cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Sukulu ya Bishop Mackenzie Yavyaru
Vipinda
Mu layibulare iyi muli mabuku ghakujumpha 22,000, ndipo muli vigaŵa vitatu vya ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵa sekondare na pulayimale. Nyumba ya maungano iyo yili na pulatifomu, yikugwiraso nchito nga ni holo ya maseŵero ya badminton, volleyball na gymnastics.
Pa sukulu iyi pali nesi uyo wakugwira ntchito nyengo zose. Pa chipatala ichi pali mabedi ghatatu agho munthu wangagwiliskira nchito para wakulindilira mupapi kuti watore mwana wake uyo wakulwara. Para pakukhumbikwa, munung'una wangapeleka munkhwala ku ŵana. Ŵasambizgi na ŵantchito ŵa pa sukulu iyi ŵakusambizgika wovwiri wakwamba pa ofesi ya munthavi. Kweniso ofesi iyi yikapeleka munkhwala wakovwira kuti munthu waleke kusuzgika maghanoghano.
Vinthu Vya Munthazi
Sukulu iyi yili na mawindo gha fiber-optic na mawindo gha waya wambura waya agho ghakovwira makompyuta ghakujumpha 200. Kweniso sukulu iyi yikupeleka ma iPads ghakujumpha 100 kuti ŵana ŵasambirenge mu kilasi. Mu 2014, ŵakaŵika makamera gha CCTV mu misewu na vipata vyakuzingilizga sukulu.
Kuzenga viphya
Sonosono apa, sukulu iyi yamara kuzenga holo yiphya na vipinda vyakusinthira.
Magazini gha ku sukulu
Chikumbutso, Tikambe na Mawa ni mabuku gha sukulu. Ŵana ŵa sukulu na awo ŵakugwira ntchito mu sukulu iyi ndiwo ŵakulemba nkhani izo zili mu magazini ghatatu agha.
Ukaboni
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Seretse, Free State
Seretse, Free State ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Lejweleputswa District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Free State, charu cha South Africa.
Malebogo, Free State
Malebogo, Free State ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Lejweleputswa District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Free State, charu cha South Africa.
Hoopstad, Free State
Hoopstad, Free State ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Lejweleputswa District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Free State, charu cha South Africa.
Mulimi
Mulimi ni munthu uyo wakupanda mbewu zakupambana pambana na chakulinga chakulya panji kuguliska, panji vyose.
Rørvik
Rørvik ni msumba mu boma la Trøndelag mu charu cha Norway mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Wonaniso
Purezidenti
Purezidenti ni mlongozgi wa charu, muyendeski wa charu uyo wakuimikika kwizila mwakuvota.
Bultfontein, Free State
Bultfontein, Free State ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Lejweleputswa District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Free State, charu cha South Africa.
Stjørdalshalsen
Stjørdalshalsen ni msumba mu boma la Trøndelag mu charu cha Norway mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Tikwana, Free State
Tikwana, Free State ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Lejweleputswa District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Free State, charu cha South Africa.
Patriotic Front
Patriotic Front ntchipani cha boma mu charu cha Zambia.
Mndandanda wa ŵasamunda ŵa Nyasaland
Mndandanda wa Mafumu gha Malawi (Nyasaland).
Bizinesi
Bizinesi ni mtundu wa malonda uwo munthu ukuchita na chakulinga chakusanga ndalama.
Phahameng, Tswelopele
Phahameng, Tswelopele ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Lejweleputswa District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Free State, charu cha South Africa.
Mndandanda wa ŵasamunda ŵa Nyasaland
(Mazuŵa agho ghalembeka mu vilembo vyakudumura ghakulongora kuti mulimo uwu ulutilirenge.) For continuation after independence, see: List of heads of state of Malawi
Ukaboni
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Bronville, Free State
Bronville, Free State ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Lejweleputswa District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Free State, charu cha South Africa.
Wesselsbron, Free State
Wesselsbron, Free State ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Lejweleputswa District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Free State, charu cha South Africa.
Thabong, Free State
Thabong, Free State ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Lejweleputswa District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Free State, charu cha South Africa.
Phomolong, Free State
Phomolong, Free State ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Lejweleputswa District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Free State, charu cha South Africa.
Hennenman, Free State
Hennenman, Free State ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Lejweleputswa District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Free State, charu cha South Africa.
Hani Park, Free State
Hani Park, Free State ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Lejweleputswa District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Free State, charu cha South Africa.
Kutloanong, Free State
Kutloanong, Free State ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Lejweleputswa District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Free State, charu cha South Africa.
Mmamahabane, Free State
Mmamahabane, Free State ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Lejweleputswa District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Free State, charu cha South Africa.
Chiŵanja cha Mzuzu
Chiŵanja cha Mzuzu ni chiŵanja cha ndege icho chikugwira ntchito ku Mzuzu, msumba ukuru wa Chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa Malaŵi.
Vipinda
Malo agha ghali pa mtunda wa mamita 1,254. Lili na nthowa yimoza yakuchemeka 17/35 iyo yili na malo gha bitumu ghakukwana mamita 1,308 pa 19 (4,291 ft × 62 ft).
Tswelangpele, Free State
Tswelangpele, Free State ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Lejweleputswa District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Free State, charu cha South Africa.
Phathakahle, Free State
Phathakahle, Free State ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Lejweleputswa District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Free State, charu cha South Africa.
Ventersburg, Free State
Ventersburg, Free State ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Lejweleputswa District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Free State, charu cha South Africa.
Bothaville, Free State
Bothaville, Free State ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Lejweleputswa District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Free State, charu cha South Africa.
Whites, Free State
Whites, Free State ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Lejweleputswa District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Free State, charu cha South Africa.
Welkom, Free State
Welkom, Free State ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Lejweleputswa District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Free State, charu cha South Africa.
Meloding, Free State
Meloding, Free State ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Lejweleputswa District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Free State, charu cha South Africa.
Vigaŵa vya Burundi
Charu cha Burundi chili na vigaŵa 18, ndipo chigaŵa chilichose chili na zina la msumba wake ukuru.
Vigaŵa na vikaya vya Burundi vikapangika pa Khisimasi mu 1959 mwakuyana na dango la ku Belgium. Ŵakaŵa ŵalongozgi ŵa mitundu yinyake.
Mu 2000, cigaŵa ca Bujumbura cikagaŵika mu vigaŵa viŵiri, Bujumbura Rural na Bujumbura Mairie. Chigaŵa chiphya chomene, Rumonge, chikapangika pa 26 March 2015 kufuma ku vigaŵa vya Bujumbura Rural na Bururi.
Mu Julayi 2022, boma la Burundi likapharazga kuti lizamunozga vyaru vyose. Ndondomeko iyi yikukhumba kuti vigaŵa vichepeko kufuma pa 18 kufika pa 5, ndipo maboma gha vigaŵa vichepeko kufuma pa 119 kufika pa 42. Kuti kusintha uku kwambe kugwira ntchito, pakukhumbikwira kuti wupu wa National Assembly na wa Senate uzomerezge.
Ukaboni
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Chiŵanja chikulu cha Kamuzu
Kamuzu International Airport, malo gha ndege gha Lilongwe International Airport, ni malo gha ndege gha Lilongwe, msumba ukuru wa Malawi.
Mbili
Malo agha ghakazengeka mu 1977 na kampani ya Nello L. Kampani ya Teer Company, yikutora ntchito zinandi za ndege kufuma ku Old Lilongwe Airport (FWLE) makilomita 6 kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa msumba. Kampani iyi ni Airport Developments Limited. Pakwamba, wakachemekanga FWLI.
Mu ma 1990, Lilongwe yikaŵa na ndege zakuya ku Europe. Wupu wa British Airways na KLM ukakhumbanga kwendera lumoza ku London na Amsterdam.
Vipinda
Malo agha ghali pa mtunda wa mamita 1,230 pachanya pa nyanja. Lili na nthowa yimoza yakuchemeka 14/32 na malo gha asphalt agho ghali na mamita 3,540 pa 45 (11,614 ft × 148 ft).
Virginia, Free State
Virginia, Free State ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Lejweleputswa District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Free State, charu cha South Africa.
Chiŵanja chikulu cha Kamuzu
Ukaboni
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Chigaŵa cha Lusaka
Chigaŵa cha Lusaka nchimoza mwa vigaŵa 10 vya Zambia. Msumba wake ukuru ni Lusaka. Ni chigaŵa chichoko chomene mu Zambia, chili na malo ghakukwana 21,896 km2. Lusaka ni chigaŵa cha Zambia icho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene, ndipo chili na ŵanthu 2,191,225 kweniso ŵanthu 100 pa km2 mu 2010. Ili ndilo ni chigaŵa icho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene mu misumba, ŵadokotala ŵanandi, na matenda gha maleriya ghachoko chomene. Chigaŵa ichi chili na mphaka na Zimbabwe na Mozambique, ndipo chili kupatukana na Lower Zambezi National Park.
Malo ghakusungirako vyamoyo gha Lower Zambezi National Park, chigaŵa cha Lunsemfwa River valley, Luangwa Valley ku mpoto-kumafumiro gha dazi na Kafue Flats kumwera-kumanjiliro gha dazi ni malo ghakusungirako vyamoyo gha Lusaka. Ku Lusaka, chiphikiro cha Nkhombalyanga chikukondwelereka mu Boma la Chongwe na fuko la Soli mu mwezi wa Julayi, chiphikiro cha Dantho chikukondwelereka mu Boma la Luangwa na fuko la Chikunda mu mwezi wa Seputembala ndipo chiphikiro cha Chakwela Makumbi chikukondwelereka mu Boma la Chongwe na fuko la Soli mu mwezi wa Seputembala.
Riebeeckstad
Riebeeckstad ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Lejweleputswa District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Free State, charu cha South Africa.
Balkfontein, Free State
Balkfontein, Free State ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Lejweleputswa District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Free State, charu cha South Africa.
Yunivesite ya Mzuzu
Yunivesite ya Mzuzu njimoza mwa yunivesite zikuruzikuru za ku Malawi. Yunivesite iyi yili ku Mzuzu, kumpoto kwa Malawi. Ikasangika mu 1997 ndipo ikapokelera ŵasambiri ŵakwamba mu 1999. Pa nyengo iyo yunivesite iyi yikajuliranga milyango yake, mulongozgi wake wakaŵa Bakili Muluzi, uyo wakaŵa pulezidenti wakale wa Malawi. Mulongozgi munyake wakaŵa Pulofesa Terrence Davis. Pulofesa Peter Mwanza, uyo pamasinda wakanjira mu ndyali na kuŵa nduna, wakawovwira chomene pakwambiska yunivesite iyi. Wakaŵa Mulara wa Wupu wa Yunivesite, ndipo pamasinda wakazgoka Mulara wa Yunivesite.
Masukulu na Maofesi
Yunivesite iyi yili na masukulu na madipatimenti:
Faculty of Humanities and Social Science
Undergraduate Programmes
Faculty of Education
• Bachelor of Education (Languages)
• Bachelor of Education (Arts)
• Bachelor of Education (Science)
• Bachelor of Education (Information Communication Technology)
Faculty of Humanities and Health Sciences
• Bachelor of Arts Communication Studies
• Bachelor of Arts (Theology and Religious Studies)
• Bachelor of Arts Library and Information Science
• Bachelor of Arts Security Studies
• Bachelor of Arts Politics and Governance
• Bachelor of Arts Development Studies
• Bachelor of Arts International Relations and Diplomacy
• Bachelor of Arts (History and Heritage Studies)
• Bachelor of Science (Biomedical Sciences)
• Bachelor of Science (Optometry)
• Bachelor of Science (Nursing and Midwifery)
Kafukufuku
Sukulu iyi yikugwira nchito mu malo ghakulondezgera vya sayansi:
Ukaboni
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Emalahleni, Mpumalanga
Emalahleni, Mpumalanga ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Nkangala District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Mpumalanga, charu cha South Africa.
Balmoral, Mpumalanga
Balmoral, Mpumalanga ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Nkangala District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Mpumalanga, charu cha South Africa.
United States of America
United States of America (U.S.A. panji USA), panji United States (U.S. panji US) panji America, ni chalo icho chili ku North America. Chigaŵa ichi chili na vigaŵa 50, chigaŵa chimoza, vigaŵa vikuruvikuru vinkhondi, virwa vinkhondi na viŵiri, na malo 326 gha ŵanthu ŵa ku India. United States ni caru cacitatu pa vyaru vyose pa caru capasi. Charu ichi chili na mphaka na Canada kumpoto na Mexico kumwera, kweniso chili na mphaka na Bahamas, Cuba, Russia, na vyaru vinyake. Mu charu ichi muli ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 333 miliyoni. Washington, D.C., ni msumba ukuru wa United States, ndipo New York City ndiyo ni msumba ukuru chomene.
Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vya ku America vyaka vinandi chomene. Kwamba mu 1607, ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain ŵakambiska vyaru 13 ivyo sono vili kumafumiro gha dazi kwa United States. Ŵakaŵa na mphindano na boma la Britain pa nkhani ya msonkho na ndyali, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti ku America kuŵe Nkhondo ya ku America. Pa Julayi 4, 1776, charu cha United States chikapharazga kuti chajiyimira paŵekha. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, vinjeru vya ndyali vya ku United States vikakhwaskika na fundo yakuti vinthu vyose vili kulengeka kuti vichitike. Kugawikana kwa vigaŵa ivyo vikazingilizga wuzga ku Southern United States kukapangiska kuti Confederate States of America yipatuke, iyo yikarwa nkhondo na vyaru vinyake vya ku America mu nyengo ya Nkhondo ya ku America (1861-1865). Pakuwona kuti wupu wa United States watonda, ŵazga ŵakalekeskeka pa caru cose.
Kuzakafika mu 1900, caru ca United States cikaŵa kuti cazgoka ufumu wankhongono comene pa caru cose. Mu 1941, charu cha Japan chikati chawukira msumba wa Pearl Harbor, charu cha United States chikamba kurwa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose. Nkhondo iyi yikapangiska kuti charu cha United States na Soviet Union viŵe na mazaza pa charu chose. Pa nyengo ya Nkhondo Yakuzizima, vyaru vyose viŵiri vikayezgayezga kuti viŵe na maghanoghano ghakwenelera, kweni vikagega nkhondo. Kweniso ŵakathereskeka pa mpikisano wa mu mlengalenga, uwo ukafika pachanya mu 1969 apo ndege ya Apollo 11 yikakhira pa charu chapasi. Nkhondo ya Cigaŵa Ciphya yikati yamara mu 1991, caru ca United States cikazgoka ufumu wankhongono comene pa caru cose.
Boma la United States ni boma la wupu wakulongozga ndipo muli maboma ghatatu. Boma ili lili na nyumba ziŵiri za malango, Nyumba ya Wupu Wakulongozga, iyo ni nyumba yakudikanya, na Senate, iyo ni nyumba yakudikanya. Nkhani zinandi za ndyali ni zakupambana, ndipo malango ghakupambana mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana. Mu vyaru vinyake, charu cha United States chili pa malo ghapacanya pa nkhani ya umoyo, ndalama, usambazi, kusalana pa nkhani za ndalama, wanangwa wa ŵanthu, luso, na masambiro. Mu caru ici muli ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala mu jele kweniso palije urunji. Ku United States kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakufuma mu vyaru vinyake.
Charu icho chili na ndalama zinandi chomene pa charu chose, ndipo chuma cha ku America chikupanga pafupifupi chigaŵa chimoza pa vigaŵa vinayi vya GDP pa charu chose. United States ndiyo yikuru comene pa caru cose pa kunjizga vyakurya mu vyaru vinyake ndipo ndiyo yikuru comene pa vyakurya vinyake. Boma la United States ndilo likambiska wupu wa United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States, NATO, World Health Organization, ndipo lili na wanangwa wakuŵa mu wupu wa United Nations Security Council. Boma la United States ndilo lili na ŵasilikari ŵanandi chomene pa charu chose, ndipo ndilo likulamulira pa nkhani za ndyali, vya maluso, na sayansi.
Kwiza kwa zina
Ukaboni wakwamba wakulongora kuti mazgu ghakuti "United States of America" ghakalembeka mu kalata iyo Stephen Moylan wakalembera Joseph Reed, uyo wakaŵa movwiri wa George Washington. Moylan wakayowoya kuti wakukhumba kuluta "ku Spain na mazaza ghose kufuma ku United States of America" kukapempha wovwiri pa nkhondo ya kuwukira boma. Mazgu ghakuti "United States of America" ghakalembeka kakwamba mu nyuzipepara ya The Virginia Gazette ku Williamsburg pa Epulero 6, 1776.
Kuzakafika mu Juni 1776, zina lakuti "United States of America" likaŵa kuti lalembeka kale mu chikalata chakuchemeka Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, icho chikalembeka na John Dickinson, kweniso mu chikalata chakuchemeka Declaration of Independence, icho chikalembeka na Thomas Jefferson.
Mazgu ghakuti "United States" ghakafuma ku lizgu lakuti "United States". Likayowoyanga za vyaru vinandi nga ni "United States of America". Mazgu agha ghakatchuka chomene pamanyuma pa Nkhondo ya pa Mbumba. Munthu uyo ni mwenekaya wa United States wakucemeka "Mamerika". "United States", "American", na "U.S". vikuyowoya vya charu ("American values", "U.S. forces"). Mu Cingelezi, lizgu lakuti "America" likuyowoya viŵi yayi za vinthu ivyo vikukolerana yayi na United States.
Vyakufula pasi vyakale mu Malaŵi
Ŵanthu ŵakamba kudokera mbiri yakale ya Malawi mu ma 1920. Ŵakufukura vinthu vyakale mu vyaru vyapafupi nga ni Tanzania na Zambia, ŵakagomezga kuti ŵangasanga vinthu vyakuyana waka mu Malaŵi. Mu ma 1920, ku mpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Nyanja ya Malawi kukaŵa malo ghanyake agho ghakaŵa na maji ghanandi. Vinthu ivi vikaŵa na viswaswa vyakupambanapambana ndipo Dr. F. Dixey. Ivyo ŵakasanga vikapangiska kuti ŵambe kusanda malo ghanyake mu Malawi.
United States of America
Nyengo ya Columbian (pambere 1492)
Ntchakusuzga kumanya unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga ku North America pa nyengo iyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakalutanga ku charu ichi. Douglas H. Ubelaker wa ku Smithsonian Institution wakati ŵanthu 93,000 ŵakukhala mu vyaru vya kumwera kwa Atlantic na 473,000 mu vyaru vya ku Gulf, kweni ŵasayansi ŵanandi ŵakuwona kuti ciŵerengero ici nchicoko comene. Henry F. Dobyns wakagomezganga kuti ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵanandi comene, ndipo ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ŵanthu pafupifupi 1.1 miliyoni ŵakakhalanga mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Gulf of Mexico, ŵanthu 2.2 miliyoni ŵakakhalanga pakati pa Florida na Massachusetts, 5.2 miliyoni ŵakakhalanga mu dambo la Mississippi na milonga yinyake, ndipo ŵanthu pafupifupi 700,000 ŵakakhalanga mu Florida.
Vyakufula pasi vyakale mu Malaŵi
Muzi wa Mwanganda
Msumba wa Mwanganda ni umoza mwa malo ghachoko waka agho ghakusangika mu Malaŵi mu nyengo ya malibwe. Malo agha ghakamanyikwa cifukwa ca ivyo vikasangika pa malo agho ŵakakomeranga njovu. Pa malo agha, ŵasayansi ŵasanga viwangwa vya nyama na vinthu vinyake vya malibwe. Mu cigaŵa cimoza ca muzi uwu, pakaŵa cinthu cimoza ico cikulongora kuti pakaŵa njoka yimoza. Viwangwa vya zovu vikaphyoka na kupasuka mu vigaŵa vitatu. Viwangwa ivi vikamba kuŵako mu nyengo ya Pleistocene. Ukaboni uwu ukapangiska J. Fundo ya Desmond Clark yakuti malo agha ghakaŵa ghakukomera nyama. Mu cigaŵa caŵiri ca muzi uwu mukaŵa ukaboni wakuti kukaŵaso ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakapenjanga nyama. Kafukufuku wasono wakulongora kuti malo agha ghakaŵa ghakukomera njovu yayi, kweni ukaboni wakuti ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mumphepete mwa milonga ŵakakhalanga mu malo agha mu nyengo ya malibwe..
Kriel, Mpumalanga
Kriel, Mpumalanga ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Nkangala District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Mpumalanga, charu cha South Africa.
United States of America
Nyengo ya Ŵakoloni (1492-1763)
Ŵanthu ŵa ku England ŵakamba kukhazikika mu vigaŵa vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa North America mu 1607 apo ŵakazenga malo gha Virginia Colony ku Jamestown. Nyumba ya Malango ya ku Virginia ndiyo yikaŵa yakwamba mu charu ichi. Ku Massachusetts Bay Colony ndiko kukakhazikiskikira koleji ya Harvard mu 1636. Phangano la Mayflower Compact na malango gha Connecticut ghakawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵajilamulirenge ŵekha mu America. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku England awo ŵakakhalanga ku malo agha ŵakaŵa Ŵakhristu awo ŵakakhumbanga wanangwa wa kusopa. Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa ku America ŵakamba kuchepa chifukwa cha vifukwa vyakupambanapambana, chomenechomene matenda nga ni nthomba na nthomba. Pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1670, Ŵanandi ŵakathereska na kupoka malo gha Ŵadachi ku New Netherland, mu chigaŵa chapakati pa nyanja ya Atlantic.Thirteencolonies_politics_cropped.jpg in 1775:
Mu nyengo yakwambilira, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Europe ŵakasuzgikanga na njara, matenda, kweniso nkhondo na ŵanthu ŵa ku America. Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa ku America ŵakakumananga na mafuko ghanyake agho ghakaŵa pafupi na kwawo kweniso ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ŵakathembanga ŵanyawo. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga ku malo agha ŵakaguliskanga vyakurya na vikumba vya nyama. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakhalanga ku America ŵakasambira kulima mbuto, nyungu, na vyakurya vinyake. Ŵamishonale ŵa ku Europe na ŵanji ŵakawona kuti nchakuzirwa comene "kusambizga" ŵanthu ŵa ku America kuti ŵaŵe na nkharo yiwemi. Kweni chifukwa chakuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakamba kukhazikika ku North America, ŵanthu ŵa ku America ŵakachimbizgika mu vikaya vyawo ndipo kanandi ŵakakomekanga pa nkhondo.
Vyakufula pasi vyakale mu Malaŵi
Nyengo yapamasinda ya Malibwe
Vinthu vyakwambilira ivyo vikusangika mu Malaŵi mu nyengo ya malibwe ni ivyo vikalembeka pakati pa 17,000 na 10,000 BP. Malo ghanandi agho ghakazengeka mu nyengo ya malibwe ku Malawi ni malo ghakubisamamo malibwe. Nyengo ya malibwe iyo yikaŵako kaumaliro yikaŵa m'ma 18-19 C.E.
Chongoni Rock Art Area
Chigaŵa cha Chongoni Rock Art chili ku Central Region of Malawi ndipo chili na malo 127. Mu malo agha muli vithuzithuzi vya ŵanthu ŵakulemba vinthu mu malibwe kweniso vithuzi vya mu nyengo ya malibwe na ya chisulo.
United States of America
Nyengo ya Ŵakoloni (1492-1763)
Vyaru 13 ivyo vikazgoka United States of America vikaŵa pasi pa mazaza gha Britain. Ndipouli, wose ŵakaŵa na maboma gha mu vigaŵa vyawo, ndipo ŵanalume ŵatuŵa awo ŵakaŵa na malo ŵakasankhikanga. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakababikanga, ŵanandi ŵakafwanga, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vinyake. Mu ma 1730 na ma 1740, gulu la Ŵakhristu ilo likamanyikwanga kuti Great Awakening, likawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵambe kutemwa chisopa kweniso wanangwa wawo.
Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo ya Vyaka vinkhondi na viŵiri (1756-1763), iyo ku United States yikumanyikwa na zina lakuti Nkhondo ya ku France na ku India, ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵakapoka Canada. Phangano la Paris (1763) likapangiska chigaŵa chichoko chomene cha Quebec, icho chikasazgapo chipalamba cha Ohio na chipalamba cha Mississippi, mwantheura ŵanthu ŵa ku Canada awo ŵakayowoyanga Cifurenci ŵakaŵavya mwaŵi wakuyowoya Cingelezi. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru ivi ŵakakwana 2.1 miliyoni mu 1770. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakizanga, kweni ŵakasazgikiranga comene mwakuti mu 1770 ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵa ku America ndiwo ŵakababikira ku vyaru vinyake. Pakuti malo agha ghakaŵa kutali na Britain, ghakaŵa na wanangwa wakujiwusa ŵekha, kweni cifukwa ca umo vinthu vikaŵira makora, mafumu gha ku Britain ghakambaso kuwusa.
Vyakufula pasi vyakale mu Malaŵi
Maluso gha malibwe gha ku Central Africa
Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakumanya umo ŵanthu ŵakuchitira vinthu mu miyala ku Central Africa. Ivyo wakachita vikamovwira kuti wapatulire vinthu vya mu jalawe mu vigaŵa vinayi mwakuyana na viyelezgero na vimanyikwiro ivyo vikusangika mu vinthu ivi. Maluso ghaŵiri ghaswesi agha ghakaŵa gha awo ŵakakoperanga na kuvuna, awo ŵakalutilira kugwiliskira ntchito vinthu vya mu nyengo ya malibwe nga ni visulo vya miyala. Ŵakacemekanga BaTwa, ndipo ŵakalutilira kugwiliskira nchito luso lenelili mu nyengo ya Iron Age. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Chewa ndiwo ŵakaŵa na mitheto iyi. Ici cikumanyikwa cifukwa cakuti mitheto ya Ŵachizungu yikwimira malo agho ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Chewa ŵakakhalanga..
Cizgoŵi ca Cinyama Ciheni
Ŵanthu ŵakulongora vinyama na ŵanthu ŵanthena nyengo zose mufipa. Kanandi vinyama vikulongosoreka makora ndipo vikuwoneka makora. Kanandi para munthu wakuwona nyama wakuleka kumanya mtundu wake.
Maluso Ghakuthwa
Ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuchita vikulongora umo vinthu vikaŵira. Vinthu ivyo vikuwoneka makora ni vizingilika, vizingilika vyakukolerana, vizingilika vyakupambanapambana, makwelero, mizere, na mizere yakuyana. Pa malo agha, ŵakaŵikangapo vyakununkhira viŵisi vyakubisika vyakubisika, kweni viŵisi vyakubisika ivi vikaleka kuŵapo cifukwa ca nyengo iyo vikaŵirako..
United States of America
Revolutionary period (1763–1789)
Nkhondo ya ku America yikapatura vyaru 13 ku ufumu wa Britain, ndipo yikaŵa nkhondo yakwamba ya kujithemba iyo yikacitika na boma la ku Europe yayi. Kuzakafika m'ma 1800, visambizgo vya ŵanthu ŵa ku America na visambizgo vya ndyali vya wanangwa vikazara chomene pakati pa ŵalongozgi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku America ŵakamba kulondezga fundo yakuti boma likuthemba pa kuzomerezgeka na ŵanthu. Iwo ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵaŵe na "wenelero wakuŵa ŵanthu ŵa ku England" kweniso kuti "ŵaleke kupeleka msonkho kwambura munthu wakuŵawimira". Ŵanalume ŵa ku Britain ŵakaŵikapo mtima kuti ŵachitenge vinthu mu vyaru ivyo vikaŵa pasi pawo kwizira mu Nyumba ya Malamulo iyo yikaŵavya mwimiliri yumoza, ndipo nkhondo yikakura.
Vyakufula pasi vyakale mu Malaŵi
The White Spread-eagled tradition
Cinthu ici cikaŵa ca luso ico cikaŵa na cikozgo ico cikawonekanga nga ni cikumba. Kanandi ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵanga na vyakuzengeka nga ni njoka na vinyake nga ni vidunga na mizere. Mtundu wakwamba uwo ŵakugwiliskira nchito ni utuŵa, kweni pali vithuzithuzi vinyake vyakofya. Ŵanakazi ŵa mtundu wa Chewa ndiwo ŵakalemba vinthu ivi ndipo ŵakavipanganga pa nyengo ya viphikiro vya Chinamwali. Cimanyikwiro ici cikung'anamura maji na kubaba.
Malo agha ghali kulembeka pa UNESCO World Heritage Site cifukwa ca maluso agho ŵanthu ŵakucita pa malibwe.
United States of America
Revolutionary period (1763–1789)
Mu 1774, ungano wakwamba wa ŵasilikari ŵa charu ichi ukazomerezga kuti maboma gha Britain ghaleke kuguliska vinthu vyawo. Nkhondo ya ku America yikamba mu chaka chakulondezgapo, ndipo yikakhwaskika na vinthu nga ni Stamp Act na Boston Tea Party. Pa Julayi 4, 1776, pa ungano unyake uwo ukachitikira ku United Colonies, ŵakalemba chikalata chakuyowoya za wanangwa wa charu. Mu chikalata ichi pakalembeka kuti: "Tikuwona kuti unenesko ngwakuti ŵanthu wose ŵali kulengeka ŵakuyana waka, ndipo Mlengi wawo wali kuŵapa wanangwa unyake, uwo ngwakuti umoyo, wanangwa, na cimwemwe". Stephen Lucas wakati ni "mazgu agho ghakumanyikwa comene mu Cingelezi", ndipo Joseph Ellis, wakulemba mdauko, wakalemba kuti mu buku ili muli "mazgu agho ghakaŵa ghankhongono comene mu mdauko wa ku America". Mu nyengo ya ufumu wa Britain, ŵazga ŵakaŵa na wanangwa mu vyaru vyose ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa America. Ndipouli, mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kukayikira ivyo ŵakacitanga.
Mu 1781, mabuku gha Confederation and Perpetual Union ghakaŵa na boma lakugaŵikana ilo likagwira ntchito m'paka mu 1789. Mu 1777, ŵasilikari ŵa ku America ŵakathereska ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain mu nkhondo ya ku Saratoga. Nkhondo yaciŵiri ya ŵasilikari ŵa Britain yikati yamara mu 1781, Britain yikacita phangano la mtende. Ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vinandi ŵakazomera kuti charu cha America ndicho chili na mazaza pa charu chose, ndipo charu chiphya ichi chikamba kulamulira chigaŵa chikuru cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Mlonga wa Mississippi.
As it became increasingly apparent that the Confederation was insufficient to govern the new country, nationalists advocated for and led the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 in writing the United States Constitution to replace it, ratified in state conventions in 1788.
Vyakufula pasi vyakale mu Malaŵi
Mwana wa Chentcherere II
Mwana wa Chentcherere II Rock Shelter ni malo ghakurughakuru chomene ku Malawi. Desmond Clark mu 1972. Malo agha ghakulongora kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu malo agha ŵakalondezganga mitheto ya awo ŵakakhalanga mu nyengo ya chisulo. Vinthu vinandi ivyo ŵakajambura vikaŵa vyakukhwaskana na kugonana na kubaba, ivyo vikulongora kuti ŵanakazi ŵali na mtima wakujiyuyura.
Nyengo ya Chisulo
Kafukufuku wakukhwaskana na nyengo ya chisulo ku Malawi wakamba pakati pa m'ma 1960 na Keith Robinson. Kwambira mu 1968 m'paka mu 1975, Robinson wakafukura malo ghanandi gha kumwera kwa Malaŵi ndipo wakasanda malo agho ghakalembeka vinthu vyakale vya ku Malaŵi. Ŵakati ŵayaniska dongo, ŵakamanya kuti pakaŵa chinthu chinyake pakati pa vinthu vya ku dongo icho chikulongora kuti pakaŵa vinthu vinyake ivyo vikalutilira kufuma mu nyengo yakwambilira ya Iron Age m'paka ku nyengo yaumaliro ya Iron Age. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, ŵanthu ŵakwamba awo ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa ichi ŵakaŵa awo ŵakaŵanga ŵalovi na ŵakuwunjika vinthu.
United States of America
Early national period (1789–1849)
In the South, the invention of the cotton gin spurred entrenchment of slavery, with regional elites and intellectuals increasingly viewing the institution as a positive good instead of a necessary evil. Although the federal government outlawed American participation in the Atlantic slave trade in 1807, after 1820, cultivation of the highly profitable cotton crop exploded in the Deep South, and along with it, the use of slave labor. The Second Great Awakening, especially in the period 1800–1840, converted millions to evangelical Protestantism. In the North, it energized multiple social reform movements, including abolitionism; in the South, Methodists and Baptists proselytized among slave populations.
Vyakufula pasi vyakale mu Malaŵi
Kapeni culture
Ŵanthu ŵa ku Kapeni ŵakakhalanga mumphepete mwa Shire ndipo ŵakaŵako pakati pa 800 na 1100 C.E. Vinthu vya Kapeni vikuwoneka kuti ni vyakwambilira chomene pa vyakupangira vyakupangira vya mu nyengo ya Iron Age chifukwa vikukolerana chomene na vya Nkope kuluska vyakupangira vya mu nyengo ya Iron Age. Chikhalidwe cha Kapeni chinalipo panthawi imodzimodzi ndi chikhalidwe cha Longwe ndipo pali umboni wakuti chikugwirizana ndi chikhalidwe cha Nkope m'malo ena.
Longwe culture
Ŵanthu ŵakumanya vinandi yayi vya cikaya ca Longwe. Pakuti vyakupangira viŵiya vya Longwe vikaŵa nga ni vya Mawudzu, pakwamba vikaŵa vya Mawudzu. Kweni ŵakati ŵasanga viŵiya vinyake vya dongo, ŵakavichema kuti viŵiya vya dongo. Chikhalidwe cha Longwe chinachokera cha m'ma 1000 AD ndipo m'madera ena a dzikoli, chinalipo nthawi yomweyo ndi chikhalidwe cha Kapeni. Chikhalidwe ichi chikusangika kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Mulanje Massif, mu chigaŵa cha Shire chakunyang'amira, pa mapiri gha Ntaja-Namwera na mapiri gha Shire. Pa malo ghanandi, ŵakasanga vinthu vya malibwe, ntheura ŵakugomezga kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu cikaya ca Longwe ŵakaŵa ŵalovi na ŵakuwunjika vinthu, kweni ŵakalutilira kupanga vinthu vya dongo..
Mawudzu culture
Chikhalidwe cha Mawudzu chimatchulidwa chifukwa cha malo a Mawudzu Hill m'dera la nyanja ndipo kuyambira 1200 mpaka 1750 AD. Kweniso ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi ŵakutemwa chomene vinthu vya ku dongo. Vinthu vya Mawudzu ni vyakupambana chomene ndipo vikwenera kuti vikamba kufuma ku Kapeni panji Nkope. Para munthu wakugwiliskira ntchito radiocarbon, wakuwona kuti vidoli ivi vikaŵako mu vyaka vya m'ma 1200 C.E., apo vidoli vya Kapeni vikaleka kugwiliskirika ntchito. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakughanaghana kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga Chichewa ndiwo ŵakambiska vyakupangira viŵiya vya Mawudzu. Nangauli mu viŵiya ivi mulije vinthu vya mu nyengo ya Iron Age, kweni malo gha Mawudzu ghakaŵa ghakuyana waka na gha ŵanthu ŵa mu nyengo ya Iron Age. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, ŵanthu ŵa ku Mawudzu ŵakamba kukhala mu vigaŵa vinandi kumwera kwa Malawi. Ku vigaŵa vya kumwera uku, ŵanthu ŵakuthemba chomene viŵeto.
United States of America
Early national period (1789–1849)
Apo boma likalutiliranga kuthandazga mu vyaru ivyo mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa ku America, kanandi likaŵachimbizganga panji kuŵawuskamo mu charu chawo. Mu ma 1830, ŵanthu ŵakakanizgika kuluta ku malo ghanyake. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakamba kurwa nkhondo na ŵanthu ŵa ku America kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Mlonga wa Mississippi. Nkhondo zinandi zikamara para Ŵandyali ŵa ku America ŵafumako ku malo ghawo na kuluta ku malo gha Ŵandyali. Nkhondo ya ku Mexico na America yikati yamara, mu 1848, charu cha Mexico chikapoka chigaŵa cha California na chigaŵa chikuru cha kumwera kwa America. Nkhondo ya ku California iyo yikachitika mu 1848-1849 yikapangiska ŵanthu ŵanandi kusamira ku Pacific Coast, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti ku California kuŵe nkhondo.
Vyakufula pasi vyakale mu Malaŵi
Nkhudzi culture
Vinthu vya Nkhudzi vikalembeka kakwamba pa Nkhudzi Bay ndipo vikupambana na vinthu vinyake ivyo vikalembeka kale. Ŵanyake ŵakuti vikamba kusangika mu Malaŵi mu vyaka vya m'ma 1700 C.E. chifukwa cha malonda agho ghakacitikanga kutali. Malo agho Nkhudzi wakusangika ghakuyana waka na Mawudzu. Vigaŵa vinandi vya malo agha vili pafupi na maji. Ivyo ŵanthu ŵakufukura vinthu vyakale ŵali kusanga vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Nkhudzi ŵakaŵa ŵanandi chomene. Kulima, kuŵeta ng'ombe, na kusolora visulo ndivyo vikaŵa vyakuzirwa comene pa umoyo wa ŵanthu aŵa.
United States of America
Early national period (1789–1849)
Pakuti ku United States kukaŵa vyakurya vinandi, malo ghakurya ghakaŵa ghanandi ndipo vyakurya vyakukwana ku vyaru vinyake vikakura. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakapika malo ghanandi, pafupifupi 10 peresenti ya malo ghose gha ku United States. Pambere nkhondo ya pawenenawene yindambe, ŵanthu ŵakamba kukayikira usange ŵazga ŵangaŵako mu vyaru ivi.
Monyakeng, Free State
Monyakeng, Free State ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Lejweleputswa District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Free State, charu cha South Africa.
United States of America
Civil War and Reconstruction (1849–1877)
Irreconcilable sectional conflict regarding the enslavement of those of black African descent was the primary cause of the American Civil War. With the 1860 election of Republican Abraham Lincoln, conventions in eleven slave states—all in the Southern United States—declared secession and formed the Confederate States of America, while the federal government (the "Union") maintained that secession was unconstitutional and illegitimate. On April 12, 1861, the Confederacy initiated military conflict by bombarding Fort Sumter, a federal garrison in Charleston harbor, South Carolina. The ensuing Civil War (1861–1865) was the deadliest military conflict in American history resulting in the deaths of approximately 620,000 soldiers from both sides and upwards of 50,000 civilians, almost all of them in the South.
Reconstruction began in earnest following the defeat of the Confederates. While President Lincoln attempted to foster cooperation and reconciliation between the Union and the former Confederacy, his assassination on April 14, 1865 drove a wedge between North and South again. Republicans in the federal government made it their goal to oversee the rebuilding of the South and to ensure the rights of African Americans, and the so-called Reconstruction Amendments to the Constitution guaranteed the abolishment of slavery, full citizenship to Americans of African descent, and suffrage for adult Black males. They persisted until the Compromise of 1877, when the Republicans agreed to cease enforcing the rights of African Americans in the South in order for Democrats to concede the presidential election of 1876. Influential Southern whites, calling themselves "Redeemers", took local control of the South after the end of Reconstruction, beginning the nadir of American race relations. From 1890 to 1910, the Redeemers established so-called Jim Crow laws, disenfranchising almost all blacks and some impoverished whites throughout the region. Blacks would face racial segregation nationwide, especially in the South. They also lived under constant threat of vigilante violence, including lynching.
Gilded Age, Progressive Era, and World War I (1877–1929)
National infrastructure, including telegraph and transcontinental railroads, spurred economic growth and greater settlement and development of the American Old West. After the American Civil War, new transcontinental railways made relocation easier for settlers, expanded internal trade, and increased conflicts with Native Americans.
Vyakufula pasi vyakale mu Malaŵi
Iron objects
Pa malo agha pakaŵa vinthu vinandi ivyo vikulongora kuti ŵakachitanga kusungunula visulo. Chifukwa chakuti malo agha ghakaŵa ghakujura, vinthu vinandi vikavunda chomene, ndipo chikaŵa chakusuzga kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye umo vinthu ivi vikaŵiranga. Vinthu ivyo ŵakumanya ni visulo, vyakuphatilira, mikondo, mivi, na vyakuphatilira..
United States of America
Gilded Age, Progressive Era, and World War I (1877–1929)
Mainland expansion also included the purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867. In 1893, pro-American elements in Hawaii overthrew the Hawaiian monarchy and formed the Republic of Hawaii, which the U.S. annexed in 1898. Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines were ceded by Spain in the same year, by the Treaty of Paris (1898) following the Spanish–American War. Neither the Foraker Act (1900), nor the Insular Cases (1901) accorded US citizenship to Puerto Ricans. One month prior to American entry into World War I, citizenship was extended to Puerto Ricans via the Jones–Shafroth Act (1917). In November 1903, the US acquired a perpetual lease of the Panama Canal Zone via the Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty after providing naval aid preventing Colombia from putting down the rebellion which led to the creation of an independent Panama. The logistics of the November uprising were prepared in New York. American Samoa was acquired by the United States in 1900 after the end of the Second Samoan Civil War. The U.S. Virgin Islands were purchased from Denmark in 1917. Rapid economic development during the late 19th and early 20th centuries fostered the rise of many prominent industrialists. Tycoons like Cornelius Vanderbilt, John D. Rockefeller, and Andrew Carnegie led the nation's progress in the railroad, petroleum, and steel industries. Banking became a major part of the economy, with J. P. Morgan playing a notable role. The United States also emerged as a pioneer of the automotive industry in the early 20th century. In the North, urbanization and an unprecedented influx of immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe supplied a surplus of labor for the country's industrialization. Electric light and the telephone drastically changed communication and urban life.
The American economy boomed, becoming the world's largest. These dramatic changes were accompanied by significant increases in economic inequality, immigration, and social unrest, which prompted the rise of organized labor along with populist, socialist, and anarchist movements. This period eventually ended with the advent of the Progressive Era, which saw significant reforms including health and safety regulation of consumer goods, the rise of labor unions, and greater antitrust measures to ensure competition among businesses and attention to worker conditions. The Great Migration beginning around 1910 also brought millions of African Americans to Northern urban centers from the rural South. The last vestiges of the Progressive Era resulted in women's suffrage and alcohol prohibition. The first state to grant women the right to vote was Wyoming, in 1869, followed by some other states before the women's rights movement won passage of a constitutional amendment granting nationwide women's suffrage in 1920. The United States remained neutral from the outbreak of World War I in 1914 until 1917 when it joined the war as an "associated power" alongside the Allies of World War I, helping to turn the tide against the Central Powers. In 1919, President Woodrow Wilson took a leading diplomatic role at the Paris Peace Conference and advocated strongly for the U.S. to join the League of Nations. However, the Senate refused to approve this and did not ratify the Treaty of Versailles that established the League of Nations.
Vyakufula pasi vyakale mu Malaŵi
Copper objects
Kweniso malo agha ndigho ghali na vinthu vinandi chomene vya mkuŵa ivyo vikusangika mu malo ghanyake gha ku Malawi. Vinthu vya mkuŵa vikaŵa makora ndipo vikumanyikwa makora. Vinthu ivyo ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito kanandi vikaŵanga nyambo, vingwe, vingwe, vingwe, na ndodo. Ŵakaŵaso na vyakuvwara vyakupakirana, mphete, na mabangili.
United States of America
Great Depression, New Deal, and World War II (1929–1945)
The 1920s and 1930s saw the rise of radio for mass communication and the invention of early television. The prosperity of the Roaring Twenties ended with the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and the onset of the Great Depression. After his election as President in 1932, Franklin D. Roosevelt responded with the New Deal economic policies. The Dust Bowl of the mid-1930s impoverished many farming communities and spurred a new wave of western migration. At first neutral during World War II, the United States began supplying war material to the Allies in March 1941. A total of $50.1 billion (equivalent to $ in ) worth of supplies was shipped in 1941–1945, or 17% of the total war expenditures of the U.S. On December 7, 1941, the Empire of Japan launched a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, prompting the United States to militarily join the Allies against the Axis powers, and in the following year, to intern about 120,000 Japanese and Japanese Americans. The U.S. pursued a "Europe first" defense policy, with the Philippines being invaded and occupied by Japan until the country's liberation by the U.S.-led forces in 1944–1945. During the war, the United States was one of the "Four Policemen" who met to plan the postwar world, along with Britain, the Soviet Union, and China. The United States emerged relatively unscathed from the war, and with even greater economic and military influence.
The United States played a leading role in the Bretton Woods and Yalta conferences, which signed agreements on new international financial institutions and Europe's postwar reorganization. As an Allied victory was achieved in Europe, a 1945 international conference held in San Francisco produced the United Nations Charter, which became active after the war. The United States developed the first nuclear weapons and used them on Japan in the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945; the Japanese subsequently surrendered on September 2, ending World War II.
Cold War (1945–1990)
After World War II, the United States financed and implemented the Marshall Plan to help rebuild and economically revive war-torn Europe; disbursements paid between 1948 and 1952 would total $13 billion ($115 billion in 2021). Also at this time, geopolitical tensions between the United States and Soviet Russia led to the Cold War, driven by an ideological divide between capitalism and communism. The two countries dominated the military affairs of Europe, with the U.S. and its NATO allies on one side and the Soviet Union and its Warsaw Pact satellite states on the other. Unlike the US, the USSR concentrated on its own recovery, seizing and transferring most of Germany's industrial plants, and it exacted war reparations from its Soviet Bloc satellites using Soviet-dominated joint enterprises. The U.S. sometimes opposed Third World movements that it viewed as Soviet-sponsored, occasionally pursuing direct action for regime change against left-wing governments. American troops fought the communist forces in the Korean War of 1950–1953, and the U.S. became increasingly involved in the Vietnam War (1955–1975), introducing combat forces in 1965. Their competition to achieve superior spaceflight capability led to the Space Race, which culminated in the U.S. becoming the first and only nation to land people on the Moon in 1969. While both countries engaged in proxy wars and developed powerful nuclear weapons, they avoided direct military conflict.
Vyakufula pasi vyakale mu Malaŵi
Ukaboni
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United States of America
Cold War (1945–1990)
At home, the United States experienced sustained economic expansion, urbanization, and a rapid growth of its population and middle class following World War II. Construction of an Interstate Highway System transformed the nation's transportation infrastructure in decades to come. In 1959, the United States admitted Alaska and Hawaii to become the 49th and 50th states, formally expanding beyond the contiguous United States.
The growing civil rights movement used nonviolence to confront racism, with Martin Luther King Jr. becoming a prominent leader. President Lyndon B. Johnson initiated legislation that led to a series of policies addressing poverty and racial inequalities, in what he termed the "Great Society". The launch of a "War on Poverty" expanded entitlements and welfare spending, leading to the creation of the Food Stamp Program, Aid to Families with Dependent Children, along with national health insurance programs Medicare and Medicaid. A combination of court decisions and legislation, culminating in the Civil Rights Act of 1968, made significant improvements. Meanwhile, a counterculture movement grew, which was fueled by opposition to the Vietnam War, mainstream experimentation with psychedelics and cannabis, the Black Power movement, and the sexual revolution. The women's movement in the U.S. broadened the debate on women's rights and made gender equality a major social goal. The 1960s Sexual Revolution liberalized American attitudes to sexuality and eventually spread to the rest of the developed world, and the 1969 Stonewall riots in New York City marked the beginning of the modern gay rights movement in the West.
The United States supported Israel during the Yom Kippur War; in response, the country faced an oil embargo from OPEC nations, sparking the 1973 oil crisis. The presidency of Richard Nixon saw the American withdrawal from Vietnam but also the Watergate scandal, which led to his resignation and a decline in public trust of government that expanded for decades. After a surge in female labor participation around the 1970s, by 1985, the majority of women aged 16 and over were employed. The 1970s and early 1980s also saw the onset of stagflation.
After his election in 1980, President Ronald Reagan responded to economic stagnation with neoliberal reforms and accelerated the rollback strategy towards the Soviet Union after its invasion of Afghanistan. During Reagan's presidency, the federal debt held by the public nearly tripled in nominal terms, from $738 billion to $2.1 trillion. This led to the United States moving from the world's largest international creditor to the world's largest debtor nation. The collapse of the USSR's network of satellite states in Eastern Europe in 1989 and the subsequent dissolution of the country itself in 1991 ended the Cold War with American victory,  ensuring a global unipolarity in which the U.S. was unchallenged as the world's sole superpower.