). Vyaru vya Mandinka vikalutilira kukhala mu chigaŵa ichi mpaka apo vikagaŵikana na Ufumu wa Portugal (p. 7).
15th–16th centuries
Boma la Portugal likakanizganga ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa ŵazungu kuti ŵambe kukhazikika mu virwa vya ku mtunda, kweni ŵanthu ŵa mtundu uwu ŵakaŵachiskanga kuti ŵambe kukhazikika mu virwa ivi. Ŵalongozgi ŵa tchalitchi la Lançado ŵakakana kupulikira mazgu agha (p. 140). Tangomão ŵakaŵa ŵamalonda ŵacisungu awo ŵakakolerana na mitheto na mitheto ya ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ici, ndipo ŵakayowoyanga za ŵamalonda ŵacisungu awo ŵakaŵa ŵacisulo. 141). Ŵanthu awo ŵakakolerananga na ŵa Lançado ni ŵa 'Grumete' awo ŵakaŵanga na ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha, awo pakwamba ŵakaŵa ŵazga ŵa ŵakwendeska ngalaŵa, kweni pamanyuma ŵakamba kuŵa ŵantchito ŵa ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha. Ŵanyake ŵakaŵa ŵazga, ŵanyake ŵakaŵa ŵantchito, ndipo ŵanyake ŵakaŵa ŵabali ŵa ŵamalonda ŵa ku Europe. Grumetes wakalutilira kuŵa mu gulu la ŵanthu ŵa ku Lançados (p. 151). Ŵanandi mwa ŵamalonda aŵa ŵakafumanga ku vyaru vikavu, ndipo ŵanyake ŵakafumanga ku Cape Verde, ku Portugal. Ŵamalonda ŵanyake ŵakaŵa Ŵayuda na Ŵakhristu ŵaphya chifukwa cha kutinkhana na Ŵayuda ku Iberia. 148, 150). Ŵalara ŵa boma la Portugal ŵakasuzga ŵanthu ŵa ku Lançado chifukwa chakuti ŵakasulako malango agho ghakaŵakanizganga kunjira mu chigaŵa kwambura kuzomerezgeka na themba, ŵakaguliskanga katundu kwambura kuzomerezgeka na boma, ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito ngalaŵa izo zikaŵa mu madoko ghakuzomerezgeka pera, ŵalongozgi ŵa ngalaŵa ndiwo ŵakaŵanga na udindo wa awo ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito ngalaŵa zawo, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa mu chigaŵa chilichose ŵakakanizgikanga kuchezga na ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha (p. 142). Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500, caru ca Portugal cikamba kulimbana na suzgo la ŵanthu ŵakucemeka Lançado. Malango ghakapelekeka kuti ghacepeskeko mwaŵi wa kugwiliskirika nchito panji kucita malonda ghambura kuzomerezgeka. Malango agha ghakaŵa ghambura kovwira ndipo ghakatondeska yayi malonda ghambura kuzomerezgeka agho ghakacitikanga ku China (p. 144). Mu 1520, ŵasilikari ŵakamba kulimbana na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Lançado, ndipo malonda ghakalutilira ndipo ŵanthu ŵakamba kuzenga misasa ku malo ghanyake. 145). Vifukwa ivyo ŵakachepeskera vinthu ivi vikaŵa vya cisopa na vya malonda, ndipo mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500, pakaŵavya malango ghaheni agho ghakapelekeka ku ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Lançado (p. 145, 146). Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga ku malo agha ŵakasazgikiranga ndipo cikaŵa ciwemi kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakhalenge pamoza na ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Portugal, kweni ku malo agha kukaŵaso ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain, Genoa, England, France, na Netherlands. 150).
Ŵanthu ŵa ku Lançado ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito ŵazga ndipo ŵakaŵa pakati pa ŵamalonda ŵa ku Europe na ŵamalonda ŵa ku Africa. Ŵamalonda aŵa ŵakendanga mu maboti ghachokoghachoko kuti ŵagulire vyakurya ku Europe. Pakuti maji ndigho ghakaŵanga nthowa yikuru ya kwendera, ŵanthu ŵa ku Lançado na ŵa ku malo agha ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito maboti ghacoko kuti ŵende mu milonga iyi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain ŵakaguranga maboti kufuma ku vyaru vya ku Europe, ndipo kanandi ŵakazenganga ŵekha. Ku malo ghakupambanapambana ghakusungirako maji, kukaŵanga malo ghakusungirako katundu, ndipo ghanyake ghakaŵanga gha ku Cape Verde. Malo agho ghakaŵa kutali comene na milonga iyi, ghakaŵa na malo ghakuguliskirako vyakurya ivyo vikafumanga mu vigaŵa vya ku mizi (pp. 153–157). Ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu vikaya ivi, ndipo ŵakasankha malo ghawemi ghakuti ŵakakhalengemo. Ŵanthu ŵa mu muzi wa Lançado ŵakakondweskanga ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa. Ŵakapharazganga ku vigaŵa vya Bissau, Cacheu, Guinala, na ku malo uko kukachitikiranga malonda. Ŵakapharazganga ku vigaŵa ivyo kukachitikiranga malonda. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Mande awo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vya mukati mwa caru ŵakapelekanga vinthu vyakupambanapambana, nga ni gamu, mino gha zovu, vikumba, viswaswa, utoto, ŵazga, na golide, ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Lançados ŵakendanga navyo mu vigaŵa vya mukati mwa caru, na kuvitolera ku mphepete mwa nyanja kuti vipelekeke ku ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vinyake (pp. 158–160). Boma la Lançados likawovwira kuti kuŵe malonda pakati pa vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana vya Upper Guinea, ndipo malonda ghakamba kufuma ku Gambia na kuluta ku Guinea-Bissau kukafika ku Cape Mount. 162, 163).
Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakazomerezgekanga yayi mu vikaya vyose. Ŵazungu, Ŵabalanta, na Ŵabijaga ŵakamba kuŵatinkha.
Ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake mu cigaŵa ici ŵakaŵa paubwezi na ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe, ndipo magulu ghose ghakaŵa na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Lançados. Lançados ŵakadumbiskananga na ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa chomene mu vigaŵa ivi, ndipo munthu waliyose uyo wakaguliskanga vinthu ku Europe mu charu cha themba la ku malo agha wakeneranga kupeleka msonkho (p. 164, 165). Kweniso, Lançados wakeneranga kulondezga malango na mitheto ya uko wakakhalanga, kweniso makhoti gha uko wakakhalanga. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Lançado ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito mitheto ya ku malo agha kuti ŵajiwovwire, ndipo ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu ŵacitenge vilapo na kupangana vinthu mwakuyana na umo ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ŵakacitiranga kuti ŵaŵe na cigomezgo cose (pp. 172, 173). Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500, ŵanthu ŵa ku Lançado ŵakamba kukayikira kuti ŵakukhumba kulondezga mitheto ya ku malo agha, ndipo ŵakamba kususkana na ŵanthu ŵanyake. Mu 1580 ŵakaleka kukhala ku Buguendo, pafupi na Cacheu, ndipo mu 1583 ŵakaleka kukhala ku Guinala na Cacheu. Themba Chapala wa ku Cacheu ndiyo wakazenga linga ili mu 1589 (pp. 175–177).
Vinthu ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Papels, Manjaks, na Biafadas ŵaleke kutemwana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal. 177, 178). Mu 1591, ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ŵakamba kulimbana na ŵanthu ŵa ku mainland. Ŵanalume ŵa mtundu wa Manjaks ŵa ku Cacheu ŵakanjira mu msumba wa Cacheu, kweni ŵakatondeka. Ivi vikapambananga na ivyo Ŵapwitikizi ŵakacita mu 1583. Ŵakapeleka ndalama zinandi ku ŵazga na vinthu vinyake. 179, 180). Ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ŵakawelera ku malo ghawo kuti ŵajivikilire ku ŵalwani, kweniso kuti ŵaleke kulondezga malango na mitheto ya ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha. Cifukwa cakuti pakaŵavya ŵanthu ŵakukwana, cikaŵa cakusuzga kuti ŵasilikari ŵa Cacheu na Guinala ŵakhalenge mu misasa, ntheura ŵakeneranga kulondezga malango na mitheto ya ku malo agha. Ŵakaŵachimbizga yayi cifukwa katundu uyo ŵakizanga nayo wakakhumbikwanga comene ku ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa. 180–184).
17th–18th centuries
Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500, Upper Guinea wakagaŵika pa vigaŵa viŵiri: 'Sierra Leone' na 'Rivers of Guinea' ndipo cigaŵa ca Guinea Bissau cikaŵa mu vigaŵa viŵiri ivi. Mu 1637, phangano la Cape Verde-Guinea likaŵa na vigaŵa vitatu ivyo vikulongosora umo boma la chigaŵa ichi likachitiranga vinthu. Vinthu ivi vikaŵa vyakuti: kufuma ku Santiago, pa vyaka vinayi, ngaraŵa 12 zikeneranga kutumizgika ku nyanja, kukanizgika kuguliska vinthu vinyake ku ŵanthu ŵa mu chigaŵa ichi (Padera pa vilwero), kweniso kukanizgika kuguliska ŵazga ku charu cha Guinea, kweniso kukanizgika kuguliska ŵazga ku charu cha Guinea. 243, 244). Kuzirwa kwa msumba wa Santiago kukalongoreka mu vyaka vya m'ma 1600. Mu 1608 na 1615 ŵanthu ŵa ku Cape Verde ŵakapempha boma kuti likhazikiske dango la Santiago, kweni likaŵavya ntchito. Mu 1619 boma la Portugal likazomerezga dango lakwamba lakuti maboti ghakwenera kujumpha mu msumba wa Santiago. Mu 1640, ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ŵakamba kulimbana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe mu chigaŵa cha Cape Verde-Guinea Bissau. Boma la Portugal likeneranga kuwezgerapo mazaza agho likaŵa nagho mu chigaŵa ichi, agho ghakaŵa kuti ghaphyokapo pa nyengo ya wupu wa Iberia (pp. 254–261).
Collapse of the Iberian Union (1640)
Vinthu vikuru-vikuru ivyo Ŵaphwitikizi ŵakachitanga pamanyuma pa kudumulika kwa vyaru vya Iberia mu 1640 vikaŵa vya ku Bissau na Cacheu (p. 260). Charu cha Portugal chikamba kulimbana na Spain, ndipo Themba João IV likadumura kuti Cape Verde-Guinea Bissau yileke kuguliskana na Spain, ndipo ngalaŵa za ku Spain zikeneranga kuluta ku Portugal, ndipo ngalaŵa za ku Spain zikakanizgika kunjira mu madoko. Vinthu ivyo Ŵapwitikizi ŵakaŵika pa ngalaŵa za ku Spain vikaŵa vyakwamba kuti ŵambiske nkhondo na ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Lançado. Kwambira mu 1580 m'paka 1640, ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain ndiwo ŵakendeskanga malonda mu chigaŵa ichi, ntheura malango gha Ŵaphwitikizi ghakususkana na Spain ghakaŵakhwaska ŵanthu ŵa mu chigaŵa ichi na awo ŵakakolerananga na Spain. 261, 262).
Wupu uwo ukawungananga ku Ultramarino ndiwo ukasankha munthu uyo wakeneranga kuŵa Captain-Major, ndipo mu 1641, Luis de Magalhães wakafumapo pa udindo wake, ndipo wakasinthika na Gonçalo de Gamboa de Ayala, ndipo Paulo Barradas da Silva wakimikika kuŵa musungichuma. Ŵakapangiska kuti msumba wa Cacheu uŵe wa malibwe kuti uŵavikilire ku Ŵazungu na ku ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha. Ayala wakathereska Themba la Mata, Mulongozgi wa Mompatas, Mulongozgi wa Baorilla, na kumazga ngalaŵa za Spain pa Cacheu. Ŵakapangana na themba Equendé wa ku Bissau kuti ŵambe kudumbiskana vya mtende. Ŵakati ŵanjira mu Bissau, ŵakasanga kuti ngalaŵa ziŵiri za ku Spain zikuŵavikilira. Suzgo linyake likaŵa lakuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Lançados ŵakeneranga kuŵa na mazaza pa malo agha. Wakaŵawovwira kuti ŵasame ku malo ghakupambanapambana, nga ni ku Geba na ku Farim kumpoto kwa Cacheu. 266–271). Nangauli Ŵangelezi, Ŵafalansa, na Ŵacidachi ŵakayezgayezga kuti ŵaŵe na mazaza ghose mu cigaŵa ici, kweni ŵakalutilira kusanga candulo na ŵamalonda ŵa ku Portugal na ŵa ku malo agha (p. 277). Boma la Portugal likaŵa lakusuzga kupangana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal kuti ŵaŵe na wanangwa wakucita malonda, cifukwa vinthu ivyo ŵakakhumbanga vikaŵa vyakukolerana yayi na ivyo Ŵaputukezi ŵakakhumbanga.
Slave trade
Wuzga wa ŵazga mu cigaŵa ici ukaŵa wakuzirwa comene yayi nga umo ukaŵira mu vigaŵa vinyake; kweni, cigaŵa ca Guinea-Bissau cikaŵa cakuzirwa comene pa malonda gha ŵazga mu vyaru vya ku Atlantic (p. 186). Pakwamba ŵazga ŵakatumizgikanga comene ku Cape Verde na ku Iberia, ndipo ku Madeira na Canary Islands kukaŵanga ŵazga ŵachoko waka ŵa ku Bissau. 187). Kufuma mu 1580 m'paka mu 1640, ŵazga ŵa ku Guinea-Bissau ŵakaluta ku vyaru vya ku Spain (p. 278). Pakaŵa nthowa zikuruzikuru zinkhondi izo ŵazga ŵakacitikiranga, nga ni cilango cifukwa ca kuswa dango, kujiguliska panji kuguliska ŵabali ŵawo mu nyengo ya njara, kukomeka na ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain panji ku Europe, uyo kale wakaŵa muzga wakuguliskika ku Ŵazungu na fumu yake, panji kuŵa muzga wa nkhondo (pp. 198, 199, 210, 211, 216). Ŵazga ŵa ku Europe ŵakaguliskikanga viŵi yayi, ndipo kanandi ŵazga ŵakaguranga ku ŵalongozgi panji ŵamalonda ŵa ku malo agha. 199, 200).