cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Hemsbach
Hemsbach ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Hohenleuben
Hohenleuben ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Hohenmölsen
Hohenmölsen ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Hof, Germany
Hof, Germany ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Luanshya
Ndyali
Mu ma 1960, Luanshya wakacemekanga kuti "Mzinda wa Copperbelt". Ivi vikacitika cifukwa ca wovwiri wa Bill na Doreen Altern, awo ŵakapanga mapaki na minda. Mazuŵa ghano, mu tawuni iyi muli vinthu vichoko waka vyakovwira ŵawukirano, ndipo ŵanandi ŵakukhala mu malo ghambura ntchito.
Herborn (Hesse)
Herborn (Hesse) ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Kuukila kwa Chilembwe
Aftermath
The colonial government also began attacking the rights of missionaries in Nyasaland and, although Anglican missions, those of the Scottish churches and Catholic missions were not affected, it banned many smaller, often American-originated churches, including the Churches of Christ and Watchtower Society, from Nyasaland, and placed restrictions on other African-run churches. Public gatherings, especially those associated with African-initiated religious groups, were banned until 1919. Fear of similar uprisings in other colonies, notably Northern Rhodesia, also led to similar repression of independent churches and foreign missions beyond Nyasaland.
Luanshya
Ndyali
Mu tawuni iyi muli mulembi wa tawuni na wupu wake uwo uli na ŵalongozgi ŵankhondi:
Wupu uwu uli na ŵanthu 30 ndipo uli na ŵanthu 28 ŵakusoleka na ŵaŵiri kufuma ku Nyumba ya Malamulo.
Ndege
Ndege ya Luanshya (ICAO: FLLA) ni malo ghachoko gha ndege agho ghali kumafumiro gha dazi kwa tawuni yakuchemeka Ndeke kung'anamura "Ndege". Pa nyengo yasono, malo agha ghakukwaniskika yayi ndipo ghali na malo ghambura kupimika. Pa malo agha pakaŵa gulu la ŵanthu ŵakuwuluka ndege.
Kuukila kwa Chilembwe
Aftermath
Though the rebellion failed, the threat to colonial rule posed by the Chilembwe revolt compelled the local authorities to introduce some reform. The colonial government proposed to undermine the power of independent churches like Chilembwe's, by promoting secular education but lack of funding made this impossible. The government began to promote tribal loyalties in the colony, through the system of indirect rule, which was expanded after the revolt. In particular, the Muslim Yao people, who attempted to distance themselves from Chilembwe, were given more power and autonomy. Although delayed by the war, the Nyasaland Police, which had been primarily composed of African askaris levied by local white officials, was restructured as a professional force of white colonists. Forced labour was retained, and would remain a resentment for decades afterwards.
Luanshya
Ndege
Msumba uwu uli na maofesi gha ndege ghaŵiri:
Malo
Luanshya wali kuumaliro wa msewu uwo ukufumako ku Ndola kuya ku Kitwe. Pali misewu yichoko waka iyo yikukolerana na vigaŵa vinyake vya Zambia (misewu iyo yikuluta kumafumiro gha dazi ku Kafulafuta na misewu iyo yikuluta kumwera ku Masaiti na Mpongwe).
Ntchito ya Zambia Railways ku Luanshya yikaŵa ya katundu pera. Ŵanthu awo ŵakuguliska visulo ŵakabwangandura njanji iyo yikafumanga ku Luanshya kuya ku Ndola. Pasono Luanshya na Ndola ŵakukolerana yayi na njanji. Mkuŵa uwo ukufumiskika mu Luanshya sono ukuyegheka pa msewu kuluta ku msika wa kuwaro.
Ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa
John Edmond wakababika ku Luanshya pa 18 November 1936. Anthony Clifford Grayling wakababika mu Luanshya pa 3 April 1949.
Ukaboni
<references group="" responsive="1">
Hofheim am Taunus
Hofheim am Taunus ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Njara ya ku Nyasaland mu 1949
Ŵanthu ŵakukolerana yayi pa ivyo vikupangiska njara iyi. Pakwamba ŵanthu ŵakatenge nthaka yikubinkha chifukwa cha kulima chomene kweniso chifukwa cha hona m'malo mwa vyakurya. Pamanyuma, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuyowoya kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vinyake ŵaleke kukura makora chifukwa cha kupoka malo ghawo, kupeleka msonkho ku ŵalimi ŵa ku Africa, na kuŵapoka malipiro ghachoko waka.Sonosono apa, ŵanthu ŵakughanaghanira comene za umo vinthu vikaŵira mu vyaru ivi mu vyaka vya m'ma 1930 na 1940. Cakwamba, ici cikapangiska kuti ŵantchito na ŵamalonda ŵanandi ŵagure vyakurya, kweni ŵakeneranga kusanga vyakurya vinandi cifukwa cakuti ŵalimi ŵacoko waka ndiwo ŵakaryanga vyakurya ivi. Kweniso, vinthu vinandi ivyo vikasintha pa umoyo wa ŵanthu vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kusanga malo ghakukwana gha kulima panji nchito yiwemi.
Kulima na vula
Mu nyengo yose iyo charu cha Nyasaland chikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa atsamunda, vyakurya vikuru ivyo ŵanthu ŵakaryanga mu vigaŵa vya mapiri vikaŵa vyakurya vya chimanga, ivyo vikizanga kufuma ku Mozambique, ndipo vikamba mu ma 1800. Kuumaliro wa nyengo ya ŵakoloni, mbuto ya mbuto ya mbuto ya mbuto yikakwana 60 peresenti ya vyakurya ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Nyasaland ŵakaryanga. Ŵakaŵanga na viŵeto vichoko chomene mu vigaŵa vya Shire Highlands, nangauli ŵalimi ŵachoko ŵakaŵanga na mberere panji mbuzi zichoko waka ndipo ŵanandi ŵakaŵa na nkhuku.
Ng'ombe iyo yikakuranga mu 1949 yikakhalanga nyengo yitali yayi, ndipo yikakhumbikwiranga vula pafupifupi masentimita 5 m'paka 8 mu myezi yitatu yakwamba. Chigaŵa cha Shire Highlands chikuŵa na vula zinandi mu nyengo yose ya kulima ya myezi yinkhondi, kweni chifukwa cha vula iyo yikaseŵeka mu chigaŵa ichi, vula iyo yikulokwa pa chaka yikapangiska kuti vyakurya visinthe chomene.
Vula yinandi ya ku Nyasaland yikalokwa para Intertropical Convergence Zone yajumpha mu charu ichi, kanandi pakati pa Novembala chaka chimoza na Malichi chaka chakulondezgapo, kweni vula yikasintha chifukwa cha El Niño na vinthu vinyake ivyo vikuchitika mu nyengo. Kafukufuku wakulongora kuti mu chigaŵa ichi mukaŵa chilangalanga pakati pa 1946 na 1949. Ivi vikapangiska kuti mu 1947 mu South Africa na Southern Rhodesia muŵe njara yikuru, ndipo mu 1947 na 1948 mu Nyasaland mukaŵa chilangalanga icho chikapangiska kuti mu vyaka ivi vyakurya vileke kuŵa vinandi. Njara yikuru iyo yikacitika kumwera kwa Malaŵi mu 1949 yikaŵa nyengo yaumaliro ya chilangalanga.
Access to land
Mu ma 1940, ŵalimi ŵachokoŵacoko ŵa ku Nyasaland ŵakagwiranga nchito ya kupwantha, ndipo mbumba ya ŵalimi iyo yikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵaŵiri ŵakukhwima awo ŵakakuranga chomene mbuto ya mbuto, yikatenge yingalima makilomita 4.5 panji 5 pa chaka. Ŵanakazi ŵambura kutora ŵakateŵeteranga hektara yimoza kwambura wovwiri. Kuzakafika mu 1949, mbuto zikapambika matani 0.4 pa hekita. Kufumira mu 1940, ŵanthu ŵakamba kukhumba chomene malo ghakupwanthirapo. Nanga ni awo ŵakaŵa na malo ghakukwana ghakupwanthirapo, nyengo zinyake ŵakaŵanga na njara. Mabanja ghanyake agho ghakaŵa na malo ghacoko panji ŵanthu ŵacoko ghakaŵa pangozi ya njara.
Pafupifupi 70% ya ŵalimi ŵachokoŵachoko ŵa ku Africa mu vigaŵa vya Shire Highlands ŵakakhalanga mu malo gha Ŵanandi, ndipo ŵakalipanga renti yayi. Malo agha ghakaŵa pafupifupi 50 peresenti ya malo gha mu chigaŵa ichi, ndipo apo ŵanthu ŵakasazgikiranga, malo gha Native Trust ghakaŵa ghanandi chomene, ndipo ghanandi ghakaŵanga gha tirigu umoza. Ŵekha awo ŵakaŵa na minda yikuru ndiyo ŵakaliskanga vyakurya vinandi, ndipo hona, uyo ni vyakurya ivyo boma likakhozgeranga chomene mu chigaŵa cha Central Province, wakaŵa wakwenelera yayi ku malo gha Shire Highlands.
Agricultural marketing
Pambere Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose yindambe, ku Nyasaland kukacitikanga vinandi yayi kuti ŵanthu ŵambe kupanga na kugaŵira vyakurya. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵa mu matawuni ŵakeneranga kugura vyakurya, kweni ŵakaguliskanga viŵi yayi. Ŵalimi ŵachokoŵacoko ŵa ku Africa na awo ŵakakhalanga mu malo agha ndiwo ŵakaguliskanga vyakurya ivyo ŵakasanganga pa msika. Mu vilimika vinyake, ŵalimi ŵanandi ŵakaguliskanga waka vyakurya vichoko waka pa msika. Kweniso boma likakanizganga ŵanthu kuguliska mbuto izo likaguliskanga.
Boma la Nyasaland likakhazikiska malango ghanandi gha nyengo ya nkhondo kuti ghakhozge ulimi, ndipo ghanyake ghakaŵa ghakukhalilira mu nyengo ya nkhondo. Mu 1947, likakhazikiska wupu wakuwona vya vyakurya uwo ukaŵa na mulimo wa kuvikilira vyakurya vya ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 67,000 mu vigaŵa vya kumwera na vyaru vinyake. Ndipouli, yikaŵa na ndalama zichoko, ndipo yikaguliskanga mphuzi yake pa mtengo wapasi comene, ndipo yikakanizganga kupanga mphuzi zinandi zakuguliska ku caru cawo panji zakuguliska ku vyaru vinyake cifukwa ca mtengo wa kugura na kusunga.
Wupu wakuwona vya mbuto ukaŵa na cilato cakuti upwelelere vyakurya pafupifupi 5% pera na kupanga vyakurya vicoko. Ndipouli, cifukwa cakuti vyaka viŵiri vyakwambilira vya mulimo wake vikakolerana na vuna yiheni ya mu 1947 na 1948, wakagura waka vyakurya pafupifupi 2% mu vilimika viŵiri ivi. Pamanyuma pa njara, Board yikasazgirako mtengo uwo yikapelekanga pa mbuto ya mbuto kufuma pa 7% mu 1951 kufika pa 10% mu 1952.
Narrative
Although seasonal hunger before crops were ready to harvest was common in Nyasaland, famine was relatively infrequent in the Shire Highlands during the century after 1850, and the area was sometimes a refuge for those fleeing famine from nearby areas of Mozambique. One drought recorded by early missionaries was in the years 1861 to 1863, which coincided with a time of acute political upheaval that dislocated agriculture, and another occurred in 1922.
Njara ya mu 1949 yikaŵa yikuru comene mu vigaŵa vya Lunzu na Lirangwe mu cigaŵa ca Blantyre, kumpoto kwa msumba wa Blantyre. Mu cigaŵa ca Dedza na Port Herald (Nsanje) mukaŵaso njara yikuru ya vyakurya.
Failing rains
Mu 1947 na 1948, kukawa vula zinandi yayi, ndipo mu 1947, ŵaleza ŵakaparanya vyakurya. Ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵalimi ŵagwiliskirenge nchito vyakurya ivyo ŵakaŵa navyo.
Nyengo ya vula ya 1948-9 yikamba makora mu cigaŵa ca Blantyre, kweni mu Novembala na Disembala 1948, vula yikakhira. Vinthu vikapambananga comene pa malo na malo, kweni malo agho ghakatimbanizgika comene ghakaŵa na vula yakujumpha hafu ya vula iyo yikalokwa pa caka. Vipambi vinyake ivyo vikaŵa pakwamba kulima vikapona, kweni vyakurya vinandi vikafwa, ndipo ŵalimi ŵanyake ŵakatondeka kulima mbuto zawo cifukwa cakuti kukaŵavya vula ndiposo cifukwa cakuti mbanthu ŵacoko comene awo ŵakaŵa na mbuto zakusunga. Ŵanyake ŵakaŵa na ŵabali awo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa ivyo vikakhwaskika viŵi yayi na suzgo ili, panji ŵakapokeranga chakurya kufuma ku ŵabwana ŵawo. Kweni ŵanandi ŵakathembanga chomene vyakurya ivyo vikaŵa mu minda yawo.
Initial reaction
Pakwamba, boma likakanizgika kupeleka vyakurya chifukwa cha kusoŵa kwa vyakurya. Mu Janyuwale, mulara wa boma wa chigaŵa cha Blantyre wakafipa mtima na msika wakuzura wa ufu wa mbuto mu msika wa mu tawuni ya Blantyre, ndipo wakanozga vyakuti mbuto zinyake izo zikaŵa mu sitoro ya boma ziguliskike mu msika uwu. Mu Febuluwale 1949, kazembe wa charu cha Nyasaland wakawona kuti pakukhumbikwira wovwiri unandi yayi. Wakapempha boma la Southern Rhodesia kuti liŵatumire matani 1,000 gha chimanga mwaluŵiro comene, ndipo wakasora munthu munyake wa bizinesi kuti waŵe mulara wa vyakurya mu Africa kuti wawovwirepo pa kupeleka chimanga na vyakurya vinyake.
Mu Febuluwale, kukawa vula yichoko waka, ndipo mu Malichi 1949, kukawa chilangalanga icho chikamara masabata ghanayi. Pa nyengo iyi, vinthu vikaŵa makora yayi, cifukwa vyakurya vinandi ivyo vikaŵa mu nthamba za ŵalimi vikaŵa kuti vyamara, ndalama zinandi izo ŵakasunganga zikaŵa kuti zagura vyakurya, ndipo viŵeto vyawo vinandi vikaŵa kuti vyaguliskika. Ŵanandi ŵakendanga pasi mtunda utali kuti ŵakafike ku malo agho kukaŵa vyakurya vyamuthengere. Vinyake mwa vyakumera ivi vikaŵa vyamuthengere, vipasi vinyake, mizu yakurya, vyakumera vichoko, na vyamoyo vinyake. Kanandi wovwiri wa ŵabali awo ŵakaŵa na ndalama zinandi ukamara apo chilangalanga chikalutilira, ndipo ŵanalume ŵanandi ŵakaleka ŵawoli ŵawo na mbumba zawo izo ŵakatondekanga kulyeska.
Mu myezi ya Meyi m'paka Seputembala, ŵalimi ŵanyake ŵakapanda mbuto zichoko waka za batata na maniyu, kweni boma likajura malo ghakupangira vyakurya mu Seputembala 1949. Ŵakachitanga kuguliska vyakurya ivi pa mtengo wa malita ghatatu pa kilo limoza, ndipo mbumba zikaguranga malita ghankhondi pa sabata. Ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa ŵambura ndalama, nanga ni ŵanakazi awo ŵafumu ŵawo ŵakaŵaleka, ŵakeneranga kugwira nchito kuti ŵasange cakurya, cifukwa ŵanthu ŵacekuru na ŵakavu ndiwo ŵakapikanga cakurya. Pakwamba, malo agha ghakapelekanga mbuto zose za mbuto izo zikeneranga kuphatika, kweni mu Janyuwale 1950, malo ghanyake ghakapelekanga mbuto zakunozgeka kuphatika, cifukwa ŵanakazi ŵanandi ŵakaŵa ŵakulopwa comene kuti ŵayiphatike.
Climax
Nangauli boma likapeleka vyakurya, kweni mu Disembala 1949 na Janyuwale 1950, ŵanthu ŵanandi mu vigaŵa ivyo vikaŵa na suzgo likuru chomene, comenecomene ŵana na ŵacekuru, ŵakaŵa na suzgo la kusoŵa cakurya cakukwana. Ŵakaŵa na misasa yinyake iyo ŵakaŵasambizganga ŵanthu ŵacekuru na ŵakavu kuti ŵaryenge mphoza kaŵiri pa zuŵa. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 200 ŵakafwa na njara. Ŵanthu awo ŵakafwa na njara ŵakaŵa ŵanandi chomene kuluska awo ŵakafwanga na njara, chifukwa njara yikuru yikaŵaso mu chigaŵa ichi.
Boma likapelekanga mbuto za tirigu na makuni gha cassava kwawanangwa ku ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa na nkhongono zakuseŵa, ndipo mu 1950 ŵakapambika vyakurya vinandi nangauli ŵalimi ŵanandi ŵakaŵa ŵakulopwa. Mu nyengo ya kulima mu 1950-51, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kulima mbuto ya maniyu iyo yikukoma yayi. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa ivyo vikaŵa na njara yikuru ŵakatora vyaka vinandi kuti ŵamazge njara na kuwezga ngongoli zawo. Ŵanalume awo ŵakaleka mbumba zawo panji ŵabali ŵawo awo ŵakakana kovwira mbumba izo zikaŵa mu suzgo, masuzgo agha ghakatora vyaka vinandi.
Social differences
Ŵamalonda ŵa ku Africa na ŵantchito awo ŵakagwiranga ntchito mu boma awo ŵakapokeranga malipiro ghawemi, awo ŵakaŵa na ndalama zinandi, ŵakakhwaskika viŵi yayi na njara iyi. Ŵanthu awo ŵakugwira ntchito za mawoko na ŵamalonda kweniso awo ŵakugwira ntchito za malipiro ghacoko, ŵakakhwaskika comene cifukwa cakuti ŵamalonda ŵakakhumbanga comene kurya vyakurya, panji nchito yikamara.
Ŵalimi ŵachokoŵacoko ŵakendanga makora cifukwa ca ndalama izo ŵakaŵa nazo, vyakurya, viŵeto, na vinthu vinyake. Mu nyengo yakale, mbumba izo zikalongozgekanga na ŵanakazi, kusazgapo vyokoro na ŵawoli awo ŵakaŵaleka, zikaŵa ŵakavu comene mu cikaya, ndipo zikaŵavya malo. Kanandi ŵakagwiranga ntchito zinyake nga nkhuphika moŵa panji kurya chakurya kuti ŵagwire ntchito. Ŵanakazi aŵa na mbumba zawo ŵakaŵavya wovwiri wa ŵabali ŵawo. Kweni mbumba zinandi za ŵantchito ŵakusamukira ku vyaru vinyake zikapokeranga ndalama kufuma ku ŵafumu ŵawo awo ŵakaŵavya.
Kuukila kwa Chilembwe
Aftermath
While the uprising enjoyed sympathy amongst Yao commoners, none of the Yao chiefs in the Shire Highlands supported it. Most of them embraced Islam instead of Christianity and considered the African planters a threat to their political hegemony. The Commission of Enquiry dismissed the uprising as a localised affair caused by harsh mistreatment of natives by the Magomero estate. However, the grievances expressed by Chilembwe were not unique to his area, and the Africans across the entire Nyasaland identified with his struggle. Africans had no rights as tenants under the thangata system, had to pay rent in labour, and were prohibited from gathering wood or hunting wild animals in the woodlands surrounding the European estates, even though they considered woodland resources to be common property. Harry Kambwiri Matecheta noted that while the British colonial regime did suppress slave trade, the thangata system simply introduced a new form of slavery.
Hofgeismar
Hofgeismar ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Kuukila kwa Chilembwe
Aftermath
The rebels were of diverse social and economic backgrounds, consisting of Yao people, Lomwe immigrants, agricultural farmers and African pretty bourgeoisie. The colonial regime ignored African petitions and failed to translate their laws into local languages, leading to many locals not understanding them at all. Morris notes that Africans of Nyasaland were increasingly hostile to the British rule due to physical abuse and mistreatment they had to endure, and if the rebellion managed to get support from German East Africa and acquire weapon caches during the attack African Lakes Company depot in Blantyre, it could have turned into "a wider and more protracted struggle". Morris concludes that the rebellion was a response to colonial oppression, particularly towards racial injustice. It was a "struggle for freedom" with elements of Christian utopianism, with Chilembwe expressing two contrasting political traditions - Booth's radical egalitarianism and a "petty capitalist orientation" of the Protestant churches, which stressed the right to private property, wage labour and commercial agriculture.
Commission of Enquiry
In the aftermath of the revolt, the colonial administration formed a Commission of Enquiry to examine the causes and handling of the rebellion. The Commission, which presented its conclusions in early 1916, found that the revolt was chiefly caused by mismanagement of the Bruce plantation. The Commission also blamed Livingstone himself for "treatment of natives [that was] often unduly harsh" and for poor management of the estate. The Commission found that the systematic discrimination, lack of freedoms and respect were key causes of resentment among the local population. It also emphasised the effect of Booth's ideology on Chilembwe.
The Commission's reforms were not far-reaching—though it criticised the thangata system, it made only minor changes aimed at ending "casual brutality". Though the government passed laws banning plantation owners from using the services of their tenants as payment of rent in 1917, effectively abolishing thangata, it was "uniformly ignored". A further Commission in 1920 concluded that the thangata could not be effectively abolished, and it remained a constant source of friction into the 1950s.
Herbolzheim
Herbolzheim ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Kuukila kwa Chilembwe
In later culture
Despite its failure, the Chilembwe rebellion has since gained an important place in the modern Malawian cultural memory, with Chilembwe himself gaining "iconic status." The uprising had "local notoriety" in the years immediately after it, and former rebels were kept under police observation. Over the next three decades, anti-colonial activists idealised Chilembwe and began to see him as a semi-mythical figure. The Nyasaland African Congress (NAC) of the 1940s and 1950s used him as a symbolic figurehead, partly because its president, James Chinyama, had a family connection to Filipo Chinyama, who had been believed to be an ally of Chilembwe's. When the NAC announced that it intended to mark 15 February annually as Chilembwe Day, colonial officials were scandalised. One wrote that to "venerate the memory of the fanatic and blood thirsty Chilembwe seems to us to be nothing less than a confession of violent intention."
D. D. Phiri, a Malawian historian, characterised Chilembwe's uprising as an early expression of Malawian nationalism, as did George Shepperson and Thomas Price in their 1958 book Independent African, an exhaustive study of Chilembwe and his rebellion that was banned during the colonial era but still widely read by the educated classes. Chilembwe became viewed as an "unproblematic" hero by many of the country's people. The Malawi Congress Party (MCP), which ultimately led the country to independence in 1964, made a conscious effort to identify its leader Hastings Banda with Chilembwe through speeches and radio broadcasts. Bakili Muluzi, who succeeded Banda in 1994, similarly invoked Chilembwe's memory to win popular support, inaugurating a new annual national holiday, Chilembwe Day, on 16 January 1995. Chilembwe's portrait was soon added to the national currency, the kwacha, and reproduced on Malawian stamps. It has been argued that for Malawian politicians, Chilembwe has become "symbol, legitimising myth, instrument and propaganda".
Historical analysis
The revolt has been the subject of much research and has been interpreted in various ways by historians. At the time, the uprising was generally considered to mark a turning point in colonial rule. The Governor of Nyasaland, George Smith, declared that the revolt marked a "new phase in the existence of Nyasaland". According to the military historian Hew Strachan, the Chilembwe uprising tarnished British prestige in East Africa which contributed, after the appointment of the future Prime Minister Bonar Law as Secretary of State for the Colonies, to renewed pressure for an Anglo-Belgian offensive against German East Africa.
Chidikha Chisani cha Chisaghala cha Afilika
Chidikha Chisani cha Chisaghala cha Afilika ni malo ghakupambanapambana agho ghali na utali wakukwana makilomita 7,000, kufuma ku Lebanon ku Asia mpaka ku Mozambique ku Southeast Africa.
Heppenheim
Heppenheim ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Chidikha Chisani cha Chisaghala cha Afilika
Dambo ili likwenda mtunda wa makilomita 5,950 kulazga kumpoto, kujumpha mu chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa, kujumpha mu Nyanja Yiswesi, na kunjira mu Western Asia. Mu chigodobu ichi muli nyanja zinandi zakuzika, izo zikuchemeka kuti ribbon lakes. Chigaŵa ichi chili na vyakumera na vyakumera vyakupambanapambana.
Lizgu lakuti Chidikha Chisani cha Chisaghala cha Afilika kanandi likugwiliskirika nchito pakuyowoya za dambo la East African Rift, mphaka iyo yikumalira kufuma ku Afar Triple Junction kuya kumwera kujumpha ku East Africa, ndipo yikupatura Africa Plate mu vigaŵa viŵiri. Ŵasayansi ŵakuyowoya kuti mapulatifomu agha ni Nubian Plate na Somali Plate.
Njara ya ku Nyasaland mu 1949
A slow start
Ŵamalonda ŵa ku Africa na ŵantchito awo ŵakagwiranga ntchito mu boma awo ŵakapokeranga malipiro ghawemi, awo ŵakaŵa na ndalama zinandi, ŵakakhwaskika viŵi yayi na njara iyi. Ŵanthu awo ŵakugwira ntchito za mawoko na ŵamalonda kweniso awo ŵakugwira ntchito za malipiro ghacoko, ŵakakhwaskika comene cifukwa cakuti ŵamalonda ŵakakhumbanga comene kurya vyakurya, panji nchito yikamara.
Ŵalimi ŵachokoŵacoko ŵakendanga makora cifukwa ca ndalama izo ŵakaŵa nazo, vyakurya, viŵeto, na vinthu vinyake. Mu nyengo yakale, mbumba izo zikalongozgekanga na ŵanakazi, kusazgapo vyokoro na ŵawoli awo ŵakaŵaleka, zikaŵa ŵakavu comene mu cikaya, ndipo zikaŵavya malo. Kanandi ŵakagwiranga ntchito zinyake nga nkhuphika moŵa panji kurya chakurya kuti ŵagwire ntchito. Ŵanakazi aŵa na mbumba zawo ŵakaŵavya wovwiri wa ŵabali ŵawo. Kweni mbumba zinandi za ŵantchito ŵakusamukira ku vyaru vinyake zikapokeranga ndalama kufuma ku ŵafumu ŵawo awo ŵakaŵavya.
Government actions
Kazembe Sir Geoffrey Francis Taylor Colby wakayowoya kuti vyakurya ivi vikwenera kugwiliskirika nchito pakovwira ŵapolisi na ŵasilikari. Iyo wakafipanga mtima comene kuti para ŵanthu ŵasangenge vyakurya mu malo ghakupharazgirako vyakurya, ŵangaleka kujipwelelera.
Vinthu vikasintha comene cifukwa ca chilangalanga ico cikacitika mu 1948-49 cifukwa cakuti boma likutondeka kusunga vyakurya panji kupeleka wovwiri mwaluŵiro. Nangauli njara yikuru yaumaliro yikaŵa mu 1922, kweni mu chigaŵa ichi mukaŵa njara ya vyakurya, comenecomene mu cigaŵa ca Blantyre mu 1939, 1941 na 1947. Ŵanthu ŵakakanizganga kuŵika vyakurya mu malo ghawo cifukwa cakuti boma la Nyasaland likaŵavya ndalama zinandi, kweniso ŵakagomezganga kuti vyakurya vya boma vingapangiska ŵalimi kuti ŵaleke kusunga vyakurya vyawo.
After 1949
Boma likasintha apo kukaŵa njara mu 1949, ndipo Kazembe Colby wakacitapo kanthu kuti njara iyi yileke kucitikaso. Vinyake mwa vinthu ivi vikaŵa vyakukondweska: Padera pa kuzenga malo ghakusungirako vyakurya, wakaphalira Komiti ya Kulaŵilira Vyakurya kuti yikwezge mtengo wa vyakurya ivi. Kweniso wakapempha awo ŵakaŵa na minda kuti ŵalimenge mbuto za ŵantchito ŵawo pa malo ghawo m'malo mwa kugura kwa ŵalimi ŵachoko. Kuti ŵaleke kusuzgika chomene na ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu malo ghanyake agho ghakaŵa gha Ŵabwenye, boma likamba kugura malo ghanandi mu malo agha.
Cakwamba pa vigaŵa viŵiri ivyo vikaŵa vyakukayikiska, cikaŵa kucepeskako mtengo uwo Native Tobacco Board yikapelekanga pa hona uyo wakakulika pa malo gha Native Trust. Mulara wa boma wakakhumbanga kuchepeska unandi wa hona uyo wakupangika uku wakuŵa muwemi chomene. Ici cikapangiska kuti ŵalimi ŵanandi awo ŵakaliskanga hona ŵaleke kusanga ndalama zinandi, ndipo pa nyengo yicoko waka, ŵakasazgirako comene vipasi. Pakwamba kwa m'ma 1950, ŵaliska ŵa hona ŵakakanizgika kulembeska ŵanthu awo ŵakupanda hona.
Caciŵiri, ndondomeko ya vyakurya iyo kazembe wakasachizga yikaŵa ya kwimika ŵalara ŵa boma kuti ŵakhazikiske malango ghakukhwaskana na kuvikilira nthaka na kugwiliskira nchito malo. Nangauli uyo wakambiska ndondomeko iyi wakayowoya kuti njakukhumbikwa comene kuti paleke kuŵa soka la cilengiwa, kweni pamanyuma pake fundo iyi yikususkika ndipo m'paka mu ma 1980, dongo likalutilira kuŵa lakukwana mu vigaŵa vinandi vya caru ici.
Views in 1949
Nangauli cifukwa cakuzirwa comene ico cikapangiska kuti vyakurya vileke kureka kureka kureka mu vigaŵa vinandi vya ku Shire Highlands cikaŵa cifukwa cakuti kukaŵavya vula mu nyengo ya kulima, kweni pali vifukwa vinyake ivyo vikapangiska njara iyi. Kafukufuku munyake uyo wakachitika pamasinda wakalongora kuti pali kukayikira usange vinthu ivi vikachitikanga nadi.
Nanga ni mu 1949, Dipatimenti ya Vyakumera ya ku Nyasaland yikaŵa na maghanoghano ghambura kwenelera pa nkhani ya vyakurya vya ku Africa, ndipo yikayowoyerathu kuti usange vyakurya ivi vingaleka kugwira ntchito, mbwenu mbwenu vyakurya ivi vizamumara mwaluŵiro. Mu 1998, dongo likati lakhalako nyengo yitali, likaŵa na vyakumera vyakukwana na vyakurya vyakukwana.
Kuukila kwa Chilembwe
Historical analysis
Chilembwe's aims have also come under scrutiny. According to Robert I. Rotberg, Chilembwe's speech of 23 January appeared to stress the importance and inevitability of martyrdom as a principal motivation. The same speech depicted the uprising as a manifestation of desperation but because of his desire to "strike a blow and die", he did not have any idea of what he would replace colonialism with if the revolt succeeded. Rotberg concludes that Chilembwe planned to seize power in the Shire Highlands or perhaps in all of Nyasaland. John McCracken attacks the idea that the revolt could be considered nationalist, arguing that Chilembwe's ideology was instead fundamentally utopian and created in opposition to localised abuses of the colonial system, particularly thangata. According to McCracken, the uprising failed because Chilembwe was over-reliant on a small Europeanised petite bourgeoisie and did not gain enough mass support. Rotberg's examination the Chilembwe revolt from a psychoanalytical perspective concludes that Chilembwe's personal situation, his psychosomatic asthma and financial debt may have been contributory factors in his decision to plot the rebellion.
Njara ya ku Nyasaland mu 1949
Views in 1949
Fundo yinyake iyo yikayowoyanga kuti ŵalimi ŵachokoŵacoko ŵa ku Africa ndiwo ŵali na mulandu wa kulima hona. Ŵanthu ŵakakuranga hona pachoko waka mu malo gha Shire Highlands, chifukwa chakuti khoti la Native Tobacco Board likakanizganga, ndipo likakwesananga na hona uyo wakakulika mu malo gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe. Kafukufuku wakulongora kuti ŵalimi awo ŵakaŵa na minda yinandi mu chigaŵa ichi ndiwo ŵakaleranga hona.
Kuukila kwa Chilembwe
References
<references group="" responsive="1">
Njara ya ku Nyasaland mu 1949
Views in 1949
Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu malo gha ŵanthu ŵekha, kanandi ŵakakuranga hona na vyakurya vinyake kuti ŵapeleke ndalama zakugulira nyumba. Malo ghanyake ghakurughakuru ghakasakaza dongo chifukwa cha kukhumba kusanga ndalama mwaluŵiro. Kafukufuku uyo boma likachita wakalongora kuti malo ghanandi ghakasakazika na kudelera makuni. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakaŵa na malo ghakurughakuru kuti ŵalyeske mbumba zawo na kulima vyakurya.
Underdevelopment theories
Nyasaland has been described as an Imperial Slum, or as a failed Colonial State by two leading proponents of the underdevelopment view of colonialism. The imposition of rents on tenants on private estates and underpayment for the produce of smallholders, together with taxes on both groups, certainly constituted a significant burden on African farmers. However, in the economic boom of the 1940s, these impositions were less significant than in earlier periods.
Both Vail and Mandala suggest that the Imperial government showed little interest in Nyasaland, a country without valuable resources but with heavy administration costs. These authors concentrate on the period before 1939, when government revenue was low, with much of it coming from taxes on Africans, and mostly absorbed in routine administration costs, leaving very little available for development. Both also concentrate on the inefficiency and perceived high cost of the protectorate's transport system.
However, Vail's argument that the cost of railway links impoverished the country, preventing the government from promoting efficient peasant agriculture is overstated for the latter part of the half-century he covers. The Nyasaland government only had to pay interest and repay capital on the loans for constructing the Trans-Zambezia Railway or Zambezi Bridge if its revenues exceeded target figures. During the period 1930 to 1947, it only paid interest in 1936 and repaid no capital at all. All the accrued liabilities passed to the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland in 1953.
Coping strategies
Mu 1949, ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito nthowa zinyake, nga ni kulima vyakurya ivyo vikutonda chilangalanga nga ni mphoza, maniyu, panji mbatata para vyakurya vyambininika. Ndipouli, boma likakanizga kulima mphoza na mphoza cifukwa ca ndondomeko ya vyakurya iyo yikaŵa na boma. Nangauli fundo izi zikaŵako pambere njara ya mu 1949 yindacitike, kweni zikaŵa kuti zindachepeskeko.
Vinthu ivi vikawovwira ŵanthu awo ŵakakhwaskika na njara ya mu 1949, comenecomene mu nyengo yakwambilira. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵakusuzgika chomene, nga mbalara panji ŵakupendera, ŵanakazi ŵambura kutora panji kutengwa, na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵalije wovwiri wa mbumba, ŵakatondekanga kuchita nthena.
Magulu ghambura kuvikilirika
Mu 1949, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Nyasaland ŵakasuzgikanga na njara yayi, panji ŵakaŵavya njara. Ŵanthu awo ŵakasuzgika comene cifukwa ca njara iyi ŵakaŵa ŵanthu awo ŵakababika mu nyengo iyo caru cikaŵa pasi pa boma. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵanalume awo ŵakachimbizgika mu nyumba zawo, vyokoro na ŵawoli awo ŵakaŵa na ŵana, awo ŵakatondekanga kulima malo ghakukwana, kweniso ŵanthu awo ŵakagwiranga nchito yayi.
Kuyana na umo Amartya Sen wakayowoyera, ŵanthu awo ŵakusoŵa pakukora ŵakasoŵa cakurya panji ŵakasoŵa cakurya cifukwa ca kusintha kwa vinthu. Mu 1949, ŵanthu ŵachoko waka mu charu cha Nyasaland, nga ni ŵasilikari, ŵapolisi, ŵantchito ŵanyake na ŵateŵeti ŵa pa nyumba, ŵakapokeranga chakurya pa mtengo uwemi. Ŵantchito awo ŵakagwiranga ntchito mu matawuni ghakurughakuru ŵakasanganga chakurya chakukwana, ndipo mabanja gha ŵantchito awo ŵakasamukiranga ku vyaru vinyake, kanandi ŵakapokeranga ndalama izo zikaŵavikiliranga.
Kuŵavya chakurya mu Malawi
Mu vyaka pafupifupi 30 kufuma apo kukaŵa njara mu 1949, mu caru ici mukaŵavya chilangalanga chikuru ndipo ŵalimi ŵakakwaniska kusama na kutorako malo ghacoko na kusazgirako comene vyakurya vya mbuto na vyakurya vinyake. Pakati pa 1950 na 1979, vyakurya ivyo vikapokeka pa chaka vikaluska ivyo ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito, kupaturako mu 1963, 1970, 1975 na 1976. Ndipouli, mu 1980, suzgo la vyakurya likakura comene mu caru ici, ndipo likapangiska kuti mu Malawi muŵe suzgo la vyakurya.
Nyengo yiheni iyo yikaŵako mu 1980, 1990, 1997 na 1998 yikapangiska kuti vyakurya vichepeko, kweni njara yikaleka. Mu 1997 na 1998, njara yikamara cifukwa cakuti boma likafumiska vyakurya ivyo likasunga na kugura vyakurya ku vyaru vinyake. Kweni mu 2001 na 2002, apo vuna yikaŵa yiheni yayi nga umo yikaŵira mu 1997 panji 1998, njara yikakura comene cifukwa ca kucepa kwa vyakurya ivyo vikaŵa mu malo agha kweniso cifukwa ca kucedwa kwa kunozga vyakurya.
Phiri
Phiri la volcano ni malo agho ghakupasuka mu dongo la cinthu ico cili na thupi la mapulaneti ghanandi, nga ni caru capasi.
Njara ya ku Nyasaland mu 1949
Kuŵavya chakurya mu Malawi
Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990 na 2000, mu Malawi mukaŵa njara yikuru ya vyakurya, ndipo masuzgo ghanandi agho ghakaŵapo ghakaŵa ghakuyana waka na agho ghakaŵako mu 1949. Vinthu ivi vikaŵa nga ni kulima hona na vyakurya vinyake vyambura chakurya, ŵanthu ŵa ku mizi awo ŵakaŵa ŵakavu kweniso ŵambura malo, awo ŵakagwiranga waka ntchito zinyake, kweniso boma likakanizganga kulima na kuguliska vyakurya vinyake. Mu vilimika vyasonosono apa, nga ni mu 1949, cifukwa cakuti mu caru mukaŵa vyakurya vinandi yayi kweniso vinthu vikizanga luŵiro yayi. Nanga ni fundo yakuti dongo likuleka kupambika makora mu 1949, kweniso kuti kuswa kwa dongo kukulutilira, yikaŵa yaunenesko mu 1992, apo kulima kwa mathipa kukafika mu mapiri na mu malo ghakukhora gha mu Dambo la Rift, uko kuswa kwa dongo kukaŵa kwakukhumbikwa..
Ukaboni
<references group="" responsive="1">
Phiri
Pa caru capasi, mapiri ghakuphulika kanandi waka para mapulatifomu gha mapulaneti ghakupambana, ndipo ghanandi ghakusangika pasi pa maji. Mwaciyelezgero, mu nyanja ya pakati pa nyanja, nga ni mu nyanja ya Atlantic Ridge, muli mapiri agho ghakuphulika cifukwa ca kuzgoka kwa mapulagi gha tectonic, apo mu Pacific Ring of Fire muli mapiri agho ghakuphulika cifukwa ca kuzgoka kwa mapulagi gha tectonic. Mapiri ghakuphulikaso para mapiri gha mu charu ghafutuka, nga umo viliri ku East Africa Rift, ku Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field, na ku Rio Grande rift ku North America. Vinthu ivyo vikuchitika para phiri la Volcano lafika kutali na mphaka vikulongora kuti vili kufuma ku viŵiya ivyo vikukwera kufuma ku mphaka ya mantle, pa mtunda wa makilomita 3,000. Ivi vikupangiska kuti ku Hawaii kuŵe mapiri ghakofya. Kanandi mapiri ghakuphulika yayi para mapulasitiki ghaŵiri ghaduka.
Para maji ghasunkhunyika chomene mu mlengalenga, kukuŵa chithukivu chikuru ndipo maji ghakututuka gha sulfuric acid ghakubisa zuŵa na kuzizimiska charu. Mu mbiri yakale, kuphulika kwa mapiri ghakuru kukalondezgana na nyengo ya chiwuvi iyo yikapangiska njara.
Paliso mapulaneti ghanyake agho ghali na mapiri ghakuphulika. Mwaciyelezgero, Mercurio wali na viswaswa vya pyroclastic ivyo vikupangika na vimalibwe ivyo vikuphulika.
Hohenberg an der Eger
Hohenberg an der Eger ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Höhr-Grenzhausen
Höhr-Grenzhausen ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Hohen Neuendorf
Hohen Neuendorf ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Hohnstein (Sächs. Schweiz)
Hohnstein (Sächs. Schweiz) ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Hohenstein-Ernstthal
Hohenstein-Ernstthal ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Haan
Haan ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Hagenow
Hagenow ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Hachenburg
Hachenburg ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Hagenbach
Hagenbach ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Haiger
Haiger ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Heiligenhaus
Heiligenhaus ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Hadamar
Hadamar ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Heilsbronn
Heilsbronn ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Heidenau (Saxony)
Heidenau (Saxony) ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Hagen
Hagen ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Heidenheim an der Brenz
Heidenheim an der Brenz ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Heimsheim
Heimsheim ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Hirschberg (Saale)
Hirschberg (Saale) ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Heiligenhafen
Heiligenhafen ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Hilchenbach
Hilchenbach ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Heusenstamm
Heusenstamm ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Hillesheim
Hillesheim ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Heilbronn
Heilbronn ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Hirschau
Hirschau ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Hilpoltstein
Hilpoltstein ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Hitzacker
Hitzacker ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Höchstadt an der Aisch
Höchstadt an der Aisch ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Hildesheim
Hildesheim ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Helmbrechts
Helmbrechts ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Hilden
Hilden ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Haiterbach
Haiterbach ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Halle (Saale)
Halle (Saale) ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Haldensleben
Haldensleben ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Hirschhorn (Neckar)
Hirschhorn (Neckar) ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Halberstadt
Halberstadt ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Haltern am See
Haltern am See ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Halle, North Rhine-Westphalia
Halle, North Rhine-Westphalia ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Hallstadt
Hallstadt ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Heilbad Heiligenstadt
Heilbad Heiligenstadt ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Heinsberg
Heinsberg ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Hainichen (Saxony)
Hainichen (Saxony) ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Gummersbach
Gummersbach ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Guben
Guben ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Grünhain-Beierfeld
Grünhain-Beierfeld ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Gommern
Gommern ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Höchstädt an der Donau
Höchstädt an der Donau ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Grünberg, Hesse
Grünberg, Hesse ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Grünsfeld
Grünsfeld ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Göppingen
Göppingen ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Hochheim am Main
Hochheim am Main ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Groß-Gerau
Groß-Gerau ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Großräschen
Großräschen ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Groß-Umstadt
Groß-Umstadt ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Grabow (Elde)
Grabow (Elde) ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Gudensberg
Gudensberg ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Ditzingen
Ditzingen ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Dissen am Teutoburger Wald
Dissen am Teutoburger Wald ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Dieburg
Dieburg ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Güglingen
Güglingen ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Großröhrsdorf
Großröhrsdorf ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Delmenhorst
Delmenhorst ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Goldkronach
Goldkronach ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Dessau-Roßlau
Dessau-Roßlau ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Gößnitz
Gößnitz ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Grünstadt
Grünstadt ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Dömitz
Dömitz ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Delitzsch
Delitzsch ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Dettelbach
Dettelbach ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Dülmen
Dülmen ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Dippoldiswalde
Dippoldiswalde ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Duisburg
Duisburg ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Drolshagen
Drolshagen ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Detmold
Detmold ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Drensteinfurt
Drensteinfurt ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Delbrück
Delbrück ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Gotha (town)
Gotha (town) ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Goldberg (Mecklenburg)
Goldberg (Mecklenburg) ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Gundelsheim, Baden-Württemberg
Gundelsheim, Baden-Württemberg ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Dohna
Dohna ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Dresden
Dresden ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Doberlug-Kirchhain
Doberlug-Kirchhain ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Döbern
Döbern ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Göttingen
Göttingen ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Donauwörth
Donauwörth ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Donaueschingen
Donaueschingen ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Dornburg-Camburg
Dornburg-Camburg ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Düren
Düren ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Donzdorf
Donzdorf ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Dommitzsch
Dommitzsch ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Hallenberg
Hallenberg ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Dorsten
Dorsten ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Dornhan
Dornhan ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Dachau, Bavaria
Dachau, Bavaria ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Dornstetten
Dornstetten ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Dahn
Dahn ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Diemelstadt
Diemelstadt ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Dannenberg (Elbe)
Dannenberg (Elbe) ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Darmstadt
Darmstadt ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Dahme/Mark
Dahme/Mark ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Dahlen (Saxony)
Dahlen (Saxony) ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Diepholz
Diepholz ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Dierdorf
Dierdorf ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Dassel
Dassel ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Dargun
Dargun ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Dorfen
Dorfen ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Dietenheim
Dietenheim ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Dormagen
Dormagen ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Daaden
Daaden ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Diez, Germany
Diez, Germany ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Dietfurt an der Altmühl
Dietfurt an der Altmühl ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Dillenburg
Dillenburg ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Dietzenbach
Dietzenbach ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Dillingen/Saar
Dillingen/Saar ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Dingolfing
Dingolfing ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.