cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Dechantskirchen
Dechantskirchen ni msumba mu boma la Styria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Edelschrott
Edelschrott ni msumba mu boma la Styria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Eichkögl
Eichkögl ni msumba mu boma la Styria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Juab County
Juab County ni nkhalwe (county) iyo ikusangika mu nthavwa (state) ya Utah, mu charu cha United States of America.
Deutschfeistritz
Deutschfeistritz ni msumba mu boma la Styria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Dobl-Zwaring
Dobl-Zwaring ni msumba mu boma la Styria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Beaver County, Utah
Beaver County, Utah ni nkhalwe (county) iyo ikusangika mu nthavwa (state) ya Utah, mu charu cha United States of America.
Deutsch Goritz
Deutsch Goritz ni msumba mu boma la Styria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Iron County
Iron County ni nkhalwe (county) iyo ikusangika mu nthavwa (state) ya Utah, mu charu cha United States of America.
Box Elder County
Box Elder County ni nkhalwe (county) iyo ikusangika mu nthavwa (state) ya Utah, mu charu cha United States of America.
Corinne (Utah)
Corinne ni nkhalwe(county) iyo ikusangika mu nthavwa (state) ya Utah,mu charu cha United States of America.
Duchesne County
Duchesne County ni nkhalwe (county) iyo ikusangika mu nthavwa (state) ya Utah, mu charu cha United States of America.
Deutschlandsberg
Deutschlandsberg ni msumba mu boma la Styria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Garfield County
Garfield County ni nkhalwe (county) iyo ikusangika mu nthavwa (state) ya Utah, mu charu cha United States of America.
Bountiful (Utah)
Bountiful ni malo ghamusumba ghakusangika mu Utah, charu cha United States of America.
Eggersdorf bei Graz
Eggersdorf bei Graz ni msumba mu boma la Styria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Eisenerz
Eisenerz ni msumba mu boma la Styria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Bear River City
Bear River City ni nkhalwe(county) iyo ikusangika mu nthavwa (state) ya Utah,mu charu cha United States of America.
Eibiswald
Eibiswald ni msumba mu boma la Styria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Cache County
Cache County ni nkhalwe (county) iyo ikusangika mu nthavwa (state) ya Utah, mu charu cha United States of America.
Daggett County
Daggett County ni nkhalwe (county) iyo ikusangika mu nthavwa (state) ya Utah, mu charu cha United States of America.
Emery County
Emery County ni nkhalwe (county) iyo ikusangika mu nthavwa (state) ya Utah, mu charu cha United States of America.
Carbon County
Carbon County ni nkhalwe (county) iyo ikusangika mu nthavwa (state) ya Utah, mu charu cha United States of America.
Ehrenhausen an der Weinstraße
Ehrenhausen an der Weinstraße ni msumba mu boma la Styria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Empersdorf
Empersdorf ni msumba mu boma la Styria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Lagos
Nkhani iyi njakukhwaskana tauni ya zina la Lagos.Pala mukupenja chigawa chikulu cha Lagos ichoso muli tauni ya Lagos iyi tikudumbiskana apa bekani State ya Lagos.
Lagos ni tauni ikulu chomene ya chalo cha Nigeria ndiyoso ni tauni ya nambala 2 mu Afrika iyo ina wanthu wanandi chomene ndipo chiwelengelo cha wanthuchili 15.3 miliyoni mu 2022 mukati mwa tauni ya Lagos yekha.
Chigawa chikulu cha Lagos (Lagos State) chikawa na wanthu 23.5 miliyoni mu 2018,ichoso ntchigawa chikulu chomene cha tauni mu Afrika yose.
Wentworth (TV Series)
Wentworth ni sewero litali la pa TV ku Australia.Pakudankha likawuluskika pa SoHo pa 1 May 2013 ndipo likamalila pa Fox Showcase na vipatulo 100 (episodes) pa 26 Okutoba, 2021. Sewelo ili lili ngati waka ndachiwili chifukwa linyake lakukozgana na ili likawuluzgika kale pa Network Ten kufuma 1979 mpaka 1986.
Lara Radulovich na David Hannam ndiwo wakayambiska sewelo ili kufuma ku maganizo gha Reg Watson agho wakalemba mu buku lake..
Davis County
Davis County ni nkhalwe (county) iyo ikusangika mu nthavwa (state) ya Utah, mu charu cha United States of America.
Millard County
Millard County ni nkhalwe (county) iyo ikusangika mu nthavwa (state) ya Utah, mu charu cha United States of America.
Samoa
Samoa ntchqalo icho chilikuzingilizgika na maji,icho china vigawa viwili vikulu vikulu na tunyake tudoko tudoko.
Trinidad na Tobago
Trinidad na Tobago ni malo ghakuzingilizgika na maji agho ghali ku mmwera chomene mu Caribbean.
Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico ntchigawa cha malo chakuzingilizgika na maji mu Caribbean icho chikulamulilika na chalo cha United States.
New York City
New York City ni tauni iyo ikusangika mu chalo cha United States. Mu chaka cha 2020 unandi wa wanthu ukawa 8,804,190 pa malo gha 300.46 square  miles (778.2 km2).
Bermuda
Bermuda ntchigawa cha malo icho chikuoneleleka na chalo chah Britain mu nyanja ikulu ya kumpoto ya Atlantic.
Greenland
Greenland ntchalo chikulu chakuzingilizgika na maji icho chikusangika pakati pa nyanja ya Arctic na  Atlantic.
Rango (2011 film)
Filimu iyi ikulongosola za Rango,livwi uyo mwangozi wakasangika mu tauni ya Dirt,malo agho ghakawa pa mpanipani wakuwezgelapo mulala wa tauni (sheriff)muphya.
Filimu ya Rango ikapangika na gulu la Paramount Pictures, Nickelodeon Movies, Verbinski's Blind Wink Productions, King's GK Films, na Industrial Light & Magic.
American Samoa
American Samoa ntchigawa cha malo agho ghakulamulilika na chalo cha United States agho ghali mu nyanja ya Pacific Ocean.
Somalia
Somalia, mwaboma, Charu cha Somalia (Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya; جمهورية الصومال الفيدرالية), ni chalo icho chili ku Africa. Charu ichi chili na mphaka na charu cha Ethiopia kumanjiliro gha dazi, Djibouti kumpoto cha kumanjiliro gha dazi, Gulf of Aden kumpoto, Indian Ocean kumafumiro gha dazi, na Kenya kumwera kwa kumanjiliro gha dazi. Charu cha Somalia chili na mumphepete mwa nyanja utali comene kuluska vyaru vinyake vyose vya mu Africa. Charu ichi chili na mapiri ghatali, vipalamba, na mapiri. Nyengo zinyake mu charu ichi mukuŵa mphepo zakotcha, ndipo vula zikulokwa mwambura kwenelera. Ku Somalia kuli ŵanthu pafupifupi 17.1 miliyoni, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 2 miliyoni ŵakukhala mu msumba ukuru wa Mogadishu. Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu tawuni iyi ŵalipo pafupifupi 85 peresenti. Ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa ŵakukhala kumwera. Viyowoyero vya boma vya ku Somalia ni Chisomali na Chiarabic. Ŵanthu ŵanandi mu caru ici Mbacisilamu, ndipo ŵanandi mwa iwo Mbacisilamu.
In antiquity, Somalia was an important commercial center. It is among the most probable locations of the ancient Land of Punt. Mu vyaka vyapakati pa 500 na 1500 C.E., maufumu ghanandi gha ku Somalia ghakaŵa na mazaza pa malonda gha mu chigaŵa ichi, nga ni Ajuran Sultanate, Adal Sultanate, na Geledi Sultanate.
Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, mafumu gha ku Somalia nga ni Isaaq Sultanate na Majeerteen Sultanate ghakakhalanga mu vyaru vya Italy na Britain. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ndiwo ŵakambiska vyaru ivi, ndipo ŵakaviŵika mu vigaŵa viŵiri. Pa nyengo iyi, mu vigaŵa vya mukati mwa charu, Ŵaderivi awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Mohammed Abdullah Hassan ŵakalimbana na Abyssinia, Italian Somaliland, na British Somaliland kwa vyaka 20. Ŵataliya ŵakamba kulamulira kumpoto kwa chigaŵa ichi, kumafumiro gha dazi, pakati, na kumwera, ŵakati ŵathereska ŵanthu ŵa ku Majeerteen na Hobyo. Mu 1960, vigaŵa viŵiri ivi vikakolerana na kuzgoka charu chakujiyimira paŵekha cha Somalia.
Siad Barre wa Supreme Revolutionary Council wakatora mazaza mu 1969 ndipo wakambiska boma la Somali Democratic Republic, ndipo wakayezga kukanizga nkhondo ya kujithemba ya Somaliland kumpoto kwa chalo. SRC yikamara mu 1991, apo Nkhondo ya ku Somalia yikambanga. Charu cha Somaliland chikulutilira kulamulira kumpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Somalia. Kufuma mu nyengo iyi, vigaŵa vinandi vikamba kulondezga malango gha mu charu na chisopa. Kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 2000, maboma ghakupambanapambana ghakapangika. Boma la Transitional National Government (TNG) likakhazikiskika mu chaka cha 2000, ndipo boma la Transitional Federal Government (TFG) likakhazikiskika mu chaka cha 2004.
Mu 2006, na wovwiri wa boma la Ethiopia, boma la TFG likapoka mazaza pa vigaŵa vinandi vya kumwera kwa charu kufuma ku Islamic Courts Union (ICU). Gulu la ICU pamasinda likapambana mu magulu ghakuru, kusazgapo ma jihadists al-Shabaab, agho ghakarwa nkhondo na TFG na ŵabwezi ŵake ŵa AMISOM kuti ŵaŵe na mazaza pa chigaŵa. Kuzakafika pakatikati pa 2012, ŵakugaluka aŵa ŵakataya vigaŵa vinandi ivyo ŵakathereska, ndipo ŵakamba kupenja malo ghakukhazikika gha demokilase. Nangauli vili nthena, ŵasilikari ŵa Somalia ŵachali na mazaza pa chigaŵa chikuru cha pakati na kumwera, ndipo ŵakulongozga mu vigaŵa ivyo boma likuwusa, ndipo msumba wa Jilib ndiwo ni msumba ukuru wa ŵasilikari ŵa Somalia. Mu Ogasiti 2012, boma la Somalia likapanga dango liphya lakwamba. Mu mwezi wenewura, boma la Somalia likapangika ndipo nyengo yakuzengaso yikamba mu Mogadishu, nangauli al-Shabaab kanandi waka wakawukiranga ŵanthu.
Charu cha Somalia chili na GDP yichoko chomene pa charu chose, ndipo chili mu gulu la vyaru vyakutalulira. Mu 2019, charu cha Somalia chikaŵa na chiŵelengero chichoko chomene pa charu chose, ndipo mu chaka chenechichi, ŵanthu 69 pa 100 ŵaliwose ŵakakhalanga pasi pa ukavu. Kufika mu 2020, chalo cha Somalia chili pa malo ghaciŵiri pa vyaru ivyo vikusuzgika. Boma ili lili na chuma chakuthupi yayi, ndipo likuthemba chomene pa viŵeto, ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵa ku Somalia ŵakupeleka ku vyaru vinyake, kweniso pa nkhani ya kutumirana mameseji. Charu ichi chili mu wupu wa United Nations, Arab League, African Union, Non-Aligned Movement, na Organization of Islamic Cooperation.
Prehistory
Charu cha Somalia ndicho chikaŵa chakwamba kukhalamo ŵanthu chifukwa cha malo agho chikaŵa. Ŵalwani awo ŵakafumanga mu Africa, ŵakwenera kuti ŵakakhalanga kuno pambere ŵandafume. Mu nyengo ya malibwe, ŵanthu ŵa ku Doian na Hargeisan ŵakakhalanga mu malo agha. Ukaboni wakale comene wa maluso gha kusungika mu malo ghakusungako ŵakufwa mu caru ca Horn of Africa ngwakufuma ku malo ghakusungako ŵakufwa mu Somalia agho ghakaŵako m'ma 1000 B.C.E. Mu 1909, ŵanthu ŵakamanya kuti vinthu ivi vikafuma ku malo gha ku Jalelo.
Ŵasayansi ŵakuyowoya kuti ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakayowoyanga viyowoyero vya ku Asia ŵakiza mu chigaŵa ichi mu nyengo ya Neolithic kufuma ku malo agho mbumba iyi yikakhalanga mu Dambo la Nayelo.
Malo gha Laas Geel agho ghali kufupi na tawuni ya Hargeisa, kumpoto cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Somalia, ghakaŵako vyaka pafupifupi 5,000 ivyo vyajumpha. Mu malo ghanyake gha kumpoto kwa chigaŵa cha Dhambalin, muli vithuzithuzi vinyake ivyo vikulongora mulwani uyo wakwera hachi. Vinthu vya mu jalawe ivi vikalembeka mu vyaka vya pakati pa 1,000 na 3,000 B.C.E. Kweniso pakati pa matawuni gha Las Khorey na El Ayo kumpoto kwa Somalia kuli Karinhegane, uko kuli vithuzithuzi vinandi vya vinyama. Pa cithuzithuzi cilicose pali malemba agho ghali kulembeka pasi pake, ndipo ghose ghali na vyaka pafupifupi 2,500.
Antiquity and classical era
Mu nyengo yakale, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Macrobian, awo ŵakaŵa ŵasekuru ŵa ŵanthu ŵa ku Somalia, ŵakakhazikiska ufumu wankhongono uwo ukalamuliranga chigaŵa chikuru cha Somalia. Ŵakaŵa na mbiri ya kukhala nyengo yitali na kuŵa ŵasambazi, ndipo ŵakayowoyanga kuti ŵakaŵa "ŵanalume ŵatali na ŵakutowa comene". Ŵanthu ŵa ku Macrobian ŵakaŵa ŵaliska ŵa viŵeto na ŵakwendeska ngalaŵa. Herodotus wakayowoya kuti Themba la ku Peresiya, Cambyses II, likati lakora Eguputo mu 525 B.C.E., likatuma mathenga ku Macrobiya kuti ghazakamupe vyawanangwa vinandi. Fumu ya Macrobiya, iyo yikasankhika cifukwa ca msinkhu wake na kutowa kwake, yikamuzgora na kumuphalira munthu munyake wa ku Peresiya kuti waŵikenge uta: Usange Ŵaperesiya ŵangakwaniska kuwukoma, mbwenu ŵangaŵa na wanangwa wa kuwukira caru cake. Kweni m'paka nyengo iyo, ŵakwenera kuwonga ŵachiuta cifukwa cakuti Macrobiya ŵakakana kuwukira ufumu wawo. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Macrobian ŵakaŵa ŵankhongono comene ndipo ŵakamanyikwanga cifukwa ca luso lwawo lwa kuzenga na usambazi wawo wa golide. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakugomezga kuti ngamila zikaŵako mu nyengo ya pakati pa 2 na 3 B.C.E. Kufuma kura, yikathandazgikira ku Eguputo na ku Maghreb.
Mu nyengo yakale, misumba ya Barbara iyo yikumanyikwaso na mazina ghakuti, Sesia of Mosylon, Opone, Mundus, Isis, Malao, Avalites, Essina, Nikon, na Sarapion, yikaŵa na malonda ghanandi, ndipo yikakolerananga na ŵamalonda ŵa ku Ptolemaic Egypt, Ancient Greece, Phoenicia, Parthian Persia, Saba, Nabataean Kingdom, na Roman Empire. Ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito ngaraŵa yakale ya ku Somalia yakucemeka beden pakunyamura katundu wawo. Ŵaroma ŵakati ŵathereska ufumu wa Nabataean na kuŵapo kwa ŵasilikari ŵa Romu ku Aden kuti ŵaleke kunanga vinthu vyawo, ŵamalonda ŵa ku Arabia na Somalia ŵakakolerana na Ŵaroma kuti ŵaleke kuzomerezga ngaraŵa za ku India kuti zileke kwenda mu misumba ya ku Arabia kuti ŵavikilire ŵamalonda ŵa ku Somalia na Arabia pa malonda agho ghakacitikanga pakati pa Nyanja Yiswesi na ya Meditereniyani. Ndipouli, ŵamalonda ŵa ku India ŵakalutilira kuguliska vinthu mu misumba ya ku dowoko la Somali, iyo yikaŵa kutali na Ŵaroma. Kwa vyaka vinandi, ŵamalonda ŵa ku India ŵakayeghanga sinamoni yinandi kufuma ku Ceylon na Spice Islands kuluta nayo ku Somalia na Arabia. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti uko kukafuma sinamoni na vyakununkhira vinyake kukaŵa kwakubisika chomene ku ŵamalonda ŵa ku Arabia na Somalia. Phangano ilo ŵamalonda ŵa ku Somalia na Ŵaarabu ŵakachita likakhozga mtengo wa sinamoni wa ku India na China ku North Africa, ku Near East, na ku Europe, ndipo likapangiska kuti malonda gha sinamoni ghaŵe na phindu, comenecomene ku ŵamalonda ŵa ku Somalia awo ŵakendeskanga vinthu vinandi pa nyanja na pa mtunda.
Birth of Islam and the Middle Ages
Chisilamu chikapharazgika mu chigaŵa ichi na Ŵasilamu ŵakwambilira ŵa ku Mecca awo ŵakachimbiranga ku khoti pa nyengo ya Hejira wakwamba. Iyi ni yimoza mwa nyumba zakuluska zose mu Africa. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 800 C.E., Al-Yaqubi wakalemba kuti Ŵasilamu ŵakakhalanga mumphepete mwa nyanja kumpoto kwa Somalia. Wakayowoyaso kuti msumba uwu ndiwo ukaŵa msumba ukuru wa Ufumu wa Adal. Leo Africanus wakati Ufumu wa Adal ukawusikanga na mafumu gha ku Somalia ndipo ufumu wake ukaŵa pakati pa Bab el Mandeb na Cape Guardafui. Ntheura kumwera kukaŵa Ufumu wa Ajuran ndipo kumanjiliro gha dazi kukaŵa Ufumu wa Abyssinia.
Mu vyaka vyapakati pa 500 na 1500 C.E., ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake ŵakaluta ku Somaliland.
Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, likuru la Adal likasamuskikaso, ndipo pa nyengo iyi likaluta kumwera ku Harar. Kufuma ku msumba uphya uwu, Adal wakanozga ŵasilikari awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi (Ahmad "Gurey" panji "Gran"; wose ŵakang'anamuranga "mwankhongono") awo ŵakanjira mu ufumu wa Abyssinia. Nkhondo iyi yikacitika mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500, ndipo yikucemeka kuti Kupoka Abisinia (Futuh al-Habash). Mu nyengo ya nkhondo iyi, Imam Ahmad ndiyo wakamba kugwiliskira ntchito vilwero ivyo Ufumu wa Ottoman ukapeleka, ndipo wakavitora ku Zeila na kuviŵika pa nkhondo na ŵasilikari ŵa Abyssinia na ŵabwezi ŵawo ŵa ku Portugal. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti nkhondo iyi yikulongora kuti vilwero vya nkhondo nga ni mathipa, futi, na mivi vikaŵa vyakuzirwa chomene.
Mu nyengo ya Ufumu wa Ajuran, misumba ya Merca, Mogadishu, Barawa, Hobyo na madoko ghawo ghakakura chomene ndipo ŵakaguliskanga vinthu ku vyaru vinyake. Vasco da Gama, uyo wakajumpha mu Mogadishu mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500, wakati msumba uwu ukaŵa ukuru chomene ndipo ukaŵa na nyumba zakudikanya kweniso nyumba zikuruzikuru. Ŵanthu ŵa Harla, awo ŵakaŵa ŵanthu ŵatali chomene ŵa ku Hamitic awo ŵakakhalanga ku Somalia, Tchertcher, na vigaŵa vinyake vya ku Horn, nawo ŵakazenga malaro ghakupambanapambana. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakagomezganga kuti ŵakaŵa ŵasekuru ŵa ŵanthu ŵa ku Somalia.
Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500, Duarte Barbosa wakalemba kuti ngaraŵa zinandi izo zikafumanga ku Ufumu wa Cambaya ku India, zikalutanga ku Mogadishu na salu na vyakununkhira. Barbosa wakayowoyaso za unandi wa nyama, tirigu, balere, mahachi, na vipasi ivyo vikusangika mu misika ya mumphepete mwa nyanja. Mogadishu, msumba uwo ukaŵa na makampani gha vyakuvwara, pamoza na Merca na Barawa, ukaŵa malo ghakwendakwenda gha ŵamalonda ŵa Chiswahili ŵakufuma ku Mombasa na Malindi. Ŵamalonda Ŵachiyuda ŵakufuma ku Hormuz ŵakizanga na vyakuvwara vyawo vya ku India na vipambi ku Somali kuti ŵazakapeleke tirigu na nkhuni.
Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuguliska malaya, ambergris, na porcelain. Viyuni vya girafu, zebra, na vyakununkhira vikatolekera ku Ufumu wa Ming ku China, uko ŵamalonda ŵa ku Somalia ŵakamba kuchita malonda pakati pa East Asia na Horn. Ŵamalonda ŵa Chihindu ŵakufuma ku Surat na ŵa ku Southeast Africa ŵakufuma ku Pate, ŵakakhumbanga kujumphizga chigaŵa cha ku India icho Ŵapwitikizi ŵakaŵakanizganga (pamanyuma pake, ku Oman), ndipo ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito malo gha ku Merca na Barawa ku Somalia (uko kukaŵavya ŵamazaza ŵa vyaru viŵiri ivi) kuti ŵaguliskenge vinthu vyawo mwakufwasa kweniso kwambura suzgo.
Early modern era and the scramble for Africa
Mu nyengo yakwambilira, maufumu agho ghakalondezganga Ufumu wa Adal na Ajuran ghakamba kukura mu Somalia. Ŵakaŵa Hiraab Imamate, Geledi Sultanate (Gobroon dynasty), Majeerteen Sultanate (Migiurtinia), na Hobyo Sultanate (Obbia). Iwo ŵakalutilira kuzenga vipata na kwenda pa nyanja nga umo vikaŵira mu maufumu ghanyake gha ku Somalia.
Sultan Yusuf Mahamud Ibrahim, uyo wakaŵa wachitatu kufuma mu nyumba ya Gobroon, ndiyo wakamba muwuso wa ufumu wa Gobroon. Ŵasilikari ŵake ŵakathereska nkhondo ya Bardheere Jihad, iyo yikawezgerapo bata mu cigaŵa ici na kuwezgerapo malonda gha njovu ku East Africa. Kweniso wakaŵa paubwezi uwemi na ŵanthu ŵa mu maufumu ghapafupi na kutali nga ni Oman, Witu, na Yemen.
Mwana wa Sultan Ibrahim, Ahmed Yusuf, ndiyo wakaŵa munthu wakuzirwa comene mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800 ku East Africa. Mu Somalland, ufumu wa Isaaq ukapangika mu 1750. Ufumu wa Isaaq ukaŵa ufumu wa Somalia uwo ukalamuliranga vigaŵa vinyake vya mu Africa mu vyaka vya m'ma 1700 na 1800. Malo agha ghakaŵa gha fuko la Isaaq, ilo likafuma ku fuko la Banu Hashim, mu malo agho sono ni Somaliland na Ethiopia. Ufumu wa Rer Guled ndiwo ukalamuliranga ufumu uwu. Ufumu uwu ndiwo ukaŵa wakwamba kwa charu cha Somaliland.
Mwakuyana na ivyo ŵanthu ŵakayowoya, pambere muwuso wa Guled undafike, mbumba ya Isaaq yikalongozgekanga na muwuso wa Tolje'lo. Pakaŵa mafumu ghankhondi na ghatatu gha Tolje'lo, kwambira na Boqor Harun (Lang-so) uyo wakawusa ufumu wa Isaaq kwa vyaka vinandi kwambira mu 13th century. Mulongozgi waumaliro wa ŵa Tolje'lo, Garad Dhuh Barar, wakathereskeka na mbumba za Isaaq. Ŵanthu ŵa fuko la Tolje'lo awo ŵakaŵa ŵankhongono ŵakambininika ndipo ŵakabisama ku ŵanthu ŵa Habr Awal awo ŵacali kukhala nawo. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, pamanyuma pa ungano wa ku Berlin mu 1884, ŵamazaza ŵa ku Europe ŵakamba kulimbana kuti ŵatore charu cha Africa. Mu caka ici, caru ca Britain cikamba kulamulira cigaŵa cinyake ca Somalia, ico cili mumphepete mwa Africa, kufupi na South Yemen. Pakwamba, cigaŵa ici cikaŵa pasi pa ofesi ya ku India, ndipo cikaŵa cigaŵa ca Ufumu wa India. Mu 1898, London ndiyo yikaŵa na mazaza pa cigaŵa ici. Mu 1889, boma la Italy likakhazikiska boma la Italy ku Somalia, ndipo pamasinda likamba kulamulira charu ichi.
Gulu la Dervish likathereska ufumu wa Britain maulendo ghanayi ndipo likapangiska kuti uwelere ku vigaŵa vya mumphepete mwa nyanja. Ŵa Darawiish ŵakathereska ŵamazaza ŵa ku Italy, Britain, Abyssinia kanandi waka, chomenechomene mu 1903, apo Suleiman Aden Galaydh ndiyo wakathereska ŵamazaza ŵa ku Cagaarweyne. Paumaliro, mu 1920, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain ŵakathereska ŵasilikari aŵa.
Nkhondo ya fascism yikamba mu ma 1920 ndipo yikapangiska kuti Italy yisinthe nthowa zake, chifukwa chakuti ma sultanates gha kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi gha charu ichi ghakeneranga kunjizgika mu chigaŵa cha La Grande Somalia ("Greater Somalia") mwakuyana na ndondomeko ya Fascist Italy. Apo Kazembe Cesare Maria De Vecchi wakizanga pa Disembala 15, 1923, vinthu vikamba kusintha mu chigaŵa ichi. Malo ghaumaliro agho Italy ghakapoka ku Somalia ghakaŵa Oltre Giuba, mu cigaŵa ca Jubaland, mu 1925.
Ŵa Italiya ŵakamba kuzenga vipatala, minda, na masukulu. Mu 1935, boma la Fascist la Italy, pasi pa muwuso wa Benito Mussolini, likawukira Abyssinia (Ethiopia) na cilato cakuti liŵawukire. Wupu wa League of Nations ukasuska nkhondo iyi, kweni pakaŵavya ico cikacitikapo kuti ulekeske panji kufwatura Ethiopia. Mu 1936, chalo cha Italy cha Somalia chikaŵa mu chigaŵa cha Italy East Africa, pamoza na Eritrea na Ethiopia. Pa 3 Ogasiti 1940, ŵasilikari ŵa Italy, kusazgapo maboma gha Somalia, ŵakambuka kufuma ku Ethiopia kuti ŵanjire mu British Somaliland, ndipo pa 14 Ogasiti, ŵakakwaniska kutora Berbera ku British.
Independence (1960–1969)
Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose yikati yamara, Britain yikalutilira kulamulira chigaŵa cha British Somaliland na Italian Somaliland. Mu 1945, pa ungano wa ku Potsdam, wupu wa United Nations ukapeleka ku Italy mazaza ghakulongozga chigaŵa cha Italian Somaliland nga ni malo ghakulongozga chigaŵa cha Somaliland, pa fundo iyo yikayowoyeka na wupu wa Somali Youth League (SYL) na mawupu ghanyake gha ndyali gha ku Somalia, nga ni Hizbia Digil Mirifle Somali (HDMS) na Somali National League (SNL) kuti Somalia yisange wanangwa mu vyaka 10. Charu cha British Somaliland chikaŵa pasi pa Britain m'paka mu 1960.
Pakuti caru ca Italy cikaŵa na mazaza gha wupu wa UN, nduna iyi yikapeleka mwaŵi ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Somalia kuti ŵasambire vya ndyali za ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi. Ivi vikaŵa vyandulo ivyo charu cha British Somaliland, icho chikeneranga kuŵa mu boma liphya la Somalia, chikaŵavya. Nangauli mu ma 1950, ŵalara ŵa boma la Britain ŵakayezgayezga kuti ŵamazge suzgo ili, kweni boma la Britain likalutilira yayi. Vyaru viŵiri ivi vikaŵa vyakupambana comene pa nkhani ya vyachuma ndiposo vya ndyali.
Pa nyengo yeneyira, mu 1948, cifukwa ca kukakamizgika na ŵabwezi ŵawo ŵa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose, ndipo ici cikakwiyiska comene ŵanthu ŵa ku Somalia, ŵa ku Britain ŵakawezgera Haud (malo ghakuŵeta gha ku Somalia agho ghakwenera kuti ghakavikilirika na mapangano gha Britain na ŵanthu ŵa ku Somalia mu 1884 na 1886) na cigaŵa ca Somali ku Ethiopia.
Nangauli Britain yikaŵikapo dango lakuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Somalia ŵalutilire kujilamulira ŵekha, kweni Etiyopiya nayo wakakhumbanga kuti malo agha ghaŵe ghake. Ici cikapangiska kuti mu 1956 Britain yilute ku Somalia kuti yikagure malo agho yikagaŵako. Kweniso boma la Britain likapelekaso boma la Northern Frontier District (NFD) ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Kenya. Ivi vikacitika nangauli pakaŵa maungano gha ŵanthu awo ŵakakolerana na fundo yakuti ŵanthu wose ŵa ku Somalia ŵakukhumba kuŵa ku cigaŵa ca Somalia.
Mu 1958, ku Djibouti (uko kale kukachemekanga French Somaliland) kukachitika referendum. Pa ungano uwu, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakolerana na fundo yakuti ŵaŵe ŵamoza na France. Pakaŵaso upusikizgi ukuru comene, ndipo Ŵacifurenci ŵakacimbizga ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Somalia pambere ŵanthu ŵandafike ku mavoti.
Pa Julayi 1, 1960, mazuŵa ghankhondi kufuma apo chigaŵa icho kale chikaŵa pasi pa boma la British Somaliland chikapokera wanangwa wake, chigaŵa ichi chikasazgikana na chigaŵa icho chikaŵa pasi pa boma la Somaliland. Boma likapangika na Abdullahi Issa na Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal pamoza na mamembala ghanyake gha boma la wupu wakulongozga, na Abdulcadir Muhammed Aden nga ni purezidenti wa chalo cha Somalia, Aden Abdullah Osman Daar nga ni purezidenti wa chalo cha Somalia, ndipo Abdirashid Ali Shermarke nga nd nd nd nd nd nduna yikuru (panyuma kuti waŵe purezidenti kufuma 1967 mpaka 1969). Pa 20 Julayi 1961 ndipo kwizira mu referendum, chikazomerezgeka na ŵanthu ŵa ku Somalia pasi pa Italy. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Somaliland Protectorate ŵakakhumba yayi kutora chigaŵa mu referendum, nangauli ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵa ku Somaliland awo ŵakakhumba kutora chigaŵa mu referendum ŵakavotera kukana dango liphya, ilo likanozgeka mu 1960. Mu 1967, Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal wakaŵa nduna yikuru, ndipo Shermarke ndiyo wakamusankha. Egal wakazgoka purezidenti wa chigaŵa cha Somaliland kumpoto kwa kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Somalia.
Pa Okutobala 15, 1969, apo wakalutanga ku tawuni ya Las Anod, pulezidenti wa ku Somalia, Abdirashid Ali Shermarke, wakakomeka na yumoza wa ŵavikiliri ŵake. Kufwa kwake kukalondezgana mwaluŵiro na kuzgoka kwa boma kwa ŵasilikari pa 21 Okutobala 1969 (zuŵa lakulondezgapo nyifwa yake), umo ŵasilikari ŵa Somalia ŵakatora mazaza kwambura kukumana na ŵanthu ŵakugaluka. Nkhondo iyi yikalongozgeka na Major General Mohamed Siad Barre, uyo pa nyengo iyo wakalongozganga ŵasilikari ŵa boma.
Somali Democratic Republic (1969–1991)
Pamanyuma pa Barre, Supreme Revolutionary Council (SRC) iyo yikapoka mazaza pamanyuma pa kukomeka kwa Pulezidenti Sharmarke yikalongozgekanga na Lieutenant Colonel Salaad Gabeyre Kediye na Chief of Police Jama Korshel. Kediye wakaŵa na zina lakuti "Wiske wa Nkhondo", ndipo Barre wakazgoka mulongozgi wa SRC. Kufuma apo, SRC yikasintha zina la charu ichi kuŵa Somali Democratic Republic, yikawuskapo nyumba ya malango na Khoti Likuru Chomene, ndipo yikalekeska ntchito ya dango.
Gulu la ŵasilikari likakhazikiska mapulogiramu ghakurughakuru ghakovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵamanye kuŵazga na kulemba. Padera pa ndondomeko ya kukanizga vyalo na vyaru, boma liphya la Somalia likaŵika mtima pa kukolerana kwa visopa na vyaru vya Ŵaarabu. Mu chaka chenechicho, Barre wakaŵaso mulongozgi wa wupu wa Organisation of African Unity (OAU).
Mu Julayi 1976, SRC ya Barre yikagaŵikana ndipo yikakhazikiska chipani cha Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party (SRSP), boma la chipani chimoza ilo likajintha pa socialism ya sayansi na visambizgo vya Chisilamu. SRSP yikaŵa nthowa yakuyezgera visambizgo vya boma na visambizgo vya chisopa cha boma mwa kusintha visambizgo vya Marxist ku vinthu vya mu caru. Ŵakaŵikapo mtima chomene pa fundo za Chisilamu za chitukuko, kuyana, na urunji, izo boma likayowoya kuti ni fundo yikuru ya chisopa cha sayansi, kweniso likayowoyanga chomene vya kujikora, umo ŵanthu ŵakugwilira ntchito, na kuwusa ŵanthu. Nangauli SRSP yikakhozgeranga ndalama za ŵanthu ŵekha mu vigaŵa vichoko waka, kweni boma ili likaŵa lachikomyunizimu.
Mu Julayi 1977, Nkhondo ya Ogaden yikamba pamanyuma pakuti boma la Barre likagwiliskira ntchito chilato cha kukolerana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Ethiopia kuti likhazikiske chigaŵa cha Ogaden icho chikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵa ku Somalia. Mu sabata yakwamba ya nkhondo iyi, ŵasilikari ŵa Somalia ŵakatora chigaŵa cha kumwera na chapakati cha Ogaden. Kufika mu Seputembala 1977, Somalia yikaŵa na mazaza pa chigaŵa cha Ogaden ndipo yikapoka misumba yakuzirwa nga ni Jijiga. Pamanyuma pa kukanizgika kwa Harar, ŵasilikari ŵa Soviet ŵakaŵikapo mtima kuti ŵawovwire boma la Ethiopia. Kuzakafika mu 1978, ŵasilikari ŵa Somalia ŵakacimbizgika mu Ogaden. Boma la Barre likakhuka chomene apo likapokera wovwiri wa Soviet Union. Paumaliro, boma la United States, ilo likakolerana na boma la Somalia kwa nyengo yitali, likakolerana na boma la Soviet Union. Paumaliro, ubwezi uwo ukaŵa pakati pa Somalia na Soviet Union, kweniso pakati pa iyo na United States, ukawovwira kuti charu ichi chiŵe na ŵasilikari ŵanandi comene mu Africa.
Mu 1979, boma likapeleka dango liphya lakuti paŵe maungano gha ŵanthu. Ndipouli, boma la Barre likalutilira kulamulira. Mu Okutobala 1980, SRSP yikamara, ndipo Supreme Revolutionary Council yikakhazikiskikaso. Pa nyengo iyi, boma la Barre likamba kutchuka yayi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Somalia ŵakakhuŵara na umo vinthu vikaŵira mu charu cha ŵasilikari.
Boma la Somalia likalutilira kuchepa mu ma 1980 apo Nkhondo Yakuzizima yikamaranga. Boma likalutilira kuŵa na mazaza, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakamba kulimbana na boma la Ethiopia. Pakati pa magulu agha pakaŵa chipani cha Somali Salvation Democratic Front (SSDF), United Somali Congress (USC), Somali National Movement (SNM) na Somali Patriotic Movement (SPM), pamoza na chipani cha Democratic Movement (SDM), Somali Democratic Alliance (SDA) na Somali Manifesto Group (SMG).
Somalia Civil War
Apo boma la Barre likalutilira kunangika, ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Somalia ŵakakhuŵara na umoyo wa ŵasilikari. Kuzakafika pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1980, magulu ghakwimikana na boma la Ethiopia ghakawuka. Barre wakazgora na kuŵalangura kuti ŵalangire awo ŵakakolerana na gulu la ŵakugaluka, comenecomene awo ŵakaŵa kumpoto. Kulimbana uku kukusazgapo kuponya mabomba mu misumba, na malo gha Hargeisa kumpoto kwa charu cha Somalia, malo ghakukhazikika gha Somali National Movement (SNM), pakati pa malo agho ghakapwetekeka mu 1988. Nkhondo iyi yikalongozgekanga na Jenerale Mohammed Said Hersi Morgan, mukweni wa Barre.
Mu msumba uwu mukaŵa msika wakufipa, chifukwa mabanki ghakasuzgikanga kusanga ndalama zakwendakwenda. Usiku, msumba wa Mogadishu ukaŵa mu mdima. Ŵanthu wose ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake awo ŵakizanga ku malo agha ŵakalondezgekanga. Ŵakaŵa na malango ghakusuzga ghakwendeskera ndalama za caru cinyake. Nangauli ŵalendo ŵakazomerezgekanga yayi kuluta ku caru cinyake, kweni ŵakazomerezgekanga yayi kutorapo vithuzi vya malo ghanandi. Muhanya ku Mogadishu, ŵasilikari ŵa boma ŵakawonekanga bweka yayi. Ndipouli, pa ivyo boma likayowoya kuti likucita usiku, ŵanthu "ŵakazgeŵa" mu nyumba zawo.
Mu 1991, boma la Barre likathereskeka na gulu la ŵanthu ŵakususkana na boma la Ethiopia la Derg na Libya. Pamanyuma pa ungano wa Somali National Movement na ŵalara ŵa mafuko gha kumpoto, chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa charu ichi icho kale chikaŵa pasi pa Britain chikapharazga kuti chajiyimira paŵekha. Nangauli charu ichi ntchakujiyimira paŵekha ndipo ntchakukhora pakuyaniska na vyaru vya kumwera, kweni palije boma la ku vyaru vinyake ilo likuchimanya. Pamanyuma, magulu ghanandi ghakwimikana nagho ghakamba kuphalizgana kuti ghaŵe na mazaza mu boma ilo likaŵa pasi pa Barre. Ku chigaŵa cha kumwera, magulu gha nkhondo agho ghakalongozgekanga na ŵalaŵiliri ŵa USC, Jenerale Mohamed Farah Aidid na Ali Mahdi Mohamed, ŵakasangana apo waliyose wakakhumbanga kuwusa msumba ukuru. Mu 1991, ku Djibouti kukachitika ungano wa mitundu yose wakukhwaskana na Somalia. Aidid wakakana ungano wakwamba cifukwa ca kususka.
Cifukwa ca kuzomerezgeka kwa Muhammad na ungano wa ku Djibouti, pamanyuma pake wupu wa vyaru vyose ukamuzomera kuŵa pulezidenti muphya wa Somalia. Djibouti, Egypt, Saudi Arabia na Italy vikaŵa pakati pa vyaru ivyo vikazomera boma la Muhammad. Wakaŵa na mazaza pa vigaŵa vinyake vya msumba ukuru yayi. Mu malo mwake, ŵanthu ŵakakwesananga na ŵalongozgi ŵa magulu ghanyake kumwera kwa Somalia na vyaru vinyake vya kumpoto. Pamanyuma pa ungano wa ku Djibouti, pakaŵa mapangano ghaŵiri ghambura kukwaniliskika ghakukhwaskana na kuwezgerapo mtende na kufumiska vilwero, agho ghakasayinika na ŵandyali 15.
Kukwambilira kwa m'ma 1990, cifukwa cakuti boma la Somalia likaŵavya muwuso, likamba kucemeka kuti "mboma lakutondeka". Ken Menkhaus, uyo wakusanda vya ndyali, wakati vinthu vikulongora kuti mu ma 1980, charu ichi chikaŵa kuti chamba kale kuŵa na masuzgo. Rotberg nayo wakayowoya kuti boma likaleka kuwusa pambere Barre wandawuskike. Hoehne (2009), Branwen (2009) na Verhoeven (2009) nawo ŵakagwiliskira nchito Somalia mu nyengo iyi nga ni ciyerezgero ca kususka vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana vya nkhani ya "kutondeka kwa boma".
Transitional institutions
Boma la Transitional National Government (TNG) likakhazikiskika mu mwezi wa Epulero/Meyi 2000 pa ungano wa Somalia National Peace Conference (SNPC) uwo ukachitikira ku Arta, Djibouti. Abdiqasim Salad Hassan wakasankhika kuŵa purezidenti wa boma liphya la Transitional National Government (TNG), boma la kanyengo kachoko ilo likapangika kuti lilongozge Somalia ku boma lake lachitatu. Suzgo izo TNG yikaŵa nazo mukati zikapangiska kuti Prime Minister wasinthike kanayi mu vyaka vitatu, ndipo wupu uwu ukaleka kugwira ntchito mu Disembala 2003. Mulimo wake ukamalira penepapo.
Pa 10 Okutobala 2004, ŵa malango ŵakasora Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed kuŵa purezidenti wakudanga wa Transitional Federal Government (TFG), wakulondezgapo wa Transitional National Government. TFG yikaŵa boma laciŵiri la nyengo yicoko ilo likakhumbanga kuwezgerapo maboma gha chalo ku Somalia pamanyuma pa kuwa kwa boma la Siad Barre mu 1991 na nkhondo ya cikaya iyo yikati yacitika.
Boma la Transitional Federal Government (TFG) ndilo likaŵa boma la Somalia ilo likamanyikwa pa caru cose mpaka pa Ogasiti 20, 2012, apo nyengo yake ya kuwusa yikamara. Likakhazikiskika nga ni yimoza mwa maboma gha Transitional Federal Institutions (TFIs) nga umo likulongosolera mu Transitional Federal Charter (TFC) ilo likapokeka mu Novembala 2004 na Transitional Federal Parliament (TFP). Boma la Transitional Federal likaŵa na wupu wakulongozga, ndipo TFP ndiyo yikaŵa wupu wakulongozga. Boma likalongozgekanga na pulezidenti wa Somalia, uyo wakaŵa mulara wa boma. Ndipouli, likang'anamuraso vigaŵa vyose vitatu.
Islamic Courts Union
Mu 2006, Islamic Courts Union (ICU), yikamba kuwusa chigaŵa chikuru cha kumwera kwa charu ichi kwa myezi 6 na kukhazikiska dango la Sharia. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵa UN ŵakuti nyengo iyi yikaŵa 'nyengo ya golide' mu mbiri ya ndyali za ku Somalia.
Transitional Federal Government
Boma la Transitional Federal likayezga kuwezgerapo mazaza ghake, ndipo, na wovwiri wa ŵasilikari ŵa Ethiopia, ŵasilikari ŵa African Union na wovwiri wa ndege wa United States, ŵakafumiska ICU na kukhozga muwuso wake. Pa 8 January 2007, Mulongozgi wa TFG, Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed, wakanjira mu Mogadishu na wovwiri wa ŵasilikari ŵa Ethiopia kakwamba kufuma apo wakasankhikira. Boma likasamukira ku Villa Somalia mu msumba wa Baidoa. Aka kakaŵa kakwamba kufuma apo boma la Siad Barre likathereskeka mu 1991, kuti boma la Britain liŵe na mazaza pa caru cose.
Al Shabaab insurgency
Al-Shabaab ŵakasuska kuŵapo kwa ŵasilikari ŵa Ethiopia mu Somalia ndipo ŵakalutilira kuwukira boma la TFG. Mu 2007 na 2008, gulu la Al-Shabaab likapambana nkhondo, ndipo likapoka misumba yikuruyikuru na virwa vya ku Somalia. Mu Janyuwale 2009, Al-Shabaab na magulu ghanyake ghakacicizga ŵasilikari ŵa Ethiopia kuti ŵawelere, ndipo ŵakasida ŵasilikari ŵa African Union awo ŵakaŵa na vilwero vyakukwana yayi kuti ŵawovwire ŵasilikari ŵa Transitional Federal Government.
Chifukwa cha kusoŵa ndalama na ŵanthu, kukanizgika kugwiliskira nchito vilwero ivyo vikapangiska kuti ciŵe cakusuzga kuwezgerapo ŵasilikari ŵa boma, kweniso cifukwa cakuti caru cose cikaŵa cambura kupwelelera, Yusuf wakawona kuti nchakukhumbikwa kutuma ŵasilikari ŵanandi kufuma ku Puntland kuluta ku Mogadishu kuti ŵakawovwire nkhondo yakwimikana na ŵasilikari ŵakugaluka ku cigaŵa ca kumwera kwa caru ici. Boma la chigaŵa ichi ndilo likawovwira pa ntchito iyi. Ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵasilikari ŵa ku Puntland na ŵantchito ŵa boma ŵaleke kusanga ndalama zinandi.
End of transitional period
Pakati pa Meyi 31 na Juni 9, 2008, ŵimiliri ŵa boma la Somalia na Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia (ARS) ŵakanjilirapo pa maungano gha mtende mu Djibouti agho ghakacitikanga na Ahmedou Ould-Abdallah uyo wakaŵa thenga lapadera la United Nations ku Somalia. Ungano uwu ukamara na phangano lakuti ŵasilikari ŵa Ethiopia ŵafumemo mu charu ichi. Nyumba ya malango yikasazgikira ku malo 550 kuti yikhazikiske mamembala gha ARS, agho ghakasora Sheikh Sharif Sheikh Ahmed kuŵa pulezidenti.
Mu Okutobala 2011, ntchito yakukolerana, Operation Linda Nchi pakati pa ŵasilikari ŵa Somalia na Kenya na ŵasilikari ŵa vyaru vinandi yikamba kwimikana na Al-Shabaab kumwera kwa Somalia. Kufika mu Seputembala 2012, ŵasilikari ŵa Somalia, Kenya, na Raskamboni ŵakakwaniska kupoka msumba wa Kismayo, uwo ukaŵa msumba waumaliro wa Al-Shabaab. Mu Julayi 2012, maofesi ghatatu gha wupu wa European Union ghakamba kugwira ntchito na Somalia: EUTM Somalia, EU Naval Force Somalia Operation Atalanta kufupi na Horn of Africa, na EUCAP Nestor. Monga chigawo cha "Roadmap for the End of Transition", ndondomeko yandale yomwe inapereka njira zomveka zomwe zimatsogolera ku mapangidwe a mabungwe osatha a demokalase ku Somalia, ulamuliro wa Federal Transitional Government unatha pa 20 August 2012. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo, Nyumba ya Malamulo ya ku Somalia yikamba kulamulira.
Federal government
Boma la Somalia, ndilo likaŵa lakwamba kulamulira kwamuyirayira mu charu ichi kufuma apo nkhondo yikambira. Mu Ogasiti 2014, boma la Somalia likambiska ntchito ya Indian Ocean pa malo agho ŵakugaluka ŵakukhala.
Makhalilo gha charu
Charu cha Somalia chili kumafumiro gha dazi na charu cha Ethiopia, kumpoto na Gulf of Aden, kumafumiro gha dazi na Nyanja ya Somalia na Guardafui Channel, ndipo kumwera na kumanjiliro gha dazi na Kenya. Charu cha Somalia chili na malo ghakukwana makilomita 637,657. Mphepete mwa nyanja iyi muli makilomita ghakujumpha 3,333, ndipo ni mtunda utali chomene pa vyaru vyose vya mu Africa. Ŵanyake ŵakuti chili nga ni "nambara 7".
Ku chigaŵa chakutali cha kumpoto, mapiri gha Ogo agho ghali kumafumiro gha dazi na kumanjiliro gha dazi ghali pa mtunda wakupambanapambana na nyanja ya Gulf of Aden. Nyengo zinyake mu charu ichi mukuŵa chithukivu chaka chose. Ŵasayansi ŵakuti ku malo agha kuli visulo vinandi. Charu cha Somalia chili kutali na vyaru vya Seychelles na Nyanja ya Somalia, ndipo chili kutali na Socotra na Mlonga wa Guardafui.
Administrative divisions
Boma la Somalia lili kugaŵika vigaŵa 13 na vigaŵa 5 (gobollada, singular gobol). Vigaŵa ivi ni:
Kumpoto kwa Somalia pasono kuli vigaŵa viŵiri, Puntland (iyo yikujiwona kuti ni boma lakujiyimira palekha) na Somaliland (iyo yikujiyimira yekha kweni njambura kuzomerezgeka). Mu chigaŵa chapakati cha Somalia, Galmudug ni chigaŵa chinyake icho chili kumwera kwa Puntland. Chigaŵa cha Jubaland, icho chili kumwera kwa charu ichi, ndicho ntchigaŵa chachinayi mu charu ichi. Mu 2014, boma liphya la Southwestern Somalia nalo likapangika. Mu Epulero 2015, ŵakaŵaso na ungano wa umo ŵangapangira chigaŵa chiphya cha Central Regions.
Nyumba ya Malamulo ya ku Somalia yili na mulimo wa kusankha chiŵelengero na mphaka za vyaru vya ku Somalia.
Location
Charu cha Somalia chili kumafumiro gha dazi na Kenya, kumpoto na Gulf of Aden, kumafumiro gha dazi na Guardafui Channel na Indian Ocean, ndipo kumanjiliro gha dazi na Ethiopia. Charu ichi chikuyowoya kuti chili na mphaka na Djibouti kwizira mu chigaŵa cha Somaliland kumpoto kwa charu ichi. Chigaŵa ichi chili pakati pa latitude 2°S na 12°N, kweniso longitude 41° na 52°E. Charu ichi chili pa malo ghawemi chomene pa mulomo wa Bab el-Mandeb, uko kukunjira Nyanja Yiswesi na Suez Canal.
Waters
Chilumba cha Somalia chili na mtunda wa makilomita 3,333. Malo agha ghali na mapiri ghatali, mapiri ghatali, na mapiri ghatali. Charu ichi chili na malo ghakukwana 637,657 square kilometres (246,201 sq mi) agho ghali na maji 10,320 square kilometres (3,980 sq mi). Malire gha charu cha Somalia ghakukwana makilomita 2,340 (1,450 mi); makilomita 58 (36 mi) mwa agha ghali na Djibouti, makilomita 682 (424 mi) na Kenya, na makilomita 1,626 (1,010 mi) na Ethiopia. Malo agha ghakusazgapo maji gha mu vigaŵa ivyo vili pa mtunda wa makilomita 370.
Chirwa cha Somalia chili na virwa vinandi na virwa vinyake ivyo vili mumphepete mwa nyanja. Virwa ivi ni Bajuni Islands na Saad ad-Din Archipelago.
Habitat
Mu charu cha Somalia muli vyaru vinkhondi na viŵiri: nkhorongo za ku Ethiopia, nkhorongo za kumpoto kwa Zanzibar, nkhorongo za ku nyanja za ku Inhambane, nkhorongo za ku Somalia, nkhorongo za ku Ethiopia, nkhorongo za ku Hobyo, nkhorongo za ku Somalia, nkhorongo za ku East Africa.
Cal Madow ni phiri ilo lili kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi kwa caru ici. Chilumbachi chili pamtunda wa makilomita angapo kumadzulo kwa mzinda wa Bosaso mpaka kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Erigavo, chili ndi phiri lalitali kwambiri ku Somalia, Shimbiris, lomwe lili pamtunda wa mamita 2,416 (7,927 ft). Mapiri gha Karkaar agho ghali kumafumiro gha dazi na kumanjiliro gha dazi, nagho ghali mukati mwa nyanja ya Gulf of Aden. Mu vigaŵa vyapakati, mapiri gha kumpoto kwa charu ichi ghali na mapiri ghakunyang'amira na maji ghakukhoma. Ndipo chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Ogo chikunjira mu Haud, malo ghakuŵeta viŵeto.
Ku Somalia kuli milonga yiŵiri pera, Jubba na Shabele, iyo yikwamba mu mapiri gha ku Ethiopia. Milonga iyi yikwenda kumwera, ndipo Jubba wakunjira mu nyanja ya Indian Ocean ku Kismaayo. Nyengo yinyake, mlonga wa Shabele ukafikanga ku nyanja kufupi na Merca, kweni sono ukufika kumwera ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Mogadishu. Pamanyuma pake, malo agha ghakaŵa na vyakumera na malo ghakomira pambere ghandaleke kuwoneka mu mapopa gha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Jilib, kufupi na Mlonga wa Jubba.
Environment
Charu cha Somalia chili na vyakumera vinandi chomene. Wupu wakwamba wakovwira ŵanthu pa nkhani ya chilengiwa ukaŵa wa Ecoterra Somalia na Somali Ecological Society. Wose ŵaŵiri ŵakawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye makora chilengiwa na kwambiska mapulogiramu ghakovwira ŵanthu pa nkhani ya chilengiwa. Kwambira mu 1971, boma la Siad Barre likamba kulima makuni ghanandi mu caru cose kuti likanizge makuni ghanandi gha mchenga agho ghakaŵa pafupi kubira mu matawuni, misewu, na minda. Kuzakafika mu 1988, mahekitala 265 pa mahekitala 336 agho ghakeneranga kuzengeka ghakaŵa kuti ghazengeka. Mu 1986, Ecoterra International yikakhazikiska wupu wakuwona vya vinyama na vyakumera (Wildlife Rescue, Research and Monitoring Centre), uwo ukaŵa na cilato ca kovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵamanye umo ŵangapwelelera vyamoyo. Mu 1989, boma la Somalia likadumura kuti likolerane na CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora).
Pamanyuma, Fatima Jibrell, uyo wakaŵa wakuvikilira malo ku Somalia, wakambiska upharazgi wakovwira kuti makuni ghakale gha makuni gha akasiya agho ghali kumpoto kwa Somalia ghaleke kunangika. Makuni agha, agho ghakukhala vyaka 500, ghakadumulikanga kuti ghapangire makara agho ghakaŵa ghakuzirwa comene mu caru ca Arabia, uko ŵanthu ŵa ku Bedouin ŵakagomezganga kuti khuni la akasiya ndakupatulika. Ndipouli, nangauli ng'anjo njakudura yayi ndipo yikukhorweska munthu, kweni kanandi yikupangiska kuti makuni ghaphye na kuzgoka mapopa. Kuti ŵamazge suzgo ili, Jibrell pamoza na wupu wa Horn of Africa Relief and Development Organization (Horn Relief; sono Adeso), uwo wakambiska na kulongozga, ŵakasambizga ŵawukirano ŵanyake kuti ŵasambizge ŵanthu za uheni uwo ungaŵapo para munthu wapanga malasha. Mu 1999, wupu wa Horn Relief ukalongozga ungano wa mtende mu chigaŵa cha Puntland, kumpoto kwa Somalia, kuti ŵamazge nkhondo za makara. Chifukwa cha ivyo Jibrell wakachitanga, boma la Puntland likakanizga ŵanthu kuguliska makala mu 2000. Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, boma likakanizga vyakurya ivi, ndipo vikapangiska kuti vyakurya ivi vichepeko na 80 peresenti. Mu 2002, Jibrell wakapokera chawanangwa chakuchemeka Goldman Environmental Prize chifukwa cha kulimbana na kunangika kwa chilengiwa. Mu 2008, wakapokera chawanangwa cha National Geographic Society/Buffett Foundation Award for Leadership in Conservation.
Pamanyuma pa tsunami uyo wakacitika mu Disembala 2004, pakaŵaso ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakayowoya kuti apo nkhondo ya mukati mu caru ya ku Somalia yikambanga kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1980, mtunda utali na wakutali comene wa ku Somalia ukaŵa malo ghakusungiramo viswaswa. Mafunde ghakuru agho ghakatimba kumpoto kwa Somalia pamanyuma pa tsunami, ghakwenera kuti ghakatumphuska matani ghanandi gha vyakuponthora vya nyukiliya na vyakofya ivyo vikwenera kuti vikaŵikika mu charu ichi na makampani gha ku vyaru vinyake.
Gulu la European Green Party likati lawona ivyo vikachitika, likapeleka ku ŵapharazgi na ku Nyumba ya Malamulo ya ku Europe mu Strasbourg, tumakope twa mapangano agho ghakalembeka na makampani ghaŵiri gha ku Europe, kampani ya ku Italy ya ku Switzerland yakucemeka Achair Partners, na kampani ya ku Italy yakucemeka Progresso, pamoza na ŵalongozgi ŵa pulezidenti wa Somalia, Ali Mahdi Mohamed, kuti ŵapokere matani 10 gha viswaswa vya poyizoni mu mtengo wa madola 80 miliyoni (panthazi pake pafupifupi mapaundi 60 miliyoni).
Lipoti la United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) likulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala kufupi na tawuni ya Hobyo na Benadir, ku mpoto kwa nyanja ya Indian Ocean, ŵakusuzgika na matenda gha radiation sickness. UNEP yikusazgirapo kuti vinthu ivyo vikucitika mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Somalia ni vyakofya comene ku malo agha kweniso ku cigaŵa ca kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa.
Climate
Cifukwa cakuti Somalia yili pafupi na equator, nyengo yikusintha yayi. Nyengo zinyake mu charu ichi mukuŵa chithukivu, ndipo nyengo zinyake kukuwa vula. Pa zuŵa, matenthedwe ghakujumpha 30°C mpaka 40°F. Mwaciyelezgero, mu mwezi wa Epulero, mu Mogadishu, muhanya wakuzizima comene ni 28 mpaka 32 °C. Ku Berbera, kumpoto cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa charu ichi, kukuŵa kotcha chomene, ndipo kufuma mu Juni m'paka Seputembala, kukuŵa kotcha chomene. Pa caru cose, zuŵa lililose para maji ghamara ghakuŵa pakati pa 15 na 30 °C. Nyengo yikuru chomene yili kumpoto kwa Somalia, uko mu Julayi mu vigaŵa vya mumphepete mwa nyanja, nyengo zinyake kuzizima kwake kukujumpha 45 °C. Ku chigaŵa ichi, chithukivu chikuŵa pa 40 peresenti namise mpaka 85 peresenti usiku. Mwakupambana na vyaru vinyake ivyo vili pa latitude iyi, ku Somalia nyengo njakomira comene kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi na pakati pa caru. Ku chigaŵa cha kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu ichi, kukulokwa maji ghachoko chomene pa chaka. Ndipouli, kumpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi na kumwera ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa caru ici, kukulokwa vula yinandi comene, pafupifupi 510 m'paka 610 mm pa caka. Nangauli mu vigaŵa vya mumphepete mwa nyanja mukuŵa chithukivu kweniso maji ghakututuka chaka chose, kweni mu vigaŵa vya mukati mwa charu mukuŵa chithukivu kweniso moto.
Pali nyengo zinayi zikuruzikuru izo zikupangiska kuti viŵeto vilimenge na kulima. Kufuma mu Disembala m'paka mu Malichi, nyengo ya Jilal ndiyo njakusuzga comene. Nyengo yikuru ya vula, yakucemeka Gu, yikwamba mu Epulero mpaka Juni. Nyengo iyi yikulongora kuti nyengo ya mphepo ya kumwera kwa charu ichi yikwiza, ndipo yikovwira kuti malo gha viŵeto ghaŵe ghawemi, chomenechomene mu chigaŵa chapakati. Kufuma mu Julayi m'paka Seputembala, nyengo yachiŵiri ya chilangalanga yikuchemeka Xagaa. Nyengo ya chivula iyo yikuŵa yifupi comene ni Dayr, ndipo yikumalira mu Okutobala m'paka Disembala. Nyengo ya tangambili iyo yili pakati pa nyengo ziŵiri izi (Okutobala-Novembala na Malichi-Meyi) njakutenthera ndiposo njakuthukira.
Wildlife
Ku Somalia kuli vyamoyo vyakupambanapambana chifukwa cha malo na nyengo. Viyuni vinyake ivyo vichalipo ni cheetah, nkhalamu, giraffe, babuini, serval, njovu, nkhumba za mu thengere, mbuzi, ibex, kudu, dik-dik, oribi, mbunda ya ku Somalia, mbunda ya ku Reedbuck na Grévy, njovu ya shrew, rock hyrax, golden mole na antilope. Kweniso kuli ngamila zinandi.