cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Samuzi
Fundo la nambara
Fundo ya manambara yikamba na kupangiska manambara ghaunenesko, ndipo pamasinda yikasazgikira ku manambara ghose na manambara ghakukolerana. Kale ŵakachemekanga kuti masamu, kweni mazuŵa ghano ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira ntchito mazgu agha pakuchita masamu. Ŵanthu ŵakamba kusambira vya manambara kufuma kale chomene, ndipo ŵanyake awo ŵakasambizganga vya manambara ŵakaŵa Euclid wa ku Greece kweniso Diophantus wa ku Alexandria. Kafukufuku wamakono wa chiŵerengero cha manambala mu kawonekero kake kakukhalira Pierre de Fermat na Leonhard Euler, ndipo wakapangika na Adrien-Marie Legendre na Carl Friedrich Gauss.
Nangauli masuzgo ghanandi gha manambara ghakupangika makora, kweni kuti ghazgoreke pakukhumbikwira nthowa zakupambanapambana. Mwaciyelezgero, fundo ya Fermat yakumalizgira, iyo Pierre de Fermat wakayowoya mu 1637, yikalongoreka mu 1994 na Andrew Wiles, uyo wakagwiliskira nchito vinthu nga ni masamu gha algebraic geometry, category theory, na homological algebra. Chiyelezgero chinyake ni fundo ya Goldbach, iyo yikayowoyeka mu 1742 na Christian Goldbach ndipo yikulongora kuti chiŵelengero chilichose chikuru kuluska 2 ntchiŵelengero cha manambara ghaŵiri ghakwamba. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵayezgayezga comene, kweni fundo iyi yindafiskike.
Fundo ya manambara yikusazgapo vigaŵa vichoko waka, nga ni analytic number theory, algebraic number theory, geometry of numbers (iyo yikukhwaskana na nthowa za kasovero), diophantine equations, na transcendence theory (iyo yikukolerana na suzgo).
Banghazi
Banghazi ndimoza mwa maboma ghakusangika mu charu cha Libya.Charu cha Libya chilikhla mu chigaŵa cha Maghreb ku Mpoto kwa chilwa cha Afilika. Chilipanga malile na Nyanja ya Mediterranean ku mpoto, Egypt kumafumilo gha dazi, Sudan kummwela cha kumafumilo gha dazi, Chad ku mmwela, Niger ku mpoto chakumanjililo gha dazi, Algeria ku manjililo gha dazi, na Tunisia ku mpoto kwa manjililo gha dazi.
Samuzi
Jiometre
Jiometre ni munthavi wa masamu uwo waŵako kwa nyengo yitali. Vinthu ivi vikamba na kupanga vinthu nga ni mizere, makona, na vizingilika, ivyo vikagwiranga nchito pa vinthu nga nkhupima na kuzenga. Sono, geometry yili na vigaŵa vinandi.
Cimoza mwa vinthu vyakuzirwa comene ivyo vikacitika pa nkhani ya geometry cikaŵa apo Ŵagiriki ŵakamba kugwiliskira nchito maukaboni. Ichi chikung'anamura kuti mungamanya yayi kuti chinthu ntchaunenesko para mwachiyezga, kweni mukwenera kulongora kuti ntchaunenesko para mwagwiliskira ntchito vinthu vinyake ivyo mukumanya kuti ni vyaunenesko. Pali vinthu vinyake mu geometry ivyo ni vyaunenesko nyengo zose ndipo vikukhumbikwa yayi kuti viwoneke. Fundo izi zikuchemeka kuti postulates panji axioms. Euclid wakalemba fundo iyi mu buku lake la Elements.
Masamu gha Euclid ghakusanda umo vinthu viliri mu malo ghaŵiri panji ghatatu. Kwa nyengo yitali, ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito nthowa na maghanoghano ghakuyana waka pakulemba masamu. Kweni mu ma 1700, munthu munyake zina lake René Descartes wakambiska nthowa yinyake. M'malo mwa kugwiliskira nchito waka vyakujambura na vipimo, wakasanga nthowa yakuyowoyera vinthu kwizira mu manambara na ma equation. Ivi vikawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye umo ŵangachitira vinthu vinyake nga ni algebra na calculus.
Jiometre ya Euclid ghakusanda umo vinthu viliri mu malo ghaŵiri panji ghatatu. Kwa nyengo yitali, ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito nthowa na maghanoghano ghakuyana waka pakulemba masamu. Kweni mu ma 1700, munthu munyake zina lake René Descartes wakambiska nthowa yinyake. M'malo mwa kugwiliskira nchito waka vyakujambura na vipimo, wakasanga nthowa yakuyowoyera vinthu kwizira mu manambara na ma equation. Ivi vikawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye umo ŵangachitira vinthu vinyake nga ni algebra na calculus.
Sono pali mitundu yiŵiri ya geometry: yakupangika na ya analytic. Kawonekero ka vinthu kakuyana waka na umo ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira ntchito vinthu vinyake. Masamu ghakuyelezgera ghakugwiliskira nchito ma equation na manambara kulongosora umo vinthu viliri. Ivi vikapangiska kuti paŵe mitundu yinyake ya geometry nga ni differential geometry na algebraic geometry. Kweniso masamu ghakulongosora vinthu ghakawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵasambire vinthu ivyo vili na vipimo vinandi.
Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵasayansi ŵakamanya kuti pali mitundu yinyake ya geometry padera pa geometry ya Euclid. Vinthu ivi vikuchemeka ma geometry gha Euklides yayi. Ici cikaŵa suzgo likuru comene ku masamu cifukwa vikawonekanga nga kuti fundo za mu masamu zingaŵa zautesi. Kweni paumaliro, ŵasayansi ŵakasanga nthowa yakugwilira ntchito ma geometry agha. Ichi chikung'anamura kuti mungasankha malango ghakupambanapambana kuti mulondezgenge, kweni mungachita makora masamu.
Mazuŵa ghano, vigaŵa vinyake vya geometry ni ivi:
Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500, Girard Desargues wakambiska masamu ghakuyelezgera. Ivi vikovwira kuti vinthu vinandi vya mu geometry viŵe vyambura kukhumba vinandi.
Masamu ghakulongora umo vinthu viliri pa nyengo yimoza, ndipo ghakupambana na utali.
Geometry yakupambaniska, nkhusambira za makuni, malo, na umo ghakupambanirana, ivyo vikulongosoreka mwakugwiliskira nchito milimo yakupambana.
Fundo iyi yikulongosora umo vinthu viliri mu malo ghakupambanapambana.
Masamu gha Riemannian, agho ghakusanda umo mtunda uliri mu malo ghakupindika.
Algebraic geometry, ndiyo yikusambira za makuni, malo, na umo ghakusinthira vinthu.
Kusanda vinthu ivyo vikusintha nyengo zose.
Algebraic topology, kugwiliskira nchito nthowa za algebraic, comenecomene homological algebra.
Masamu ghakupambanapambana ghakusambizga umo vinthu viliri.
Geometry ya convex, ndiyo yikusanda maseti gha convex, ndipo yikupangiska kuti yiŵe yakukhumbikwa pakuchita vinthu.
Masamu ghakupambanapambana, agho ghakusangika para manambara ghaunenesko ghasinthika na manambara ghakupambanapambana. Alijebra Algebra ni luso la kusintha ma equation na ma formulas. Ŵanthu ŵaŵiri awo ŵakambiska sayansi ya algebra ŵakaŵa Diophantus mu vyaka vya m'ma 200 C.E. na al-Khwarizmi mu vyaka vya m'ma 900 C.E. Diophantus wakasanga vinthu viphya pakati pa manambara ghaunenesko kuti wamazge ma equation. Al-Khwarizmi wakambiska nthowa zakusinthira ma equation, izo wakazitcha kuti "al-jabr".
François Viète ndiyo wakamba kugwiliskira ntchito vimanyikwiro mu algebra. Vyakusintha vikwimira manambara, ndipo vikovwira kuti ŵasayansi ŵa masamu ŵalongosore umo masamu ghakuchitira. M'paka m'ma 1800, algebra yikaghanaghaniranga waka pa vinthu vyakuyana waka (linear algebra) na algebraic equations.
Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵasayansi ŵakamba kugwiliskira ntchito vimanyikwiro vinyake kuti ŵalongore vinthu vinyake, nga ni matrices, manambara ghakupambanapambana, na ma geometric transformations. Ivi vikapangiska kuti paŵe fundo ya algebraic structure, iyo yikusazgapo vinthu vinyake vyambura kuwoneka makora, milimo iyo yikuchita pa vinthu ivi, na malango agho ghakwenera kulondezga milimo iyi. Emmy Noether ndiyo wakambiska algebra ya mazuŵa ghano, iyo yikulongosora chomene vya masamu.
Kusanda umo vinthu vya algebra viliri kukazgoka chigaŵa cha algebra ndipo kukusazgapo mitundu yakupambanapambana iyo njakovwira mu masamu nthe:
fundo ya magulu; chiphunzitso cha munda; Malo gha vektara, agho ghakuyana waka na gha algebra. fundo ya mphete; Algebra ya commutative, iyo yikusambira za mphete za commutative, yikusazgapo kusambira za polynomials, ndipo ni cigaŵa cakuzirwa ca algebraic geometry; masamu gha homological algebra; Algebra ya utesi na cisambizgo ca magulu gha utesi; Algebra ya Boole, iyo yikugwiliskirika nchito comene pakusambira umo makompyuta ghakucitira vinthu.
Masamu gha algebra na chigaŵa cha masamu ni masamu agho ghakusanda chomene vinthu vya masamu. Fundo iyi yikugwira ntchito ku masamu ghose, ku algebra yayi. Likatumika pamoza na homological algebra kuti ŵanthu ŵasambirenge vinthu vinyake nga ni malo. Malo agha ghakuchemeka algebraic topology.
Kakyula na analisisi
Kafukufuku wakugaŵikana mu vigaŵa viŵiri: Kafukufuku wanadi, apo vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana vikwimira manambara ghanadi, na Kafukufuku wakusuzga, apo vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana vikwimira manambara ghakupambanapambana. Pali vigaŵa vinandi ivyo ŵanthu ŵakumanya vya masamu, nga ni:
Calculus ya vyosintha vinandi
Kusanda kwa milimo, uko vimanyikwiro vikulongora milimo yakupambanapambana;
Fundo za kuwunjika vinthu, kupima vinthu, na kughanaghanira umo vinthu vingaŵira, vyose vikukolerana na fundo za kughanaghana za umo vinthu vingaŵira.
Ma equation gha common differential;
Ma equation gha vigaŵavigaŵa;
Al Wahat
Al Wahat ndimoza mwa maboma ghakusangika mu charu cha Libya.Charu cha Libya chilikhla mu chigaŵa cha Maghreb ku Mpoto kwa chilwa cha Afilika. Chilipanga malile na Nyanja ya Mediterranean ku mpoto, Egypt kumafumilo gha dazi, Sudan kummwela cha kumafumilo gha dazi, Chad ku mmwela, Niger ku mpoto chakumanjililo gha dazi, Algeria ku manjililo gha dazi, na Tunisia ku mpoto kwa manjililo gha dazi.
Surt
Surt ndimoza mwa maboma ghakusangika mu charu cha Libya.Charu cha Libya chilikhla mu chigaŵa cha Maghreb ku Mpoto kwa chilwa cha Afilika. Chilipanga malile na Nyanja ya Mediterranean ku mpoto, Egypt kumafumilo gha dazi, Sudan kummwela cha kumafumilo gha dazi, Chad ku mmwela, Niger ku mpoto chakumanjililo gha dazi, Algeria ku manjililo gha dazi, na Tunisia ku mpoto kwa manjililo gha dazi.
Al Jufrah
Al Jufrah ndimoza mwa maboma ghakusangika mu charu cha Libya.Charu cha Libya chilikhla mu chigaŵa cha Maghreb ku Mpoto kwa chilwa cha Afilika. Chilipanga malile na Nyanja ya Mediterranean ku mpoto, Egypt kumafumilo gha dazi, Sudan kummwela cha kumafumilo gha dazi, Chad ku mmwela, Niger ku mpoto chakumanjililo gha dazi, Algeria ku manjililo gha dazi, na Tunisia ku mpoto kwa manjililo gha dazi.
St Kizito, Mzimba
St Kizito ni malo agho ghakusangika kumpoto kwa boma la Mzimba, chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa charu cha Malaŵi.
Samuzi
Samuzi za udesi
Discrete mathematics, broadly speaking, is the study of individual, countable mathematical objects. An example is the set of all integers. Because the objects of study here are discrete, the methods of calculus and mathematical analysis do not directly apply.[lower-alpha 3] Algorithms—especially their implementation and computational complexity—play a major role in discrete mathematics.
Lincoln County, Georgia
Lincoln County, Georgia ni msumba uchoko panji nkhalwe (county pachingelezi) iyo ikusangika mu boma likulu la Georgia mu charu cha United States of America. Boma likulu la Georgia lina tumisumba 159 mukwati mwake (counties) ndipo ni boma la nambala 24 mu ukulu wa malo kweneso nda nambala  8 pa mndandanda wa maboma gha United States agho ghana ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene.
Samuzi
Samuzi za udesi
Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, ŵakamazga masuzgo ghaŵiri ghakuru mu masamu ghapadera. Suzgo linyake lakuzirwa ilo lindamalizgike ni P versus NP, ilo lingakhwaska masuzgo ghanandi usange lingazengeka.
Masamu ghakupambanapambana ghakuŵa na vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana nga ni combinatorics, icho chikung'anamura kupenda vinthu vya masamu ivyo vikukolerana na fundo zinyake. Ivi vikusazgapo vigaŵavigaŵa vya vigaŵa na vyakuchita vya ma geometric mu geometry. Vigaŵa vinyake ni fundo ya graph, hypergraph, coding theory, matroid theory, discrete probability distributions, game theory, na discrete optimization. Vinthu ivi vikovwira chomene pa nkhani ya kupangiska vinthu mwakukolerana, kupanga mapulogiramu gha manambara, na kupanga mapulogiramu ghakukanizga vinthu.
Egichikeni, Chasefu
Egichikeni ni msumba mu Boma la Chasefu, Zambia.
Samuzi
Samuzi za udesi
Combinatorics ni cigaŵa ca masamu ico cikulaŵiska comene pa kupenda na kulemba vinthu ivyo vikulondezga malango ghanyake. Pakwamba wakawonanga vigaŵa panji vigaŵavigaŵa vya vinthu vinandi, kweni pasono vinthu vinandi vikusangika. Mwaciyelezgero, masamu ghakupambanapambana ghakulongosora umo vinthu viliri.
Kafukufuku wa ma graph na hypergraphs, kafukufuku wa ma code (uyo wakuyowoya za kuwongolera maubudi na ma cryptography), kafukufuku wa matroid, geometry yakupambana, ma disks gha ma probability, kafukufuku wa maseŵero (iyo yikusazgapo kusanda maseŵero nga ni chess na poker), na ma optimization ghakupambanapambana (kukusazgapo combination optimization, integer programming, na constraint programming) ni vigaŵa vinyake vya mathematics ghakupambanapambana ivyo vikusazgapo kumazga masuzgo ghakukhwaskana na kupenda na kupanga vinthu vyakupambanapambana.
fundo za samuzi na fundo ya set
Masamu ghakwendera fundo za mathematical logic na set theory kufuma mu 19th century. Pambere ivi vindachitike, masamu ghakawonekanga nga ni vinthu vya masamu yayi ndipo fundo zaunenesko zikaŵa mu vinjeru vya ŵanthu m'malo mwa kusambizgika na ŵasayansi.
Ivyo Cantor wakachita pakusanda masamu ghambura kumara vikakwiyiska ŵanthu ŵanandi chifukwa wakawonanga kuti masamu ghambura kumara ghakupambana. Ivi vikapangiska kuti paŵe mphindano pa nkhani ya Cantor. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo, vikamanyikwa makora kuti fundo za mathematical objects zikukwana yayi kuti mathematical rigorousness yiŵepo.
Egichikeni, Chasefu
Malo Ghakuguliskirako
Bwana C. K. Wakayama B. Kuŵa na umoyo uwemi. Banda (Chasefu) wakafumba Minister of Energy and Water Development apo malo ghakulondezgapo mu chigaŵa cha Chasefu Parliamentary Constituency ghazamukolerana na magesi gha Malawi:
Samuzi
fundo za samuzi na fundo ya set
Masuzgo agha ghakawovwira kuti mathematical logic yambe kukura, ndipo pakaŵa vigaŵa vinyake nga ni model theory, proof theory, type theory, computability theory, na computational complexity theory. Nangauli vinthu ivi vikamba kuchitika pambere makompyuta ghandambe kugwira ntchito, kweni vikapangiska kuti ŵasambizgi ŵa makompyuta ŵambeso kugwiliskira ntchito fundo izi.
Egichikeni, Chasefu
Malo ghakukondweska
Chasefu wali na nyumba ya mulongozgi mukuru wa Tumbuka, Magodi V, mu Egichikeni.
Sabha
Sabha ndimoza mwa maboma ghakusangika mu charu cha Libya.Charu cha Libya chilikhla mu chigaŵa cha Maghreb ku Mpoto kwa chilwa cha Afilika. Chilipanga malile na Nyanja ya Mediterranean ku mpoto, Egypt kumafumilo gha dazi, Sudan kummwela cha kumafumilo gha dazi, Chad ku mmwela, Niger ku mpoto chakumanjililo gha dazi, Algeria ku manjililo gha dazi, na Tunisia ku mpoto kwa manjililo gha dazi.
Samuzi
Samuzi za kanandi na ma sayansi ghanyakheso ka kusankha fundo
Kusanda mauthenga kufuma ku ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuwona vikuchitika kwizira mu manambara na fundo za kughanaghana. Para vyaŵa nthena, maukaboni agho ghapangika ghakwenera kuyezgeka kuti ghaŵe ghaunenesko.
Kafukufuku wakulongosora umo vinthu vikupangikira wakusanda umo vinthu vikupangikira, nga nkhusankhira viwemi chomene. Fundo iyi yikung'anamura kuchepeska ntchito iyo munthu wakuchita, nga ni kutayika panji mtengo uwo wakulindilira. Mwachiyelezgero, para munthu wakunozga kafukufuku wakuchepeskako ndalama izo wakugwiliskira ntchito kuti wapime unandi wa ŵanthu.
Egichikeni, Chasefu
Masambiro
Masukulu mu msumba:
Samuzi
Samuzi za kanandi na ma sayansi ghanyakheso ka kusankha fundo
Chifukwa chakuti manambara ghakugwiliskira nchito vyakukondweska vinthu, ghakwendera lumoza na sayansi zinyake za vyakucita nga ni kafukufuku wa vyakucitika, fundo ya kuwusa, na masamu gha vya cuma.
Samuzi za ma Kompyuta
Masamu gha makompyuta ni chigaŵa cha masamu icho chikuyowoya za masamu agho ŵanthu ŵangamazga yayi. Likugwiliskira ntchito nthowa za masamu pakusanda masuzgo agho ghakuchitika pa nkhani ya manambara, kusanda vinthu mwakuyana na umo vinthu viliri, na kusanda vinthu mwakuyana na umo vikuchitikira. Kusanthula kwa manambala, komwe ndi gawo la masamu owerengera, kumayang'ana kwambiri njira zothetsera mavuto pakuwunika, monga kuyandikira ndi kusagwirizana, komanso kulingalira zolakwika zozungulira.
Kuwonjezera pa kusanthula manambala, masamu owerengera amaphunziranso nkhani zosasanthula mu sayansi ya masamu, monga chiphunzitso cha algorithmic-matrix-and-graph, kudzera mu kompyuta yasayansi. Vigaŵa vinyake vya mathematical computational ni computer algebra na symbolic computation, ivyo vikusazgapo kugwiliskira nchito kompyuta kuti yidumure masuzgo gha mathematical agho ghakusazgapo ma expressions na algebraic equations.
Chiyamwaka
Mu vyaka vyapakati pa 500 na 1500 C.E., ŵasayansi ŵa masamu ŵa chisopa cha Chisilamu ŵakawovwira chomene pa nkhani ya masamu. Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi (c. 780-850 C.E.) wakuwoneka kuti ni dada wa algebra. 87] Al-Khwarizmi nayo wakambiska fundo ya algorithm, ndipo ntchito yake pa decimal fractions na decimal positional system yikawovwira chomene pakusintha ka Hindu-Arabic numeral system. 88]
Ku Europe, masamu ghakalutilira kukura mu vyaka vyapakati, ndipo Fibonacci (c. 1170-1250 AD), uyo wakambiska nthowa ya Hindu-Arabic ku Europe ndipo wakalemba buku lakuti Liber Abaci, ilo likawovwira chomene pakovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵamanye chiarabu. 89] Mu nyengo ya Renaissance, masamu ghakalutilira kukura, ndipo Leonardo da Vinci ndiyo wakawovwira chomene pa nkhani ya geometry na perspective, kweniso Galileo Galilei uyo wakawovwira chomene pa nkhani ya calculus.
Long County, Georgia
Long County, Georgia ni msumba uchoko panji nkhalwe (county pachingelezi) iyo ikusangika mu boma likulu la Georgia mu charu cha United States of America. Boma likulu la Georgia lina tumisumba 159 mukwati mwake (counties) ndipo ni boma la nambala 24 mu ukulu wa malo kweneso nda nambala  8 pa mndandanda wa maboma gha United States agho ghana ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene.
Samuzi
Chiyamwaka
Mu nyengo yithu yino, masamu ghakalutilira kukura mwaluŵiro chomene, ndipo pali vinandi ivyo vyachitika pa nkhani ya mawerengero, masamu, manambara, geometry, na topology. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, masamu ghakasintha, kweniso masamu ghanyake ghakasintha. Mazuŵa ghano, masamu ghalutilira kusanda chomene nkhani za masamu, ndipo ghakwendera lumoza na vinyake nga sayansi ya sayansi ya vinthu vyamoyo, sayansi ya vyachuma, na kompyuta.
Nyengo za mwaka za pakati-kati na mthazi
vinyakhe mwa vinthu vikuru ivyo vikachitika mu masamu mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, ni fundo ya masamu iyo yikovwira chomene pa masamu, kusanda masamu na umo ghakugwilira ntchito pa masamu na kusanda vinthu, kusanda masamu gha vinthu ivyo vikusintha nadi, kusanda masamu gha algebra, kweniso kusanda fundo za masamu na ukaboni. Kweniso, makompyuta na ma algorithms ghapangiska kuti paŵe kusintha kukuru mu masamu, kusazgapo kusanda manambara, kupanga vinthu mwamahara, na kulemba malemba.
Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, ŵasayansi ŵasanga vinthu viphya mu masamu nga ni masamu gha pa Intaneti, agho ghakusanda vinthu vyakupambanapambana nga ni masamu gha pa Intaneti na ghakwendeskera vinthu. Kuŵa na vinthu viphya vya masamu kwawovwira kuti ŵasayansi ŵasinthe vinthu vinyake nga ni sayansi ya vinthu vyakuthupi, injiniya, na kompyuta.
Pa vyose ivyo vikuchitika, masamu ghakusintha mwaluŵiro chomene ndipo ghakusanga vinthu viphya ivyo vikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye vinandi.
Kulemba kwa vimanyikwiro na mazgu
Masamu ghakusintha para pajumpha nyengo, ndipo pakuŵa vimanyikwiro viphya. Mwaciyelezgero, cimanyikwiro ca cambura kumara (∞) cikayowoyeka na John Wallis mu virimika vya m'ma 1700, ndipo cimanyikwiro ca cinthu cambura kanthu (??) cikayowoyeka na André Weil mu virimika vya m'ma 20.[ 99] Malembo ghakupambanapambana ghakupambana mu masamu, nanga ni pakati pa ŵalembi na masukulu ghakupambanapambana.
Masamu ghakukolerana chomene na sayansi ya kompyuta, ndipo umo kompyuta yikugwilira ntchito vikakhwaska chomene masamu. Mwachiyelezgero, para munthu wakugwiliskira ntchito kompyuta kuti wapange masamu na kuyerekeza vinthu, wakuŵa na nthowa ziphya zakulongosolera vinthu.
Pa vyose ivyo vikuchitika, masamu ni nthowa yiwemi chomene yakulongosolera makora fundo zakusuzga kweniso umo vinthu vikukolerana. Likuzomerezga ŵasayansi ŵa masamu kuti ŵagwirenge lumoza ntchito na ŵanthu ŵanyake kweniso kuti ŵateŵeterenge lumoza mu vigaŵa na mitheto yakupambanapambana.
ubali na masayansi
Padera pa kugwiliskira ntchito sayansi, masamu ghakugwiliskirika ntchito pa vinthu vinandi mu umoyo wa zuŵa na zuŵa. Mwachiyelezgero, ŵakugwiliskira ntchito Baibolo kuti ŵanozge vinthu, kuŵikamo mauthenga, kusanda vinthu, na kusankha vyakuchita pa nkhani za ndalama. Masamu ngakukhumbikwa chomene pakusintha na kugwiliskira ntchito tekinoloje, nga nkhupangira mapulogiramu gha makompyuta na kupanga masamu ghakwendeskera vinthu.
Kweniso masamu ghali na ntchito yikuru chomene pa nkhani ya mbiri na mitheto. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakasambira na kughanaghanirapo nkhani iyi, ndipo yikawovwira chomene pa nkhani ya luso, mabuku, na vinjeru. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakumanyikwa pa nkhani ya masamu nga ni Euclid, Pythagoras, na Gauss, ŵakumanyikwaso na ivyo ŵakachita pa nkhani zinyake. Masamu ghakutowa chomene chifukwa ghakulongosora vinthu nga ni vyakuvwara, vyakuchita, na nthowa zakupangira vinthu. Lekani ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuwona kuti masamu ni chiyowoyero icho chikupambana chomene na mitheto.
Masamu Ghakufikapo na Ghakugwiliskika
Ntchakuzirwa kumanya kuti mphambano pakati pa masamu ghaunenesko na ghapanthazi yikupambana mu vigaŵa na vyaru. Mwaciyelezgero, ku Russia na vyaru vinyake vya ku Eastern Europe, ŵanthu ŵakuŵika comene mahara pa masamu kuluska ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi. Ku Japan, ŵanthu ŵakutemwa kusambizga masamu mu maofesi gha masamu yayi.
Kweniso, ŵasayansi ŵanyake ŵakuti pali mphambano yikuru pakati pa masamu ghaunenesko na ghaunenesko. Iwo ŵakughanaghana kuti masamu ghaunenesko ghangagwiriskirika ntchito, kweniso kuti masamu ghangatovwira kumanya vinandi.
Nangauli pali mphambano pakati pa masamu ghaunenesko na ghapanthazi, kweni ni nyengo zose yayi apo pali mphambano iyi. Ŵasayansi ŵa masamu ŵakufuma mu vigaŵa vyose viŵiri ivi ŵakukolerana ndipo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito ivyo ŵanyawo ŵakuchita.
Kuneneska mwambura kwenelera
Chiyelezgero chinyake cha umo masamu ghakwendeskera kafukufuku wa sayansi ya vinthu vya mu mlengalenga ni umo ŵakasangira Higgs boson, iyo yikayowoyekerathu mu masamu gha Standard Model of particle physics. Cinthu ici cikaŵa cakwamba kuwoneka mu ma 1960, kweni cikawoneka yayi mu 2012 m'paka apo ŵakazengera Large Hadron Collider. Kusanga Higgs boson kukaŵa chinthu chakuzirwa chomene mu sayansi ya sayansi ndipo kukakhozga fundo yakuti chiyelezgero cha Higgs ntchakugomezgeka.
Padera pa sayansi, masamu ghakugwiraso ntchito mu vigaŵa vinyake nga ni kompyuta, ndalama, na biology. Mwaciyelezgero, fundo ya mathematical ya graph theory yikugwiliskirika nchito pa social networks, suzgo la wamalonda wakwendakwenda lakugwiliskirika nchito pakunozga nthowa zakwendeskera vinthu, ndipo ma equation gha ma differential ghakugwiliskirika nchito pakulongosora umo ŵanthu ŵakukulira ndiposo umo matenda ghakuthandazgikira.
Physics
Masamu na sayansi vyawovwira chomene ŵanthu mazuŵa ghano. Mazuŵa ghano ŵasayansi ŵakugwiliskira ntchito chomene masamu ndipo ŵasanga vinandi pa nkhani iyi. Pa cithuzithuzi apa pali viyelezgero vya umo vinthu viliri.
Luso lakwendeska ma computer
Kuwuka kwa sayansi mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900 kukawovwira kuti kompyuta yipange vinthu vinyake. Sayansi ya makompyuta yikuthemba pa masamu, apo sayansi ya kutumirana mauthenga yikugwiliskira ntchito masamu pakubisa na kulemba ma code. Masamu ghakupambanapambana nagho ghakovwira pa nkhani ya kompyuta.
Makompyuta ghakovwira chomene kusanga fundo ziphya za masamu kwizira mu masamu ghakuyezgelera. Kugwiliskira ntchito makompyuta pakulongosora fundo za mu Baibolo, kwasintha chomene masamu.
Suzgo likuru comene mu sayansi ya kompyuta ni P versus NP, ilo ni limoza mwa masuzgo ghankhondi na ghaŵiri gha Millennium Prize.
Kusanda umoyo na Visungunu
Vinthu ivyo vikuchitika pa umoyo vikulongora kuti vinthu vikachita kusintha. Vinthu ivyo vikusintha pa umoyo wa ŵanthu ndivyo vikovwira chomene pa nkhani ya ivyo vingachitika.
Mu sayansi ya vinthu vyakuthupi, ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira ntchito vyakuyelezgera kuti ŵawone umo ŵanthu ŵakukhala, umo vyamoyo vikuŵira, umo kunangika kwa vinthu kukuŵira, kweniso umo vinthu vikusinthira. Ndipouli, pali masuzgo ghanyake agho ghakwiza cifukwa ca kuwona umo vinthu viliri, comenecomene para ivyo vyacitika vikukhwaska vyakusankha vya ndyali.
Fundo ya Hardy-Weinberg yingawovwira kuti munthu wasinthe mtundu wake. Kweniso ŵanthu awo ŵakulemba vinthu vya mu charu ŵakugwiliskira ntchito vinthu ivyo vingachitika.
Ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira ntchito maukaboni kuti ŵamanye usange munkhwala uphya ngwakovwira.
Mu sayansi ya vinthu vyakuthupi, ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira ntchito kompyuta kuti ŵamanye umo vinthu vyakuthupi viliri. Kawonekero ka macromolecules mu vyamoyo kakusintha ndipo kakovwira chomene pakumanya ntchito yawo. Para ŵakuchita nthena ŵakugwiliskira ntchito masamu gha Euclid, ndipo para pali vyamoyo vyakupambanapambana ŵakuŵa na mtunda na ngodya zakukwana.
Masayansi gha charu
Ŵanthu ŵakusambira vya malo na nyengo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito vinthu ivyo vingapangiska kuti masoka gha chilengiwa ghachitikenge. Mwakuyana waka, sayansi ya vya mlengalenga, nyanja, na mapulaneti nayo yikuthemba chomene pa masamu.
Misratah
Misratah ndimoza mwa maboma ghakusangika mu charu cha Libya.Charu cha Libya chilikhla mu chigaŵa cha Maghreb ku Mpoto kwa chilwa cha Afilika. Chilipanga malile na Nyanja ya Mediterranean ku mpoto, Egypt kumafumilo gha dazi, Sudan kummwela cha kumafumilo gha dazi, Chad ku mmwela, Niger ku mpoto chakumanjililo gha dazi, Algeria ku manjililo gha dazi, na Tunisia ku mpoto kwa manjililo gha dazi.
Chilida, Mzimba
Chilida ni malo agho ghakusangika chaku mpoto kwa boma la Mzimba, chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa charu cha Malaŵi.
Ikaalinen
Ikaalinen ni msumba wakusangika charu cha Finland mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Kalasa, Chama
Kalasa ni msumba mu Boma la Chama, Zambia.
Malo
Kalasa wali na Kalasa Health Post.
Dunduzu, Mzimba
Dunduzu ni malo agho ghakusangika kumpoto kwa boma la Mzimba, chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa charu cha Malaŵi.
Juan Pedro Carbó Serviá (Placetas)
Juan Pedro Carbó Serviá (Placetas) ni msumba mu boma la Placetas, Chigaŵa cha Villa Clara, charu cha Cuba.
Imatra
Imatra ni msumba wakusangika charu cha Finland mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Katunguwiri, Mzimba
Katunguwiri ni malo agho ghakusangika kumpoto kwa boma la Mzimba, chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa charu cha Malaŵi.
Norashen, Ararat
Norashen, Ararat ni muzi mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Ararat, mu charu cha Armenia.
Maubale gha Zambia na vyaru vinyake
Pamanyuma pa kujithemba mu 1964, maubwezi gha Zambia na vyaru vinyake ghakaŵa ghakukhwaska maboma ghanyake gha kumwera kwa Africa nga ni African National Congress na SWAPO. Pa nyengo ya Nkhondo Yakuzizima, Zambia wakaŵa mu gulu la ŵambura kukolerana.
Zambia yili mu wupu wa vyaru vyakupambanapambana wakukwana 44, ndipo wupu uwu ni United Nations, World Trade Organization, African Union, Commonwealth of Nations na Southern African Development Community.
Ku Zambia kuli mphindano ya mphaka pa mphaka ya Botswana, Namibia, Zambia na Zimbabwe. Nkhondo yinyake na Democratic Republic of Congo yikukhwaskana na Lunchinda-Pweto Enclave.
Mbili
Pamanyuma pakuti Zambia wapokera wanangwa wake mu 1964, wakaŵa yumoza wa ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga chomene muwuso wa ŵanthu ŵatuŵa. Pulezidenti Kenneth Kaunda, uyo wakaŵa pa udindo mu 1964-1991, wakaŵa munthu wakuwoneka makora uyo wakawovwira kuti vinthu visinthe ku Southern Africa. Wakakhozgera gulu la UNITA pa nyengo ya nkhondo ya ku Angola, SWAPO pa nyengo ya nkhondo yawo ya kujiwombora ku apartheid ku South Africa, Southern Rhodesia (sono ni Zimbabwe), na African National Congress pa nkhondo yawo yakwimikana na apartheid ku South Africa.
Mabungwe ghanandi agha ghakaŵa mu Zambia mu vyaka vya m'ma 1970 na 1980. Pa cifukwa ici, vyaru vya South Africa na Rhodesia vikaponyapo ŵasilikari mu Zambia. Cifukwa cakuti Zambia yikakhozgera magulu ghakupambanapambana ghakwimira wanangwa wa ŵanthu, vinthu vikasuzga chomene mu vyaru ivi. Ndipouli, masuzgo agha ghakamara chifukwa cha kuzenga Damu la Kariba na kuzenga njanji ya Tan-Zam.
Kavisopo, Mzimba
Kavisopo ni malo agho ghakusangika kumpoto kwa boma la Mzimba, chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa charu cha Malaŵi.
Maubale gha Zambia na vyaru vinyake
Mbili
Cifukwa ca cigaŵa cawo mu nkhondo za kufwatuka, Zambia yikumanyikwa comene mu vyaru ivyo ŵakawovwira ndiposo mu Africa mose. Mwaciyelezgero, pulezidenti wakale wa South Africa, Nelson Mandela, kanandi wakazunuranga ngongoli iyo South Africa yili nayo ku Zambia.
Jämsä
Jämsä ni msumba wakusangika charu cha Finland mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Wadi al Hayat
Wadi al Hayat ndimoza mwa maboma ghakusangika mu charu cha Libya.Charu cha Libya chilikhla mu chigaŵa cha Maghreb ku Mpoto kwa chilwa cha Afilika. Chilipanga malile na Nyanja ya Mediterranean ku mpoto, Egypt kumafumilo gha dazi, Sudan kummwela cha kumafumilo gha dazi, Chad ku mmwela, Niger ku mpoto chakumanjililo gha dazi, Algeria ku manjililo gha dazi, na Tunisia ku mpoto kwa manjililo gha dazi.
Maubale gha Zambia na vyaru vinyake
Mbili
Pambere Zambia yindaŵe na wanangwa, Kaunda wakakumana na John F. Kennedy apo wakaluta ku United States mu 1961, ndipo wakakumana na Lyndon Johnson, Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, na George H.W. Bush ku White House mu nyengo iyo wakaŵa pulezidenti. Wakasuskanaso na nduna yikuru ya Britain Margaret Thatcher kanandi waka, cifukwa wakatinkhanga fundo zake za ku South Africa.
Nga umo vikaŵira na vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa, Zambia nayo wakaŵa mu gulu la vyaru vyambura kukolerana pa nyengo ya Nkhondo Yakuzizima. Mu 1970, mu caru ici mukacitika ungano waciŵiri wa vyaru vyambura kukolerana. Pa nyengo ya Nkhondo Yakuzizima, Zambia yikaŵa ku woko lamazere kuluska ku woko lamalyero. Charu ichi chikaŵa paubwezi uwemi na China kweniso Yugoslavia. Kaunda wakumanyikwa mu Yugoslavia cifukwa ca kulira pa nyifwa ya pulezidenti Josip Broz Tito.
Muwukirano wa Kaunda, Frederick Chiluba (1991~2002), nayo wakawovwira chomene pa ndyali za mu Africa. Boma lake likawovwira kuti paŵe mtende mu Angola. Zambia wali kupeleka ŵasilikari ŵake ku mawupu gha UN agho ghakovwira kuti paŵe mtende mu Mozambique, Rwanda, Angola, na Sierra Leone. Zambia yikaŵa caru cakwamba ca mu Africa kwendera lumoza na khoti la ku Rwanda ilo likadumura mulandu wa kukoma ŵanthu mu 1994.
Mu 1998, Zambia ndiyo yikalongozga pakukhazikiska mtende mu Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Zambia yikacitapo kanthu pa mulimo wa mtende wa ku Congo pamanyuma pa kusayinira phangano la kuleka nkhondo ku Lusaka mu Julayi na Ogasiti 1999, nangauli mulimo uwu ukakhira comene pamanyuma pakuti Wupu wa ŵasilikari uwo ukaŵa na mulimo wa kufiska phangano la kuleka nkhondo ukasamukira ku Kinshasa mu Seputembala 2001.
Wupu wa vyaru vyakupambanapambana
Charu cha Zambia chili mu wupu wa vyaru 45. Vinthu ivi ni:
Pakuyowoya za umo Zambia yiliri mu khoti la ICC, Zambia yili na phangano la kuvikilira ŵasilikari ŵa United States ku milandu.
United Nations
Pa Disembala 1, 1964, Zambia yikaŵa mu wupu wa United Nations, pamanyuma pa mwezi umoza kufuma apo charu ichi chikapokera wanangwa. Zambia wali na ofesi ya United Nations, ku 237 East 52nd Street, New York City. Mulongozgi wa gulu ili ni Tens Chisola Kapoma.
Ndondomeko ya vyaru
Kufuma waka apo Zambia yikapokera wanangwa pa Okutobala 24, 1964, charu ichi chapeleka wovwiri wa usilikari na wovwiri ku maboma ghanandi pa caru cose. Chomenechomene, Zambia yili na mbiri ya kupeleka wovwiri wa usilikari ku ŵasilikari na maboma agho ghakulimbana kuti ghaŵe na wanangwa mu Africa mose. Wovwiri uwo Zambia wakapeleka ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti caru cawo ciŵe cakutowa mu nyengo ya ufumu wa caru ici, ukaŵa wa nkhondo ndiposo wa ndyali. Wupu wa Zambia Defence Force (ZDF), uwo uli na ŵasilikari ŵa Zambia Army, Zambian Air Force na Zambia National Service, uli na chigaŵa chikuru mu nkhondo zinandi za ku chigaŵa na za pa caru cose mu vyaka vya m'ma 1970 na 1980. Makamaka, ŵasilikari ŵa Zambia ŵapeleka wovwiri ku ŵasilikari pa nkhondo zikuruzikuru za mu Africa nga ni Rhodesian Bush War nangauli mba ku Zambia yayi.
Zambia yili na mbiri yakovwira ŵanthu awo ŵakukhumba kufwatuka mu vyaru vinyake ndipo Kenneth Kaunda uyo wakaŵa purezidenti wa charu ichi, wakayowoyapo kale kuti "Zambia waŵenge wambura wanangwa yayi m'paka charu chose cha Africa chiŵe na wanangwa". Ŵanthu awo ŵakususka boma la Zambia ŵakuwona kuti boma ili likukhumba kujisungilira. Pakuŵa caru cikuru ca pakati, muwuso wa Zambia ukujintha pa kukhazikika na ndyali za vyaru vyapafupi ivyo vikuzingilizga Zambia. Kuŵa na mtende mu vyaru ivi kwawovwira kuti pulezidenti Kenneth Kaunda wasungilire mazaza mu caru ici kwa vyaka vinandi.
Kufwatuka na wovwiri wa ndyali
Zambia nayo wakafwatuka ku ufumu wa Britain. Boma liphya la Zambia ilo likaŵa na pulezidenti Kenneth Kaunda wa chipani cha UNIP, likawovwira chomene kuti ŵazengezgani ŵake ŵafwatuke. Boma la Zambia likapeleka malo ghakubisamamo ku ŵanthu ŵakugaluka, likawovwira kuti paŵe phangano, ndipo likapeleka wovwiri na vilwero. Kuŵako kwa muwuso wa vyaru vinyake ku Southern Africa kukawonekanga nga nkhukhuŵazga Zambia ndipo umoza wa vyaru vya mu Africa ukapangiska kuti charu chiphya ichi chiwovwire ŵazengezgani ŵake kulimbana na muwuso wa vyaru vinyake.
Chomenechomene, Zambia yikaŵa malo ghakubisamamo ŵanthu ŵakuwukira ŵa chipani cha Namibia liberation party, South West African People's Organization (SWAPO) na African National Congress (ANC) mu South Africa. Zambia wakapeleka wovwiri ku ŵasilikari ŵa boma kweniso wovwiri wa ndyali.
African National Congress
African National Congress yikaŵa chipani cha ndyali icho chikalimbana na apartheid ku South Africa, icho chikaŵa na vilato vyakudemelera ku African National Congress ya ku Zambia. Boma la ku South Africa likati lakanizga chipani ichi, ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵakabisama panji ŵakachimbilira ku Zambia. Lusaka, msumba ukuru wa Zambia, ndiwo ukaŵa likuru la ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵa ANC awo ŵakafumako ku caru cawo ca South Africa. Ntheura, Zambia yikaŵa malo ghakusangira wanangwa wa ŵanthu ŵa ku South Africa ndipo yikazomerezga ŵalongozgi awo ŵakaŵa ku wuzga kuti ŵawunganenge na kwendera lumoza. Nelson Mandela, uyo wakaŵa purezidenti wa South Africa, wakayowoyapo za mulimo wakuzirwa uwo Zambia wakacita pa kufwatura caru cawo mu vilimika ivyo ŵakaŵa ku wuzga. Ndondomeko ya Zambia yakuwombora ŵanthu kwizira mu diplomacy na wovwiri wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa mu chigaŵa ichi, yikuwoneka makora chomene mu chalo cha South Africa.
UNITA
Chipani cha National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) chikaŵa chipani cha ku Angola icho chikaŵa chimoza mwa vyaru vikuru ivyo vikarwa nkhondo ya ku Angola mu 1975. Zambia, pasi pa Kenneth Kaunda wakasambizga na kupeleka ndalama ku UNITA kwimikana na MPLA mu nyengo ya nkhondo ya cikaya. Lusaka wakalutilira kukhozgera comene ŵasilikari ŵa UNITA ŵa ku Africa na ŵasilikari ŵa UNITA awo ŵakasambizgika mu Zambia. Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, Zambia yaleka kukhozgera UNITA ndipo yaphepiska ku boma la Angola cifukwa ca kukhozgera UNITA.
Nkhondo Yachiŵeniŵeni ya ku Angola
Zambia ndiyo yikawovwira chomene pakovwira kuti paŵe kukolerana pakati pa MPLA na UNITA. Nkhondo ya ku Angola yikalutilira kwambira mu 1975 m'paka sono, ndipo yikaŵa nkhondo ya pa mtima. Phangano la Lusaka likafuma ku Zambia ndipo likakhumbanga kumazga nkhondo ya pawenenawene. Phangano ili likasazgika mu Lusaka pa Novembala 20, 1994, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yose ŵakakolerana nalo. Paumaliro nkhondo yikambaso, ndipo mu 1998, mtende ukamara.
Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya ku Congo
Nkhondo yaciŵiri ya ku Congo yikaŵa nkhondo yikuru ya ku Africa iyo yikayamba mu Democratic Republic of Congo mu 1998, ndipo yikakhwaska vyaru vinkhondi na viŵiri vya mu Africa. Zambia yikaŵapo yayi pa nkhondo iyi, kweni yikakhumbanga kuti paŵe mtende na kumazga nkhondo. Ŵimiliri ŵa mawupu ghakupambanapambana gha pa caru cose nga ni United Nations, ŵakawungana pa June 21-27, 1999, ku Lusaka kuti ŵanozge fundo zakumazgira nkhondo iyi. Phangano la kuleka nkhondo likati nkhondo yimare, ŵasilikari ŵa mtende ŵatumizgike na kufwatura ŵakayidi wose ŵa nkhondo. Ŵalongozgi ŵa vyaru vya Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Namibia, Rwanda, Uganda, Zambia, na Zimbabwe ŵakawungana mu Lusaka, Zambia pa Julayi 10, 1999, kuti ŵasayine phangano la kuleka kuwukira. Paumaliro nkhondo zikalutilira nangauli pakaŵa phangano la mtende, ndipo nkhondo yikaleka m'paka mu 2003.
African cooperation
Zambia njumoza wa vyaru ivyo vili mu wupu wa Organisation of African Unity (OAU), uwo sono ukucemeka African Union. Zambia nayo wali mu wupu wa African Economic Community (AEC). Pakati pa vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana vya AEC, Zambia yikukolerana na vigaŵa viŵiri: Southern African Development Community (SADC) na Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA). Charu ichi chili mu wupu wa Port Management Association of Eastern and Southern Africa (PMAESA).
Wupu wa SADC ukakhazikiskika mu msumba wa Lusaka, mu Zambia, pa Epulero 1, 1980, ndipo COMESA nayo wali na ofesi yake yikuru kwenekura.
Mphindano za pa caru cose
Ku Botswana, Namibia, Zambia, na Zimbabwe uko mphaka zikukumana, ndipo na DRC ku Lunchinda-Pweto Enclave kumpoto kwa Chienge, pakukhalira kukwesana pa chiphangano cha Zambia-Congo icho chikavumbukwa na pulezidenti Laurent Kabila. Kuŵavya vimanyikwiro vyakuti ŵanthu ŵafumemo mu vigaŵa ivi, kweniso wanangwa wawo wa kuŵa ŵenekaya, ni nkhani yakusuzga chomene ku Luapula.
Zambia na Commonwealth of Nations
Zambia ni chalo icho chili mu Commonwealth of Nations kwambira pa 24 Okutobala 1964, apo Northern Rhodesia yikamba kujiyimira payekha.
Screven County, Georgia
Screven County, Georgia ni msumba uchoko panji nkhalwe (county pachingelezi) iyo ikusangika mu boma likulu la Georgia mu charu cha United States of America. Boma likulu la Georgia lina tumisumba 159 mukwati mwake (counties) ndipo ni boma la nambala 24 mu ukulu wa malo kweneso nda nambala  8 pa mndandanda wa maboma gha United States agho ghana ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene.
Mangombera, Mzimba
Mangombera ni malo agho ghakusangika kumpoto kwa boma la Mzimba, chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa charu cha Malaŵi.
Mchingasanya, Mzimba
Mchingasanya ni malo agho ghakusangika ku mpoto kwa boma la Mzimba,kumpoto kwa chalo cha Malawi.
Guillermo Lasso
Guillermo Lasso ni mlongozgi wa chalo cha Ecuador kufuma pa 24 May 2021.
Kajaani
Kajaani ni msumba wakusangika charu cha Finland mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Haapajärvi
Haapajärvi ni msumba wakusangika charu cha Finland mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Arevabuyr
Arevabuyr ni muzi mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Ararat, mu charu cha Armenia.
Msipazi, Mzimba
Msipazi ni malo agho ghakusangika kumpoto kwa boma la Mzimba, chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa charu cha Malaŵi.
Kapichila Senga, Chama
Kapichila Senga ni msumba mu Chief Chikwa wa Chigaŵa chavisankho cha Chama South mu boma la Chama, Zambia.
Chifunda, Chama
Chifunda panji Chief Chifunda ni msumba mu Boma la Chama, Zambia.
Kuzura kwa Maji ku Maamba
Mu chaka cha 2019, nyumba 11 mu chigaŵa cha Chifunda na Mapamba nazo zikanangika chifukwa cha chivula cha maji ndipo mbumba zinandi zikaŵa zambura pakukhala chifukwa cha chivula cha maji cha Maamba icho chikazura mu mlonga wa Luangwa.
Seminole County, Georgia
Seminole County, Georgia ni msumba uchoko panji nkhalwe (county pachingelezi) iyo ikusangika mu boma likulu la Georgia mu charu cha United States of America. Boma likulu la Georgia lina tumisumba 159 mukwati mwake (counties) ndipo ni boma la nambala 24 mu ukulu wa malo kweneso nda nambala  8 pa mndandanda wa maboma gha United States agho ghana ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene.
Kaarina
Kaarina ni msumba wakusangika charu cha Finland mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Tbilisi
Tbilisi, mzinda kwa Georgia. Muli banthu pafupi-fupi 1 118 035 (2014).
Zomangamanga
Ntchito yomanga
Nyumba ndi mtundu wa kapangidwe kamene kamapangidwa ndi zinthu zapadera ndipo zimaphatikizira zomangamanga, pansi pazipilala, makoma, pansi, kudenga, chimney, maumboni ndi zomangamanga, nsanja zokhazikika, zipilala, makonde, chimanga kapena zingwe, gawo la nyumba kapena Chilichonse china cholumikizidwa nacho kapena khoma lililonse lotchingidwa lomwe limakhala pansi kapena malo amodzimodzi. Nyumba, mafakitale, malo ogulitsira, zipatala, ndi zina zambiri ndi nyumba zonse.
Nyumbazi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pokhalamo anthu wamba ndipo zimakhala ndi malo ogona, okhala komanso ophikira. Nyumbayi iyenera kukhala ndi nyumba imodzi kapena zingapo zamabanja, nyumba zogona komanso magaraja.
Murzuq
Murzuq ndimoza mwa maboma ghakusangika mu charu cha Libya.Charu cha Libya chilikhla mu chigaŵa cha Maghreb ku Mpoto kwa chilwa cha Afilika. Chilipanga malile na Nyanja ya Mediterranean ku mpoto, Egypt kumafumilo gha dazi, Sudan kummwela cha kumafumilo gha dazi, Chad ku mmwela, Niger ku mpoto chakumanjililo gha dazi, Algeria ku manjililo gha dazi, na Tunisia ku mpoto kwa manjililo gha dazi.
Zomangamanga
Nyumba yokhalamo
۲. Nyumba zophunzitsira
Mitundu yamtunduwu ndi yamasukulu ophunzitsira monga masukulu kapena makoleji omwe amayang'aniridwa ndikuvomerezedwa ndi board, yunivesite kapena mabungwe ena ofanana. Nyumbayi iyenera kupereka maphunziro, maphunziro ndi malo osangalalira okhudzana ndi maphunziro. Kuphatikiza apo, kukhalapo kwa nyumba zokhalamo antchito kapena ophunzira omwe akukhala pasukulu ndizovomerezeka. Kupatula izi, bungweli liyeneranso kukhala ndi malo ogona achinsinsi mkati kapena kunja kwa malo ake.
3. Nyumba za bungwe
La Vallita (Placetas)
La Vallita (Placetas) ni msumba mu boma la Placetas, Chigaŵa cha Villa Clara, charu cha Cuba.
Zomangamanga
Nyumba zamtunduwu zimaphatikizapo nyumba zomangidwa ndi boma, mabungwe omwe siaboma, kapena mabungwe olembetsedwa pazifukwa zina. Zolingazi zikuphatikizapo zolinga zamankhwala monga chithandizo cha matenda athupi kapena amisala, zipatala za ana, nyumba zosungira anthu okalamba, malo osamalira amayi amasiye kapena osiyidwa, maholo am'madera achikhalidwe kapena zochitika zina, ndi malo ogona achipembedzo monga Daramshalas, ndende, zipatala, malo ogwirira anthu, ndende zolangizira
4. Nyumba zomangidwa pamodzi
Thale, Mzimba
Thale ni malo agho ghakusangika kumpoto kwa boma la Mzimba, chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa charu cha Malaŵi.
Zomangamanga
Mu nyumbazi, mumachitikira misonkhano ya onse monga zosangalatsa, zosangalatsa, mayanjano, zipembedzo, dziko, nzika, maulendo kapena zina zofananira. Zitsanzo za nyumba zamtunduwu, nyumba zowonetsera ma sinema, nyumba zowonetsera zisudzo, malo owonetsera magalimoto, maholo amisonkhano, malo ochitira masewera, nyumba zamatauni, maholo amisonkhano, maholo owonetserako, malo owonetsera zakale, malo ochitira masewera olimbitsa thupi, malo ochitira masewera, malo odyera Makalabu ausiku, makalabu ovina, makalabu amasewera, malo opembedzerako malo okwerera mabasi, malo okwerera matekisi, okwerera masitima apamtunda, eyapoti, ma wharves ndi zina zotero.
5. Nyumba zamalonda
An Nuqat al Khams
An Nuqat al Khams ndimoza mwa maboma ghakusangika mu charu cha Libya.Charu cha Libya chilikhla mu chigaŵa cha Maghreb ku Mpoto kwa chilwa cha Afilika. Chilipanga malile na Nyanja ya Mediterranean ku mpoto, Egypt kumafumilo gha dazi, Sudan kummwela cha kumafumilo gha dazi, Chad ku mmwela, Niger ku mpoto chakumanjililo gha dazi, Algeria ku manjililo gha dazi, na Tunisia ku mpoto kwa manjililo gha dazi.
Zomangamanga
Ngati nyumba kapena gawo lake limagwiritsidwa ntchito posunga zolemba zamabizinesi, maakaunti aku banki, zowerengera ndalama kapena kuwongolera mitundu ina yazogulitsa zachuma, zitha kuwerengedwa kuti ndi nyumba yamalonda. Nyumba zomwe zili mgululi zikuphatikiza maofesi, mabanki, makhothi, ndi malo ena akatswiri omwe akukwaniritsa zolinga pamwambapa.
6. Nyumba zamalonda
Nyumbazi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kumaofesi ogulitsa nyumba, masitolo kapena ziwonetsero zogulitsa malonda ogulitsa kapena ogulitsa. Nyumba zotere ziyenera kuperekanso ofesi yofunikira, yosungira ndi malo ogwirira ntchito pochitira bizinesi mnyumbamo.
Nyumba zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga, kusonkhanitsa, kapena kukonza zinthu kapena zinthu zimadziwika kuti nyumba zamakampani. Magawo awa amaphatikizira magulu opanga, makina opangira magetsi, malo opangira magetsi, zoyengera mafuta, zopangira mafuta, ma dairies, ma laboratories, ndi zina zambiri.
Nyumba yomanga
8. Nyumba zosungira
Ngati nyumba kapena gawo lake ligwiritsidwa ntchito kusungira katundu, zida, katundu, ndi zina zambiri, ndiye kuti amagawidwa ngati nyumba yosungira. Nyumbazi zikuphatikiza nkhokwe, malo osungira ozizira, malo osungira mbewu, malo osungiramo katundu, malo osungira katundu, malo osungira katundu, akasinja, ma hangars, malo omangira magalimoto, magaraja agulu, ndi zina zambiri.
9. Mabungwe ogulitsa
Nyumba zomwe zili mgululi zikuphatikiza malo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito, athunthu kapena mbali imodzi, popanga kapena kugulitsa. Malo ogulitsira ogulitsa amagwiritsa ntchito nyumba zawo kapena nyumba zosungira kuti apereke zoyendera zamagalimoto kapena ntchito zosungitsa magalimoto.
Hayanist
Hayanist ni muzi mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Ararat, mu charu cha Armenia.
Zomangamanga
10. Nyumba ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana
Nyumbazi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pokhalamo komanso m'malo osakhalamo.
12. Nyumba zowopsa kwambiri
Nyumba zamtunduwu zimagawidwa kwambiri ndi boma m'magulu awiri, omwe ndi:
Lee County, Georgia
Lee County, Georgia ni msumba uchoko panji nkhalwe (county pachingelezi) iyo ikusangika mu boma likulu la Georgia mu charu cha United States of America. Boma likulu la Georgia lina tumisumba 159 mukwati mwake (counties) ndipo ni boma la nambala 24 mu ukulu wa malo kweneso nda nambala  8 pa mndandanda wa maboma gha United States agho ghana ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene.
Zomangamanga
Nyumba zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga, kukonza, kusuntha kapena kusunga zinthu zomwe zimakhala zamchere kwambiri, zowopsa kapena zovulaza; Kuphatikiza zidulo kapena mankhwala ena omwe amatulutsa utsi wophulika kapena wa poizoni komanso zosakanikirana kapena zinthu zina
Mapamba (msumba), Chama
Mapamba ni msumba mu Chief Chikwa wa Chigaŵa chavisankho cha Chama South mu boma la Chama, Zambia.
Braamfontein
Braamfontein ni ni msumba udoko mu msumba ukulu wa Johannesburg (Chigaŵa F), mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Gauteng, charu cha South Africa, ku mmwela kwa chilwa chikulu cha Afilika.
Thofu, Mzimba
Thofu ni malo agho ghakusangika kumpoto kwa boma la Mzimba, chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa charu cha Malaŵi.
Bambanda, Chama
Bambanda ni msumba mu Boma la Chama, Zambia.
Elladoone
Elladoone ni ni msumba udoko mu msumba ukulu wa Johannesburg (Chigaŵa F), mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Gauteng, charu cha South Africa, ku mmwela kwa chilwa chikulu cha Afilika.
Thimalala, Mzimba
Thimalala ni malo agho ghakusangika kumpoto kwa boma la Mzimba, chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa charu cha Malaŵi.
Karkkila
Karkkila ni msumba wakusangika charu cha Finland mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).