cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Peter Mutharika
2019 election
Pa 21 May 2019, chalo cha Malawi chikapeleka mavoti ghakusoleka kuti ŵasankhe purezidenti muphya, mamembala gha pharalamende, na makhansala gha boma. Peter Mutharika wakasankhika na kukhozgeka nga ni mulongozgi wa DPP. Munthu uyo wakamususkiranga comene wakaŵa Dr. Lazarus McCarthy Chakwera wa Malawi Congress Party (MCP). Saulos Chilima, uyo wakaŵa wachiŵiri kwa Mutharika kufuma mu 2014, nayo wakalimbana na Mutharika kufuma apo ŵaŵiri aŵa ŵakapatukirana mu Epulero 2018. Chisankhocho chinasokonezeka ndi mikangano ndi zonena za kusokoneza ndi DPP ya Mutharika. Mu vigaŵa vinyake nga ni Nsanje na Chikwawa kumwera kwa Malaŵi, banthu ba Malawi Electoral Commission awo bakwendeska mavoti ŵakasuskika kuti ŵasintha mavoti gha Chakwera kuŵa gha Mutharika. Mubali Fred Thomas, uyo wakugwira ntchito ku chigaŵa cha Nsanje, wakakakika chifukwa cha kunanga mavoti. Nkhani zakuyana na izi zakubendezga mavoti na kuyuzga awo ŵakuwonelera vya chipani cha DPP zikalembeka mu vigaŵa vinyake nga ni Zomba, Thyolo, Mulanje, Lilongwe na Nkhotakota. Mabuku ghanandi agho ghakalembeka ghakaŵaso na nkhani zakupusika. Ŵanthu ŵankhaza ŵa ndyali, awo ŵakaghanaghananga kuti mba DPP, ŵakasanganga ma results ndipo ŵakasinthanga manambara mwa 'kusisita' manambara ghakwambilira mwa kuŵikapo tippex (chipambi chakupimira). Ivi vikapangiska kuti mavoti ghaŵe ghakucemeka "Tippex Election", ndipo pamanyuma pake Mutharika wakasankhika kuŵa "Tippex President". Pa 27 Meyi 2019 ndipo nangauli pakaŵa vinthu vyambura kwenelera, Mulongozgi wa Malawi Electoral Commission Justice Jane Ansah, wa khoti likuru, wakapharazga kuti Mutharika ndiyo watonda pa chisankho ichi na mavoti 1,940,709 pakususkana na 1,781,740 ya Dr Lazarus Chakwera wa MCP. Saulos Chilima, uyo wakimiranga UTM wakapokera mavoti 1,018,369. Mutharika wakalapizga pa 28 May 2019 kwa nyengo yinyakhe ya vyaka vinkhondi. Chipani cha opposition cha MCP na UTM chikapempha ku khoti likuru la Malawi kuti likanizgeso mavoti gha pa chisankho ichi. Pa nyengo yeneyira, ŵanthu ŵakususka boma ŵakalutilira kulongora kuti ŵakususka ivyo vikacitika pa nyengo ya maungano. Wupu wa Human Rights Defenders Coalition (HRDC) uwo pa nyengo iyo ukalongozgekanga na Timothy Mtambo ukalongozga chivundungwele cha kususka muwuso wa Mutharika pakususka boma lake kuti ndakujikuzga na kukhumba kuti Jane Ansah wafumeko.
Pa 3 February, 2020, ŵeruzgi ŵa khoti la Constitutional Court ŵakafika ku Lilongwe court kuti ŵapeleke chigamulo pa chisankho cha purezidenti icho chikaŵa chakukayikiska. Ŵeruzgi ŵakaŵazganga mulandu uwu kwa maora 7. Khoti la Malawi Constitutional Court likadumura kuti mavoti gha pa 21 May 2019 ghaleke kugwira ntchito, chifukwa cha viheni ivyo vikachitika na Malawi Electoral Commission. Kweniso likalangura kuti paŵe mavoti ghaphya mu mazuŵa 150. Kuwuskapo mulandu uwu kukaŵa kwachilendo yayi ku Malawi, ndipo kakaŵa kaŵiri pera kuti ivi vichitikenge mu Africa.
2020 election
Mutharika wakathereskeka na Lazarus Chakwera pa mavoti gha 2020 apo wakapokera waka mavoti pafupifupi 40%. Chakwera wakalapizga kuŵa purezidenti wa Malawi pa 28 Juni 2020.
Pa 17 July, 2022, Peter Mutharika wakachita ungano ku nyumba yake ya Page House ku Mangochi uko wakapa mulandu boma la sono la Tonse Alliance kuti lalekeska ŵanthu ŵa ku Malawi na kuleka kufiska ivyo ŵakalayizga. Kweniso wakalayizga kuti chipani chake chizamutonda pa mavoti gha mu 2025 ndipo wachali kughanaghanira usange wangalutizga..
Anti-corruption investigations
Mu Ogasiti 2020, Malawi Anti-Corruption Commission yikakanizga ndalama za Peter na muwoli wake Gertrude, pakuchita kafukufuku wakususkana na vimbundi pa nkhani ya kunozga simenti ya K5 billion dollars kwambura msonkho. Mu Janyuwale 2021, Khoti Likuru likakana pempho la Mutharika lakuti walekeske kusungiska ndalama zake.
Personal life
Mutharika wali na ŵana ŵasungwana ŵaŵiri na mwana mwanalume kufuma ku nthengwa yake yakwamba. Muwoli wake wakwamba, Christophine, wakafwa apo ŵana ŵake ŵakaŵa ŵachoko. Wakaŵa Mukatolika wa ku Caribbean.
Mutharika wakaŵa chokoro kwa vyaka vyakujumpha 30, kweni pa Juni 21, 2014, wakatora Gertrude Maseko, uyo wakaŵa mu Nyumba ya Malango ya Malawi.
Mutharika wali mu tchalitchi la Presbyterian. Ni munung'una wa Bingu wa Mutharika, pulezidenti wachitatu wa Malawi.
Mphoto
He is a recipient of the following awards;
Ukaboni
<references group="" responsive="0">
Guidonia Montecelio
Guidonia Montecelio ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Lazio, mu charu cha Italy mu chilwa chikulu cha Yulaya (Europe).
Aprilia, Lazio
Aprilia, Lazio ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Lazio, mu charu cha Italy mu chilwa chikulu cha Yulaya (Europe).
Lazio
Lazio ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Lazio, mu charu cha Italy mu chilwa chikulu cha Yulaya (Europe).
Fiumicino
Fiumicino ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Lazio, mu charu cha Italy mu chilwa chikulu cha Yulaya (Europe).
Pomezia
Pomezia ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Lazio, mu charu cha Italy mu chilwa chikulu cha Yulaya (Europe).
Anzio
Anzio ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Lazio, mu charu cha Italy mu chilwa chikulu cha Yulaya (Europe).
Tchalitchi la St. Michael na All Angels, Blantyre
St. Michael na All Angels Church ni tchalitchi ilo likazengeka mu 1888 mpaka 1891 mu njerwa ku Blantyre Mission ku Blantyre, Malawi. Likusangika pa malo ghakwambilira gha mishoni ya ku Scotland, kufupi na Chileka Rd, ndipo lili mu tchalitchi la Central Africa, Presbyterian's Blantyre Synod. Kwambira mu 1991, gulu ili ndakukolerana na Hiland Presbyterian Church mu Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Mu 1885, Mulara H. E. O'Neil wakamanya kuti Blantyre ni mtunda wa maora ghaŵiri na maminiti 20 na masekondi 13.56 kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Greenwich, ndipo wakawona mwezi mu nyengo zakukwana 365. Tchalitchi ili likuyowoyeka kuti
Kuzengeka
Tchalitchi ili likazengeka na Rev. David Clement Scott, uyo wakasambirako yayi vya kuzenga. Ŵanalume awo ŵakagwiranga nchito iyi ŵakaŵa kuti ŵandaciteko nchito iyi. Malibwe ghose agho ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito ghakapangikanga pa malo agha kufuma ku dongo la ku malo agha na kughawotcha mu ng'anjo zakugwiliskira nchito nkhuni. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti ŵakagwiliskira nchito njerwa zakupambanapambana zakukwana 81. Viŵiya ivyo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuzenga ni vya mathabwa ghakukwana masentimita 12 pa 6 pa 3, ndipo ŵakuviŵika pa malo ghakupatulika.
Pambere ŵandambe kuzenga, Scott wakalembapo chilichose yayi. M'malo mwake, ŵakayezgekanga na njerwa zakomira. Utali wake uli pafupifupi mamita 106, usani wake mamita 30 kufuma ku chiliŵa kuya ku chiliŵa, ndipo msinkhu wake mamita 37 kufika pa mtenje. Scott wakalongosora umo wakacitira:
Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikapangika ni vyakujinthira, vyakujinthira, na vyakujinthira. Makuni ghaŵiri agha ghakupambana. Mu ng'anjo ya kumwera kwa tawuni iyi muli chikopi icho chili na makwelero. Mu nyumba iyi muli vipinda 6 vya Byzantine.
Kusintha na kunozga
Mu 1907, ŵakaŵikamo chiŵinda mu North transept, ndipo mu 1912 ŵakaŵikamo magesi. Chiŵiya ichi chikasinthika mu 1954. Mu ma 1970, tchalitchi ili likazengekaso, kweni likuwoneka makora yayi kufuma apo likazengekera. Ŵakasanga mphanji yikuru ndipo ŵakayinozga na mabokosi.
Malo ghapafupi
Ku chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa tchalitchi ili kuli windo la wachi, ilo lili pa mtunda wa mamita 30, ndipo lili kuzingilizgika na nyumba zinyake izo kale zikaŵa na sukulu, chipatala, makina ghakusindikizgira mabuku, na shopu ya kuzenga vinthu. Pa malo agha pakaŵa nyumba yamasono yakugwilira nchito zinandi na Henry Henderson Institute, yakucemeka kucindika mishonale wa ku Scotland, Henry Henderson (1843-91).
Ukaboni
<references group="" responsive="0">
Mozambique
Mozambique (Moçambique, ; Mozambiki; Msumbiji; Muzambhiki), mwaboma Charu cha Mozambiki (República de Moçambique, ), ni chalo icho chili kumwera kwa Africa icho chili na mphaka na Indian Ocean kumafumiro gha dazi, Tanzania kumpoto, Malawi na Zambia kumpoto-kumanjiliro gha dazi, Zimbabwe kumanjiliro gha dazi, na Eswatini na South Africa kumwera-kumanjiliro gha dazi. Charu ichi chili kutali na Comoros, Mayotte, na Madagascar. Msumba ukuru wa charu ichi ni Maputo.
Kumpoto kwa Mozambiki kuli mphepo za mu nyanja ya Indian Ocean, ndipo nyengo zinyake kukuchitika vinthu vyakofya. Pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 700 na 1100, mu chigaŵa ichi mukaŵa matawuni ghanandi gha ku dowoko. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vyapakati pa 500 na 1500 C.E., ŵamalonda ŵakufuma ku Somalia, Ethiopia, Egypt, Arabia, Persia, na India ŵakendanga mu matawuni agha.
Charu cha Mozambique chili na vinthu vinandi vyakuthupi, kweni chuma chake chikuthemba pa somba, chomenechomene viyuni vyakututuŵa, viyuni vya mu viŵaya, na viyuni vya mu viŵaya. Ntchito ya kwendakwenda yikukura. Charu cha South Africa chikulutilira kuŵa munyawo wa Mozambique pa malonda.
Kwambira mu 2001, GDP ya Mozambique yikukura chomene, kweni ni yimoza mwa vyaru vikavu comene na vyambura kukura comene pa caru cose, ndipo yili pasi pa GDP pa munthu yumoza, kukura kwa ŵanthu, upusikizgi, na unandi wa umoyo.
Chisopa chikuru chomene mu Mozambiki ni Chikhristu, ndipo ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵakulondezga chisopa cha Chisilamu na visopa vinyake vya ku Africa.
Charu cha Mozambique chili mu wupu wa United Nations, African Union, Commonwealth of Nations, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Community of Portuguese Language Countries, Movement of Non-Aligned, Southern African Development Community, ndipo chili na wupu wa La Francophonie.
Kwiza kwa zina
Ŵapwitikizi ŵakathya charu ichi Moçambique, kufuma ku zina lakuti Mussa Bin Bique panji Musa Al Big panji Mossa Al Bique panji Mussa Ben Mbiki panji Mussa Ibn Malik, uyo wakaŵa wamalonda wa ku Arabia. Msumba uwu ukaŵa msumba ukuru wa charu cha Portugal m'paka mu 1898, apo ukasamukira kumwera ku Lourenço Marques (uno ni Maputo).
Kusama kwa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu
Kwambira m'ma 1000 C.E., ŵanthu ŵakendanga chomene mu nyanja ya Indian Ocean m'paka ku Mozambique. Kwambira mu ma 800 C.E., ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kuchita malonda mu nyanja ya Indian Ocean, ndipo ŵakazenga matawuni ghanandi mumphepete mwa nyanja ya East Africa. Ŵanthu ŵa mu matawuni agha ŵakaŵa ŵakujiyimira ŵekha, ndipo ŵakasambizganga chiyowoyero cha Chiswahili. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵa mu matawuni ndiwo ŵakasopanga chisopa cha Ciisilamu. Ku Mozambique, Sofala, Angoche, na Chirwa cha Mozambique vikaŵa vyaru ivyo vikaŵa na mazaza mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500.
Matawuni agha ghakaguliskanga na ŵamalonda ŵa mu vyaru vya mukati mwa Africa na vigaŵa vinyake vya mu Nyanja ya Indian. Nthowa izo ŵanthu ŵakendangamo ŵakendanga na golide na zovu zikaŵa zakuzirwa comene. Vyaru vya mukati mwa caru nga ni Ufumu wa Zimbabwe na Ufumu wa Mutapa vikapelekanga golide na mino gha zovu ivyo ŵanthu ŵakakhumbanga comene.
Mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Swahili
Matawuni agha ghakaguliskanga na ŵamalonda ŵa mu vyaru vya mukati mwa Africa na vigaŵa vinyake vya mu Nyanja ya Indian. Nthowa izo ŵanthu ŵakendangamo ŵakendanga na golide na zovu zikaŵa zakuzirwa comene. Vyaru vya mukati mwa caru nga ni Ufumu wa Zimbabwe na Ufumu wa Mutapa vikapelekanga golide na mino gha zovu ivyo ŵanthu ŵakakhumbanga comene.
Mozambique wa ku Portugal (1498-1975)
Chirwa cha Mozambiki, icho charu ichi chili na zina lake, ni chirwa chichoko cha korali icho chili pa mulomo wa Mossuril Bay pa nyanja ya Nacala kumpoto kwa Mozambiki.
Apo ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ŵakafikanga ku Mozambique mu 1498, kukaŵa kale ŵanthu ŵa ku Arabia awo ŵakaguliskanga vinthu mumphepete mwa nyanja na pa virwa vinyake. Kwambira cha m'ma 1500, ŵamalonda ŵa ku Portugal ŵakamba kwendera mu nyanja za ku Europe.
Apo Vasco da Gama wakazingilizga Cape of Good Hope mu 1498, ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ŵakamba kuchita malonda, ndyali, na vinthu vinyake. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1530 C.E., ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵa ku Portugal awo ŵakaguliskanga na kupenja golide ŵakaluta mu vyaru vya mukati, ndipo ŵakazenga misasa ya ŵasilikari ku Sena na Tete pa mlonga wa Zambezi.
Ku chigaŵa chapakati cha Mozambiki, Ŵapwitikizi ŵakayezga kuzomerezga na kukhozga malonda ghawo na malo agho ŵakakhalanga. Ŵakapelekanga charu ku ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu malo agho ŵakakhalanga, ndipo mu charu cha Mozambiki mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakendeskekanga na ŵanthu ŵakuchemeka prazeiros. Muzga uyo wakaŵa ku Mozambique wakaŵako pambere ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵandafike. Ŵalongozgi ŵa ku Africa ŵakaguliskanga ŵazga, ndipo ŵakamba na ŵamalonda ŵa ku Arab, awo ŵakatumanga ŵazga aŵa ku misumba na minda ya ku Middle East. Pakulutilira na malonda agha, ŵazga ŵakapelekekanga na ŵalongozgi ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakathereskanga mafuko gha ŵalwani ŵawo na kuguliska ŵazga ŵawo ku ŵazga ŵa ku Africa. Ŵanthu ŵa mu chigaŵa ichi ŵakakhalanga na mazaza gha ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa ŵazga. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakafumanga ku Portugal na kuluta ku vyaru vinyake m'paka kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800. Nangauli pakwamba ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ndiwo ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ŵekha ndiwo ŵakhalenge mu vigaŵa ivi, kweni chifukwa cha kutorana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal, ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ŵakamba kutemwana chomene.
Nangauli Ŵapwitikizi ŵakalutilira kuŵa na mazaza pa charu ichi, kweni ŵakaŵa na mazaza ghachoko waka. Ŵapwitikizi ŵakathereska malonda ghanandi gha mu nyanja kufuma ku Ŵasilamu Ŵaciarabu pakati pa 1500 na 1700, kweni apo Ŵasilamu Ŵaciarabu ŵakathereska msumba wakuzirwa wa Portugal wa Fort Jesus pa Cirwa ca Mombasa (uno mu Kenya) mu 1698, vinthu vikamba kusintha. Cifukwa ca ici, ndalama zikanjiramo yayi mu vyaru vinyake, ndipo Lisbon wakajipeleka comene pa malonda na India na vyaru vya ku Far East.
Ŵaarabu ŵa ku Mazrui na Oman ŵakapoka malo ghanandi agho ŵakaguliskiranga vinthu mu nyanja ya Indian Ocean. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kusuzgika chomene, kweni ŵanyake ŵakapona. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, maboma ghanyake gha ku Europe, chomenechomene gha Britain (British South Africa Company) na France (Madagascar), ghakamba kuchita malonda na ndyali za mu chigaŵa ichi.
Kalasi la kusindikizga mabuku na kuŵika malemba mu Ciphwitikizi, 1930
Kuuyambiro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1900, Ŵapwitikizi ŵakamba kulamulira chigaŵa chikuru cha Mozambiki na kupeleka ku makampani ghakurughakuru nga ni Mozambique Company, Zambezia Company, na Niassa Company, agho ghakaŵa na ndalama za ku Britain nga ni Solomon Joel. Nangauli mu Mozambiki mukaŵa dango lakulekeska wuzga, kweni kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, makampani gha vyamalonda ghakamba kugwiliskira nchito ŵanthu awo ŵakagwiranga nchito mwakucicizgika. Kampani ya Zambezia, iyo yikaŵa yakovwira comene, yikatora malo ghacoko waka gha ŵanthu ŵa ku prazeiro na kuzenga malo gha ŵasilikari kuti ŵavikilire katundu wawo. Makampani agha ghakazenga misewu na madoko kuti ŵagulire katundu wawo, kusazgapo njanji iyo yikakolerananga na charu cha Zimbabwe na dowoko la Beira ku Mozambique.
Cifukwa ca kuleka kucita makora vinthu na kusintha kwa boma la Oliveira Salazar, la Estado Novo, kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ŵalutilire kulamulira chuma cha Ufumu wa Portugal, makampani agha ghakaŵaso na wanangwa wakucita vinthu vinyake. Ivi ndivyo vikacitika mu 1942 na kampani ya Mozambique Company, iyo yikalutilira kugwira nchito mu vyalo vya ulimi na malonda nga ni wupu. Mu 1951, vyaru ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa Portugal ku Africa vikazgoka vigaŵa vya ku Portugal.
Ku Mueda, pa June 16, 1960, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakomeka, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Makonde ŵambe kulimbana kuti ŵajiyimire ŵekha.
Mozambican War of Independence (1964–1975)
Apo visambizgo vya Chikomyunizimu na vyakwimikana na ufumu vikasazgikira mu Africa mose, magulu ghanandi gha ndyali ghakasangika kuti ghakhozge wanangwa wa Mozambique. Magulu agha ghakatenge chifukwa chakuti boma likakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Mozambique awo ŵakaŵa Ŵapwitikizi ndiwo ŵasange chandulo na ndondomeko iyi, ntheura ŵanthu ŵakakhumbanga yayi kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Mozambique ŵalutilire kukolerana na mafuko ghawo.
Kuyana na ivyo ŵasilikari ŵakayowoya, ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa ichi ŵakasuzgika chomene chifukwa cha kusankhana mitundu. Ŵanandi ŵakawonanga kuti ŵalije mwaŵi panji ndalama zinandi zakukwana kuti ŵasambizgike makora ntchito na kusintha umoyo wawo wa vyachuma na wa ŵanthu. Kuyana na maukaboni, Ŵapwitikizi ŵazungu ŵa ku Mozambique ŵakaŵa ŵasambazi comene ndiposo ŵakumanya vinandi kuluska ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake. Pakuzgora ku gulu la ŵasilikari, boma la Portugal likamba kusintha vinthu mu ma 1960 na kuuyambiro wa ma 1970.
Gulu lakucemeka Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (FRELIMO) likambiska nkhondo yakwimikana na boma la Portugal mu Seputembala 1964. Nkhondo iyi pamoza na zinyake ziŵiri izo zikacitika kale mu vyaru vinyake vya Portugal nga ni Angola na Guinea, yikaŵa cigaŵa ca nkhondo ya ku Portugal (1961-1974). Kuyana na umo ŵasilikari ŵakawoneranga vinthu, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Portugal ŵakalutilira kulamulira malo agho ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga, apo ŵasilikari ŵa ku Portugal ŵakayezga kuti ŵaleke kuŵa na mazaza pa ŵanthu ŵa ku mizi na mafuko agho ghakaŵa kumpoto na kumanjiliro gha dazi. Pakuzgora ku FRELIMO, boma la Portugal likamba kuŵika mtima comene pa kulenga vinthu vyakukondweska kuti vinthu vyendenge makora pa umoyo wa ŵanthu na kuti vinthu visinthe.
Nkhondo Yachikaya ku Mozambique (1977-1992)
Boma liphya la Pulezidenti Samora Machel likakhazikiska boma la chipani cimoza lakujintha pa fundo za Marx. Wakapokera wovwiri wa ŵasilikari na wa ŵasilikari kufuma ku Cuba na Soviet Union, ndipo wakamba kukanizga ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga boma ili. Pakati pa 1977 na 1992, caru ici cikakhwaskika na nkhondo ya cikaya iyo yikacitika pakati pa gulu lakulimbana na boma la Mozambique (RENAMO) na boma la Frelimo. Nkhondo iyi ndiyo yikaŵa yikuru comene mu vyaka vyakwambilira apo Mozambique yikaŵa na wanangwa wa kujilongozga, ndipo yikaŵa pamoza na vinthu vyakofya ivyo vikacitikanga mu vyaru vyapafupi nga ni Rhodesia na South Africa. Nyengo iyi yikaŵaso na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Portugal na ŵa ku Mozambique, vinthu vikaŵayendera makora yayi, boma likagwiliskiranga ntchito ndalama zinandi yayi pakupanga vinthu vinyake, ndipo likagwiliskiranga ntchito maboma gha ŵanthu ŵekha.
Mu nyengo ya nkhondo iyi, boma la FRELIMO likatondeka kulamulira vinthu mu matawuni agho ghakaŵa kutali na msumba. Vigaŵa ivyo vikulongozgeka na RENAMO vikaŵa na vigaŵa vyakujumpha 50 pa vigaŵa vyose vya ku mizi mu vigaŵa vinandi. Suzgo likakura comene apo boma likadumulizga ndalama izo likagwiliskiranga ntchito pa vya cipatala. Nkhondo iyi yikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu ku vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana. Boma likakoma ŵanthu masauzandi ghanandi apo likakhumbanga kuti liwusenge caru cose, ndipo likatuma ŵanthu ŵanandi ku "misasa yakusambizgirako ŵanthu" uko ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakafwira. Mu nyengo ya nkhondo, RENAMO yikapeleka fundo yakuti vyaru vya kumpoto na vya kumanjiliro gha dazi vipatuke na kuzgoka Rombesia, kweni FRELIMO yikakana. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 1 miliyoni ku Mozambique ŵakafwa pa nyengo ya nkhondo iyi, ŵanthu 1.7 miliyoni ŵakachimbilira ku vyaru vyapafupi. Boma la FRELIMO likapelekaso malo ghakubisamamo na wovwiri ku ŵanthu ŵakugaluka ŵa ku South Africa (African National Congress) na Zimbabwe (Zimbabwe African National Union), apo maboma gha Rhodesia na South Africa ghakawovwira RENAMO mu nkhondo ya pawenenawene. Ŵanthu pakati pa 300,000 na 600,000 ŵakafwa na njara.
Pa 19 Okutobala 1986, Machel wakaweranga ku Zambia kufuma ku ungano wa vyaru vyakupambanapambana mu ndege ya Pulezidenti ya Tupolev Tu-134 apo ndege iyi yikawa mu mapiri gha Lebombo kufupi na Mbuzini mu chigaŵa cha Mpumalanga ku South Africa. Pakaŵa ŵanthu 10 awo ŵakapona, kweni Pulezidenti Machel na ŵanyake 33 ŵakafwa, kusazgapo ŵantchito ŵa boma la Mozambique. Wupu wa United Nations uwo ukafumanga ku Soviet, ukalemba lipoti ilo likati ŵanthu ŵa ku South Africa ndiwo ŵakananga ivyo iwo ŵakamanyanga. Ŵalara ŵa boma la Soviet Union ŵakayowoya kuti ndege iyi ŵakayisintha mwadala na mboniwoni yautesi iyo yikapelekeka na boma la South Africa.
Nyengo ya demokilase (1993~pano)
Mu 1994, ku Mozambique kukaŵa maungano gha vyaru ivyo vikazomerezga kuti maungano agha ngawanangwa kweniso ngaurunji. FRELIMO wakatonda, mwakulongozgeka na Joaquim Chissano, apo RENAMO, mwakulongozgeka na Afonso Dhlakama, wakathereska ŵalwani ŵake. Mu 1995, Mozambiki wakanjira mu wupu wa Commonwealth of Nations, ndipo pa nyengo iyo ukaŵa yekha mu wupu uwu uwo ukaŵa kuti undaŵepo mu ufumu wa Britain.
Kuzakafika pakati pa 1995, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1.7 miliyoni awo ŵakapenja ciphokwero mu vyaru vyapafupi ŵakawelera ku Mozambique. Ŵanthu ŵanyake 4 miliyoni awo ŵakacimbira kwawo ŵakawelera ku vikaya vyawo. Mu Disembala 1999, ku Mozambique kukaŵa mavoti ghaciŵiri kufuma apo nkhondo ya mukati mu caru yikambira. Wupu wa RENAMO ukadandawura kuti FRELIMO ngwakupusika ndipo ukati uzamuweleraso ku nkhondo, kweni ukagongowa pamanyuma pakuti wakaluta ku Khoti Likuru Chomene.
Kukwambilira kwa chaka cha 2000, chimphepo chikuru chikachitiska kuti maji ghatutuke, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakafwa. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakagomezganga kuti ŵalongozgi ŵa FRELIMO ndiwo ŵakakhumbanga kupeleka wovwiri ku vyaru vinyake. Mulembi wa nyuzipepara Carlos Cardoso, uyo wakacitanga kafukufuku pa nkhani iyi, wakakomeka, ndipo palije uyo wakalongosora cifukwa ico wakafwira.
Mu 2001, Chissano wakadandawura chomene na ŵalongozgi awo ŵakakhalapo nyengo yitali kuluska iyo, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakaghanaghananga kuti wakuyowoya vya Frederick Chiluba, uyo pa nyengo iyo wakaghanaghananga vya nyengo yachitatu, kweniso Robert Mugabe, uyo pa nyengo iyi wakaŵa na nyengo yachinayi. Chisankho cha purezidenti na cha National Assembly chikachitika pa 1 na 2 Disembala 2004. Wapampando wa FRELIMO Armando Guebuza wakathereska na mavoti 64% ndipo Dhlakama wakapokera 32% ya mavoti. FRELIMO yikasanga vithuzithuzi 160 mu Nyumba ya Malamulo, ndipo mabungwe ghanyake gha RENAMO na ghanyake ghacoko ghakasanga vithuzithuzi 90 ivyo vikakhalapo. Guebuza wakimikika kuŵa purezidenti wa Mozambique pa 2 February 2005 ndipo wakagwira ma mandamu ghaŵiri gha vyaka vinkhondi. Uyo wakamulondezga, Filipe Nyusi, wakaŵa purezidenti wachinayi wa Mozambique pa 15 January 2015.
Kufuma mu 2013 m'paka mu 2019, gulu la RENAMO likawukira chomene mu chigaŵa chapakati na kumpoto kwa charu ichi. Pa Seputembala 5, 2014, Guebuza na Dhlakama ŵakasayina phangano lakukanizga nkhondo, ilo likamazga nkhondo na kuzomerezga magulu ghose ghaŵiri kuti ghaŵike mtima pa maungano gha boma agho ghachitikenge mu Okutobala 2014. Ndipouli, pamanyuma pa maungano ghakuru, pakawuka suzgo linyake la ndyali. RENAMO wakakana kuzomerezga kuti mavoti gha mavoti ngaunenesko ndipo wakapempha kuti waŵe na mazaza pa vigaŵa vinkhondi na cimoza, Nampula, Niassa, Tete, Zambezia, Sofala, na Manica, uko ŵakayowoya kuti ŵali na mazaza ghanandi. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 12,000 ŵakachimbilira ku Malawi. Wupu wa UNHCR, wa Doctors Without Borders, na wa Human Rights Watch, ukati ŵasilikari ŵa boma ŵakawotcha mizi na kukoma ŵanthu na kuŵachitira nkhaza.
Mu Okutobala 2019, purezidenti Filipe Nyusi wakasankhikaso pamanyuma pakutonda pa chisankho. FRELIMO yikasanga vithuzithuzi 184, RENAMO vithuzithuzi 60 ndipo chipani cha MDM chikapokera vithuzithuzi 6 ivyo vikakhalako mu Nyumba ya Malango. Ŵakususka ŵakazomerezga yayi maucimi agha cifukwa cakuti ŵakayowoya kuti pakaŵa upusikizgi. FRELIMO yikasanga wanandi wa vigaŵa viŵiri mwa vigaŵa vitatu mu nyumba ya malango ico cikamovwira kuti wasinthe dango la boma kwambura kuzomerezgeka na ŵakususka.
Kuyambira 2017, dzikoli lakumana ndi kuwukira kwa magulu achisilamu. Mu Seputembala 2020, ŵakugaluka ŵa ISIL ŵakakora na kutora kanyengo kachoko waka Chirwa cha Vamizi mu Nyanja ya Indian. Mu Malichi 2021, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakomeka ndipo ŵanyakeso 35,000 ŵakachimbizgika mu nyumba zawo apo ŵakugaluka ŵa Chisilamu ŵakatora msumba wa Palma. Mu Disembala 2021, ŵanthu pafupifupi 4,000 ŵa ku Mozambique ŵakachimbira mu vikaya vyawo pamanyuma pa kutikitira kwa nkhondo ya jihadist mu Niassa.
Makhalilo
Mu charu ichi muli vyaru vinandi chomene. Charu cha Mozambique chili kumwera kwa Africa ndipo chili na vyaru nga ni Eswatini kumwera, South Africa kumwera kwa mpoto, Zimbabwe kumanjiliro gha dazi, Zambia na Malawi kumpoto kwa mpoto, Tanzania kumpoto na Indian Ocean kumafumiro gha dazi. Charu cha Mozambique chili pakati pa 10° na 27° kumwera, kweniso 30° na 41° kumafumiro gha dazi.
Charu ichi chili kugaŵika vigaŵa viŵiri na Mlonga wa Zambezi. Kumpoto kwa Mlonga wa Zambezi, mumphepete mwa nyanja muli tumapiri. Malo gha mapiri ghatali ghali kumanjiliro gha dazi; ghakuphatikizapo mapiri gha Niassa, Namuli panji Shire, Angonia, Tete na Makonde, agho ghali na makuni gha miombo. Kumwera kwa Mlonga wa Zambezi, malo ghapasi ghali na mapiri gha Mashonaland na Lebombo.
Mu caru ici muli milonga yikuruyikuru yinkhondi na yinyake yichoko. Mu charu ichi muli nyanja zinayi: Niassa (panji Malawi), Chiuta, Cahora Bassa, na Shirwa. Matawuni ghakuru ni Maputo, Beira, Nampula, Tete, Quelimane, Chimoio, Pemba, Inhambane, Xai-Xai na Lichinga.
Nyengo
Ku Mozambique kuli mphepo yakotcha ndipo nyengo zake ni ziŵiri: nyengo ya vula kufuma mu Okutobala m'paka Malichi na nyengo ya chilangalanga kufuma mu Epulero m'paka Seputembala. Kweni nyengo yikupambana kuyana na malo agho munthu wakukhala. Ku chigaŵa cha mumphepete mwa nyanja kukulokwa chomene ndipo kumpoto na kumwera kukulokwa pachoko. Mvula ya chaka chilichose yikuthika kufuma pa 500 mpaka 900 mm (19.7 m'paka 35.4 inchi) kuyana na chigaŵa, ndipo pafupifupi 590 mm (23.2 inchi). Nyengo ya chivula yikwiza chomene. Mu mwezi wa Julayi, ku Maputo kukuzizima chomene, ndipo mu Febuluwale kukuzizima chomene.
Steven Smith Mijiga
Steven Smith Mijiga (1938 - August 31, 2012) wakaŵa mulara wa Malawi Post Master General mu Malawi Wakumanyikwa kuti ndiyo wakambiska TV ku Malawi, Kanjedza satellite dishes, solar panels na cell phones ku Malawi. Wakaŵa Chief Executive wa Malawi Posts and Telecommunications mu ma 1990. Wakaŵa na ŵana 8.
Tivoli, Italy
Tivoli, Italy ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Lazio, mu charu cha Italy mu chilwa chikulu cha Yulaya (Europe).
Mozambique
Nyengo
Mu 2019 Mozambique yikaŵa na vula ya chimphepo yakuchemeka Idai na Kenneth.
Vyamoyo
Mu Mozambique muli viyuni 740 ivyo vili na mitundu 20 iyo yili pangozi kweniso mitundu yiŵiri iyo yikusangika mu vyaru vinyake.
Vinyake mwa vyaru ivi ni vyakumera 13, malo ghankhondi na ghaŵiri ghakusungirako vyamoyo, malo ghankhondi na limoza ghakusungirako vyamoyo, malo ghankhondi na limoza ghakusungirako vyamoyo, malo ghankhondi na ghatatu ghakusungirako vyamoyo, na malo ghankhondi na ghatatu ghakusungirako vyamoyo. Charu ichi chili na chiŵelengero cha 6.93/10 pa charu chose pa vyaru 172.
Ndale
Dango la Mozambique likuti pulezidenti wa charu ni mulongozgi wa boma, mulongozgi wa boma, mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari, ndiposo chimanyikwiro cha umoza wa charu. Wakusankhika mwadunjika kwa nyengo ya vilimika vinkhondi mwa kuvota kwaciŵiri; usange palije uyo wakupokera mavoti ghakujumpha hafu mu cigaŵa cakwamba, cigaŵa caciŵiri ca mavoti cizamucitika umo ŵekha awo ŵapokera mavoti ghanandi mu cigaŵa cakwamba ndiwo ŵazamunjira. Nduna yikuru yikusoleka na pulezidenti. Wakuwungana na kulongozga wupu wa nduna (cabinet), wakupeleka ulongozgi kwa pulezidenti, wakovwira pulezidenti kuwusa caru, na kwendeska milimo ya ŵalaŵiliri ŵanyake.
Nyumba ya Ufumu yili na mamembara 250. Ŵeruzgi ŵali na Khoti Likuru Chomene, makhoti gha vigaŵa, na gha boma.
Boma la Mozambique lili na ŵasilikari ŵacoko waka awo ŵakugwira nchito ya kuvikilira caru, awo ni mawumba gha Mozambique Defence Armed Forces.
Ubale na vyaru vinyake
Nangauli ŵanthu ŵa ku Mozambique ŵakalutilira kugomezgeka ku boma ili kufuma waka apo likambiranga nkhondo ya kufwatuka, kweni ndyali za charu ichi zikulutilira kusintha. Ndime ziŵiri za ndyali za Mozambique ni kusungilira ubwezi uwemi na ŵazengezgani ŵake ndiposo kusungilira na kusazgirako ubwezi na ŵanyawo.
Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1970 na kuuyambiro wa m'ma 1980, ndyali ya Mozambique yikakhwaskika na nkhondo ya ku Rhodesia na South Africa. Cifukwa cakuti Mozambiki wakazomerezga yayi kuti Rhodesia yende pa nyanja, boma la Ian Smith likamba kulimbana nayo. Nangauli boma la Zimbabwe likati lasintha mu 1980, likawuskapo suzgo ili, kweni boma la South Africa likalutilira kusuzga Mozambique. Mozambiki nayo wakaŵa mu gulu la vyaru ivyo vikaŵa ku nkhondo. Phangano la Nkomati ilo likachitika mu 1984, likati latondeka kumazga wovwiri wa RENAMO ku South Africa, likajura nthowa zakwamba pakati pa maboma gha Mozambique na South Africa. Ndondomeko iyi yikalutilira apo boma la South Africa likamazga muwuso wa apartheid. Nangauli nyengo zinyake vinthu vikusuzga ku Zimbabwe, Malawi, Zambia, na Tanzania, kweni Mozambique yikulutilira kukolerana na vyaru ivi.
Mu vilimika vyakulondezgapo, Mozambique wakapokera wovwiri ukuru kufuma ku vyaru vinyake vya ku Western, comenecomene ku Scandinavia. Soviet Union na ŵabwezi ŵake ndiwo ŵakateŵeteranga Mozambiki pa nkhani za cuma, nkhondo, na ndyali. Ivi vikamba kusintha mu 1983; mu 1984 Mozambique wakanjira mu Banki ya Caru Cose na International Monetary Fund. Mwaluŵiro wovwiri wa vyaru vya Scandinavia nga ni Sweden, Norway, Denmark, na Iceland, ukasinthira wovwiri wa Soviet. Finland na Netherlands vikuŵa vyakurya vyakuzirwa comene pa nkhani ya wovwiri. Charu cha Italy nacho chili na mazaza mu Mozambique cifukwa ca mulimo uwo cikacita pa mtende. Ubwezi na caru ca Portugal, ico kale cikaŵa na mazaza pa caru ici, ukuŵa wakuzirwa comene cifukwa cakuti awo ŵakuguliska ndalama ku Portugal ŵakovwira comene pa cuma ca Mozambique.
Human rights
Mu 2015, boma likazomerezga kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha. Ndipouli, kusankhana pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa LGBT ku Mozambique nkhukuru.
Administrative divisions
Charu cha Mozambique chili na vigaŵa 10 (provincias) na msumba ukuru umoza (cidade capital). Vigaŵa ivi vili kugaŵika vigaŵa 129. Vigaŵa ivi vili kugaŵikana mu vigaŵa 405 (postos administrativos) na vigaŵa viŵiri (localidades). Pali "municipios" 53.
Chuma
Charu cha Mozambique nchimoza mwa vyaru vikavu comene na vyambura kutukuka pa caru cose, nangauli pakati pa 1994 na 2006, GDP yikakuranga pafupifupi 8%. Wupu wa vya ndalama wa IMF ukuti Mozambique ni caru cikavu ico cili na ngongoli zinandi. Pa kafukufuku uyo wakacitika mu 2006, ŵanthu ŵatatu pa ŵanthu ŵanayi ŵa ku Mozambique ŵakati mu vilimika vinkhondi ivyo vyajumpha, ndalama izo ŵakasanga zikwenda makora yayi.
Velletri
Velletri ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Lazio, mu charu cha Italy mu chilwa chikulu cha Yulaya (Europe).
Mozambique
Rebounding growth
Ŵanthu awo ŵakachimbilira ku vyaru vinyake na kusintha vinthu mu charu ichi ŵakukura chomene. Vinthu vikasintha chomene mu charu ichi, ndipo pakati pa 1996 na 2006, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru ivi chikakwera pa 8%, ndipo pakati pa 2006 na 2011, chikakwera pa 67%. Kuti vinthu viŵe makora kunthazi, pakukhumbikwira ndalama zinandi zakufuma ku vyaru vinyake, kusintha vinthu pa nkhani ya vyachuma, na kuwezgerapo ulimi, mendero, na vyakusanguluska. Mu 2013, ŵanthu pafupifupi 80% ŵakagwiranga ntchito zaulimi, ndipo ŵanandi ŵakagwiranga ntchito zaulimi. Ndipouli, mu 2012, malo ghakujumpha 90% gha mu Mozambique ghakaŵa ghambura kulima.
Mu 2013, nkhani yinyake ya pa BBC yikati kwamba mu 2009, ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ŵakambaso kuwelera ku Mozambique chifukwa cha uchumi uwo ukukura mu charu ichi.
Economic reforms
Makampani ghakujumpha 1,200 agho ghanandi ghakaŵa gha boma ghakaŵa gha boma. Ŵakanozgekera vyakuti maboma ghaŵike vinthu vyawo mu mawoko gha ŵeneco na/panji kulekeska makampani ghanyake agho ghakaŵa gha boma, nga ni telecommunications, energy, ports, na railways. Nyengo zinandi boma likasankhanga munthu wakwendeskera vyaru vinyake para likukhumba kupanga kampani yinyake. Kweniso, msonkho wa msonkho wachepeskeka, ndipo msonkho wa msonkho wachepeskeka na kunozgekaso. Mu 1999, boma likakhazikiska msonkho wakusazgirako mtengo wa vinthu.
Corruption
Chuma cha Mozambique chakhuŵara na vimbundi vinandi. Mu Julayi 2011, boma likapeleka malango ghaphya ghakususkana na vimbundi kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kwiba ndalama za boma. Ndondomeko iyi yikazomerezgeka na ŵalara ŵa boma. Boma la Mozambique likadumura kuti ŵaliska ŵaŵiri ŵakale ŵakaŵa ŵarunji cifukwa ca vimbundi. Pa vyaru 178, charu cha Mozambique chili pa nambara 116 pa vyaru vyose ivyo vili na vimbundi. Lipoti linyake la wupu wa USAID ilo likalembeka mu 2005, likati: "Ukaboni wakuti vimbundi vili palipose mu Mozambique ukupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵacitenge wofi".
Mu 2012, boma la chigaŵa cha Inhambane likavumbura kuti Calisto Alberto Tomo, uyo ni mulara wa Dipatimenti ya Vyakumara Minkhwala, wakaswa ndalama za boma. Ŵakasanga kuti wakakolerana na Recalda Guambe, uyo wakaŵa mulembi wa mabuku mu ofesi ya Anti-Drug Office, kuti ŵibire ndalama zakukwana 260,000 meticais pakati pa 2008 na 2010. Boma la Mozambique lachitapo kanthu kuti limazge vimbundi, ndipo vinthu vyamba kwenda makora. Mu 2012, boma la Mozambique likapeleka malango ghanandi ghakovwira kuti vimbundi vileke.
Natural resources
Mu 2010 na 2011, Anadarko Petroleum na Eni ŵakasanga malo gha gesi gha Mamba South, agho ghali na gasi wakujumpha 4,200 billion cubic metres (150 trillion cubic feet) mu Rovuma Basin, kufupi na mphepete mwa nyanja ya kumpoto kwa chigaŵa cha Cabo Delgado. Para vyaŵa nthena, Mozambiki wangaŵa yumoza wa vyaru ivyo vikupanga gasi. Mu Janyuwale 2017, boma likasankha makampani ghatatu kuti ghapange migodi ya gasi ku Rovuma. GL Africa Energy (UK) ndiyo yikapokera thirakiti limoza. Likukhumba kuzenga na kwendeska sitima ya gasi ya 250 MW. Ntchito iyi yikeneranga kwamba mu 2018. Pa nyengo yasono, boma la Mozambique likukhumba kuti mu 2024, likambe kutumizga LNG pa caru cose. Mu 2019, vinthu ivyo vikachitika mu malo gha Rovuma Basin, agho ghakumanyikwa kuti The Mozambique LNG Project, vikakhozga ndalama zakukwana madola 19 biliyoni kufuma ku wupu wa ŵaguliskayi kuti ŵagulire LNG iyi. Ntchito yikuru ya kuzenga na ntchito zinyake izo zikukolerana nayo, yikapelekeka ku kampani ya TotalEnergies.
Tourism
Charu ichi chili na malo ghanandi ghakutowa, vyamoyo vyamuthengere, na malo ghakusangwa na ŵanthu. Charu cha Mozambique chili na mwaŵi ukuru wa kukura. Mphepete mwa nyanja za kumpoto uko kuli maji ghakutowa ni malo ghakutowa comene, comenecomene ku virwa vya Quirimbas na Bazaruto. Chigaŵa cha Inhambane chikukopa ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake chifukwa cha vyamoyo vinandi ivyo vili mu nyanja. Pali malo ghanandi ghakusungirako vyamoyo, kusazgapo malo gha Gorongosa National Park.
Transport
Pali misewu ya makilomita ghakujumpha 30,000, kweni yinandi njambura kujintha. Nga umo viliri mu vyaru vinyake, magalimoto ghakwendera kumazere. Ku Maputo kuli chiŵanja cha ndege cha mitundu yose, viŵanja vinyake vya ndege 21 vyambura kujima, na malo ghakujumpha 100 ghakwambukirapo ndege. Pali misewu ya maji yakukwana makilomita 3,750. Pali misewu ya njanji iyo yikwendera mu misumba yikuruyikuru na kukolerana na Malawi, Zimbabwe na South Africa. Njanji za ku Mozambique zikenda kwa vyaka vyakujumpha 100 kufuma ku vipata vitatu ivyo vikaŵa mumphepete mwa nyanja. Misewu iyi yikaŵa yakukhumbikwa comene pa nyengo ya Nkhondo ya Caru na Caru ya ku Mozambique, ndipo RENAMO ndiyo yikayiparanya. Wupu wa boma, uwo ukuchemeka Portos e Caminhos de Ferro de Moçambique (Mozambique Ports and Railways), ndiwo ukulaŵilira misewu ya njanji na maboti agho ghakukolerana nayo. Mzere uliwose uli na nthowa yake yakucitira vinthu.
Mu 2005 pakaŵa njanji ya makilomita 3,123, iyo yikaŵa na mtunda wa makilomita 2,983 wa 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in), ndipo yikaŵa yakukolerana na njanji za mu vigaŵa vyapafupi. Msewu wa njanji ya Beira ̇ Bulawayo na Sena, uwo uli pakatikati pa msumba uwu, ukujintha dowoko la Beira ku vyaru vya Malawi, Zambia na Zimbabwe. Kumpoto kwa malo agha, ngalaŵa ya Nacala yikukolerana na njanji ya Nacala na Malawi, ndipo kumwera kwa ngalaŵa ya Maputo yikukolerana na njanji ya Limpopo, njanji ya Goba na njanji ya Ressano Garcia na Zimbabwe, Eswatini na South Africa. Maofesi agha ghakukolerana waka na vyaru vinyake. Mu Ogasiti 2010, boma la Mozambique na la Botswana ghakasazga chikalata chakulongosolera umo ŵagwilirenge ntchito ya kupanga njanji ya mtunda wa makilomita 1,100 kujumpha mu Zimbabwe. Gulu liphya la matayala ilo likagwiranga nchito ku Indian Golden Rock likagwiliskiranga nchito vyakukolerana vya pakati na mabureki gha mphepo.
Kupeleka maji na maji ghakumwa
Ku Mozambique, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵalije maji ghakumwa (pa 2011 ŵakaŵa na maji 51 peresenti), ndipo ŵakusoŵa vyakumwa vyakwenelera (pa 2011 ŵakaŵa na maji 25 peresenti). Mu 2007, boma likanozga vyakuti ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa ivi ŵakhalenge na maji ghawemi. Mu matawuni, maji ghakupelekeka na ŵantchito ŵacoko na ŵantchito ŵa boma.
Kwamba mu 1998, Mozambique wakasintha ndondomeko ya maji gha mu matawuni mwa kupanga wupu wakuwona vya maji (CRA), kampani yakuwona vya ndalama (FIPAG) na kampani yakuchemeka Aguas de Moçambique. Pa ndondomeko iyi pakaŵa vigaŵa vya msumba uwu na misumba yinyake yinayi iyo yikaŵa na maji. Ndipouli, PPP yikamara mu 2008 apo mapangano ghakulongozga misumba yinayi ghakajumpha ndipo mu 2010, munthu munyake wa ku charu chinyake uyo wakagwiranga ntchito mu msumba uwu wakafumamo chifukwa cha suzgo. Nangauli boma likuŵika mtima comene pa nkhani ya maji mu misumba, kweni pasono lilije ndondomeko yakukhwaskana na mauto ghakutowa. Awo ŵakupeleka ndalama ŵakupeleka ndalama zakukwana 87.4% ya ndalama izo boma likupeleka.
Ŵanthu
Vigaŵa vya kumpoto kwa Zambezia na Nampula ndivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene. Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala kumpoto kwa charu ichi ni Makua pafupifupi 4 miliyoni. Magulu ghanyake ni Makonde, Yao, Swahili, Tonga, Chopi, na Nguni (mwakusazgapo Ŵazulu). Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ŵalipo 97.8%, ndipo ŵanyake wose mba ku Portugal, ku Europe na ku Africa (mestizo) kweniso ku India. Ku Mozambique kuli ŵanthu pafupifupi 45,000 ŵa ku India.
Pa nyengo iyo Portugal yikalamuliranga caru ici, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Portugal ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vyose. Ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa ŵakafumamo mu charu ichi mu 1975 apo charu ichi chikapokera wanangwa kufuma ku Portugal. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuyowoya kuti mu Mozambique muli ŵanthu ŵa ku China ŵakujumpha 7,000.
Kafukufuku munyake uyo wakachitika mu 2011, wakalongora kuti pa mwanakazi yumoza, pakaŵa ŵana 5.9, ndipo ku mizi pakaŵa ŵana 6.6, ndipo mu misumba pakaŵa ŵana 4.5.
Viyowoyelo
Chiphwitikizi ndicho chikuyowoyeka chomene mu charu ichi, ndipo ŵanthu 50.3% ŵakuyowoya. Viyowoyero vya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ivyo vikuyowoyeka mu charu ichi vikupambana chomene ndipo nyengo zinyake ŵanthu ŵakuvipulikiska yayi. Padera pa chiyowoyero icho chikuyowoyeka kumpoto kwa charu ichi, Chiswahili chikuyowoyeka mu chigaŵa chichoko cha mumphepete mwa nyanja kufupi na mphaka ya Tanzania. Mu chigaŵa cha Swahili, ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha Makonde. Makonde na Yao ŵali mu gulu lapadera, ndipo chiyowoyero cha Yao chikukolerana chomene na chiyowoyero cha Mwera ku Rondo Plateau, Tanzania. Mu viyowoyero ivi, mazgu ghakwambira ghakuŵa nga ni vilembo vyakwambilira ivyo vyalembeka pambere lizgu lindanjire. Ŵanyake ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero ichi mumphepete mwa Nyanja ya Malawi kweniso ku sirya linyake la Nyanja.
Viyowoyero vinyake vya mu gulu la eMakhuwa vikupambana chomene na ivi. Vili na lizgu lakuti k- ilo likwamba na lizgu lakuti vowel. Pali chiyowoyero cha eMakhuwa, pamoza na chiyowoyero cha eLomwe na eChuwabo, kweniso chigaŵa chichoko cha ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha eKoti. Mu chigaŵa icho chili musi mwa Mlonga wa Zambezi, ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha Sena, icho chili mu gulu limoza na Nyanja.
Chigaŵa chikuru icho ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya ChiShona chili pakati pa mphaka ya Zimbabwe na nyanja. Chiyowoyero ichi chikuyana waka na Chishona, kweni chikuyana yayi na chiyowoyero cha Chishona, ndipo ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero ichi ŵakuchiwona kuti ntchakupambana. Kumwera kwa chigaŵa ichi kuli viyowoyero vya Tsonga. ChiTsonga chikuyowoyeka mumphepete mwa nyanja na mu charu, ndipo chiTsonga chikuyowoyeka mu chigaŵa cha Limpopo River. Chiyowoyero ichi chikusangikaso mu charu cha South Africa. Ŵanyake mwa ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero ichi ni GiTonga, BiTonga, na CiCopi panji Chopi, awo ŵakuyowoyeka kumpoto kwa mlomo wa Limpopo, kweniso XiRonga panji Ronga, awo ŵakuyowoyeka kufupi na Maputo. Viyowoyero vya mu gulu ili, mwakuyana na mazgu ghachoko waka, vikuyana waka na vya Cizulu, kweni ni viyowoyero vya mu gulu limoza yayi. Ku Mozambique kuli vigaŵa vichoko ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya Ciswazi na Cizulu.
Ŵanthu ŵa ku India, China, na Arabia ŵakuyowoya Ciphwitikizi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku India awo ŵakuyowoya Ciphwitikizi ŵakuyowoya Ciphwitikizi.
Chisopo
Pa ŵanthu awo ŵakalembeka mu 2007, ŵakasanga kuti Ŵakhristu ŵalipo 59.2% pa ŵanthu wose ŵa mu Mozambique, Ŵasilamu ŵalipo 18.9%, ŵanthu 7.3% ŵali na vigomezgo vinyake, chomenechomene vya kusopa vinyama, ndipo 13.9% ŵalije vigomezgo. Kafukufuku munyake wa boma uyo wakachitika mu 2015, wakalongora kuti Chikatolika chikusangika pa ŵanthu 30.5%, Ŵasilamu 19.3%, ndipo matchalitchi ghanyake gha Chiprotesitanti 44%. Kuyana na lipoti la 2018 la United States Commission on International Religious Freedom, ŵanthu 28 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose mba Katolika, 18 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose mbasilamu (ŵanandi ŵakaŵa Ŵasuni), 15 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose mba Chikhristu, 12 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose mba Chiprotesitanti, 7 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose mbanthu ŵa visopa vinyake, ndipo 18 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ŵalije chisopa.
Tchalitchi la Katolika lili kukhazikiska ma diocese 12 (Beira, Chimoio, Gurué, Inhambane, Lichinga, Maputo, Nacala, Nampula, Pemba, Quelimane, Tete, na Xai-Xai; ma archdioceses ni Beira, Maputo na Nampula). Mu Diocese ya Chimoio, ŵanthu 5.8% ŵakaŵa Ŵakatolika, ndipo mu Diocese ya Quelimane (Anuario catolico de Mozambique) ŵanthu 32.50%. Pa visopa vikuruvikuru vya Chiprotesitanti pali Igreja União Baptista de Moçambique, Assembleias de Deus, Seventh-day Adventists, Anglican Church of Southern Africa, Igreja do Evangelho Completo de Deus, Igreja Metodista Unida, Igreja Presbyteriana de Moçambique, Igrejas de Cristo na Assemblée Evangélica de Deus. Mulimo wa cisopa ca Methodist mu Mozambique ukamba mu 1890. Erwin Richards wakamba umishonale wa Methodist ku Chicuque mu chigaŵa cha Inhambane. Mu 1990, mpingo wa Igreja Metodista Unida em Moçambique (United Methodist Church in Mozambique) ukakondwelera vilimika 100 kufuma apo ŵa Methodist ŵakambira kuwungana mu Mozambique. Pulezidenti Chissano wakawonga mulimo wa UMC ku ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 10,000 awo ŵakiza pa ciphikiro ici. Kwamba mu 1998, mpingo wa United Methodist Church ku Mozambique waŵa ukuru katatu. Mu vyaru ivi muli mipingo yakujumpha 180. Chaka chilichose, ŵaliska ŵaphya ŵakwimikika. Chaka chilichose pa Ungano wa Caka na Caka (umpoto na kumwera) pakuŵa mipingo yiphya.
Tchalitchi la Yesu Khristu la Ŵatuŵa ŵa Mazuŵa Ghaumaliro likukura comene. Gulu ili likamba kutuma ŵamishonale ku Mozambique mu 1999, ndipo mu Epulero 2015, likaŵa na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 7,943. Chisopa cha Bahá'í chili mu Mozambiki kwamba mu ma 1950, kweni mu nyengo yira chikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi yayi chifukwa cha mazaza gha Tchalitchi la Katolika. Apo boma likamba kujiyimira palekha mu 1975, ŵapayiniya ŵaphya ŵakamba kwiza. Kuzakafika mu 2010, ŵanthu pafupifupi 3,000 ŵakaŵa Ŵabaha'i. Ŵasilamu ŵakukhala comene kumpoto kwa caru ici. Ŵakuŵa mu magulu gha "tariqa" panji magulu gha ŵabali. Kweniso pali mawupu ghaŵiri gha ku Mozambique: Consejo Islâmico de Mozambique na Congresso Islâmico de Mozambique. Paliso mawupu ghanyake gha ku Pakistan na India, kweniso magulu ghanyake gha Chisilamu. Ku Maputo kuli cigaŵa cicoko comene ca Ciyuda, kweni cikukura comene.
Masambilo
Chiphwitikizi ndicho chikuyowoyeka chomene mu masukulu ghose gha ku Mozambique. Ŵanthu wose ŵa ku Mozambique ŵakukhumbikwa na dango kuti ŵasambire sukulu mpaka ku pulayimale. Kweni ŵana ŵanandi ŵakuluta yayi ku pulayimale chifukwa chakuti ŵakugwira ntchito mu minda ya mbumba zawo. Mu 2007, ŵana pafupifupi 1 miliyoni ŵakaŵa kuti ŵandafike ku sukulu, ndipo ŵanandi mwa ŵana aŵa ŵakafumanga mu mbumba zakukhalamo. Ŵasungwana awo ŵakalembeskanga sukulu ŵakakwera kufuma pa 3 miliyoni mu 2002 kufika pa 4.1 miliyoni mu 2006 apo awo ŵakalembeskanga ŵakakwera kufuma pa 31,000 kufika pa 90,000.
Para ŵafika mu kilasi la nambara 7, ŵakusambira ŵakwenera kufiska viyezgelero vya sukulu kuti ŵanjire sukulu ya sekondare. Malo gha ku yunivesite ya ku Mozambique ngakukwana yayi, ntheura ŵana ŵanandi awo ŵamalizga masambiro gha ku yunivesite ŵakuluta ku yunivesite yayi. Ŵanandi ŵakugwira nchito ya kusambizga ŵana panji ŵalije nchito. Kweniso pali masukulu ghanyake agho ghakupeleka masambiro ghakusazgikira gha vyaulimi, maluso, panji masambiro gha vya masambiro. Pamanyuma pakuti charu cha Mozambique chafwatuka ku Portugal mu 1975, ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵanandi ŵa ku Mozambique ŵakalutilira kunjira masukulu gha ku Portugal.
Kuyana na ivyo vikalembeka mu 2010, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba chikaŵa 56.1% (70.8% ŵanalume na 42.8% ŵanakazi). Mu 2015, chiŵelengero ichi chikakwera kufika pa 58.8% (73.3% ŵanalume na 45.4% ŵanakazi).
Mwambo
Pa nyengo iyo, caru ca Mozambique cikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa Portugal, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ici ŵakayowoyanga ciyowoyero cimoza (Ciphwitikizi) kweniso ŵakasopanga mu cisopa cimoza (Roman Catholicism). Kweni cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Mozambique mba Bantu, ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ici ŵali na mitheto yakupambanapambana. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Mozambique ŵakulondezga mitheto ya ku Portugal.
Maluso
Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Makonde ŵakumanyikwa na vyakuŵaja vyawo vya makuni na visalu vyawo. Pali mitundu yiŵiri ya vithuzithuzi vya makuni: shetani, (viŵanda viheni), ivyo kanandi vikuŵa vyakuŵaja mu makuni gha ebony, vikuru, na vyakuŵaja makora na vimanyikwiro na visko vyambura kuwoneka makora. Vinthu ivi ŵakuvichema kuti "makuni gha mbumba" cifukwa vikuyowoya vya miwiro yinandi.
Mu vyaka vyaumaliro vya muwuso wa ŵakoloni, luso lwa ku Mozambique lukawoneseskanga nkhaza izo ŵakoloni ŵakachitiranga ŵanthu. Pamanyuma pa kujithemba mu 1975, luso lwamasono lukaŵa na nyengo yiphya. Ŵanthu ŵaŵiri awo ŵakumanyikwa comene na kuŵa na nkharo yiwemi ku Mozambique ni Malangatana Ngwenya na Alberto Chissano. Vinthu vinandi ivyo vikachitika mu vyaka vya m'ma 1980 na 1990 vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakasuzgikanga pa nkhani za ndyali, nkhondo zaŵene, kusuzgika, njara, na kulimbana.
Mu Mozambiki mose, kuvina ni kaluso kakuru comene. Pali mitundu yinandi ya kuvina kufuma ku fuko limoza kuya ku linyake. Mwaciyelezgero, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Chopi ŵakucita maseŵero gha nkhondo uku ŵavwara vikumba vya nyama. Ŵanalume ŵa ku Makua ŵakuvwara vyakuvwara vyakupambanapambana na visalu apo ŵakuvina mu muzi kwa maora ghanandi. Ŵanakazi ŵa kumpoto kwa charu ichi ŵakwimba sumu ya tufo, kuti ŵakondwelere maholide gha Chisilamu.