cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
South Africa
Chuma
Kufuma mu 1994, boma likakhwimiska ndalama, likakhozga ndalama za boma, ndipo likakopa ndalama zinyake za ku vyaru vinyake. Kwambira mu 2004, vinthu vikamba kwenda makora mu vyaru ivi. Pa nyengo iyo Jacob Zuma wakaŵa pulezidenti, boma likakhozga comene makampani gha boma. Mabungwe ghanyake ghakurughakuru agho ghali na boma ni Eskom, kampani iyo yikugwira nchito ya magesi, South African Airways (SAA), na Transnet, kampani iyo yikugwira nchito ya kujima sitima na madoko. Mabungwe ena a boma sanali opindulitsa, monga SAA, yomwe idafunikira ndalama zokwana R30 biliyoni ($ 2.03 biliyoni) pazaka 20 zisanafike 2015. Vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa ni Germany, United States, China, Japan, United Kingdom na Spain. Lipoti la 2020 Financial Secretion Index likati South Africa ndi malo 58 ghakukhora chomene pa charu chose.
Chitauni
Pa webusayiti yinyake pali madera ghakujumpha 12,600 mu South Africa. Maofesi gha munthavi gha ku South Africa
Kuŵika malango na kuswa malango
Charu cha South Africa chili na makampani ghakuvikilira ŵanthu ghakujumpha 10,380 na ŵanthu ŵakuvikilira ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 2.5 miliyoni. Gulu la ŵapolisi la South African Police Service (SAPS) ndilo likovwira chomene pa nkhani ya vigeŵenga mu charu chose. Mu vyaka vyose ivi, nchito ya kuvikilira ŵanthu yafika paheni comene.
Viyowoyelo
{{legend|#fb8072|Xhosa (16.0%)}}
Kuŵika malango na kuswa malango
Kufumira mu February 2023, charu cha South Africa ndicho chili na vigeŵenga vinandi chomene pa charu chose. Kwambira mu Epulero 2017 m'paka mu Malichi 2018, ŵanthu 57 ŵakakomeka zuŵa lililose mu South Africa. Mu chaka icho chikajumpha mu Malichi 2017, ŵanthu 20,336 ŵakakomeka ndipo chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵakakomeka chikaŵa 35.9 pa ŵanthu 100,000. Ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 526,000 ŵa ku South Africa ŵakakomeka kufuma mu 1994 mpaka mu 2019.
Viyowoyelo
{{legend|#8dd3c7|⁠Afrikaans (13.5%)}}
Kuŵika malango na kuswa malango
Ku South Africa ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukoleka mwankhaza, ndipo mu 2014/15 pakachitika ŵanthu 43,195. Kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu 2009 pakati pa ŵanalume 1,738 ku KwaZulu-Natal na Eastern Cape na Medical Research Council, wakalongora kuti mwanalume yumoza pa ŵanalume ŵanayi waliyose wakazomera kuti wakachita uleŵi. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakugona ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekha, kweni ŵanalume na ŵanakazi ŵanandi ŵakuti ŵakugona ŵanakazi ŵekha yayi. Ŵana (ŵanyake ŵa vyaka 10 pera) ndiwo ŵakugona ŵanakazi. Ŵana na ŵana ŵachoko waka ndiwo ŵakukoleka mwankhaza comene pa caru, comene cifukwa ca cisambizgo cakuti ŵanakazi ŵambura kutengwa ŵakutozgeka.
Aristotle
Kuyowoya na kuyowoya
Buku la Aristotle la Rhetoric likuti munthu uyo wakuyowoya wangagwiliskira ntchito nthowa zitatu kuti wakhorweske ŵanthu: ethos (kuyowoya na munthu uyo wakuyowoya), pathos (kuyowoya na ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya), na logos (kuyowoya na ŵanthu awo ŵakughanaghana makora). Kweniso wakapatura mazgu ghakuphakazgira mu vigaŵa vitatu: epideictic (mazgu ghakuyowoya vya malumbo panji kususka), forensic (mazgu ghakuyowoya vya mulandu panji kuleka mulandu), na deliberative (mazgu ghakuchema ŵategherezgi kuti ŵasankhe chakuchita pa nkhani yinyake). Aristotle wakalongosoraso vifukwa viŵiri vyakulongosolera mazgu: nthimeme (kulongosolera na mazgu) na paradeigma (kulongosolera na ciyelezgero).
South Africa
Zina
Zina lakuti "South Africa" lili kufuma ku malo agho charu ichi chili kumwera kwa Africa. Pakwamba, charu ichi chikachemekanga kuti Union of South Africa mu Chingelezi na Unie van Zuid-Afrika mu Chidachi. Kwamba mu 1961, zina lakwamba mu Chingelezi ni "Republic of South Africa" na Republiek van Suid-Afrika mu chiAfrikaans. Kwambira mu 1994, charu ichi chili na zina mu viyowoyero 11.
YouTube
Vidiyo
Pakwamba mu 2005, kuti munthu wawone mavidiyo gha pa YouTube pa kompyuta, wakeneranga kuŵa na Adobe Flash Player. Mu Janyuwale 2010, YouTube yikamba kugwiliskira ntchito webusayiti iyi pa chiyezgo. Ivi vikawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵawonenge mavidiyo kwambura kuŵika Adobe Flash Player panji pulogini yinyake. Pa Janyuwale 27, 2015, YouTube yikapharazga kuti HTML5 ndiyo yizamuŵa nthowa yakulondezgera pa ma browser. Mavidiyo gha HTML5 ghakugwiliskira ntchito Dynamic Adaptive Streaming pa HTTP (MPEG-DASH), nthowa yakugwiliskira ntchito HTTP iyo yikovwira kuti munthu waŵe na vithuzi vinandi.
South Africa
Charu ichi nchimoza mwa vyaru vichoko waka mu Africa ivyo vindachitepo viwawa, ndipo kwa vyaka pafupifupi 100, ŵanthu ŵakuluta ku mavoti. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mitundu yinyake mu South Africa ŵakapika wanangwa uwu mu 1994. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mitundu yinyake ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵaŵe na wanangwa ukuru kuluska ŵa mitundu yinyake. Mu 1948, chipani cha National Party chikamba kusankhana mitundu. Pamanyuma pa kulimbana kwa nyengo yitali na nkhaza kwa African National Congress na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakalimbananga na apartheid mu caru na kuwaro kwa caru, malango ghakupambaniska ŵanthu ghakamba kufiskika pakati pa ma 1980. Kwambira mu 1994, mafuko ghose na viyowoyero vyose vili na ŵimiliri mu vyaru ivyo vili na demokilase. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakuchema charu cha South Africa kuti "charu cha chiŵingavula" chifukwa cha mitheto yakupambanapambana ya ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi, chomenechomene mu nyengo ya apartheid.
Charu cha South Africa chili na mazaza pa nkhani za caru cose. Ni caru ico cikucita makora yayi, ndipo cili pa nambara 109 pa ndandanda ya ŵanthu awo ŵakukura. Banki ya Caru Cos e yikati ni caru ciphya ico cikucita vyamalonda, ndipo nchigaŵa caciŵiri pa vyaru vyose vya mu Africa ico cili na cuma cikuru comene ndiposo cacitatu pa vyaru vyose vya mu Africa. Charu cha South Africa chili na malo ghanandi agho ghali kulembeka na UNESCO kuti ni malo ghakukondweska ŵanthu pa charu chose. Kufuma waka apo nkhaza zacigaŵa zikamalira, boma laŵikapo mtima comene pa vinthu vyawo kweniso umoyo wa ŵanthu waŵa uwemi comene. Ndipouli, uphuvya, ukavu na kuleka kuyana vinthu vikulutilira, ndipo ŵanthu pafupifupi 40% ŵalije nchito mu 2021, apo ŵanthu pafupifupi 60% ŵakukhala pasi pa ukavu ndipo cigaŵa cacinayi ca ŵanthu ŵakukhala pasi pa $2.15 pa zuŵa.
Aristotle
Kuzgeŵa na kusungika
Aristotle wakalembanga mabuku ghake pa mipukutu ya papyrus, iyo yikaŵa yakumanyikwa pa nyengo yira. Mabuku ghake ghakupambana mu magulu ghaŵiri: gha "exoteric", agho ghakulembekera ŵanthu wose, na gha "esoteric", agho ghakulembekera sukulu ya Lyceum. Ivyo Aristotle wakalemba vikupambana chomene na ivyo vili kulembeka mu Baibolo. Nangauli mabuku agho ghakazgeŵa ghakulongora kuti ghakalembeka kuti ghazakalembeke pamanyuma, kweni ghanyake agho ghalipo ghali nga ni mabuku gha nkhani izo zikalembeka kuti zilembeke. Ivyo Cicero wakayowoya vya kalembero ka Aristotle kuti "mlonga wa golide" vikwenera kuti vikaŵa vya mabuku agho wakalemba. Fumbo likuru comene pa nkhani ya ivyo Aristotle wakalemba ni lakuti, kasi vikacitika wuli kuti mabuku gha mu Baibolo ghaleke kusangika? Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugomezga kuti Andronicus wa ku Rhodes wakawunjika mabuku gha Aristotle agho ghakaŵa gha vigaŵa vichokovichoko, ndipo wakaŵapambaniska na mabuku gha Theophrastus na Peripatetics.
South Africa
Boma
Mu 2008, charu cha South Africa chikaŵa pa malo ghachinkhondi pa vyaru 48 vya mu Africa. Boma la South Africa likaŵa na masambiro ghapachanya pa nkhani ya malango, kujikora na vimbundi, kweniso vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu, kweni likaŵa na masambiro ghachoko pa nkhani ya chivikiliro. Mu 2006, charu cha South Africa ndicho chikaŵa chakwamba kuzomerezga nthengwa za ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha.
Aristotle
Vya Chuma
Aristotle wakawovwira chomene pa nkhani ya vyachuma, chomenechomene mu vyaka vyapakati. Mu buku lake lakuti Politics, Aristotle wakalemba vya msumba, katundu, na malonda. Kuyana na umo Lionel Robbins wakawonera, umo wakazgoleranga ku ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga vinthu vya ŵanthu ŵekha, vikalongora kuti ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa pakati pa ŵasayansi na ŵasayansi ŵa vyachuma. Aristotle wakagomezganga kuti nangauli vinthu ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuchita paŵekha vingawoneka nga ni viwemi ku ŵanthu, kweni viheni ivi vikufuma ku ŵanthu. Mu buku lake la Politics, Aristotle wakayowoyapo umo ndalama zikambira. Ndalama zikamba kugwira nchito cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵakamba kuthemba ŵanyawo. Ŵanthu ŵakazomerezganga kugura vinthu ivyo vikaŵa vyakovwira kweniso vyakovwira, nga ni visulo na siliva.
YouTube
Content ID
Mu Juni 2007, YouTube yikamba kuyezga pulogiramu yakumanyirathu mavidiyo agho ghakuswa malango. Mubali Eric Schmidt, mulara wa Google, wakati nthowa iyi njakukhumbikwa kuti ŵeruzgenge milandu nga ni iyo yikamba na Viacom. Pakwamba, nthowa iyi yikachemekanga kuti "Video Identification" ndipo pamanyuma yikamanyikwa kuti Content ID. Para munthu waŵika vidiyo pa Intaneti, yikwendeskeka na database, ndipo para yikukolerana na ivyo walemba, yikulongora kuti yabuda. Para ivi vyacitika, mwenecho wa vidiyo wangasankha kujandizga vidiyo kuti waleke kuyiwonelera, panji kuŵikapo malonda.
South Africa
Transport
Vinthu ivi ni misewu, njanji, viŵanja vya ndege, maji, na mapaipi gha mafuta. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ku South Africa ŵakwenda pa basi. Mu misumba yinyake, mabasi ghakwenda mwaluŵiro ghakovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵendenge makora kweniso mwamahara. Makina agha ghakatambuzgika comene cifukwa ca ndalama zinandi izo ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito. Charu cha South Africa chili na maboti ghanandi ghakuru, kusazgapo Cape Town, Durban, na Port Elizabeth, agho ghakupokelera ŵanthu awo ŵakwenda pa sitima.
Kupeleka maji na maji ghakumwa
Vyaru vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa South Africa vikusuzgika na chilangalanga chifukwa cha El Niño. Kuuyambiro wa chaka cha 2018, msumba wa Cape Town, uwo uli na nyengo zakupambana na za mu charu chose, ukaŵa na suzgo la maji. Ŵanthu ŵakakhumbanga kuti zuŵa lililose munthu waliyose waleke kumwa maji ghakujumpha malita 50. Msumba wa Cape Town ukakana wovwiri uwo Israyeli wakapeleka kuti uŵawovwire kuzenga malo ghakusololera maji.
Mwambo
Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mitundu yinyake ŵa ku South Africa ŵachali kukhala ku mizi. Ŵanthu aŵa ndiwo ŵali na mitheto ya mitheto iyo yikukhalilira; cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵafipa ŵakukhala mu matawuni ghanandi ndipo ŵakukhala ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi. Ŵanthu awo ŵali mu gulu la ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghapakati, awo ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa mbatuŵa, kweni ŵali na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mitundu yinyake, ŵa mitundu yinyake, na ŵa ku India.
Boma
Kwambira mu 2004, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kususka boma la South Africa, ndipo ŵanyake ŵakaŵa ŵankhaza. Pali milandu yinandi ya nkhaza za ndyali kweniso kuthaskika kwa nkhaza izo zikususkana na dango la chalo, ndipo ivi vikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuwona vya ndyali na mawupu gha wupu wa ŵanthu ŵakuti pali panji pangaŵa suzgo la nkhaza za ndyali.
Aristotle
Mu mbili ya Europe mu nyengo za pakati
Mulembi munyake wa ku England, Chaucer, wakati msambiri wake wakakondwanga para wali na
YouTube
Umo tingachitira na nthenda ya COVID-19 na mauthenga ghanyake ghakubudika
Pamanyuma pa kutandazga pa YouTube mauthenga ghautesi ghakukhwaskana na nthenda ya COVID-19 kuti 5G technology ndiyo yikapangiska nthenda ya coronavirus 2019 iyo yikapangiska kuti 5G towers zinandi mu United Kingdom zikomeke na ŵaboma, YouTube yikawuskapo mavidiyo ghose agho ghakulongosora vya 5G na coronavirus mu nthowa iyi.
Aristotle
Mwaŵi na kuzgoka
Kuyana na Aristotle, vinthu vinyake vikuchitika mwamabuchi panji mwamabuchi. Vinthu ivyo vikuchitika mwangozi vikuchitika mwangozi. Paliso mwaŵi unyake uwo Aristotle wakuwuthya kuti "mwaŵi", uwo ukuyowoya waka za nkharo ya ŵanthu.
South Africa
Viyowoyelo
{{legend|#fccde5|Tswana (8.0%)}}
{{legend|#b3de69|Southern Sotho (7.6%)}}
Aristotle
Mzimu
Aristotle wakalemba mu buku lake lakuti On the Soul (peri psychēs) kuti pali mitundu yitatu ya mzimu ("psyches"): mzimu wa vyakumera, mzimu wakujipulika, na mzimu wa vinjeru. Ŵanthu ŵali na mzimu wavinjeru. Umoyo wa munthu uli na nkhongono za mitundu yinyake: Nga ni mzimu wa vyakumera, ungakura na kujipwelelera; nga ni mzimu wakujipulika, ungapulikiska vinthu na kusunkhunyika. Cinthu capadera comene ico munthu wali naco, nchakuti wakumanya kupokelera vinthu vinyake na kuviyaniska.
YouTube
Content ID
Mu 2009, munthu munyake wakayezga sumu yimoza pa YouTube, ndipo wakasanga kuti nangauli nthowa iyi yikaŵa "yakukhozga chomene" pakusanga vinthu ivyo vikuswa malango gha ŵanthu pa nkhani ya mavidiyo, kweni yikaŵa yambura kwananga. Kugwiliskira ntchito Content ID kuti munthu wafumiskemo vinthu vinyake mwamabuchi, kwapangiska kuti paŵe mphindano chifukwa ŵanthu ŵandawone usange mavidiyo agha ngawemi kugwiliskira ntchito. Usange munthu uyo wakugwiliskira ntchito YouTube wakususka ivyo Content ID yasankha, wangalemba fomu.
Aristotle
Kusandula vyamoyo
Aristotle wakalemba mitundu ya vinyama yakujumpha 500, ndipo mu buku lake la History of Animals wakalemba mitundu iyi kuti yiŵe yakufikapo. Vinyama ivi vikaŵa na magulu 11, kufuma pa viŵeto ivyo vikaŵa na nkhongono chomene kufika pa viŵeto ivyo vikaŵa na nkhongono zichoko chomene. Vinyama vikaŵa pachanya pa vyakumera, ndipo vyakumera navyo vikaŵa pachanya pa visomba. Iyo wakalemba kuti viŵeto vyambura msana ni "vyamoyo vyambura ndopa". Viŵeto ivyo vikaŵa na ndopa vikagaŵikanga mu viŵeto vyamoyo (vyakumera), na vyakumera (viyuni, vinyama vyakukhwaŵa, na somba). Viyuni ivyo vikaŵavya ndopa vikaŵa vibenene, vibenene (vyambura vibenene) na vibenene. Iyo wakawona kuti vinyama vikukolerana yayi na maselo, ndipo wakawona kuti pali vinyake ivyo vikupambana na maselo agha. Munthu munyake uyo wakusanda vya umoyo wa mazuŵa ghano wakuwona kuti ivyo Aristotle wakalemba ni vyautesi. Ŵanthu awo ŵakusanda vya sayansi ŵakuti Aristotle wakakhumbanga yayi kusambira vya vinyama, kweni awo ŵakasambira vya vinyama mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, ŵakaghanaghana vyakupambana. Iyo wakagomezganga kuti vinthu vyose ivyo vikucitika mu cilengiwa vikulongozgeka na cilato ico vili na cilato..
Kuŵa na Nkhongono
Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti Aristotle ndiyo wakambiska sayansi ya vinthu vyakuthupi, sayansi ya umoyo, sayansi ya ndyali, sayansi ya vinyama, sayansi ya viŵeto, malango gha chilengiwa, masambiro gha sayansi, kusambizga ŵanthu kuyowoya makora vinthu, sayansi ya maghanoghano gha ŵanthu, kusanda vinthu, kusanda munthu payekha, sayansi ya vinthu vya mu mlengalenga, na sayansi ya nyengo.
YouTube
Comment system <span class="anchor" id="User_comments">
Pa Novembala 6, 2013, Google yikamba kugwiliskira ntchito nthowa yakuyowoyera pa Google+ iyo yikukhumba kuti wose awo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito YouTube ŵagwiliskirenge ntchito Google+ kuti ŵayowoyepo pa mavidiyo. Chilato cha kusintha uku chikaŵa chakuti awo ŵakulemba nkhani ŵasangenge nkhongono zakumazgira na kujandizga mazgu, na kumazga viheni ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya. Ndondomeko yiphya iyi yikawovwira kuti ma URL ghaŵeso mu mazgu, agho ghakaŵa kuti ghafumiskikapo chifukwa cha masuzgo. Pakuzgora, uyo wakambiska YouTube, Jawed Karim wakalemba fumbo lakuti "chifukwa wuli nkhwenera kuŵa na akaunti ya Google+ kuti niyowoyepo pa vidiyo?" pa YouTube kuti walongosore maghanoghano ghake ghambura kwenelera. Pa YouTube, ŵanthu 20,097 ŵakazomera ndipo ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 32,000 ŵakayowoyapo mu mazuŵa ghaŵiri. Chase Melvin wakalemba mu magazini ya Newsday ya Silicon Island kuti "Google+ njakutchuka yayi nga ni Facebook, kweni yikupangiska ŵanthu mamiliyoni ghanandi awo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito YouTube kuti ŵaleke kuleka kuyowoyapo pa mavidiyo". Mu nkhani yeneyiyi, Melvin wakalutilira kuyowoya kuti:
South Africa
Viyowoyelo
{{legend|#ffffff|Areas of little or no population}}]]
Chisopo
Mu tawuni iyi muli Ŵayuda ŵanandi awo ŵali kufuma ku vyaru vinyake. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakwana 120,000 mu ma 1970, kweni lero ŵalipo 67,000 pera, ndipo ŵanyake wose ŵali kusamira ku Israel. Nangauli vili nthena, kweni ciŵelengero ici cikupangiska kuti ciŵelengero ca Ŵayuda mu South Africa ciŵe ca nambara 12 pa caru cose.
Mabuku
Mu 1948 Alan Paton wakalemba buku lakuti Cry, the Beloved Country. Mu 1991, Nadine Gordimer wakaŵa munthu wakwamba wa ku South Africa kupokera chawanangwa cha Nobel cha mabuku. J.M. Mu 2003, Coetzee wakapokera chawanangwa cha Nobel mu nkhani zakulemba. Pakupereka chawanangwa ichi, wupu wa Swedish Academy ukati Coetzee "wakulongora umo ŵanthu ŵakujipulikira".
Maseŵero gha Athol Fugard ghakaŵa na vigaŵa vinandi mu South Africa, London (Royal Court Theatre) na New York. Buku la Olive Schreiner lakuti The Story of an African Farm (1883) likaŵa lakukondweska chomene mu nyengo ya Victorian.
Chuma
Charu cha South Africa chili na chuma chakupambanapambana. Charu cha South Africa ndicho chili na vyalo vinandi chomene mu Africa. Charu ichi chili na GDP yikuru chomene pa munthu yumoza pakuyaniska na vyaru vinyake vya ku sub-Saharan Africa US$16,080 pa kugura vinthu nga umo vikaŵira mu 2023. Nangauli vili nthena, charu cha South Africa chili na ukavu na kusoŵa nchito ndipo chili pakati pa vyaru 10 vyapacanya pa caru cose pa nkhani ya ndalama.
Popular culture
Mu sumu za ku South Africa muli vyakupambanapambana. Ŵakwimba ŵa mitundu yinyake ŵali kupanga sumu za mtundu wa Kwaito na Amapiano, izo zikuyowoyeka kuti zili kunjilirapo pa wayilesi, TV, na magazini. Brenda Fassie, uyo wakamba kumanyikwa na sumu yake ya "Weekend Special", wakayimba mu Cingelezi. Ŵakwimba awo ŵakumanyikwa chomene ni Ladysmith Black Mambazo, apo Soweto String Quartet ŵakwimba sumu za ku Africa. Ku South Africa kuli ŵakwimba ŵa jazz awo ŵakumanyikwa pa caru cose, comenecomene Hugh Masekela, Jonas Gwangwa, Abdullah Ibrahim, Miriam Makeba, Jonathan Butler, Chris McGregor, na Sathima Bea Benjamin. Sumu za mu ciyowoyero ca ciAfrikaans zili na mitundu yinandi, nga ni Steve Hofmeyr, gulu la punk rock la Fokofpolisiekar, na wakwimba Jeremy Loops. Ŵakwimba ŵa ku South Africa awo ŵasanga vitumbiko pa charu chose ni Manfred Mann, Johnny Clegg, rap-rave duo Die Antwoord, rock band Seether na rappers nga AKA, Nasty C na Cassper Nyovest.
Chuma
South Africa yili pa malo gha 40 pa chuma chose, ndipo ni chalo chachiŵiri chakukhwima chomene mu Africa, pakuyowoya za usambazi wa ŵanthu. South Africa yili na usambazi wa ŵanthu 651 biliyoni.
Popular culture
Nangauli mu vyaru vinyake ŵanthu ŵakumanyapo vinandi yayi vya mafilimu gha ku South Africa. Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, filimu yakumanyikwa comene iyo yikulongosora vya caru ca South Africa ni District 9. Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikupambana ni filimu ya Tsotsi, iyo yikapokera Academy Award for Foreign Language Film pa nyengo ya 78th Academy Awards mu 2006, kweniso U-Carmen e-Khayelitsha, iyo yikapokera Golden Bear pa 2005 Berlin International Film Festival. Mu 2015, filimu ya Oliver Hermanus The Endless River yikaŵa filimu yakwamba ya ku South Africa iyo yikasankhika pa Venice Film Festival.
Chuma
Ŵanthu pafupifupi 55.5% (30.3 miliyoni) ŵakukhala mu ukavu uwo uli pachanya pa ukavu wa pa caru cose uku ŵanthu 13.8 miliyoni (25% ya ŵanthu) ŵakusuzgika na ukavu wa vyakurya.
Mabuku
Mabuku gha ku South Africa ghakafuma mu mbiri ya ŵanthu na ndyali. Buku lakwamba lakucemeka Mhudi, ilo wakalemba mu 1930, likalembeka na Solomon Thekiso Plaatje. Mu ma 1950, magazini ya Drum yikazgoka malo ghakusungiramo nkhani za ndyali, vyakusekeska, na nkhani, ndipo yikapeleka mazgu ku ŵanthu ŵafipa ŵa mu misumba.
Chuma
Mu 2015, ŵanthu 10% ndiwo ŵakaŵa na usambazi unandi wa 71%, apo ŵanthu 60% ŵakaŵa na usambazi unandi wa 7% pera.
Aristotle
Kuyowoya na kuyowoya
Nangauli ŵanthu ŵakugomezga kuti buku la Aristotle la Poetics likaŵa na mabuku ghaŵiri, limoza likulongosora vya vyakusekeska ndipo linyake likulongosora vya masoka. Aristotle wakasambizganga kuti nkhani zachitima zili na vigaŵa vinkhondi na cimoza. Ŵanthu awo ŵakuzunulika mu ntharika iyi ŵakovwira waka kuti ntharika iyi yimare. Masoka ni vyakucita ivyo vikucitiska munthu kuŵa na citima na wofi, ndipo vikupangiska munthu kuti waŵe na citima. Aristotle wakamalizga buku la Poetics na kudumbiskana za nkhani iyo yikuluska zinyake. Iyo wakati chifukwa chakuti masoka ghali na mikhaliro yose ya sumu, panji ghali na mikhaliro yinyake nga ni sumu, ghakukolerana chomene, ndipo ghakufiska chilato chake. Aristotle wakatemwanga kuwunganya vidokoni, nkhani za ŵanthu, na ntharika. Iyo pamoza na awo ŵakasambiranga nawo ŵakatemwanga chomene vidokoni vya mu buku la Aesop.
South Africa
Popular culture
Boma la South Africa lili na vyakupharazga vinandi, ndipo ndimoza mwa vyaru vikuru comene vya mu Africa. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vinandi ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya Chingelezi. Ndipouli, viyowoyero vinyake vyose 10 vilipo.
Ubale na vyaru vinyake
Mu vyaka 10 ivyo vyajumpha, charu cha South Africa chachitiska kuti paŵe mphindano mu vyaru vya ku Africa nga ni Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Comoros, na Zimbabwe.
Chuma cha Afilika
Mabungwe gha malonda na mawupu ghanandi
Mabungwe gha vya ndalama na mabanki gha pa caru cose ghakusazgapo:
South Africa
Kuŵika malango na kuswa malango
Pakati pa 1994 na 2018, ku South Africa kukacitika vinthu vyakukhuŵazga ŵalendo vyakujumpha 500. Chiwawa cha 2019 ku Johannesburg chikaŵa chakuyana na chiwawa cha 2008 icho chikachitikaso ku Johannesburg.
Umoyo
Wupu unyake wa ku South Africa (South African Institute of Race Relations) ukati mu 2009, ŵanthu ŵazungu ŵa ku South Africa ŵakakhazganga kukhala vyaka 71, ndipo ŵafipa vyaka 48. Ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira nchito pa vya cipatala ni pafupifupi 9% ya GDP. Pafupifupi 84% ya ŵanthu ŵakuthemba wovwiri wa boma wa vyaumoyo. Pafupifupi ŵanthu 20 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ŵakugwiliskira nchito wovwiri wa boma. Ŵanthu 16 pera ndiwo ŵakupokera wovwiri wa munkhwala; ŵanyake wose ŵakujilipira ŵekha panji ŵakupokera wovwiri wa mu chipatala. Mabungwe ghatatu gha vipatala, Mediclinic, Life Healthcare na Netcare, pamoza ghakwendeska 75% ya msika wa vipatala vyapadera.
Edesi (HIV/AIDS)
Lipoti la UNAIDS la mu 2015, likati ku South Africa kuli ŵanthu pafupifupi 7 miliyoni awo ŵali na HIV. Mu 2018, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵali na HIV (ŵakujumpha vyaka 15 m'paka 49) chikaŵa 20.4%, ndipo mu chaka chenechicho ŵanthu 71,000 ŵakafwa na matenda gha AIDS.
Ŵasilikari na ŵamazaza
Gulu la South African National Defence Force (SANDF) likapangika mu 1994 nga ni gulu la ŵasilikari ŵakujipeleka ilo lili na ŵasilikari ŵa kale ŵa South African Defence Force, ŵasilikari ŵa magulu gha African nationalist (uMkhonto we Sizwe na Azanian People's Liberation Army), na ŵasilikari ŵa bantustan. Wupu wa SANDF uli kugaŵika mu vigaŵa vinayi, South African Army, South African Air Force, South African Navy, na South African Military Health Service. Gulu la SANDF lili na ŵasilikari pafupifupi 75,000 m'paka mu 2019. Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, SANDF yazgoka gulu likuru lakuvikilira mtende mu Africa, ndipo yikugwira nchito ku Lesotho, DRC, na Burundi, na vyaru vinyake. Kweniso likateŵeterapo mu mawupu ghakupambanapambana gha UN, nga ni UN Force Intervention Brigade. Mu 2022, chalo chikagwiliskira nchito ndalama zakukwana US$3.069 billion pa vya nkhondo izo ni 0.86% ya GDP yose ya chalo. Mu vyaka vyose ivi, ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira nchito pakuvikilira caru zachepa comene cifukwa pasono caru ici cikukumana yayi na suzgo la nkhondo.
Aristotle
Ndyali
Padera pa kulemba vya munthu, Aristotle wakalemba vya msumba mu buku lake la Politics. Aristotle wakawonanga msumba kuŵa cigaŵa ca ŵanthu. Nakuti wakawonanga kuti msumba ngwakuzirwa comene kuluska mbumba, iyo nayo njakuzirwa comene kuluska munthu, "pakuti cilicose cikwenera kuŵa cakuzirwa comene kuluska cigaŵa". Wakayowoya kuti "munthu ni nyama ya ndyali" ndipo wakati munthu wakuchita vinthu mwamahara. Aristotle wakaghanaghananga kuti ndyali zili nga ni vyamoyo, m'malo mwa mashini. Aristotle wakawonanga msumba nga ni vinthu vyamoyo, ndipo wakuwoneka kuti ndiyo wakaŵa wakwamba kuwona msumba mu nthowa iyi.
South Africa
Boma
Charu cha South Africa chilije msumba ukuru. Cipaturo cacinayi ca dango ili cikuti: "Malo gha Nyumba ya Malango ni Cape Town, kweni Dango la Nyumba ya Malango ilo lalembeka mwakuyana na vigaŵa vya 76 (1) na (5) lingapangiska kuti malo gha Nyumba ya Malango ghaŵe kunyake". Maboma ghatatu gha mu caru ici ghali kugaŵika mu misumba yakupambanapambana. Msumba wa Cape Town, ndiwo msumba ukuru wa boma; Pretoria, ndiwo msumba ukuru wa boma; ndipo Bloemfontein ndiwo msumba ukuru wa khoti likuru la apilu. Maboma ghanandi gha vyaru vinyake ghali ku Pretoria.
Viyowoyelo
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Pafupifupi 80% ya ŵanthu ŵa mu South Africa mbanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake. Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa ivi mba ku Europe (Ŵazungu ŵa ku South Africa), ku Asia (Ŵahindi ŵa ku South Africa na Ŵachinayi ŵa ku South Africa), kweniso ŵa mitundu yinandi (Ŵanthu ŵa mu South Africa). Ku South Africa kuli ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana ndipo ŵali na mitheto, viyowoyero, na visopa vyakupambanapambana. Ndimo viliriso na viyowoyero vinyake vinandi ivyo vikuyowoyeka mu charu ichi. Kuyana na kalembera wa 2011, viyowoyero viŵiri ivyo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya ni Chizulu (22.7%) na Chixhosa (16.0%). Viyowoyero viŵiri vyakulondezgapo ni vya ku Europe: Cifurikansi (13.5%) cikafuma ku Ciholandi ndipo nchakwamba ku ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu South Africa; Cingelezi (9.6%) cikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain ndiwo ŵakamba kulamulira caru.
Roads
Ku South Africa kuli misewu yitali ya makilomita 750,000, iyo njikuru comene kuluska misewu yose ya mu vyaru vya mu Africa. Kuyana na SANRAL, msewu uwu uli na mtengo wa R2.1 trillion. SANRAL ndiyo wakwendeska misewu ya mu vyaru vyose ndipo wali na misewu ya makilomita 22 197. Vigaŵa ivi vili na mtunda wa makilomita 222,951, ndipo kuyana na Dipatimenti ya vya Malango, msumba uwu uli na mtunda wa makilomita 275,661. Misewu yinyake njakukhoma yayi (iyo yikovwira chomene ŵanthu ŵa ku mizi) ntheura palije boma la misewu ilo likuyiwona. Mu caru ici muli magalimoto ghakujumpha 12 miliyoni, ndipo pa mtunda wa makilomita limoza pali magalimoto 16. Msewu wa chigaŵa ichi uli na utali wa makilomita pafupifupi 222,951, ndipo uli na makilomita 170,837 gha misewu yambura kujintha na makilomita 52,114 gha misewu yakukhoma.
Chisopo
Kuyana na kalembera wa mu 2001, Ŵakhristu ŵakaŵa 79.8% ya ŵanthu, ndipo ŵanandi ŵakaŵa ŵa visopa vyakupambanapambana vya Chipulotesitanti (ivyo vikusazgapo matchalitchi gha ku Africa) kweniso Ŵaroma na Ŵakhristu ŵanyake ŵachoko waka. Mu gulu la Ŵakhristu muli Ŵakhristu ŵa ku Ziyoni (11.1%), Ŵapentekosite (Charismatic) (8.2%), Ŵaroma Katolika (7.1%), Ŵamethodisti (6.8%), Ŵachidachi Ŵakunozgekera (6.7%), na Ŵanglican (3.8%). Ŵanthu ŵanyake 36 pa 100 ŵali mu visopa vinyake vya Cikhristu. Ŵasilamu ŵakaŵa na ciŵelengero ca 1.5% ca ŵanthu, Ŵahindu ŵakaŵa na ciŵelengero ca 1.2%, visopa vya ku Africa vikaŵa na ciŵelengero ca 0.3% ndipo Ciyuda cikaŵa na ciŵelengero ca 0.2%. Pa ŵanthu aŵa, 15.1% ŵakaŵa ŵambura chisopa, 0.6% ŵakaŵa "ŵanyake", ndipo 1.4% ŵakaŵa "ŵambura kumanya chisopa chawo".
Maluso
Vinthu vyakale chomene vya ku South Africa vili kusangika mu mphanji yinyake ya ku South Africa, ndipo vyaka 75,000 ivyo vyajumpha. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Khoisan awo ŵakasamukira ku South Africa kufuma mu 10,000 B.C.E., ŵakaŵa na luso lwawo. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu/Nguni ndiwo ŵakaŵawuskapo ndipo ŵakaŵa na mazgu ghawo. Vinthu vinyake vyakusanguluska vikamba kuwoneka mu migodi na mu matawuni. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Afrika awo ŵakakhalanga mu mizi iyo yikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵakuchemeka trekboers na ŵanthu ŵatuŵa awo ŵakagwiranga ntchito ya ku malo agha, awo ŵakalondezganga chomene mitheto ya ku Europe kwambira mu ma 1850, nawo ŵakawovwira kuti vinthu viŵe makora.
Edesi (HIV/AIDS)
Kwa nyengo yitali, pulezidenti Thabo Mbeki na nduna yake ya vyaumoyo, Manto Tshabalala-Msimang, ŵakakana kuti HIV, nthenda iyo yikuthandazgika na kugonana, na AIDS vikukolerana. Mu 2007, boma la Britain likamba kulimbana na matenda gha AIDS cifukwa ca kucenjezgeka na vyaru vinyake. Pambuyo pa chisankho cha 2009, Purezidenti Jacob Zuma adasankha Aaron Motsoaledi kukhala nduna ya zaumoyo ndipo adadzipereka ku boma lake kuti liwonjezere ndalama zoyendetsera ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa chithandizo cha HIV, ndipo pofika chaka cha 2015, South Africa idapita patsogolo kwambiri, chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa mankhwala a antiretroviral zomwe zidapangitsa kuti chiyembekezo cha moyo chiwonjezeke kuchokera zaka 52.1 mpaka zaka 62.5.
Makhalilo gha charu
South Africa nayo wali na malo gha ku mphepete mwa nyanja, chigaŵa chichoko chomene cha Prince Edward Islands, icho chili na chirwa cha Marion (290 km2) na Prince Edward Island (45 km2) (kusazgikana yayi na chigaŵa cha Canada icho chili na zina lenelili).
Kufukura vinthu vyakale
Vinthu ivi vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana ŵakaŵako mu South Africa vyaka pafupifupi 3 miliyoni ivyo vyajumpha, kwambira na Australopithecus africanus, na Australopithecus sediba, Homo ergaster, Homo erectus, Homo rhodesiensis, Homo helmei, Homo naledi na ŵanthu ŵa mazuŵa ghano (Homo sapiens). Ŵanthu ŵa mazuŵa ghano ŵakhala mu vyaru vya kumwera kwa Africa kwa vyaka 170,000. Ŵasayansi ŵanyake ŵali kusanga vinthu vyakuzengera mu dambo la Mlonga wa Vaal.
Viyowoyelo
Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vinyake nga ni Fanagalo, Khoe, Lobedu, Nama, Northern Ndebele, Phuthi, na Chiyowoyero cha Mawoko cha ku South Africa. Viyowoyero ivi vingagwiliskirika ntchito mu vigaŵa vichoko waka uko ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero ivi. Viyowoyero vinandi vya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa San na Khoekhoe ivyo vikuyowoyeka ku malo agha, vikusangika kumpoto kwa Namibia na Botswana. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakupambana chomene na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu awo ŵakukhala ku South Africa. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵali kuleka kuyowoya viyowoyero vinandi, ndipo viyowoyero vyawo vinyake vili pafupi kumara.
YouTube
Kuŵa ŵakuzika na kuyuyura
YouTube yili na malango ghakovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵaleke kusuzgika na vinthu vinyake. Kuŵika mavidiyo agho ghali na nkhani za kutuka, vyauzeleza, na vinthu vinyake ivyo vikukhozgera nkharo ziheni kukukanizgika na "Malango gha YouTube". Vinthu ivyo vikukanizgika ni nkhani za kugonana, mavidiyo gha nkhaza za vinyama, mavidiyo ghakukhozga soni, nkhani izo zaŵikika pa Intaneti kwambura kuzomerezgeka na mwenecho wa nkhani, nkhani za kutinkhana, mauthenga ghaheni, na nkharo za kutinkhana. Ŵateŵeti ŵa pa YouTube ŵakuwona mavidiyo agho ghalembeka kuti ghaleke kukolerana na fundo za pa Intaneti. Nangauli pali ulongozgi uwu, kweni YouTube yikususkika cifukwa ca milimo yake, ndondomeko yake ya kucenjezga iyo yikovwira kuti mavidiyo agho ghakovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵagomezge fundo za uryarya ghaleke kunangika, kuŵika mavidiyo agho ghakulongora kuti ghakuyowoya vya ŵana kweni ghakuyowoya vya nkhaza panji vya kugonana.
South Africa
Masambilo
Mu nyengo ya apartheid, masukulu gha ŵanthu ŵafipa ghakaŵanga na sankho chifukwa cha ndalama zakukwana yayi kweniso pakaŵa ndondomeko yinyake yakuchemeka Bantu Education.
Mu 2004, charu cha South Africa chikamba kunozga masukulu gha masukulu ghapachanya. Kuzakafika mu 2015, ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵakujumpha 1.4 miliyoni ŵa masukulu ghapachanya ŵawovwirika na ndondomeko ya wovwiri wa ndalama iyo yikamba mu 1999.
Airports
Kufika mu chaka cha 2021, chalo cha South Africa chikaŵa na ma airport 407, icho chikupangiska kuti chiŵe chalo chakudanga mu Africa pakuyowoya za katundu wa ma airport.
Ubale na vyaru vinyake
Pakuŵa mu wupu wa South Africa, charu ichi chikaŵa yumoza wa awo ŵakambiska wupu wa United Nations (UN), ndipo nduna yikuru Jan Smuts ndiyo wakalemba mazgu ghakwamba gha United Nations Charter. Charu cha South Africa nchimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vikaŵa mu wupu wa African Union (AU). Ndilo liŵapo pa gulu la AU la New Partnership for Africa's Development. Boma la apartheid likati lamara, charu cha South Africa chikaweleraso ku Commonwealth. Charu ichi chili mu wupu wa G77 ndipo chikaŵa na mazaza pa wupu uwu mu 2006. Charu cha South Africa chili mu chalo cha Southern African Development Community, South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone, Southern African Customs Union, Antarctic Treaty System, World Trade Organization, International Monetary Fund, G20, G8+5, na Port Management Association of Eastern and Southern Africa.
Chuma cha Afilika
Nthazi
Chuma cha mu Africa chikulutilira kukura, ndipo chiyowoyero cha Chingelezi ndicho ntchakuzomerezgeka mu vyaru vinandi vya ku Sub-Sahara. Mu 2011, malonda gha pakati pa Africa na China ghakafika pa madola mabiliyoni 166.
South Africa
Viyowoyelo
Ku South Africa kuli viyowoyero 11 vyakuzomerezgeka: Chizulu, Chixhosa, Chifurikansi, Chingelezi, Chipedi, Chitswana, Chisotho cha Kumwera, Chitsonga, Chiswazi, Chivenda, na ChiNdebele cha Kumwera (mwakuyana na awo ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero chakwamba). Pa nkhani iyi, charu ichi chili pa nambara 4 pamanyuma pa Bolivia, India, na Zimbabwe. Nangauli viyowoyero vyose ni vyakuyana, kweni viyowoyero vinyake vikuyowoyeka chomene kuluska vinyake. Kuyana na kalembera wa 2011, viyowoyero vitatu ivyo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya ni Chizulu (22.7%), Chixhosa (16.0%), na Chifurikansi (13.5%). Nangauli ciyowoyero ca Cingelezi nchakumanyikwa kuti nchiyowoyero ca malonda na sayansi, kweni ni ciyowoyero cacinayi ico ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya mu caru ici, ndipo pa ŵanthu awo ŵakafumbika mu 2011, ŵanthu 9.6% ndiwo ŵakayowoyanga Cingelezi. Kuyana na kalembera wa mu 1991, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha hafu ya ŵanthu ŵa ku South Africa ŵakuyowoya Chingelezi. Ni ciyowoyero caciŵiri pa viyowoyero vyose ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya kuwaro kwa nyumba zawo.
Kujilamulila
Pakati pajumpha vilimika vinkhondi na viŵiri kufuma apo Nkhondo Yaciŵiri ya ku Boer yikamalira, ndipo pamanyuma pa vilimika vinayi vya kudumbiskana, Dango la South Africa Act 1909 likapeleka wanangwa wa kujilongozga apo likapangiska kuti South Africa yikhalenge yekha pa 31 May 1910. Boma ili likaŵa na vigaŵa vya Cape, Transvaal na Natal, kweniso Orange Free State. Mu 1913, dango la Natives' Land Act likakanizga ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake kuŵa na malo ghawo. Pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake ŵakaŵa na malo ghakukwana 7% pera. Pamanyuma, malo agho ghakaŵa gha ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ghakakwera pachoko waka.
Kuphika
Vyakurya vya ku South Africa ni vyakupambanapambana, ndipo vyakurya vyakufuma ku vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana vikukondweska ŵanthu wose, ndipo chomenechomene ŵakuguliska ku ŵalendo awo ŵakukhumba kurya vyakurya vyakupambanapambana. Vyakurya ivi vikupangika na nyama ndipo ndivyo vikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku South Africa ŵachezgenge pa chiphikiro chakuchemeka braai. Charu cha South Africa nacho chili na minda yinandi ya mpheska iyo yili mu madambo ghakuzingilizga Stellenbosch, Franschhoek, Paarl na Barrydale.
Viyowoyelo
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Vinthu vyakupambanapambana
Vinyama vinandi ivyo vikukhala mu nkhorongo iyi vili mu chigaŵa chichoko chomene cha Western Cape, ndipo vili na vyakumera vyakujumpha 9,000. Vinyama ivi ni vinandi chomene kuluska nkhorongo ya Amazon. Vipasi vinandi ni vyakumera vyakukhora ivyo vikuŵa na mahamba ghakutowa nga gha singano. Mtundu unyake wa vyakumera vya mu South Africa ni Protea. Nangauli charu cha South Africa chili na vyakumera vinandi, kweni malo ghakukwana 1% gha charu ichi ni nkhorongo. Nanga ni makuni ghapusu comene ghakumara moto. Vipambi vinandi vya makuni gha ku vyaru vinyake, comenecomene makuni gha eucalyptus na pine, ivyo ni vyakurya vya ku vyaru vinyake.
Kuwusa na Ulendo Ukuru wa Britain
Nkhondo ya Anglo-Zulu yikacitika mu 1879 pakati pa Britain na Ufumu wa Zulu. Fumu Carnarvon yikati yafika makora pa Canada, ŵanthu ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ndyali izo zikachitanga nthena, pamoza na ŵasilikari, zingawovwira maufumu gha mu Africa, vigaŵa vya mafuko, na vyaru vya Ŵaburu mu South Africa. Mu 1874, Henry Bartle Frere wakatumika ku South Africa kuŵa mwimiliri wa boma la Britain. Pa masuzgo agha pakaŵa maboma gha Boer na ŵasilikari ŵa Zululand. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Zulu ŵakathereska Ŵabritishi pa Nkhondo ya Isandlwana. Paumaliro, charu cha Zululand chikathera pa nkhondo iyi, ndipo mtundu wa Zulu ukaleka kujiwusa wekha.
Uganda
Nkhaza ya Buganda (1962-1966)
Mu 1966 Obote wakapangiska dango liphya ilo likakanizga KY kuti yilute ku vyaru vinyake. Boma la KY likuwoneka kuti likuzgora mu nyumba ya malango kwizira mwa yumoza wa mamembala gha Nyumba ya Malamulo ghachoko waka agho ghalipo, Davide Ochieng uyo wali na nthenda yikuru. Ochieng wakaŵa munthu wakuzizika chomene nangauli wakafuma ku Northern Uganda, kweni wakaŵa na maudindo ghapachanya mu boma la KY ndipo wakaŵa mubwezi wa Kabaka uyo wakamupa malo ghanandi mu Buganda. Apo Obote wakaŵavya mu Nyumba ya Malamulo, Ochieng wakavumbura kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Congo ŵakakhumbanga kupoka njovu na golide. Wakayowoyaso kuti Obote, Onama, na Neykon wose ŵakasanga candulo na ndondomeko iyi. Nyumba ya malango yikazomerezga fundo yakuti Amin waleke kupulikira na kusanda umo Obote wakakhwaskikira. Ici cikapangiska kuti boma litenthemeske na kukhuŵazga caru.
Chuma cha Afilika
Ulimi
Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, vyaru nga ni Brazil, ivyo vyaŵa na luso lwa kupanga vyakurya, vyazomerezga kugaŵana na vyakupangapanga na Africa kuti viwovwire kuti vyakurya viŵeko makora. Kuŵika ndalama zinandi mu vyakupangapanga vya ku Africa kungatonda ukavu. Msika wa cacao wa ku Africa ukakura comene mu 2008. Maboma gha Nigeria, South Africa na Uganda ghali na ndondomeko zakovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵamanye umo ŵangagwiliskira ntchito vinthu vinyake vyaulimi. Wupu wa African Union uli na vilato vyakuti uŵikenge ndalama zinandi mu vyakurya vya mu Africa, ndipo wupu wa United Nations ukuwona umo vinthu viliri.
South Africa
Maseŵera
South Africa's most popular sports are association football, rugby union and cricket. Maseŵero ghanyake agho ŵanthu ŵakutemwa ni kusambira, maseŵero ghakukhozga thupi, gofu, nkhonya, tenisi, rugby, ringball, hockey, kuskamba, na netball. Nangauli maseŵero gha bola (soccer) ndigho ghakwendeskeka comene na ŵawukirano, kweni maseŵero ghanyake nga ni basketball, judo, softball na skateboard ghakwamba kutchuka comene.
YouTube
Sumu pa YouTube
Pa Seputembala 28, 2016, YouTube yikasankha Lyor Cohen, uyo wali kukhazikiska kampani ya 300 Entertainment ndipo wakaŵa mulara wa Warner Music Group, kuŵa mulara wa Global Head of Music.
Aristotle
Further reading
The secondary literature on Aristotle is vast. The following is only a small selection.
South Africa
Viyowoyelo
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Nyengo ya Apartheid
Pa Meyi 31, 1961, caru ici cikazgoka caru cakucemeka republic pamanyuma pa referendum (iyo yikaŵa yakuzomerezgeka ku ŵanalume ŵatuŵa pera) iyo yikapokelereka mwakukwana. Elizabeth II wakataya zina lakuti Fumukazi ya ku South Africa, ndipo Kazembe Mukuru waumaliro, Charles Robberts Swart, wakaŵa pulezidenti wa boma. Pakuti boma la Britain likazomerezga kuti pulezidenti wasankhike na nyumba ya malango, pakaŵavya uyo wakimikanga. W. Dango la Botha la mu 1983, likawuskapo udindo wa nduna yikuru ndipo likakhazikiska "pulezidenti wankhongono" uyo wakaŵa na udindo ku nyumba ya malango. Chifukwa cha kukakamizgika na vyaru vinyake vya Commonwealth of Nations, South Africa yikafumamo mu wupu uwu mu 1961 ndipo yikaweleramo mu 1994.
Nangauli boma likasuskanga muwuso wa katangale mu charu ichi na ku vyaru vinyake, kweni likapeleka malango kuti muwuso uwu ulutilire. Ŵasilikari ŵakasuzga ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga boma, ndipo nkhaza zikazara chomene, ndipo mawupu agho ghakatinkhanga apartheid nga ni African National Congress (ANC), Azanian People's Organization, na Pan-Africanist Congress ghakachitanga nkhondo ya ŵasilikari na kunanga vinthu mu misumba. Magulu ghatatu agha ghakakumananga nyengo zinyake apo ghakakumananga kuti ghaŵe na mazaza. Ŵanthu ŵakamba kulimbana na boma la South Africa pa nkhani ya kusankhana mitundu. Pamanyuma, ŵakawovwira kuti paŵe vyeruzgo vya pa caru cose ndiposo kuti ŵaguliske katundu wawo.
South Africa, icho ni Charu cha South Africa, ntcharu icho chili kumwera kwa Africa. Charu ichi chili na mtunda wa makilomita 2,798 (1,739 mi) ndipo chili mumphepete mwa nyanja ya South Atlantic na Indian Ocean; kumpoto kuli vyaru vya Namibia, Botswana, na Zimbabwe, ndipo kumafumiro gha dazi na kumpoto kwa kumafumiro gha dazi kuli Mozambique na Eswatini. Kweniso charu cha Lesotho chili mukati mwake. Ni caru ca kumwera comene pa caru ca Cikale, ndipo nchigaŵa caciŵiri ico cili na ŵanthu ŵanandi comene kumwera kwa equator. Charu cha South Africa chili na vyakumera na vinyama vinandi. Mu charu ichi muli ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 60 miliyoni. Msumba wa Pretoria ndiwo ni msumba ukuru wa boma, ndipo msumba wa Cape Town ndiwo ni msumba ukuru wa boma. Malo gha Bloemfontein ghakumanyikwa kuti ni msumba ukuru wa vyeruzgo. Msumba ukuru comene uwo uli na khoti likuru comene ni Johannesburg.
Airports
Ku cipatala. Ndege ya Tambo International Airport ku Johannesburg ndiyo ni ndege yikuru comene na yakufuluka comene mu Africa ndipo yikwenda na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 21 miliyoni pa caka. Pa 2022 Skytrax World Airport Awards, Cape Town International Airport ndiyo yikaŵa ndege yiweme chomene pa Africa kwa chaka cha 7. Ndege ya Tambo International yikakhala yachitatu.
Nyengo
Kusintha kwa nyengo ku South Africa kukupangiska kuti kuthukira kwa maji kuchepeko. Vinthu vyakofya ivyo vikuchitika chifukwa cha vula vikuwoneka chomene. Ŵanthu ŵa ku South Africa ŵakwenjerwa comene na nkhani iyi cifukwa cakuti kusintha kwa nyengo kukukhwaska umoyo wa ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ici, nga ni umo maji ghakukhalira. Vinthu vikusintha mwaluŵiro comene pa caru, ndipo vikupangiska kuti ŵanthu na vinthu vinyake vyambenge kusuzgika. Kuyana na ivyo likusanda boma la South Africa National Biodiversity Institute, mu vigaŵa vinyake vya kumwera kwa Africa, mu 2050 mu chigaŵa cha Northern Cape kuzamuŵa chithukivu chikuru chomene. Vikuwoneka kuti malo gha Cape Floral ghazamusuzgika comene na kusintha kwa nyengo. Vyakumera vinandi vizamumara chifukwa cha chilangalanga, moto uwo ukubuka kanandi waka, kweniso chifukwa cha kuthukira kwa nyengo. Ku South Africa kukaŵa malipoti ghaŵiri ghakukhwaskana na kusintha kwa nyengo mu 2011 na 2016. Charu cha South Africa ndicho chikufumiska mphepo zinandi chomene za carbon dioxide, ndipo chili pa nambara 14. Nga umo charu cha South Africa chikapelekera ndalama zinandi ku vyaru vinyake, charu ichi chajipeleka kuti chileke kunjizga poyizoni pakati pa 2020 na 2025.
Kuwusa kwa ŵa Dutch
Kuuyambiro wa m'ma 1600, charu cha Portugal chikamba kuchepa pa nkhani ya malonda gha vyakununkhira. Mu 1601, ŵimiliri ŵa British East India Company ŵakizanga ku Cape Cape kupenja vyakurya, kweni pamanyuma ŵakamba kuwona kuti Ascension Island na Saint Helena ni malo ghanyake ghakubisamamo. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Netherlands ŵakamba kukopeka na nkhani iyi mu 1647, apo ŵantchito ŵaŵiri ŵa Dutch East India Company ŵakabira ngalaŵa ku Cape kwa myezi yinandi. Awo ŵakendeskanga ngalaŵa ŵakasanganga maji ghawemi na nyama ku ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha. Kweniso ŵakaseŵa vyakurya mu dongo liwemi. Ŵakati ŵafika ku Holland, ŵakaphalirako ŵanyawo kuti chirwa ichi chingaŵa "malo ghakusungiramo vinthu" kuti ŵagulire vyakurya vya ngalaŵa izo zikujumpha.
Chuma
Mu Ogasiti 2013, chalo cha South Africa chikapika malo ghapachanya pa vyalo vya ku Africa ku fDi Intelligence pakususkana na chuma cha chalo ichi, malo gha ntchito, ndalama zakugwilira ntchito, vinthu vyakwendeskeka, bizinesi, na ndondomeko ya ndalama zakwendeskeka na vyalo vinyake.
Mining
Nyengo zose South Africa yikaŵa na migodi yinandi. Kufika mu 2006, South Africa ndiyo yikaŵa yikuru chomene pa charu chose pakupanga golide kwa vyaka pafupifupi 100, kweni kuumaliro wa 2009, migodi ya golide mu South Africa yikamba kuchepa chomene chifukwa mu 2008 yikapanga golide wakukwana matani 205. Nangauli vili nthena, caru ici nchali na golide wakukwana matani 6,000 ndipo nchali pa nambara 5 pa vyakusangirapo golide. Charu ichi ndicho chikupanga vinthu vinandi chomene nga ni chrome, manganese, platinamu, vanadium, na vermiculite. Ni caru caciŵiri pa vyaru ivyo vikupanga ilmenite, palladium, rutile, na zirconium. Ni caru cacitatu pa vyaru ivyo vikuguliska malasha pa caru cose. Charu ichi chikupanga chomene visulo; mu 2012, chikajumpha India kuŵa charu chachitatu pa charu chose icho chikuguliska visulo ku China.
Zina
Mzansi, kufuma ku lizgu la Xhosa uMzantsi ilo likung'anamura "kumwera", ni zina la South Africa, apo maboma ghanyake gha Pan-Africanist ghakutemwa lizgu lakuti "Azania".
Boma
Charu cha South Africa chili na boma laparamende, kweni mwakupambana na maparamende ghanyake, pulezidenti ndiyo ni mutu wa boma kweniso mutu wa boma. Wupu wakulongozga, wupu wakwimika malango na wupu wakweruzga, vyose vikukolerana na Dango la South Africa, ndipo makhoti ghapachanya ghali na mazaza gha kulekeska malango gha wupu wakulongozga na malango gha Nyumba ya Malango usange ghakususkana na dango. Nyumba ya Malango, iyo ni nyumba yaciŵiri ya boma, yili na ŵanthu 400 ndipo yikuŵa na ŵimiliri. Wupu wa vigaŵa, uwo ni nyumba yikuru, uli na mamembara 90, ndipo chigaŵa chilichose cha vigaŵa 9 chikusankha mamembara 10.
Viyowoyelo
{{legend|#bebada|Southern Ndebele (2.1%)}}
Aristotle
Umo ŵakawonera ŵanakazi
Aristotle wakalongosora kuti para mwanalume wakubaba, mzimu wake ukuwuska mwanakazi. Vinthu ivi vikupangiska kuti thupi la mwanakazi liŵe lakutowa comene mwakuti lileke kufumiska ŵana. Pa cifukwa ici, ŵanthu awo ŵakugomezga kuti ŵanakazi ndiwo ŵakulongozga ŵakuti Aristotle wakutinkha ŵanakazi. Ndipouli, Aristotle wakazirwiskanga comene cimwemwe ca ŵanakazi nga umo wakacitira na ca ŵanalume, ndipo mu buku lake la Rhetoric wakayowoya kuti vinthu ivyo vikupangiska munthu kuŵa wakukondwa vikwenera kuŵa mu ŵanakazi nga umo viliri mu ŵanalume..
South Africa
Kuwusa na Ulendo Ukuru wa Britain
Mu vyaka 20 vyakwambilira vya m'ma 1800, Ŵazulu ŵakamba kuŵa ŵankhongono comene ndipo ŵakasazgirako vigaŵa vyawo. Nkhondo ya Shaka yikalongozgera ku Mfecane ('kuswa'), uko ŵanthu 1 panji 2 miliyoni ŵakakomeka ndipo chigaŵa cha mukati mwa charu chikabwanganduka na kumara ŵanthu mu ma 1820. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Matabele, awo ŵakaŵa mphapu ya Ŵazulu, ŵakapanga ufumu ukuru uwo ukaŵa na vigaŵa vikuruvikuru vya mu chigaŵa cha mapiri.
Airports
Ku South Africa kuli ma eyapoti gha vyaru vinandi mu misumba yinkhondi na umoza: Johannesburg, Cape Town, Durban, Port Elizabeth, Kimberley na Nelspruit.
Kukula kwa mtundu wa Bantu
Ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero cha Bantu ŵakakhalanga kumwera kwa mlonga wa Limpopo (uno ni mphaka ya kumpoto na Botswana na Zimbabwe) m'ma 400 panji 500 C.E. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakachimbizga, kuwukira, na kupoka ŵanthu ŵa Khoisan, Khoikhoi, na San. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ŵakasamira kumwera. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti visimi vyakwambilira vya visulo mu chigaŵa cha KwaZulu-Natal vikaŵako mu 1050. Gulu la ŵanthu ŵakumwera chomene ŵakaŵa ŵa mtundu wa Xhosa. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Xhosa ŵakafika ku Great Fish River, mu chigaŵa icho sono chikuchemeka Eastern Cape Province. Apo ŵanthu aŵa ŵakasamukiranga ku vyaru vinyake, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu nyengo ya Iron Age ŵakamba kusama. Mu chigaŵa cha Mpumalanga, ŵanthu ŵali kusanga mizere yinandi ya malibwe pamoza na malibwe ghanyake agho ŵakaghapanga na zina lakuti Kalendala ya Adamu..
Kuwusa na Ulendo Ukuru wa Britain
Ŵakati ŵasanga dayamondi mu 1867 na golide mu 1884 mu charu ichi, vinthu vikasintha chomene. Ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain ŵalutilire kuŵawusa. Nkhondo ya kulamulira vinthu vyakuzirwa ivi yikaŵa cinthu cinyake ico cikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakoleranenge na ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ici. Pa Meyi 16, 1876, pulezidenti Thomas François Burgers wa ku South Africa wakapharazga nkhondo ku ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Pedi. Themba Sekhukhune likathereska ŵasilikari pa Ogasiti 1, 1876. Ŵasilikari ŵa Lydenburg Volunteer Corps nawo ŵakathereskeka. Pa Febuluwale 16, 1877, vyaru viŵiri ivi vikalemba phangano la mtende ku Botshabelo. Ŵaburu ŵakati ŵatondeka kukanizga Ŵapedi, ŵanthu ŵa ku Burger ŵakafumako na kwamba kulamulira na Paul Kruger. Mu 1878 na 1879, ŵasilikari ŵatatu ŵa Britain ŵakathereskeka m'paka apo Garnet Wolseley wakathereskera Sekhukhune mu Novembala 1879 na ŵasilikari 2,000 ŵa Britain, Boers na 10,000 ŵa Swaziland.
Viyowoyelo
Ŵazungu ŵa ku South Africa ŵangayowoyaso viyowoyero vya ku Europe, nga Chiitaliya, Chiphwitikizi (ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Angola na Mozambique ŵakuyowoya), Chidachi, Chijeremani, na Chigiriki. Ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku vyaru vya ku Africa awo ŵakuyowoya Chifurenchi ndiwo ŵakuyowoya Chifurenchi.