cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Le Corbusier
The Cité Frugès
Mu 1926, Le Corbusier wakapokera mwaŵi uwo wakapenjanga. Munthu munyake wa ku Bordeaux, zina lake Henry Frugès, uyo wakatemwanga chomene maghanoghano ghake ghakukhwaskana na mapulani gha mizi, wakamutuma kuti wakazenge nyumba za ŵantchito, zina lake Cité Frugès, ku Pessac, mu tawuni ya Bordeaux. Le Corbusier wakalongosora kuti Pessac wakaŵa "nga ni buku la Balzac". Mu chigaŵa cha Fruges ndimo wakazengera nyumba zakukhalamo. Nga umo vikaŵira na nyumba izo zikaŵa pa chiphikiro cha 1925, nyumba yiliyose yikaŵa na luŵaza. Nyumba zacibali izo wakazenga zikaŵa na viliŵa vyakuwaro vyatuŵa, kweni kwa Pessac, pa pempho la ŵamalonda ŵake, wakasazgirapo mtundu; vyakuvwara vyafipa, vyaciŵinda na vyaciŵinda, vyakulongozgeka na Le Corbusier. Pakwamba ŵakaghanaghananga kuti mu nyumba iyi muŵenge nyumba pafupifupi 200, kweni paumaliro mu nyumba izi mukaŵa pafupifupi 50 m'paka 70. Pessac ndiyo wakaŵa chakuwonerapo cha mapulojekiti gha Cité Radieuse agho wakacita pamanyuma.
Kupanga CIAM (1928) na Athens Charter
Mu 1928, Le Corbusier wakacita cinthu cinyake cikuru comene pakukhozga nyumba za mazuŵa ghano. Le Corbusier wakakumana na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakumanyikwa ŵa ku Germany na Austria awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti vinthu viŵe makora pa nyengo iyo ŵakachitiranga phangano la League of Nations mu 1927. Mu chaka chenechicho, German Werkbund yikanozga chiphikiro cha vyakuzengeka vya mu nyumba ya Weissenhof Estate ku Stuttgart. Ŵanthu 17 awo ŵakamanyikwanga chomene pa nkhani ya kuzenga nyumba ku Europe ŵakacemeka kuti ŵazenge nyumba 21. Mu 1927, Le Corbusier, Pierre Chareau, na ŵanyake ŵakapeleka fundo yakuti paŵe ungano wa mitundu yose. Ungano wakwamba wa International Congresses of Modern Architects (CIAM) uwo ukachitikira pa Nyanja ya Leman ku Switzerland pa Juni 26-28, 1928. Ŵanthu awo ŵakiza pa ungano uwu ŵakaŵa Le Corbusier, Robert Mallet-Stevens, Auguste Perret, Pierre Chareau, na Tony Garnier ŵakufuma ku France; Victor Bourgeois wakufuma ku Belgium; Walter Gropius, Erich Mendelsohn, Ernst May, na Mies van der Rohe ŵakufuma ku Germany; Josef Frank wakufuma ku Austria; Mart Stam na Gerrit Rietveld ŵakufuma ku Netherlands, na Adolf Loos wakufuma ku Czechoslovakia. Ŵakapempha ŵantchito ŵa Soviet kuti ŵize ku ungano uwu, kweni ŵakatondeka kusanga visa. Pamanyuma, mu gulu ili mukaŵa Josep Lluís Sert wa ku Spain na Alvar Aalto wa ku Finland. Pakaŵavya munthu uyo wakafuma ku United States. Mu 1930, Victor Bourgeois wakanozga ungano waciŵiri ku Brussels, pa mutu wakuti "Ndondomeko za kuzenga nyumba". Ungano wacitatu, wa mutu wakuti "Mzinda Wakukhorweska", ukeneranga kucitikira ku Moscow mu 1932, kweni ukakanika pa nyengo yaumaliro. M'malo mwake, ŵimiliri aŵa ŵakakumananga pa sitima iyo yikendanga pakati pa Marseille na Athens. Pa boti ili, wose ŵakalemba buku ilo likulongosora umo mizi yikwendera mazuŵa ghano. Buku ili likachemeka The Athens Charter, ndipo pamanyuma pakuti Le Corbusier na ŵanyake ŵalisintha, likafumiskika mu 1943 ndipo likaŵa buku lakovwira chomene awo ŵakanozganga vinthu vya mu misumba mu ma 1950 na 1960. Gulu ili likakumanaso ku Paris mu 1937 kuti likadumbiskane vya nyumba za ŵanthu wose. Chiharo cha CIAM chikaŵa kaghanaghaniro na chisambizgo icho chikawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye umo ŵakuzengera nyumba mazuŵa ghano mu Europe na United States..
Ntchito za ku Moscow (1928-1934)
Le Corbusier wakawonanga kuti wupu uphya uwo ukaŵako mu Soviet Union pamanyuma pa Nkhondo Yakwamba ya ku Russia ndiwo ungamovwira kuti waŵe na maghanoghano ghakukhwaskana na vyakuzenga. Wakakumana na Konstantin Melnikov, uyo wakaŵa mulembi wa vinthu vya ku Russia, pa chiphikiro cha ku Paris mu 1925. Pakumucema Melnikov, wakaluta ku Moscow, uko wakasanga kuti mabuku ghake ghakalembeka mu Cirasha; wakapharazganga na kufumba mafumbo ndipo pakati pa 1928 na 1932 wakazenga ofesi ya Tsentrosoyuz, likuru la mawupu gha Soviet.
Mu 1932, wakacemeka kuti wazakacite nawo mpikisano wa caru cose wa kuzengako Nyumba ya Ufumu ya ku Moscow, iyo yikeneranga kuzengeka pa malo agho pakaŵa tchalitchi la Khristu Muponoski, ilo likabwangandulika na Stalin. Le Corbusier wakalemba pulani yakupambanapambana, iyo yikaŵa na nyumba zakupambanapambana zakupambanapambana. Mubali Le Corbusier wakakwenyelera comene apo Stalin wakakana ivyo wakakhumbanga, ndipo wakakhumbanga kuzenga cipinda cikuru ca ku Europe ico pakaŵa cikozgo ca Vladimir Lenin. Nyumba iyi yikazengeka yayi, kweni Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose yikati yamara, ŵakazengapo chiziŵa, ndipo yikati yabwanganduka, tchalitchi ili likazengekaso pa malo ghake.
Ville Contemporaine, Plan Voisin na Cité Radieuse (1922–1939)
Apo suzgo likuru la vyachuma likaŵa mukati mu Europe, Le Corbusier wakapatura nyengo yinandi kuti waghanaghanirepo pa umo vinthu viŵirenge mu misumba. Iyo wakagomezganga kuti nyumba izo wakazenga zizamovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵakhalenge makora. Mu 1922, wakalongosora umo msumba wa Paris wa ŵanthu mamiliyoni ghatatu ukaŵira. Mu pulani yake mukaŵa nyumba zikuruzikuru za maofesi izo zikazingilizgika na nyumba zakukhalapo. Iyo wakati: "Kupenda vinthu kukupangiska kuti vinthu viŵe vyakupambana chomene na umo viliri sono, ndipo munthu wangakwaniska yayi kuviwona". Nyumba ya Ville Contemporaine, iyo yikulongora msumba wa mu maghanoghano, yikatondeka kukopa ŵanthu nga umo Le Corbusier wakakhumbiranga. Pa ivyo wakalemba mu 1925 (Plan Voisin), wakachita vinthu mwakutalulira chomene. Wakakhumbanga kuti chigaŵa chikuru cha Paris chipasuke na kuŵikamo maofesi gha makuni 60 ghakuzingilizgika na mapaki. Fundo iyi yikaŵa yakukhozga comene ku awo ŵakawoneleranga. Mu mapulani agha mukaŵa malo ghakusungirako mabasi na matayala gha matayala gha sitima. Le Corbusier wakaghanaghananga kuti ndege zikhilirenge pakati pa nyumba zikuruzikuru izi. Wakapatura nthowa izo ŵanthu ŵakendangamo na misewu. Pakati pa nyumba za maofesi pakaŵa nyumba zakudikanya. Le Corbusier wakalemba kuti: "Mzinda wa Paris, uwo pasono uli pangozi ya kufwa, uli nga ni migodi ya dayamondi... Kulekelera msumba wa Paris kuti uŵe waka wekha, mbukaboni wakuti munthu waleka kuwukira ŵalwani".
Nga ni umo Le Corbusier wakaghanaghaniranga, palije uyo wakacitapo kanthu mwaluŵiro kuti wafiske fundo ya Plan Voisin, kweni wakalutilira kughanaghanirapo pa fundo iyi na kusanga ŵalondezgi. Mu 1929, wakaluta ku Brazil uko wakapharazganga vya umo wakazengera nyumba. Wakawerako na vithuzithuzi vya umo Rio de Janeiro wakeneranga kuŵira. Wakalemba vithuzithuzi vya nyumba zakudikanya izo zikaŵa nga ni njoka.
Mu 1931, wakapangaso pulani ya msumba unyake wa Algiers, uwo ukaŵa ku France. Nga umo vikaŵira na Rio Janeiro, pulani iyi yikayowoyerathu kuti ŵazenge msewu ukuru wa konkire uwo uzamwendamo nyumba. Ndondomeko iyi yikaŵa yakupambana na ya Plan Voisin, chifukwa yikaŵa kuti yikukhumba kuti msumba wakale wa Algiers uparanyike yayi. Ndondomeko iyi, nga umo yikaŵira mu Paris, yikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵadumbiskane, kweni yikafiskika yayi.
Mu 1935, Le Corbusier wakaluta kakwamba ku United States. Ŵapharazgi ŵa ku America ŵakati ŵamufumba umo wakawoneranga nyumba zakudikanya za mu msumba wa New York, wakazgora kuti "ni zicoko comene". Wakalemba buku ilo likulongosora ivyo vikamucitikira ku United States, lakuti Quand Les cathédrales étaient blanches, Voyage au pays des timides (Apo matchalitchi ghakaŵa ghatuŵa; ulendo wa ku caru ca ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa na wofi).
Wakalemba vinandi, kweni wakazenga vichoko waka m'ma 1930. Mazina gha mabuku ghake ghakulongora kuti uthenga wake ukaŵa wakuzirwa comene. Kasi muli na vilwero? Yayi, nawonga. (1938) na The lyricism of modern times and urbanism (1939).
Mu 1928, Louis Loucheur, nduna ya vya ncito ya ku France, wakathereska dango la ku France lakukhwaskana na nyumba za ŵanthu wose, ilo likayowoya kuti mu vilimika vinkhondi ŵazenge nyumba 260,000. Nyengo yeneyiyo, Le Corbusier wakamba kupanga nyumba yiphya yakuzengeka mwakuyana waka, iyo wakayichema kuti Maison Loucheur. Maofesi agha ghakaŵa gha mamita 45, ndipo ghakaŵanga na mafuremu gha visulo, ndipo ghakaŵa ghakupangika kuti ghapangikenge na kutumizgika ku malo agha. Mu buku linyake ilo wakalemba mu 1935, Le Corbusier wakalemba kuti nyumba za nyumba zinandi zikwenera kuŵa zakuyana waka. The Radiant City yikaŵa yakuyana waka na Contemporary City na Plan Voisin, kweni malo ghakukhala ghakapelekekanga ku ŵanthu kuyana na unandi wa mbumba, m'malo mwa kuyana na ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakasanganga na malo agho ŵakakhalanga. Mu buku lake la mu 1935, wakalongosora maghanoghano ghake ghakukhwaskana na msumba uphya, uwo milimo yikuru yikeneranga kuŵa yakugaŵikana mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana. Ndipouli, pambere ŵandambe kuzenga, Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose yikamba.
Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose na Kuzengaso; Unité d'Habitation mu Marseille (1939-1952)
Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo ya Caru Cose na nyengo iyo caru ca France cikapokelerekanga na ŵa German, Le Corbusier wakacita vyose ivyo wangafiska kuti wakhozge mulimo wake. Wakasamira ku Vichy kwa nyengo yicoko waka, uko kukaŵa boma la Marshal Philippe Petain, ndipo wakapeleka mauteŵeti ghake pa milimo ya kuzenga, kusazgapo ndondomeko yake ya kuzenga Algiers, kweni ŵakakana. Wakalutilira kulemba, ndipo wakalemba buku lakuti Sur les Quatres routes mu 1941. Mu 1942, Le Corbusier wakafumako ku Vichy na kuluta ku Paris. Wakakhalapo nyengo yicoko waka nga ni mulaŵiliri wa vya sayansi pa bungwe la Alexis Carrel, ndipo wakaleka mulimo uwu pa Epulero 20, 1944. Mu 1943, wakambiska wupu wa Ascoral, uwo ukaŵa wa ŵanthu awo ŵakuzenga vinthu vya mazuŵa ghano.
Apo nkhondo yikamalira, Le Corbusier wakaŵa na vilimika pafupifupi 60, ndipo wakaŵa kuti wandacitepo mulimo uliwose mu vilimika 10. Wakayezgayezga kuti wawovwirepo pa milimo yinyake yikuru ya kuzenga, kweni ŵakakana. Ndipouli, wakalutilira, ndipo paumaliro Le Corbusier wakasanga munyawo mubali Raoul Dautry, nduna yiphya ya vya kuzenga. Dautry wakazomera kupeleka ndalama zakwendeskera ntchito yake yinyake, yakuchemeka "Unité habitation de grandeur conforme".
Uwu ukaŵa mulimo wake wakwamba ku ŵanthu wose ndipo ukaŵa wakovwira chomene kwa Le Corbusier. Wakathya nyumba iyi zina lakuti Cité Radieuse, ilo likalongosoreka pambere nkhondo yindambe. Wakalondezga fundo izo wakasambira pambere nkhondo yindambe. Nga ni Villa Savoye, nyumba iyi yikazengeka pa vigongwe vya konkire, kweni chifukwa cha kusoŵerwa kwa visulo, vigongwe ivi vikaŵa vikuru chomene. Mu nyumba iyi mukaŵa nyumba zakukwana 337 ndipo ŵanthu 1,600 ŵakakhalanga mwenemumo. Chigaŵa chilichose chikaŵa na vipinda viŵiri, ndipo chilichose chikaŵa na vipinda viŵiri. Nyumba izi zikaŵa zakupambana, ndipo nyumba yiliyose yikaŵa na luŵaza. Ŵakaŵika pamoza nga ni vigaŵa vya chiphapha cha ku China, ndipo pakaŵa nthowa iyo yikaŵa pakati pa nyumba ziŵiri izi. Ŵalendo ŵakasankhanga nyumba zakupambanapambana 23. Le Corbusier wakapangiska vinthu vya mu nyumba, matapi na nyali kuti viŵe vyakwenelera. Mu nyumba iyi mukaŵa waka vyakuvwara vyakutowa ivyo vikaŵa pa mtenje.
Nyumba iyi yikaŵa yakukhalamo waka yayi, kweni yikaŵa na vinthu vyose vyakukhumbikwa pakukhala. Pa chipinda chilichose chachitatu, pakati pa nyumba izi pakaŵa nthowa yikuru, iyo yikaŵa nga ni msewu wa mukati. Malo agha ghakaŵa na mashopu, malo ghakulyerako, sukulu ya ŵana na malo ghakusanguluskira. Pa mtenje uwu pakaŵa malo ghakusoperapo na malo gha maseŵero. Nyumba iyi yikazingilizgika na makuni kweniso paki.
Pamanyuma, Le Corbusier wakalemba kuti fundo ya Unité d'Habitation yikafuma pa ulendo uwo wakacita ku Florence Charterhouse ku Galluzzo, Italy, mu 1907 na 1910. Iyo wakalemba kuti wakakhumbanga kupanga malo ghawemi "ghakughanaghanirapo". Wakayowoyaso kuti wakasambira ku nyumba ya ŵachiuta kuti "kurondezga malango ghakupambanapambana kukupangiska munthu kuŵa wakufikapo", kweniso kuti "munthu wakulimbikira umoyo wake wose kuti nyumba yake yiŵe tempele la mbumba".
Mulimo wa Le Corbusier ukasinthika comene cifukwa ca nyumba iyi. Mu 1952, wakapika zina lakuti Commander of the Legion d'Honneur. Wakafuma pa kuŵa munthu wakucimbira na kususka vinthu vya ku malo ghakupangirako vyakuzengeka, ndipo wakazgoka munthu wakuzirwa comene wa ku France.
Mapulojekiti gha Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose, ofesi yikuru ya United Nations (1947-1952)
Kukwambilira kwa 1947, Le Corbusier wakapeleka pulani ya ofesi yikuru ya wupu wa United Nations, iyo yikeneranga kuzengeka mumphepete mwa East River ku New York. M'malo mwa kuphalizgana, pulani iyi yikeneranga kusankhika na gulu la ŵanthu ŵakuwona vya mapulani ilo likaŵa na ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa pa caru cose, kusazgapo Le Corbusier, Oscar Niemeyer wa ku Brazil, Howard Robertson wa ku Britain, Nikolai Bassov wa ku Soviet Union, na ŵanyake ŵankhondi ŵakufuma mu vyaru vinyake. Komiti iyi yikalongozgekanga na Wallace K. Harrison, uyo nayo wakaŵa musono wa nyumba ya Rockefeller, uyo wakapeleka malo agha.
Le Corbusier wakapeleka pulani yake ya Secretariat, iyo yikacemekanga Plan 23 pa mapulani 58 agho wakapeleka. Mu maofesi gha Le Corbusier, vipinda vya ŵalara na Nyumba ya Ungano vikaŵa mu nyumba yimoza pakati pa malo agha. Wakayezgayezga chomene kuti mulimo wake wende makora, ndipo wakapempha Mubali Niemeyer, uyo wakaŵa muwukirano, kuti wamovwire. Niemeyer, kuti wawovwire Le Corbusier, wakakana kupeleka pulani yake ndipo wakaluta yayi ku maungano m'paka apo Harrison, uyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa gulu ili, wakakhumbanga. Niemeyer wakapeleka pulani yake ya 32, iyo yikaŵa na ofesi, maofesi, na Nyumba ya Maungano. Pamanyuma pa kudumbiskana, komiti iyi yikasankha pulani ya Niemeyer, kweni yikamuphalira kuti wagwirenge lumoza nchito na Le Corbusier. Le Corbusier wakaciska Niemeyer kuti waŵike Nyumba ya Ungano ya Wupu Wakulongozga pakatikati pa malo agha, nangauli ici cikapangiska kuti Niemeyer waleke kuŵa na malo ghakuru. Niemeyer wakazomerezga fundo ya Le Corbusier, ndipo likuru lake likazengeka mwakuyana na pulani yawo.
Nyumba za cisopa (1950-1963)
Le Corbusier wakaŵa wambura kugomezga Ciuta, kweni wakagomezganga comene kuti vyakuzengeka vikovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵaŵe ŵatuŵa. Mu vyaka vya pamanyuma pa nkhondo, wakapangaso nyumba ziŵiri zakuzirwa za cisopa; chapel of Notre-Dame-du-Haut ku Ronchamp (1950-1955), na Convent of Sainte Marie de La Tourette (1953-1960). Pamanyuma, Le Corbusier wakalemba kuti dada munyake wa ku Dominican, zina lake Père Couturier, ndiyo wakamovwira chomene pakuzenga nyumba za cisopa.
Mulimo unyake ukuru wa cisopa uwo Le Corbusier wakacita ukaŵa wa kuzenga nyumba ya Sainte Marie de La Tourette ku L'Arbresle mu cigaŵa ca Rhône (1953-1960). Pa nyengo iyi, dada Couturier ndiyo wakapempha Le Corbusier kuti wagwire nchito iyi. Wakamuchema Le Corbusier kuti wakawone nyumba ya Le Thoronet Abbey iyo yikazengeka mu vyaka vya m'ma 1200 na 13 C.E. ku Provence, ndipo wakalongosora ivyo vikachitika apo wakaŵa muwukirano. Mu nyumba iyi mukaŵa chalichi, layibulare, cipinda cakulyeramo, vipinda vyakusoperamo, na malo ghakukhala ŵasembe. Pa malo ghakukhalamo, wakagwiliskiranga ntchito fundo yakuyana waka ya Modulor kuti wapime malo ghawemi ghakukhalamo agho wakagwiliskira ntchito mu nyumba ya Unité d'Habitation ku Marseille.
Le Corbusier wakagwiliskira nchito simiti kuti wazenge nyumba iyi. Malo ghakukhalapo ghakaŵa ghatatu, ndipo ghakaŵa gha U. Nyumba iyi yili na mtenje wakudikanya ndipo yili pa ntchindamiro za konkire. Cinyumba cilicose ico ŵakakhalanga cikaŵa na malo ghacoko agho ghakaŵa na cikhuni cakuvikilira zuŵa. Mu nyumba iyi mukaŵa kabokosi ako wakacemanga kuti "Bokosi la Minthondwe". Mwakupambana na visakasa vya nyumba ya Unité d'Habitation, visakasa vya chapel vili na simenti yambura kumalizgika. Wakalongosora vya nyumba iyi mu kalata iyo wakalembera Albert Camus mu 1957: "Nkhuwona kuti ni "bokosi la minthondwe". Ili na maucenjezi ghacilendo yayi, kweni lili na nkhongono yakucitira minthondwe". Mu cipinda ici muli vinthu viwemi comene. Mu cipinda ici mukaŵa mabenchi agho ghakaŵa mu bokosi la konkire, ndipo ungweru ukafumanga pa mtenje. Mu cipinda ici mukaŵa maluŵa gha buluu, ghaswesi, na ghaswesi. Mu nyumba iyi muli vinthu vinyake vyambura kuluwika nga ni vithuzithuzi vyakupakika mu vipinda vyakusoperamo, mawindo agho ghakupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵawonenge makora vinthu, kweniso mabomba gha konkire na gha visulo agho ghakaŵawovwiranga kuti ŵawonenge makora zuŵa. Vinthu ivi ŵakavichemanga kuti "viŵiya vyakwimbira" vya mu malo ghakusungiramo vinthu vyauzimu na "viŵiya vyakugolera".
Mu 1960, Le Corbusier wakamba kuzenga tchalitchi lachitatu la chisopa, la Church of Saint Pierre mu tawuni yiphya ya Firminy-Vert, umo wakazengera Unité d'Habitation na malo ghakusoperapo na maseŵero. Nangauli ndiyo wakapangiska pulani iyi, kweni mulimo wa kuzenga ukayamba pati pajumpha vyaka vinkhondi kufuma apo wakafwira. Cinthu cakuzizwiska comene ca tchalitchi ili ni cigongwe ca konkire ico cili mukati mwenemumo. Mawindo agho ghali pachanya chomene pa chigongwe agha ghakungweluska mukati. Pakwamba, Le Corbusier wakayowoya kuti mawindo ghacoko waka ghakwenera kuŵa nga ni nyenyezi. Pamanyuma, ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakapangiska tchalitchi ili kuti liwonenge nyenyezi ya Orion.
Chandigarh (1951–1956)
Mulimo ukuru comene uwo Le Corbusier wakacita ukaŵa wa kuzenga msumba wa Chandigarh, msumba ukuru wa Punjab na Haryana, uwo ukazengeka pamanyuma pakuti India wapokera wanangwa mu 1947. Le Corbusier wakadumbiskana na nduna yikuru ya ku India, Jawaharlal Nehru, mu 1950, ndipo wakamupempha kuti waŵaphalire ivyo wakakhumbanga. Mu 1947, Albert Mayer, uyo wakaŵa muyimbi wa vyakuzenga wa ku America, wakapanga pulani ya msumba wa ŵanthu 150,000, kweni boma la India likakhumbanga msumba ukuru comene. Corbusier wakagwiranga lumoza nchito iyi na ŵanthu ŵaŵiri ŵa ku Britain, Maxwell Fry na Jane Drew, kweniso na mubali wake Pierre Jeanneret, uyo wakasamira ku India na kulaŵilira mulimo uwu mpaka apo wakafwira.
Le Corbusier, nga umo wakacitiranga nyengo zose, wakalongosoranga mwakukondwa comene za mulimo wake. Iyo wakalemba kuti: "Uzamuŵa msumba wa makuni, maluŵa, maji, nyumba zipusu nga ni izo zikaŵako mu nyengo ya Homerus, na nyumba zakutowa comene za mazuŵa ghano izo zizamuŵa na malango gha masamu". Iyo wakakhumbanga kuti kuŵe malo ghakukhalamo, gha malonda, na gha mafakitale, kweniso malo ghakutowa na ghakwendapo. Pakati pake pakaŵa nyumba zikuruzikuru zinayi za boma. Nyumba iyi yikaŵa Nyumba ya Wupu Wakulongozga, Khoti Likuru la Malango, Nyumba ya Mlembi wa Boma, na Nyumba ya Kazembe. Cifukwa ca ndalama na ndyali, Nyumba ya Kazembe yikaleka kuzengeka, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti mulimo uwu uleke kwenda makora. Kufuma waka pakwamba, Le Corbusier wakagwiranga nchito, nga ni munthu uyo wakapangika kugwira nchito. Iyo wakakanaso fundo izo ŵanthu ŵa ku America ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ni zautesi, ndipo wakati misewu njakuzura na malo ghakugwilira magalimoto. Iyo wakakhumbanga kulongosora ivyo wakasambira mu vyaka 40 ivyo wakasambiranga vya mizi, kweniso kuti walongore boma la France mwaŵi uwo likasoŵa pakukana kumusankha kuti wazengeso misumba ya ku France. Wakagwiliskira nchito vinthu vinandi ivyo wakatemwanga: malo ghakuzengako nyumba, agho ghakaŵa na vinthu vya pa malo agha, ungweru wa dazi, na mfwiri. Wakagwiliskiranga nchito Modulor kuti munthu waliyose waŵe na kawonekero kawemi. Wakaŵika cikozgo cikuru ca woko lakujulika pa malo ghakuzirwa.
Khoti Likuru Chomene likamara kuzengeka mu 1956. Nyumba iyi yikaŵa yakutowa comene, yikaŵa nga ni mphingilizgo iyo yili na chibenekelero. Pa viliŵa ivi pakaŵa makhonde ghatali agho ghakaŵa ghakukwana mamita 1.5. Pa mulyango wa tempile pakaŵa malo ghakuru chomene na mizati iyo yikawovwiranga kuti mphepo yende makora. Pakwamba, mizati iyi yikaŵa ya malibwe ghatuŵa, kweni mu ma 1960 ŵakayipaka mitundu yakutowa kuti yikhozge nyengo.
Nyumba yikuru comene iyo mukaŵa maofesi gha boma, yikazengeka pakati pa 1952 na 1958. Malo agha ghakaŵa ghakuru comene, ghakaŵa na mamita 250 mu utali na vigaŵa vinkhondi na vitatu mu msinkhu. Malo agha ghakaŵa ghakutowa chomene. Pakuti pa nyengo iyo ŵakazengeranga nyumba iyi pakaŵavya magudumu gha mazuŵa ghano, nthowa yimoza pera iyo ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito yikaŵa yakujumphilira. Mu ofesi iyi mukaŵa vinthu viŵiri ivyo wakavipangira nyumba ya Unité d'Habitation ku Marseille.
Nyumba yakuzirwa comene mu msumba wa Capitol yikaŵa Nyumba ya Maungano (1952-61), iyo yikaŵa kunthazi kwa nyumba ya Khoti Likuru. Nyumba iyi yili na luŵaza lutali, ndipo pachanya pake pali holo yikuru ya ungano. Pa mtenje wa kumanyuma kwa nyumba iyi pakaŵa nyumba yikuru ya Le Corbusier, iyo yikaŵa nga ni chitoliro cha sitima ya pa nyanja panji nyumba ya vyakumera. Le Corbusier wakasazgirako mtundu na vyakuvwara vinyake mu holo ya maungano. Pakuyowoya za nyumba iyi, iyo wakalemba kuti: "Nyumba iyi yikaŵa yiwemi comene cifukwa cakuti yikazengeka na vinthu viphya. Ntchakuzizwiska na chakofya.
Umoyo na ntchito (1955-1965)
Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1950 na 1960, Le Corbusier wakasangana na masuzgo ghanandi pa umoyo wake. Muwoli wake Yvonne wakafwa mu 1957, ndipo anyina, awo ŵakaŵa paubwezi wakukhora, ŵakafwa mu 1960. Wakalutilira kucita milimo yakupambanapambana; mu 1955 wakafumiska buku la Poéme de l'angle droit, ilo likaŵa na vithuzithuzi vyakupambanapambana. Mu 1958, wakakolerana na wakwimba Edgar Varèse pa mulimo wakucemeka Le Poème électronique, chiwonetsero cha mazgu na ungweru, ku Philips Pavilion pa International Exposition ku Brussels. Mu 1960, wakafumiska buku liphya lakuti L'Atelier de la recherche patiente (The workshop of patient research). Wakamanyikwa comene cifukwa ca mulimo wake wa kuzenga nyumba za mazuŵa ghano. Mu 1959, ŵanthu ŵakamba kulimbikira kuti nyumba yake ya Villa Savoye, iyo yikaŵa pafupi kubwangandulika, yiŵe malo ghakukumbukirako vinthu vyakale. Mu 1962, mu chaka chenechicho apo Nyumba ya Maungano mu Chandigarh yikajulika, chiwonetsero chakwamba cha ntchito yake chikachitikira ku National Museum of Modern Art mu Paris. Mu 1964, mu upharazgi uwo ukacitikira mu nyumba yake ya ku Rue de Sèvres, André Malraux, nduna ya vya cikaya, yikamupa mphumphu ya Grand Cross of the Legion d'honneur.
Le Corbusier wakafwa na nthenda ya mtima apo wakaŵa na vilimika 77 mu 1965 wati wasambira mu nyanja ya French Riviera. Pa nyengo iyo wakafwira, pakaŵa mapulojekiti ghanandi: tchalitchi la Saint-Pierre mu Firminy, ilo likamara kuzengeka mu 2006; Nyumba ya Maungano gha Boma mu Strasbourg (1962-65) na chipatala mu Venice (1961-65), kweni ŵakazenga yayi. Le Corbusier wakapangiska nyumba ya vyakuvwara mumphepete mwa nyanja ku Zürich kwa mwenecho wa nyumba iyi Heidi Weber mu 1962 na 1967. Sono yikucemeka Le Corbusier Centre, ndipo ni yimoza mwa milimo yake yaumaliro.
Malo ghakukhalapo
Wupu wa Fondation Le Corbusier (FLC) ndiwo uli na mazaza pa nyumba iyo wakazenga. Wimiliri wa fundo za ku America za Fondation Le Corbusier ni Artists Rights Society.
Vinthu Vinkhondi Ivyo Vingawovwira Kuti Nyumba Zizengeke Makora
Le Corbusier wakalongosora fundo za nyumba zake ziphya mu buku lake la Les cinq points de l'architecture moderne, ilo likalembeka mu 1927. Mu mabuku agha, wakalongosora ivyo wakasambira mu vyaka vyakumasinda, ndipo wakaviŵika mu nyumba zake za ku Savoye (1928-1931).
Fundo zinkhondi izi ni izi:
"Architectural Promenade"
Fundo yinyake iyo Le Corbusier wakatemwanga chomene ni "Malo Ghakutolekera ku Nyumba za Mafumu". Mu 1928, mu buku lake la Une Maison, un Palais, wakalongosora kuti: "Vinthu vya ku Arabia vikutisambizga fundo yakuzirwa comene. Para mukwenda, para mukwenda kufuma ku malo ghanyake kuya ku ghanyake, ndipo mukuwona umo vyakuzengeka vikukulira. Mu nyumba iyi (Villa Savoye) muli malo ghakutowa comene, agho ghakusintha nyengo zose, ndipo nyengo zinyake ghakukondweska". Le Corbusier wakalemba kuti mu nyumba iyi mukaŵa malo ghakupambanapambana, ndipo kanandi ghakaŵa pa mtenje.
Ville Radieuse na Urbanism
Le Corbusier wakagomezganga kuti ŵanthu ŵa vya ndyali ŵa ku France ndiwo ŵangalongozga pa kunozga vinthu. Nga ni umo Norma Evenson wakayowoyera, "ŵanyake ŵakawonanga kuti msumba uwu uzamuŵa nga ni charu chiphya, ndipo ŵanyake ŵakawonanga kuti ni malo ghambura kuzengeka makora".
Le Corbusier wakati: "Vinthu ivyo wakalemba vikupambana na ivyo wakalemba vya mapulani gha matawuni kweniso vya vyakuzenga".
Mu buku lake la La Ville radiueuse, wakalongosora za wupu wa ŵanthu wambura ndyali, uwo boma likuwuskamo maburoko.
Le Corbusier wakaŵa na maghanoghano gha ŵanthu ŵa ku France ŵa mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, awo ŵakamanyanga vinthu vyambura kunozgeka. Pali kuyana kukuru pakati pa fundo ya unité na ya Fourier. Kufumira kwa Fourier, Le Corbusier wakasankha fundo yakuti boma liŵe lakulongozga m'malo mwa ndyali.
Modulor
Modulor wakaŵa ciyerezgero ca munthu ico Le Corbusier wakapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵakhalenge mu nyumba zake. Kweniso ndiyo wakachitanga vinthu mwakupambanapambana pakati pa metric system na British panji American system cifukwa Modulor wakendanga nayo yayi.
Le Corbusier wakagwiliskiranga ntchito chiŵerengero cha golide mu nthowa yake ya Modulor kuti walongosore chiŵerengero cha vyakuzenga. Iyo wakawonanga kuti nthowa iyi yikukolerana na umo Vitruvius, Leonardo da Vinci, Leon Battista Alberti, na ŵanyake ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito kuti vinthu viwonekenge makora. Padera pa fundo ya chiŵerengero cha golide, Le Corbusier wakambiska fundo iyi pa nkhani ya kupima kwa ŵanthu, manambara gha Fibonacci, na manambara ghaŵiri. Ŵasayansi ŵanandi ŵakuwona kuti Modulor ni mazgu ghakuyowoya vya ŵanthu, kweni ŵanyake ŵakuti: Ni mathematisation ya thupi, standardization ya thupi, rationalization ya thupi".
Iyo wakatora fundo ya Leonardo yakuti munthu waŵe na chiŵerengero cha golide mu thupi lake, ndipo wakagaŵa chiŵerengero cha thupi la munthu mu msana na vigaŵa viŵiri mu chiŵerengero cha golide.
Le Corbusier wakaŵika vinthu vyakukolerana na kuyana mu fundo zake, ndipo wakagomezganga kuti vinthu vya mu mlengalenga vikukolerana. Vinthu ivi ndivyo vikupangiska munthu kuchita vinthu vinyake. Vinthu ivi vikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye umo vinthu viliri pa caru capasi.
Kujura woko
Mulimo wa Le Corbusier wa kuzenga ukaŵa wakuzirwa comene. Munthu wakupeleka na kupokera". Cinthu cikuru comene pa vikozgo vinandi ivyo Le Corbusier wakapanga ni ico cili na msinkhu wa mamita 26 mu msumba wa Chandigarh, ku India, ndipo cikucemeka Open Hand Monument.
Mipando
Le Corbusier wakaŵa wakususka comene pa vinthu vyakupangika mwakupambanapambana, vyakuzengeka na mawoko, vyakupangika na makuni ghacilendo, na vyakuvwara, ivyo vikapelekeka pa 1925 Exposition of Decorative Arts. Pakulondezga nthowa yake, Le Corbusier wakalemba buku ilo likulongosora umo vinthu vya mu nyumba vikupangikira. Mu buku lake la L'Art Décoratif d'aujourd'hui, ilo wakalemba mu 1925, wakalemba kuti pakwenera kuŵa vinthu vyakudura ivyo vingapangika na ŵanthu ŵanandi. Le Corbusier wakalongosora mitundu yitatu ya vyakuvwara: vyakukhumbikwa, vyakuvwara vya mtundu unyake, na vinthu vya viŵaro vya munthu. Wakalongosora kuti viŵaro vya munthu ni: "Vinthu ivyo vikusazgikira ku viŵaro vithu ndipo vikukolerana na milimo ya munthu. Munthu uyo wali na chiŵaro ni muteŵeti wakugomezgeka. Muteŵeti muwemi wakuŵa wamahara na wakujiyuyura kuti waleke kufiska ivyo fumu yake yikukhumba. Nadi, vyakucita vya maluso ni vinthu vyakuzirwa comene. Lutilirani kukondwa na vinthu viwemi ivyo mukusankha makora". Wakayowoyaso kuti: "Vipinda ni vyakuzengeka, sofa ni za ŵanthu ŵacaru." Pakwamba, Le Corbusier wakagwiliskiranga ntchito vinthu vyakunozgeka kufuma ku Thonet pakunozga vinthu vyake, nga ni nyumba yake ya pa chiphikiro cha vyamalonda cha 1925. Mu 1928, wakati wapharazga fundo zake, wakamba kuyezga kupanga vinthu vya mu nyumba. Mu 1928, wakacema Charlotte Perriand kuti wazakateŵetere nayo pa studio yake. Mubali wake Pierre Jeanneret, nayo wakalembapo vinthu vinandi. Pakupanga vinthu vyake, wakalaŵiska ku kampani ya Gebrüder Thonet ya ku Germany, iyo yikamba kupanga mipando ya viŵiya vyakuŵa nga ni matayipi mu m'ma 1920. Le Corbusier wakakondwa comene na ivyo Marcel Breuer na Bauhaus ŵakacita, awo mu 1925 ŵakamba kupanga mipando yiwemi comene. Mu 1927, Mubali Mies van der Rohe wakamba kupanga vikozgo vyakulungika na mpando wa thete.
Vinthu vyakwamba ivyo vikachitika chifukwa cha kukolerana pakati pa Le Corbusier na Perriand vikaŵa vitundu vitatu vya mipando iyo yikapangika na vithuzithuzi vyakututuŵa vyakupakika na chrome: LC4, Chaise Longue, (1927~28), iyo yikaŵa na vyakuvwara vya chikumba cha ng'ombe, icho chikapangiska kuti yiŵe yakuzizwiska. Vipinda ivi vikapangika kuti viwovwire pa milimo yake yiŵiri, Maison la Roche ku Paris na nyumba ya Barbara na Henry Church. Vyose vitatu vikaŵa na nkharo ya Mies van der Rohe na Marcel Breuer. Mu 1929, Le Corbusier wakapangaso vinthu vinyake vyakunozga nyumba. Nangauli Le Corbusier wakakhumbanga kuti mipando yake yiŵe yakudura yayi kweniso kuti yingapangika na ŵanthu ŵanandi, kweni pakwamba yikakhalanga ndarama zinandi chomene ndipo yikapangika yayi m'paka pati pajumpha vyaka vinandi.
Vyakususkana
Ŵanthu ŵakususkana pa nkhani ya umo Le Corbusier wakawoneranga vinthu. Mu ma 1920, wakawovwira kukhazikiska magazini gha Plans, Prélude na L'Homme Réel. Kweniso wakalembanga nkhani za kutinkha Ŵayuda izo zikalembekeranga mu manyuzipepara agha. Pakati pa 1925 na 1928, Le Corbusier wakaŵa paubwezi na Le Faisceau, chipani cha French fascist icho chikadangiliranga na Georges Valois. (Valois wakazgoka munthu wakususka visopa.) Le Corbusier wakamanyanga munthu munyake uyo wakaŵa mu gulu la Faisceau, zina lake Hubert Lagardelle. Mu 1934, Lagardelle wakati wasanga nchito ku ofesi ya ku France ku Rome, wakanozga vyakuti Le Corbusier wasambizge vya ku Italy. Pamasinda, Lagardelle wakaŵa nduna ya vya ntchito mu boma la Vichy. Nangauli Le Corbusier wakapempha boma la Vichy kuti limupenge ntchito yinyake, kweni wakatondeka. Wakaŵa mu komiti iyo yikasambiranga vya mizi. Alexis Carrel, uyo wakaŵa dokotala, wakasora Le Corbusier kuti waŵe mu Dipatimenti Yakusambira vya Umoyo wa Ŵanthu ya Foundation for the Study of Human Problems.
Le Corbusier ŵakamupa mulandu wa kususka Ŵayuda. Iyo wakalembera kalata anyina mu Okutobala 1940, pambere boma la Vichy lindanozge vyakuti ŵanthu ŵafumemo mu vyaru vinyake. Nyengo zinyake nkhuŵa na chitima. Kweni vikuwoneka kuti cifukwa ca kukhumba ndalama, caru cavunda". Kweniso ŵakamupa mulandu wa kuyuyura Ŵasilamu ŵa ku Algeria. Apo Le Corbusier wakapeleka pulani yakuzengaso msumba wa Algiers, wakakanizga nyumba izo ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakakhalanga, wakati ni zakupambana na za ŵanthu ŵa ku Algeria. Ndondomeko yake yakuzengaso msumba wa Algiers yikakanika, ndipo pamanyuma pake Le Corbusier wakajipatura ku ndyali.
Kuzuzulika
Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakazengeka mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, ŵakalumbikanga chomene nga ni Le Corbusier. Mu upharazgi wake wakulumba Le Corbusier pa ungano wakukumbukira munthu uyu mu luŵaza lwa Louvre pa Seputembala 1, 1965, André Malraux, nduna ya vya cikaya ya France, yikati: "Le Corbusier wakaŵa na ŵalwani ŵanandi, kweni palije nanga njumoza wa iwo uyo wakaŵa wakuzirwa comene mu kuzgoka kwa vyakuzengeka, cifukwa palije uyo wakazizipizga nthombozgo mwakuzikira ndiposo kwa nyengo yitali".
Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, ŵanthu ŵakamba kususka maghanoghano gha Le Corbusier pa nkhani ya mapulani gha mizi. Mu 1998, mulembi wa mbiri ya vyakuzenga Witold Rybczynski wakalemba mu magazini ya Time kuti:"Wakacicema kuti Ville Radieuse, msumba wakuŵala. Nangauli wakaŵa na mutu wa sumu, kweni kawonero kake ka vinthu mu tawuni kakaŵa kakusuzga, kakusuzga ndipo kakaŵa kakupepuka. Kulikose uko Le Corbusier wakayezga kuchita nthena ku Chandigarh panji ku Brasilia, ŵalondezgi ŵake ŵakatondeka. Kuŵa na malango ghakupambanapambana kukaŵa kwaukazuzi ndiposo kukaŵa kwachitima. Malo agha ghakaŵa ghaheni comene, ndipo ndondomeko iyo ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito yikaŵa yakupweteka comene. Ku United States, tawuni ya Radiant City yikaŵa na mapulani ghakuru gha kunozga tawuni na nyumba za ŵanthu wose. Mazuŵa ghano, nyumba zikuruzikuru izi zikubwangandulika, ndipo nyumba zinandi zikuzengeka mu misewu. Ŵanthu ŵa mu tawuni iyi ŵawona kuti cinthu cakuzirwa comene kuti vinthu viŵayendere makora nkhukolerana, kuleka kupatukana. Kweniso mu tawuni iyi muli malo ghanandi ghakukhala ŵanthu, ghakale na ghaphya wuwo. Msumba uli kusambira kuti ntchiwemi kusungilira mdauko kuluska kwambiraso waka. Ili likaŵa sambiro lakuzirwa comene, ndipo ni sambiro ilo Le Corbusier wakakhumbanga yayi, kweni nalo ndakuzirwa comene'."Munthu munyake wakumanya mdauko wa tekinoloje na kusanda vya vyakuzenga, zina lake Lewis Mumford, wakalemba mu buku lake lakuti Yesterday's City of Tomorrow kuti nyumba zikuruzikuru za Le Corbusier zikaŵavya chifukwa chakuŵirapo. Mumford wakalemba kuti malo ghakupatulika agho ghakaŵa pakati pa nyumba yake ghakaŵavya cifukwa cakuŵirako, cifukwa wakawonanga kuti pa zuŵa la bizinesi pakaŵavya cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵendenge mu ofesi. Le Corbusier wakapangiska kuti vinthu viŵe makora mu msumba uwu.
Ntchito ya kuzenga nyumba za ŵanthu wose iyo yikakhwaskika na maghanoghano ghake yikadumulika cifukwa ca kupatura ŵanthu ŵakavu mu nyumba zakudikanya na kuswa mikhaliro ya ŵanthu. Yumoza wa ŵanthu awo ŵakamususkanga ni Jane Jacobs, uyo wakasuska chomene fundo za Le Corbusier pa nkhani ya kuzenga vinthu mu misumba mu buku lake lakuti The Death and Life of Great American Cities.
Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakasuskanga umo Le Corbusier wakawoneranga vinthu vya mu tawuni. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakalemba mazgu gha Le Corbusier apo wakalemba kuti "ni ŵanthu wose yayi awo ŵangaŵa ŵalongozgi. Ŵantchito awo ŵakaŵa na nkharo yiwemi, ŵamalonda, ŵasambazi, mainjiniya, na ŵanthu ŵa maluso ŵakeneranga kukhala mu msumba, apo ŵantchito ŵakeneranga kukhala mu mizi".
Kunhnyeka
Le Corbusier wakapangiska kusintha kwa vinthu mu misumba, ndipo wakaŵa yumoza wa awo ŵakambiska bungwe la Congrès International d'Architecture Moderne (CIAM). Le Corbusier wakaŵa yumoza wa ŵanthu ŵakwambilira kumanya umo galimoto zingasinthira umoyo wa ŵanthu. Iyo wakaghanaghana vya msumba wa munthazi uwo uzamuŵa na nyumba zikuruzikuru izo zizamuŵa nga ni mapaki. Ŵanthu awo ŵakazenganga nyumba za ŵanthu wose ku Europe na ku United States ŵakakolerana na mapulani gha Le Corbusier. Ku Britain, ŵanthu awo ŵakunozga vinthu vya mu tawuni ŵakagwiliskira ntchito buku la Le Corbusier lakuti "Cities in the Sky" kuti ŵazenge nyumba za ŵanthu wose. Le Corbusier wakasuskanga mulimo uliwose wakutozga nyumba. Vinthu vikuruvikuru ivyo vikuzengeka mu matawuni, kweni ni vigaŵa vya msumba yayi, vikususkika cifukwa cakuti vikuŵa vyakukwenyerezga na vyambura kukondweska ŵanthu.
Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakagwiranga nchito na Le Corbusier mu studio yake ŵakamanyikwa comene, kusazgapo Nadir Afonso, uyo wakagwiliskira nchito maghanoghano gha Le Corbusier. Ndondomeko ya msumba wa Brasília iyo Lúcio Costa wakanozga na msumba wa Zlín uwo František Lydie Gahura wakanozga ku Czech Republic, yikukolerana na fundo zake. Maghanoghano gha Le Corbusier ghakawovwira chomene pakunozga misumba na kuzenga mu Soviet Union.
Le Corbusier wakakolerana na fundo yakuti mlengalenga ni malo agho ŵanthu ŵakuluta. Iyo wakawoneseska kuti galimoto njakugomezgeka pakupeleka vinthu mu misumba. Visambizgo vyake vikaŵa vyakovwira ku ŵanthu awo ŵakagwiranga ntchito ya kuzenga nyumba mu misumba ya ku America pamanyuma pa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose chifukwa vikawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye makora ivyo ŵakakhumbanga kuchita kuti malo gha mu matawuni ghaŵe ghakutowa chomene. Misewu yikuruyikuru yikasazga mizi yiphya iyi na mizi iyo yikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵachoko, yakudura, na yakovwira chomene.
Mu ndondomeko iyi mukaŵavya kukolerana pakati pa vikaya vya mu matawuni agho ghakaŵa na ŵanthu ŵakufuma mu vigaŵa vyapakati na ŵantchito, kweniso malo agho Le Corbusier wakakhumbanga: vigaŵa vya mumphepete mwa tawuni na vikaya, na malo gha malonda. Nga ni umo ŵakacitira, misewu yikuruyikuru yikendanga mu malo gha ŵanthu ŵakavu, nga ni nyumba za Cabrini Green ku Chicago. Cifukwa cakuti mapulojekiti agha ghakaŵavya malo ghakufumira pa msewu ndipo ghakaŵa kutali na msewu, ghakaŵa ghakupambana comene na milimo na maofesi agho ghakaŵa ku malo agho Le Corbusier wakendangamo.
Apo ntchito zikasamukiranga ku mizi yapafupi na tawuni, ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵavya nthowa zakwendamo mu mizi yawo panji nthowa za ŵanthu ŵanandi zakwendamo. Kuumaliro wa nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose, malo ghakusungirako ŵanthu ŵakusuzgikira ntchito ghakasanga kuti ŵanthu ŵakusoŵerwa chomene mwakuti ŵakamba kupeleka ndalama zakwendeskera basi kufuma ku tawuni yinyake kuya ku yinyake kuti ziŵawovwire kusanga ntchito za ŵantchito na za ŵanthu ŵa mu gulu lapakati.
Wupu wa Corbusier
Fondation Le Corbusier ni wupu wa ŵanthu ŵekha awo ŵakuwona milimo ya Le Corbusier. Likuŵa na nyumba ya vyakusungiramo vinthu vyakale yakuchemeka Maison La Roche, iyo yili mu chigaŵa cha 16 ku 8 ̊10, square du Dr Blanche, Paris, France.
Wupu uwu ukaŵako mu 1968. Pasono ni nyumba ya La Roche na Maison Jeanneret (iyo ni likuru la wupu uwu), kweniso nyumba iyo Le Corbusier wakakhalanga kufuma mu 1933 m'paka 1965 pa rue Nungesser et Coli mu Paris 16e, na "Nyumba Yichoko" iyo wakazengera ŵapapi ŵake ku Corseaux mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Lac Leman (1924).
Nyumba ya La Roche na Maison Jeanneret (1923~24), iyo yikumanyikwaso na zina lakuti nyumba ya La Roche-Jeanneret, ni nyumba ziŵiri izo Le Corbusier wakazenga ku Paris. Vipinda ivi vili mu ngodya yakwenelera, ndipo vili na visalu, simiti, na visalu vyambura kanthu. Pasono nyumba ya La Roche yili na vyakujambulira vyakujumpha 8,000 vya Le Corbusier (wakateŵeteranga lumoza na Pierre Jeanneret kufuma mu 1922 m'paka mu 1940), kweniso vithuzithuzi vyake vyakujumpha 450, vyakujambulira vya enamel pafupifupi 30, na vinyake vyakujumpha 200, kweniso mabuku ghanandi. Likulongosora kuti lili na vithuzithuzi vinandi chomene vya Le Corbusier.
Malo Ghakumanyikwa na Ŵanthu Ŵanandi
Mu 2016, nyumba 17 za Le Corbusier izo zili mu vyaru 7 zikapika zina lakuti UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
Malo ghakukumbukirako
Cithuzithuzi ca Le Corbusier cikaŵa pa ndalama za ku Switzerland zakukwana ma francs 10, ndipo wakavwara magalasi.
Mazina gha malo agha ghakumanyikwa na zina lake:
Ukaboni
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Basit Ahmed Bhat
Basit Ahmed Bhat (wakababika pa 17 February 1998) ni mulembi wa mpira wa ku India uyo wakuseŵera mu timu ya Real Kashmir FC mu I-Leagu e.
Chiyowoyelo cha ChiShona
Chiyowoyelo cha ChiShona (chiShona) ni chiyowoyero cha Bantu cha ŵanthu ŵa Shona ku Zimbabwe. Lizgu ili likugwiliskirika ntchito pakulongosora mitundu yose ya Shonic (yakusazgapo Zezuru, Manyika, Korekore na Karanga) panji Standard Shona, mtundu uwo ukalembeka pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1900. Para tingati chiyowoyero ichi chikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 14,000,000.
Gulu likuru la viyowoyero ivyo vikukolerana na mbiri ya ŵanthu (ivyo ŵanthu ŵakusanda viyowoyero ŵakuvichema kuti Shona panji Shonic) likusazgapo Ndau (Eastern Shona) na Kalanga (Western Shona). Mu chigaŵa cha Guthrie cha viyowoyero vya Bantu, chigaŵa cha S.10 chikung'anamura gulu la viyowoyero vya Shonic.
Viyowoyero ivyo vikukolerana na ChiShona
ChiShona chikukolerana na Ndau, Karanga ndipo wakukolerana na Tonga, Chewa, Tumbuka, Tsonga na Venda.
Malango
ChiShona ni chiyowoyero icho ŵanthu ŵakulemba na kulemba makora. Mu ma 1920, boma la Rhodesia likakumana na suzgo la kunozga mabuku gha masukulu na vinthu vinyake mu viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana. Mazuŵa ghano, ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero ichi mu mabuku gha viyowoyero viŵiri.
Buku lakwamba mu Cishona, la Solomon Mutswairo la Feso, likafuma mu 1957. Kufuma apo, mabuku ghanandi gha nkhani zicoko na mabuku gha sumu gha mu Cishona ghafuma. Ŵanthu ŵakusambira ciyowoyero ca Cishona mu masukulu, kweni para ŵamara waka kilasi lakwamba, ŵakusambira viyowoyero vinyake padera pa ciyowoyero ca Cishona.
Mitundu
Kafukufuku waumaliro wakulongosora mitundu na vigaŵa vya chiyowoyero cha ku Central Shona wakachitika na Clement Doke mu 1930, ntheura vigaŵa vinandi vya chiyowoyero ichi vikugwira ntchito yayi ndipo tikwenera kuŵa maso.
Mwakuyana na ivyo Ethnologue wakayowoya:
Viyowoyero ivyo vikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Shona, ni S15 Ndau, icho chikuyowoyeka ku Mozambique na Zimbabwe, na S13 Manyika, icho chikuyowoyeka kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Zimbabwe, kufupi na Mutare. Ŵasambizgi ŵa sukulu za pulayimale ŵakamba kusambizga ŵanthu ŵa ku Ndau.
Maho (2009) wakuwona kuti viyowoyero vya Korekore, Zezuru, Manyika, Karanga, na Ndau ni viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana mu gulu la viyowoyero vya Shona, ndipo Kalanga ndiyo yikupambana chomene.
Malembo gha vilembo
Malembo ghose gha mu Chishona ghakumalira pa vowel. Vilembo vyakulondezgana vikuŵa mu syllable yakulondezgapo. Mwaciyelezgero, lizgu lakuti mangwanani ("mulenji") likulembeka kuti ma.ngwa.na.ni; "Zimbabwe" ni zi.mba.bwe. Chiyowoyero cha Chishona chikulembeka mwakuyana na mazgu agho ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya. ChiShona chili na mazgu ghaŵiri, ghapachanya na ghapasi, kweni mazgu agha ghakusangika yayi mu kalembero ka ŵanthu.
Ma vawelo
Vilembo vinkhondi vya Shona vikuyowoyeka nga umo vikuyowoyekera mu Cisipanishi: Para munthu wakuyowoya lizgu limoza, wakuyowoya lizgu linyake. Mwaciyelezgero, Unoenda kupi? ("Kasi mukuluta nkhu?") likuzunulika [u.no.e.nda.ku.pi].
Kuyowoya mwalukhwelu
ChiShona na viyowoyero vinyake vya kumwera na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa vikusazgapo kupulika kulira kwa mbata. Mu ChiShona, mazgu agho ghakuchemeka sibilant ni "sv" na "zv" kweniso "tsv" na "dzv". Mu 2006, ŵanthu ŵa ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi na ŵapharazgi ŵakamba kudandawura chomene chifukwa cha mafumbo ghakukhwaskana na umo munthu wangayowoyera zina la Morgan Tsvangirai, mulongozgi wa gulu la Movement for Democratic Change. Wupu wa BBC ukayowoya kuti "chang-girr-ayi".
Old alphabet
In 1955, these were replaced by letters or digraphs from the basic Latin alphabet. For example, today sv is used for ȿ and zv is used for ɀ.
Grammar
Noun classes (mupanda)
Shona nouns are grouped by noun class (mupanda) based on:
Mndandanda wa misumba na matauni ghachoko ghamu Germany
Uwu ni mndandanda wa misumba yakukwana 2,055 yamu Germany (ngati mpha 1 Malichi 2022). There is no
Mindandanda ya misumba mu maboma gha Germany:
Ficksburg, Free State
Ficksburg, Free State ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Thabo Mofutsanyana District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Free State, charu cha South Africa.
Matwabeng, Free State
Matwabeng, Free State ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Thabo Mofutsanyana District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Free State, charu cha South Africa.
Hlohlolwane, Free State
Hlohlolwane, Free State ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Thabo Mofutsanyana District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Free State, charu cha South Africa.
Meqheleng, Free State
Meqheleng, Free State ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Thabo Mofutsanyana District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Free State, charu cha South Africa.
Marquard, Free State
Marquard, Free State ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Thabo Mofutsanyana District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Free State, charu cha South Africa.
Clocolan, Free State
Clocolan, Free State ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Thabo Mofutsanyana District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Free State, charu cha South Africa.
Senekal, Free State
Senekal, Free State ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Thabo Mofutsanyana District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Free State, charu cha South Africa.
Clarens, Free State
Clarens, Free State ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Thabo Mofutsanyana District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Free State, charu cha South Africa.
Aach, Baden-Württemberg
Aach, Baden-Württemberg ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Bohlokong, Free State
Bohlokong, Free State ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Thabo Mofutsanyana District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Free State, charu cha South Africa.
Confucius
Confucius wakajiwonanga kuti ni munthu uyo wakachitanga vinthu ivyo vikaŵa mu nyengo yakale, kweni wakati ŵanthu ŵakavileka. Visambizgo vyake vya vinjeru vya ŵanthu, ivyo vikumanyikwa kuti Confucianism, vikayowoyanga chomene za nkharo yiwemi ya munthu na ya boma, umo ŵanthu ŵakwenera kucitira vinthu, urunji, lusungu, na kugomezgeka. Ŵalondezgi ŵake ŵakasuskananga na masukulu ghanyake ghanandi mu nyengo ya Masukulu Ghakukwana 100 gha Maghanoghano. Ufumu wa Qin ukati wabwangandulika, ndipo ufumu wa Han ukati watonda boma la Chu, fundo za Confucius zikazomerezgeka na boma liphya. Mu nyengo ya muwuso wa ŵa Tang na Song, chisopa cha Confucian chikamba kuwoneka ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi. Chisopa cha Confucius chikaŵa chigaŵa cha ŵanthu ŵa ku China.
Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakuti Confucius ndiyo wakalemba panji kung'anamura mabuku ghanandi gha ku China, kusazgapo mabuku gha Classics ghankhondi. Vinyake ivyo wakasambizganga vikaŵa vyakale chomene. Mu buku la Analects mukalembeka mazgu ghakukhwaskana na visambizgo vyake, kweni ghakalembeka pati pajumpha vyaka vinandi kufuma apo wakafwira.
Fundo za Confucius zikuyana na za ŵanthu ŵa ku China. Cifukwa ca kutemwa comene Ciuta, wakaciska kuti mbumba yiŵe yakugomezgeka, ŵana ŵawo ŵacindikenge ŵapapi ŵawo, ndipo ŵawoli ŵawo ŵacindikenge ŵacekuru. Iyo wakazomera fundo yakuti: "Lekani kuchitira ŵanyinu ivyo mungatemwa yayi kuti ŵamuchitirani".
Zina
Zina lakuti "Confucius" lili kufuma ku lizgu la Chilatini lakuti Kǒng Fūzǐ (孔夫子, "Master Kong"), ndipo likaŵako m'ma 1500. Zina la mbumba ya Confucius likaŵa Kong Zina lake lakwamba likaŵa Qiu. Zina lake lakuti Zhongni, ilo likwenera kuti ndilo ŵanthu wose ŵakamumanyanga, likaŵa lakuti Zhongni, "Zhòng" wakulongora kuti wakaŵa mwana wachiŵiri mu mbumba yake.
Umoyo wakwamba
Ŵanthu ŵakugomezga kuti Confucius wakababika pa Seputembala 28, 551 B.C.E., mu msumba wa Zou. Chigaŵa ichi chikaŵa pasi pa mazaza gha mathemba gha ku Zhou, kweni chikaŵa pasi pa mazaza gha ŵalongozgi ŵa ku Lu, awo ŵakalamuliranga kufuma ku msumba wa Qufu. Dada wake Kong He (panji Shuliang He) wakaŵa mulara wa ŵasilikari ŵa ku Lu. Mbumba yake yikamba kufuma ku fuko la Song m'paka ku fuko la Shang ilo likaŵako pambere fuko la Zhou lindaŵeko. Nkhani za umoyo wa Confucius zikulongora kuti sekuru wa Kong He wakasamuska mbumba yake kufuma ku Song kuya ku Lu. Ŵasambiri wose ŵa mazuŵa ghano ŵakugomezga yayi kuti Confucius wakafuma mu mbumba ya Song.