cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Zimbabwe
Vyakuphika
Viyuni vyambura kupangika
Nangauli ŵanthu ŵa ku Afrika mbachoko chomene (10%) mu gulu la ŵanthu ŵatuŵa, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa vyakurya vya ku Afrika. Cakurya ico ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa comene ni nyama yakuŵaŵa. Ŵakupeleka chakurya cha Boerewors pamoza na sadza. Ni soseji yitali, iyo kanandi yikuŵa na vyakununkhira vinandi.
Pakuti charu cha Zimbabwe chikaŵa pasi pa Britain, ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakulondezga mitheto ya ku England. Mwaciyelezgero, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakurya chiŵiya mulenji, kweniso ŵakumwa tiyi pa 10 koloko. Ŵakulya cakurya ca mise, ndipo kanandi ŵakurya vyakurya ivyo vyakhalapo pa zuŵa lakulondezgapo. Para ŵamara kurya, kanandi pa 4 koloko ŵakuŵa na tiyi. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakumwa tiyi para ŵamara kurya.
Maseŵera
Mpira (uno ukuchemekaso kuti soccer) ndiwo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa ku Zimbabwe. Gulu la Warriors lafika ku Africa Cup of Nations kankhondi (2004, 2006, 2017, 2019, 2021), ndipo lapambana mpikisano wa South Africa kankhondi (2000, 2003, 2005, 2009, 2017, 2018) na East Africa cup kamoza (1985). Gulu ili lili pa malo 68 mu 2022. Mpira wa rugby ni maseŵero ghakuzirwa comene mu Zimbabwe. Gulu la chalo likayimilira chalo mu viphalizgano viŵiri vya Rugby World Cup mu 1987 na 1991. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakutemwa maseŵero gha cricket mbazungu. Ni yimoza mwa vyaru 12 ivyo vikuseŵera maseŵero gha Test cricket ndipo ni chiŵaro cha ICC. Ŵaseŵera ŵa cricket ŵakufuma ku Zimbabwe ni Andy Flower, Heath Streak na Brendan Taylor.
Zimbabwe yikasanga mendulo 8 pa maseŵero gha Olimpiki, yimoza pa maseŵero gha hockey na timu ya ŵanakazi pa maseŵero gha Olimpiki gha 1980 ku Moscow, na 7 ya Kirsty Coventry, zitatu pa maseŵero gha Olimpiki gha 2004 na zinayi pa maseŵero gha Olimpiki gha 2008. Dziko la Zimbabwe lachita bwino pa maseŵera a Commonwealth Games ndi All-Africa Games pa kusambira ndipo Coventry watenga mendulo 11 za golide mu maseŵera ghakupambanapambana. Zimbabwe yikwimila pa Wimbledon na Davis Cup mu tennis, chomenechomene na banja la Black, ilo lili na Wayne Black, Byron Black na Cara Black. Nick Price wa ku Zimbabwe wakaŵa na malo gha nambara yimoza pa maseŵero gha gofu pa caru cose kwa nyengo yitali kuluska woseŵero waliyose wa ku Africa.
Maseŵero ghanyake agho ghakuchitika mu Zimbabwe ni basketball, volleyball, netball, na water polo, kweniso squash, motorsport, martial arts, chess, cycling, polocrosse, kayaking na kuphalizgana pa mahachi. Ndipouli, mitundu yinandi ya maseŵero agha yikuŵa na ŵimiliri pa caru cose yayi, kweni yikuŵa pa caru cose.
Media
Ŵapharazgi ŵa ku Zimbabwe sono ŵali na ŵanthu ŵakupambanapambana, chifukwa boma likaŵakanizga chomene kupharazga pakati pa 2002 na 2008. Dango la Zimbabwe likulayizga wanangwa wa vyakupharazga. Kufuma waka apo ŵakaŵikirapo nduna yiphya ya vya mdauko mu 2013, ŵapharazgi ŵakusuzgika viŵi yayi na ndyali ndipo khoti likuru chomene la charu ichi lazomerezga kuti malango ghanyake ghakukhwaskana na vya mdauko ghakususkana na dango. Mu Julayi 2009, BBC na CNN ŵakambaso kwendeska mauthenga mu Zimbabwe. Unduna wa vya Mtima, Uthenga na Kupharazga wa ku Zimbabwe ukati, "boma la Zimbabwe likakanizgapo yayi kuti BBC yichitenge vinthu ivyo vikukolerana na dango mu Zimbabwe". BBC yikakondwa chomene na ivyo vikachitika, yikati: "Tili ŵakukondwa kuti tikwaniskaso kugwira ntchito mu Zimbabwe".
Mu 2010, boma la Zimbabwe Media Commission likakhazikiskika. Mu Meyi 2010, wupu uwu ukazomerezga nyuzipepara zitatu za ŵanthu ŵekha, kusazgapo nyuzipepara yakuchemeka Daily News. Wupu wa Reporters Without Borders ukati fundo izi ni "vinthu vikuru comene". Mu Juni 2010, NewsDay yikaŵa nyuzipepara yakwamba yakujiyimira payekha mu Zimbabwe mu vyaka 7. Mu 2012, ZBC yikamazga wanangwa wake wa kupharazga na kupeleka malayisensi ku mawayilesi ghaŵiri.
La Mercy, KwaZulu-Natal
La Mercy, KwaZulu-Natal ni msumba wakusangika mu boma likulu la EThekwini Metropolitan Municipality mu chigaŵa chikulu cha KwaZulu Natal, mu charu cha South Africa.
Zimbabwe
Media
Kufuma waka apo dango la 2002 la Access to Information and Protection of Privacy Act likakhazikiskikira, boma likajara manyuzipepara ghanandi, kusazgapo Daily News. Pa cifukwa ici, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Zimbabwe awo ŵali ku wuzga ŵali kwambiska mawupu gha nyuzipepara mu vyaru vya ŵazengezgani na vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi. Chifukwa chakuti Intaneti njambura kukanizgika, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Zimbabwe ŵakuzomerezgeka kusanga nkhani pa Intaneti izo ŵalembi ŵa nyuzipepara awo ŵali ku wuzga ŵakulemba. Wupu wa Reporters Without Borders ukati mu Zimbabwe ŵanthu ŵakwendera chomene nkhani za mu manyuzipepara. Manyuzipepara agho ghakusindikizgika comene ni The Herald na The Chronicle agho ghakusindikizgika mu Harare na Bulawayo. Kwamba mu 2009, ŵanthu ŵakutemwa yayi kuyowoya vya nkhani mu manyuzipepara.
Mu lipoti lake la mu 2021, wupu wa Reporters Without Borders ukalemba vyalo vya Zimbabwe pa 130 pa vyalo 180, ndipo ukalemba kuti "mauthenga ghafika pa malo ghakwenelera ndipo ŵanthu ŵakujikora yayi, kweni ŵapharazgi ŵachali kukomeka". Boma la Zimbabwe likukanizgaso mawayilesi ghanandi ghakufuma ku vyaru vinyake, nga ni CBC, Sky News, Channel 4, American Broadcasting Company, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, na Fox News. Mabungwe gha nkhani na manyuzipepara ghakufuma ku vyaru vinyake vya kumanjiliro gha dazi na ku South Africa nagho ghakanizgika kunjira mu caru ici.
National symbols
Mbalame ya ku Zimbabwe yikuwoneka pa ndembera za charu cha Zimbabwe na Rhodesia, kweniso pa ndalama za ku Rhodesia. Panyake ni nombo panji nombo ya ku Africa. Mu msumba wakale wa Great Zimbabwe mukaŵa vithuzithuzi vya viyuni vyakutowa chomene.
Malibwe agho ghakukolerana ni malo agho ghakusangika mu charu chose cha Zimbabwe. Malibwe agha ghakukolerana makora kwambura kukhozgeka na vinthu vinyake. Vinthu ivi vikupangika para miyala yakukhoma iyo yili pafupi na malo agha yikusongonoka. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakuŵalongosora ndipo ŵali kuŵalongosora pa ndalama za ku Zimbabwe na za ku Rhodesia. Malibwe agha ghakusangika pa ndalama za ku Zimbabwe, ndipo ghakumanyikwa kuti Banknote Rocks. Malibwe agha ghakupangika mu nthowa zakupambanapambana, ndipo ghakukolerana na malibwe ghatatu panji kujumpha apa. Vinthu ivi vikusangika kumwera na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa, kufuma kumpoto kwa South Africa m'paka ku Sudan. Vinthu vyakuzizwiska chomene mu charu cha Zimbabwe vili ku Matobo National Park ku Matabeleland.
Nyimbo ya fuko la Zimbabwe ni "Blessed be the Land of Zimbabwe" (Shona: Simudzai Mureza wedu WeZimbabwe; Template:Lang-nd). Sumu iyi yikamba kwimbika mu Malichi 1994 pamanyuma pa chiphambano cha pa charu chose kuti yisinthe Ishe Komborera Africa kuŵa sumu ya ku Zimbabwe. Sumu iyo yikaluska yikaŵa sumu yakulembeka na Pulofesa Solomon Mutswairo ndipo yikapangika na Fred Changundega. Baibolo ili lang'anamulika mu viyowoyero vitatu vikuruvikuru vya ku Zimbabwe.
Shallcross, KwaZulu-Natal
Shallcross, KwaZulu-Natal ni msumba wakusangika mu boma likulu la EThekwini Metropolitan Municipality mu chigaŵa chikulu cha KwaZulu Natal, mu charu cha South Africa.
Segudet
Segudet ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Ordino mu charu cha Andorra mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
El Pas de la Casa
El Pas de la Casa ni msumba wakale mu charu cha Andorra mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Berea, Durban
Berea, Durban ni msumba wakusangika mu boma likulu la EThekwini Metropolitan Municipality mu chigaŵa chikulu cha KwaZulu Natal, mu charu cha South Africa.
Essenwood, Durban
Essenwood, Durban ni msumba wakusangika mu boma likulu la EThekwini Metropolitan Municipality mu chigaŵa chikulu cha KwaZulu Natal, mu charu cha South Africa.
El Serrat
El Serrat ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Ordino mu charu cha Andorra mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Sornàs
Sornàs ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Ordino mu charu cha Andorra mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Pienaarsrivier, Limpopo
Pienaarsrivier, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Waterberg District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Bela-Bela, Limpopo
Bela-Bela, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Waterberg District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Bluff, Durban
Bluff, Durban ni msumba wakusangika mu boma likulu la EThekwini Metropolitan Municipality mu chigaŵa chikulu cha KwaZulu Natal, mu charu cha South Africa.
Els Vilars d'Engordany
Els Vilars d'Engordany ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Escaldes-Engordany mu charu cha Andorra mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Mahwelereng, Limpopo
Mahwelereng, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Waterberg District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Glenwood, KwaZulu Natal
Glenwood, KwaZulu Natal ni msumba wakusangika mu boma likulu la EThekwini Metropolitan Municipality mu chigaŵa chikulu cha KwaZulu Natal, mu charu cha South Africa.
Lyden, Limpopo
Lyden, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Waterberg District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
KwaMashu, KwaZulu-Natal
KwaMashu, KwaZulu-Natal ni msumba wakusangika mu boma likulu la EThekwini Metropolitan Municipality mu chigaŵa chikulu cha KwaZulu Natal, mu charu cha South Africa.
Yellowwood Park, KwaZulu-Natal
Yellowwood Park, KwaZulu-Natal ni msumba wakusangika mu boma likulu la EThekwini Metropolitan Municipality mu chigaŵa chikulu cha KwaZulu Natal, mu charu cha South Africa.
Matsitsileng, Limpopo
Matsitsileng, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Waterberg District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Mbirira, Kasulu
Mbirira ni msumba mu Boma la Kasulu, Tanzania
Mount Edgecombe, KwaZulu-Natal
Mount Edgecombe, KwaZulu-Natal ni msumba wakusangika mu boma likulu la EThekwini Metropolitan Municipality mu chigaŵa chikulu cha KwaZulu Natal, mu charu cha South Africa.
Isipingo, KwaZulu-Natal
Isipingo, KwaZulu-Natal ni msumba wakusangika mu boma likulu la EThekwini Metropolitan Municipality mu chigaŵa chikulu cha KwaZulu Natal, mu charu cha South Africa.
Mosesetjane, Limpopo
Mosesetjane, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Waterberg District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Cowies Hill, KwaZulu-Natal
Cowies Hill, KwaZulu-Natal ni msumba wakusangika mu boma likulu la EThekwini Metropolitan Municipality mu chigaŵa chikulu cha KwaZulu Natal, mu charu cha South Africa.
Msangano, Chitipa
Msangano ni muzi uwo uli mu boma la Chitipa ku Chigaŵa cha Kumpoto mu Malawi. Pakuti Mwakalomba ni muzi wa ku mizi, wakwenera kuti wakulima. Mudzi uwu uli mu Ward ya Yamba, icho chili mu chigaŵa chavisankho cha Pakati mu Chitipa.
Eseldrift, Limpopo
Eseldrift, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Waterberg District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Stamford Hill, KwaZulu-Natal
Stamford Hill, KwaZulu-Natal ni msumba wakusangika mu boma likulu la EThekwini Metropolitan Municipality mu chigaŵa chikulu cha KwaZulu Natal, mu charu cha South Africa.
Umlazi, KwaZulu-Natal
Umlazi, KwaZulu-Natal ni msumba wakusangika mu boma likulu la EThekwini Metropolitan Municipality mu chigaŵa chikulu cha KwaZulu Natal, mu charu cha South Africa.
Queensburgh
Queensburgh ni msumba wakusangika mu boma likulu la EThekwini Metropolitan Municipality mu chigaŵa chikulu cha KwaZulu Natal, mu charu cha South Africa.
Mookgophong, Limpopo
Mookgophong, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Waterberg District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Lephalale, Limpopo
Lephalale, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Waterberg District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Sydenham, KwaZulu-Natal
Sydenham, KwaZulu-Natal ni msumba wakusangika mu boma likulu la EThekwini Metropolitan Municipality mu chigaŵa chikulu cha KwaZulu Natal, mu charu cha South Africa.
Waterberg District Municipality
Waterberg District Municipality ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Waterberg District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Abaqulusi, KwaZulu Natal
Abaqulusi, KwaZulu Natal ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Zululand District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha KwaZulu Natal, charu cha South Africa.
Mwakalomba, Chitipa
Mwakalomba ni muzi uwo uli mu boma la Chitipa ku Chigaŵa cha Kumpoto mu Malawi. Pakuti Mwakalomba ni muzi wa ku mizi, wakwenera kuti wakulima. Mudzi uwu uli mu Ward ya Yamba, icho chili mu chigaŵa chavisankho cha Pakati mu Chitipa.
Westville, KwaZulu-Natal
Westville, KwaZulu-Natal ni msumba wakusangika mu boma likulu la EThekwini Metropolitan Municipality mu chigaŵa chikulu cha KwaZulu Natal, mu charu cha South Africa.
Muswero, Chitipa
Muswero ni muzi uwo uli mu boma la Chitipa ku Chigaŵa cha Kumpoto mu Malawi. Pakuti Mwakalomba ni muzi wa ku mizi, wakwenera kuti wakulima. Mudzi uwu uli mu Ward ya Yamba, icho chili mu chigaŵa chavisankho cha Pakati mu Chitipa.
Morningside, Durban
Morningside, Durban ni msumba wakusangika mu boma likulu la EThekwini Metropolitan Municipality mu chigaŵa chikulu cha KwaZulu Natal, mu charu cha South Africa.
EDumbe, KwaZulu Natal
EDumbe, KwaZulu Natal ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Zululand District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha KwaZulu Natal, charu cha South Africa.
Modimolle, Limpopo
Modimolle, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Waterberg District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Babanango, KwaZulu Natal
Babanango, KwaZulu Natal ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Zululand District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha KwaZulu Natal, charu cha South Africa.
Ulundi, KwaZulu Natal
Ulundi, KwaZulu Natal ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Zululand District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha KwaZulu Natal, charu cha South Africa.
Mokopane, Limpopo
Mokopane, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Waterberg District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Hlobane, KwaZulu Natal
Hlobane, KwaZulu Natal ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Zululand District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha KwaZulu Natal, charu cha South Africa.
Nongoma, KwaZulu Natal
Nongoma, KwaZulu Natal ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Zululand District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha KwaZulu Natal, charu cha South Africa.
New Germany, KwaZulu-Natal
New Germany, KwaZulu-Natal ni msumba wakusangika mu boma likulu la EThekwini Metropolitan Municipality mu chigaŵa chikulu cha KwaZulu Natal, mu charu cha South Africa.
Glückstadt, KwaZulu Natal
Glückstadt, KwaZulu Natal ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Zululand District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha KwaZulu Natal, charu cha South Africa.
Mahlabatini, KwaZulu Natal
Mahlabatini, KwaZulu Natal ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Zululand District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha KwaZulu Natal, charu cha South Africa.
Gillitts, KwaZulu-Natal
Gillitts, KwaZulu-Natal ni msumba wakusangika mu boma likulu la EThekwini Metropolitan Municipality mu chigaŵa chikulu cha KwaZulu Natal, mu charu cha South Africa.
Belgrade, KwaZulu Natal
Belgrade, KwaZulu Natal ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Zululand District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha KwaZulu Natal, charu cha South Africa.
UPhongolo, KwaZulu Natal
UPhongolo, KwaZulu Natal ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Zululand District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha KwaZulu Natal, charu cha South Africa.
Zululand, KwaZulu Natal
Zululand, KwaZulu Natal ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Zululand District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha KwaZulu Natal, charu cha South Africa.
Vryheid, KwaZulu Natal
Vryheid, KwaZulu Natal ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Zululand District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha KwaZulu Natal, charu cha South Africa.
Umgababa
Umgababa ni msumba wakusangika mu boma likulu la EThekwini Metropolitan Municipality mu chigaŵa chikulu cha KwaZulu Natal, mu charu cha South Africa.
Ntabamhlophe, KwaZulu Natal
Ntabamhlophe, KwaZulu Natal ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Zululand District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha KwaZulu Natal, charu cha South Africa.
Winston Park, KwaZulu-Natal
Winston Park, KwaZulu-Natal ni msumba wakusangika mu boma likulu la EThekwini Metropolitan Municipality mu chigaŵa chikulu cha KwaZulu Natal, mu charu cha South Africa.
Pongola, KwaZulu Natal
Pongola, KwaZulu Natal ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Zululand District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha KwaZulu Natal, charu cha South Africa.
Mondlo, KwaZulu Natal
Mondlo, KwaZulu Natal ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Zululand District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha KwaZulu Natal, charu cha South Africa.
Pinetown, KwaZulu-Natal
Pinetown, KwaZulu-Natal ni msumba wakusangika mu boma likulu la EThekwini Metropolitan Municipality mu chigaŵa chikulu cha KwaZulu Natal, mu charu cha South Africa.
Modimolle, , Limpopo
Modimolle,, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Waterberg District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Eersteling, KwaZulu Natal
Eersteling, KwaZulu Natal ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Zululand District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha KwaZulu Natal, charu cha South Africa.
Golela, KwaZulu Natal
Golela, KwaZulu Natal ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Zululand District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha KwaZulu Natal, charu cha South Africa.
Kloof, KwaZulu Natal
Kloof, KwaZulu Natal ni msumba wakusangika mu boma likulu la EThekwini Metropolitan Municipality mu chigaŵa chikulu cha KwaZulu Natal, mu charu cha South Africa.
Mapiri gha Ng'onga
Mapiri gha Ng'onga ni chigaŵa cha mapiri mu boma la Balaka, Malawi.
Vinthu vyakwendakwenda
Makampani agho ghakuguliska malibwe ghakugwiliskira nchito mapiri gha Ng'onga. Kweniso ku malo agha kuli malo ghakuchemeka Center for Social Research (CDR).
Mlonga wa Mzimba, Kummwera cha Kumanjiliro gha dazi
Mlonga wa Mzimba ni mlonga wa Boma la Mzimba, Malawi.
Misumba yaku Belgium
Ili ni mazina gha misumba ya ku Belgium. Malo gha msumba mu Belgium ghakupelekeka ku ŵanthu ŵachoko waka na dango panji dango.
Mlonga wa Mzimba, Solola
Mlonga wa Mzimba ni mlonga wa Boma la Mzimba, Malawi.
ISBN
Nambala ya International Standard Book Number (ISBN) ni nambara iyo yikulongora umo mabuku ghakuguliskikira. Ŵakupharazga ŵakugura panji kupokera mazina gha ISBN ku wupu unyake wa International ISBN Agency.
Buku lililose likuŵa na ISBN (International Number Number Number) ndipo para lafuma likuŵa na ISBN. Mwachiyelezgero, buku la pa kompyuta, buku lakupelekeka mu mapepara ghafinyi, na buku lakupelekeka mu mapepara ghakusuzga, waliyose waŵenge na ISBN yake. Nambala ya ISBN njitali manambara 10 usange yapika pambere chaka cha 2007 chindafike, ndipo njitali manambara 13 usange yapika pa 1 Janyuwale 2007 panji pamanyuma pake. Nthowa yakupelekera ISBN yikupambana mu vyaru na vyaru, ndipo kanandi yikuthemba pa unandi wa mabuku agho ghakusindikizgika mu vyaru ivi.
Mtundu wakwambilira wa ISBN ukapangika mu 1967, kufuma pa manambara 9 gha Standard Book Numbering (SBN). Gulu la pa charu chose lakuwona vya ndembera (International Organization for Standardization (ISO)) ndilo likapangiska ISBN ya manambara 10.
Mabuku agho ghakupharazgika na ŵanthu ŵekha nyengo zinyake ghakuŵa na ISBN yayi. Nyengo zinyake wupu wa International ISBN Agency ndiwo ukupeleka mazina gha mabuku agha.
Nambara yinyake iyo yikovwira kumanya mabuku nga ni magazini na manyuzipepara ni International Standard Serial Number (ISSN). International Standard Music Number (ISMN) yikung'anamura sumu.
Mbili
Nambara ya Buku (SBN) ni nthowa yakupangira mabuku iyo yikugwiliskira ntchito manambara gha manambara 9. Mu 1965, WHSmith, uyo wakuguliska mabuku ku Britain, wakapharazga kuti wakukhumba kuŵika manambara gha mabuku ghake. Ŵakalemba ntchito ŵanthu ŵanyake kuti ŵaŵawovwire, ndipo Gordon Foster, uyo wakaŵa pulofesa wa masamu pa Trinity College ku Dublin ndiyo wakambiska nthowa iyi. Wupu wa International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Technical Committee on Documentation ukakhumbanga kusintha SBN ya ku Britain kuti yiŵe yakovwira pa caru cose. Mtundu wa ISBN ukapangika mu 1967 ku United Kingdom na David Whitaker (uyo wakucemeka "Wiske wa ISBN") ndipo mu 1968 ku United States na Emery Koltay (uyo pamanyuma wakazgoka mulongozgi wa U.S. Wupu wa ISBN R. R. Bowker).
Fomu ya ISBN ya manambara 10 yikapangika na wupu wa ISO ndipo yikalembeka mu 1970 nga ni ISO 2108. Ku United Kingdom ŵakalutilira kugwiliskira nchito nambara ya SBN m'paka mu 1974. Wupu wakuwona vya masisiteri (International ISBN Agency) ndiwo uli na mazaza gha kulembeska masisiteri pa charu chose. Pa Intaneti pali mabuku gha ISO agho ghakulongosora waka vya mu 1978.
Nambala ya SBN yingasinthika kuŵa ISBN mwa kuŵikapo chilembo cha "0". Mwaciyelezgero, magazini yaciŵiri ya Mr. J. Wakayama G. Reeder Returns, ilo likalembeka na Hodder mu 1965, lili na "SBN 340 01381 8", apo "340" likung'anamura mupharazgi. Para nambala iyi yalembeka pambere nambara yindalembeke, yingazgoka ISBN 0-340-01381-8 ; nambara iyi yikukhumbikwa yayi kuŵerengaso. Ŵakupharazga ŵanyake, nga ni Ballantine Books, nyengo zinyake ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito manambara 12 gha SBNs apo manambara ghatatu ghaumaliro ghakalongoranga mtengo wa buku; nga ni umo viliri na Woodstock Handmade Houses.
Kwambira pa Janyuwale 1, 2007, manambara gha ISBN ghali na manambara 13, ndipo ghakukolerana na manambara gha "Bookland" agho ghali na manambara 13..
Kuona mwapatali patali
Buku lililose likuŵa na ISBN yake (pakuleka kupulinta). Mwaciyelezgero, buku la e-book, la ma audiobook, la mapepara ghapusu, na la buku limoza, lili na ISBN yakupambana.:12 ISBN njitali manambara 13 usange yili kulembeka pa 1 Janyuwale 2007 panji pamanyuma pake, ndipo njitali manambara 10 usange yili kulembeka pambere chaka cha 2007 chindafike. Nambala ya International Standard Book Number yili na vigaŵa vinayi (para ni ISBN ya manambara 10) panji vigaŵa vinkhondi (para ni ISBN ya manambara 13).
Pa chigaŵa cha 5 mu buku la International ISBN Agency's official user manual:11 pali kulembeka umo ISBN ya manambara 13 yiliri:
Nambala ya ISBN ya manambara 13 yingagaŵika mu vigaŵa vyake (vigaŵa vyakwambilira, gulu la kulembeska, munthu uyo wali kulembeska, buku, na nambara ya kuwoneskera), ndipo para vyaŵa nthena, kanandi vigaŵa ivi vikugaŵikana na vilembo vyambura kulembeka. Kugaŵa vigaŵa vya ISBN ya manambara 10 (gulu la ŵanthu awo ŵali kulembeska, awo ŵali kulembeska, awo ŵalembeka, na awo ŵali na nambara iyo ŵakukhumba kuwona) kukucitikaso na ma hyphens panji malo. Ntchipusu yayi kupambaniska makora ISBN, chifukwa vigaŵa vinandi vikugwiliskira ntchito manambara ghanandi yayi.
Issuing process
Kufumiska ISBN nkhwakuyana waka na charu chilichose, chifukwa ni wupu uwo uli na mazaza pa charu ichi. Vinthu ivyo vikulembeka pa ISBN vikuthemba pa umo mabuku ghakusindikizgika mu charu icho, ntheura vikupambana kuyana na unandi wa mabuku, na unandi, mtundu, na ukuru wa awo ŵakulemba mabuku. Maofesi ghanyake ghakulembeka mazina gha visopa ghakusangika mu malaibulale panji mu maofesi gha boma ghakuwona vya kusambizga ŵanthu Baibolo. Mu vigaŵa vinyake, nchito ya kulembeska ISBN yikucitika na mawupu agho ghakupokera ndalama yayi kufuma ku boma.
Maofesi ghose gha ISBN ghali pa webusayiti ya International ISBN Agency. Pa vyaru ivi pali vigaŵa vichoko waka:
Chigaŵa cha gulu la kulembeska
TChigaŵa cha gulu la kulembeska ISBN ni nambara ya manambara 1 m'paka 5 iyo yili na chigaŵa chimoza pera (ya 978 panji 979): 11 ndipo yingapatukana na "978-1-"... Magulu gha kulembeska ghakapelekeka mu chigaŵa cha 978 prefix. Mabungwe gha cilembo cimoza mu cigaŵa ca 978 ni: 0 panji 1 ku vyaru vya ciyowoyero ca Cingelezi; 2 ku vyaru vya ciyowoyero ca Cifurenci; 3 ku vyaru vya ciyowoyero ca Cigerman; 4 ku Japan; 5 ku vyaru vya ciyowoyero ca Cirushiya; na 7 ku China. Chiyelezgero cha gulu la manambara ghankhondi ni 99936, ku Bhutan. Magulu gha kulembeska agho ghalipo ni agha: 05, 600, 625, 65, 7, 8094, 950, 989, 9917 na 99901. Mabuku agho ghakusindikizgika mu viyowoyero vichoko chomene kanandi ghakukhala nyengo yitali.
Mu chigaŵa cha 979, chigaŵa cha kulembeska chigaŵa cha 0 chili kulembeka kuti chiŵe chakukolerana na International Standard Music Numbers (ISMNs), kweni chigaŵa ichi chikuŵa na ISBN yayi. Magulu gha kulembeska agho ghalembeka mu chigaŵa cha 979 ni 8 ku United States of America, 10 ku France, 11 ku Republic of Korea, na 12 ku Italyy.
The original 9-digit standard book number (SBN) had no registration group identifier, but prefixing a zero to a 9-digit SBN creates a valid 10-digit ISBN.
Paulpietersburg, KwaZulu Natal
Paulpietersburg, KwaZulu Natal ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Zululand District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha KwaZulu Natal, charu cha South Africa.
ISBN
Registrant element
Wupu wa ku caru cose ukupeleka ISBN (cf. Wupu uwu ukupeleka zina la ISBN ku buku lililose. Mu vyaru vinandi, dango likukhumba yayi kuti mulembi wa mabuku wapelekenge ISBN, nangauli mu mashopu ghanandi ghakurughakuru mukusangika mabuku agho ghali na ISBN.
Blinkwater, KwaZulu Natal
Blinkwater, KwaZulu Natal ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Zululand District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha KwaZulu Natal, charu cha South Africa.
Brakfontein, KwaZulu Natal
Brakfontein, KwaZulu Natal ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la UThukela District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha KwaZulu Natal, charu cha South Africa.
ISBN
Registrant element
Ŵapharazgi ŵakupokera mazina ghakupambanapambana gha ISBN, ndipo mazina ghakurughakuru ghakupelekeka ku ŵapharazgi awo ŵakukhazga kuti ghaŵawovwirenge. Para mabokosi gha ISBN ghasangika, mupharazgi wangapokera mabokosi ghanyake gha ISBN agho ghali na chigaŵa chakupambana cha uyo wakulembeska. Ntheura, mupharazgi wangaŵa na vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana vya munthu wakulembeska. Kweniso mu charu chimoza mungaŵa vimanyikwiro vinandi vya gulu la kulembeska. Ivi vingacitika para ŵanthu wose awo ŵali kulembeska mu gulu limoza ŵapelekeka ku ŵapharazgi.
Pakugwiliskira nchito vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana, mawupu ghakulembesa mabuku ghangaŵa na mwaŵi wa kupeleka mazina ghakupambanapambana ku awo ŵakulemba mabuku. Mwaciyelezgero, mupharazgi mulara wangapika mabokosi gha ISBN apo manambara ghachoko ghali kupelekeka ku munthu uyo wakulembeska ndipo manambara ghanandi ghali kupelekeka ku munthu uyo wakulemba mabuku. Apa pali ma code gha ISBN agho ghakulongora umo ma block ghakupambanirana.
Chiyowoyero cha Chingelezi
Vigaŵa vya gulu la kulembeska mu Cingelezi ni 0 na 1 (vigaŵa viŵiri pa vigaŵa vyakujumpha 220 vya gulu la kulembeska). Vinthu viŵiri ivi vya gulu la kulembeska vili kugaŵika mu vigaŵa vya munthu wakulembeska mu ndondomeko iyo yikovwira kumanya utali wake, nga ni umo vikuŵira:
Check digits
Chiŵerengero cha digito ni nthowa yakuwoneramo maubudi agho ghakovwira kumanya maubudi. Chiŵelengero ichi chili na nambara yimoza. Nthowa ya ISBN ya manambara 10 njakusazgikira kwa iyo ya SBNs, ntheura vyaru viŵiri ivi vikukolerana; SBN iyo yili na cero (ISBN ya manambara 10) yikuŵa na cikozgo cimoza na ca SBN kwambura cero. Chiŵerengero icho chikulembeka ni base 11, ndipo chingaŵa chiŵerengero chose pakati pa 0 na 9, panji 'X.' Nambala ya ISBN ya manambara 13 yikukolerana yayi na ya SBN ndipo kanandi yikupambana na ya manambara 10, ntheura yikuvikilirika yayi. Chifukwa ntchakuti nambara ya manambara 13 yikeneranga kukolerana na EAN, ntheura yikaŵanga na "X" yayi.
ISBN check digits
Kuyana na buku la 2001 la International ISBN Agency's official user manual, nambara ya ISBN (iyo ni nambara yaumaliro ya nambara 10 ya ISBN) yikwenera kuŵa pakati pa 0 na 10 (chimanyikwiro cha 'X' chikung'anamura 10), ndipo yikwenera kuŵa yakuti nambara 10 zose, yimoza na yimoza yikwenera kuŵikamo (nambara yimoza), kufuma pa 10 kufika pa 1, ni nambara yimoza na 11.
For example, for an ISBN of 0-306-40615-2:
Formally, using modular arithmetic, this is rendered
It is also true for ISBN s that the sum of all ten digits, each multiplied by its weight in ascending order from 1 to 10, is a multiple of 11. For this example:
Formally, this is rendered
The two most common errors in handling an ISBN (e.g. when typing it or writing it down) are a single altered digit or the transposition of adjacent digits. It can be proven mathematically that all pairs of valid ISBN s differ in at least two digits. It can also be proven that there are no pairs of valid ISBN s with eight identical digits and two transposed digits. (These proofs are true because the ISBN is less than eleven digits long and because 11 is a prime number.) The ISBN check digit method therefore ensures that it will always be possible to detect these two most common types of error, i.e., if either of these types of error has occurred, the result will never be a valid ISBN – the sum of the digits multiplied by their weights will never be a multiple of 11. However, if the error were to occur in the publishing house and remain undetected, the book would be issued with an invalid ISBN.
In contrast, it is possible for other types of error, such as two altered non-transposed digits, or three altered digits, to result in a valid ISBN (although it is still unlikely).
ISBN check digit calculation
Each of the first nine digits of the 10-digit ISBN – excluding the check digit itself – is multiplied by its (integer) weight, descending from 10 to 2, and the sum of these nine products found. The value of the check digit is simply the one number between 0 and 10 which, when added to this sum, means the total is a multiple of 11.
Tamboekiesdraai, KwaZulu Natal
Tamboekiesdraai, KwaZulu Natal ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Zululand District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha KwaZulu Natal, charu cha South Africa.
ISBN
ISBN check digit calculation
For example, the check digit for an ISBN of 0-306-40615-? is calculated as follows:
Adding 2 to 130 gives a multiple of 11 (because 132 = 12×11) – this is the only number between 0 and 10 which does so. Therefore, the check digit has to be 2, and the complete sequence is ISBN 0-306-40615-2. If the value of x_{10} required to satisfy this condition is 10, then an 'X' should be used.
Alternatively, modular arithmetic is convenient for calculating the check digit using modulus 11. The remainder of this sum when it is divided by 11 (i.e. its value modulo 11), is computed. This remainder plus the check digit must equal either 0 or 11. Therefore, the check digit is (11 minus the remainder of the sum of the products modulo 11) modulo 11. Taking the remainder modulo 11 a second time accounts for the possibility that the first remainder is 0. Without the second modulo operation, the calculation could result in a check digit value of 11 − 0 = 11, which is invalid. (Strictly speaking, the first "modulo 11" is not needed, but it may be considered to simplify the calculation.)
For example, the check digit for the ISBN of 0-306-40615-? is calculated as follows:
Thus the check digit is 2.
It is possible to avoid the multiplications in a software implementation by using two accumulators. Repeatedly adding  into   computes the necessary multiples: The modular reduction can be done once at the end, as shown above (in which case   could hold a value as large as 496, for the invalid ISBN 99999-999-9-X ), or   and   could be reduced by a conditional subtract after each addition.
Appendix 1 of the International ISBN Agency's official user manual describes how the 13-digit ISBN check digit is calculated. The ISBN check digit, which is the last digit of the ISBN, must range from 0 to 9 and must be such that the sum of all the thirteen digits, each multiplied by its (integer) weight, alternating between 1 and 3, is a multiple of 10. As ISBN is a subset of EAN-13, the algorithm for calculating the check digit is exactly the same for both.
Formally, using modular arithmetic, this is rendered:
The calculation of an ISBN check digit begins with the first twelve digits of the 13-digit ISBN (thus excluding the check digit itself). Each digit, from left to right, is alternately multiplied by 1 or 3, then those products are summed modulo 10 to give a value ranging from 0 to 9. Subtracted from 10, that leaves a result from 1 to 10. A zero replaces a ten, so, in all cases, a single check digit results.
For example, the ISBN check digit of 978-0-306-40615-? is calculated as follows: s = 9×1 + 7×3 + 8×1 + 0×3 + 3×1 + 0×3 + 6×1 + 4×3 + 0×1 + 6×3 + 1×1 + 5×3 =  9 +  21 +   8 +   0 +   3 +   0 +   6 +  12 +   0 +  18 +   1 +  15   = 93 93 / 10 = 9 remainder 3 10 – 3 = 7 Thus, the check digit is 7, and the complete sequence is ISBN 978-0-306-40615-7.
Let
Njira iyi ya kuwoneskera njakuyana waka na nthowa ya UPC ya kuwoneskera manambara. Para pali mphambano pakati pa manambara ghaŵiri gha pafupi na limoza, manambara ghaŵiri agha ghakusangika yayi. Mwaciyelezgero, ciyelezgero ico cili pacanya apa cikulongora kuti para nambala 6 yalondezgeka na nambala 1, mbwenu pali suzgo. Para nambala iyi yalembeka mu ndondomeko yiwemi, yikwimira 3 × 6 + 1 × 1 = 19; kweni para nambala iyi yalembeka mu nthowa yinyake (1 na 6), yikwimira 3 × 1 + 1 × 6 = 9. Ndipouli, 19 na 9 vikuyana waka, ndipo vyose vikuyana waka. Fomula ya ISBN yikugwiliskira ntchito nambala ya nambala 11 iyo yikovwira kuti munthu waleke kuwona vinthu mwambura kuwona.
Kweniso usange manambara ghaŵiri, ghanayi, ghankhondi na limoza.
ISBN to ISBN conversion
ISBN yikuzgoka ISBN para pa ISBN pali mazgu ghakuti "978" na kupendeseraso chiŵelengero chaumaliro. Para nambala yikwamba na chilembo chinyake padera pa 978, yingaŵa yayi.
Errors in usage
Publishers and libraries have varied policies about the use of the ISBN check digit. Publishers sometimes fail to check the correspondence of a book title and its ISBN before publishing it; that failure causes book identification problems for libraries, booksellers, and readers. For example, ISBN 0-590-76484-5 is shared by two books – Ninja gaiden: a novel based on the best-selling game by Tecmo (1990) and Wacky laws (1997), both published by Scholastic.
Bruges
Bruges ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha West Flanders mu charu cha Belgium mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
ISBN
Errors in usage
Most libraries and booksellers display the book record for an invalid ISBN issued by the publisher. The Library of Congress catalogue contains books published with invalid ISBNs, which it usually tags with the phrase "Cancelled ISBN". However, book-ordering systems will not search for a book if an invalid ISBN is entered to its search engine. The International Union Library Catalog (a.k.a., WorldCat OCLC – Online Computer Library Center system) often indexes by invalid ISBNs, if the book is indexed in that way by a member library.
eISBN
Only the term "ISBN" should be used; the terms "eISBN" and "e-ISBN" have historically been sources of confusion and should be avoided. If a book exists in one or more digital (e-book) formats, each of those formats must have its own ISBN. In other words, each of the three separate EPUB, Amazon Kindle, and PDF formats of a particular book will have its own specific ISBN. They should not share the ISBN of the paper version, and there is no generic "eISBN" which encompasses all the e-book formats for a title.
EAN format used in barcodes, and upgrading
Mazuŵa ghano, manambara agho ghali pa chikopi chakumasinda cha buku (panji mukati mwa chikopi chakunthazi cha buku la mapepara) ni EAN-13; ghangaŵa na manambara ghankhondi agho ghakulongora ndalama iyo munthu wakuguliska na mtengo wake. Pa manambara 10 gha ISBN, nambala ya "978", iyo ni Bookland "country code", yikwamba na ISBN mu barcode data, ndipo chiŵelengero cha check digit chikupendekaso kuyana na EAN-13 formula (modulo 10, 1× na 3× weighting on alternating digits).
Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa mazina ghanyake gha ISBN, wupu wa International Organization for Standardization (ISO) ukasintha mazina agha. Ndondomeko iyi yikamba pa Janyuwale 1, 2005, ndipo yikeneranga kumara pa Janyuwale 1, 2007. Kufumira mu 2011, manambara ghose 13 ghakwamba na 978. Pakuwona kuti nambala ya ISBN ya 978 yili kumara, ŵakalemba 979. Chigaŵa chimoza cha code 979 chikugwiliskirika ntchito na code ya Musicland pa sumu izo zili na ISMN. Makhodi gha ISMN gha manambara 10 ghakaŵa ghakupambana chifukwa ghakambanga na "M". Ma ISMN ghose sono ghali na manambara 13 agho ghakwamba na Template:Not a typo; Template:Not a typo to Template:Not a typo.
Nambara ya chigaŵa cha chiyowoyero ichi yikuyana yayi na nambala ya chigaŵa cha chiyowoyero chinyake. Kweniso, nambara ya ISBN ya manambara 10 yikuyana yayi na nambara ya ISBN ya manambara 13. Chifukwa chakuti GTIN-13 ntchigaŵa cha Global Trade Item Number (GTIN) system (iyo yikusazgapo GTIN-14, GTIN-12, na GTIN-8), ISBN ya manambara 13 yili na manambara 14.
Ekuvukeni, KwaZulu Natal
Ekuvukeni, KwaZulu Natal ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la UThukela District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha KwaZulu Natal, charu cha South Africa.
Damme
Damme ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha West Flanders mu charu cha Belgium mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Elandslaagte, KwaZulu Natal
Elandslaagte, KwaZulu Natal ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la UThukela District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha KwaZulu Natal, charu cha South Africa.
Alfred Duma, KwaZulu Natal
Alfred Duma, KwaZulu Natal ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la UThukela District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha KwaZulu Natal, charu cha South Africa.
Colenso, KwaZulu Natal
Colenso, KwaZulu Natal ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la UThukela District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha KwaZulu Natal, charu cha South Africa.
Helpmekaar, KwaZulu Natal
Helpmekaar, KwaZulu Natal ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la UThukela District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha KwaZulu Natal, charu cha South Africa.
Inkosi Langalibalele, KwaZulu Natal
Inkosi Langalibalele, KwaZulu Natal ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la UThukela District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha KwaZulu Natal, charu cha South Africa.
Diksmuide
Diksmuide ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha West Flanders mu charu cha Belgium mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Lo-Reninge
Lo-Reninge ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha West Flanders mu charu cha Belgium mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Kortrijk
Kortrijk ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha West Flanders mu charu cha Belgium mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Izegem
Izegem ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha West Flanders mu charu cha Belgium mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Driefontein, KwaZulu Natal
Driefontein, KwaZulu Natal ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la UThukela District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha KwaZulu Natal, charu cha South Africa.
Gulu la bola la Ethiopia
Gulu la bola la Ethiopia (Amharic: የአትዮጵያ ብሔራዊእግር ኳስ ቡድን), chotchedwa ዋሊያ, chifukwa cha Walia, chikuyimira Ethiopia mu bola wapadziko lonse wa amuna ndipo chikuwongoleredwa ndi Ethiopian Football Federation, bungwe lolamulira mpira ku Ethiopia. Gulu ili likuyimira charu cha Ethiopia pa viphikiro vya chigaŵa, vya pa charu chose, na vyaru vinyake kwambira waka apo likakhazikiskikira mu 1943. Walias ŵakuseŵera pa sitediyamu ya Addis Ababa. Ŵali pa malo gha 150 pa charu chose ku FIFA World Rankings na 44 pa CAF.
Charu cha Ethiopia chikaŵa chimoza mwa vyaru vitatu (pamoza na Egypt na Sudan) ivyo vikagwirako nchito pa Africa Cup of Nations mu 1957. Mu 1962, likathereskeka apo likaŵaso malo ghakukhalapo. Ndipouli, kwamba kuumaliro wa m'ma 1960, vinthu vikwenda makora yayi. Pa nyengo ya Sewnet Bishaw, timu iyi yikafika ku Africa Cup of Nations mu 2013 pamanyuma pa vyaka 31.
Harelbeke
Harelbeke ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha West Flanders mu charu cha Belgium mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Kliprivier, KwaZulu Natal
Kliprivier, KwaZulu Natal ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la UThukela District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha KwaZulu Natal, charu cha South Africa.
Menen
Menen ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha West Flanders mu charu cha Belgium mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Watersmeet, KwaZulu Natal
Watersmeet, KwaZulu Natal ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la UThukela District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha KwaZulu Natal, charu cha South Africa.
Mesen
Mesen ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha West Flanders mu charu cha Belgium mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Estcourt, KwaZulu Natal
Estcourt, KwaZulu Natal ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la UThukela District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha KwaZulu Natal, charu cha South Africa.
Nieuwpoort, Belgium
Nieuwpoort, Belgium ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha West Flanders mu charu cha Belgium mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Van Reenen, KwaZulu Natal
Van Reenen, KwaZulu Natal ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la UThukela District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha KwaZulu Natal, charu cha South Africa.
Mlonga wa Chasefu
Mlonga wa Chasefu ni mlonga wa Boma la Mzimba, Malawi.
Wembezi, KwaZulu Natal
Wembezi, KwaZulu Natal ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la UThukela District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha KwaZulu Natal, charu cha South Africa.
Ostend
Ostend ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha West Flanders mu charu cha Belgium mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Chad
Chad, mwalamulo Charu cha Chad, ni charu icho chili pa mphambano ya kumpoto na pakati pa Africa. Charu ichi chili na mphaka na vyaru nga ni Libya kumpoto, Sudan kumafumiro gha dazi, Central African Republic kumwera, Cameroon kumwera cha kumanjiliro gha dazi, Nigeria kumwera cha kumanjiliro gha dazi, na Niger kumanjiliro gha dazi. Chadi chili na ŵanthu 16 miliyoni, ndipo 1.6 miliyoni ŵakukhala mu msumba ukuru wa N'Djamena.
Moyeni, KwaZulu Natal
Moyeni, KwaZulu Natal ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la UThukela District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha KwaZulu Natal, charu cha South Africa.
Chad
Kwambira mu vyaka vya m'ma 1000 B.C.E., ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakasamira mu Chadi. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1000 C.E., maufumu ghanandi ghakawuka na kuwa mu chigaŵa cha Sahel ku Chad. Mu 1920, caru ca France cikathereska caru ici na kuciŵika mu cigaŵa ca French Equatorial Africa. Mu 1960, charu cha Chad chikamba kujiwusa chekha mwakulongozgeka na François Tombalbaye. Ŵanthu ŵakakwiya comene na ivyo wakacita ku mpoto kwa caru ca Muslim, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti paŵe nkhondo ya cikaya mu 1965. Mu 1979, ŵakugaluka ŵakathereska msumba uwu na kumazga muwuso wa ŵanthu ŵa ku South. Ŵalongozgi ŵa gulu la ŵakugaluka ŵakarwanga lumoza m'paka Hissène Habré wakatonda ŵalwani ŵake. Nkhondo ya Chadian-Libya yikamba mu 1978 cifukwa ca nkhondo ya ku Libya iyo yikamara mu 1987 na nkhondo ya ku France (Operation Épervier). Mu 1990, Hissène Habré wakathereskeka na mulara wake Idriss Déby. Na wovwiri wa ku France, mu 1991 gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa ku Chad likamba kunozgekaso. Kwambira mu 2003, suzgo la ku Darfur mu Sudan likasazgikira pa mphaka ndipo likapangiska kuti caru cileke kukhazikika. Charu ichi chikaŵa kale mukavu, ndipo ŵanthu ŵake ŵakasuzgikanga kuti ŵakwaniske kupokelera ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakufuma ku Sudan awo ŵakukhala mu misasa ya ŵanthu ŵakuchimbira kwawo ku chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Chad.
Nangauli magulu ghanandi gha ndyali ghakakolerana na wupu wakulongozga mu Chad, wupu wa National Assembly, kweni mazaza ghakaŵa mu mawoko gha Patriotic Salvation Movement mu nyengo ya Idriss Déby, uyo boma lake likalongosoreka kuti ndakuzomerezgeka. Panyuma pakuti President Déby wakomeka na ŵakugaluka ŵa FACT mu April 2021, wupu wa Transitional Military Council uwo ukalongozgeka na mwana wake Mahamat Déby ukamba kuwusa boma na kuswa wupu wa Assembly. Chadi wakulutilira kusuzgika na vivulupi vya ndyali ndiposo kuyezga kupoka boma.
Ladysmith, KwaZulu Natal
Ladysmith, KwaZulu Natal ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la UThukela District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha KwaZulu Natal, charu cha South Africa.
Chad
Chadi yili pa malo gha chiŵiri pa malo ghachoko chomene pa ndondomeko ya chitukuko cha ŵanthu, na 0.394 mu 2021 ndipo yili pa malo gha 190. Ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala mu tawuni iyi mbakavu ndipo ŵalimi. Kwambira mu 2003, mafuta ghakununkhira ndigho ghakovwira chomene pa malonda gha vyakurya. Chadi yili na mbiri yiheni pa nkhani ya wanangwa wa ŵanthu, ndipo kanandi ŵanthu ŵakusuzgika, nga nkhujalirika mu jele mwakuyana na khumbo lawo, kukoma ŵanthu kwambura mulandu, na kukanizga wanangwa wa ŵanthu.
Weenen, KwaZulu Natal
Weenen, KwaZulu Natal ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la UThukela District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha KwaZulu Natal, charu cha South Africa.
Chad
Mbili yakwambilila
Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1000 B.C.E., malo ghakukhala ŵanthu ghakaŵa ku chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa charu cha Chad, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga chomene. Vinyake mwa malo ghakuzirwa comene gha ku Africa agho ŵanthu ŵakusanda vinthu vyakale ŵakughasanga ku Chad, comenecomene mu cigaŵa ca Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti.
Kwa vilimika vyakujumpha 2,000, ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa ichi ŵakutemwa kulima. Malo agha ghakazgoka malo ghakupambanapambana. Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakaŵako ni awo ŵakamanyikwanga na vimanyikwiro vya ku Sao. Ufumu wa Sao ukathereskeka na Ufumu wa Kanem, uwo ukaŵa wakwamba na wakukhalilira nyengo yitali chomene pa maufumu agho ghakaŵa mu chigaŵa cha Sahel ku Chad kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1000 C.E. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500 na 1500 C.E., mu chigaŵa ichi mukaŵa maufumu ghanyake ghaŵiri, la Bagirmi na Wadai. Kanem na awo ŵakamulondezganga ŵakaŵa na mazaza pa nthowa za malonda izo zikendanga kujumpha mu Sahara. Vyaru ivi, ivyo vikaŵa vya Cisilamu, vikatemwanga yayi kumwera kwa caru ici. Ku Kanem, pafupifupi cigaŵa cimoza pa vigaŵa vitatu vya ŵanthu ŵakaŵa ŵazga.
French colonial period (1900–1960)
Mu 1900, boma la France likapangiska kuti charu cha Chad chiŵe na ŵasilikari. Kuzakafika mu 1920, caru ca France cikaŵa kuti capokera mazaza ghose gha caru ici ndipo cikaŵa cigaŵa ca French Equatorial Africa. Boma la France likaŵa na fundo zakovwira kuti charu ichi chiŵe na umoza yayi kweniso likasintha viŵi yayi pakuyaniska na maboma ghanyake gha France.
Ŵanthu ŵa ku France ŵakawonanga kuti malo agha ghakaŵa gha ŵanthu ŵambura kusambira ntchito na makuni gha makuni gha makuni. Boma la ku Chad likaŵa na ŵanthu ŵachoko comene ndipo likathembanga waka ŵantchito ŵa boma la France. Malo gha Sara agho ghakaŵa kumwera pera ndigho ghakalongozgekanga makora. Ndondomeko ya masambiro yikakhwaskika cifukwa ca kuleka kupulikira.
Poperinge
Poperinge ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha West Flanders mu charu cha Belgium mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Chad
Ulamulilo wa Tombalbaye (1960-1979)
Pakati pajumpha vyaka viŵiri, Tombalbaye wakazomerezga yayi vyaru vinyake kuti viŵe na chipani chimoza. Muwuso wa Tombalbaye uwo ukaŵa wankhongono comene na kuwusa uheni, vikapangiska kuti paŵe mphindano pakati pa mafuko. Mu 1965, Ŵasilamu ŵa kumpoto, awo ŵakalongozgekanga na gulu la National Liberation Front of Chad (French: Front de libération nationale du Tchad, FRONILAT), ŵakamba nkhondo ya pawenenawene. Mu 1975, Tombalbaye wakathereskeka, kweni ŵanthu ŵakalutilira kuwukira boma. Mu 1979, gulu la ŵakugaluka ilo likalongozgekanga na Hissène Habré likapoka msumba wa msumba uwu, ndipo boma lose likamara. Magulu gha nkhondo, ghanandi mwa agha ghakafuma ku kumpoto, ghakakwesananga mazaza.
Nkhondo yakwamba ya ku Chad (1979-1987)
Kupatukana kwa Chad kukapangiska kuti caru ca France cileke kuŵa na nkhongono. Libiya likagwiranga nchito iyi na kunjilirapo pa nkhondo ya mukati mu caru ca Chad. Nkhondo ya ku Libya yikamalira pa ngozi mu 1987; pulezidenti uyo wakakhozgeka na France, Hissène Habré, wakawovwira ŵanthu ŵa mu Chadi kuti ŵaŵe ŵakukolerana, ndipo wakachimbizga ŵasilikari ŵa ku Libya mu Chadi.