cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Idriss Déby
Idriss Déby Itno (18 Juni 1952 ️ 20 Epulelo 2021) wakaŵa wandale wa Chad na msilikari uyo wakaŵa purezidenti wa Chadi kwambira 1990 mpaka nyifwa yake mu 2021.
Déby wakaŵa wa fuko la Bidayat la mtundu wa Zaghawa. Deby wakaŵa mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari ŵa President Hissène Habré mu vyaka vya m'ma 1980, ndipo wakawovwira chomene pa nkhondo ya Toyota iyo yikapangiska kuti Chadi yipambane nkhondo ya ku Libya na Chadi. Habré wakamukoma pamanyuma pakuti wakamukayikira kuti wakunozgekera kuwukira boma. Wakamba kuwusa mu Disembala 1990. Nangauli mu 1992 wakambiska ndondomeko ya vyaru vinandi pamanyuma pa vyaka vinandi vya muwuso wa chipani chimoza, kweni mu nyengo yose iyo wakaŵa pulezidenti, chipani cha Patriotic Salvation Movement ndicho chikaŵa na mazaza. Déby wakathereska mavoti gha purezidenti mu 1996 na 2001, ndipo pamanyuma pakuti mavoti gha mavoti ghafumiskikapo wakathereskaso mavoti mu 2006, 2011, 2016, na 2021.
Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya ku Congo, Déby wakalangura kuti ŵasilikari ŵanjirepo mu caru ca Congo, kweni pamasinda wakafumapo cifukwa cakuti ŵasilikari ŵake ŵakasuskika kuti ŵakuphanga vinthu na kuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu. Kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 2000, mafuta ghakasangika mu charu cha Chad, ndipo Déby wakawovwira kuti chuma cha charu ichi chambe kwenda makora. Wakapona ku viwukirano na viwukirano vyakupambanapambana vyakususkana na muwuso wake, kusazgapo chiwukirano icho chikaŵa na Youssouf Togoïmi uyo wakaŵa nduna yake yakuvikilira kufuma mu 1998 m'paka mu 2002 kweniso nkhondo ya cikaya kufuma mu 2005 m'paka mu 2010 iyo yikacitika cifukwa ca suzgo la ŵanthu ŵakuchimbira kwawo ku Darfur mu charu cha Sudan.
Ŵapharazgi ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya kuti Déby ni munthu wamazaza. Mu vyaka 30 ivyo wakaŵira pa udindo wake, Chadi wakasuzgika comene na vimbundi, kusuzgika na ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vinyake. Mu 2016, gulu la Front for Change and Concord in Chad (FACT) likakhazikiskika na chilato cha kuwuskapo boma la Déby. Mu Epulero 2021, FACT yikambiska nkhondo ya kumpoto kwa Chad; Déby wakapwetekeka pa 19 Epulero apo wakalongozganga ŵasilikari awo ŵakarwanga na ŵasilikari ndipo wakafwa pa 20 Epulero.
Umoyo wake wakwamba, masambiro, na ntchito ya usilikari
Déby wakababika pa Juni 18, 1952, mu muzi wa Berdoba, makilomita pafupifupi 190 kufuma ku Fada kumpoto kwa Chad. Awiske ŵakaŵa muliska wa viŵeto wa fuko la Bidayat la ku Zaghawa. Wakati wasambira ku sukulu ya Quranic School ku Tiné, Déby wakasambira ku sukulu ya École Française ku Fada na ku sukulu ya French-Arab ku Abéché. Wakasambiraso ku sukulu ya Lycée Jacques Moudeina ku Bongor ndipo wakaŵa na digiri ya sayansi.
Wakati wamalizga sukulu, wakanjira Sukulu ya Ŵasilikari ku N'Djamena. Kufuma apo, wakatumika ku France kuti wakasambire, ndipo wakawelera ku Chad mu 1976 na chiphalizgano cha kuyezga ndege. Wakalutilira kugomezgeka ku ŵasilikari na kwa Pulezidenti Félix Malloum nangauli boma likamara mu 1979. Wakawerako ku France mu Febuluwale 1979 ndipo wakasanga kuti Chad yazgoka malo ghakulwerako nkhondo gha magulu ghanandi ghakwimikana. Déby wakakolerana na Hissène Habré, yumoza wa ŵalongozgi ŵa nkhondo ŵa ku Chad. Pakati pajumpha chaka chimoza kufuma apo Habré wakaŵira pulezidenti mu 1982, Déby wakaŵa mulara wa ŵasilikari.
Mu 1984 wakawoneseska kuti wakoma ŵasilikari awo ŵakakolerananga na Libya ku chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Chad. Mu 1985, Habré wakamutuma ku Paris kuti wakasambire ku Ecole de Guerre ndipo wakati wawerako mu 1986, wakapika mulimo wa kuŵa mulaŵiliri mukuru wa ŵasilikari ŵa pulezidenti. Mu 1987, wakalimbana na ŵasilikari ŵa ku Libya, pamoza na wovwiri wa France mu "Toyota War", ndipo wakagwiliskira nchito nthowa izo zikapangiska kuti ŵasilikari ŵa ŵalwani ŵawo ŵaparanyike comene. Mu nyengo ya nkhondo, wakalongozgaso kuwukira ku Maaten al-Sarra Air Base ku Kufrah, ku Libya. Pa 1 Epulero 1989, pakaŵa mphindano pakati pa Habré na Déby cifukwa ca nkhongono za ŵapolisi ŵa boma.
Wupu wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu (Human Rights Watch) ukati Habré wakaŵa na mulandu wa "kukoma ŵanthu ŵanandi chifukwa cha ndyali, kutambuzga ŵanthu mwakukhazikika, na kukora ŵanthu ŵanandi mwambura kwenelera". Kweniso wakacitanga vyakuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kumupulikira. Habré wakaŵa na maghanoghano ghakupambanapambana, ndipo wakapa mulandu Déby, Mahamat Itno, nduna ya vyalo, na Hassan Djamous, mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari ŵa Chadi kuti ŵakunozgekera kuwukira boma. Déby wakacimbira dankha ku Darfur, pamanyuma ku Libya, uko Muammar Gaddafi wakamupokelera mu Tripoli. Itno na Djamous ŵakakakika na kukomeka. Pakuti wose ŵakaŵa ŵa fuko la Zaghawa, Habré wakamba kulimbana na gulu ili ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakoleka, kutambuzgika, na kujalirika mu jele. Ŵanandi ŵakafwira mu jele panji ŵakakomeka. Mu 2016, khoti la ku Senegal likadumura kuti Habré ngwakwananga pa nkhondo. Déby wakapeleka ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Libya fundo zakudumura za ivyo CIA yikacitanga mu Chad. Mubali Gaddafi wakapeleka wovwiri wa nkhondo kwa Déby kuti wapoke mazaza mu Chad.
Déby wakasamukira ku Sudan mu 1989 ndipo wakambiska gulu la Patriotic Salvation Movement, gulu la ŵakugaluka, ilo likakhozgeka na Libya na Sudan, ilo likamba kugwira ntchito yakwimikana na Habré, ndipo pa 2 December 1990 ŵasilikari ŵa Déby ŵakanjira mu N'Djamena kwambura ŵakususka.
Pulezidenti wa Chad
Mu 1991, Idriss Déby wakamba kuwusa charu cha Chad. Wakasankhikaso vyaka vinkhondi na vinkhondi m'paka apo wakafwira mu 2021, ndipo nyengo yose iyo wakaŵira pa mazaza yikaŵa vyaka 30.
Muma 1990
Pakati pajumpha myezi yitatu kufuma apo boma la nyengo yichoko likambira kuwusa, pa Febuluwale 28, 1991, Tchad yikazomerezgeka kuŵa na dango ilo mukaŵa Déby. Mu vyaka viŵiri vyakulondezgapo, Déby wakasangana na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakayezga kumugalukira boma. Pakukhumba kukanizga ŵanthu kuti ŵaleke kwendera fundo za boma, mu 1993 charu cha Chad chikazomerezga vyaru vinyake kuti viŵe na vipani vya ndyali.
Ndipouli, vivulupi vikalutilira. Komiti ya National Sursaut pour la Paix et la Démocratie (CSNPD), iyo yikulongozgeka na Lt. Moise Kette, na magulu ghanyake gha kumwera ŵakayezga kukanizga boma la Déby kugwiliskira nchito mafuta mu Doba Basin ndipo ŵakambiska chigaluka ico cikakoma ŵanthu ŵanandi. Mu 1994, ŵakacita phangano la mtende, kweni likamara yayi. Magulu ghaŵiri ghaphya, gha Armed Forces for a Federal Republic (FARF) agho ghakalongozgekanga na Laokein Barde, uyo wakaŵa mubwezi wa Kette, na Democratic Front for Renewal (FDR), ndiposo gulu la MDD, ghakalimbana na ŵasilikari ŵa boma kufuma mu 1994 mpaka 1995.
Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990, Déby wakawezgerapo milimo ya boma ndipo wakachita phangano na Banki ya Caru Cose na IMF.
Mu Malichi 1996, ŵakazomerezga fundo yiphya ya boma, ndipo mu Juni ŵakasora pulezidenti. Déby wakatondeka kusanga mazaza ghanandi; ndipo wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti mu cigaŵa caciŵiri ca mavoti mu Julayi, na 69% ya mavoti.
KaMpakani, Limpopo
KaMpakani, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
KaDzumeri, Limpopo
KaDzumeri, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Idriss Déby
Muma 2000
Deby wakapika mazaza ghanyake pa 8 August 2006. Pulezidenti wa Sudan, Omar al-Bashir, wakaluta ku ciphikiro ca Déby.
Pamanyuma pakuti Déby wasankhika, magulu ghanandi gha ŵakugaluka ghakapatukana. Déby wakaŵa ku Abéché kwamba pa Seputembala 11 m'paka pa Seputembala 21, 2006, wakendanga mu helikopita kuti walaŵilirenge kuukira ŵakugaluka ŵa Rally of Democratic Forces.
Ku chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa msumba uwu, ŵanthu ŵakalutilira kugaluka, ndipo ŵakugaluka ŵakafika ku N'Djamena pa Febuluwale 2, 2008. Pakati pajumpha mazuŵa ghanandi, boma likalutilira kulamulira msumba wa N'Djamena. Apo wakayowoyanga pa ungano wa ŵapharazgi pa Febuluwale 6, Déby wakayowoya kuti ŵasilikari ŵake ŵathereska ŵakugaluka, awo wakaŵati ni "ŵalwani awo ŵakulongozgeka na Sudan".
Pa nyengo iyi, mu Juni 2005, ŵanthu ŵakakondwa na fundo yakuti boma lileke kuŵa na mavoti ghaŵiri. Ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 77% ŵakakolerana nayo. Déby wakaŵa wakwimilira pa mavoti gha 2006 gha purezidenti, agho ghakachitika pa 3 May, ndipo ŵakamususka. Kuyana na mavoti gha boma, Déby wakathereska pa mavoti 64.67%.
Mu 2000, apo mphindano ya kumpoto na kumwera yikamara, boma la Déby likamba kuzenga nthowa yakwendeskera mafuta, ya mtunda wa makilomita 1,070 pakati pa Chad na Cameroon. Mu 2003, ŵakamalizga kuzenga maji agha, ndipo Banki ya Caru Cose yikati ni "nthowa yambura kumanyikwa yakugwiliskira nchito mafuta kuti ghawovwire ŵanthu ŵakavu, ŵakusuzgika, na caru".
Mu Juni 2000, Komiti ya Banki ya Caru Cose yikapeleka ndalama zakwendeskera mulimo wa Chad-Cameroon Petroleum Development Project. Ntchito iyi yikapangiska kuti Banki ya Caru Cose, maboma, maboma gha ŵanthu, na maboma gha ŵanthu ŵekha ŵagwirenge lumoza nchito kuti ŵanthu ŵasange chandulo na ndalama izo zikufuma mu mafuta.
Ndipouli, cifukwa cakuti Chad wakapokeranga waka 12.5% ya phindu la mafuta, ndipo ŵakakolerana kuti ndalama izi ziŵikike pa akaunti ya Citibank ku London iyo yikulaŵilizgika na wupu wakujiyimira pawekha kuti wovwirepo pa milimo ya boma na vyakutukuka. Mu 2006, Déby wakaluta ku caru cose apo wakacema kuti caru cake ciŵe na cigaŵa ca 60 peresenti mu mafuta gha mu Chad na Cameroon pamanyuma pakuti wapokera "vinthu" kufuma ku makampani gha ku vyaru vinyake agho ghakulongozga nchito iyi. Iyo wakati Chevron na Petronas ŵakakana kulipira misonkho yakujumpha $486.2 miliyoni. Tchad yikapeleka dango lakuzomerezgeka na Banki ya Caru Cose lakuti ndalama zinandi izo yikasanganga kufuma ku mafuta zipelekeke ku milimo ya vyaumoyo, masambiro, na vinthu vinyake. Banki ya Caru Cose yikaŵa kuti yajara kale akaunti ya ndalama za mafuta cifukwa ca mphindano ya umo Chad yikagwiliskiranga nchito ndalama izo yikasanganga kufuma ku mafuta. Déby wakakana ivyo ŵanthu aŵa ŵakayowoya, wakati caru ici cikupokera yayi ndalama zakukwana kuti cikwaniske kumazga ukavu.
Muma 2010
Pa 25 Epulero 2011, Déby wakasankhika kachiŵiri pa nyengo yacinayi na mavoti 88.7% ndipo wakasankha Emmanuel Nadingar kuŵa nduna yikuru.
Chifukwa cha malo gha Chadi mu vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa, Déby wakatumizga ŵasilikari panji wakachitapo kanthu pakumazga masuzgo ghakupambanapambana gha mu vyaru ivi, nga ni Darfur, Central African Republic (CAR), Mali, kweniso kulimbana na Boko Haram.
Chifukwa chakuti vinthu vikamba kunangika mu Central African Republic, mu 2012, Déby wakasankha kutumizga ŵasilikari 400 kuti ŵarwe na ŵakugaluka ŵa CAR. Mu Janyuwale 2013, Chadi nayo wakatuma ŵasilikari 2000 kuti ŵarwe na magulu gha Islamist mu Mali, nga ni cigaŵa ca France's Operation Serval.
Bungwe la Transparency International likati, mu nyengo ya Déby, charu cha Chad chikaŵa na vimbundi vinandi chomene. Ivyo boma likucita sono pa nkhani ya mafuta vyawovwira kuti vimbundi viŵeko. Boma likugwiliskira nchito uheni ndalama izi kuti likhozge ŵasilikari ŵake na kupeleka njombe ku ŵabwezi ŵake. Mu 2006, magazini ya Forbes yikalemba charu cha Chad kuŵa chakwamba pa vyaru ivyo vili na vimbundi vinandi, mu 2012, Déby wakambiska kampeni yakulimbana na vimbundi mu charu chose, yakuchemeka Operation Cobra. Kweni wupu unyake ukuti Déby wakugwiliskira nchito nthowa izi kuti walange awo ŵakususkana nayo na kutumbika awo ŵakumovwira. Mu 2016, Transparency International yikaŵika charu cha Chad pa nambara 147 pa vyaru 168. Pakulimbana na suzgo la Boko Haram, Déby wakasazgirako chiŵelengero cha Chad mu gulu la Multinational Joint Task Force (MNJTF), gulu la vyaru vinandi ilo lili na vyaru vya Niger, Nigeria, Benin, na Cameroon. Mu Ogasiti 2015, Déby wakayowoya mu nkhani kuti MNJTF yakwaniska "kukoma" Boko Haram. Mu Janyuwale 2016, Déby wakasankha Robert Mugabe wa ku Zimbabwe kuŵa mulongozgi wa African Union kwa chaka chimoza. Pa nyengo iyo wakimikikira, Déby wakaphalira ŵalongozgi ŵa vyaru kuti nkhondo izo zikucitika mu caru ici zikwenera kumalizgika "na ndyali panji mwankhongono... Tikwenera kumazga masoka agha. Tingacita makora yayi panji kuyowoya za kukura usange cigaŵa cinyake ca thupi lithu cikulwara. Tikwenera kuŵa ŵalongozgi mu kupenja nthowa zakumazgira masuzgo gha mu Africa". Chimoza mwa vinthu vyakuzirwa comene ivyo Déby wakacitanga nchakuti wawovwire comene pa kulimbana na Boko Haram. Pa Malichi 4, wupu wa African Union ukazomerezga kusazgirako gulu la ŵasilikari 10,000.
Pa ungano wa vyaru viŵiri na cimoza (COP21) uwo ukacitikira ku Paris, Idriss Déby wakazunura nkhani ya Nyanja ya Chad, iyo yikaŵa pacoko comene pakuyaniska na umo yikaŵira mu 1973, ndipo wakapempha caru cose kuti cipeleke ndalama zakovwilira kuvikilira vyamoyo ivi.
Mu February 2016, Déby wakasankhika na Patriotic Salvation Movement kuti wazakaŵepo pa nyengo yinyakhe pa chisankho cha Pulezidenti mu April 2016. Iyo wakalayizga kuti waŵikengeso mphaka mu Dango la Chadi apo wakati: "Tikwenera kukanizga mphaka, tileke kuŵika mtima pa ndondomeko iyo kusintha kwa mazaza kukuŵa kwakusuzga. "Mu 2005, boma likasintha malango gha caru ici apo umoyo wa ŵanthu ukaŵa pangozi".
Mu 2017, Dipatimenti ya vya Malango ya United States yikati Déby wakapokera vimbundi vya madola gha 2 miliyoni chifukwa cha kupeleka mwaŵi ku kampani ya People's Republic of China kuti yiŵe na wanangwa wa mafuta mu Chad kwambura mpikisano wa pa caru cose.
Mu Janyuwale 2019, Déby na nduna yikuru ya Israeli Benjamin Netanyahu ŵakapharazga kuti Chad na Israel ŵambeso kwenderana. Netanyahu wakalongosora za ulendo wake wa ku Chad nga ni "cigaŵa ca kusintha uko tikuwona mu caru ca ma Arab na Muslim".
Muma 2020
Mu 2020, Déby wakalemba dango lakulekeska chilango cha nyifwa. Gulu lakuphalirako ŵanthu likaŵa kuti lagwiliskirika nchito kaumaliro pa vigeŵenga mu 2015.
Mu Febuluwale 2021, Déby wakapharazga kuti Chadi watumenge ŵasilikari 1,200 pamoza na ŵasilikari ŵa France ku mphaka ya Sahel pakati pa Niger, Mali, na Burkina Faso, kuti ŵarwe na magulu gha al-Qaeda.
Mu 2021 presidential election, Déby wakathereska nyengo yake ya 6 nga president, apo ma results ghakapharazgika pa 19 April, na 79.32% ya mavoti. Mu Febuluwale chaka chenechichi, ŵasilikari ŵa Chadi ŵakayezga kukora mulongozgi wa chipani chakususka, Yaya Dillo Djérou, ndipo Djérou wakati ŵanthu 5 ŵa mu mbumba yake ŵakakomeka, ndipo boma likati ŵanthu ŵatatu ŵakakomeka. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakasuskanga boma ŵakafumako ku mavoti, ndipo ŵakachiska kuti mavoti ghaleke kuwungana. M'malo mwa kuyowoya nkhani ya kuwina, Déby wakaluta kukacezga na ŵasilikari ŵa Chadi awo ŵakaŵa ku mphepete mwa nkhondo iyo yikacitikanga na gulu lakucemeka Front for Change and Concord mu Chad. Ŵakaphalirika kuti wakapwetekeka comene mu muzi wa Mele, kufupi na tawuni ya Nokou, pa Sabata, Epulero 18, ndipo wakatolekera ku msumba ukuru, uko wakafwira pa Epulero 20.
Umoyo wamunthu
Déby wakasazgirako zina lakuti "Itno" ku zina lake mu Janyuwale 2006. Wakafuma ku wupu wa Muammar Gaddafi wakuwona vya kusintha kwa vinthu pa caru cose..
Déby wakaŵa na ŵanakazi ŵanandi ndipo wakaŵa na ŵanakazi ŵanayi kufika mu 2018 Zina Wazouna Ahmed Idriss, Hadja Halimé, Hinda Déby Itno (m. 2005), na Amani Musa Hila (m. 2012). BBC News nayo yikayowoyapo za muwoli wacinayi zina lake Ali Bouye. Déby wakaŵa na ŵana pafupifupi 12.
Mu Seputembala 2005, Déby wakatora Hinda (wakababika mu 1977), uyo wakamanyikwanga na kutowa kwake. Nthengwa iyi yikakondweska ŵanthu ŵanandi mu Chad, ndipo chifukwa cha kukolerana na mafuko, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakawonanga kuti ni nthowa yiwemi yakuti Déby wakhozgerenge ŵanthu ŵake apo ŵakugaluka ŵakamuchichizganga. Nangauli wakaŵa muwoli mulara yayi panji muphya wa Déby, kweni Hinda Déby wakawonekanga kuti ni "Mwanakazi Wakwamba wa Chad" cifukwa ca mazaza ghake mu boma na ndyali. Hinda wakaŵa yumoza wa ŵanthu ŵa mu ofesi ya pulezidenti, ndipo wakaŵa Secretary Special. Mwana wa mwanalume wakuzirwa wa Chadian, Hinda Déby Itno wali na wanangwa wa Chadian na French. Iyo na Déby ŵakaŵa na ŵana ŵankhondi, wose ŵakababikira ku Neuilly-sur-Seine.
Pa 21 Janyuwale 2012, Déby wakatora muwoli wake wa sonosono, Amani Musa Hila, wa ku Sudan, wa fuko la Zaghawa la Idriss Déby, na mwana wa mulongozgi wa Janjaweed, Musa Hilal ku Darfur. Ukwati uwu ukawonekanga kuti ni nthowa yakukhozgeramo ubwezi pakati pa Chad na Sudan pamanyuma pa phangano la 2010 la kunozga ubwezi wawo.
Chadiza, Chadiza
Chadiza ni tawuni iyo yili mu chigaŵa cha Eastern Province mu Zambia. Likulu lake lili ku chigaŵa cha Chadiza. Likukhala pa mtunda wa makilomita 35 kumwera kwa Great East Road na makilomita pafupifupi 80 kumwera-kumwera-kumadzulo kwa Chipata, pa chigaŵa cha mapiri (1050 m) icho chili na mapiri ghakupambanapambana, pakati pa dambo la Luangwa na Zambezi. Kweniso lili pa mtunda wa makilomita 35 kumpoto na kumpoto kwa mphaka ya Chimefusa (mphaka yikuru pakati pa Mozambique na Zambia).
Idriss Déby
Umoyo wamunthu
Déby wakaŵa Muislamu.
Kufwa pa nkhondo.
Kufwa mu nkhondo
Déby wakakomeka mu Epulero 2021 apo wakalongozganga ŵasilikari awo ŵakarwanga na ŵakugaluka ŵa Front for Change and Concord in Chad (FACT). Kuyana na wakuyowoya mazgu wa wupu wa ŵasilikari, Déby wakafwa na kupwetekeka na futi pa 20 Epulero 2021 apo wakalongozganga ŵasilikari ŵake kwimikana na ŵakugaluka ŵa FACT kumpoto kwa Chad pa nyengo ya nkhondo ya ku Northern Chad, apo wakaŵa na vyaka 68. Kuyana na uyo wakadumbanga vya ŵakugaluka, wakapwetekeka comene mu muzi wa Mele, kufupi na tawuni ya Nokou, pambere ŵandamuyeghere ku msumba ukuru, uko wakafwira.
Pa nyifwa yake, Nyumba ya Malamulo na Boma la Chadi vikamara, ndipo mu malo ghake pakaŵa wupu wa Transitional Military Council uwo mwana wake Mahamat Déby Itno ndiyo wakaŵa mulongozgi. Kweniso, Dango la Chadi likamara kugwira ntchito ndipo likasinthika na dango liphya. Boma likalangura kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵe na citengero kwa mazuŵa 14 na ndembera zakukhizgika pasi. Ku Mali na South Sudan, ŵanthu ŵakamba kulira kwa mazuŵa ghatatu.
Dindi la Déby likacitika pa 23 Epulero 2021. Pa zuŵa ili, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakawungana mu misewu ya ku N'Djamena kuti ŵachindike Déby. Pulezidenti wa France Emmanuel Macron, Pulezidenti wa Guinea Alpha Condé, na ŵalongozgi ŵanyake ŵa ku Africa ŵakiza pa nyifwa iyi.
KaMapayeni, Limpopo
KaMapayeni, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Hlopekani, Limpopo
Hlopekani, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Vuyelani, Limpopo
Vuyelani, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Giyani, Limpopo
Giyani, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
KaMakhuva, Limpopo
KaMakhuva, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Priska-Majeje, Limpopo
Priska-Majeje, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Matshwi, Limpopo
Matshwi, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Burgersdorp, Limpopo
Burgersdorp, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
KaNdengeza, Limpopo
KaNdengeza, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Ga-Femane, Limpopo
Ga-Femane, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Mokgoba, Limpopo
Mokgoba, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Ga-Wally, Limpopo
Ga-Wally, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Ga-Rakoma, Limpopo
Ga-Rakoma, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
KaMakosha, Limpopo
KaMakosha, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Chigaŵa cha Mabinga
Mabinga, Chama ni malo ghakusangika mu chigaŵa cha pakati mu boma la Chama mu charu cha Zambia. Unandi wa ŵanthu mu chaka cha 2010 ukaŵa 5,543. Ukulu wa malo ni 504.5 km². Boma la Chama mu 2010 likaŵa na ŵanthu ŵakukwana 103,894, wose kusazga pamoza.
Chigaŵa cha Lumezi
Lumezi, Chama ni malo ghakusangika mu chigaŵa cha pakati mu boma la Chama mu charu cha Zambia. Unandi wa ŵanthu mu chaka cha 2010 ukaŵa 5,284. Ukulu wa malo ni 503.5 km². Boma la Chama mu 2010 likaŵa na ŵanthu ŵakukwana 103,894, wose kusazga pamoza.
Letsitele, Limpopo
Letsitele, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Ga-Kubjana, Limpopo
Ga-Kubjana, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Ga-Abele, Limpopo
Ga-Abele, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Mandlhakazi, Limpopo
Mandlhakazi, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Lingson Belekanyama
Lingson Belekanyama (wakafwa pa 12 January 2021) wakaŵa ŵandale wa ku Malaŵi uyo wakaŵa nduna ya boma na chitukuko cha vikaya.
Wakafwa na nthenda ya COVID-19 pa nyengo ya nthenda ya COVID-19 ku Malawi.
Miragoma, Limpopo
Miragoma, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Petanenge, Limpopo
Petanenge, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Mohlaba, Limpopo
Mohlaba, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Namakgale, Limpopo
Namakgale, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Sethone B, Limpopo
Sethone B, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Leydsdorp, Limpopo
Leydsdorp, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Nondweni, Limpopo
Nondweni, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Clements Kadalie
Clements Kadalie (1896 - 1951) wakababika Lameck Koniwaka Kadali Muwamba ku Nyasaland (Malawi sono). Apo wakaŵa na vyaka 16, wakaŵa msambizgi waluso. Pamanyuma pake wakakhazikika ku Cape Town, South Africa uko wakazgoka mulongozgi wakudanga wa wupu wa banthu ŵa fuko la South Africa.
Vyaka vyakwambilira
Clements Kadalie wakababika Lameck Koniwaka Kadali Muwamba mu chaka cha 1896 ku Nkhata Bay District ku chigaŵa cha Chifira kufupi na Bandawe Mission Station ku Nyasaland, Malawi. Wakaŵa mwana wachiŵiri wa a Mr. na Mrs. Musa Kadalie Muwamba. Wakaŵa muzukuru wa Chiweyu, mulongozgi mukuru wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Tonga ku Nyasaland. Kadalie wakasambizgika na ŵamishonale ŵa tchalitchi la Scotland ndipo wakamalizga masambiro ghake mu 1913. Wakati wasambira masambiro gha ku pulayimale kwa nyengo yicoko waka, Kadalie wakanjira gulu la ŵanthu ŵa ku Nyasaland awo ŵakapenjanga nchito ku South Africa kukwambilira kwa 1915.
Ntchito
Mu 1918, wakakhala ku Cape Town, uko wakaŵa mubwezi wa Arthur F. Batty, uyo wakaŵa mu wupu wa vyamalonda ndiposo wakucita ndyali. Kukwambilira kwa 1919, na ulongozgi wa Batty, Kadalie wakambiska Industrial and Commercial Union (ICU), iyo pamasinda yikasintha zina kuŵa Industrial and Commercial Workers' Union of Africa, kuti wayowoyepo vyakususkana na malango ghaheni gha ntchito na kuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵantchito. ICU yikathandazgika mu vyaru vyose vya ku South Africa m'ma 1920 m'paka mu 1927, apo yikaŵa na ŵanthu 100,000. Kadalie wakalongozga ICU kufuma apo yikambira mu 1919 mpaka apo wakaleka udindo wake wa Secretary mu 1929.
Mu Disembala 1919, Kadalie wakamba kumanyikwa chifukwa cha kulimbana na ŵantchito ŵa ku dooko, awo ŵakakanizganga katundu waliyose kuluta ku doko la Cape Town. Ŵaganyu ŵa pa dowoko ŵakagwira nchito kwa mazuŵa 14 ndipo ŵakagwira nchito ŵanthu 2,000. Ungano uwu ukaŵa wakwamba kuti Kadalie waŵe mulongozgi uyo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamumanyanga mu South Africa.
Pa Novembala 24, 1924, Kadalie ŵakamukora ndipo ŵakamuphalira kuti wafumemo mu charu ichi.
Mu Meyi 1927, Kadalie wakimilira ICU pa ungano wa International Labour Conference ku Geneva.
Mu 1928, Kadalie wakacimbizgika na William G. Ballinger na wovwiri wose wa komiti ya ICU.
Mu Meyi 1928, Kadalie pamoza na ŵalongozgi ŵanyake 6 ŵa wupu uwu ŵakakakika mwakuyana na dango la boma la Native Administration Act. Dango ili likapangiska kuti munthu uyo wakuwuska vivulupi pakati pa ŵanthu ŵatuŵa waŵe na mulandu. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, Kadalie wakapangiska cipatala cakupwelelera comene ku East London. Kweniso, Kadalie wakaŵa mulongozgi wa African National Congress (ANC). Wakaweleraso yayi ku Malawi ndipo wakakhala ku East London na muwoli wake waciŵiri, Eva. Victor Kadalie.
Umoyo wa munthu
Mu 1921, Kadalie wakatora Johanna "Molly" Davidson ( Isaacs), cokoro ico cikaŵa na ŵana ŵaŵiri kufuma ku nthengwa yakwamba. Iyo na Clements ŵakaŵa na ŵana ŵanayi: Alexander, Robert, Clementia, na Fenner.
Kufwa
Clements Kadalie wakafwira ku London mu 1951.
Chiharo
Yumoza wa ŵazukuru ŵa Kadalie, Rhoda Kadalie (1953~2022), wakaŵa nkhwantha ya masambiro, wakulemba nkhani na mulara wa Impumelelo Social Innovations Centre..
Ukaboni
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Murchison, Limpopo
Murchison, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Ga-Selwana, Limpopo
Ga-Selwana, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Makudibung, Limpopo
Makudibung, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Pharare
Pharare ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Mahale, Limpopo
Mahale, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Tshamahansi, Limpopo
Tshamahansi, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Lulekani, Limpopo
Lulekani, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Ga-Matipane, Limpopo
Ga-Matipane, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Maake, Limpopo
Maake, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Unduna wa vya Umoyo (Zambia)
Vyakupanga
Wupu unyake ni Central Board of Health na National Malaria Control Centre.
Vipatala ivyo vikwendeskeka na Unduna uwu vikupambana mu vigaŵa viŵiri: Vipatala vya ku mizi na Vipatala vya ku mizi.
Sukulu izo zikuteŵetereka na Unduna uwu ni Mansa School of Nursing mu Mansa na Ndola Schools of Nursing and Midwifery mu chigaŵa cha Ndola.
Ukaboni
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Gemini Major
Benn Gilbert Kamoto (wakababika pa 14 June 1990), uyo wakumanyikwa na zina lake la Gemini Major, ni mu Malawi wakubabika ku South Africa. Wakalembeska na Family Tree Records, kampani yakuyimika sumu ya ku South Africa iyo yikapangika na Cassper Nyovest.
Umoyo Wakwambilira
Gemini Major wakamalizga masambiro gha ku sekondare mu 2007 ndipo wakamalizga masambiro gha I.T. mu 2009. Mu chaka chenechicho, wakasamira ku Durban, South Africa kuti wazakacite ivyo wakakhumbanga pakuŵa waluso ndiposo wakupangiska sumu.
Iyo wakapangiska sumu zinandi za ŵanthu ŵakupambanapambana, kusazgapo R&B, hip-hop, house, dancehall, pop na gospel. Ntchito yake yikusazgapo kupanga vinthu ivyo vikugwiliskirika nchito pa TV nga ni Gold Diggers, Forever Young na Mo Love.
Mu 2013, wakasamira ku Johannesburg. Wakati wakumana na Cassper Nyovest na gulu lake pa vidiyo ya sumu iyo Major wakapanganga, wakanjira gulu la Family Tree. Pamanyuma pa kufumiska sumu ya Nasty C yakuchemeka "Juice Back", Major wakazgoka mulembi wa ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa chomene ŵa hip hop ku South Africa.
Mu chaka cha 2015 Major wakasankhika kuŵa Producer of the Year pa South Africa Hip Hop Awards pamoza na banthu ŵanyake ŵa ku South Africa nga ni Anatii, Riky Rick, Ganja Beats na Tweezy.
Wakafumiska sumu ya "Church" pa 28 September 2017.
Pa Novembala 20, 2020, EP yake ya Slum Kid yikafumiskika ku South Africa. Muli Nasty C, Riky Rick, Tellaman, AKA, The Big Hash na Emtee.
Ukaboni
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Turkey, Limpopo
Turkey, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Yosmite, Limpopo
Yosmite, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Tlhabine, Limpopo
Tlhabine, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Shiluvane
Shiluvane ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Tzaneenv
Tzaneenv ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Ga-Mookgo, Limpopo
Ga-Mookgo, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
KaNghalalume
KaNghalalume ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
ChiTumbuka
ChiTumbuka ntchiyowoyero cha ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wachi Bantu icho chikuyowoyeka mu Malaŵi, Zambia, na Tanzania. Lizgu ili likumanyikwaso kuti Chitumbuka panji Citumbuka. Chi- icho chili kunthazi kwa Tumbuka chikung'anamura "mu nthowa ya", ndipo apa likung'anamura "chiyowoyero cha ŵanthu ŵa Tumbuka". ChiTumbuka chili mu chiyowoyero chimoza na Chichewa na Sena.
Buku linyake (The World Almanac) likuti mu charu ichi muli ŵanthu pafupifupi 2,080,000. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya Chitumbuka, nangauli ŵanyake ŵakuti ŵalipo ŵachoko chomene. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakuyowoya Chitumbuka ŵakukhala mu Malaŵi. ChiTumbuka ndicho chikuyowoyeka chomene kumpoto kwa Malawi, chomenechomene mu vigaŵa vya Rumphi, Mzuzu, na Mzimba.
Pali mphambano yikuru pakati pa ciyowoyero ca chiTumbuka ico cikuyowoyeka mu misumba ya ku Malawi (ico cili na mazgu ghanyake kufuma ku Ciswahili na Chichewa) na ciyowoyero ca chiTumbuka ico cikuyowoyeka mu mizi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuwona kuti chiyowoyero cha Rumphi ndicho ntchakutowa chomene. Chiyowoyero cha ku Mzimba chikakhwaskika chomene na chiNgoni (Zulu).
Kwamba kale, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya Chitumbuka na Chichewa. Ndipouli, ciyowoyero ca Tumbuka cikasuzgika comene mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Pulezidenti Hastings Kamuzu Banda, cifukwa mu 1968 cifukwa ca fundo yake yakuti paŵe mtundu umoza na ciyowoyero cimoza, ciyowoyero ici cikaleka kuŵa ca boma mu Malawi. Ntheura, mu masukulu, pa wayilesi, na mu manyuzipepara ŵakafumiskamo ciyowoyero ici. Mu 1994, apo boma la Tumbuka likamba kulamulira na vipani vinandi, ŵakambaso kutegherezga maungano gha pa wayilesi. Kweni mabuku na mabuku ghanyake ghakaŵa ghanandi yayi.
Malembelo
Pali nthowa ziŵiri zakulembera chiTumbuka izo zikugwiliskirika nchito: kalembero ka kaluso (kakulembeka mu Baibolo la Chitumbuka la Wikipedia na mu nyuzipepara y a Fuko), umo mazgu gha banthu 'ŵanthu' na chaka 'chaka' ghakulembeka na 'b' na 'ch', na kalembero ka kaluso (kakulembeka mu dikishonare ya Citumbuka iyo yikufumiskika pa Intaneti na Centre for Language Studies na mu Baibolo la pa Intaneti), umo mazgu ghakulembeka na 'ŵ' na 'c', nga ŵanthu na caka. (Sumu ya 'ŵ' ni [w] yakuzingilizgika makora iyo yikuzunulika na lulimi pafupi na i). Ŵanthu ŵakumanya yayi apo ŵakwenera kulemba 'r' na 'l', nga ni cakulya (Dikishonare) panji cakurya (Baibolo) 'chakurya.' (Nadi, [l] na [r] ni mazgu ghakupambanapambana gha chiyowoyero chimoza.) Kweniso pali kukayikira pakati pa mazgu ghakuti'sk' na'sy' (miskombe na misyombe ('bamboo') ghali mu dikishonare ya Citumbuka).
Vowels
Mu chiyowoyero cha Tumbuka muli mazgu ghakuyana waka nga ni /a/, /ɛ/, /i/, /ɔ/, /u/ na /m̩/ aghoso ghali mu Chichewa.
KaNhlaneki, Limpopo
KaNhlaneki, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
ChiTumbuka
Consonants
Malizga gha chiyowoyero cha Tumbuka ghakuyana waka na gha Chichewa, kweni ghakupambana. Mu chiyowoyero cha Chichewa mulije mazgu ghakuti /ɣ/, /β/, na /h/. Kweniso ŵanthu ŵakutemwa kupulika mazgu agho ghakufuma mu mulomo, , , , , , and.
Mu chiTumbuka mulije vilembo vya Chichewa nga ni /psj/, /bzj/, /t͡s/, /d͡z/. Mazgu gha /s/ na /z/ ghakusangika yayi mu ChiTumbuka, ntheura Chewa nsómba ('somba') = Tumbuka somba. Lizgu lakuti /ʃ/ likusangika mu mazgu gha ku vyaru vinyake pera nga ni shati ('shati') na shuga ('shuga'). ChiTumbuka /?? / nyengo zinyake chikuyana na Chichewa /d/, chiChewa kudwala 'kuŵa mulwari' = Tumbuka kulwala, Chichewa kudya 'kurya' = Tumbuka kulya. Kuyowoya kwa lizgu lakuti "sk" na lizgu lakuti "zg" vikupambana kuyana na chiyowoyero.
Ma consonants gha Tumbuka kanandi ghakusangika mu viyowoyero vinyake. Vinyake vingalembeka pambere chindindindi chindambe kufuma. Pa chithuzithuzi ichi, pali mazgu agho ghangaŵa pa chilembo ichi:
KaSabulane
KaSabulane ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Lenyenye, Limpopo
Lenyenye, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
ChiTumbuka
Kapulikikilo
Kupambana kukuru pakati pa Chichewa na Chitumbuka nkhwa kuti Chichewa ni chiyowoyero icho chikuyowoya mazgu ghakupambanapambana.
ChiTumbuka chili na mazgu ghakupambanapambana, chifukwa lizgu lililose ilo likuyowoyeka payekha likuyana waka na lizgu lakwamba ilo likufuma pa lizgu laumaliro. Ntheura, mu Citumbuka nchambura macitiko kupambaniska mazgu ghaŵiri ghakupambanapambana, nga umo vikuŵira mu Chichewa na viyowoyero vinyake vya Bantu. Ndipouli, lizgu laumaliro yayi ndilo likuŵa pa lizgu lililose, kweni lizgu laumaliro pera:
A greater variety of tonal patterns is found in the ideophones (expressive words) of Tumbuka; for example Low (yoyoyo 'disintegrating into small pieces'), High (fyá: 'swooping low (of birds)'), High-Low (phúli 'sound of thing bursting'), and Low-High (yií 'sudden disappearance'), etc.
Intonational tones are also used in Tumbuka; for example, in yes-no questions there is often a High-Low fall on the final syllable of the question:
There does not seem to be any consistent, direct correlation between tone in Tumbuka and focus.
Noun classes
Nga umo vikuŵira na viyowoyero vya ŵanthu ŵa ku Bantu, mazina gha ChiTumbuka ghakupangika mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana kuyana na vigaŵa vya mazina. Lizgu lililose lili na lizgu lake lakwimira, lizgu lakwimira, na lizgu la chiyowoyero. Para pali mphindano pakati pa mazgu agha na mazgu ghakwambilira, mazgu agha ndigho ghakuŵa pakwamba pakusankha zina. Mwaciyelezgero, lizgu lakuti katundu 'vinthu,' nangauli lili na lizgu lakuti ka-, lili mu gulu 1, cifukwa munthu wakuyowoya katundu uyu 'vinthu ivi' na lizgu lakuti uyu. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Malaŵi (nga umo viliri mu dikishonare ya Citumbuka ya pa Yunivesite ya Malawi) ŵakuzunura mazina gha viŵaro mu viyowoyero vinyake nga ni "Mu-Ŵa-"; kweni ŵanthu ŵa ku Bantu ŵakuzunura viŵaro mu manambara (1/2 etc.) agho ghakuyana na viŵaro vya viŵaro mu viyowoyero vinyake vya ku Bantu. Nyengo zinyake mazina ghakukolerana yayi na magulu ghakulondezgapo agha, nga ni fumu'mukuru' (kalasi 9) uyo wali na mazina ghanandi mu kilasi 6.
Class 1/2 (Mu-Ŵa-)
Some nouns in this class lack the prefix Mu-:
Class 3/4 (Mu-Mi-)
Class 7/8 (Ci-Vi-)
Class 9/10 (Yi-Zi-)
Class 11 (Lu-)
Some speakers treat words in this class as if they were in class 5/6.
Class 14/6 (U-Ma-)
Class 15 (Ku-) Infinitive
Classes 16, 17, 18 (Pa-, Ku-, Mu-) Locative
Concords
Viyezgo, vimanyikwiro, manambara, mazgu ghakupambanapambana, na vimanyikwiro mu Chitumbuka vikwenera kukolerana na lizgu ilo likuyowoyeka. Ŵakuchita nthena na vilembo vyakwambilira, vyakunthazi, panji vyakunthazi ivyo vikuchemeka 'concords.' Mtundu 1 uli na viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana, nga ni mazina ghakwimira vinthu, mazgu ghakwamba, mazgu ghaumaliro, manambara, vimanyikwiro, na mazgu ghaumaliro:
Other noun classes have a smaller variety of concords, as can be seen from the table below:
Viyelezgero vya mazgu na malemba
Mazgu agha ndigho munthu wangayowoya para wakuluta ku chigaŵa icho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya Chitumbuka:
Subject prefix
Viyezgo vyose vikwenera kuŵa na lizgu lakunjilira ilo likuyana na lizgu lakunjilira. Mwaciyerezgero, lizgu lakuti ciŵinda'muthondo' lili mu gulu la 7, ntheura usange ni munthu, verebu ili lili na c-:
It is also possible for the subject to be a locative noun (classes 16, 17, 18), in which case the verb has a locative prefix:
The locative prefix ku- (class 17) is also used impersonally when discussing the weather:
When the subject is a personal pronoun, the subject prefixes are as follows (the pronoun itself may be omitted, but not the subject prefix):
In Karonga dialect, in the 3rd person singular a- is found instead of wa-, and the 3rd plural is wa- instead of ŵa-, except in the perfect tense, when wa- and ŵa- are used.
Object-marker
To indicate the object, an infix can be added to the verb immediately before the verb root. Generally speaking, the object-marker is optional:
The object-marker agrees with the class of the object, as shown on the table of concords above.
The object-marker can also be a locative (classes 16, 17, or 18):
Tenses
Tenses in Tumbuka are made partly by adding infixes, and partly by suffixes. Unlike Chichewa, tones do not form any part of the distinction between one tense and another.
In the past a distinction is made between hodiernal tenses (referring to events of today) and remote tenses (referring to events of yesterday or some time ago). However, the boundary between recent and remote is not exact.
Pali mphambano yikuru pakati pa nyengo iyo yajumpha na nyengo iyo yajumpha. Para munthu wakuyowoya mu nyengo yakufikapo, wakuyowoya kuti vinthu vicali makora, nga ni para wakuti: 'Vikondamoyo vyatandazgika mu munda.' Para munthu wakuyowoya lizgu lakuti ndakhala, wakung'anamura kuti "Nkhukhala" panji ndakondwa. Chizindikiro cha kutali chikugwiliskirika nchito pa vinthu ivyo vikacitika kale comene kweni ivyo vikucitika mazuŵa ghano, nga ni libwe lilikuwa 'libwe lawira' panji walikutayika 'wali kufwa.'
Nyengo zakunthazi nazo zikupambaniska pakati pa vyakuchitika vyapafupi na vyakutali. Vinyake vikulongora kuti cakucitika ici cizamucitikira kunyake, nga ni ndamukuchezga 'Nizamuluta kukacezga.'
Compound tenses are also found in Tumbuka, such as wati wagona 'he had slept', wakaŵa kuti wafumapo 'he had just left' and wazamukuŵa waguliska 'he will have sold'.
Other future tenses are given by Vail (1972) and others.
In the 1st person singular, ni-ku- and ni-ka- are shortened to nkhu- and nkha-: nkhuluta 'I am going', 'I go', nkhalutanga 'I used to go'.
Negative verbs
To make the negative of a verb in Tumbuka, the word yayi or cha(ra) is added at or near the end of the clause. It seems that yayi is preferred by younger speakers:
With the present perfect tense, however, a separate form exists, adding -nda- and ending in -e:
The Ngoni influence on Tumbuka
Words of Ngoni (Zulu/Ndwandwe) origin found in Tumbuka:
An example of Tumbuka
Months in Tumbuka:
Chiyelezgero cha nkhani ya ŵanthu iyo yikang'anamulika mu Chitumbuka na viyowoyero vinyake vya kumpoto kwa Malawi chili mu buku la Language Mapping Survey for Northern Malawi, ilo likalembeka na Center for Language Studies of the University of Malawi. Buku la Chitumbuka ilo lili na nkhani iyi likuti:
Bellevue, Limpopo
Bellevue, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
KaSiandana
KaSiandana ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
KaXikukwani, Limpopo
KaXikukwani, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
KaNwadzekudzeku
KaNwadzekudzeku ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Wanangwa wa LGBT mu Zambia
Ŵanakazi na ŵanalume wogonana ŵekha ŵekha, panji pachizungu kuti, Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) ŵanthu ŵa mu Zambia ŵakukumana na masuzgo gha malango agho ŵanthu ŵambura kugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵambura kugonana nawo ŵakukumana nagho yayi. Mu Zambia, ŵanalume na ŵanakazi wuwo ŵakugonana ŵekhaŵekha. Kale, caru ca Zambia cikaŵa pasi pa ufumu wa Britain, ndipo cikapokera malango na malango gha ŵeneco awo ŵakakhalanga mu caru ici. Kwambira nyengo iyo, malango ghakukhwaskana na kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi pera ghakusintha yayi, ndipo malango ghakukhwaskana na kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi pera ghakukanizga kugonana na vinyama. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵanyawo awo mbakusangwa yayi.
Ŵapolisi na ŵalara ŵa boma ŵakuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu uwu. Ŵakukakika na kukakika mwambura kwenelera, ndipo ŵakusuzgika na nkhaza para ŵali mu jele. Ŵapolisi ŵakuyowoyerathu kuti ŵakopa na kupoka ndalama za ŵanthu ŵa mtundu uwu. Ŵanthu awo ŵakweruzgika chifukwa cha kugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵanyawo ŵakuŵachichizga kuti ŵajure mino ghawo. Ŵadokotala na mawupu ghakuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu ŵakususka chomene nthowa izi.
Dango lakukhwaskana na kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha
Kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha kukukanizgika na vigaŵa vya 155 na 156 vya dango la ku Zambia (umo likasinthikira mu 1933 na kufumiskika na kusintha na Dango Nambara 15 la 2005)
Cipaturo 155 ("Vinthu Vambura Kuyana na Umo Viliri") cikususka kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha nga ni mulandu ukuru uwo ukulangika na kukhala mu jere kwa vilimika 15, panji umoyo wose.. "Munthu waliyose uyo- (a) wakumanya munthu waliyose mwakutalulira; panji ... (c) wakuzomerezga mwanalume kuti wamumanye mwakutalulira; wakuchita mulandu ukuru ndipo para wasangika na mulandu, wangakakika vyaka 15 panji kujumpha"
Cigaŵa ca 156 cikulangura kuti munthu uyo wakukhumba "kucita cinthu ciheni cilicose ico calembeka mu cipaturo 155, wangakakika kwa vilimika vinkhondi na viŵiri".
Nangauli palije chilango chapadera, kweni chigaŵa cha 158, chigaŵa cha 3 icho chikasintha mu 2005, chikukhumba kulongozga kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha: "Mwana uyo, kwali pa wumba panji paŵekha, wakucita cinthu ciheni comene na mwana munyake wa kugonana kwakuyana panji wakuyezga kuti munthu munyake wacitenge cinthu ciheni ici na mwana uyu panji na mwana munyake panji munthu wa kugonana kwakuyana, kwali pa wumba panji paŵekha, wakucita cinthu ciheni ndipo wakwenera kucita uteŵeti wa ku wumba panji wovwiri uwo khoti lingamanya kuti ndiwemi kwa mwana."
Palije dango lakuyana na ili mu dango la vigeŵenga ilo likuyowoya za kugonana kwa ŵana ŵachoko.
Vyakukanizgika vya kuvikilira
Boma la Zambia likuzomerezga yayi kuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanalume na ŵanakazi awo ŵakutemwa kugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi awo ŵakutemwa kugonana na ŵanakazi. Ndipouli, mu lipoti lawo la mu 2021, U.S. Dipatimenti Yakuwona vya Vyaru yikati: "Munthu walije wanangwa wakuyowoya panji kuwungana mwamtende pa nkhani za LGBTQI+".
Mu 1998, mu upharazgi uwo wakacita ku Nyumba ya Malango ya ku Zambia, Christon Tembo, mwimiliri wa pulezidenti, wakapempha kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakukhozgera wanangwa wa ŵanalume awo ŵakugonana ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi pera ŵakakike. Pulezidenti Frederick Chiluba wakati kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha "nkhwa mu Baibolo yayi" kweniso "kwakususkana na umo ŵanthu ŵaliri". Pamanyuma, Peter Machungwa, nduna ya vya mukati, wakalangura kuti munthu waliyose panji gulu lililose ilo likukhumba kulembeska gulu lakuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha, likakike. Herbert Nyendwa, mulembi wa mawupu, wakayowoya kuti walekenge kulembeska wupu uliwose wa LGBT panji wupu unyake.
The People v. Paul Kasonkomona
Malango ghakususka wanangwa wa ŵanalume na ŵanakazi awo ŵakutemwa kugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi awo ŵakutemwa kugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi awo ŵakutemwa kugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi awo ŵakutemwa kugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi. Pa nyengo ya pulogiramu iyi, munthu uyu wakacema kuti kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha kuleke kuŵa mulandu mu Zambia, kuzomerezga wanangwa wa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵacoko waka, na kumazga kuthandazgika kwa HIV pakati pa ŵanthu ŵacoko waka. Pamanyuma pa ungano uwu, ŵapolisi ŵakamukora ndipo ŵakamujalira mu jele usiku wose. Munthu uyu pamasinda ŵakamupa mulandu wa "kuchita vinthu mwakujumphizga na kuswa malango mwakuyana na chigaŵa cha 178 ((g) cha Criminal Code, of the Laws of Zambia".