cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Kitwe
Sukulu
Elim Primary School ni sukulu yichoko iyo yikupeleka masambiro gha ku sukulu na masambiro gha ku pulayimale (pre-school and primary school) ku Zambia (makamaka Macmillan na Longman), ndipo yikupeleka masambiro gha kuskamba na maseŵero gha maseŵero ghankhongono kanayi pa sabata. Nangauli sukulu iyi njakutowa, kweni yikupeleka mafumbo ghanandi gha mu kilasi la nambara 7. St. Johns Convent School Sukulu iyi njimoza mwa masukulu ghakurughakuru gha Katolika mu chigaŵa ichi, sukulu iyi yikupeleka masambiro gha kusukulu, masambiro gha ku pulayimale na masambiro gha ku sekondare kuyana na masukulu gha ku Zambia. Sukulu iyi yikambiska na kwendeska na ŵadumbu ŵa Yohane Mubatizi (Ŵabatizini).
Sukulu ya Kawama Pentecostal Holiness School (yakuti yinganangika yayi na sukulu ya Kawama School mu Kamitondo) pasono yikuzengeka na sukulu ya Cranleigh School mwakukolerana na bungwe la UK, Beyond Ourselves. Sukulu iyi yili ku Kitwe, mu cigaŵa ca Kawama. Mu Ogasiti 2011, ŵana ŵa sukulu 17 ŵa ku Cranleigh School ŵakagwiliskira ntchito masabata ghaŵiri kuti ŵajare nyumba ya vipinda vinayi. Ulendo unyake wa ku sukulu ya Cranleigh ukunozgekera mu Okutobala 2011 na cilato cakuti nyumba ya sukulu iyi yimare kuzengeka na kujurira sukulu yiphya ku ŵana ŵa sukulu 210 (awo pasono ŵakusambira mu nyumba ya mpingo wa cipinda cimoza) mu Janyuwale 2012.
Ntchito ya kuzenga iyi yikagwiliskirika nchito na ndalama izo zikawuskika pa ungano wa Sponsored Walk uwo ukacitika mu cihanya ca 2010, ndipo uwu ndiwo ukaŵa wambiro wa ubwezi wa nyengo yitali pakati pa Cranleigh na Kawama School. Sukulu ya Cranleigh sono yikugwira nchito ya kupanga pulogiramu ya kovwira ŵana ku Kawama iyo yizamupeleka malipiro ku ŵantchito (kuti ŵafiske masambiro ghawo) pamoza na cakurya ca mise ndiposo yunifomu ya sukulu kwa mwana waliyose. Ndondomeko ya vyakurya iyo yikupeleka chakurya njakuzirwa comene cifukwa yikovwira ŵanakazi ŵa mu cigaŵa ici kuti ŵagwirenge nchito mu khichini, kweniso yikovwira kuti ŵana ŵaryenge cakurya cimoza zuŵa lililose. Mu cigaŵa ico ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵali na HIV na AIDS, ndipo ŵana ŵanandi ŵakumwa munkhwala wakukoma majeremusi, ntchakuzirwa comene kuti ŵaryenge makora.
Sukulu ya Cranleigh sono yikukhumba kovwira ŵana wose awo ŵakusambira pa sukulu ya Kawama. Ŵakucita nthena kwizira mu kuŵeyelera ŵapapi, ndiposo mu makampeni agho ghakucitika mu nyumba yiliyose ya ŵana.
Ku Kitwe kuli sukulu ya migodi, Konkola Trust School, iyo yikusambizga ŵanthu ŵakugwilira nchito mu migodi ya mkuwa; ndiposo gulu la ŵanthu awo ŵakwenda pa ndege ilo likusambizga ŵanthu awo ŵakwenda pa ndege pafupi na malo ghakuwonelerapo. Gulu ili lili pa malo agho pakaŵa chiŵanja cha ndege cha Kitwe.
Universities, Colleges and Institutes
Kitwe has three universities:
CBU (Copperbelt University) is a public university that was initially the Zambia Institute of Technology (ZIT), then part of UNZA (University of Zambia) (oddly, as University of Zambia, Ndola campus, "UNZANDO"). It was separated and established as an independent institution in 1987. It is one of the biggest universities in the country as it has 5,000 students and 600 members of staff. The university is organised under a lifelong education directorate and ten schools namely:
Copperstone University a privately owned university, located in the adjacent Luanshya District on the Ndola-Kitwe Dual Carriageway.
Zambia Catholic University a private university owned and run by the Zambia Episcopal Conference is located in Kalulushi, 15.2 km (15 minutes drive) from the city of Kitwe.
Mukuba University formerly known as Copperbelt Secondary Teachers' College (cosetco), has had the important specialized function of training teachers of Science, Mathematics and Home Economics for the nation's secondary schools, a task it has performed since it was first opened by the Ministry of Education in 1974.
The city is also home to many colleges and institutes.
KCE (Kitwe College of Education) opened in 1935 – formerly called KTTC (Kitwe Teachers' Training College) – The largest Primary teachers' College in Zambia. Currently, It offers certificates in Primary and Pre-school teachers' education. From 2011 it will start offering diploma courses in primary teachers Education.
ZIBSIP (Zambia Institute of Business Studies and Industrial Practice)-an institute that provides Business courses.
Kitwe Community Development Staff Training College--- A government institution, officially opened in September 1966, that provides training in Community Development
Mindolo Ecumenical Foundation
The Mindolo Ecumenical Foundation, founded in 1958, in Mindolo Township, Kitwe. Mindolo is an interdenominational center that serves as a place of worship, study, consultation and reconciliation.
The campus includes:
The Dag Hammarskjöld 'Messengers of Peace' Training Programme is run by the Foundation. The objectives of this bi-annual two-week training programme are:
In addition to this two-week training programme, the Mindolo Ecumenical Foundation (MEF), which executes the programme, offers a three-month Peace Certificate covering conflict analysis, conflict resolution, human rights, training of trainers, mediation skills, restorative justice and non-violent strategies. A nine-month Peace Certificate in conflict resolution, peace-building, computer training and democracy is also offered.
Health care
Kitwe has a good health care system.
Dentist surgeries include:
Optical clinics include:
Other health facilities and Hospitals include:
Schelklingen
Schelklingen ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Kitwe
Population
Kuyana na boma la Kitwe City Council, ku Kitwe kukaŵa ŵanthu 24 peresenti mu chigaŵa cha Copperbelt mu 2019. Wupu wa United Nations World Population Prospects ukati chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵa ku Kitwe mu 2021 chikaŵa 710,000 apo wupu wa Zambia Statistics Agency ukati chiŵelengero ichi chikaŵa 738,320. Mu tawuni iyi muli ŵanthu ŵakujumpha hafu ya ŵanthu wose ŵa mu chigaŵa cha Copperbelt.
Schalkau
Schalkau ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Kitwe
Religion
Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Kitwe, pafupifupi 98.5%, Mbakhristu kweni paliso magulu ghanyake nga Mbasilamu na Ŵahindu. Paliso Ŵasikh, Ŵajaini, na Ŵayuda.
Arcozelo (Barcelos)
Arcozelo (Barcelos) ni msumba mu charu cha Portugal. Portugal ntcharu ico cili ku Iberian Peninsula, kumwera kwa kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Europe, ndipo caru ici chikusazgapo vyaru vya Azores, Madeira, na Virwa vya Savage.
Arganil, Portugal
Arganil, Portugal ni msumba mu charu cha Portugal. Portugal ntcharu ico cili ku Iberian Peninsula, kumwera kwa kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Europe, ndipo caru ici chikusazgapo vyaru vya Azores, Madeira, na Virwa vya Savage.
Schwanebeck
Schwanebeck ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Chuulunga, Chama
Chuulunga ni msumba mu Boma la Chama, Zambia.
Arcos de Valdevez
Arcos de Valdevez ni msumba mu charu cha Portugal. Portugal ntcharu ico cili ku Iberian Peninsula, kumwera kwa kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Europe, ndipo caru ici chikusazgapo vyaru vya Azores, Madeira, na Virwa vya Savage.
Ilz, Styria
Ilz, Styria ni msumba mu boma la Styria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Schwarzatal
Schwarzatal ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Irdning-Donnersbachtal
Irdning-Donnersbachtal ni msumba mu boma la Styria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Scheinfeld
Scheinfeld ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Bingu wa Mutharika
Bingu wa Mutharika, uyu pakubabika wakaŵa na zina la Brightson Ryson Webster Thom mu mwezi wachibili pa zuba la makhumi yabili na yanayi (24 February) mu chaka cha 1934. Mutharika kwawo ni mu boma la Thyolo ilo lili pafupi-fupi ma kilomita makhumi yatatu (30) kufuma mu msumba wa Blantyre. Awiske ba Bingu bakaba basambizgi ba sukulu yakudanga (primary school). Wati wamalizga masambilo mu Malawi wakaluta na kukapanga masambilo gha ukhwantha ku Delhi (University of Delhi) ku chalo cha India. Uku, Mutharika wakawukako na masambilo ayo pa chingelezi bakuti Masters Degree mu vyakukhwaskana na vyuma (Economics). Wati wamala masambilo ayo, wakapangaso masambilo yapachanya chomene (Doctorate Degree) ku sukulu ya Pacific Western University ku Los Angeles, mu chalo cha America.
Schwandorf
Schwandorf ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Bingu wa Mutharika
Mutharika wakagwilapo ntchito mu boma mu vyalo vya Malaŵi na Zambia ndipo mu chaka cha 1978 Mutharika wakanjila ntchito ku United Nations uko wakakwela kufika pa kuba mulala wa nkhani ya chuma cha malonda na chitukuko (Director of Trade and Development Finance) mu Africa. Mu chaka cha 1991 Mutharika wakalembeka ntchito kuba mulala wa wupu wa vya malonda wa vyalo vya ku mafumilo ya zuba na ku mwela kwa Africa (Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa), COMESA.
Hohentauern
Hohentauern ni msumba mu boma la Styria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Bingu wa Mutharika
Ku Malaŵi kwati kwayamba boma la vipani vinandi mu chaka cha 1993, Mutharika wakaba mumoza mwa banthu awo bakayamba chipani cha United Democratic Front (UDF) ndipo wakati wawona kuti wakupulikana yayi na wendeskelo wa Bakili Muluzi pa nkhani ya chuma cha Malaŵi, Mutharika wakayamba chipani chake chakuchemeka United Party mu chaka cha 1997. Mu 1999 Mutharika wakayezga kuyima pa chisankho cha mulongozgi wa Malaŵi kweni wakatondeka.
Bati bamuchimbizga ntchito ku COMESA, Mutharika wakagwilapo ntchito ngeti ni wachibili kwa mulala wa banki yikulu ya Malaŵi (Reserve Bank of Malaŵi) ndipo mu 2002 wakasoleka kuba nduna ya kunozga vya chuma na chitukuko (Economic Planning and Development).
Mu chaka cha 2003 Mutharika wakasoleka na Bakili Muluzi kuti wabe muyimilili wa chipani cha United Democratic Front (UDF) pa chisankho cha mulongozgi wa chalo cha Malaŵi. Nanga uli banthu banandi mu UDF bakakondwela yayi na kusankhika kwa Mutharika na Muluzi pa iyo yekha ndiposo banyakhe banandi bakafumamo muxo UDF chifukwa cha nkhani iyi, Mutharika wakachiyimilila chipani ichi ndipo pa chisankho icho chikachitika pa zuba la makhumi yabili la mwezi wachinkhondi (20 May) mu chaka cha 2004 Mutharika wakasoleka kuba mulongozgi wa Malaŵi pa chisankho icho banthu banandi, kusazgilapo bayimilili ba European Union bali kuti chikaba chakwibila. Pa zuba la makhumi yabili na chinayi mu mwezi wene uwu wachinkhondi (24 May) Mutharika wakazgoka mulongozgi wachitatu wa Malaŵi.
Banthu banandi bakaghana-ghananga kuti Mutharika wabenge ‘mzguka’ (puppet) wa Muluzi kweni pa myezi yakwamba Mutharika wawoneska kuti wapambana chomene na Muluzi uyo wakasakazanga na kwiba ndalama za boma.
Mutharika wakayamba makola chomene ulongozgi wake kweni vikuwoneka kuti nayo vimbundi ni vinanndi kuti waka wakwiba mwakuchenjela. Mutharika wakuwoneka kuti ni munthu mutesi chomene chifukwa vinandi ivyo wakuyowoya vikuwoneska wuchenjezi wake.
Pa zuba la 8 February 2006 Mutharika wakaphalila wupu wabaMalawi kuti wachibili wake Cassim Chilumpha wathula pasi udindo wake (m'machitiro) chifukwa chakugwenthagwentha mawungano (indaba) ghabalalabalala baboma. Nkhani iyi kuti yikakondweska baChilumpha chara, ndipo bakalitorela boma kukhoti. Panyengo yasono, Khoti lilikulamula kuti Khoti la Kendeskero ka charu ndilo liwunike kuti kasi wachibili kwa president wangathula pasi udindo mwantheura.
Muwoli wa Bingu wa Mutharika, Ethel Mutharika, uyo kwawo kukaba ku Zimbabwe wakafwa pa 28 May 2007 wakalwalanga matenda ya cancer. Pakwamba, nyumba ya boma yikakananga kuti muwoli wa Bingu wakulwala.
Pa 19 May 2009 Bingu wakasolekaso kuba mlongozgi wa chalo cha Malaŵi nangauli banthu banyakhe bakuti wakasoleka chifukwa wakiba ma voti yanandi. Wati wasolekaso munthu uyu wakayamba ulongozgi wa uchinyama ndipo wakayambiskaso kusankha pa kusola basambili bakuluta ku ma school ya secondary na ku malo yakusambililako vya pachanya (university).
Bingu wakatolaso mwanakazi munyakhe pa 17 April 2010 apo wakatolela Callista Chaponda Chimombo. Banthu banyakhe bakuti chibwezi cha Bingu na Callista chikayamba ndipo muwoli wakwamba wa Bingu wachali wamoyo.
Bingu wali kukoma banthu 19 pa zuba la 20 July 2011 pa zuba ilo ba Malaŵi bakawokeskanga kuleka kukondwa na umo chalo cha Malaŵi chikuyendeskekela.
Bingu wakafwa pa 5 April 2012 mtima wake wati waleka kugwira ntchito, icho pa chingerezi bakuti cardiac arrest ndipo wakayikika mu dindi pa 23 April 2012 ku munda wake uwo wakazenga na ndalama zakwiba wa Ndata. Banandi mu chalo cha Malaŵi bakakondwa chomene na nyifwa ya munthu uyu.
Pa zuba la 7 April 2012 mama Joyce Banda wakakhazikiskika kuba mulongozgi wa chalo cha Malaŵi nanga uli banyakhe bakakhumbanga kumuphanga ulongozgi uwo malango ya chalo cha Malaŵi yakamupa iyo pa kufwa kwaBingu.
Kitwe
Nationality
Mu msumba uwu ndimo muli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Europe kuluska mu msumba unyake uliwose wa ku Zambia. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Kitwe ŵalipo 2% ŵa ku Europe, 1% ŵa ku Asia, hafu ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Arabia, na 1.5% ŵa ku Africa. Apo ntchito ya migodi yikambanga mu chigaŵa cha Copperbelt, chigaŵa cha Luapula, chigaŵa cha kumpoto, chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi, na chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi vikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakagwiranga ntchito mu migodi chifukwa ŵanthu ŵa ku Lambas ŵakakhumbanga yayi kugwira ntchito iyi. Ŵanyake ŵakafuma ku vyaru vinyake nga ni ŵa ku Tanzania na Malawi.
Baixa da Banheira
Baixa da Banheira ni msumba mu charu cha Portugal. Portugal ntcharu ico cili ku Iberian Peninsula, kumwera kwa kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Europe, ndipo caru ici chikusazgapo vyaru vya Azores, Madeira, na Virwa vya Savage.
Kitwe
Nationality
Mazuŵa ghano, mu tawuni ya Kitwe muli ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghose gha ku Zambia na ŵamitundu yinyake. Kuyana na boma la Kitwe City Council, ku Kitwe kuli ŵanthu 24 peresenti mu chigaŵa cha Copperbelt.
Sightseeing
The landscape around Kitwe is an attractive mix of gently undulating woodland, dambos, farmland and rivers such as the Kafue River flowing along Kitwe's eastern and southern edges.
Recent development
Kitwe wali na malo ghakusungirako vinthu ghatatu: Copper Hill (pa msewu wa Kitwe-Chingola), Mukuba Mall (mu Parklands pa malo ghakale gha Kitwe zoo) na ECL Business Park (Freedom Park). Mukuba Mall yikajulika mu Epulero 2015 na pulezidenti Edgar Chagwa Lungu. Malo ghanyake ghakuzengera mu msumba uwu. Malo agha ghakeneranga kujura mu 2014, ndipo ntchito ya kuzenga yikamba na kumara kanandi waka. Mu Meyi 2016, ntchito zidayambiranso ndipo mu Disembala 2018, malo ogulitsira adatsegulidwa mwalamulo ndipo adatchulidwanso (kutengera Purezidenti Edgar Chagwa Lungu).
Ma banki
Kitwe is home to local and international stores and restaurants, including:
Mukuba Mall is the largest shopping centre (mall).
Schwarzenbach am Wald
Schwarzenbach am Wald ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Kitwe
Market
Kitwe has a variety of markets. The two major ones are:
Twin towns – sister cities
Kitwe's has five twin towns and sister cities:
Ukaboni
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Buchanan County, Virginia
Buchanan County, Virginia ni msumba uchoko panji nkhalwe (county pachingelezi) iyo ikusangika mu boma likulu la Virginia mu charu cha United States of America. Boma likulu la Virginia lina tumisumba 133 mukwati mwake (counties).
Argozelo
Argozelo ni msumba mu charu cha Portugal. Portugal ntcharu ico cili ku Iberian Peninsula, kumwera kwa kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Europe, ndipo caru ici chikusazgapo vyaru vya Azores, Madeira, na Virwa vya Savage.
Schwarzenbach an der Saale
Schwarzenbach an der Saale ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Schwarzenbek
Schwarzenbek ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Ilztal
Ilztal ni msumba mu boma la Styria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Jagerberg
Jagerberg ni msumba mu boma la Styria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Schwarzenborn (Knüll)
Schwarzenborn (Knüll) ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Brunswick County, Virginia
Brunswick County, Virginia ni msumba uchoko panji nkhalwe (county pachingelezi) iyo ikusangika mu boma likulu la Virginia mu charu cha United States of America. Boma likulu la Virginia lina tumisumba 133 mukwati mwake (counties).
Andrews County, Texas
Andrews County, Texas ni nkhalwe panji muzi uwo ukusangika mu nthavwa panji state ya Texas, mu charu cha United States of America, ku Amerika Wakumpoto.
Baião, Portugal
Baião, Portugal ni msumba mu charu cha Portugal. Portugal ntcharu ico cili ku Iberian Peninsula, kumwera kwa kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Europe, ndipo caru ici chikusazgapo vyaru vya Azores, Madeira, na Virwa vya Savage.
Nyasaland
Nyasaland likaŵa zina lakale la charu cha Malaŵi chakulongozgeka na charu cha Britain icho chikaŵa na mazaza pa charu cha Africa ilo likakhazikiskika mu 1907. Pakati pa 1953 na 1963, charu cha Nyasaland chikaŵa mu vyaru vya Rhodesia na Nyasaland. Nkhondo iyi yikati yamara, charu cha Nyasaland chikamba kujiyimira pachekha kufuma ku Britain pa 6 July 1964.
Mbiri ya charu cha Nyasaland yikulongora kuti mu nyengo yakwambilira, ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Africa ŵakataya malo ghawo. Mu Janyuwale 1915, Muliska John Chilembwe wakayezga kuwukira ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa. Ŵalara ŵa boma ŵakasintha vinyake ivyo ŵakachitanga. Kwambira mu ma 1930, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakasambira chomene, ŵanandi awo ŵakasambira ku United Kingdom, ŵakamba kuchita ndyali. Ŵakambiska mawupu ghanyake, ndipo pamanyuma pa 1944, ŵakambiska bungwe la Nyasaland African Congress (NAC).
Mu 1953, apo charu cha Nyasaland chikapangika kuti chiŵe mu wupu wa Southern na Northern Rhodesia, pakawuka vivulupi chifukwa ŵanthu ŵakakondwanga yayi na vinthu ivi. Pakuti NAC yikatondeka kukanizga ivi, yikamara. Nyengo yichoko waka, muwiro unyake wa ŵawukirano uwo ukaŵa na nkharo yiwemi, ukawuskaso gulu ili. Ŵakamupempha Hastings Banda kuti wawelere ku caru cawo na kucitolera ku wanangwa wa Malawi mu 1964.
Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu
Kafukufuku uyu wakachitika mu 1911, ndipo wakaŵa wakwamba kufuma apo boma la Nyasaland likasinthira zina. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi ŵakaŵa: Ŵafrika, awo ŵakamanyikwanga kuti "ŵakukhala mu charu ichi": 969,183, Ŵazungu 766, Ŵasiliya 481. Mu Malichi 1920, ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakaŵa 1,015 ndipo ŵa ku Asia ŵakaŵa 515. Mu 1919, ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakakwana 561,600 ŵanalume na 664,400 ŵanakazi. Msumba ukuru wa Blantyre ukaŵa na ŵanthu 300 ŵa ku Europe. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakakhalanga mu caru ici ŵakaŵa ŵachoko comene, ŵakaŵa 1,948 pera mu 1945. Kuzakafika mu 1960, ciŵelengero cawo cikakwera kufika pa 9,500, kweni pamanyuma pake cikakhira cifukwa ca nkhondo ya wanangwa. Ŵanandi awo ŵakakhalanga mu msumba uwu ŵakaŵa ŵa fuko la ku Asia, ndipo ŵanandi ŵakaŵa ŵamalonda..
Ŵanthu ŵa mu cigaŵa ici ŵakaŵa ŵanandi, kweni ŵakaŵavya fundo yakupulikikwa makora. Mu khoti linyake ku Nyasaland mu 1929, mweruzgi wakati: "Munthu uyo ni mwenekaya wa mu Africa ni uyo ni wa mtundu unyake yayi, kwali wa ku Europe panji ku Asia. Mtundu panji uko munthu wali kufuma vikuthemba pa uko wakababikira yayi. Mtundu wa ŵanthu ukuthemba pa ndopa izo zikwenda mu misipa yawo". Mwakupambana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakafuma ku Britain, ŵanthu ŵa ku Nyasaland ŵakaŵa na wanangwa wa kukhala ku Britain yayi, kweni ŵakaŵa na wanangwa wa kukhala ku Britain. Lizgu lakuti'mweneko' likagwiliskirika nchito pa macenjezgo ghose agho ghakacitika mu vyaru ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa Britain m'paka mu 1945.
Ŵanthu awo ŵakalembeka mu nyengo ya makoloni kweniso awo ŵakalembeka pambere charu chindambe kujiyimira paŵekha, ŵalipo ŵanandi chomene. Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu charu ichi ni awo ŵali na malo ghakukhalako. Ukaboni: Lipoti laumaliro la kalembera wa 1966 wa ku Malawi, Zomba, 1968.
Ŵanthu awo ŵakalembeka mu nyengo ya makoloni ŵakamanyanga makora yayi: mu 1901 na 1911, ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakakhalanga mwakuyana na msonkho uwo ŵakakhomanga mu nyumba za ŵanthu. Pa kalembera wa mu 1921, 1926, na 1931, ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakalembeka yayi. Kafukufuku uyo wakacitika mu 1945 wakaŵa muwemi comene, kweni wakaŵa waunenesko yayi. Pa kalembera wa mu 1921, 1931, na 1945, wose ŵakalembapo unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakasamukira ku Mozambique. Awo ŵakalembeka pambere chaka cha 1945 chindafike ŵakalongosora makora yayi unandi wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa kweniso unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakafumanga ku Nyasaland..
Mu nyengo yose iyo ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru ivi, ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga chomene mu vyaru vya ku Nyasaland na Malawi. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵakasazgikiranga mwaluŵiro comene pakati pa 1901 na 1931, kweni cifukwa ca unandi wa ŵana awo ŵakafwanga na matenda gha mu vyaru vya mu mphepo, ciŵelengero ici cikasazgikiranga comene. Vikuwoneka kuti ciŵelengero ici cikasazgikira cifukwa ca ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku Mozambique. Kwamba mu 1931 m'paka mu 1945, chiŵelengero cha ŵana chikakwera kaŵiri, panji chifukwa chakuti ŵadokotala ŵakamba kuŵawovwira makora. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵakalutilira kuluta ku vyaru vinyake mu nyengo ya ukoloni, kweni ŵakakhwaskika viŵi yayi.
Pa kalembera wa mu 1921, pakaŵa ŵanthu 108,204 awo ŵakaŵa "Anguru" (Ŵalendo ŵakufuma ku Mozambique awo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero cha Lomwe). Vikuwoneka kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakalembeka mu mazina gha mafuko ghanyake nawo ŵakambuka mphaka kufuma ku Mozambique. Kweniso vikulongora kuti pakati pa 1921 na 1931, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakafuma ku vigaŵa vinyake, chomenechomene ku Mozambique na Northern Rhodesia, chikakwera chomene. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakasamukira ku vyaru vinyake mu 1926. Pakati pa 1931 na 1945, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Anguru chikasazgikira chomene. Pa ŵanthu wose awo ŵakalembeka mu 1966, pakaŵa ŵanthu 283,854 ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakababikira ku vyaru vinyake.
Ŵanalume ndiwo ŵakaluta ku vyaru vinyake, comenecomene ku Southern Rhodesia na South Africa. Vikuwoneka kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakusamukira ku vyaru vinyake. Boma la Nyasaland likati mu 1935, ŵanalume ŵakukwana 58,000 ŵakagwiranga nchito kuwaro kwa charu ichi. Pa kalembera wa ku Southern Rhodesia wa mu 1931 pera, pakaŵa ŵanalume 54,000 ŵa ku Nyasaland, ntheura kuyana na ivyo vikalembeka kale, awo ŵakagwiranga ntchito mu vyaru vinyake ŵakaŵa ŵachoko. Mu 1937, ŵanalume ŵakujumpha 90,000 ŵakagwiranga nchito ku caru cinyake.
George VI
George VI (Albert Frederick Arthur George; 14 Disembala 1895 – 6 Febuluwale 1952) ikaŵa Fumu ya  United Kingdom na  Dominions of the British Commonwealth kufuma  11 Disemabala 1936 mpaka apo ikafwila mu chaka cha 1952. Ikaŵa fumu yaumalilo yakulamulila charu cha India kelekezgaOgasiti 1947, apo vyakudumbizgana vya British Raj vikadumbigika.George VI wamunthazi wakababika mu nyengo ya ulamulili wakwa gogo ŵake ŵanakazi Fumukazi Victoria; wakathyeka  Albert pakubabika  pakutolela zina lakwa gogo ŵa agogo ŵake a  Albert, Prince Consort, ndipo wakathyekaso kuti  "Bertie" ku banja lake na ŵanyake.Awiske ŵakakhala pa ufumu na zina lakuti  George V mu 1910. Ngati mwana wachiŵili wa fumu, Albert wakamanya chala kuti wazamuŵa fumu. Wakakhala umoyo wake mu mzgezge wa mkulu wake, Prince Edward, uyo wakaŵa wakuti mpando ngwake wa ufumu. Albert wakasambila sukulu ya usilikali ngati ngwachichepelendipo wajagwila mu Royal Navy na Royal Air Force mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Ikulu Yakwamba. Mu 1920,wakapangika kuŵa Fumu ya  York. Wakatola Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon mu 1923, ndipo ŵakababizgana ŵana ŵaŵili, Elizabeth na Margaret. Mu vyaka va pakati vya muma 1920, wakachema Lionel Logue kuti wamuvwila ku chikwikwi icho paumalilo wakasambilila kuchikola makola (chikwikwi). Mukulu wake mulala wakakhala pa ufumu nga ni Edward VIII awiskewo ŵati ŵafwa mu chaka cha  1936, kwene Edward ufumu wakauthula chaka chenechicho pakutola mwanakazi uyo wakatengwapo kaŵili waku  America Wallis Simpson. Ngati ni fumu yachimanyemanye pakuti mukulu wake wauthula pasi udindo, Albert wakaŵa fumu yachitatu mu Nyumba ya  Windsor, kutola zina la ulamulili lakuti  George VI.
Mu Sekutembala  1939, British Empire na vyaro vinandi vya Commonwealth—kuuskako Ireland—vikatchay nkhondo yakulimbana na ma Nazi Germany. Nkhondo na Ufumu waku Italy na Empire of Japanukalondezgapo mu 1940 na 1941. George VI wakamanyikwa na mtima wake wakupulika vyakuŵaŵa vya ŵanthu na kuŵachitila lusungu,ukuku kukapangiska kuti wamanyiskwe chomene. Malo gha Buckingham Palace kakaphuliskika na ma bomba mu nyengo ya Blitz apo fumu na fumukazi ŵakaŵa penepapo, ndipo munung'una wake mdoko Fumu Kent wakakomeka pa chiwawa chenechicho. George wakamanyikwa ngati ntchimanyikwilo cha Britain pakuwina nkondo. Britain na vyalo vinyake ivyo vikaŵa luwande limoza vikaphala nkhondo mu 1945,kwene ufumu waku Britain ukawa.Chalo cha Ireland chikawa pasi chomene,kulondezgapo waka na Kujiyimila Pakwekha kwa India na Pakistan mu 1947. George wakafwa ku nthenda ya kubema hona mu 1952. Ufumu wake ukahalika na mwana wake wakwamba mwanakazi, Elizabeth II.
Nyasaland
Pakati
Mu nyengo yose ya pakati pa 1907 na 1953, charu cha Nyasaland chikalongozgekanga na boma la United Kingdom. Boma la Britain ndilo likalongozganga boma ili. Pakuti charu cha Nyasaland chikakhumbikwiranga wovwiri wa ndyali kwizira mu vyawanangwa na ngongoli, ŵalara ŵa boma ŵakaphalirangaso ofesi ya ndarama za boma. Kwambira mu 1953 m'paka kuumaliro wa 1963, charu cha Nyasaland chikaŵa mu wupu wa Rhodesia na Nyasaland. Nyasaland yikalutilira kuŵa boma lakuvikilirika, ndipo ŵalongozgi ŵake ŵakaŵa na udindo wa boma, ŵantchito na mawupu gha ŵantchito, masambiro gha ku Africa gha ku pulayimale na sekondale, ulimi na makuni gha ku Africa, na polisi..
Mazaza ghanandi agho ŵakaŵanga nagho ŵakagaŵira boma. Wupu uwu ndiwo ukendeskanga vinthu vya ku caru cose, kuvikilira ŵanthu, kuluta ku caru cinyake, masambiro ghapacanya, mendero, maofesi gha boma na vinthu vikuruvikuru vya ndyali. Ofesi ya Colonial Office yikalutilira kuŵa na mazaza pa nkhani za mu Africa na za ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa. Boma la Nyasaland likamara pa Disembala 31, 1963.
Ŵalaraŵalara ŵanandi ŵakateŵeteranga mu vigaŵa vinyake, kweni ŵakateŵeteranga na ŵalongozgi ŵa maofesi awo ŵakateŵeteranga mu charu cha Nyasaland. Ŵanyake mwa ŵalaraŵalara aŵa ŵakateŵeteranga mu makhoti ghaŵiri agho ghakapelekanga ulongozgi ku ŵakazembe. Mu 1907, mu wupu uwu mukaŵa waka ŵalara ŵa boma kuti ŵapeleke ulongozgi ku ŵakazembe pa nkhani za malango. M'paka mu 1961, Kazembe wakaŵa na mazaza ghakuzomerezga dango lililose ilo lalembeka na Wupu Wakulongozga. Wupu Wakulongozga ukaŵa wupu ucoko comene uwo ukacitanga upharazgi. Wose pamoza ŵakaŵa ŵalara ŵa boma m'paka mu 1949, apo ŵaŵiri awo ŵakaŵa "ŵambura mauteŵeti" ŵakasazgikira ku ŵamazaza 8.
The composition of the Legislative Council gradually became more representative. In 1930, its six "non-official" members were no longer nominated by the governor but were selected by as association representing white planters and businessmen. Until 1949, African interests were represented by one white missionary. That year the governor appointed three Africans and an Asian to join six white "non-official" and 10 official members.
From 1955, its six white "non-official" members were elected; five Africans (but no Asians) were nominated. Only in 1961 were all Legislative Council seats filled by election: the Malawi Congress Party won 22 of 28 seats. The party was also nominated to seven of the 10 Executive Council seats.
Vyachilokolo
Kufuma mu 1892, boma ili likagaŵika mu vigaŵa, ndipo mu chigaŵa chilichose mukaŵa Mulara wa Ndalama. Pakwamba kukaŵa vigaŵa pafupifupi 12, kweni apo charu chikamba kujiyimira paŵekha, vikaŵa pafupifupi 20. Mu 1907, ŵantchito 12 na ŵantchito 26 awo ŵakateŵeteranga mu ofesi iyi, ŵakaŵa na mulimo wa kupokera msonkho na msonkho wa ku nyumba za ŵanthu. Kwambira mu 1920, ŵalara ŵa vigaŵa ŵakapelekanga lipoti ku ŵalara ŵa vigaŵa vitatu vya kumpoto, pakati, na kumwera. Iwo ŵakaphaliranga mulara wa boma wa ku Zomba. Chiŵelengero cha ŵalara ŵa vigaŵa na awo ŵakaŵawovwiranga chikakwera pachokopachoko kufika pa 51 mu 1937 na 120 mu 1961.
Mu vigaŵa vinandi vya ufumu uwu mukaŵa ŵalongozgi ŵachoko waka. Pakwamba, ŵa ku Britain ŵakayezga kuti ŵaleke kuŵa na mazaza pa ŵalongozgi awo ŵakaŵa ŵankhongono. Kwambira mu 1912, ŵanthu ŵakasankhanga ŵalongozgi ŵa vigaŵa na ŵalongozgi ŵa mizi kuŵa ŵimiliri pakati pa boma na ŵanthu ŵa mu chigaŵa. Mulara waliyose wakeneranga kusankha mazaza agho wangapeleka ku ŵalongozgi ŵa chigaŵa chake. Ŵanyake ŵakasankha ŵalongozgi awo ŵakaŵa kale na mazaza.
Mu 1933, boma la Britain likamba kulamulira ŵanthu mwakudunjika yayi. Boma likazomerezga ŵalongozgi na makhoti ghawo kuti ŵaŵe na mazaza, kweni ŵakaŵa na mazaza ghachoko waka na ndalama zichoko waka. Ŵalara ŵa boma ŵakakhazikiskanga makhoti gha ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha kuti ghapwererenge milandu yakukhwaskana na malango gha cikaya. Kweni Sir Charles Golding, kazembe wa caru ici kufuma mu 1924 mpaka 1929, wakagomezganga kuti ndondomeko ya ŵalongozgi ŵa cikaya yili kunangika ndipo njambura kugomezgeka. Makhoti gha ku America ghakaŵavya mazaza pa malo gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe. Ŵakaŵa pasi pa ŵalara ŵa vigaŵa, ndipo boma likagwiliskiranga ntchito malango gha vyakurya agho ŵanthu ŵakakondwanga nagho yayi. Iwo ndiwo ŵakeruzganga milandu yinandi iyo yikaŵanga mu vigaŵa vya ufumu uwu.
Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose yikati yamara, boma likasazgirako ndalama izo likagwiliskiranga nchito ŵapolisi na kusazgirako ŵasilikari ŵake ku vigaŵa vya ku mizi. Mu 1952, Sukulu Yakusambizga Ŵapolisi yikajulika, ndipo mu 1959, ŵasilikari ŵakakwana 750. Vinthu vikasintha chomene mu 1959, apo ŵanthu ŵakamba kukhozgera wanangwa wa charu ichi. Boma likapharazga kuti kuli suzgo, ndipo ŵasilikari ŵakiza kufuma ku Rhodesia na Tanganyika. Mwaluŵiro ŵasilikari ŵakasazgikira na kufika pafupifupi 3,000. Gulu la Malawi Congress Party likati lakora mazaza mu 1962, likapokera ŵapolisi 3,000, kusazgapo ŵalaraŵalara ŵa boma la Britain.
Vyachisisi
Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakakhumbanga kupoka malo ghakurughakuru ŵakasuzgikanga chomene pa nkhani ya ndyali kweniso umoyo wa ŵanthu. Pakati pa 1892 na 1894, mahekitala 3,705,255, pafupifupi mahekitala 1.5 miliyoni panji 15% ya malo ghose gha Protectorate, ghakaŵa gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe. Pa malo agha, 2,702,379 million acres, panji kuti mahekitala ghakujumpha 1 miliyoni, agho ghakaŵa kumpoto kwa charu ichi ghakaŵa gha British South Africa Company. Kweni malo ghanandi agho ghakasidika, ghakaŵa ghakukwana maekala pafupifupi 867,000, panji mahekitala ghakujumpha 350,000, ndipo ghakaŵa na malo ghawemi chomene gha kulima mu chigaŵa cha Shire Highlands, icho chikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene..
Mulara wakwamba wa boma la Britain, Sir Harry Johnston, wakagomezganga kuti malo gha Shire Highlands ghaŵenge malo ghakukhala ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Europe. Pamanyuma wakawona kuti nchinthu ciheni comene. Iyo wakazomerezga kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Africa ŵakakhumbikwiranga malo ghakukwana kuti ŵakhalengemo. Ŵanyake awo ŵakapoka malo ghakukwana yayi. Malo ghakukwana maekala 250,000 gha malo ghakale gha ufumu ghaguliskika nga ni malo ghakukhalapo waka panji ghakachita lenti, ndipo pafupifupi maekala 400,000 ghanyake, agho ghakalembeka mu Certificates of Claim, ghakaguliskika panji kupika lenti mu malo ghakukwana maekala 1,000. Ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakiza ku Nyasaland kuti ŵalimenge hona.
Kuzakafika mu 1920, wupu wakuwona vya caru uwo ukaŵikika na boma la Nyasaland ukayowoya kuti caru cinyake cipelekekenge ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa kuti ŵakhazikiske minda yicoko na yacipakati ya ku Europe. Ofesi ya Colonial Office yikakana fundo iyi.
Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakatora malo ghanandi agho ghakaŵa ghakutowa comene mu vigaŵa vya Shire Highlands. Pa malo ghakujumpha 350,000 mu Shire Highlands, chigaŵa chimoza pera pa vigaŵa vinayi chikaŵa cha malo ghaheni. Maekala ghanyake 660,000 ghakaŵa mu malo gha dongo, agho ghakaŵa na malo ghakukwana maekala 1.3 miliyoni mu vigaŵa vya Shire Highlands. Kweni vigaŵa vikuruvikuru viŵiri, cimoza kufuma ku tawuni ya Zomba kuya ku Blantyre-Limbe ndipo caciŵiri kufuma ku Limbe kuya ku tawuni ya Thyolo, vikaŵa pafupifupi vyose vya malo. Mu vigaŵa viŵiri ivi, malo gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ghakaŵa ghacoko comene ndipo ghakaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi comene.
Schwarzheide
Schwarzheide ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Nyasaland
Vyachisisi
Ŵantchito ŵaphya (ŵeneawo kanandi ŵakacemekanga kuti "Anguru" ŵakufuma ku Mozambique) ŵakaŵaciskanga kuti ŵasamire ku malo agha na kulima vyakurya vyawo kweni ŵakeneranga kulipira renti. Mu vyaka vyakwambilira, ŵanthu ŵakagwiranga nchito kwa myezi yiŵiri pa caka. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, ŵeneco ŵa nyumba ŵakakhumbikwiranga kugwira nchito nyengo yitali kuti ŵapeleke "renti". Mu 1911, ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa ivi ŵakaŵa pafupifupi 9%. Malo agha ghakaŵa na malo ghakukwana 5% gha charu chose, kweni ghakaŵa pafupifupi 15% gha malo ghose agho ghakaŵa ghakukolerana na ulimi. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu malo agha ŵakaŵa ŵachoko chomene.
Schweinfurt
Schweinfurt ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Nyasaland
Vyachisisi
Mu 1920, Komiti ya Vyaru yikaghanaghaniraso umo vikaŵira na ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakakhalanga pa malo gha ŵanthu ŵekhaŵekha. Ŵanthu wose awo ŵakakhalanga mu nyumba iyi, padera pa ŵacekuru na vyokoro, ŵakalipanga ndalama za renti mwakugwilira nchito panji kuguliska vyakurya ku mweneko wa nyumba. Mu 1928, boma likapeleka malango agha, pamanyuma pakuti ŵanthu 115,000 ŵa ku Africa (10%) ŵakakhalanga pa malo ghakusungirako ŵanthu.
Batalha, Portugal
Batalha, Portugal ni msumba mu charu cha Portugal. Portugal ntcharu ico cili ku Iberian Peninsula, kumwera kwa kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Europe, ndipo caru ici chikusazgapo vyaru vya Azores, Madeira, na Virwa vya Savage.
Nyasaland
Vyachisisi
Pambere chaka cha 1928 chindafike, ŵanthu ŵakeneranga kulipira renti ya chaka na chaka ya mashilingi 6. Pamasinda pa 1928, ndalama zakugulira nyumba zikaŵa £1 pa malo ghakukwana maekala 8, nangauli malo ghanyake ghakaŵa na ndalama zichoko. Kuti ŵaleke kuchita nthena, ŵakeneranga kupeleka vyakurya vyakukwana mashilingi 30 m'malo mwa £1. Ŵeneco ŵa malo ŵakeneranga kufumiska ŵanthu 10 pa 100 pa vilimika vinkhondi vilivyose kwambura kulongora cifukwa, kweniso ŵana ŵanalume ŵa ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu malo agha ŵakeneranga kufumiskika para ŵafika vyaka 16. Cilato cikaŵa cakuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kujunthana, kweni malo ghakukwana ghakukhala ŵanthu awo ŵakacimbizgika ghakaŵa ghacoko. Kwambira mu 1943, ŵanthu ŵakakana kufumiskika mu nyumba zawo.
Schwedt
Schwedt ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Nyasaland
Kuŵa na Chipulikano
Dango la Britain la mu 1902 likati malo ghose gha ku Nyasaland agho ghakaŵa ghambura kupelekeka nga ni malo gha Ufumu. Mu 1904, Kazembe wakapika mazaza gha kusunga malo gha Crown Land (ghakachemekanga Native Trust Land) kuti ghakovwire ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa. Mu 1936, dango la 1936 la Native Trust Lands Order likakanizga kuti malo ghose gha Native Trust Land ghaŵe gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa. Malango agha ghakakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵamanye kuti ŵali na wanangwa wa kupoka caru cawo na kuŵawovwira kuti ŵaleke kopa kuti caru cawo cingaŵa cawo. Ŵanthu ŵakakhumbikwiranga kuŵakhozga cifukwa mu 1920, apo caru ca Native Trust cikaŵa na malo ghakukwana maekala 6.6 miliyoni, pakaŵa nkhani yakukhwaskana na ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe na ŵa ku Africa ŵakakhumbanga. Boma likati nangauli ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵangaŵa ŵanandi comene mu vilimika 30, kweni nchamacitiko kuti ŵanthu ŵambe kukhala mu malo ghanyake kuwaro kwa malo gha Shire Highlands..
Mu vigaŵa vyose vya ufumu uwu, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakhalanga ku mizi m'malo mwa mu matawuni, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 90% ŵakakhalanga ku mizi ya ku Africa. Dango la cikaya ndilo likaŵawovwiranga kuti ŵasange malo gha kulima. Fundo iyi yikaŵa yakupambana, kweni kanandi munthu uyo wakapika panji kupokera malo (kwambura kuŵa nagho) wakaŵanga na wanangwa wa kulima kwa nyengo yambura kumara. Ŵanthu ŵakagomezganga kuti ŵalongozgi ŵa vigaŵa vyawo ŵapelekenge malo ku ŵanthu ŵa mu vigaŵa ivi, kweni ŵaleke kupeleka ku ŵanthu ŵakuwaro. Mu nyengo yakwambilira, malango gha cikaya ghakaŵa ghambura kuzomerezgeka, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakamanyanga yayi panji kuvikilira malo agho ghakaŵako.
Ŵanyake ŵakuti mu nyengo yose iyo charu cha Malawi chikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa ŵasilikari m'paka mu 1982, charu ichi chikaŵa na malo ghakukwana kuti ŵanthu ŵakhalenge makora. Nangauli mu 1920, wupu wakuwona vya malo ukawonanga kuti mu caru mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵanandi yayi, kweni ukati mu vigaŵa ivyo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakagwiranga nchito, comenecomene mu minda ya tiyi panji kufupi na matawuni, mbumba zikaŵa na malo gha maekala ghaŵiri pera. Kuzakafika mu 1946, ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga chomene mu vigaŵa ivi.
Kupangikaso
Kwambira mu 1938, boma likamba kugura malo ghachoko waka agho ghakaŵa ghambura kugwiliskirika ntchito. Vinthu ivi vikaŵa vyakukwana yayi, ndipo mu 1942, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Africa mu cigaŵa ca Blantyre awo ŵakaŵaphalira kuti ŵaleke nchito ŵakakana cifukwa kukaŵavya malo ghanyake. Pakati pajumpha vilimika viŵiri, suzgo lenelili likaŵaso mu cigaŵa ca Cholo, ico cikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi.
Mu 1946, boma la Nyasaland likimika komiti yakuchemeka Abrahams Commission (panji kuti Land Commission) kuti yigeŵerere nkhani za malo pamanyuma pa viwawa na masuzgo agho ghakaŵapo pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe mu 1943 na 1945. Wakaŵa na munthu yumoza pera, Sir Sidney Abrahams, uyo wakaphalira boma la Nyasaland kuti ligure malo ghose agho ghakaŵa gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe agho ghakaŵa gha Ufumu. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakakhalanga pa malo agha ŵakeneranga kusankhapo cimoza, ŵakeneranga kukhalapo pa malo agha nga mbazga panji ŵekhaŵekha panji kusamira ku malo gha ufumu. Fundo izi zikafiskika yayi m'paka mu 1952.
Lipoti la komiti ya Abrahams likapeleka maghanoghano ghakupambana. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Africa ŵakakolerana na fundo iyi, nga umo vikaŵira na kazembe wa charu ichi, Edmund Richards (uyo wakakhumbanga kuti paŵe komiti ya vyaru) kweniso Geoffrey Colby. Ŵenecho ŵa malo na ŵantchito ŵakasuskanga chomene, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Europe ŵakamba kulimbana nayo.
Cifukwa ca lipoti la Abrahams, mu 1947, boma la Nyasaland likakhazikiska Komiti ya Kupanga Malo ya ŵantchito ŵa boma kuti yilangurenge umo ŵangagwiliskira nchito fundo zake na kusanga malo gha ŵanthu. Likayowoya kuti malo agho ghakaŵa ghambura kuzengeka panji agho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Africa ŵakakhalanga, ndiwo ghakeneranga kuzengekaso. Malo agho ghangazengeka nga ni malo ghakuliskako viŵeto ghakeneranga kuvikilirika kuti ghaleke kulima mwambura ndondomeko. Kwambira mu 1948, ndondomeko ya kugura malo yikasazgikira comene, cifukwa cakuti ŵeneco ŵa malo ŵakamba kuŵa na mtima wa kukhumba kugura malo. Mu 1948, ŵanthu ŵakaghanaghananga kuti pa charu ichi pakaŵa malo ghakukwana mahekitala 487,000. Pa nyengo iyo caru cikazgoka cakupatura wanangwa mu 1964, pakaŵa waka mahekitala 171,000 gha malo agho ghakaŵa gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe..
Chuma cha ulimi
Nangauli charu cha Nyasaland chili na vinthu vinyake vyakututuŵa, comenecomene malasha, kweni mu nyengo ya ukoloni ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito yayi vinthu ivi. Pakuti charu ichi chikaŵavya migodi, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru ivi. Pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1800 na m'ma 1900, mu chipalamba cha Shire ŵakakuliranga maniyu, mpunga, mpunga na mpunga, mu chipalamba cha Shire ŵakakuliranga chimanga, maniyu, mbatata na mpunga, kweniso maniyu, mpunga na mpunga mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Nyasa (iyo sono ni Nyanja ya Malawi). Vipambi ivi vikalutilira kuŵa vyakurya vikuruvikuru mu nyengo yose iyo ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vinyake, nangauli vikaŵa na mphoza zichoko na chimanga. Ŵanthu ŵakaliskanga chomene hona na makuni ghanyake gha makuni.
Mu vyaru vyose ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa boma ili, dipatimenti ya vyakurya yikakhozgeranga ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe. Ŵakaŵavya maghanoghano ghakwenelera pa vyakurya vya mu Africa, ndipo ŵakatondeka kukhozga vyakurya ivi. Likayowoya kuti kulima makuni mu malo ghakupambanapambana, ndiko kukomeka na kotcha makuni. Malo agha ŵakaghagwiliskiranga nchito kwa vilimika vicoko waka pamanyuma pakuti ŵakamazga malo ghanyake.
Pakuyaniska na vyaru vya ku Europe, North America, na Asia, vyaru vinandi vya ku sub-Saharan Africa ni vyambura vyakurya vinandi. Nthowa yiwemi chomene yakulimira dongo ili ni vyaka 10 m'paka 15 ivyo munthu wakulimira pa malo ghambura kupambika vipasi. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1930, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuchepeskako vyakumera mu malo agho muli ŵanthu ŵanandi. Kafukufuku uyo wacitika sonosono apa wakususkana na ivyo Dipatimenti ya Vyakurima yikayowoya kuti dongo lizamumara mwaluŵiro. Ici cikalongora kuti malo ghanandi mu Malawi ghakaŵa ghawemi kuti ŵalimi ŵachokoŵachoko ŵalimenge mbuto. Viŵaro vinandi vikuŵa na vinthu vyakukhumbikwa pa umoyo (panji vyambura kukhumbikwa) nangauli ni vyakukwana yayi, kweni chifukwa cha kunangika kwa nayitrogeni na phosphoro, vikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵagwiliskirenge ntchito vyakurya vyakwimba.
Nangauli mu vyaka vyakwambilira vya m'ma 1900, vyaru vya ku Europe vikalimanga vyakurya vinandi ivyo vikatenge vipangikenge ku vyaru vinyake, kweni mu ma 1930, vyakurya vinandi (makamaka hona) vikapangikanga na ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa. Cakurya cakwamba ico ŵanthu ŵakamwanga cikaŵa khofi, ndipo ŵakamba kulima comene kufuma mu 1895, kweni cifukwa ca mpikisano wa ku Brazil uwo ukafika pa caru cose mu 1905, ndipo kukawa chilangalanga, khofi wakakhira na kwamba kulima hona na thonje. Vipambi vyose viŵiri ivi vikaŵako viŵi yayi, kweni chifukwa chakuti khofi wakukwera chomene, ŵalimi ŵakamba kulima hona ku Shire Highlands na katoni ku Shire Valley.
Mu 1905, ŵanthu ŵakamba kulima tiyi mu malo gha Shire Highlands. Mu 1908, Shire Highlands Railway yikati yajulika, hona na tiyi vikakura chomene. Mu vilimika 56 ivyo boma ili likaŵirako, hona, tiyi na katoni vikaŵa vyakurya vikuru ivyo ŵakaguliskanga ku vyaru vinyake. Vinthu vikuru ivyo vikapangiska kuti vyakurya ivi vileke kuluta ku vyaru vinyake vikaŵa ndalama zinandi zakwendeskera vinthu kufuma ku Nyasaland kuluta ku nyanja, vipasi vya vyakurya vinandi, kweniso ŵalimi ŵa ku Africa ŵakasuskanga kulima katoni panji hona.
Mbewu
Malo agho ŵalimi ŵa ku Europe ŵakaleranga hona ghakakwera kufuma pa maekala 4,500 mu 1911 kufika pa maekala 14,200 mu 1920, ndipo ŵakapambika matani 2,500 gha hona. Pambere chaka cha 1920 chindafike, ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ndiwo ŵakaguliskanga hona uyo wakadumulikanga. Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose yikawovwira kuti hona wakure comene, kweni nkhondo yikati yamara, boma la United States la Virginia likakhumbanga kuti ŵagulire ndarama za kunozga vyakurya mu caru ici..
Hona uyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito ukaŵa wambura kuzirwa. Mu 1921, ŵanthu ŵakaguliska matani 1,500 gha vyakurya ivyo vikaŵa na matani 3,500. Pakati pa 1919 na 1935, chiŵelengero chawo chikakhira kufuma pa 229 kufika pa 82. Mu ma 1920, hona uyo wakomekanga na josi likalutilira kuchepa. Mu 1924, ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ndiwo ŵakapanga 86% ya hona wa ku Malawi, 57% mu 1927, 28% mu 1933, na 16% mu 1936. Nangauli vyakurya ivi vikakhira, kweni vyakurya vya hona vikaŵa 65-80 peresenti ya vyakurya ivyo vikatolekera ku vyaru vinyake kufuma mu 1921 m'paka 1932.
Mu 1903, ŵalimi ŵachokoŵachoko ŵa ku Africa ndiwo ŵakamba kulima makuni gha katoni gha ku Eguputo. Kuzakafika mu 1905, ŵanthu ŵakamba kulima makuni gha katoni mu chigaŵa cha Shire Highlands. Makampani gha British Central Africa Company na African Lakes Corporation ghakakoperanga makuni gha makuni agha m'paka mu 1912, apo boma likakhazikiska misika ya makuni agha.
Vyakumera ivi vikaŵa vichoko chomene pambere chaka cha 1951 chindafike apo vikafika matani 316, kweni boma likakhozga kulima na kupeleka mitengo yiwemi. Pa nyengo iyo charu ichi chikamba kujiyimira paŵekha, vyakurya ivyo vikafumanga mu vyaru vinyake vikakwana matani 25,000 pa chaka. Kweniso ŵanthu ŵakuliska makuni agha kuti ŵarye. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1930 na 1940, charu cha Nyasaland chikamba kupanga mafuta gha Tung ndipo mahekita ghakujumpha 20,000 ghakaŵikika makuni gha Tung. Pamanyuma pa 1953, mtengo wa mafuta pa caru cose ukakhira ndipo mulimo wa kupanga ukakhira cifukwa mafuta gha Tung ghakaŵa ghapacoko kugura. M'paka apo kukaŵa njara mu 1949, mbuto iyi ŵakayitumanga ku vyaru vinyake yayi, kweni boma likakhozga chomene vyakurya ivi. Pa nyengo iyi, caru cikaŵa kuti caleka kutumiza vyakurya.
Angelina County, Texas
Angelina County, Texas ni nkhalwe panji muzi uwo ukusangika mu nthavwa panji state ya Texas, mu charu cha United States of America, ku Amerika Wakumpoto.
Nyasaland
Njala na zinja
Njara yikaŵanga nyengo zose mu nyengo iyo ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vinyake pambere ŵandambe kuwusa. Kanandi njara yikenderanga lumoza na nkhondo, nga umo vikaŵira kumwera kwa charu ichi mu 1863. Fundo yimoza yakuti ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vya ku Africa ŵakasuzgikanga na njara yikaŵa yakuti ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vyawo ŵakasuzgikanga na ukavu chifukwa cha kupoka malo gha vyakurya panji kuchichizga ŵalimi kuti ŵalimenge (pakuchepeska nkhongono zawo zakupangira vyakurya). Kuŵapo kwa chuma cha msika kukapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kulondezga nthowa zinyake izo ŵanthu ŵakalondezganga pambere ŵandafike mu charu ichi, nga ni kulima vyakurya vinyake para vyakurya vikumara, kuwunjika vyakurya vyamuthengere panji kupenja wovwiri ku ŵabali panji ŵabwezi..
Ku Nyasaland kukaŵa njara mu 1918 kweniso nyengo zinandi pakati pa 1920 na 1924. Kweni boma likachitapo kanthu yayi m'paka apo vinthu vikasuzgikira chomene. Mu 1922 na 1923, charu ichi chikapoka matani 2,000 gha vyakurya kuti viwovwire ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa na njara. Nangauli ivi vikacitika mu vigaŵa vicoko kuluska mu 1949, kweni boma likanozgekera makora yayi kuti limazge njara.
Schweich
Schweich ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Nyasaland
Njala na zinja
Mu Novembala na Disembala 1949, vula yikamara myezi yinandi pambere nyengo iyi yindize ndipo mu malo gha Shire Highlands mukaŵa njara. Ŵantchito ŵa boma na ŵamishonale, ŵantchito ŵanandi ŵa mu matawuni, na ŵanyakeso awo ŵakakhalanga mu malo ghakusangirapo ŵanthu ŵakalyeranga bweka panji kupokera ndalama zakukwana. Awo ŵakaŵa ŵambura nkhongono, nga ni vyokoro panji ŵawoli awo ŵakaŵaleka, ŵacekuru, ŵana, na ŵakavu, ndiwo ŵakasuzgikanga comene, ndipo mbumba zikaŵawovwiranga yayi ŵabali ŵawo ŵakutali. Mu 1949 na 1950, ŵanthu ŵakagura vyakurya vyakukwana matani 25,000, nangauli pakwamba vikachedwa kufika. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵa boma ŵakatenge ŵanthu 100 m'paka 200 ndiwo ŵakafwa, kweni nambara yeneko yikwenera kuti yikaŵa yikuru chomene..
Charles III
Charles III (Charles Philip Arthur George; kubabika pa 14 Novembala 1948)  ni Fumu ya United Kingdom na mabungwe ghanyake 14 gha mu Commonwealth. Wakazomela ufumu pa 8 Sekutembala 2022 kulondezgana na nyifwa yakwanyina, Elizabeth II. Ŵakaŵa munthu mulala wakwamba uyo wakhala chomene mu utumiki wakuti anyina ni fumukazi ndiposo ni munthu wakwamba mulala chomene uyo walikuzomela ufumu na vyaka 73.