cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Nambala
Vimanyikwilo vya Maŵelengero
9.      Tisa
10.   Khumi
Makapa, Limpopo
Makapa, Limpopo ni muzi mu msumba wa Makhuduthamaga, mu boma likulu la Sekhukhune District Municipality, chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, mu charu cha South Africa.
Nambala
Vimanyikwilo vya Maŵelengero
13.   Tatu-pa-khumi
14.   Nayi-pa-khumi
15.   Nkhonde-pa-khumi
17.   Saba-pa-khumi
19.   Tisa-pa-khumi
20.   Khumi-muŵili
21.   Moza-pa-khumi-muŵili
22.   Ŵili-pa-khumi-muŵili
24.   Nayi-pa-khumi-muŵili
25.   Nkhonde-pa-khumi-muŵili
26.   Sita-pa-khumi-muŵili
27.   Saba-pa-khumi-muŵili
28.   Nane-pa-khumi-muŵili
29.   Tisa-pa-khumi-muŵili
30.   Khumi-mutatu
32.   Ŵili-pa-khumi-mutatu
33.   Tatu-pa-khumi-mutatu
34.   Nayi-pa-khumi-mutatu
35.   Nkhonde-pa-khumi-mutatu
36.   Sita-pa-khumi-mutatu
37.   Saba-pa-khumi-mutatu
38.   Nane-pa-khumi-mutatu
39.   Tisa-pa-khumi-mutatu
40.   Khumi-munayi
41.   Moza-pa-khumi-munayi
42.   Ŵili-pa-khumi-munayi
43.   Tatu-pa-khumi-munayi
44.   Nayi-pa-khumi-munayi
45.   Nkhonde-pa-khumi-munayi
46.   Sita-pa-khumi-munayi
48.   Nane-pa-khumi-munayi
49.   Tisa-pa-khumi-munayi
50.   Khumi-mkhonde
70. Khumi-msaba
80. Khumi-nane
90. khumi-mtisa
Zovk
Zovk ni muzi mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Kotayk, mu charu cha Armenia.
Nambala
Vimanyikwilo vya Maŵelengero
100. Phambu
102. Ŵili-pa-phambu
103. Tatu-pa-phambu
104. Nayi-pa-phambu
105. Nkhonde-pa-phambu
106. Sita-pa-phambu
108. Nane-pa-phambu
109. Tisa-pa-phambu
110. Khumi-pa-phambu
111. moza-pa-khumi-phambu
120. Khumi-pa-muŵili-phambu
121. moza-pa-Khumi-muŵili-phambu
210. Khumi-pa-phambu-muŵili
220. Khumi-muŵili-pa-phambu-muŵili
221. moza-Khumi-muŵili-pa-phambu-muŵili
1000. Chikwi
2000. Vikwi-viŵili
Mbiri pambele kulemba
Vyolemba vyoyamba vikiza vyaka 5,300 vyajumpha ivi, vikatolaso nyengo yitali kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵambeko kulemba uku. Mbiri pambere kulemba, ni nyengo yofufuzika chomene nangawuli nchosuzga chifukwa chosoŵa vyolemba ivyo.
Arusha
Arusha ni imoza mwa ma tauni ghakutchuka mu chalo cha Tanzania. Unandi wa wanthu ni 416,441(2012).
Mailasegolo
Mailasegolo ni muzi mu msumba wa Makhuduthamaga, mu boma likulu la Sekhukhune District Municipality, chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, mu charu cha South Africa.
Mbeya
Mbeya   ni imoza mwa ma tauni ghakutchuka iyo ili kummwera kwa manjililo gha dazi gha chalo cha Tanzania .Unandi wa wanthu ni 385,279(2012).
Filimu
Filimu, ninthowa yowoneska Vinthu vyochita pa kugwiliska vithuzi vinandi vya kwenda luŵilo luŵilo pa siklini.
Akitekcha
Akitekcha ni Luso na sayansi yolemba na kujambula ndondomeko za umo chinthu chingazengekela chomene kuti chinthu icho chioneka mwakutowa.
Kasakh
Kasakh ni muzi mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Kotayk, mu charu cha Armenia.
Luso
Luso, ni vyochita ŵanthu vya mitundu-mitundu vyaku woneka namaso na vyoplikika na makutu ivyo vikuyimilila maghanoghano gha munthu na ukaswili wakhe pa chinthu chinyakhe. Vya Luso vikupangika kuti ŵanthu ŵadokele.
Morogoro
Morogoro   ni imoza mwa ma tauni ghakutchuka iyo ili ku mafumilo gha dazi mu chalo cha Tanzania.Unandi wa wanthu ni 315,866 (2012)
Burke County, Georgia
Burke County, Georgia ni msumba uchoko panji nkhalwe (county pachingelezi) iyo ikusangika mu boma likulu la Georgia mu charu cha United States of America. Boma likulu la Georgia lina tumisumba 159 mukwati mwake (counties) ndipo ni boma la nambala 24 mu ukulu wa malo kweneso nda nambala  8 pa mndandanda wa maboma gha United States agho ghana ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene.
Chiyowoyelo
Chiyowoyelo ni nthowa izo munthu wakupelekela maghanaghano ghakhe kwa munthu munyakhe. Nthowa yimoza ni nthe kugwiliska nchito mazgu.
Mahlakole
Mahlakole ni muzi mu msumba wa Makhuduthamaga, mu boma likulu la Sekhukhune District Municipality, chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, mu charu cha South Africa.
Pueblo Nuevo (Remedios)
Pueblo Nuevo (Remedios) ni msumba mu boma la Remedios, Chigaŵa cha Villa Clara, charu cha Cuba.
Lekwageng, Limpopo
Lekwageng, Limpopo ni muzi mu msumba wa Makhuduthamaga, mu boma likulu la Sekhukhune District Municipality, chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, mu charu cha South Africa.
Lekgwareng, Limpopo
Lekgwareng, Limpopo ni muzi mu msumba wa Makhuduthamaga, mu boma likulu la Sekhukhune District Municipality, chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, mu charu cha South Africa.
Butts County, Georgia
Butts County, Georgia ni msumba uchoko panji nkhalwe (county pachingelezi) iyo ikusangika mu boma likulu la Georgia mu charu cha United States of America. Boma likulu la Georgia lina tumisumba 159 mukwati mwake (counties) ndipo ni boma la nambala 24 mu ukulu wa malo kweneso nda nambala  8 pa mndandanda wa maboma gha United States agho ghana ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene.
Tanga, Tanzania
Tanga  ni imoza mwa ma tauni ghakutchuka mu chalo cha Tanzania .Unandi wa wanthu ni 273,332 mu 2012.
Koubou
Koubou ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Bamingui-Bangoran kumpoto kwa Central African Republic.
Kahama, Tanzania
Kahama   ni imoza mwa ma tauni ghakutchuka iyo ili kumpoto kwa manjililo gha dazi mu chalo cha Tanzania.Unandi wa wanthu ni 242,208 (2012).
Zoravan
Zoravan ni muzi mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Kotayk, mu charu cha Armenia.
Putnam County, Georgia
Putnam County, Georgia ni msumba uchoko panji nkhalwe (county pachingelezi) iyo ikusangika mu boma likulu la Georgia mu charu cha United States of America. Boma likulu la Georgia lina tumisumba 159 mukwati mwake (counties) ndipo ni boma la nambala 24 mu ukulu wa malo kweneso nda nambala  8 pa mndandanda wa maboma gha United States agho ghana ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene.
Jane Furse
Jane Furse ni muzi mu msumba wa Makhuduthamaga, mu boma likulu la Sekhukhune District Municipality, chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, mu charu cha South Africa.
Tabora
Tabora   ni imoza mwa ma tauni ghakutchuka mu chalo cha Tanzania.Unandi wa wanthu ni 226,999 (2012).
Zanzibar City
Zanzibar ni imoza mwa ma tauni ghakutchuka mu chalo cha Tanzania .Unandi wa wanthu ni 223,033 (2012).
Francistown
Francistown ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Botswana.
Sumu
Sumu ni ndondomeko ya Vinthu vwakwimbika na mulomo.
El Mamey (Remedios)
El Mamey (Remedios) ni msumba mu boma la Remedios, Chigaŵa cha Villa Clara, charu cha Cuba.
ChiLambya
Lambya ni chiyowoyelo cha ŵanthu aŵo ŵakuchemeka kuti ŵalambya icho chili mugulu la viyowoyelo vyachi Bantu. Chilambya chikuyowoyeka ku Tanzania na Malawi. Ku mpoto kwa Malawi chikuyowoyeka ku Boma la Chitipa.
Nakuru
Nakuru   ni imoza mwa ma tauni ghakutchuka mu chalo cha Kenya .Unandi wa wanthu ni 570 674  (2019).
Mombasa
Mombasa   ni imoza mwa ma tauni ghakutchuka mu chalo cha Kenya. Unandi wa wanthu ni  1 208 333 (2019).
ChiNgonde
ChiNgonde, ni chiyowoyelo cha ŵaNgonde ku Boma la Karonga na ku mwela kwa Tanzania.
Mombasa
Wonaniso : Mombasa County, Kenya
Msumba
Msumba ni malo agho ŵanthu ŵakukhalapo ghakuluko nthe. Unganeneka kuti ukwenera kuŵa wakukhazikika kweniso wa ŵanthu ŵakukhala kathithi. Mu misumba muli vinthu vinandi nga ni nyumba, mayendedwe, malo ghakusangira vyakurya, ntchito za munthazi, kugwiliskira ntchito malo, kupanga katundu, na kwendera. Chifukwa cha unandi wawo, ŵanthu, maboma, na mawupu ghakupanga vinthu vikupambanapambana.
Guanabanabo (Remedios)
Guanabanabo (Remedios) ni msumba mu boma la Remedios, Chigaŵa cha Villa Clara, charu cha Cuba.
GaMohlala, Limpopo
GaMohlala, Limpopo ni muzi mu msumba wa Makhuduthamaga, mu boma likulu la Sekhukhune District Municipality, chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, mu charu cha South Africa.
GaMoloi, Limpopo
GaMoloi, Limpopo ni muzi mu msumba wa Makhuduthamaga, mu boma likulu la Sekhukhune District Municipality, chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, mu charu cha South Africa.
Russia
Russia (Россия, ), panji kuti Wupu wa Russia, ni charu icho chili ku chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Europe na kumpoto kwa Asia. Ni caru cikuru comene pa caru capasi, ndipo cikupanga cigaŵa cimoza pa vigaŵa vinkhondi na cimoza pa vigaŵa vyose vya caru capasi. Charu cha Russia chili na vigaŵa 11 vya nyengo ndipo chili na vyaru 14. Ni caru cacinkhondi na cinayi pa vyaru ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵanandi comene pa caru cose ndiposo caciŵiri pa vyaru ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵanandi comene mu Europe. Msumba ukuru wa Russia ni Moscow. Msumba wa St. Petersburg ndiwo ni msumba ukuru comene wa Russia. Malo ghanyake ghakurughakuru mu charu ichi ni Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Chelyabinsk, Krasnoyarsk, na Kazan.
Ŵanthu ŵa ku East Slav ŵakamba kukhala ku Europe pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 300 na 800 C.E. Boma lakwamba la ŵanthu ŵa ku East Slavic, la Kievan Rus', likaŵako mu vyaka vya m'ma 900 C.E., ndipo mu 988, likamba kugomezga Chikhristu cha Orthodox kufuma ku Ufumu wa Byzantium. Paumaliro, caru ca Russia cikamara, ndipo ufumu wa Grand Duchy wa Moscow ukakura na kuzgoka Ufumu wa Russia. Kuzakafika kuuyambiro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, charu cha Russia chikakura chomene chifukwa cha kuthereska ŵanthu na kuŵawukira. Ndipouli, apo ku Russia kukawuka vivulupi mu 1917, muwuso wa ufumu wa Russia ukamara ndipo pamasinda SFSR yikamba kulamulira. Pamanyuma pa Nkhondo ya ku Russia, Soviet Socialist Socialist Republic of Russia yikambiska Soviet Union pamoza na vyaru vinyake vitatu vya Soviet Union. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1930, Soviet Union yikasuzgika chomene na vinthu vya m'ma 1930. Apo Nkhondo Yakuzizima yikambanga, charu cha Russia chikamba kuphalizgana na charu cha United States kuti chiŵe na maghanoghano ghakupambanapambana pa charu chose.
Mu 1991, boma la Russia SFSR likafuma mu wupu wa Soviet Union. Dango liphya likapelekeka, ilo likakhazikiska muwuso wa boma. Kufuma waka apo vyaka vya m'ma 1900 vikambira, boma la Russia likuwusika na Vladimir Putin. Russia wali kunjilirapo pa nkhondo zinandi izo zikacitika mu nyengo ya Soviet Union, kusazgapo kupoka Crimea mu 2014 kufuma ku Ukraine.
Pa caru cose, caru ca Russia nchakutowa comene pa nkhani ya demokilase, wanangwa wa ŵanthu, na wanangwa wa vyalo. Charu cha Russia chili pa nambara 11 pa nkhani ya GDP. Vinthu vyakununkhira na nkhongono ivyo charu ichi chili navyo ni vikuru comene pa caru cose, ndipo mafuta na gasi ivyo vikusangika mu caru ici ni vyakuzirwa comene. Pa caru cose, caru ca Russia cili na vilwero vya nyukiliya vinandi comene, ndipo ni cacitatu pa vyaru ivyo vili na vilwero vya nkhondo vinandi. Charu ichi chili mu wupu wa United Nations Security Council; nchigaŵa ca G20, SCO, BRICS, APEC, OSCE, na WTO; ndipo nchigaŵa cikuru comene ca mawupu agho ghakaŵako pamanyuma pa Soviet Union nga ni CIS, CSTO, na Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). Ku Russia kuli malo 30 agho ghali kulembeka na wupu wa UNESCO kuti ni malo ghakukondweska ŵanthu.
Saralanj, Kotayk
Saralanj, Kotayk ni muzi mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Kotayk, mu charu cha Armenia.
Russia
Kwiza kwa zina
Mu Chirasha, zina la lero la charu ichi, Россия (Rossiya), likufuma ku zina la Chigiriki la Byzantine la Rus', Ρωσία (Rosía). Zina lakuti Rus' (Росия) lili kufuma ku lizgu Lachigiriki ndipo likasangika mu 1387. Kweni likamba kugwiliskirika ntchito mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500. Mu Chirasha muli mazgu ghaŵiri agho ghakung'anamulika kuti "ŴaciRussian" mu Cingelezi kuti: Russian (russkiye), agho ghakung'anamura ŵanthu ŵa ciyowoyero ca ku Russia, na Russian (rossiyane), agho ghakung'anamura ŵanthu ŵa ciyowoyero ca ku Russia, kwali mba fuko wuli.
ChiTonga
Chitonga ni chiyowoyelo icho chikuyowoyeka na banthu bakuti mba Tonga mu Boma la Nkhata Bay ku Malawi.
Russia
Mbiri yakwambilira
Malo ghakwamba agho ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga ku Russia ghakaŵako mu nyengo ya Oldowan mu nyengo ya Lower Paleolithic. Vyaka pafupifupi 2 miliyoni ivyo vyajumpha, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Homo erectus ŵakaluta ku Taman Peninsula, kumwera kwa Russia. Vinthu vinyake ivyo ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito vyaka pafupifupi 1.5 miliyoni ivyo ŵakavisanga ku North Caucasus. Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikulongora kuti munthu uyu wakaŵako vyaka 195,122,700 ivyo vyajumpha. Mu mphanji iyi mukaŵaso viswaswa vya munthu munyake zina lake Denny, uyo wakababika mu nyengo yakale chomene. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa ku Russia ndiwo ŵakakhalako vyaka pafupifupi 45,000 ivyo vyajumpha.
Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakaŵako mu nyengo yithu iyi ŵakaŵako vyaka 45,000 ivyo vyajumpha, ku Western Siberia. Ŵakasanga viswaswa vya ŵanthu ŵa mazuŵa ghano vyaka 40,000 ivyo vyafuma ku Kostyonki Borshchyovo na Sungir, vyaka 34,600 ivyo vyafuma ku Russia. Ŵanthu ŵakafika ku Russia vyaka pafupifupi 40,000 ivyo vyajumpha, ku Mamontovaya Kurya. Ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku Siberia awo ŵakakhalanga ku North Eurasia, awo ŵakayananga na ŵanthu ŵa ku Mal'ta Buret na Afontova Gora, ndiwo ŵakapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku America na ŵanthu ŵa ku Eastern Hunter-Gatherers ŵakhalenge ku malo agha.
Chiphunzitso cha Kurgan chikulongora kuti chigaŵa cha Volga-Dnieper icho chili kumwera kwa Russia na Ukraine ndicho chikaŵa chakwamba kwa ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe. Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa ku Indo-Europe awo ŵakafuma ku vigaŵa vya ku Pontic-Caspian ku Ukraine na Russia ŵakamba kuyowoya viyowoyero vya Yamnaya na viyowoyero vya ku Indo-Europe mu vigaŵa vinandi vya ku Eurasia. Vinyama vya viŵeto vikamba kukhala mu chipalamba cha Pontic-Caspian mu nyengo ya Chalcolithic. Vinthu ivyo vikakhalako vya ŵanthu ŵa mu vigaŵa ivi vikasangika ku malo nga ni Ipatovo, Sintashta, Arkaim, na Pazyryk. Ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga viyowoyero vya ku Urals kumpoto kwa Europe, ŵakamba kusama kufuma ku Siberia vyaka 3,500 ivyo vyajumpha.
Mu vyaka vya m'ma 300 C.E. m'paka 400 C.E., ufumu wa Oium ukaŵa kumwera kwa Russia. Pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 300 na 600 C.E., Ufumu wa Bosporus, uwo ukaŵa ufumu wa Ŵagiriki, nawo ukaparanyika chifukwa cha kuwukira kwa ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake nga ni Hun na Avars. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Khazars, awo ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Turkey, ndiwo ŵakalongozganga chigaŵa cha ku Caucasus kumwera, kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Mlonga wa Volga, na kumanjiliro gha dazi m'paka ku Kyiv pa Mlonga wa Dnieper m'paka mu 100 C.E. Pamanyuma pa iwo, Ŵachichenichi ŵakamba kuwungana pamoza, ndipo pamasinda Ŵacumani na Ŵachipaki ŵakamba kuwungana.
Ŵasekuru ŵa ŵanthu ŵa ku Russia ŵali kufuma ku mafuko gha Ŵaslaviki agho ghakapambana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Indo-Europe awo ŵakaŵako kumpoto kwa Europe vyaka 1,500 ivyo vyajumpha. Ŵanthu ŵa ku East Slavs ŵakamba kukhala ku Russia mu vigaŵa viŵiri. Chimoza chikafuma ku Kiev na kuluta ku Suzdal na Murom, ndipo chinyake chikafuma ku Polotsk na kuluta ku Novgorod na Rostov. Kwambira mu ma 700 C.E., ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Russia ŵakaŵa ŵa ku East Slavs.
Kievan Rus'
Mu vyaka vya m'ma 900 C.E., ŵanthu ŵa ku East Slavic ŵakamba kukhala mu vyaru vya Varangians, awo ŵakaŵa Ŵaviking awo ŵakendanga mu maji kufuma kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Baltic kuya ku Black na Caspian Seas. Mu 882, Oleg, uyo wakanjira mu ufumu wake, wakaluta kumwera na kuwukira Kiev, uko kale kukaŵanga na ŵanthu awo ŵakapelekanga mithulo ku Ŵakazari. Mwana wa Rurik, Igor, na mwana wa Igor, Sviatoslav, ŵakathereska mafuko ghose gha ku East Slavic, ŵakaparanya Khazar Khaganate, ndipo ŵakaluta ku Byzantium na Persia.
Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1000 m'paka mu 1100, caru ca Kievan Rus' cikazgoka cimoza mwa vyaru vikuru comene na vyakutukuka comene mu Europe. Mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Vladimir Mukuru (980-1015) na mwana wake Yaroslav the Wise (1019-1054) kukaŵa nyengo ya golide ku Kiev. Nyengo ya muwuso wa ŵasilikari na kuleka kwendera boma yikaŵa kuti yakwana. Chigaŵa cha Kiev chikamba kuchepa, ndipo chikaŵa ku chigaŵa cha Vladimir-Suzdal, kumpoto, Novgorod Republic, na Galicia-Volhynia, kumwera cha kumanjiliro gha dazi. Kuzakafika m'ma 1200 C.E., Kiev yikaŵa kuti yindaŵepo na mazaza pa caru cose, ndipo yikaŵa kuti yagawikana mu vigaŵa vinandi. Fumu Andrey Bogolyubsky yikawukira Kiev mu 1169 ndipo yikapangiska Vladimir kuŵa msasa wake.
Ŵanalume ŵa ku Novgorod awo ŵakalongozgekanga na fumu Alexander Nevsky, ŵakathereska Ŵaswede mu Nkhondo ya ku Neva mu 1240, kweniso ŵakathereska ŵasilikari ŵa ku Germany mu Nkhondo ya ku Ice mu 1242.
Paumaliro, Ŵamongoliya ŵakanjira mu charu cha Kievan Rus mu 1237 na 1240. Ŵalwani aŵa, awo pamasinda ŵakacemeka kuti Ŵataliyani, ndiwo ŵakambiska ufumu wa Golden Horde, uwo ukawusa Russia kwa vilimika vinandi. Boma la Novgorod ndilo likapona ku ŵasilikari ŵacilendo apo likajipeleka na kuzomera kupeleka msonkho ku Ŵa Mongol. Pamanyuma, chigaŵa cha Galicia-Volhynia chikapokeka na Lithuania na Poland, ndipo chigaŵa cha Novgorod chikalutilira kukura kumpoto. Ku mpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi, mitheto ya Byzantine-Slavic iyo yikaŵa mu caru ca Kievan Rus' yikasintha na kupanga boma la Russia.
Grand Duchy ya Moscow
Kuwuskika kwa charu cha Kievan Rus' kukapangiska kuti ufumu wa Grand Duchy of Moscow, uwo pakwamba ukaŵa chigaŵa cha Vladimir-Suzdal, uŵeko. Apo mpositole wa Tchalitchi la Orthodox ku Russia wakasamira ku Moscow mu 1325, nkhongono zake zikakura comene. Ufumu wa Novgorod, uwo ukaŵa mulwani waumaliro wa Moscow, ndiwo ukaŵa msumba ukuru wa malonda gha vikumba vya nyama na dowoko lakumafumiro gha dazi chomene la Hanseatic League.
Mu 1380, ŵasilikari ŵa ufumu wa Russia ŵakathereska Ŵamongoliya na Ŵatata mu Nkhondo ya Kulikovo. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, Moscow wakayamba kulamulira vigaŵa vinyake nga ni Tver na Novgorod.
Ivan III ("Mukuru") wakawuskapo ufumu wa Golden Horde na kukhozga charu chose cha kumpoto kwa Russia. Mu 1453, msumba wa Constantinople ukati wabwangandulika, boma la Moscow likati ndilo liŵenge themba la Ufumu wa Roma. Ivan III wakatora Sophia Palaiologina, muzukuru wa Constantine XI, themba la ku Byzantium, ndipo wakazgora nombo ya nombo ya ku Byzantium kuŵa yake, ndipo pamanyuma yikazgoka ya Russia. Vasili III wakakolerana na caru cose ca Russia mwa kunjizga vyaru vinyake vya ku Russia ivyo vikaŵa vyambura mazaza mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500.
Tsardom wa Russia
Mu 1547, Themba Ivan IV ("Wakofya") ndilo likaŵa themba lakwamba la Russia. Themba ili likapeleka malango ghaphya (Sudebnik wa mu 1550), likakhazikiska wupu wakwimira boma la Russia (Zemsky Sobor), likasintha ŵasilikari, likakanizga ŵalongozgi ŵa visopa kuti ŵaleke kuŵa na mazaza pa ŵanthu, ndipo likambaso kuwunganya maboma. Pa nyengo iyo wakaŵira themba, Ivan wakasazgirako pafupifupi malo ghaŵiri gha Russia agho ghakaŵa ghakuru chomene. Paumaliro, kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1500, caru ca Russia cikamba kwenda kumafumiro gha dazi kwa mapiri gha Ural. Ndipouli, ufumu wa Tsardom ukalopwa cifukwa ca Nkhondo ya ku Livonia iyo yikacitika kwa nyengo yitali, ndipo yikaŵa yambura kucitika makora. Mu 1572, ŵasilikari ŵa Crimean Tatars ŵakathereskeka pa Nkhondo ya Molodi.
Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1700, caru ca Russia cikalutilira kukura. Mu 1654, mulongozgi wa ku Ukraine, Bohdan Khmelnytsky, wakapeleka Ukraine ku muwuso wa themba la Russia, Alexis. Paumaliro, Ukraine yikagaŵikana mumphepete mwa Dnieper, ndipo chigaŵa chakumafumiro gha dazi (Left-bank Ukraine na Kiev) chikaŵa pasi pa boma la Russia. Ku chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi, ŵanthu ŵa ku Russia ŵakalutilira kupenja vinthu vyakuzirwa nga ni vikumba na mino gha zovu. Ŵalendo ŵa ku Russia ŵakendanga kumafumiro gha dazi chomene na nthowa za ku Siberia, ndipo m'ma 1700, kukaŵa vyaru vinyake ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Russia ŵakakhalanga kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Siberia, ku Chukchi Peninsula, mumphepete mwa Mlonga wa Amur, na mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Pacific. Mu 1648, Semyon Dezhnyov wakaŵa munthu wakwamba wa ku Europe kwendera mu nyanja ya Bering Strait.
Ufumu wa Russia
Mu 1721, mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Peter Mukuru, caru ca Russia cikazgoka ufumu, ndipo cikaŵa cimoza mwa vyaru vikuru comene vya ku Europe. Peter wakawusa kwambira mu 1682 m'paka 1725, ndipo wakathereska Sweden mu Nkhondo Yikuru ya ku Northern (1700-1721) ndipo wakawovwira kuti Russia yambe kwenda pa nyanja. Mu 1703, Petrosi wakazenga msumba wa St. Petersburg, uwo uli mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Baltic. Mu nyengo yose iyo wakalamuliranga, vinthu vikasintha chomene mu charu cha Russia. Mu nyengo ya kuwusa kwa mwana mwanakazi wa Peter I, Elizabeti mu 1741-1762, caru ca Russia cikamba kurwa nkhondo ya vilimika vinkhondi na viŵiri (1756-1763). Apo nkhondo yikaŵa mukati, ŵasilikari ŵa Russia ŵakanjira mu East Prussia na kufika ku Berlin. Kweni Elizabeti wakati wafwa, vinthu vyose ivi vikawezgeka ku Ufumu wa Prussia na Peter III wa ku Russia.
Catherine II ("Mukuru"), uyo wakawusa mu 1762-1796, ndiyo wakawusa mu nyengo iyo ŵanthu ŵakasambizgikiranga vinthu mu Russia. Wakapeleka mazaza gha ndyali ku Russia pa charu cha Poland na Lithuania, ndipo wakawunjika vigaŵa vinandi mu Russia. Kumwera, pamanyuma pa Nkhondo za ku Russia na Turkey, Catherine wakawoneseska kuti mphaka ya Russia yifike ku Nyanja Yiswesi. Cifukwa ca kuthereska Ŵaqajar ku Iran mu Nkhondo za ku Russia na Peresiya, mu hafu yakwamba ya vyaka vya m'ma 1800, caru ca Russia cikathereskaso caru ca Caucasus. Mwana wake Paul, uyo wakanjira mu malo gha Catherine, wakaŵa wambura kukhazikika ndipo wakatemwanga chomene vinthu vya mu nyumba. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yichoko waka kufuma apo wakawusira, Alexander I (1801-1825) wakathereska charu cha Finland ku Sweden mu 1809 na Bessarabia ku Ottomans mu 1812. Ku North America, ŵanthu ŵa ku Russia ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵakwamba kufika ku Alaska na kukhalamo. Mu 1803-1806, ŵanthu ŵa ku Russia ŵakazingilira charu. Mu 1820, ŵanthu ŵa ku Russia ŵakasanga charu cha Antarctica.
Nkhongono yikuru na kukura kwa ŵanthu, sayansi na luso
Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo za Napoleon, Russia wakakolerana na maboma gha ku Europe, ndipo wakarwa nkhondo na France. Nkhondo ya ku France iyo yikafika ku Russia mu 1812 yikafika ku Moscow, kweni yikathera yayi chifukwa ŵanthu ŵakagomezgeka yayi, kweniso nyengo yakuzizima ya ku Russia yikatimbanizga ŵasilikari. Ŵasilikari ŵa Ufumu wa Russia, awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Mikhail Kutuzov na Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly, ŵakawuskapo Napoleon na kwenda mu Europe yose mu Nkhondo ya Gulu Lachinkhondi na Chimoza. Alexander I ndiyo wakalongozganga ŵimiliri ŵa ku Russia pa ungano wa ku Vienna, uwo ukalongosora umo caru ca ku Europe cikaŵira pamanyuma pa nyengo ya Napoleon. Ŵasilikari awo ŵakalondezganga Napoleon mu vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Europe ŵakiza na maghanoghano gha ku Russia, ndipo ŵakayezga kukanizga mazaza gha fumu mu nyengo ya kuwukira kwa Decembrist mu 1825. Paumaliro wa muwuso wa Nicholas I (1825-1855), nyengo iyo ufumu wa Russia ukaŵa na nkhongono zinandi ku Europe, yikamara chifukwa cha kutondeka ku nkhondo ya ku Crimea.
Kusintha Kwambiri kwa Chikhalidwe ndi Chikapitale
Alexander II (1855-1881) uyo wakanjira mu malo gha Nicholas, wakasintha vinthu vinandi mu charu chose, kusazgapo kusintha kwa boma mu 1861. Vinthu ivi vikawovwira kuti vinthu vyendenge makora mu charu cha Russia, ndipo vikawovwira kuti ŵasilikari ŵa Ufumu wa Russia ŵambe kugwira ntchito mazuŵa ghano. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800 na m'ma 1900, Russia na Britain ŵakakolerananga pa nkhani ya Afghanistan na vigaŵa vinyake vya ku Central na South Asia.
Ufumu wa Wupu Wakulongozga na Nkhondo ya Caru Cose
Mu nyengo ya muwusi waumaliro wa Russia, Nicholas II (1894-1917), Nkhondo ya ku Russia na Japan yikatimbanizgika. Nkhondo iyi yikamara, kweni boma likakanizgika kusintha vinthu vinandi.
Kuwukira na nkhondo ya cikaya
Mu 1914, caru ca Russia cikanjira mu Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose cifukwa cakuti Austria-Hungary yikapharazga kuti yikukhumba kurwa nkhondo na Serbia. Mu 1916, ŵasilikari ŵa Ufumu wa Russia ŵakathereska ŵasilikari ŵa Austria na Hungary. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵakagomezganga yayi kuti boma ili lichitenge vinthu mwamahara. Vyose ivi vikawovwira kuti paŵe Nkhondo Yakwamba ya ku Russia mu 1917, iyo yikacitika mu vigaŵa viŵiri vikuruvikuru. Kukwambilira kwa 1917, Nicholas II wakacicizgika kuleka ufumu wake. Iyo na mbumba yake ŵakakakika ndipo pamanyuma ŵakakomeka pa Nkhondo ya pa Cikaya ya ku Russia. Mu ufumu wa ufumu uwu mukaŵa magulu gha ndyali agho ghakajiphara kuti ni boma la kanyengo kachoko, ndipo ghakapharazga kuti ni charu cha Russia. Pa Janyuwale 19 [O.S. 6 January], 1918, Russian Constituent Assembly yikapharazga kuti Russia ni fuko la demokilase (pakuzomerezga fundo ya boma la kanyengo). Zuŵa lakulondezgapo, Wupu Wakulongozga ukawuskapo ungano uwu.
Pa nyengo iyi, pakaŵaso wupu unyake wa Petrograd Soviet, uwo ukaŵa na mazaza gha kuwusa mu vyaru vinyake. Boma liphya likasazgirako waka suzgo mu caru m'malo mwa kulimazga, ndipo paumaliro, Nkhondo ya Okutobala, iyo yikalongozgekanga na Vladimir Lenin, yikathereska boma la nyengo yicoko na kupeleka mazaza ghose ku maboma gha Soviet, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti caru cikhazikike. Nkhondo ya ku Russia yikamba pakati pa gulu la White movement na Bolsheviks. Pamanyuma pa kusazga phangano la Brest-Litovsk ilo likamalizga nkhondo na ŵamazaza ŵa ku Central Powers mu Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose, caru ca Russia cikapeleka vigaŵa vyake vinandi vya kumanjiliro gha dazi, umo mukaŵa 34% ya ŵanthu ŵake, 54% ya mafakitale ghake, 32% ya vyaru vyake, na pafupifupi 90% ya migodi yake ya malasha. Ŵasilikari ŵa vyaru vinyake ŵakacita nkhondo kuti ŵawovwire ŵasilikari awo ŵakasuskanga boma la Germany. Pa nyengo yeneyira, ŵa Bolshevik na ŵa White ŵakacitiskana nkhondo ya kusonkhaniska ŵanthu na kuŵakoma. Paumaliro wa nkhondo ya pawenenawene, chuma na vinthu vinyake vya ku Russia vikaparanyika comene, ndipo ŵanthu pafupifupi 10 miliyoni ŵakafwa pa nkhondo iyi, comenecomene ŵanthu bweka. Ŵanthu mamiliyoni ghanandi ŵakafuma mu vyaru vyawo na kuluta ku vyaru vinyake.
Command economy and Soviet society
Pa Disembala 30, 1922, Lenin na ŵantchito ŵake ŵakapanga Soviet Union, ndipo ŵakasazga Soviet Socialist Republic of Russia na vyaru vya Belarus, Transcaucasia, na Ukraine. Paumaliro, pa nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose, caru cikaŵa na vyaru 15 ivyo vikakolerananga.
Pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya Lenin mu 1924, gulu la ŵasilikari ŵatatu likimikika kuti licitenge mulimo uwu. Paumaliro, Joseph Stalin, mulembi mukuru wa chipani cha Communist Party, wakamazga magulu ghose ghakwimikana na boma na kukhozga mazaza ghake mwakuti waŵe muwusi wankhongono wa caru mu ma 1930. Leon Trotsky, uyo wakaŵa wakuwovwira comene pa kusintha vinthu pa caru cose, wakacimbizgika mu Soviet Union mu 1929, ndipo fundo ya Stalin yakuti Socialism in One Country yikazgoka fundo ya boma. Nkhondo iyo yikalutilira mukati mwa chipani cha Bolshevik yikafika paheni comene.
Stalinism and violent modernization
Mu muwuso wa Stalin, boma likambiska vinthu vyakuti ŵanthu ŵagwirenge ntchito mwakufwatuka, kupanga vyamuminda, na kupanga vyakurya vinandi. Mu nyengo iyi, vinthu vikasinthanga comene pa nkhani ya cuma na umoyo wa ŵanthu. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakatumizgika ku misasa yakuyuzgirako ŵanthu, kusazgapo ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakakika cifukwa ca ndyali. Mu 1932-33 mu Soviet Union mukaŵa njara yikuru, ndipo ŵanthu 8.7 miliyoni ŵakafwa. Paumaliro, mu nyengo yicoko waka, Soviet Union yikasintha kufuma ku cuma ico cikagwiranga nchito ya vyakurya kuya ku caru ico cikagwiranga nchito ya kupanga vinthu.
Ruiru
Ruiru   ni imoza mwa ma tauni ghakutchuka mu chalo cha Kenya .Unandi wa wanthu ni 490 120 (2019).
Russia
World War II and United Nations
Soviet Union yikanjira mu Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose pa Seputembala 17, 1939 apo yikawukira Poland, mwakuyana na dango lakubisika la Molotov Ribbentrop Pact na Nazi Germany. Pa 22 Juni, 1941, Germany yikawukira Soviet Union, ndipo yikajura chigaŵa chikuru chomene cha Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose.
Paumaliro, ŵasilikari pafupifupi 5 miliyoni ŵa Red Army ŵakakoleka na Nazi;:272 Ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakakomeka na njara panji ŵakakoma ŵanthu 3.3 miliyoni ŵa ku Soviet, kweniso ŵanthu ŵanandi, pakuti "Ndara" yikaŵa ndondomeko ya kufiska Generalplan Ost.:175-186 Nangauli ŵasilikari ŵa German ŵakaŵa na viwemi vyakwambilira, kweni nkhondo ya ku Moscow yikaŵakoma. Pamanyuma, Ŵachijeremani ŵakathereskeka comene pakwamba pa Nkhondo ya Stalingrad mu nyengo ya cihanya ya 1942-1943 ndipo pamanyuma pa Nkhondo ya Kursk mu cihanya ca 1943. Kuwina kunyake uko Ŵachijeremani ŵakacita kukaŵa kuzingilizga msumba wa Leningrad, uko msumba uwu ukazingilizgika na ŵasilikari ŵa ku Germany na Finland pakati pa 1941 na 1944. Ŵasilikari ŵa Soviet ŵakaluta ku vyaru vya kumafumiro gha dazi na vya pakati pa Europe mu 1944 na 1945, ndipo ŵakapoka Berlin mu Meyi 1945. Mu Ogasiti 1945, ŵasilikari ŵa Reds ŵakanjira mu charu cha Manchuria na kuchimbizga Ŵapaniya ku North East Asia.
Eldoret
Eldoret   ni imoza mwa ma tauni ghakutchuka mu chalo cha Kenya .Unandi wa wanthu ni 475 716  (2019).
Russia
World War II and United Nations
Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose ya mu 1941 m'paka mu 1945, ku Russia ŵakachemanga kuti Nkhondo Yikuru ya Charu. Soviet Union, pamoza na United States, United Kingdom na China ŵakawonekanga kuti ni Big Four of Allied powers mu Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose, ndipo pamasinda ŵakazgoka Four Policemen, iyo yikaŵa musisi wa United Nations Security Council.:27 Mu nyengo ya nkhondo, ŵanthu pafupifupi 2627 miliyoni ŵakafwa pa nkhondo iyi. Ndipouli, Soviet Union yikajipeleka comene kuti yiŵe ufumu wankhongono pa caru cose.
Superpower and Cold War
Pamanyuma pa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose, vigaŵa vinyake vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Europe, na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Austria, vikapokeka na ŵasilikari ŵa Red Army. Maboma gha Chikomyunizimu ghakaŵapo mu vyaru vya ku Eastern Bloc. Nkhondo iyi yikati yamara, Soviet Union yikamba kulimbana na ŵasilikari ŵa United States na NATO.
Khrushchev Thaw reforms and economic development
Pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya Stalin mu 1953 na nyengo yifupi ya muwuso wa wupu, mulongozgi muphya Nikita Khrushchev wakachenya Stalin ndipo wakambiska ndondomeko ya kulekeska Stalin, kufumiska ŵakayidi ŵanandi ŵa ndyali mu misasa ya Gulag. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, vinthu vikamba kwenda makora. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo pera, nkhondo ya pa caru cose yikafika paheni comene apo ŵasilikari ŵaŵiri aŵa ŵakasuskananga pa nkhani ya kuŵika mabomba gha Jupiter ku Turkey na mabomba gha Soviet ku Cuba.
Mu 1957, Soviet Union yikaponya pa mtunda satellite yakwamba pa caru cose yakucemeka Sputnik 1. Munthu wakwamba kuzingilira caru capasi wakaŵa Yuri Gagarin, uyo wakaluta pa Vostok 1 pa Epulero 12, 1961.
Period of developed socialism or Era of Stagnation
Khrushchev wakati waparanyika mu 1964, pakaŵaso muwuso unyake wa ŵanthu wose, m'paka apo Leonid Brezhnev wakaŵira mulongozgi. Nyengo ya m'ma 1970 na kuuyambiro wa m'ma 1980 yikamanyikwa kuti nyengo ya kukhazikika. Mu 1965, boma la Soviet likasintha vinthu vinyake mu Soviet Union. Mu 1979, ŵasilikari ŵa Soviet ŵakanjira mu charu ichi, ndipo paumaliro nkhondo ya ku Afghanistan yikamba. Mu Meyi 1988, ŵasilikari ŵa Soviet ŵakamba kufumamo mu Afghanistan, cifukwa ca ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yose awo ŵakasuskanga ŵasilikari ŵa Soviet, nkhondo ya kuwukira ŵasilikari ŵa Soviet, ndiposo cifukwa ca kuleka kukhozgeka na ŵanthu ŵa Soviet.
Perestroika, democratization and Russian sovereignty
Kwambira mu 1985, mulongozgi waumaliro wa Soviet, Mikhail Gorbachev, uyo wakakhumbanga kusintha vinthu mu Soviet Union, wakambiska ndondomeko ya glasnost (kujulika) na perestroika (kuweleramo mu vinthu vinyake) kuti wamazge suzgo la vyachuma na kuzgora boma kuŵa la ŵanthu ŵanandi. Ndipouli, ici cikapangiska kuti mu caru cose muŵe vyaru vyakupambanapambana. Pambere caka ca 1991 cindafike, caru ca Soviet Union cikaŵa caciŵiri pa vyaru ivyo vikaŵa na cuma cikuru comene, kweni mu vilimika vyaumaliro vya umoyo wake, cikaŵa mu suzgo.
Mu 1991, vinthu vikamba kunangika mu vyaru vya ku Baltic apo vyaru ivi vikafumako ku Soviet Union. Pa Malichi 17, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakazomerezga kuti Soviet Union yiŵe wupu wakukolerana. Mu Juni 1991, Boris Yeltsin wakaŵa pulezidenti wakwamba uyo wakasankhika mwakudunjika mu Russia. Mu Ogasiti 1991, boma la Gorbachev likayezga kuwuskapo boma, ndipo likaŵa na cilato cakuti likhalilire mu Soviet Union. Pa Disembala 25, 1991, pamanyuma pa kuparanyika kwa Soviet Union, pamoza na Russia wa mazuŵa ghano, vyaru vinyake 14 vikafuma mu wupu wa Soviet Union.
Transition to a market economy and political crises
Charu cha Russia chikaŵa mu suzgo yikuru chifukwa cha suzgo la vyachuma na ndyali. Pa nyengo iyo Soviet Union yikaparanyikira na pamanyuma pake, pakaŵa kusintha kukuru, kusazgapo kupanikizga vinthu vya boma na kulekeska malonda, kusazgapo kusintha kukuru kwa vinthu nga ni "chock therapy". Kuŵika vinthu vya boma pa malo ghake kukapangiska kuti maboma gha Russia ghaleke kulamulira mabungwe gha boma na kwamba kulamulira ŵanthu awo ŵakamanyikwanga na boma. Ŵanandi awo ŵakaŵa ŵasambazi ŵakawuskamo ndalama zinandi mu charu ichi. Kuchepa kwa ndalama kukapangiska kuti vinthu vyendenge makora yayi mu charu. Chiŵelengero cha ŵana awo ŵakubabika chikakhira chomene, ndipo ŵanthu mamiliyoni ghanandi ŵakamba kusuzgika na ukavu.
Kuumaliro wa 1993, mphindano pakati pa Yeltsin na Nyumba ya Malamulo ya Russia zikakura comene mwakuti pakaŵa suzgo la ndyali. Mu nyengo ya suzgo iyi, Yeltsin wakawovwirika na maboma gha ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 100 ŵakakomeka.
Modern liberal constitution, international cooperation and economic stabilization
Mu Disembala, ŵakachita pharazgo na kuzomerezga dango liphya ilo likapa pulezidenti mazaza ghakuru. M'ma 1990, ku North Caucasus kukaŵa nkhondo, kuswa malango kwa mafuko na kugaluka kwa ŵanthu ŵa chisopa cha Islam. Kufuma waka apo ŵasilikari ŵa ku Chechnya ŵakapharazgira kuti ŵajiyimire ŵekha mu ma 1990, nkhondo ya ŵasilikari yikamba pakati pa gulu la ŵakugaluka na ŵasilikari ŵa Russia. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Chechnya ndiwo ŵakacitiska vivulupi na kukoma ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Russia.
Pamanyuma pakuti Soviet Union yaparanyika, Russia ndiyo wakeneranga kulipira ngongoli za caru ici. Mu 1992, ŵakawuskapo malango ghanandi ghakwendeskera mitengo ya vinthu, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti ndalama za Russia zichepe chomene. Kuchepa kwa ndalama mu boma la Russia, pamoza na kusazgikira kwa ndalama na kutondeka kuwezga ngongoli, ndivyo vikapangiska suzgo la ndalama mu Russia mu 1998.
Movement towards a modernized economy, political centralization and democratic backsliding
Pa Disembala 31, 1999, pulezidenti Yeltsin wakafumapo mwamabuchi, ndipo wakalekera ntchito iyo nduna yikuru iyo yikaŵa kuti yasankhika waka, Vladimir Putin. Pamanyuma pake, Putin wakathereska ŵanthu ŵa ku Chechnya mu nkhondo yaciŵiri ya ku Chechnya.
Mu 2004, Putin wakathereskeka. Chifukwa cha kukwera kwa mtengo wa mafuta na kukwera kwa ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake ŵakugwiliskira ntchito, chuma cha Russia chikamba kwenda makora kweniso ŵanthu ŵakamba kukhala makora. Muwuso wa Putin ukakhozga mtende, uku uku Russia wazgoka boma lakugaluka. Mu 2008, Putin wakamba kuŵa nduna yikuru, apo Dmitry Medvedev wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti kwa nyengo yimoza, kuti walutilire kuŵa na mazaza nangauli nyengo yake yikaŵa yakukwana yayi. Nkhondo ya Russia na Georgia yikacitika pa 1 na 12 Ogasiti, 2008, pamanyuma pa suzgo ya ndyali na Georgia. Iyi yikaŵa nkhondo yakwamba ya ku Europe ya m'ma 2000.
Invasion of Ukraine
Kuuyambiro wa chaka cha 2014, Russia yikapoka charu cha Crimea kufuma ku Ukraine. Mu suzgo yikuru ya nkhondo, Russia yikamba nkhondo ya ku Ukraine pa 24 February 2022. Nkhondo iyi ndiyo yikaŵa yikuru comene mu Europe kufuma apo Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose yikambira, ndipo yikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakasuskanga. Pa cifukwa ici, Russia wakafumiskika mu wupu wa Council of Europe mu Malichi, ndipo wakasoleka mu wupu wa United Nations Human Rights Council mu Epulero. Mu Seputembala, pamanyuma pa nkhondo zakutonda za ku Ukraine, Putin wakapharazga za "kuwungana kwa vigaŵa", kuwungana kwa Russia kakwamba kufuma apo Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose yikambira. Kuumaliro wa Seputembala, Putin wakapharazga kuti vigaŵa vinayi vya Ukraine vyatoleka na boma la Russia. Putin na ŵalongozgi ŵa ku Russia ŵakasazgapo phangano lakuti ŵanjire mu caru ca Russia, ilo caru cose cikumanya yayi ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuliwona kuti ndakuswa malango. Pa maparamende ghanandi gha pa caru cose na gha pa caru cose, pakaŵa fundo izo zikati Russia ni boma ilo likuwovwira vigeŵenga. Kweniso, Latvia, Lithuania, na Estonia ŵati Russia ni boma la vigeŵenga. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya kuti ŵakafwa cifukwa ca nkhondo iyi. Nkhondo ya ku Ukraine yasazgirako suzgo la ŵanthu ku Russia.
Makhalilo gha charu
Charu cha Russia chili kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Europe na kumpoto kwa Asia. Chigaŵa ichi chili kumpoto chomene kwa charu cha Eurasia. Charu cha Russia chili pakati pa latitude 41° na 82° N, na longitude 19° E na 169° W, ndipo chili na mtunda wa makilomita pafupifupi 9,000 (5,600 mi) kufuma kumafumiro gha dazi kuya kumanjiliro gha dazi, na makilomita 2,500 mpaka 4,000 (1,600 mpaka 2,500 mi) kufuma kumpoto kuya kumwera. Ku Russia, charu ichi chili na vigaŵa vikuruvikuru kuluska vyaru vitatu.
Russia yili na mapiri ghakuru ghankhondi na ghatatu, ndipo ghakusangika mu vigaŵa vya kumwera chomene, uko kuli mapiri ghanandi gha Caucasus (uko kuli Phiri la Elbrus, ilo lili pa mtunda wa mamita 5,642 (18,510 ft) ndilo ni phiri likuru chomene mu Russia na Europe); Mapiri gha Altai na Sayan mu Siberia; na mu mapiri gha East Siberia na Kamchatka Peninsula mu Russian Far East (uko kuli Klyuchevskaya Sopka, ilo lili pa mtunda wa mamita 4,750 (15,584 ft) ndilo phiri likuru chomene mu Eurasia). Mapiri gha Ural, agho ghali kumpoto na kumwera kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa charu ichi, ghali na vinthu vinandi vyakuthupi. Malo ghapasi chomene mu Russia na Europe, ghali ku mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Caspian, uko maji gha mu Nyanja ya Caspian ghakukwera mamita 29.
Ku Russia kuli milonga yakujumpha 100,000, ndipo kuli maji ghanandi chomene pa charu. Nyanja ya Baikal, iyo njakukhora comene pa nyanja zose za ku Russia, njakunyang'amira comene, njakutowa comene, yakale comene, ndiposo njakutowa comene. Nyanja ya Ladoga na ya Onega, izo zili kumpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Russia, ni zinandi comene mu Europe. Ku Russia, maji ghose agho ghakusangika ku malo ghakusangikako ghakusangika waka ku Brazil. Mlonga wa Volga uwo uli kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Russia, ndiwo ni mlonga utali chomene mu Europe. Mlonga wa Ob, Yenisey, Lena, na Amur, uwo uli mu Siberia, ngumoza mwa milonga yitali comene pa caru.
Nyengo
Chifukwa cha ukuru wa caru ca Russia ndiposo cifukwa cakuti vigaŵa vinandi vya caru ici vili kutali comene na nyanja, mu caru ici muli nyengo yakuzizima, kweni mu vigaŵa vinandi vya caru ici muli vyakumera vyambura maji. Mapiri agho ghali kumwera na kumafumiro gha dazi ghakovwira kuti mphepo yakufuma ku nyanja za Indian na Pacific yileke kwiza, apo mapiri gha ku Europe agho ghali kumanjiliro gha dazi na kumpoto ghakovwira kuti mphepo izo zikufuma ku nyanja za Atlantic na Arctic zileke kwiza. Chigaŵa chikuru cha kumpoto cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Russia na Siberia chili na mphepo ya subarctic, ndipo mu vigaŵa vya kumpoto cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Siberia muli nyengo yakuzizima chomene. Mphepete mwa nyanja ya Arctic na pa virwa vya ku Russia, pali mphepo yakuzizima.
Chigaŵa cha mumphepete mwa nyanja cha Krasnodar Krai pa Nyanja Yiswesi, chomenechomene Sochi, na vigaŵa vinyake vya mumphepete mwa nyanja na vya mukati mwa North Caucasus, vili na mphepo yakuzizima chomene. Mu vigaŵa vinandi vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Siberia na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Russia, nyengo ya chiwuvi njakomira chomene pakuyaniska na nyengo ya chihanya. Mu nyengo ya chiwuvi, mu vigaŵa vinandi vya charu ichi, vula yikuwa nga ni chiwuvi. Chigaŵa chakumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Kaliningrad Oblast na vigaŵa vinyake kumwera kwa Krasnodar Krai na North Caucasus vili na mphepo ya nyanja. Malo agha ghali mumphepete mwa Lower Volga na Caspian Sea, kweniso mu vigaŵa vinyake vya kumwera kwa Siberia.
Mu vigaŵa vinandi vya caru ici, pali nyengo ziŵiri pera, nyengo ya cihanya na ya cihanya. Mwezi wakuzizima comene ni Janyuwale (February pa mumphepete mwa nyanja). Nyengo zinyake matenthedwe ghakupambanapambana. Mu nyengo yakuzizima, kuzizima kukukulirakulira kufuma kumwera kuya kumpoto ndiposo kufuma kumanjiliro gha dazi kuya kumafumiro gha dazi. Nyengo ya chihanya yikuŵa yakotcha comene, nanga nkhu Siberia. Kusintha kwa mphepo ku Russia kukupangiska kuti moto wa mu nkhorongo ulokenge kanandi waka, kweniso kuti charu ichi chiŵe na chiwuvi chikuru.
Biodiversity
Chifukwa cha ukuru wake, caru ca Russia cili na vyakumera vyakupambanapambana. Vinyake mwa vyakumera ivi ni mapopa gha ku mpoto, vyakumera vya tundra, vyakumera vya tundra, vyakumera vya taiga, vyakumera vya makuni ghakupambanapambana, vyakumera vya makuni, vyakumera vya makuni, vyakumera vya mu mapopa, vyakumera vya mu mapopa, na vyakumera vya mu vigaŵa vyakumwera. Pa caru cose ca Russia, hafu ya caru ici yili na makuni, ndipo ni malo ghakurughakuru comene pa caru cose gha makuni, agho ghakukanizga mphepo ya carbon dioxide.
Mu vyakumera vya ku Russia muli vyakumera vyakupambanapambana 12,500, vyakumera vyakupambanapambana 2,200, vyakumera vyakupambanapambana 3,000, vyakumera vyakupambanapambana 7,000, na vyakumera vyakupambanapambana 20,000, 25,000. Vinyama vya ku Russia vili na vyamoyo vyakukwana 320, viyuni vyakukwana 732, vyamoyo vyakukhala pasi vyakukwana 75, vyamoyo vyakukhala pasi na pasi vyakukwana 30, somba za mu maji ghawemi vyakukwana 343, somba za mu maji gha mchere vyakukwana 1,500, vyamoyo vyakukwana 9 na vyamoyo vyambura msana vyakukwana 100,000 na 150,000. Vinyama na vyakumera vyakujumpha 1,100 ivyo ni vichoko chomene na ivyo vili pangozi ya kumara vili kulembeka mu buku la Russian Red Data Book.
Vinthu vyose vyakuthupi vya ku Russia vili mu malo pafupifupi 15,000 agho ghali na malo ghakupambanapambana ghakuvikilirika. Vinyake mwa vyaru ivi ni vyaru 45 ivyo vili na vyamoyo vyakupambanapambana, vyaru 64 ivyo vili na vyakumera vyakupambanapambana, na vyaru 101 ivyo vili na vyakumera vyakupambanapambana. Nangauli charu ichi chikulutilira kunangika, kweni viyuni vinandi vichalipo, chomenechomene ku chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa charu cha Siberia. Russia wakaŵa na chiŵelengero cha 9.02 mu 2019, ndipo wakaŵa wa nambara 10 pa vyaru 172.
Political divisions
Mu 1993, boma la Russia likaŵa na malango ghakwendera lumoza. Mwakupambana na umo vinthu vikaŵira mu R.S.F.S.R., apo vyaru vikaŵa waka "vinthu vya mu wupu", dango ili likawovwira kuti vigaŵa vinyake viŵe nga ni vyaru vinyake. Vyaru vya Russia vili na vigaŵa ivyo vili na mazaza ghake, kweni palije vigaŵa ivyo vili na mazaza ghake, vilije mazaza gha boma, vilije wanangwa wa kulongora mazaza ghake mu malango ghawo, ndipo vilije wanangwa wa kujipatura ku caru. Malango gha vigaŵa ghangatimbanizga yayi malango gha boma.
Vyaru vyose vya ku Germany vili na ŵimiliri ŵaŵiri mu wupu wa Federation Council, uwo ni wupu wa ŵalara ŵa boma. Kweni ŵakupambana pa umo ŵakuchitira vinthu. Mu 2000, Putin wakambiska maboma gha Russia kuti ghaŵe na mazaza pa ŵanthu awo ŵakulongozgeka na boma. Pakwamba kukaŵa vigaŵa vinkhondi na viŵiri, kweni sono kuli vigaŵa vinkhondi na viŵiri, ndipo chigaŵa chilichose chili na nthumi yake.
Foreign relations
Russia wali na ubwezi wakukhora na vyaru viŵiri ivi. Kwamba kale, Serbia ni muwukirano wa Russia, cifukwa vyaru viŵiri ivi vikukolerana comene pa nkhani ya mitheto, mafuko, na visopa. India ndiyo wakuguliska comene vya nkhondo ku Russia, ndipo vyaru viŵiri ivi vili na ubwezi wakukhora wa vyaru vyakupambanapambana kwambira mu nyengo ya Soviet Union. Russia wali na mazaza pa vyaru vyakuzirwa nga ni South Caucasus na Central Asia. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, Russia wakulondezga fundo zakususkana na vyaru vinyake kuti wasange mazaza pa charu chose kweniso kuti wawovwire boma lake. Kuwukira ŵasilikari mu vyaru ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa Soviet Union, ni nkhondo na Georgia mu 2008, kweniso kuwukira Ukraine na kutimbanizga mtende mu 2014. Russia nayo wakukhumba kusazgirako nkhongono zake ku Middle East, comenecomene kwizira mu nkhondo ya ku Syria. Nkhondo za pa Intaneti na kunanga malo gha mu mlengalenga, pamoza na kunjilirapo pa mavoti, vyawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵawonenge kuti Russia ngwankhongono. Ubwezi wa Russia na Ukraine na vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi, chomenechomene United States, European Union, United Nations na NATO, watimbanizgika; comenecomene pamanyuma pa nkhondo ya Russia na Ukraine mu 2014 na kunjira mu suzgo mu 2022. Ubwezi pakati pa Russia na China wakukhozga comene pa vigaŵa viŵiri ndiposo vya cuma cifukwa ca ivyo ŵanthu wose ŵakutemwa. Turkey na Russia ŵakukolerana comene pa nkhani ya ndyali, nkhongono, na kuvikilira caru. Russia wali na ubwezi uwemi na Iran, cifukwa ni mubwezi wake wa ndyali ndiposo wa vya cuma. Kweniso Russia wakulimbikira kuti wasanuzge mazaza ghake mu vyaru vya ku Arctic, Asia-Pacific, Africa, Middle East, na Latin America. Kuyana na lipoti la Economist Intelligence Unit, ŵanthu ŵaŵiri pa ŵanthu ŵatatu ŵaliwose pa caru capasi ŵakukhala mu vyaru nga ni China na India ivyo ni vyakutemwera yayi nkhondo panji ivyo vikutemwa Russia.
Ŵankhondo
Ŵasilikari ŵa Russia ŵali kugaŵika mu magulu ghaŵiri: ŵasilikari ŵa pa mtunda, ŵasilikari ŵa mu nyanja, na ŵasilikari ŵa mu mlengalenga. Kufika mu 2021, ŵasilikari ŵali na ŵasilikari pafupifupi 1 miliyoni, ndipo ŵali na ŵasilikari ŵakujumpha 2 miliyoni. Ŵanalume wose ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 18 na 27 ŵakwenera kunjira usilikari.
Boma la Russia ndilo lili na vilwero vya nyukiliya vinandi chomene kuluska vyaru vinyake. Russia ni yimoza mwa vyaru vitatu ivyo vili na sitima za pasi pa nyanja za balistic missile. Boma la Russia ndilo lili na ndalama zinandi chomene pa charu chose pa nkhani ya vya nkhondo, ndipo likagwiliskira ntchito madola 86.4 biliyoni mu 2022, panji kuti 4.1% ya GDP. Mu 2021, yikaŵa yikuluta yaciŵiri pa caru cose pakuguliska vilwero, ndipo yikaŵa na makampani ghakurughakuru gha kuvikilira caru, ndipo yikapanganga vilwero vinandi vya nkhondo.
Wanangwa wa ŵanthu na vimbundi
Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakususka ivyo boma la Russia likuchita pa nkhani ya wanangwa wa ŵanthu. Mwaciyerezgero, wupu wa Amnesty International na wa Human Rights Watch ŵakuti Russia ni caru ca demokilase yayi ndipo ŵanthu ŵake ŵalije wanangwa wa ndyali panji wanangwa wa kucita vinthu vinyake.