cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Rhodesia Wakumpoto
Dango na kuvikilira
Bungwe la British South African Company likawona kuti malo agho ghakaŵa kumpoto kwa Mlonga wa Zambezi ghakaŵa ghakwenelera chomene kuŵa na ŵapolisi ŵa ku Africa kuluska ŵa ku Europe. Kweni pakwamba, ŵapolisi ŵa ku Britain ŵakendeskanga misewu kumpoto kwa Mlonga wa Zambezi, ku Northern Western Rhodesia, nangauli ŵasilikari ŵa ku Europe ŵakaŵa ŵakudura kweniso ŵakakolekanga na matenda. Ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵasilikari, nangauli mu misumba mukaŵa ŵapolisi ŵachoko waka ŵa ku Europe. Ŵapolisi ŵa ku Britain ku South Africa ŵakasinthika na ŵapolisi ŵa ku Barotse, awo ŵakakhazikiskika mu 1902. Mu 1911, ŵapolisi ŵa ku Northern Rhodesia ŵakasazgikana na ŵapolisi ŵa boma. Pakwamba, Harry Johnston mu British Central Africa Protectorate wakaŵa na udindo wa kumpoto kwa Rhodesia, ndipo ŵasilikari ŵa ku Central Africa kusazgapo Sikh na ŵasilikari ŵa ku Africa ŵakagwiliskirika nchito mpaka mu 1899. M'paka mu 1903, ŵeruzgi ŵa mu vigaŵa ivi ŵakalembanga ŵapolisi ŵawo, kweni mu chaka ichi ŵakapanga ŵapolisi ŵa kumpoto kwa Rhodesia. Mu 1912, ŵapolisi ŵa ku Northern Rhodesia ŵakasazgikana na kuŵa ŵapolisi ŵa ku Northern Rhodesia, awo ŵakaŵa 18 pera ŵa ku Europe na 775 ŵa ku Africa.
Vinthu vya pa njanji
Kampani ya British South Africa Company ndiyo yikazenga njanji ya ku Rhodesia mu nyengo ya kuzenga iyo yikamara mu 1911, apo msewu ukuru uwo ukajumphanga kumpoto kwa Rhodesia ukajumpha mphaka ya Congo kuti ufike ku migodi ya mkuwa ya Katanga. Pakwamba, Rhodes wakakhumbanga kupanga njanji iyo yikendenge kujumpha mu mlonga wa Zambezi m'paka ku Nyanja ya Tanganyika, kweni wakati wasanga golide mucoko comene mu Mashonaland, wakazomera kuti palije cifukwa ca ndalama cakucitira njanji iyi. Masitima agho ghakazengeka na makampani gha ŵanthu ŵekha ghakakhumbikwiranga ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito vinthu vinandi nga ni mafuta.
Mu 1897, msewu unyake uwo ukafumanga ku Kimberley ukafika ku Bulawayo. Mu 1902, msewu uwu ukafika ku Victoria Falls. Kufuma apo, ŵakendanga kujumpha mu tawuni ya Livingstone m'paka ku Broken Hill, uko ŵakafika mu 1906. Kampani ya British South Africa Company yikaŵa na cigomezgo cakuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵizenge kufuma ku migodi yake ya mkuwa na mkuwa, kweni vikacitika yayi cifukwa ca masuzgo gha uko ŵakagumanga. Njanji iyi yikatondekanga kulipira ngongoli izo ŵakagulira ntchito ya kuzenga, ndipo malo ghekha agho ghakaŵa ghakwenelera kugwiliskira ntchito migodi kuti ŵamalizge ngongoli izi ni Katanga. Pakwamba, boma la Congo likawona kuti mkuŵa uwo ukaŵa ku Katanga ukaŵa wambura kukhumbikwa pakuzenga njanji. Kweni pakati pa 1899 na 1901, ŵanthu ŵakaluta ku malo ghanyake kukawona kuti mkuŵa uwu ngwakuzirwa. Vinthu vya mkuwa ivyo vikasangika ku Northern Rhodesia pambere Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose yindize vikaŵa vyambura kovwira.
Mu 1906, wupu wa Union Minière du Haut Katanga ukapangika kuti ugwiliskirenge nchito migodi ya Katanga. Themba Leopold likakhumbanga kuti njanji iyi yiŵe mu charu cha Congo, ndipo yikolerane na Mlonga wa Congo. Kweni mu 1908, likakolerana na kampani ya British South Africa Company kuti yilutilire na njanji ya ku Rhodesia m'paka ku Elizabethville na migodi. Pakati pa 1912, apo mulimo wa kupanga mkuwa ukambira, na 1928 apo msewu wa ku Congo ukamara, pafupifupi mkuwa wose wa ku Katanga ukendanga pa msewu wa ku Rhodesia. Njanji iyi yikaŵa na ndalama zinandi izo yikasanganga chifukwa cha mkuwa wa ku Katanga. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1920, charu cha Copperbelt chikamba kukura chomene. Nthowa iyi yikaŵa yakusuzga yayi cifukwa cakuti ŵakeneranga kuzenga tumaji tuchokotuchoko waka kuti ŵakumane na msewu ukuru.
Umaliro wa dango la BSAC
Kufuma waka apo ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakambira kukhala ku Northern Rhodesia, ŵanthu aŵa ŵakasuskanga boma la BSAC na malonda ghake. Wupu uwu ukasuskanga ivyo ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakhumbanga ndipo ukaŵakanizganga kusankha ŵanthu awo ŵakateŵeterenge mu wupu uwu. Pakulondezga ivyo khoti likadumura kuti malo gha ku Southern Rhodesia ghakaŵa gha British Crown, BSAC yayi, ŵanthu ŵa ku Southern Rhodesia ŵakamba kutemwa boma ndipo mu 1923, boma likapeleka wanangwa uwu. Ivi vikapangiska kuti Northern Rhodesia yiŵe mu suzgo chifukwa British South Africa Company yikagomezganga kuti yikaŵa na malo mu vigaŵa vyose viŵiri ivi. Ndipouli, kampani ya British South Africa Company yikati ivyo yikayowoya ni vyambura kususkika ndipo yikakhorweska boma la United Kingdom kuti liyambiske kudumbiskana mwakudunjika vya boma la Northern Rhodesia.
Mu nyengo ya British South Africa Company, Mulara wakaŵa na mazaza ghakuyana waka na gha kazembe wa mu vigaŵa, kweni mazaza ghanyake ghakaŵa gha mulara wa ku South Africa. Pakaŵavya Wupu Wakulongozga panji Wupu Wakulongozga, kweni pakaŵa waka Wupu Wakulongozga. Dango la Northern Rhodesia Order in Council, 1924, likapeleka mazaza ghose kwa Kazembe panji mazaza agho kale wakaŵa nagho Mulara panji agho wakaŵa nagho Muyimiliri Mukuru wa South Africa. Dango ili likayowoyangaso kuti paŵe wupu wa Executive Council, uwo ukaŵa na ŵalaraŵalara ŵankhondi na umoza ŵakufuma ku ofesi ya boma, kweniso ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakaŵasankhanga. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo, ŵakapanga wupu wakulongozga, uwo ukaŵa na Kazembe na ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵankhondi na ŵaŵiri, kweniso ŵanthu ŵankhondi na ŵaŵiri awo ŵakasankhika na ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakaŵa 4,000.
Vinthu Vyakukhwaskana na Migodi
Cinthu cakuzirwa comene ico cikapangiska kuti caru ici ciŵe na ndalama zinandi cikaŵa mkuŵa. Ku Kansanshi (pafupi na Solwezi), Bwana Mkubwa, na Luanshya, kukaŵa malo ghakale agho ŵakaghasangapo mkuŵa. Mu 1895, Frederick Russell Burnham, uyo wakalongozganga na kulaŵilira ntchito ya Northern Territories (BSA) Exploration Co., wakamanya kuti ku Central Africa kuli mkuŵa. Pa mlonga wa Kafue, uwo ukaŵa ku Northern Rhodesia, Burnham wakawona kuti malo agha ghakupambana na malo ghanyake gha mkuwa agho wakagwirapo nchito ku United States. Pamanyuma, kampani ya British South Africa Company yikazenga matawuni mumphepete mwa mlonga uwu na kujambura njanji kuti yikwendere mkuŵa mu Mozambique.
BSAC yikayowoya kuti yili na wanangwa wa kunozga vinthu mu Northern Rhodesia mose chifukwa cha vyalo ivyo vikapelekeka pakati pa 1890 na 1910 na Lewanika ivyo vikaŵa na malo ghambura kuwoneka makora mu North-Western Rhodesia panji ivyo vikadumbiskana na Joseph Thomson na Alfred Sharpe mu 1890 na 1891 na ŵalongozgi ŵa ku malo agha mu malo agho ghakaŵa na mphindano mu North-Eastern Rhodesia. Boma la Britain likazomera fundo iyi. Pamasinda pakuti chikalata ichi chamara, BSAC yikaŵa mu gulu la makampani 9 gha ku South Africa na Britain agho ghakapeleka ndalama zakwendeskera migodi ya Nchanga, kuti ŵaleke kuwusika na boma la United States. Ndipouli, ico cikaŵa cakukhumbikwa comene pa kampani iyi cikaŵa kupokera ndalama.
Mu 1924, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kugwiliskira ntchito migodi mu Northern Rhodesian Copperbelt. Gulu la Chester Beatty na Sir Edmund Davis la Selection Trust likaŵa kuti lili kale na chilato cha kunozga migodi yichoko ya mkuwa ya Bwana Mkubwa, iyo yikajulika mu 1901 pa malo agho pakaŵa migodi yakale kumwera kwa Copperbelt. Mkuŵa ukaŵa wakuzirwa comene cifukwa cakuti ukakhumbikwanga comene pakupanga vinthu vya magesi na vya magalimoto. Mu 1927, Beatty wakaguliska chigaŵa chimoza pa vigaŵa vitatu vya Roan Antelope ku American Metal Company (AMC), iyo yikaguliskanga na kusesa visulo, ndipo mu 1928 wakambiska Rhodesian Selection Trust (RST ‡) kuti yivikilire migodi. Beatty wakaguliska katundu wake mu RST ku AMC mu 1930, ndipo wakaŵa mweneko wa masheya mu AMC. AMC yikakondwa chomene na RST ndipo yikamba kupanga vigaŵa vichokovichoko vya migodi ya Mufulira mu 1930, nangauli yikamba kugwira ntchito mu 1933, cifukwa ca suzgo likuru la ndalama.
Pakwamba, ndalama zicoko comene za ku Britain zikaŵa mu Copperbelt. Ndipouli, mu 1929 vikawonekanga nga nchamacitiko kuti nchimbizgo ya mkuŵa yacinayi, Nchanga Mines, yingaŵa pasi pa mazaza gha United States: pakuti gulu la America ilo likakhumbanga kukanizga kupeleka mkuŵa kuti likwezge mtengo likayegha kale vigaŵa vitatu pa vigaŵa vinayi vya mkuŵa wa pa caru cose, boma la Britain likakhozga gulu la makampani ghankhondi na ghatatu gha ku Britain kuti ligwire nchito ya kuzenga mkuŵa wa Nchanga. Gulu ili likaŵa na ŵanthu ŵa ku Rhodesia awo ŵakakhalanga ku Anglo America, ntheura ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain ŵakaŵa ŵachalipo. Mu 1931, Bwana Mkubwa na Nchanga ŵakakolerana na Rhokana Corporation, iyo yikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵa ku Rhodesia. Mu 1931, kampani ya Rhodesian Selection Trust (RST) ndiyo yikaŵa na Roan Antelope na Mufulira, apo Rhokana Corporation ndiyo yikaŵa na Mufulira, Nkana, Nchanga na Bwana Mkubwa. Gulu la RST, chomenechomene la Rhokana, likaŵa lakusuzga.
Kuwelera kwa cuma
Nangauli vinthu vikaŵa makora yayi, kweni makampani ghakurughakuru ghakalutilira kusanga phindu. Cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵambura nchito ŵakafumapo, misonkho yikakwera yayi, ndipo ndalama zakugwilira nchito zikakwera comene yayi. Pa ungano wa awo ŵakapanga mkuwa uwo ukacitikira ku New York mu 1932, makampani gha ku Rhodesia ghakasuska kuti ŵalutilire kunjilirapo pa msika. Ici cikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Northern Rhodesia ŵaŵe na mazaza. Pa nyengo yeneyira, kampani ya British South Africa Company yikaguliska katundu wake ku boma la Southern Rhodesia mu 1933 ndipo yikapeleka ndalama zakwendeskera migodi yinyake. Wakapangana kuti Railways ya ku Rhodesia na makampani gha migodi ya mkuwa ghaŵe na mwaŵi wa kugwiliskira nchito vinthu ivi. Kuumaliro wa m'ma 1930, migodi ya mkuwa ya ku Northern Rhodesia yikakura comene.
Nyengo ya pambere nkhondo yindambe
Apo Northern Rhodesia yikazgoka chigaŵa cha British Empire pa 1 Epulero, 1924, Nyumba ya Malango yikakhazikiskika ndipo kazembe wa Northern Rhodesia ndiyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa boma. Pakwamba, wupu uwu ukaŵanga na ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵasankhanga. Ndipouli, ŵanthu aŵa ŵakagaŵikanga pakati pa "ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa na maudindo" mu boma na "ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa na maudindo yayi".
Mu 1926, ŵakanozga ndondomeko ya kusora ŵanthu ndipo ŵakasora ŵanthu ŵambura kuzomerezgeka ŵankhondi. Munthu wakusankha mu Northern Rhodesia wakeneranga kuŵa mwenekaya wa United Kingdom, ico cikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakaŵa ŵakuvikilirika na Britain ŵaleke kuŵa ŵenekaya. Kweniso, awo ŵakakhumbanga kuvota ŵakeneranga kuzuzga fomu ya fomu mu Cingelezi, ndiposo kuŵa na ndalama zakukwana £200 pa caka panji kuŵa na katundu wakukwana £250 (ŵanthu ŵa mafuko panji ŵa mu cikaya awo ŵakagwiranga nchito iyi ŵakaŵavya mwaŵi).
Mu 1929, chiŵelengero cha ŵimiliri ŵambura kuzomerezgeka chikakwera kufika pa 7. Ivi vikakhorweska yayi ivyo ŵanthu ŵakakhumbanga, ndipo mu 1937, ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵaŵe ŵakuyana na ŵanthu 9 awo ŵakaŵa mu wupu wa Executive Council. Mu 1938, ŵanthu ŵakamba kumanya kuti ntchakukhumbikwa kuvikilira maghanoghano gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa, ndipo munthu yumoza wa ku Europe uyo wakaŵa wambura kuzomerezgeka wakalembeka. Mu 1941, pakaŵaso munthu munyake uyo wakasazgikako ku ŵantchito awo ŵakasankhika na ŵantchito awo ŵakasoleka yayi.
Nkhondo ya pamanyuma
Mu 1945, chiŵelengero cha ŵimiliri ŵambura kuzomerezgeka ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakimiranga ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa chikakwera kufuma pa yumoza kufika pa ŵatatu. Mu 1948, wupu wa African Representative Council (ACC) ukati wupu uwu uli na mamembala ghaŵiri gha African non-official members (AFP) agho ghakwenera kusankhika na Governor.
1959 Order-in-Council
Mu 1959, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakasankhika chikakwera comene. Pa nyengo iyi, Nyumba ya Malamulo yikaŵa na Mulara wa Nyumba ya Malamulo na ŵanthu 30. Pa ŵanthu aŵa, wose ŵakeneranga kusankhika kupaturako ŵankhondi na ŵatatu. Ŵanayi awo ŵakasankhika ŵakaŵa ŵeneawo ŵakaŵaso na maudindo ghanayi, ŵanyake ŵaŵiri, na ŵaŵiri awo ŵakasankhika kuŵa ŵantchito ŵambura kuzomerezgeka (awo ŵakaŵa na mulimo wa kunozga vinthu vya ku Africa yayi). Ŵabali ŵaŵiri aŵa ŵakasankhika kuti ŵachitenge milimo yinyake ya uteŵeti para pali ŵanyawo ŵachoko waka awo ŵakukhumba.
Ŵabali 22 awo ŵakasankhika ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Africa 8 na ŵa ku Europe 14. Awo ŵakasankhanga ŵakagaŵikana mu vigaŵa viŵiri, 'General' na 'Special' ndipo awo ŵakasankhanga mu vigaŵa ivi ŵakaŵa na ndalama zichoko chomene kuluska awo ŵakasankhanga mu vigaŵa ivi. Mu matawuni agho mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Europe, mukaŵa vigaŵa 12.
Mu vigaŵa vya ku mizi uko ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Africa ŵakakhalanga, kukaŵa vigaŵa vyapadera 6. Ŵanthu wose ŵa mu vyaru vyakupambanapambana na ŵa mu vyaru vinyake nawo ŵakavotanga, ndipo mavoti ghawo ghakaŵa ghakuyana, nangauli ŵanandi ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Africa. Mu vigaŵa vyapadera, pakaŵa vigaŵa viŵiri vya "Vipinda Vya ku Europe" ivyo vikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵaŵiri. Pakaŵaso malo ghaŵiri gha "African Reserved Seats" mu vigaŵa vya vigaŵa vya malango, nangauli mavoti ghose ghakawerengekanga.
Dango
Pambere boma la BSAC lindamare, malango gha Northern Rhodesia ghakaŵa ghakuyana na malango gha England na Wales ndipo Khoti Likuru la Northern Rhodesia likaŵa pasi pa malango gha United Kingdom. Ivi vikalutilira mu 1924; malango ghose gha United Kingdom agho ghakaŵako pa 17 Ogasiti 1911 ghakaŵa ghakuyana waka na gha ku Northern Rhodesia. Para ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakweruzgika mu makhoti, ŵakalondezganga malango na mitheto ya ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha, pekha para "yikususkana na malango gha charu".
Ōme
Ōme, mzinda kwa Japan. Muli banthu pafupi-fupi 139,932.
Rhodesia Wakumpoto
Makhoti gha Vyakusazgirapo
Pa khoti likuru pakaŵa makhoti gha majisitirati agho ghakaŵa mu magulu ghanayi:
Khoti Likuru likeruzganga milandu ya upusikizgi, kukoma ŵanthu, panji kukhumba kukoma munthu. Nkhani zakukhwaskana na malango gha boma, vilato, na nthengwa zikaŵa mu khoti likuru.
Gazi, Crete
Gazi, Crete ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Crete, mu charu cha Greece mu chilwa chikulu cha Yulaya (Europe).
Rhodesia Wakumpoto
Makhoti gha Ŵanthu ŵa mu Charu
Dango la mu 1937 likapeleka wanangwa kwa Kazembe wa boma wa kupeleka dango lakuti makhoti gha mu charu ichi ghazomerezgeke. Ŵakaŵanga na mazaza pa ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi pera, kweni ŵakaŵaso na mazaza pa milandu ya ŵanthu wose. Makhoti gha ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ici ghakazomerezgekanga yayi kupeleka cilango ca nyifwa, nesi kweruzga ŵanthu kuti ŵacitenge vyamizimu kwambura kuzomerezgeka. Pakaŵaso khoti la apilu la ŵanthu ŵa ku Canada, kweni para ŵandalikhazikiske, ŵakachitanga apilu kwa Commissioner wa ku Province na High Court.
Kulongozga ŵanthu
Kufuma mu ma 1890 mpaka apo boma la BSAC likamalira, ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakalondezganga fundo yakuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ndiwo ŵangalongozgeka na boma. Kweni mu Barotseland, ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakaŵapoka mazaza ŵalongozgi awo ŵakaŵanga na mazaza ghakupeleka urunji, ndipo ŵakathereska awo ŵakaŵa ŵakusuzga. Kuumaliro wa m'ma 1920, fundo yakuti boma likhalenge mwakudunjika, iyo Fumu Lugard yikayowoya mu buku lake lakuti "The Dual Mandate in British Tropical Africa", yikapulikikwa chomene. Lugard wakayowoya kuti mu vyaru ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakakhalanga yayi, ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ndiwo ŵakeneranga kuŵa na mazaza pa vyaru ivi. Ndipouli, ivyo vikacitika mu Northern Rhodesia mu 1930 vikaŵa vyakupambana comene na ivyo vikacitikanga kale. Nangauli ŵalongozgi ŵanyake ŵa ndyali na ŵalongozgi ŵanyake awo ŵakimikika ŵakaŵa na mazaza ghakulongozga, kweni ŵakaŵa na mazaza ghachoko waka pa nkhani ya weruzgi kweniso ndalama. Padera pa Barotseland, ŵalara ŵa vigaŵa ŵakalutilira kuŵa na mazaza ghanandi, ndipo ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito ŵamazaza ŵa ku malo agha nga ni ŵimiliri.
Mu Juni 1930, mulara wa boma la Labour, Lord Passfield, wakalemba buku lakuti Memorandum on Native Policy in East and Central Africa. Ivyo wakayowoya pa nkhani ya makoloni vikaŵa vyakukhozgera fundo yakuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ndiwo ŵakwenera kuŵa ŵakuzirwa chomene, iyo munthu munyake uyo wakaŵa Secretary of Colonial Affairs, zina lake Leo Amery, wakayezga kuchepeska mu 1927 apo wakambiska komiti ya Hilton Young. Mu Memorandum ya Passfield, pakalembeka kuti palije maboma ghanyake gha ŵanthu ŵatuŵa agho ghazomerezgekenge. Ici cikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Northern Rhodesia ŵaleke kukolerana na ŵa ku East Africa. Mu 1933, ŵanthu ŵachoko waka mu Northern Rhodesia ŵakakolerana kuti ŵaŵikane pamoza na Southern Rhodesia, nangauli ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakasuskanga. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakhalanga ku Southern Rhodesia ŵakakhalanga mwakufwasa chifukwa cha unandi wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe.
Ndondomeko za vyaru
Ku Northern Rhodesia, kampani ya British South Africa Company yikayowoya kuti yikaŵa na malo ghose agho ghakaŵa mu chigaŵa ichi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa ivyo vikaŵa mumphepete mwa njanji na kufupi na matawuni, kweni pakwamba ŵakasoŵanga malo yayi, chifukwa ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga pachoko. Mu 1913, BSAC yikanozga vyakuti ku Southern Rhodesia kuŵe malo ghakusungirako ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha. Ndipouli, mu 1928 na 1929, ŵakazenga malo ghakusungirako ŵanthu ku chigaŵa cha kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu ichi. Mu 1938, ŵakapharazga kuti malo agha ghakaŵa ghakuzura na ŵanthu, ndipo malo ghanandi agho ghakaŵa gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ghakaŵa ghambura ŵanthu.
Mu 1918, Komiti ya vya Malango ya Privy Council ya ku United Kingdom yikakana ivyo kampani ya British South Africa Company yikayowoya vya malo agho ghakaŵa ku Southern Rhodesia. Ndipouli, ivyo kampani iyi yikayowoya ku Northern Rhodesia vikajintha pa vinthu ivyo yikapeleka m'malo mwa kuwina, ndipo nangauli komiti ya ku Northern Rhodesia mu 1921 yikayowoya kuti ivyo yikayowoya vipelekekeso ku Privy Council, boma la Britain likakhumbanga kuti paŵe mtende kuti boma la BSAC lileke kulamulira ku Northern Rhodesia. Ivi vikalongora kuti fundo ya kampani iyi njaunenesko. Kuyana na phangano ilo likachitika pa Seputembala 29, 1923, boma la Northern Rhodesia likamba kulamulira malo ghose agho ghakaŵa pasi pa BSAC kwambira pa Epulero 1, 1924, ndipo likapelekanga hafu ya ndalama za renti ku kampani iyi.
Kulimbana na muwuso wa ŵanthu ŵachoko
Pa nyengo iyi, msonkho wa nyumba ukaŵanga wakwamba mu vyaru vyakupambanapambana vya ku Northern Rhodesia. Kweni mu 1909-10, gulu la Gwembe la ŵanthu ŵa ku Tonga likachitiska chivulupi chambura nkhaza. Mu 1920, msonkho wa Hut ukakwera comene, ndipo mu 1935, msonkho wa Copperbelt ukakwera comene.
Mu 1935, boma la kumpoto kwa Rhodesia likapempha kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakagwiranga nchito mu migodi ya Copperbelt ŵasazgireko msonkho wawo. Nangauli ŵalara ŵa vigaŵa ŵakaphalirika vya kusintha uku pa Janyuwale 11, 1935, kweni pa Meyi 20 pera ndipo ŵakalemba chikalata cha kusintha msonkho. Kuwonjezeka kwa ndalama izi kukakwiyiska ŵanthu awo ŵakagwiranga nchito mu migodi, awo ŵakaŵa kale na vifukwa vyakudandawura cifukwa ca malipiro ghacoko ndiposo vinthu viheni ivyo ŵakacitanga, kweniso cifukwa ca malango agho ŵakakhazikiska mu 1927. Ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu wose ŵa mu Copperbelt ŵambe kunjira migodi kufuma pa Meyi 22 m'paka Meyi 25 mu migodi yitatu pa migodi yinayi ya mu chigaŵa ichi, Mufulira, Nkana na Roan Antelope. Ŵapolisi ŵa ku South Africa ŵakatumika kufuma ku Southern Rhodesia kuluta ku Nkana kuti ŵakaŵakanizge. Pa Meyi 29, apo ŵapolisi ŵa ku Luanshya ŵakayezga kutimbanizga gulu la ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa, nkhaza zikacitika ndipo ŵanthu 6 ŵa ku Africa ŵakakomeka. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakomeka, ntheura wose ŵakazizikika, ndipo ungano uwu ukamara apo pakaŵa komiti ya kafukufuku. Likati fundo yikuru yikaŵa umo ŵakayowoyera vya kukwezgeka kwa ndalama izi.
Cinthu cimoza ico cikacitika cifukwa ca kunjilira mu nchito iyi cikaŵa kukhazikiska mawupu gha ŵalara ŵa mafuko gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa mu Copperbelt, kulondezga ndondomeko iyo yikaŵako pa migodi ya Roan Antelope. Makhoti agha ghakacitanga nga ni makhoti ghacigaŵa, ndipo nkhani zinyake zikapelekekanga kwa manejara wa migodi panji uyo wakwendeska mulimo wa ku malo agha. Makhoti gha ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ghakaŵanga kuwaro kwa matawuni ndipo pamanyuma ghakiza mu matawuni. Mufulira ndiyo wakaŵa wakwamba, mu 1938, ndipo kuumaliro wa 1940, ŵakaŵa mu Kitwe, Luanshya, Ndola na Chingola pa Copperbelt, Lusaka na Broken Hill mu pakati pa caru, na Livingstone pa mphaka na Southern Rhodesia. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo pera, mu matawuni ghakuru gha mu cigaŵa ca Copperbelt, mukaŵaso mawupu ghakupeleka ulongozgi ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa na ŵa ku Europe ŵakakhalanga makora yayi.
Mu Malichi 1940, kukawuka nkhondo yaciŵiri ya ŵantchito. Ici cikacitika cifukwa ca ciwukirano ca ŵaganyu ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakacitanga maseŵero gha ku Copperbelt, awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵapike malipiro ghanandi, bonasi ya nkhondo, na kulekeska ŵaganyu ŵa ku Africa. Ivyo ŵaganyu ŵa ku Europe ŵakakhumbanga vikapokelereka, kusazgapo phangano lakuti ŵaleke kuleka kugwira nchito. Kufuma apo, ŵakakana kusazgirako malipiro gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakagwiranga nchito mu migodi. Boma likakhwimiska ŵeneco ŵa migodi kuti ŵasazgireko malipiro gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakagwiranga migodi, kweni pamanyuma pa kulimbana pakati pa ŵantchito awo ŵakapokanga malipiro ghawo na awo ŵakagwiranga nchito mwakukakaŵa, likayezga kucicizga ŵanthu aŵa kuti ŵawelere ku nchito. Pa nkhaza izo zikachitika, ŵasilikari ŵakaŵawukira, ndipo ŵanthu 13 ŵakafwa nyengo yeneyiyo ndipo ŵanyake ŵanayi ŵakafwa pamanyuma. Mulara wa Vyaru wakapangiska Kazembe kuti waŵike Komiti Yakusanda, iyo yikasanga kuti vinthu vikusintha viŵi yayi pa Nkana na Mufulira kufuma mu 1935, nangauli pa Nchanga na Roan Antelope pakaŵavya kutimbana. Likayowoya kuti ŵapange malipiro ghanandi na kusintha vinthu vinyake, ivyo ŵeneco ŵa migodi ŵakazomerezgana. Fundo yaumaliro iyi yikapelekeka yayi pa nyengo yira, kweni yikamba kulondezgeka mu 1943.
Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose
Mu 1941, pakaŵa mavoti; Roy Welensky, mulongozgi wa Rhodesian Railway Workers' Union, uyo wakasankhika mu 1938, wakambiska Northern Rhodesian Labour Party nga ni chipani icho chikakhumbanga kuti ŵasazgane. Ŵanthu wose ŵankhondi ŵa chipani ichi ŵakasoleka. Ivi vikamanyikwa mu London uko ŵimiliri ŵa Labour Party ŵakafipiranga mtima kuti usange boma lingazomerezga ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Northern Rhodesia ŵakukhumba, mbwenu vinthu viŵenge makora yayi. Welensky wakalongozga mu wupu wakulongozga kuti ŵakanizge wanangwa wa British South Africa Company uwo ukasanganga wovwiri wa ku Africa; kampani iyi yikakolerana mu 1949 kuti yikapeleke 20% ya ndalama zake ku boma, ndipo yikapeleka wanangwa wake wose mu 1986.
Kuyezgayezga kwambiska ubwezi
Mu 1915, kampani ya British South Africa Company yikapeleka fundo yakuti Southern Rhodesia na Northern Rhodesia viŵikane pamoza, kweni boma la Southern Rhodesia likakana fundo iyi mu 1917. Mu 1921, ŵakakanaso fundo iyi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Southern Rhodesia ŵakati ŵavota kuti ŵajiyimire ŵekha mu 1922, ŵakagwentha, ndipo mu 1927, Leo Amery uyo wakaŵa Secretary of Colonial Affairs, wakaphalira ŵanthu ŵa ku Southern Rhodesia kuti wakakolerana nawo pa nkhani ya kupoka vigaŵa vya kumpoto kwa Rhodesia.
Paumaliro wa Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose, ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakakhalanga ku Northern Rhodesia ŵakaŵa ŵacoko comene, pafupifupi 3,000 pakuyaniska na awo ŵakakhalanga ku Southern Rhodesia, kweni ŵakakwera comene pamanyuma pakuti ku Copperbelt ŵakasanga malo mu ma 1920. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Northern Rhodesia ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵajilamulirenge ŵekha. Ndipouli, boma la Britain likati lakana fundo yakuti mu Africa muŵe maboma ghanyake gha ŵazungu, ŵakambaso kudumbiskana vya kuwungana.
Mu 1927, boma la Britain likimika komiti yakucemeka Hilton Young Commission, kuti yidumbiskane za umo vyaru vya ku East na Central Africa vingaŵira pamoza. Ŵanandi ŵakaghanaghananga kuti Northern Rhodesia na Nyasaland vikwenera kukolerana na East Africa, kweni lipoti la ŵacoko waka likakolerana kuti vigaŵa viŵiri ivi vikolane na Southern Rhodesia cifukwa ca cuma. Nanga ni apo lipoti la Komiti iyi lindasindikizgike, pakaŵa kudumbiskana pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa ku Northern Rhodesia na boma la Southern Rhodesia za umo vyaru viŵiri ivi viŵirenge mu koloni limoza. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga ku Northern Rhodesia ŵakaŵa ŵakunozgeka kunjira mu Southern Rhodesia para palije nthowa yinyake yakuwusira. Apo makampani gha migodi gha kumpoto kwa Rhodesia ghakakhwaskika na suzgo yikuru mu ma 1930, ŵimiliri ŵake ŵakakhumba kuti ŵayanane mu Janyuwale 1936 ku Victoria Falls, kweni Southern Rhodesian Labour Party ndiyo yikaŵakanizga, cifukwa boma la Britain likakanizga fundo za ku Southern Rhodesia za kusungiska nchito na kupatukana.
Pakati pajumpha nyengo yichoko waka kufuma apo ŵanthu ŵa ku Copperbelt ŵakachitiranga nkhaza mu 1935, pakaŵa chisankho cha ku wupu wakulongozga, ndipo ŵanthu wose awo ŵakalindiliranga ŵakazomerezga kuti ŵaŵike pamoza vyaru vya kumpoto na kumwera kwa Rhodesia. Pamanyuma pa ungano uwo ukacitikira ku Victoria Falls pakati pa ŵanthu ŵakusoleka na ŵimiliri ŵa vyaru vya ku Southern Rhodesia mu Janyuwale 1936, ŵakadumura kuti ŵaŵikane pamoza "kuyana na dango ilo likupeleka wanangwa wa kujiwusa mwakukwana". Boma la United Kingdom likakana kukhazikiska komiti ya Royal Commission, kweni pamanyuma pakuti ŵa ku Europe ŵa ku Rhodesia wose ŵaŵikapo mtima, comenecomene Godfrey Huggins, uyo wakaŵa nduna yikuru ya Southern Rhodesia kwambira mu 1933, boma la Britain likakolerana mu 1937 kuti likhazikiske komiti ya Bledisloe. Fundo zake izo zikuyowoya za usange kungaŵa kukolerana pakati pa Rhodesia na Nyasaland.
Wupu Wakulongozga
Komiti ya Bledisloe yikalemba lipoti mu Malichi 1939, ndipo yikati ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵangasanga candulo pa umoyo wawo na vya cuma cifukwa ca bizinesi ya ku Europe. Ndipouli, likaghanaghananga kuti pakukhumbikwira kusintha kukuru ku vigaŵa viŵiri: cakwamba, kuchepeska ndyali za ŵanthu ŵa ku Southern Rhodesia, ndipo caciŵiri, kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵimilire mu vyaru vyose. Khoti likaghanaghananga kuti malo ghose ghatatu ghaŵe pamoza, ndipo likaghanaghananga kuti ntchakusuzga comene kunozgekera umo vinthu viŵirenge munthazi para boma la Germany laŵa paubwezi. Likakondwa yayi na nthowa yinyake yakuti Southern Rhodesia yipokelere Copperbelt. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakasuskanga kuti ŵaŵikane pamoza na Southern Rhodesia, kweni mu nyengo yakunthazi, Komiti iyi yikayowoyapo. Ŵanandi ŵakakolerana na fundo yakuti Northern Rhodesia na Nyasaland viŵikike pamoza na vyaru vinyake kuti viŵe vyekha. Ŵazungu ŵa ku Northern Rhodesia ŵakakhuŵara comene, kweni Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose yikati yamba, vinthu vikasintha comene pa nkhani za cuma na ndyali.
Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose, kukolerana pakati pa vigaŵa vitatu ivi kukakura comene, ndipo mu 1941 pakaŵa wupu wakucitira vinthu pamoza, ndipo mu 1945 pakaŵa wupu wakupeleka ulongozgi wa Central African Council, uwo ukaŵa na ŵalongozgi ŵatatu na munthu yumoza wakuzirwa wa ku Europe. Maboma gha Britain agho ghakaŵako nkhondo yikati yamara ghakakhorwa kuti ku Africa kwaŵanga na ndalama zichoko, ntheura ŵakakolerana kuti ŵaŵe na boma lakuzomerezgana, m'malo mwa kuwungana uko boma la Southern Rhodesia likakhumbanga. Mulembi wakwamba wa Nkhondo ya ku Africa kufuma mu 1946 m'paka 1950, Arthur Creech Jones wa Labour Party, wakakhumba yayi kudumbiskana na Godfrey Huggins, nduna yikuru ya Southern Rhodesia cifukwa ca ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa na ŵa mu chipani cake. Wakakana yayi kuti paŵe wupu wakuchemeka Federation, uwo ukayowoyeka pa ungano uwo ukacitikira ku Victoria Falls mu 1949 pakati pa boma la Southern Rhodesia, na ŵanthu awo ŵakasankhika panji "ŵambura kuzomerezgeka" ŵa Northern Rhodesia Legislative Council awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Roy Welensky, kwambura ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa. Muwukirano wake James Griffiths, uyo wakaŵako mu 1950 m'paka 1951, ndiyo wakeneranga kwamba kudumbiskana na Huggins na Welensky, awo ŵakimiranga ŵanthu ŵachokoŵacoko ŵa ku Rhodesia. Pamanyuma pa kusintha kwa boma la Britain mu 1951, Oliver Lyttelton uyo wakaŵa Secretary of Colonial, wakawuskapo dango lakuti ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa ŵafumbenge maghanoghano ghawo. Ŵakati ŵasandaso fundo izo ŵakayowoya, ŵakakolerana. Pamanyuma pa fundo yiwemi ya ku Southern Rhodesia, Northern Rhodesia yikapokelereka na Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland apo yikapangika mu 1953.
Ŵakususka Wupu Wakulongozga
Mu 1948, wupu uwu ukasintha zina lake kuŵa Northern Rhodesia Congress ndipo Godwin Mbikusita Lewanika, uyo wakaŵa wa mbumba ya Barotse, wakaŵa pulezidenti wakwamba. Mu ma 1940, mabungwe gha banthu ŵa ku Africa agho ghakalongozganga ŵantchito ŵa mu migodi ŵakasazgikana na kupanga Northern Rhodesian African Mineworkers' Union. Mu nyengo ya Mbikusita Lewanika, bungwe la Congress likakura comene. Chikaŵa na fundo zakususka, kweni Mbikusita Lewanika wakatemwanga kuchezga na ŵanthu ŵachoko waka. Mu 1950 na 1951 wakatondeka kupeleka uthenga wakususkana na Federation ndipo mu 1951 Mbikusita Lewanika wakathereskeka ndipo wakasinthika na Harry Nkumbula.
Harry Nkumbula, msambizgi wa ku Kitwe, wakapika mwaŵi wa kusambira ku London, uko wakakumana na Hastings Banda. Vinthu vikuru ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakasuskanga vikalembeka mu chikalata icho Nkumbula wakanozga ku Northern Rhodesia na Banda ku Nyasaland mu 1950, pambere Nkumbula wandawelere ku Northern Rhodesia. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakasuskanga fundo yakuti ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵazungu ŵa ku Southern Rhodesia ndiwo ŵangaŵa na mazaza pa ndyali. Nkumbula wakawelera ku Northern Rhodesia mu 1950 kuti wakatimbane na Federation na Mbikusita Lewanika. Kuwukira kwake kukapangiska kuti ŵalongozgi ŵanyake na ŵanthu ŵakutemwera vyamalonda ŵaleke kukhozgera Congress, kweni Northern Rhodesian African National Congress, umo chipani ichi chikasinthikira zina mu 1951, yikakhorweska African Representative Council kuti yikhozgere ŵaŵiri ŵa mamembala ghake kuŵa mamembala gha African-nominated members of the Legislative Council mu 1951. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yicoko waka, boma likayezga kupoka mazaza pa nkhani za ku Africa kufuma ku ofesi ya Britain Colonial Office, kulongora kuti wofi wa Nkumbula na Banda ukaŵa waunenesko. Wakawovwiraso kuchepeska vinthu vinyake ivyo Britain likakhumbanga kuti vichitike mu Africa.
Northern Rhodesian African National Congress yikaŵa chipani chichoko chomene icho chikaŵa pasi pa Mbikusita Lewanika, kweni Nkumbula wakagwiliskira ntchito ŵakususka ŵa Federation kuti ŵasazgireko unandi wawo. Mu 1951, Kenneth Kaunda, uyo kale wakaŵa msambizgi, wakazgoka Secretary of Congress mu Northern Province, ndipo mu 1953 wakasamira ku Lusaka nga Secretary General of Congress, pasi pa Nkumbula. Nangauli boma likayezgayezga kuti lileke kukanizga kuti boma ili liŵepo, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Africa ŵakazomera. Kaunda na Nkumbula ŵakamba kukhozgera kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa ŵajilamulirenge ŵekha, m'malo mwa kusazgirako waka mazaza gha ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa. Padera pa kukhumba kuti Federation yipatuke, Congress yikadandawura na ivyo ŵanthu ŵakadandawura navyo, nga ni "color bar", kukana ntchito zinyake panji mauteŵeti ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa, kweniso malipiro ghachoko na vinthu viheni ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa. Kaunda wakaŵa wakumanyikwa pakunozga vyakuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kuwungana, kweni mu 1955, iyo na Nkumbula ŵakakakika myezi yiŵiri.
Kujalirika mu jele kukapangiska kuti Kaunda waŵe na nkharo ziheni, ndipo wakalutilira kulimbana na boma. Kweni Nkumbula wakachitapo kanthu mwambura kugomezgeka pa nyengo iyo pakaŵa kutondeka kugwira ntchito mu 1953. Ŵalongozgi ŵa Nkumbula ŵakaŵa ŵankhongono comene ndipo ŵakayowoya kuti wakagwiliskiranga nchito ndalama za chipani kuti wasangepo candulo. Ndipouli, Kaunda wakalutilira kovwira Nkumbula nangauli mu 1956 Nkumbula wakayezga kumazga kampeni yakususkana na mtundu. Kaunda wakaleka kuchezga na Nkumbula apo wakakhala myezi yinkhondi na umoza ku Britain, wakagwira nchito na chipani cha Labour pa nkhani ya kuleka kukoloneska caru. Kweni wakamalizga waka mu Okutobala 1958 apo Nkumbula wakayezga kuti wafumiske ŵakususka ŵake mu Congress na kuŵa na mazaza pa chipani. Mu mwezi wenewura, Kaunda pamoza na ŵaciwukirano ŵanandi ŵakafumapo na kupanga Zambia African National Congress, ndipo Kaunda wakaŵa pulezidenti.
Umaliro wa Wupu Wakulongozga na wanangwa
Pambuyo pa Kaunda na ma radicals, Nkumbula adaganiza kuti Northern Rhodesian African National Congress ipikisana nawo zisankho za Legislative Council zomwe zizichitika pansi pa 1959 Order-in Council mu Okutobala 1959. Kuti waŵe na mwaŵi wa kunjira mu Nyumba ya Malamulo, wakachita phangano na ŵanthu ŵambura kujikora. Kaunda na Zambia African National Congress ŵakaghanaghana vyakuti ŵaleke kutora mavoti agha, cifukwa ŵakaghanaghana kuti mavoti gha mu 1959 ghakaŵa ghakutemwera mtundu. Ndipouli, pambere mavoti ghandambe, boma likapharazga kuti ku Nyasaland na Banda kuli suzgo likuru ndipo ŵalondezgi ŵake ŵanandi ŵakakakika kwambura kweruzgika. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yichoko waka, pa 12 March 1959, kazembe wa Northern Rhodesia nayo wakapharazga kuti kuli suzgo yikuru, wakakaka 45 ŵa Zambia African National Congress kusazgapo Kaunda na kukanizga chipani. Pamanyuma, Kaunda wakakakika na kuŵikika mu jele myezi 19 cifukwa ca uryarya. Kuŵikika kwa boma la vyakofya ku Northern Rhodesia na Nyasaland kukalongora umaliro wa viyezgo vya vyaru vyawo vya kugwira nchito mukati mwa muwuso wa ŵakoloni, na kwamba kwa kufumiska wanangwa mwaluŵiro.
Nangauli Nkumbula na chipani chake ŵakapokera vithuzi vinandi pa mavoti gha mu Okutobala 1959, kweni ŵakagwiliskira ntchito makora yayi Kaunda ndipo ŵakamazga chigaŵa chinyake cha Northern Rhodesian African National Congress icho pamoza na ŵa Zambia African National Congress ŵakapangiska United National Independence Party mu Okutobala 1959. Kaunda wakati wafuma mu jele mu Janyuwale 1960, wakamba kulongozga gulu ili. Nkumbula na awo ŵakakhalapo mu Congress ŵakalutilira kukhozgeka kumwera kwa charu, uko nyengo zose wakaŵanga na ŵanthu ŵanandi pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa ku Ila na plateau ya Tonga, kweni United National Independence Party ndiyo yikaŵa na mazaza kunyake.
Sir Roy Welensky, uyo wakakhalanga ku Northern Rhodesia ndipo wakaŵa nduna yikuru ya boma kufuma mu Novembala 1956, wakapangiska Alan Lennox-Boyd, Secretary of Colonial Affairs kufuma mu 1954 m'paka mu 1959, kuti wawovwire boma la Federation na kuzomerezga kuti vinthu vyendenge makora mu Africa. Ndimo boma la Britain la Harold Macmillan likaghanaghaniranga m'paka apo likapharazgira kuti kuli suzgo yikuru. Komiti ya Monckton yikati wupu uwu ungalutilira yayi kuwusa kupaturako ku boma panji kusintha chomene malango gha mtundu. Likayowoya kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu vyaru vya Africa ŵaŵe mu vyaru vya Nyasaland na Northern Rhodesia ndipo vigaŵa ivi viŵe na wanangwa wa kufumamo mu wupu uwu para pajumpha vyaka vinkhondi.
Iain Macleod wakasintha Lennox-Boyd kuŵa Secretary wa Colonial mu Okutobala 1959: wakamufumiska Banda ndipo wakadumbiskana nayo za dango la boma la Nyasaland, kuti lilandirenge mavoti mu 1961 agho ghakatenge ghapangiske kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ndiwo ŵaŵe na wanandi mu wupu wakuzenga malango. Ndipouli, Macleod wakaŵa wakucenjera comene pa nkhani ya kusintha kwa ndyali ku Northern Rhodesia. Welensky wakasuska comene ndondomeko ya wupu wakulongozga uwo ukaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Africa (16 ŵa ku Africa na 14 ŵa ku Europe), ndipo cifukwa ca kukakamizgika na ŵabali ŵake, Macleod wakazomera fundo ya Welensky yakuti paŵe wupu wa ŵanthu 45, 15 ŵa iwo ŵakasankhikenge na ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa, 15 na ŵa ku Europe, 14 na ŵa ku Asia, ndipo yumoza na ŵa ku Europe. Padera pa kukwezga comene mavoti agho ghakaŵa pa mavoti gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe, mu vigaŵa 14 ivyo vikucemeka kuti "vyaru vyawo" ŵakakhumbikwiranga kuti awo ŵafika pa mavoti agha ŵapokere mavoti gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ghakukwana 10 peresenti na gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe 10 peresenti. Ndondomeko yakusuzga iyi, iyo yikakhumbikwiranga kuti munthu waŵe na ndalama zinandi, yikagwiriskirika nchito pa maungano gha mu Okutobala 1962. Pa chigamulo ichi, chipani cha United National Independence Party cha Kaunda chikapokera vithuzi 14 pera na mavoti ghakukwana 60%; chipani cha European Federal chikapokera vithuzi 16 na mavoti 17%, ndipo Congress ya Nkumbula yikapokera vithuzi 7: vithuzi 37 pera pa vithuzi 45 vikazura, nga umo vikaŵira mu vigaŵa vinandi vya "national", pakaŵavya chipani icho chikapokera vithuzi 10% vya ku Africa na Europe.
Nangauli Congress yikakolerana na chipani cha Federal kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku chigaŵa ichi ŵazamuvotera awo ŵa chigaŵa chinyake mu vigaŵa vinyake vya "national", kweni Nkumbula wakazomera kugwira ntchito mu wupu uwo ukaŵa na Kaunda kuŵa nduna yikuru. Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland yikamara pa 31 December 1963, ndipo chalo chikazgoka Republic of Zambia pa 24 October 1964, na Kaunda kuŵa President..
Ŵanthu
Source: Whitaker's Almanack
Mathebulu ghapositi
Boma la Britain likafumiska mathamalindi gha ku Northern Rhodesia kwambira mu 1925 m'paka 1963. Kuti mumanye vinandi, wonani maposita gha ku Northern Rhodesia.
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Ōbu, mzinda kwa Japan. Muli banthu pafupi-fupi 88,812.
Ngoudro
Ngoudro ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Bamingui-Bangoran kumpoto kwa Central African Republic.
Zushi
Zushi, mzinda kwa Japan. Muli banthu pafupi-fupi 58,087.
Akunk, Kotayk
Akunk, Kotayk ni muzi mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Kotayk, mu charu cha Armenia.
Ndire
Ndire ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Bamingui-Bangoran kumpoto kwa Central African Republic.
Taitō
Taitō, mzinda kwa Japan. Muli banthu pafupi-fupi 186,276.
Monterey County, California
Monterey County, California ni msumba uchoko panji nkhalwe (county pachingelezi) iyo ikusangika mu boma likulu la California mu charu cha United States of America. Boma likulu la California lina tumisumba 58 mukwati mwake (counties).
İmran, Ceyhan
İmran, Ceyhan ni msumba mu boma la Ceyhan mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Adana mu charu cha Turkey mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
İnceyer, Ceyhan
İnceyer, Ceyhan ni msumba mu boma la Ceyhan mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Adana mu charu cha Turkey mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Ferndale
Ferndale ni ni msumba udoko mu msumba ukulu wa Johannesburg (Chigaŵa B), mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Gauteng, charu cha South Africa, ku mmwela kwa chilwa chikulu cha Afilika.
Lamia (city)
Lamia (city) ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Central Greece, mu charu cha Greece mu chilwa chikulu cha Yulaya (Europe).
İncetarla, Ceyhan
İncetarla, Ceyhan ni msumba mu boma la Ceyhan mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Adana mu charu cha Turkey mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Delicias (Santo Domingo)
Delicias (Santo Domingo) ni msumba mu boma la Santo Domingo, Chigaŵa cha Villa Clara, charu cha Cuba.
Zentsūji
Zentsūji, mzinda kwa Japan. Muli banthu pafupi-fupi 34,114.
Phookwane
Phookwane ni muzi mu msumba wa Elias Motsoaledi, mu boma likulu la Sekhukhune District Municipality, chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, mu charu cha South Africa.
Marin County, California
Marin County, California ni msumba uchoko panji nkhalwe (county pachingelezi) iyo ikusangika mu boma likulu la California mu charu cha United States of America. Boma likulu la California lina tumisumba 58 mukwati mwake (counties).
İsalı, Ceyhan
İsalı, Ceyhan ni msumba mu boma la Ceyhan mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Adana mu charu cha Turkey mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Shibuya
Shibuya, mzinda kwa Japan. Muli banthu pafupi-fupi 208,371.
Cuba Libre (Santo Domingo)
Cuba Libre (Santo Domingo) ni msumba mu boma la Santo Domingo, Chigaŵa cha Villa Clara, charu cha Cuba.
San Francisco, California
San Francisco, California ni msumba uchoko panji nkhalwe (county pachingelezi) iyo ikusangika mu boma likulu la California mu charu cha United States of America. Boma likulu la California lina tumisumba 58 mukwati mwake (counties).
Mariposa County, California
Mariposa County, California ni msumba uchoko panji nkhalwe (county pachingelezi) iyo ikusangika mu boma likulu la California mu charu cha United States of America. Boma likulu la California lina tumisumba 58 mukwati mwake (counties).
Hatis
Hatis ni muzi mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Kotayk, mu charu cha Armenia.
Mono County, California
Mono County, California ni msumba uchoko panji nkhalwe (county pachingelezi) iyo ikusangika mu boma likulu la California mu charu cha United States of America. Boma likulu la California lina tumisumba 58 mukwati mwake (counties).
Phukukane
Phukukane ni muzi mu msumba wa Elias Motsoaledi, mu boma likulu la Sekhukhune District Municipality, chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, mu charu cha South Africa.
Alexandroupoli
Alexandroupoli ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Eastern Macedonia na Thrace, mu charu cha Greece mu chilwa chikulu cha Yulaya (Europe).
Kaputan
Kaputan ni muzi mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Kotayk, mu charu cha Armenia.
Ishinomaki
Ishinomaki, mzinda kwa Japan. Muli banthu pafupi-fupi 145,805.
Del Norte County, California
Del Norte County, California ni msumba uchoko panji nkhalwe (county pachingelezi) iyo ikusangika mu boma likulu la California mu charu cha United States of America. Boma likulu la California lina tumisumba 58 mukwati mwake (counties).
Ngoudjaka
Ngoudjaka ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Bamingui-Bangoran kumpoto kwa Central African Republic.
Morwaneng, Limpopo
Morwaneng, Limpopo ni muzi mu msumba wa Elias Motsoaledi, mu boma likulu la Sekhukhune District Municipality, chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, mu charu cha South Africa.
Tres Carolinas (Santo Domingo)
Tres Carolinas (Santo Domingo) ni msumba mu boma la Santo Domingo, Chigaŵa cha Villa Clara, charu cha Cuba.
Kurihara
Kurihara, mzinda kwa Japan. Muli banthu pafupi-fupi 70,379.
Livadeia
Livadeia ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Central Greece, mu charu cha Greece mu chilwa chikulu cha Yulaya (Europe).
Suginami
Suginami, mzinda kwa Japan. Muli banthu pafupi-fupi 561,700.
Toshima
Toshima, mzinda kwa Japan. Muli banthu pafupi-fupi 298,250.
Dumlu, Ceyhan
Dumlu, Ceyhan ni msumba mu boma la Ceyhan mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Adana mu charu cha Turkey mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Kavala
Kavala ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Eastern Macedonia na Thrace, mu charu cha Greece mu chilwa chikulu cha Yulaya (Europe).
Arboleda (Santo Domingo)
Arboleda (Santo Domingo) ni msumba mu boma la Santo Domingo, Chigaŵa cha Villa Clara, charu cha Cuba.
Matenjere,Chiradzulu
Matenjere ni malo agho ghakusangika mu boma la Chiradzulu,chigaŵa cha kummwela,mu charu cha Malaŵi.
Motetema, Limpopo
Motetema, Limpopo ni muzi mu msumba wa Elias Motsoaledi, mu boma likulu la Sekhukhune District Municipality, chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, mu charu cha South Africa.
26 de Julio (Santo Domingo)
26 de Julio (Santo Domingo) ni msumba mu boma la Santo Domingo, Chigaŵa cha Villa Clara, charu cha Cuba.
Drama, Greece
Drama, Greece ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Eastern Macedonia na Thrace, mu charu cha Greece mu chilwa chikulu cha Yulaya (Europe).
Tulare County, California
Tulare County, California ni msumba uchoko panji nkhalwe (county pachingelezi) iyo ikusangika mu boma likulu la California mu charu cha United States of America. Boma likulu la California lina tumisumba 58 mukwati mwake (counties).
Lake County, California
Lake County, California ni msumba uchoko panji nkhalwe (county pachingelezi) iyo ikusangika mu boma likulu la California mu charu cha United States of America. Boma likulu la California lina tumisumba 58 mukwati mwake (counties).
Komotini
Komotini ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Eastern Macedonia na Thrace, mu charu cha Greece mu chilwa chikulu cha Yulaya (Europe).
Bahçecik, Feke
Bahçecik, Feke ni msumba mu boma la Feke mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Adana mu charu cha Turkey mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Xanthi
Xanthi ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Eastern Macedonia na Thrace, mu charu cha Greece mu chilwa chikulu cha Yulaya (Europe).
Hirosaki
Hirosaki, mzinda kwa Japan. Muli banthu pafupi-fupi 176,590.
Hachinohe
Hachinohe ni malo agho ghakusangika mu charu cha Japani ndipo muli ŵanthu pafupi-fupi.
Goshogawara
Goshogawara, mzinda kwa Japan. Muli banthu pafupi-fupi 56,564.
Groblersdal, Limpopo
Groblersdal, Limpopo ni muzi mu msumba wa Elias Motsoaledi, mu boma likulu la Sekhukhune District Municipality, chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, mu charu cha South Africa.
Kuroishi
Kuroishi, mzinda kwa Japan. Muli banthu pafupi-fupi 33,803.
Florida Glen
Florida Glen ni ni msumba udoko mu msumba ukulu wa Johannesburg (Chigaŵa B), mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Gauteng, charu cha South Africa, ku mmwela kwa chilwa chikulu cha Afilika.
Kotayk (village)
Kotayk (village) ni muzi mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Kotayk, mu charu cha Armenia.
Hlogotlou
Hlogotlou ni muzi mu msumba wa Elias Motsoaledi, mu boma likulu la Sekhukhune District Municipality, chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, mu charu cha South Africa.
Orestiada
Orestiada ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Eastern Macedonia na Thrace, mu charu cha Greece mu chilwa chikulu cha Yulaya (Europe).
Legolaneng, Limpopo
Legolaneng, Limpopo ni muzi mu msumba wa Elias Motsoaledi, mu boma likulu la Sekhukhune District Municipality, chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, mu charu cha South Africa.
Setagaya
Setagaya, mzinda kwa Japan. Muli banthu pafupi-fupi 837,185.
Masenjere,Chiradzulu
Masenjere ni malo agho ghakusangika mu boma la Chiradzulu,chigaŵa cha kummwela,mu charu cha Malaŵi.
Ioannina
Ioannina ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Epirus, mu charu cha Greece mu chilwa chikulu cha Yulaya (Europe).
Angola
Angola (Ngola, ), mwaboma, Charu cha Angola (República de Angola),ni chalo icho chili ku mpoto kwa Africa. Ni caru caciŵiri pa vyaru vyose ivyo vikuyowoya Ciphwitikizi pa caru cose ndiposo pa unandi wa ŵanthu. Charu ichi chili kumafumiro gha dazi na Namibia, kumpoto na Democratic Republic of Congo, kumafumiro gha dazi na Zambia, ndipo kumanjiliro gha dazi na Atlantic Ocean. Angola wali na chigaŵa chakuchemeka Cabinda, icho chili mumphepete mwa charu cha Congo na Democratic Republic of Congo. Msumba ukuru wa charu ichi ni Luanda.
Ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi kwamba mu nyengo ya Paleolitiki. Charu ichi chikamba kuwumbika na Ŵapwitikizi mu ma 1500 C.E. Ŵakapanga mizi mumphepete mwa nyanja. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakamba kukhala mu malo agha. Charu cha Portugal icho chikazgoka Angola, chikaŵa na mphaka zake yayi m'paka mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, chifukwa cha ŵanthu ŵa ku chigaŵa ichi nga mba Cuamato, Kwanyama, na Mbunda.