cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Lilongwe
Open Space/Greenery Land
Malo Ghakutowa na Malo Ghakutowa Kugwiliskira nchito malo ghakutowa na malo ghakutowa ni vigaŵa vinkhondi ivi: 1) Malo Ghakutowa, 2) Malo Ghakusungirako Vipaka na Vyakusanguluska, 3) Malo Ghakutowa na Malo Ghakutowa, 4) Vyakurima na 5) Vyakulengeska. Msumba wa Lilongwe uli na malo ghakuchemeka Natural Sanctuary. Ichi chikwenera kusungika na kupwelelereka ku miwiro yakunthazi.
Urban spatial development
Kuyana na ivyo vikachitika pa kafukufuku wa umo malo ghakugwilira nchito, misumba yinandi yikakura mwakuyana yayi mu vigaŵa vinayi ivi: i) Lumbadzi, ii) Kanengo, iii) Capital Hill, na iv) Old Town. M'malo mwake, kukura kwa msumba uwu kwaŵa mu malo ghaŵiri ghakurughakuru (Mzinda Wakale na Msumba). Pa nyengo yasono, mizi yikwenda kumwera, kumwera kwa kumafumiro gha dazi, kumwera kwa kumanjiliro gha dazi na kumanjiliro gha dazi, cifukwa malo ghanandi ghakukhala ŵanthu ghali paubwezi na malo gha vyachuma. Pakuyowoya za umo msumba wa Lilongwe uzamuŵira munthazi, ŵakawona kuti ntchiwemi kuti ŵanthu ŵakhalenge mwakuyana waka. Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kupanga mapulani gha mizi chifukwa ni nthowa yiwemi yakulongosolera malo agho ghakukhumbikwira kunozgekerathu..
Areas
Msumba wa Lilongwe uli kugaŵika vigaŵa ivyo vili na nambara. Nambara izi zili kulembeka mwakuyana na nyengo iyo vinthu vikacitikira, m'malo mwa kuyana na malo. Malo ghakukhala ŵanthu mu msumba wa Lilongwe ghali nga ni chibenekelero icho chili pakati pa Old Town na City Center.
Msumba wa Lilongwe uli na vigaŵa vikuruvikuru 58. Mu 2008, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu chikaŵa kuti chaŵika kale chigaŵa cha 58 mu msumba wa Lilongwe. Mu tawuni ya Lilongwe, comenecomene kumwera kwa caru ici, ŵanthu ŵakutemwa comene kuzenga nyumba. Pasono msumba uwu ukusanuzgika comene kumwera kwa kumafumiro gha dazi, ndipo ukuzgokera kumanjiliro gha dazi. Nakuti tawuni zinandi zikuluta ku vigaŵa vinyake kumwera (vigaŵa 36, 38, 46, 56, 57 na 58).
Nambara za nyumba
Nyumba za ku Lilongwe zili na nambara: Nambara ya malo/nambara ya mwamwaŵi. Ntheura nyumba iyo yili mu cigaŵa ca 43 yingacemeka 43/123.
Nyengo
Lilongwe yili na nyengo yakuzizima ya subtropical (Köppen: Cwa) iyo yili pafupi na subtropical highland climate (Köppen: Cwb), na nyengo yakuzizima yakuzizima na nyengo yakuzizima. Chifukwa cha mtunda, matenthedwe ngakusiyana comene na umo ŵanthu ŵakughanaghanira mu tawuni iyo yili ku malo ghakubiliŵira. Ku Lilongwe, nyengo ya chiwuvi yikuŵa yitali yayi, kufuma mu Disembala m'paka Malichi. Ndipouli, mu tawuni iyi mukulokwa comene mu nyengo ya vula ya monsoon, ndipo mu myezi iyo kuli vula zinandi, mu mwezi umoza kukulokwa maji pafupifupi mamilimita 200..
Vya chuma
Nangauli msumba wa Blantyre ndiwo ni msumba ukuru wa malonda mu Malaŵi, kweni boma na maboma ndivyo vikovwira chomene ŵanthu ŵa ku Lilongwe. Kanengo, kumpoto kwa msumba uwu, ni malo ghakuru gha vyamalonda, uko ŵanthu ŵakuguliska vyakurya, kukolerana hona, kukolerana mbuto, na vinthu vinyake vyakukhwaskana na vyamalonda. Mu tawuni iyi, vinthu vikuru comene ni ndalama, banki, malonda, kuzenga, mendero, nduna za boma, vyakusanguluska, na kupanga hona. Pa ŵanthu wose awo ŵakugwira ntchito mu boma, 27 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ndiwo ŵakugwira ntchito mu boma, ndipo 40 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ŵakugwira ntchito mu vyaru vyaŵene ndipo 2 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ŵakujilemba ntchito.
Malo gha ndege
Malo gha ndege gha Kamuzu International Airport (LLW) ghali kumpoto kwa msumba, pafupifupi makilomita 7 kufuma ku msumba (Central Business District). Ndege ya Kamuzu International Airport ndiyo ni yakale comene mu caru ici.
Magalimoto
Ku Lilongwe kuli mabasi agho ghakwenda ku Blantyre, Zomba, Kasungu na Mzuzu. Mazuŵa ghose, mabasi ghakuya ku South Africa, Zambia, na Tanzania ghakwenda pa basi.
Misewu yikuru yikusazgapo misewu ya kumpoto na kumwera (M1), misewu ya mukati, misewu ya kuwaro, misewu ya Nacala (chigaŵa cha misewu ya kumanjiliro gha dazi), misewu ya radial na misewu yakufikako ku Kamuzu International Airport (KIA). Msewu wakunjilira ukuwungana na M1 na misewu yinyake yikuruyikuru iyo yikwenda mu vigaŵa vya malonda na maboma. Msewu uwu ukwendeskeka na makampani ndipo ukujumpha yayi mu malo ghakuru gha msumba.
Sitima
There is a rail service to Lilongwe. To the west the Sena railway line runs towards Zambia, and to the east the Sena railway line runs to Salima.
Masambiro
Yunivesite ya Malawi yikambika mu 1964.
Malo ghakusoperapo
Pa malo agha pali visopa vinandi vya Cikhristu: Lutheran Church of Central Africa (Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference), Church of Central Africa Presbyterian (World Communion of Reformed Churches), Baptist Convention of Malawi (Baptist World Alliance), Assemblies of God, Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lilongwe (Church Catholic). Paliso masisiteri gha Cisilamu.
Maseŵera
Nyumba yiphya ya maseŵero iyo yingaŵa na ŵanthu 40,000, yikazengeka na boma la China ilo likapeleka ndalama zakukwana madola 70 miliyoni. Sitediyamu iyi yikuchemeka Bingu National Stadium ndipo yikamba kugwira ntchito mu 2017. Malo ghanyake ghakusoperapo ni Silver Stadium (Area 47), Civo Stadium (Area 9) na Nankhaka Ground (Area 30). Magulu ghakuru mu Lilongwe ni Silver Strikers, Civo Sporting, Blue Eagles na Kamuzu Barracks.
Basiketi yikuseŵereka pa sukulu ya African Bible College, Civo Court, Don Bosco, na masukulu ghanyake. Masewera ena ku Lilongwe ndi Netball omwe amasewera ku Gateway Mall, Don Bosco, Nankhaka ndi ABC.
Mu tawuni iyi mukuŵaso maseŵero gha Rugby Union, ndipo magulu ghanandi ghakuchitako.
Matawuni ghaŵiri
Lilongwe is twinned with:
Ukaboni
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Hønefoss
Hønefoss ni msumba mu boma la Viken mu charu cha Norway mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Theunissen, Free State
Theunissen, Free State ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Lejweleputswa District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Free State, charu cha South Africa.
Kongsberg
Kongsberg ni msumba mu boma la Viken mu charu cha Norway mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Tshepong, Free State
Tshepong, Free State ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Lejweleputswa District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Free State, charu cha South Africa.
Drøbak
Drøbak ni msumba mu boma la Viken mu charu cha Norway mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Makabunthu yamkati ya ŵanakazi
Makabunthu yamkati ya ŵanakazi ni vyakuvya mukati ivyo ŵanakazi ŵakuvwara. Makabunthu yamkati ya ŵanakazi yangaŵa yakufyenya panjiso yakukhwepa. Vinyake ivyo vikuŵa mu Makabunthu yamkati ya ŵanakazi ni mphira ya mchiuno, laya lakusokeka lobenekelela mavwaro (Kanandi likuŵa na vinthu vyakuonkha the thonje), na monjizga malundi, umoso kanandi mukuŵa mphira nga yamchiuno. Ŵakuŵikapo vinthu vyakupambanapambana, kweni kanandi vikupangika kuti viŵe vyakuthutika.
Makabunthu yamkati ya ŵanakazi aya yakuŵa yakufuma ku vinthu vyakupambanapambana, nga ni thonje, lesi, leteski, chikumba, lycra, meshi, nayiloni, PVC, polyester, rawhide, satini, na silika. Kanandi chikuŵa na vigaŵa viŵiri (kumanyuma na kunthazi) ivyo vikukolerana pa chiŵegha na kumphepete.
Jessheim
Jessheim ni msumba mu boma la Viken mu charu cha Norway mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Moss, Norway
Moss, Norway ni msumba mu boma la Viken mu charu cha Norway mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Buluku ya Bafuta-mkomi
Buluku ya Bafuta-mkomi ni mtundu wa mabuluku agho ghakupangika na salu ya bafuta panji ya dungaree. Kanandi lizgu lakuti "bafuta" likung'anamura malaya ghanyake, agho ghakuchemeka "bafuta mbiliŵili", agho ghakaŵa na matumba gha mkuŵa agho ghakapangika na Jacob W. Davis mu 1871 ndipo ghakapika patenti na Jacob W. Davis na Levi Strauss pa Meyi 20, 1873. Pambere patandike kupokera patenti iyi, ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito mazgu ghakuti "ma buluku gha bafuta mkomi gha kubiliŵila" pa vyakuvwara vyakupambanapambana (nga ni mabuluku, maovololo, na vibachi), ivyo ŵakapanga na malaya gha kubiliŵila gha bafuta-mkomi.
Mysen
Mysen ni msumba mu boma la Viken mu charu cha Norway mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Verkeerdevlei, Free State
Verkeerdevlei, Free State ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Lejweleputswa District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Free State, charu cha South Africa.
Sandvika
Sandvika ni msumba mu boma la Viken mu charu cha Norway mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Lazarus Chakwera
Lazarus McCarthy Chakwera (wakababika pa 5 Epulero 1955) ni nkhwantha ya vya cisopa na ndyali wa ku Malawi uyo wakuteŵetera nga ni purezidenti wa Malawi kwamba pa Juni 2020.Ŵakamulongosolera kuti wakaŵa "wakutemweka comene ku Ŵakatolika ŵa ku Britain". Wakugwiraso nchito nga ni Minister of Defence ku malawi. Wakaŵa purezidenti wa Malawi Assemblies of God kufuma 1989 mpaka 2013.
Chakwera wakaŵa mulongozgi wa chipani chakususka mu chalo ichi pamanyuma pa mavoti agho ghakachitika pa 21 May 2019 ndipo khoti la constitutional court likagwiliska ntchito yayi. Wakimikika kuŵa mulaŵiliri wa SADC pa 17 Ogasiti pa ungano wa pa caka wa 41 wa SADC uwo ukacitika pa 9 Ogasiti mpaka 19 Ogasiti mu Lilongwe, Malawi.
Umoyo wa munthu
Lazarus Chakwera wakababikira mu Lilongwe, msumba ukuru wa Malawi, pa Epulero 5, 1955, apo charu ichi chikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa Britain. Adada ŵake ŵakaŵa ŵasambizgi ŵa ku pulayimale ndipo ŵakateŵeteranga mu famu. Wakatorana na Monica Chakwera pa Okutobala 8, 1977, ndipo ŵali na ŵana ŵanayi (mwana mwanalume na ŵana ŵanakazi ŵatatu).
Ntchito ya theoloje
Wakagwiranga nchito nga ni msambizgi pa Sukulu ya vya cisopa ya Assemblies of God kufuma mu 1983 m'paka mu 2000 uko wakazgoka Mulara mu 1996. Wakaŵa mulara wa sukulu iyi na kusambizga pa sukulu ya All Nations Theological Seminary. Kufuma mu 1989 kufika mu 2013 wakalaŵiliranga Malawi Assemblies of God. Pa 14 April 2013 wakadandawura apo wakapharazga khumbo lake lakwimilira pa chiphikiro cha Malawi Congress Party (MCP) pakuŵa purezidenti uku wakukhalilira mu Assembly of God Presidency.
Ntchito ya ndale
Mphekesera zakukhumba kwa Chakwera kuphalizgana pa mpikisano wa purezidenti wa MCP zidayamba kuwoneka pa intaneti pa 9 April 2013. Iwo ŵakakhorwa pa 14 Epulero 2013. Chakwera pamasinda wakapeleka vikalata vyake apo wakaŵa wa Malawi Assemblies of God. Ungano wa MCP uwo ukeneranga kucitika pa 27 Epulero 2013 ukasinthika pa 10 na 11 Ogasiti uko wakasankhika kuŵa purezidenti wa MCP ndipo wakayimilira chipani mu viwoneskelo vya 2014. Pa nyengo ya mavoti gha Malawi mu chaka cha 2014, mphekesera zikayowoyeka mu malo ghakupambanapambana kuti mavoti agha ghakaŵa ghakubudika. Chakwera wakaphalira ŵanthu wose ŵa ku Malawi kuti ŵalutilire kuŵa na mtende, kuzomera ivyo vyachitika, na kulindilira mavoti ghakulondezgapo. Padera pakuŵa mulongozgi wa chipani chakususka, iyo wakaŵaso wa mphala ya malango ya Lilongwe North West Constituency.
Askim
Askim ni msumba mu boma la Viken mu charu cha Norway mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Lazarus Chakwera
Ntchito ya ndale
Chakwera wakapharazga kuti wafumengepo pa udindo wa Mulongozgi wa Malawian Assemblies of God, kwambira pa 14 May 2013. Iyo wakati ivi vimovwirenge kuti waŵikengepo mtima comene pa ndyali, cifukwa wakawonanga kuti wachali kuteŵetera Ciuta mu malo ghanyake. Chakwera wakakolerana na mulongozgi wa UTM Saulos Chilima na maboma ghanyake ghanandi kuti wapange 'Tonse Alliance' pakunozgekera mavoti gha Malawi mu Juni 2020. Ivi vikachitika apo khoti likakana mavoti gha 2019 chifukwa cha viheni vikuru ivyo vikachitika apo DPP yikati yapambana.
Chakwera wakathereska pulezidenti Peter Mutharika pa chisankho cha 2020, ndipo wakapokera mavoti pafupifupi 59%. Chakwera wakalapizga kuŵa purezidenti wa 6 wa Malawi pa 28 Juni. Pa nyengo iyi, Malaŵi yikaŵa chalo chakwamba mu Africa kuti mavoti gha pa chisankho ghaleke kugwira ntchito chifukwa cha vinthu vyambura kwenelera ndipo mulongozgi wa chipani cha opposition ndiyo wakathereska. Khoti Likuru la ku Kenya ndilo likakanizga chisankho ichi mu 2017, kweni mulongozgi wa chipani cha opposition ndiyo wakatonda..
Cabinet appointments
Chakwera wakati wasankhika kuŵa purezidenti, ŵakamususka cifukwa ca kusankha ŵanthu ŵa mu mbumba yake kuti ŵaŵe mu nduna. Boma la Chakwera la mamembala 31 ilo likapharazgika pamanyuma pa kujura ofesi ili likaŵa na mamembala 6. Mo Sidik Mia, uyo wakaŵa mulwani wa Chakwera mu 2019, wakasankhika kuŵa Minister of Transport and Public Works ndipo muwoli wake Abida Mia wakazgoka Deputy Minister of Lands. Kenny Kandodo na mudumbu wake Khumbize Kandodo wose ŵakaŵa na maudindo gha nduna, yumoza wakaŵa nduna ya vya ntchito apo munyake nduna ya vyaumoyo. Mwachiwonekere, Gospel Kazako wakazgoka Minister of Information apo mkamwana wake Nkhuso Nkhuma wakazgoka Deputy Minister of Agriculture. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵa boma ŵakujumpha 70 peresenti ŵakafuma ku chigaŵa chapakati cha Malawi, uko Chakwera wakukhala. Chakwera wakavikilira vyeruzgo vyake, wakati wazgorenge ivyo vikukhwaska ma appointments.
Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhumba kuti ŵanalume na ŵanakazi ŵaŵe ŵakukolerana ŵakachitiska viphikiro mu Okutobala 2020 kuti ŵakane ivyo Chakwera wakachita. Ŵakuvikilira banthu ŵara ŵakasuska President Chakwera kuti wakuyuyura dango la Malawi la gender equality Act ilo likuti ŵanakazi ŵakwenera kuŵa na maudindo ghakukwana 40 peresenti. Ŵakuchita chiphokoso ŵadandawura na purezidenti chifukwa cha kusankhana pakati pa ŵanalume na ŵanakazi mu maudindo ghake. Mulandu uwu uchali ku khoti.
Trimming executive powers
Chakwera wati wakugwira ntchito yakuchepeska mazaza gha boma kuti ma purezidenti ghaŵe na udindo ku ŵanthu na kusazgirako mazaza gha maboma ghanyake.
Chairperson of SADC
Lazarus Chakwera wakasankhika na vyaru vya SADC kuŵa Mulara wa gulu ili. Pasono ni purezidenti wa SADC uyo wakatora udindo uwu kufuma kwa uyo wakadangira, purezidenti wa Mozambique Filipe Nyusi mu Ogasiti 2021.
Daughter's appointments
Chakwera wakususkika cifukwa ca kwimika mwana wake mwanakazi na nyinavyara wa muwusi Saulos Chilima pa maudindo gha boma. Pulezidenti wakimika mwana wake mwanakazi Violet Chakwera kuŵa mulembi wa vyaru vinyake ku Brussels na ku EU. Ndipouli, pulezidenti wakakanaso mauthenga agha kuti ngawakawaka ndipo wakayowoyapo pa nkhani ya BBC apo wakaluta ku UK mu 2021. Malipoti gha mu manyuzipepara ghakulongora kuti mwana wake msungwana walije maluso gha nchito iyi, cifukwa wali kusambira ku yunivesite yinyake.
Foreign policy
Pulezidenti Chakwera wali na ubwezi wakukhora na Prime Minister wa ku Britain Boris Johnson, wakuyowoya kuti ubwezi wawo "nwakuzirwa". Prime Minister Boris Johnson wakalongosora chigomezgo cha ubali wa nyengo yitali pakati pa UK na Malawi uwo ukuyowoya chomene za kukhozga ma green technologies mu Malawi, ndipo muyowoyeri wa boma la Malawi na Minister of Information, Gospel Kazako wakati Prime Minister Johnson na President Chakwera bakudumbiskana "vyakuchitika vyakupambanapambana vya chitukuko, malonda na ndalama, ivyo mpaka sono vyaŵa vyakukondweska chomene ndipo Malawi yikukhumba kupindula chomene". Pamanyuma pa chisankho cha 2021 ku Zambia apo Edgar Lungu wakataya ku Hakainde Hichilema ndipo wakazomera ivyo vikachitika, Pulezidenti Chakwea wakati: "Vinthu ivyo vikuchitika mu chigaŵa chithu mu vyaka vyasonosono apa vikulongora kuti pali mtende.
Second term
Mu chiyankhulo na Zodiak Broadcasting Station, wayilesi ya ku Malawi, Chakwera wakati ŵanthu ndiwo ŵazamumusankha mu 2025, para Malawi wazakachita chisankho chakulondezgapo. Ndimo viliriso na mamembala ghanyake gha Malawi Congress Party agho ghakulongora kuti Chakwera wazamuyimilira mu 2025 chifukwa cha dango la chipani chake.
Mu chiyankhulo na Zodiak Broadcasting Station, wayilesi ya ku Malawi, Chakwera wakati ŵanthu ndiwo ŵazamumusankha mu 2025, para Malawi wazakachita chisankho chakulondezgapo. Ndimo viliriso na mamembala ghanyake gha Malawi Congress Party agho ghakulongora kuti Chakwera wazamuyimilira mu 2025 chifukwa cha dango la chipani chake. Chakwera wandayowoyepo mwakudunjika kuti wakukhumba kuwina pa manda ghaciŵiri.
Ukaboni
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Hokksund
Hokksund ni msumba mu boma la Viken mu charu cha Norway mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Sarpsborg
Sarpsborg ni msumba mu boma la Viken mu charu cha Norway mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Trøndelag
Trøndelag ni msumba mu boma la Trøndelag mu charu cha Norway mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Boshof, Free State
Boshof, Free State ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Lejweleputswa District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Free State, charu cha South Africa.
Namsos (town)
Namsos (town) ni msumba mu boma la Trøndelag mu charu cha Norway mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Ski, Norway
Ski, Norway ni msumba mu boma la Viken mu charu cha Norway mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Mbande Hill
Phiri la Mbande ni malo ghakufukura vinthu vyakale ku Malawi, kumpoto kwa Nyanja ya Malawi, mu chigaŵa cha Karonga, kumpoto kwa Malawi. Malo agha ghakaŵa msumba ukuru wa ufumu wa Ngonde. Ŵalongozgi ŵake awo ŵakachemekanga 'Kyungu' ŵakalamuliranga kufuma ku malo agha. Vinthu ivyo vikusangika pa malo agha vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga pa malo agha kwambira mu 1500 m'paka 1800. Ŵanthu ŵakukayika kuti ufumu uwu ukaŵa na vinthu vyakukhwaskana na malonda gha pa nyanja ku Africa. Vingacitika kuti malo agho ghakaŵa pa Phiri la Mbande ghakaŵa na malo ghakukhozga.
Mauritius
Mauritius (Maurice ; Moris ), mwalamulo Charu cha Mauritius (République de Maurice; Repiblik Moris), ni chalo icho chili pa chirwa cha Africa mu Indian Ocean, pafupifupi makilomita 2,000 (1,100 nautical miles) kufupi na mphepete mwa nyanja ya East Africa, kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Madagascar. Chirwa ichi chili na virwa vikuruvikuru nga ni Rodrigues, Agaléga, na St. Brandon. Virwa vya Mauritius na Rodrigues, pamoza na Réunion (chigaŵa cha ku France icho chili kufupi na Nyanja ya Meditereniyani), ni vigaŵa vya Mascarene Islands. Cirwa cikuru ca Mauritius, uko kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi, ndiko kuli msumba ukuru wa Port Louis. Charu ichi chili na malo ghakukwana 2,040 square kilometres (790 sq mi) ndipo chili na chigaŵa cha vyamalonda icho chili na malo ghakukwana 2,300,000 square kilometres (670,000 square nautical miles).
Ŵalwani ŵa ku Arabia ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵakwamba kusanga cirwa ici, ca m'ma 975, ndipo ŵakacicema Dina Arobi. Mu 1507, ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ŵakiza pa chirwa ichi. Pa mapu ghakwambilira gha ku Portugal, pa chirwa ichi pakalembeka kuti Cirne panji Do-Cerne. Gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa ku Netherlands, awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Admiral Van Warwyck, ŵakafika pa malo agho sono ghakuchemeka Grand Port ndipo ŵakamba kulamulira chilumba ichi mu 1598. Paumaliro, mu vilimika 120 vyakulondezgapo, ŵakakhazikiska malo ghakukhala ŵanthu ŵa ku Netherlands, kuti ŵagwiliskirenge nchito makuni gha makuni gha ebeni na kupanga shuga. Ŵakaŵanga na vyakumera vya mkaka vyakufuma ku Java na ŵazga ŵakujumpha 300 ŵa ku Madagascar. Mu 1715, caru ici cikapokeka na ŵa ku France ndipo ŵakacicemaso kuti Isle de France. Mu 1810, caru ca United Kingdom cikapoka cirwa ici, ndipo pati pajumpha vilimika vinayi, mu phangano la Paris, France likapeleka cirwa ca Mauritius na vyaru vinyake ku caru ca United Kingdom. Virwa vinyake ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa Mauritius vikaŵa Rodrigues, Agaléga, St. Brandon, Chagos Archipelago, na Seychelles m'paka mu 1906. Mauritius na France ŵakususkana za cilumba ca Tromelin cifukwa cakuti phangano la Paris likayowoyapo yayi. Charu cha Mauritius chikalutilira kulamulirika na Britain m'paka apo chikafwatukira mu 1968.
Mu 1965, boma la Britain likawuskako virwa vya Chagos ku Mauritius na kupanga British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT). Ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ŵakaŵachimbizga pakati pa 1968 na 1973 ndipo chirwa chikuru chomene, Diego Garcia, ŵakagulira ku United States. Mauritius na Britain ŵakususkana pa nkhani ya mazaza gha visirwa vya Chagos. Mu 2019, khoti la International Court of Justice likapeleka upharazgi wakulangula UK kuti wawezgere virwa vya Chagos ku Mauritius, ndipo mu 2021, International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea yikadumura kuti yikukhozgera fundo iyi, yikati UK "yilije mazaza pa virwa vya Chagos".
Boma la pa chirwa ichi likulondezga ndondomeko ya pa nyumba ya malango ya ku Westminster. Charu cha Mauritius chili na wanangwa wa vyachuma na ndyali. Charu ichi chili na boma ilo likupeleka wovwiri wa munkhwala, masambiro ghaulere, na kwendeska magalimoto ghaulere ku ŵana ŵa sukulu, ŵachekuru, na ŵakupendera. Cifukwa ca malo agho Mauritius ghali na ŵanthu ŵakupambana mitundu, mitheto, viyowoyero, na visopa. Ni caru cimoza pera mu Africa ico ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakusopa ŵacihindu. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala mu charu ichi mba Indo-Mauritian.
Pamoza na virwa vinyake vya Mascarene, Mauritius ni malo agho kuli vyakumera na vinyama vinandi. Vinyama vinandi vikukhala pa cirwa ici. Pa cirwa ici ndipo pakaŵa viyuni vinyake vinandi ivyo vikafwa cifukwa ca ŵanthu. Pali vinyama vinyake ivyo vikusangika mu charu ichi nga ni mphazi ya ku Mauritius, na nkhunda ya pinki.
Ukaboni
Ukaboni wakwamba wakulongora kuti cirwa ico sono cikucemeka Mauritius cikaŵako ni mapu agho wakalemba Alberto Cantino mu 1502. Mu 1507, ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ŵakiza pa chirwa ichi. Pa mapu ghakwambilira gha ku Portugal, pa chirwa ichi pakaŵa mazina gha Chiphwitikizi ghakuti Cirne panji Do-Cerne. Munthu munyake wa ku Portugal, zina lake Dom Pedro Mascarenhas, ndiyo wakathya chirwa ichi Mascarenes.
Mu 1598, gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa ku Netherlands ilo likalongozgekanga na Admiral Wybrand van Warwyck, likakhira pa Grand Port na kuchema chirwa ichi kuti Mauritius, kucindika Fumu Maurice van Nassau, uyo wakaŵa mulara wa boma la Netherlands. Pamanyuma, chirwa ichi chikaŵa pasi pa France ndipo chikachemeka Isle de France. Pa Disembala 3, 1810, ŵa ku France ŵakapeleka chilumba ichi ku Britain. Mu nyengo ya ufumu wa Britain, zina la cirwa ici likazgoka Mauritius. Charu cha Mauritius chikuchemekaso Mauritius (kuyowoya [mɔˈʁis]) na Île Maurice mu Chifurenchi, Moris mu Chikiliyo cha ku Mauritius.
'Portuguese Mauritius' (1507–1590s)
Phangano la ku Tordesillas likaŵa lakuti Ufumu wa Portugal ndiwo uzakalamulire chigaŵa ichi. Mu 1507, ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku Portugal ŵakiza pa cirwa ici ndipo ŵakakhazikika penepara. Diogo Fernandes Pereira, uyo wakaŵa mweneko wa boti wa ku Portugal, ndiyo wakaŵa munthu wakwamba wa ku Europe kufika ku Mauritius. Wakathya cirwa ici zina lakuti "Ilha do Cisne". Ŵapwitikizi ŵakakhalako nyengo yitali yayi cifukwa ŵakakhumbanga yayi kuwona virwa ivi.
Virwa vya Mascarene vili na zina la Pedro Mascarenhas, muwusi mulara wa ku India, uyo wakaluta ku virwa ivi mu 1512.
Chirwa cha Rodrigues chikapika zina ili chifukwa cha Diogo Rodrigues, uyo wakafika pa chirwa ichi mu 1528.
Dutch Mauritius (1638–1710)
Mu 1598 gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa Dutch ilo likaŵa pasi pa Admiral Wybrand Van Warwyck likafika ku Grand Port na kulichema kuti "Mauritius" chifukwa cha zina la Fumu Maurice wa ku Nassau. Mu 1638, Ŵachidachi ŵakakhazikika pa chirwa ichi, ndipo ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito makuni gha eboni na kunjizga mkaka, viŵeto, na nkharamu. Kufuma ku malo agha, Abel Tasman, uyo wakaŵa mulendo wa ku Netherlands, wakaluta kukapenja malo ghanyake gha ku South Australia. Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa ku Netherlands ŵakakhalako vyaka 20. Mu 1639, ŵazga ŵakiza ku Mauritius kufuma ku Madagascar. Wupu wa Dutch East India Company ukaŵatolera kuti ŵakadumulire makuni gha eboni na kugwira nchito mu minda yiphya ya hona na mskambo. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, ŵanthu ŵakayezgapo kanandi waka kuti ŵakhazikiske malo ghakukhazikika, kweni malo agha ghakaŵa kuti ghandasangepo phindu, ntheura mu 1710 Ŵachidachi ŵakaleka kukhala ku Mauritius. Nkhani yinyake iyo yikalembeka mu 1755 mu nyuzipepara ya Leeds Intelligencer yikati chirwa ichi chikalekeka chifukwa cha vibenene vinandi ivyo "vikaparanya vyose". Ŵalwani ŵa ku Portugal ŵakiza na vinyama ivi ku virwa ivi kufuma ku malo agho vikakhalanga ku Southeast Asia, pambere Ŵachidachi ŵandambe kulamulira.
French Mauritius (1715–1810)
France, uyo wakaŵa kuti wali kale na mazaza pa charu cha Île Bourbon (sono ni Réunion), wakapoka Mauritius mu 1715 na kucemaso kuti Isle de France. Mu 1723, ŵakalemba dango lakucemeka Code Noir ilo likalongozganga wuzga. Dango ili likati ŵanthu ŵaŵe nga ni "vinthu", mwakuti mwenecho wa vinthu ivi wapokere ndalama za inshuwalansi na malipiro para vinthu vyake vyazgeŵa. Mu 1735, kazembe wa ku France, Bertrand-François Mahé de La Bourdonnais, wakiza ku France. Mahé de La Bourdonnais wakazenga Port Louis kuŵa msasa wa ŵasilikari ŵa nkhondo na malo ghakuzengera ngalaŵa. Pa nyengo iyo wakaŵa kazembe, ŵakazenga nyumba zinandi izo zichalipo. Vinyake mwa vinthu ivi ni Nyumba ya Boma, Château de Mon Plaisir, na Line Barracks, malo agho ŵapolisi ŵakakhalanga. Chirwa ichi chikaŵa pasi pa boma la French East India Company, ilo likalutilira kulamulira m'paka mu 1767. Mu nyengo iyo Ŵafulentshi ŵakakhalanga mu caru ici, ŵazga ŵakizanga kufuma ku vigaŵa vinyake vya mu Africa nga ni Mozambique na Zanzibar. Cifukwa ca ici, mu vilimika 30 ŵanthu ŵa pa cirwa ici ŵakakwera comene kufuma pa 15,000 kufika pa 49,000. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵazga ŵa ku Africa ndiwo ŵakaŵa 80 peresenti ya ŵanthu ŵa pa cirwa ici, ndipo kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1900, pa cirwa ici pakaŵa ŵazga 60,000. Kukwambilira kwa 1729, ŵanthu ŵa ku India ŵakufuma ku Pondicherry ŵakafika ku Mauritius pa boti lakucemeka La Sirène. Ŵakamba kugwira nchito iyi mu 1734 apo ŵakaŵa ŵanangwa.
Kwambira mu 1767 m'paka mu 1810, kupaturako nyengo yichoko waka ya Nkhondo Yakwamba ya ku France, apo ŵanthu ŵakakhazikiskanga boma lakujiyimira pawekha. Jacques-Henri Bernardin de Saint-Pierre wakakhalanga pa cirwa ici kwambira mu 1768 m'paka mu 1771, ndipo wakawelera ku France, uko wakalemba Paul et Virginie, nkhani ya citemwa iyo yikapangiska kuti cirwa ici ciŵe cakumanyikwa kulikose uko ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya Cifurenci. Mu 1796, boma la Paris likayezga kumazga wuzga, ndipo ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaleka kuwusika na ŵa ku France. Ŵalongozgi ŵaŵiri ŵakumanyikwa ŵa ku France ŵakaŵa Vicomte de Souillac (uyo wakazenga msewu wa Chaussée mu Port Louis na kukhuŵilizga ŵalimi kuti ŵakhalenge mu cigaŵa ca Savanne) na Antoine Bruni d'Entrecasteaux (uyo wakawoneseska kuti ŵa ku France awo ŵakakhalanga mu Nyanja ya Indian ŵakhalenge ku Mauritius m'malo mwa ku Pondicherry mu India). Charles Mathieu Isidore Decaen wakaŵa mulara wa ŵasilikari mu Nkhondo za Kuwukira ku France, ndipo nyengo zinyake wakalimbananga na Napoleon I. Wakaŵa kazembe wa Isle de France na Réunion kufuma mu 1803 m'paka 1810. Matthew Flinders, uyo wakaŵa wakulemba mapu wa ku Britain, wakakakika na kukakika na Jenerale Decaen pa cirwa ici mu 1803 m'paka 1810, mwakuswa dango la Napoléon. Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo za ku Europe, Mauritius yikaŵa malo agho ŵasilikari ŵa ku France ŵakalutanga kuti ŵakakome ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain. Ŵakacita nthena mpaka mu 1810, apo ŵasilikari ŵa Royal Navy awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Commodore Josias Rowley, R.N., uyo wakaŵa wa ku Ireland, ŵakatumika kuti ŵakakore cirwa ici. Nangauli ŵasilikari ŵa ku France ŵakatonda nkhondo ya Grand Port, kweni ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain ŵakathereskeka yayi. Ŵakapeleka chilumba ichi pa zuŵa lachinkhondi la kuwukira kwawo, pa Disembala 3, 1810, pa fundo izo zikapeleka mwaŵi ku ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga ku malo agha kuti ŵasungenge malo ghawo na katundu wawo, kweniso kuti ŵagwiliskirenge ntchito chiyowoyero cha ku France na malango gha ku France pa milandu ya milandu na ya ŵanthu wose. Mu nyengo ya ufumu wa Britain, zina la cirwa ici likazgoka Mauritius. Nkhondo iyi yikalembeka mu buku la Patrick O'Brian lakuti The Mauritius Command.
1830–1835: British rule and reform
Boma la Britain, ilo likamba na Sir Robert Farquhar kuŵa kazembe wakwamba, likawona kuti vinthu vikusintha mwaluŵiro pa umoyo wa ŵanthu na vyachuma. Ndipouli, suzgo la Ratsitatane likakhwaska comene. Ratsitatane, muzukuru wa Themba Radama la ku Madagascar, wakatolekera ku Mauritius nga ni kayidi wa ndyali. Wakacimbira mu jere ndipo wakambiska ciwukirano ico cikakhumbanga kufwatura ŵazga ŵa pa cirwa ici. Wakatoleka na munyawo Laizaf ndipo wakakoleka na gulu la ŵasilikari awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Adrien d'Épinay, loya wa ku Mauritius. Ŵakamudumura mutu pa Plaine Verte pa Epulero 15, 1822, ndipo mutu wake ŵakawuŵika pa malo ghanyake kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kuwukira ŵazga.
Kufumira mu 1833, ŵazga ŵakamara mu vilimika vinandi, ndipo paumaliro ŵalimi ŵakapokera ndalama zakukwana mapaundi mamiliyoni ghaŵiri gha ku United States kuti ŵaŵalipire ŵazga awo ŵakaŵatora ku Africa na ku Madagascar.
1834–1921: Indian labour imported
Kuwuskako wuzga kukaŵa na vyakuzirwa comene pa umoyo wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Mauritius. Ŵakulima ŵakiza na ŵantchito ŵanandi kufuma ku India kuti ŵakagwire nchito mu minda ya mkaka. Pakati pa 1834 na 1921, pa cirwa ici pakaŵa ŵantchito pafupifupi hafu ya miliyoni. Ŵakagwiranga nchito mu mafamu gha shuga, mafakitale, na mu malo ghakuzengera. Kweniso, ku virwa ivi kukaŵaso ŵasilikari ŵa ku India 8,740. Aapravasi Ghat, mu nyanja ya Port Louis, iyo sono ni malo ghakukumbukika na UNESCO, ndiyo yikaŵa malo ghakwamba gha Britain kupokelera ŵateŵeti.
Mu 1885, ŵakalemba dango liphya. Chikachemekanga Cens Démocratique ndipo chikaŵa na fundo zinyake izo yumoza wa ŵalongozgi ŵa Creole, Onésipho Beaugeard, wakayowoya. Likapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵasankhike mu Nyumba ya Malango, nangauli ŵakaŵavya wanangwa uwu. Mu 1886, Kazembe John Pope Hennessy wakasankha Gnanadicarayen Arlanda kuŵa mubali wakwamba wa ku India-Mauritius mu wupu wakulongozga nangauli ŵanthu ŵa ku India ŵakamutemwanga chomene Emile Sandapa. Arlanda wakateŵetera m'paka mu 1891.
Pa nyengo iyi, pakaŵa magulu ghaŵiri gha ndyali agho ghakacitanga vinthu mwakukolerana na Hennessy.
Ŵantchito awo ŵakafumanga ku India ŵakaŵapokeleranga makora yayi, ndipo Mujeremani munyake zina lake Adolph von Plevitz, wakajizgora yekha mulinda wa ŵanthu aŵa. Wakaŵa pamoza na ŵantchito ŵanandi, ndipo mu 1871 wakaŵawovwira kulemba kalata iyo ŵakatumizga kwa Kazembe Gordon. Komiti yikimikika kuti yiwoneso ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku India ŵakadandawuranga, ndipo mu 1872 maloya ghaŵiri agho ghakasankhika na boma la Britain, ghakatumika kufuma ku England kuti ghapende. Komiti iyi yikayowoyapo vinthu vinandi ivyo vikhwaskenge umoyo wa ŵantchito ŵa ku India mu vilimika 50 vyakunthazi.
1901–1914: Modernization and reform
Mu 1901, ŵanthu ŵakamba kwendeska mawoko mwaluŵiro kuluta ku Rodrigues.
Mu 1903, ku Mauritius ŵakamba kugura magalimoto, ndipo mu 1910, magalimoto ghakwamba ghakamba kuguliskika. Mu 1909, msumba wa Port Louis ukaŵa na magesi, ndipo mu vyaka ivi, kampani ya Mauritius Hydro Electric Company ya ŵabali ŵa Atchia, yikapika mazaza kuti yivikilire misumba ya ku Upper Plaines Wilhems.
Chizindikiro cha charu cha Mauritius chikapangika mu 1906, ndipo chili na njati ya Sambur na dodo.
M'ma 1910, vinthu vikaŵa makora yayi pa nkhani za ndyali. Ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa na nkharo yiwemi (ŵadokotala, maloya, na ŵasambizgi) ŵakamba kususka ŵeneco ŵa minda ya mkaka. Dr. Wakayama Eugène Laurent, meya wa Port Louis, ndiyo wakalongozganga gulu liphya ili. Chipani cha Action Libérale chikasuskika na chipani cha Parti de l'Ordre, icho chikalongozgekanga na Henri Leclézio, uyo wakaŵa na mazaza comene pa ŵamalonda ŵa shuga.
Mu 1911, mu Port Louis mukaŵa vivulupi cifukwa ca mphindano yakuti Dr. Eugène Laurent wakakomeka na ŵamazaza ŵa Curepipe. Ivi vikamanyikwa kuti ni vivulupi vya mu Curepipe mu 1911. Mu msumba uwu, mashopu na maofesi ghakasakazika ndipo munthu yumoza wakafwa.
Mu 1911, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuwonelera mafilimu mu tawuni ya Curepipe. Mu 1912, boma, makampani, na ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakamba kwimba mafoni.
1914–1919: World War I prosperity
Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose yikamba mu Ogasiti 1914. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Mauritius ŵakajipeleka kuti ŵarwe nkhondo na Ŵachijeremani ku Europe na ku Mesopotamiya. Kweni nkhondo iyi yikatimbanizga comene Mauritius kuluska nkhondo izo zikacitika mu vilimika vya m'ma 1800. Nakuti nkhondo ya mu 1914-1918 yikaŵa nyengo iyo vinthu vikaŵa makora chomene chifukwa cha kukwera kwa mtengo wa shuga. Mu 1919, wupu wa Mauritius Sugar Syndicate ukaŵako, uwo ukaŵa na 70% ya ŵanthu wose awo ŵakapanga shuga.
1920–1939: Liberalisation and reaction
M'ma 1920 kukawuka gulu la "retrocessionism", ilo likakhumbanga kuti charu cha Mauritius chiwelere ku France. Mwaluŵiro, gulu ili likamara cifukwa palije uyo wakakhumbanga kuti Mauritius wawelere ku France.
Mu nyengo ya suzgo ya ndalama iyo yikaŵako pamanyuma pa nkhondo, mtengo wa shuga ukakhira comene. Malo ghanandi ghakusungirako shuga ghakajalika, ndipo ivi vikalongora kuti ŵantchito ŵa mu vyaru ivi ŵamara.
Kufuma apo Arlanda wakambira kuwusa mu 1891, m'paka mu 1926, mu wupu wakulongozga mukaŵavya ŵanthu ŵa ku India na Mauritius. Ndipouli, pa 1926 chisankho, Dunputh Lallah na Rajcoomar Gujadhur ŵakaŵa ŵa Indo-Mauritian ŵakwamba kusankhika ku wupu wa malango. Ku Grand Port, Lallah wakathereska Fernand Louis Morel na Gaston Gebert; ku Flacq, Gujadhur wakatonda Pierre Montocchio.
Mu 1936, pakababika chipani chakuchemeka Labour Party, icho chikambiska na Maurice Curé. Emmanuel Anquetil wakawovwira ŵantchito ŵa mu matawuni apo Pandit Sahadeo wakawovwira ŵantchito ŵa ku mizi.
Nkhondo ya Uba ya mu 1937 yikapangiska kuti boma la Britain lisinthe vinthu kuti ntchito yiŵe makora ndipo likamazga kukanizgika kwa mawupu gha ŵantchito. Zuŵa la Ŵantchito likakondwelereka kakwamba mu 1938. Ŵantchito ŵakujumpha 30,000 ŵakaleka malipiro ghawo gha zuŵa limoza ndipo ŵakiza kufuma mu vigaŵa vyose vya cirwa ici kuzakaŵapo pa ungano ukuru uwo ukacitikira pa malo ghakucemeka Champ de Mars.
Pamanyuma pa kunyamuka kwa ŵantchito ŵa pa dowoko, Emmanuel Anquetil uyo wakaŵa mu wupu wa ŵantchito wakatolekera ku Rodrigues, Maurice Curé na Pandit Sahadeo ŵakakakika pa nyumba zawo, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakaŵa mu jele. Kazembe wa boma Sir Bede Clifford wakawovwira Mr. Jules Leclezio wa wupu wa Mauritius Sugar Syndicate kuti wawovwirepo pa suzgo ili mwa kugwiliskira nchito ŵantchito ŵanyake awo ŵakamanyikwanga na zina lakuti "black legs".
1939–1945: World War II
Apo Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose yikambanga mu 1939, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Mauritius ŵakajipeleka kuti ŵateŵetere ku Africa na ku vyaru vya ku Near East. Ŵanyake ŵakaluta ku England kukapharazga ndipo ŵakamba kwendera ndege. Nangauli ku Mauritius kukaŵavya suzgo, kweni mu 1943, sitima za pasi pa maji za ku Germany zikabizga sitima zinandi za ku Britain kufupi na Port Louis. Mu nyengo yakwambilira ya nkhondo, ŵasilikari ŵa ku malo agha ŵakaŵikapo mtima kuvikilira caru usange ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵafumako. Gulu linyake la ŵasilikari likapika mulimo wa kwendeska maboti gha mlengalenga kuti ghasangirepo ŵasilikari ŵa ku Japan. Pa 24 March 1943, Mauritius Regiment, yikapangika nga ni gulu la ufumu na gulu liphya la East Africa Command (EAC), ilo lingagwiriskika nchito kulikose apo kale ŵasilikari ŵa Mauritius ŵakagwiriskikanga nchito pa vinthu vya mukati pera. Kuumaliro wa 1943, ŵasilikari ŵa 1st Battalion of the Mauritius Regiment (1MR) ŵakatumika ku Madagascar kuti ŵakasambizgike, ndipo mu malo mwawo, ŵasilikari ŵa King's African Rifles (KAR) ŵakatumika ku Mauritius. Ŵasilikari ŵanyake ŵakakwiya chomene na ivyo vikachitika, ndipo ŵasilikari ŵa ku vyaru vinyake awo ŵakaŵa ku vyaru vinyake ŵakaŵa ŵambura kuzgoŵera nkhondo. Ŵasilikari ŵa 1MR ŵakakhuŵara comene cifukwa ca kusankhana mitundu, malipiro ghambura kuyana, masambiro ghakusuzga, ndiposo kopa ŵasilikari ŵa ku Japan.
Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose, vinthu vikaŵa makora yayi mu caru ici. Pakaŵa vivulupi, ndipo boma likakanizga milimo yose ya wupu. Ndipouli, ŵantchito ŵa ku Belle Vue Harel Sugar Estate ŵakamba kunyenyenkha nchito pa Seputembala 27, 1943. Ŵapolisi ŵakamba kuwombera ŵanthu, ndipo ŵakakoma ŵantchito ŵanayi: Soondrum Pavatdan (uyo wakumanyikwa kuti Anjalay Coopen, mwanakazi wa vyaka 32 uyo wakaŵa na nthumbo), Moonsamy Moonien (msepuka wa vyaka 14), Kistnasamy Mooneesamy (wantchito wa vyaka 37), na Marday Panapen. Ici cikacemeka Belle Vue Harel Massacre mu 1943. Basdeo Bissoondoyal, uyo wakaŵa muteŵeti wa boma kweniso mulongozgi wa gulu la Jan Andolan, ndiyo wakanozga viphikiro vya nyifwa ya ŵantchito ŵanayi awo ŵakafwa.
Pakati pajumpha myezi yitatu, pa Disembala 12, 1943, Bissoondoyal wakanozga ungano wa ŵanthu ŵanandi ku "Marie Reine de la Paix" ku Port Louis, ndipo wumba ukuru wa ŵantchito ŵakufuma mu vigaŵa vyose vya cirwa ici ukakhozgera kuti gulu lake la Jan Andolan ndakumanyikwa comene.
1945–1960: Postwar politics, universal suffrage
Pamanyuma pa kukhazikiska dango liphya la Mauritius mu 1947, pa Ogasiti 9, 1948, pakaŵa mavoti ghacigaŵa, ndipo aka kakaŵa kakwamba kuti boma la ku Mauritius liŵape wanangwa wa kulemba mazina ŵanthu wose ŵakukhwima awo ŵangalemba mazina ghawo mu viyowoyero 19 vya pa cirwa ici.
Chipani cha Guy Rozemont cha Labour Party chikapokera mavoti ghanandi, ndipo pa malo 19 agho ghakaŵa ku mavoti, 11 ghakaŵa gha Ŵahindu. Ndipouli, Kazembe Mukuru Donald Mackenzie-Kennedy wakasora ŵa Conservative 12 mu Wupu Wakulongozga pa 23 Ogasiti 1948 kuti ŵalutilire kuŵa na ŵanthu ŵatuŵa ŵa ku France na Mauritius. Mu 1948, Emilienne Rochecouste wakaŵa mwanakazi wakwamba kusankhika kuŵa mu wupu wakuwona vya malango.
Gulu la Guy Rozemont likasintha comene mu 1953, ndipo likati lasanga candulo na maungano, likakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu wose ŵaŵe na wanangwa wa kusankha. Mu 1955 na 1957, ku London kukacitika ungano wa malango, ndipo boma likamba kwendera fundo za ŵalaŵiliri. Pa 9 Malichi, 1959, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuvota. Chisankho chachikulu chinapambananso ndi chipani cha Labour, chomwe chikutsogoleredwa ndi Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam.
1960–1968: Ethnic tensions
Mu 1961, ku London kukacitika ungano wa kusanda malango, ndipo pakapangika pulogiramu ya kusanda malango. Mu 1963, chipani cha Labour na ŵabwezi ŵake ndiwo ŵakathereska ŵanthu. Ofesi ya Colonial Office yikayowoya kuti ndyali izo zikukolerana na mafuko zikamba kuwoneka chomene ku Mauritius, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakasankhanga ŵanthu awo ŵakukhumba kuŵa ŵalongozgi (ŵakupambanapambana) na awo ŵakukhumba kuvota (ŵakusankha). Pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵaŵiri ŵakumanyikwa ŵa ku Britain, Richard Titmuss na James Meade, ŵakalemba lipoti lakulongosora masuzgo agho ŵanthu ŵakakumananga nagho pa chirwa ichi chifukwa cha unandi wa ŵanthu. Ivi vikapangiska kuti paŵe ntchito yikuru ya kulekeska kusazgikira kwa ŵanthu.
Kukwambilira kwa chaka cha 1965, ŵanthu ŵakakomeka mu tawuni ya Quatre Bornes, mu tawuni ya Belle-Rose.
Pa Meyi 10, 1965, ŵanthu ŵakamba kusankhana mitundu mu muzi wa Trois Boutiques kufupi na Souillac. Mu charu chose cha Britain mukaŵa suzgo likuru. Nkhondo iyi yikayamba cifukwa ca kukoma Beesoo mu galimoto yake na gulu la ŵanthu ŵa ku Creole. Kufuma apo, munthu munyake zina lake Mr. Robert Brousse ku Trois Boutiques. Kufuma apo, gulu la ŵanthu ŵa ku Creole ŵakaluta ku muzi wakale wa Mahébourg, uwo ukaŵa mumphepete mwa nyanja, kuti ŵakawukire ŵanthu ŵa ku Mauritius awo ŵakawoneleranga mafilimu gha ku India. Apolisi a Mahébourg adalemba madandaulo pafupifupi 100 okhudza nkhanza za Indo-Mauritian.
Independence (since 1968)
Pa ungano wa Lancaster mu 1965, vikamanyikwa kuti Britain yikukhumba kufumako ku Mauritius. Mu 1959, Harold Macmillan wakayowoya nkhani yake yakumanyikwa comene yakuti "Wind of Change Speech" (Mphepo ya Kusintha) umo wakazomerezga kuti nthowa yiwemi comene yakuti Britain yilondezge nkhupeleka wanangwa wose ku vyaru ivyo yikaŵa pasi pake. Mwantheura, kwamba kuumaliro wa ma 1950, caru cikaŵa cakunozgeka kuti ciŵe cakufwatuka.
Pamanyuma, mu 1965, pamanyuma pa ungano wa Lancaster, chigaŵa cha Chagos chikapatuka ku Mauritius na kuzgoka British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT). Pa Ogasiti 7, 1967, pakaŵa maungano gha boma, ndipo chipani cha Independence chikapokera vithuzithuzi vinandi. Mu Janyuwale 1968, masabata ghankhondi na limoza pambere boma la Mauritius lindambe kujiyimira palokha, mu Port Louis mukacitika vivulupi ivyo vikakoma ŵanthu 25.
Charu cha Mauritius chikaŵa na dango liphya ndipo chikamba kujiyimira paŵekha pa Malichi 12, 1968. Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam wakazgoka nduna yikuru yakwamba ya Mauritius yakujiyimira pawekha. Mu 1969, chipani cha opposition, Mauritian Militant Movement (MMM), chikayambika, chakulongozgeka na Paul Bérenger. Pamanyuma pake, mu 1971, MMM - yakukhozgeka na mawupu gha ŵantchito - yikamba kubenekelerana mu dowoko, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti mu caru cose muŵe suzgo.
Boma la Labour Party na la PMSD (Parti Mauricien Social Démocrate) likakanizga wanangwa wa ŵanthu na kukanizga wanangwa wa vyalo. Paul Bérenger wakayezgeka kukoma ŵanthu ŵaŵiri.
Boma la MMM-PSM likapatukana myezi 9 pamanyuma pa mavoti gha Juni 1982. Kuyana na nduna yinyake ya munthavi, myezi yinkhondi na yimoza iyi yikaŵa "ciyezgo ca wupu wa Socialist". Harish Boodhoo wakamazga chipani chake cha PSM kuti wanembare wose ŵa PSM ŵanjire chipani chiphya cha Jugnauth cha MSM, mwakuti ŵakhalilire mu boma uku ŵakujipatura ku MMM. Gulu la MSM-Labour-PMSD likathereska pa mavoti gha mu Ogasiti 1983, ndipo Anerood Jugnauth wakaŵa Prime Minister ndipo Gaëtan Duval wakaŵa Deputy Prime Minister.
Mu nyengo iyi, chigaŵa cha EPZ chikakura. Vinthu vikamba kwenda makora mu mizi, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kugwira ntchito mu misasa. Ici cikapangiska kuti makampani gha shuga ghaleke kukhwaska comene cuma. Makampani ghakurughakuru ghakamba kujura mashopu mu 1985 na kupeleka ngongoli ku ŵanthu ŵambura kusanga ndalama zinandi. Kweniso ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kuluta ku malo ghakwendakwenda, ndipo mahotelo ghaphya ghakazengeka pa chirwa chose. Mu 1989, ŵakajura msika wa malonda, ndipo mu 1992, ŵakajura chiŵanja cha nyanja. Mu 1990, nduna yikaluza pa kuvota pa kusintha Dango kuti caru ici ciŵe caru ca wupu.
Republic (since 1992)
Pa Malichi 12, 1992, vilimika 24 kufuma apo Mauritius wakapokera wanangwa wake, likapharazgika kuti ni charu cha Commonwealth. Kazembe waumaliro wa Mauritius, Sir Veerasamy Ringadoo, wakaŵa pulezidenti wakwamba. Ivi vikacitika cifukwa ca ndondomeko ya nyengo yicoko waka, ndipo mu caka ici, Cassam Uteem ndiyo wakanjira mu malo ghake. Nduna yikuru ndiyo yikaŵa na mazaza pa ndyali.
Nangauli vinthu vikamba kwenda makora mu caru ici, ndipo mafuta ghakakhira, kweniso ndalama zikakwera, kweni boma likakondwa yayi na ŵanthu. Kuzakafika mu 1984, ŵanthu ŵakakondwa yayi. Kwizira mu Dango Lakukhwaskana na Manyuzipepara na Magazini, boma likayezga kuti nyuzipepara yiliyose yipeleke ndalama zakukwana hafu ya miliyoni. Ŵapharazgi 43 ŵakasuska na kunjilirapo pa ungano wa pa wumba ku Port Louis, panthazi pa Nyumba ya Ufumu. Ŵakakakika na kufwatulika pa kaunti. Ici cikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵacitire ukali boma ndipo likakhumbikwiranga kuweleramo mu ndondomeko yake.
Kweniso ŵanthu ŵakakondwa yayi na masambiro. Pakaŵavya masukulu gha masambiro ghaciŵiri ghapacanya agho ghakaŵa ghakwenelera kuti ghapulikiske ŵanthu awo ŵakumalizga masambiro gha ku pulayimale. Mu 1991, boma likathereska boma chifukwa cha kuleka kukhozgera pulani ya masambiro.
Mu Disembala 1995, Navin Ramgoolam wakasankhika kuŵa Prime Minister wa Labour/MMM alliance. Mu Okutobala 1996, ŵanthu ŵatatu awo ŵakakomeka pa Gorah-Issac Street ku Port Louis, ŵakakakika na kufumbika nyengo yitali.
Sir Anerood Jugnauth wa MSM wakawelera ku mazaza mu Seputembala 2000 pamanyuma pa kukolerana na MMM. Mu 2002, cirwa ca Rodrigues cikazgoka cigaŵa cakujiyimira pacekha mu caru ici ndipo cikaŵa na wanangwa wa kusankha ŵimiliri ŵake kuti ŵakawusenge. Mu 2003, nduna yikuru yikapelekeka kwa Paul Bérenger wa MMM, ndipo Sir Anerood Jugnauth wakaŵa purezidenti. Bérenger wakaŵa nduna yikuru yakwamba ya France na Mauritius mu mbiri ya chalo ichi.
Mu mavoti gha 2005, Navin Ramgoolam wakazgoka Prime Minister pasi pa chipani chiphya cha Labour PMXDVFMRMMSM. Mu mavoti gha 2010 chipani cha Labour/MSM/PMSD chikapoka mazaza ndipo Navin Ramgoolam wakalutilira kuŵa Prime Minister mpaka 2014.
Chipani cha MSM PMS DML chikapambana pa chisankho cha 2014 pasi pa Anerood Jugnauth. Nangauli pakaŵa mphindano mukati mwa chipani icho chikaŵa pa muwuso icho chikapangiska kuti PMSD yifumeko, kweni MSM ̊ML yikalutilira kuwusa kwa vyaka 5.
Pa 21 January 2017, Sir Anerood Jugnauth wakapharazga kuti wafumengepo ndipo mwana wake Pravind Jugnauth ndiyo waŵenge nduna yikuru. Pa 23 January 2017, boma likasintha ndondomeko yake.
Mu 2018, pulezidenti wa Mauritius Ameenah Gurib-Fakim wakaleka ntchito chifukwa cha suzgo la ndalama. Purezidenti wapano ndi Prithvirajsing Roopun yemwe wakhala akugwira ntchito kuyambira Disembala 2019.
Pa chisankho cha November 2019 ku Mauritius, chipani cha Militant Socialist Movement (MSM) chikapambana mipando yakujumpha hafu mu nyumba ya malango, ndipo Prime Minister Pravind Kumar Jugnauth wakapika nyengo yinyakeso ya vyaka vinkhondi.
Pa Julayi 25, 2020, sitima ya ku Japan yakuchemeka MV Wakashio yikakhira pa korali mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Mauritius, ndipo mafuta ghakukwana matani 1,000 ghakafuma mu nyanja. Malo agha ghakaŵa pafupi na malo ghakutowa gha mu nyanja ndipo ghakaŵa ghakuzirwa pa caru cose.
Mauritius Island
Chilumba cha Mauritius chili pa mtunda wa makilomita 2,000 (1,200 mi) kufupi na kumwera kwa Africa, pakati pa latitude 19°58.8'S na 20°31.7'S na longitude 57°18.0'E na 57°46.5'E. Ni mtunda wa makilomita 65 mu utali na makilomita 45 mu usani. Malo ghake ghakukwana 1,864.8 km2 (720.0 sq mi). Chirwa ichi chili na mchenga uwemi wa mchenga uwo uli pa mtunda wa makilomita ghakujumpha 150. Ku Mauritius kuli virwa na tumazinga pafupifupi 49, ndipo vinandi vya vyaru ivi vili kuzunulika kuti ni malo ghakusungirako vyamoyo.
Chirwa cha Mauritius (Mauritian Creole: Isle Moris; French: Île Maurice, [il mɔʁis]) chili na vyaka vichoko chomene chifukwa cha vimalibwe ivyo vikachitika vyaka 8 miliyoni ivyo vyajumpha. Pamoza na Saint Brandon, Réunion, na Rodrigues, cirwa ici nchimoza mwa virwa vya Mascarene. Virwa ivi vikababika cifukwa ca kuphulika kwa vimalibwe vikuruvikuru ivyo vikacitika pasi pa maji, makilomita ghanandi kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa na Madagascar. Ŵali kuleka kuphulika, ndipo sono malo agha ghali kusi kwa Réunion Island. Mauritius wali kuzingilizgika na mapiri ghatali, agho ghakukwera mamita 300 m'paka 800. Malo agha ghakukwera kufuma ku malo gha mumphepete mwa nyanja kuya ku malo ghapakati apo ghakukwana mamita 670 (2,200 ft); pachanya pa mapiri ghose pali Piton de la Petite Rivière Noire (828 m). Pa chirwa ichi pali milonga na tumilonga tunandi uto tukapangika mu mipata iyo yilipo chifukwa cha maji agho ghakwenda.