cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Mauritius
Rodrigues Island
Chirwa cha Rodrigues chili pa mtunda wa makilomita 560 kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Mauritius. Rodrigues ni cirwa ico cikucitika cifukwa ca vimalibwe ivyo vikufuma mu mphepete mwa mapiri gha Mascarene. Chirwa ichi chili na mapiri ndipo chili na msana ukuru uwo ukufika pachanya pa Phiri la Limon. Kweniso pa cirwa ici pali malibwe ghanandi gha korali. Malinga ndi Statistics Mauritius, pa 1 Julayi 2019, chiwerengero cha anthu pachilumbachi chinali 43,371.
Chagos Archipelago
Chirwa cha Chagos chili na virwa vinandi, ndipo chili pa mtunda wa makilomita 2,200 kumpoto kwa Mauritius. Kumpoto kwa chilumba cha Chagos kuli Peros Banhos, Solomon Islands, na Nelson Island; kumwera kwa kumanjiliro gha dazi kuli The Three Brothers, Eagle Islands, Egmont Islands, na Danger Island. Diego Garcia wali kumwera ca kumafumiro gha dazi kwa cirwa ici. Mu 2016, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Chagossian chikaŵa 8,700 ku Mauritius, kusazgapo ŵanthu 483 ŵa ku Mauritius; ŵanthu 350 ŵa mtundu wa Chagossian ŵakukhala ku Seychelles, kusazgapo ŵanthu 75 ŵa ku Seychelles, uku ŵanthu 3,000, kusazgapo ŵanthu 127 ŵa ku Seychelles, ŵakukhala ku UK (ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakura kufuma pa ŵanthu 1200 ŵa mtundu wa Chagossian awo ŵakasamira ku Seychelles).
St. Brandon
St. Brandon, uyo wakumanyikwaso na zina lakuti Cargados Carajos Shoals, wali pa mtunda wa makilomita 402 kumpoto cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa chirwa cha Mauritius. Chirwa cha Saint Brandon chili na virwa vinkhondi ivyo vili kufuma ku Mauritius. Virwa ivi vili na virwa 28 m'paka 40. Mu 2008, khoti likuru la Britain (Privy Council) likadumura (Ndime 71) kuti Raphaël Fishing Company ndiyo yili na wanangwa wakukhalapo pa virwa 13 ivyo vili kulembeka mu chikalata cha mu 1901 (cholembeka mu buku la TB25 No. 342) ndipo vikukolerana na fundo izo zili kulembeka mu chikalata ichi;
Agaléga Islands
Virwa viŵiri vya Agaléga vili pa mtunda wa makilomita 1,000 kumpoto kwa Mauritius. Chirwa cha North chili na utali wa makilomita 12.5 na usani wa makilomita 1.5. Malo ghose gha virwa ivi ni 26 km2. Kuyana na Statistics Mauritius, pa 1 July 2019, ŵanthu ŵa ku Agaléga na St. Brandon wakaŵa na vyaka 274.
Tromelin
Cirwa ca Tromelin cili pa mtunda wa makilomita 430 kumpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Mauritius. Chirwa cha Tromelin chili pasi pa mazaza gha Mauritius, nangauli chili ku France.
Mu 1715, ŵa ku France ŵakamba kulamulira Mauritius, ndipo ŵakamuthya Isle de France. Ku France, charu cha Mauritius chikapelekeka ku Britain na phangano la Paris ilo likalembeka pa Meyi 30, 1814. Charu cha Mauritius chikaŵa pasi pa Britain. Brandon, Tromelin, na Chagos Archipelago, apo Seychelles ghakazgoka malo ghakupambana mu 1906. Ŵanthu ŵakususkana usange Isle de France (uko kukaŵa Mauritius pakwamba) na vigaŵa vyake ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa ufumu wa France vikapelekeka ku Britain mu 1814. Ndime 8 ya phangano la Paris yikati France wapelekenge ku Britain chilumba cha Isle de France "na vyaru ivyo vikuthemba pa charu ichi, nga ni Rodrigues na Seychelles". France yikuwona kuti ufumu wa cirwa ca Tromelin undapelekeke ku Britain. Fundo ya Mauritius yikukolerana na fundo yakuti Isle de France na vyaru vinyake ivyo vikaŵa pasi pake vikapelekeka ku Britain mu 1814. Charu cha Mauritius chikuyowoya kuti pakuti Tromelin yikaŵa chigaŵa cha Isle de France, yikapelekeka ku Britain mu 1814. Virwa vya Agaléga, St. Brandon na Chagos navyo vikazunulika yayi mu phangano la Paris, kweni vikazgoka chigaŵa cha Mauritius. Kweniso boma la Britain ku Mauritius likachitanga vinthu vinyake vyakukhwaskana na Tromelin. Mwaciyelezgero, pakati pa 1901 na 1951, boma la Britain likapeleka wanangwa wa kugwiliskira nchito visomba vinayi pa cirwa ca Tromelin. Mu 1959, ŵalara ŵa boma la Britain ku Mauritius ŵakaphalira wupu wa World Meteorological Organization kuti boma ili likuwona kuti Tromelin ni malo ghawo. Mu 2010, France na Mauritius ŵakachita phangano la kuwusa pamoza, kweni ŵandalisinthe.
Chagos Archipelago territorial dispute
Mauritius yakhala nyengo yitali yikukhumba kuzomerezga Chirwa cha Chagos, icho chili kumpoto-mafumiro gha dazi kwa mtunda wa makilomita 1,287. Chagos yikaŵa chigaŵa cha Mauritius kufuma mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, apo Ŵafurentshi ŵakamba kukhazikika pa chirwa ichi. Virwa vyose ivyo vikaŵa vigaŵa vya Chirwa cha France (nga umo Mauritius yikaŵira nyengo yira) vikaŵaso vya Ŵangelezi mu 1810 pasi pa Dango la Capitulation ilo likasazgikira pakati pa maufumu ghaŵiri. Mu 1965, vyaka vitatu pambere Mauritius yindambe kujiyimira pawekha, Ufumu wa United Kingdom ukagaŵa virwa vya Chagos kufuma ku Mauritius na virwa vya Aldabra, Farquhar na Desroches kufuma ku Seychelles kuti viŵe British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT). Pa Novembala 8, 1965, virwa ivi vikaŵa chigaŵa cha United Kingdom. Pa Juni 23, 1976, Aldabra, Farquhar, na Desroches ŵakawelera ku Seychelles cifukwa ca kujiwombora. Sono chigaŵa ichi chili na virwa vya Chagos pera. Ufumu wa United Kingdom ukapeleka ku United States cigaŵa cikuru ca Diego Garcia, kuti ciŵe cikaya ca ŵasilikari. Mu 2016, Britain yikatumizga katundu uyu ku United States m'paka mu 2036. Charu cha Mauritius chikayowoyapo kanandi waka kuti kupatukana kwa vigaŵa vyake nkhuswa fundo za wupu wa United Nations izo zikukanizga kugaŵikana kwa vigaŵa ivyo vikaŵa vyakukolerana na charu cha Mauritius pambere charu ichi chindaŵe na wanangwa wakulamulira. Pakati pa 1968 na 1973, ŵalara ŵa boma la Britain ŵakacicizga ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1,000 ŵa ku Chagossian kuti ŵalute ku Mauritius na Seychelles. Pakufumiska ŵanthu mu caru ici, ŵamazaza ŵa ku Britain ŵakasuskika kuti ŵakapeleka dango lakuti ntcheŵe 1,000 za pa cirwa ici zikomeke na gasi. Pa wupu wa United Nations na pa Nyumba ya Malamulo, Britain yikati ku virwa vya Chagos kulije ŵanthu "ŵakukhora" ndipo ŵanthu aŵa ŵakucemeka "ŵaganyu". Kwambira mu 1971, ŵanthu ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa cha Diego Garcia, uko kuli ŵasilikari na ŵasilikari 3,000 ŵa Britain na United States. Kufuma nyengo yira, ŵanthu ŵa ku Chagossi ŵakamba kulimbikira kuti ŵawelere ku virwa ivi.
Pa Disembala 20, 2010, charu cha Mauritius chikamba kuzenga mulandu ku United Kingdom kuyana na United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) kuti chipeleke ukaboni wakuti malo gha Chagos Marine Protected Area (MPA) agho charu cha United Kingdom chikakhumbanga kuzunura kuzingilizga chigaŵa cha Chagos mu Epulero 2010, ngaunenesko yayi. Khoti la Permanent Court of Arbitration ndilo likadumura mulandu uwu. Khoti likadumura kuti Ufumu wa United Kingdom uli na wanangwa wakuwezgera chilumba cha Chagos ku Mauritius.
Pa Febuluwale 25, 2019, ŵeruzgi ŵa International Court of Justice ŵakadumura kuti Ufumu wa United Kingdom ukwenera kumazga mwaluŵiro boma la Chagos. Mweruzgi munyake wa ku America, Joan Donoghue, ndiyo wakazomerezga. Mulongozgi wa khoti ili, Abdulqawi Ahmed Yusuf, wakati chigaŵa cha Chagos mu 1965 chikafuma ku Mauritius chifukwa cha "kuyowoya mwakufwatuka ndiposo mwaunenesko yayi". Iyo wakati: "Ufumu wa Britain uli na mulimo wa kumazga boma la Chagos mwaluŵiro comene, ndipo vyaru vyose ivyo vili mu wupu uwu vikwenera kukolerana na wupu wa United Nations kuti Mauritius lileke kuŵa na ŵanthu".
Pa Meyi 22, 2019, wupu wa United Nations General Assembly ukadumbiskana na kukolerana fundo iyo yikati chigaŵa cha Chagos, icho chili pasi pa boma la Britain kwa vyaka vyakujumpha 50, "ntchigaŵa cha Mauritius". Fundo iyi yikukolerana na fundo ya khoti la International Court of Justice (ICJ), iyo yikati Britain "yifumiskemo boma lake mu vyaru vinyake mu myezi 6". Pa nyengo ya kudumbiskana, nduna yikuru ya Mauritius yikati kufumiska ŵanthu ŵa ku Chagossi "nkhuheni kwa ŵanthu". Nangauli fundo iyi njambura kukanizgika na dango, kweni njakuzirwa comene pa nkhani za ndyali, cifukwa ni khoti likuru comene la UN ilo likadumura mulandu uwu. Fundo iyi yili na vyakufumapo viwemi: UN, mawupu ghake, na mawupu ghanyake ghose gha pa caru cose, sono ghali na wanangwa wa kwendera malango gha UN kuti ghawovwire Mauritius kuleka kukolerana na vyaru vinyake nangauli UK yikuyowoya kuti yikukayika yayi za muwuso wake.
Biodiversity
Mu caru ici muli vyakumera na vinyama vinyake ivyo ni vichoko comene pa caru, kweni ŵanthu ŵakukhala mu vyaru ivi ndipo vyamoyo vinyake ivyo vikusangika mu vyaru ivi vikumara. Cifukwa cakuti cirwa ca Mauritius cili na mapiri, nchitali comene, nchakutali comene, ndiposo cili na malo ghapadera, pali vyakumera na vinyama vyakupambanapambana. Pambere Ŵapwitikizi ŵandafike mu 1507, pa cirwa ici pakaŵavya vinyama. Ivi vikapangiska kuti viyuni vinandi ivyo vingawulukira yayi na vinyama vikuruvikuru viŵepo. Ŵanthu ŵati ŵafika, ŵakambiska vyamoyo vinyake ivyo vikaŵako mwaluŵiro chomene. Nkhuku ya dodo iyo yikuleka kuwuluka, iyo njimoza mwa vinyama ivyo vikusangika mu charu cha Mauritius, yili kumara. Nyama iyi yikuwoneka makora chomene pa vikozgo vya ku Mauritius.
Pasono nkhorongo yichoko waka pa vigaŵa viŵiri ivyo vili mu charu ichi, yili mu Black River Gorges National Park kumwera kwa charu ichi, Bambous Mountain Range kumwera kwa charu ichi, na Moka-Port Louis Ranges kumpoto kwa charu ichi. Mu tawuni iyi muli mapiri ghanandi, Corps de Garde, Le Morne Brabant, na virwa vinyake vya mumphepete mwa nyanja. Vinyama na vyakumera vyakujumpha 100 vili kumara ndipo vinyake vinandi vili pangozi. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1980, ntchito ya kuvikilira vyakumera na viyuni yikamba.
Mu 2011, Unduna wa Vyakwendakwenda na Vyakuzenga ukafumiska lipoti lakuti "Mauritius Environment Outlook Report", ilo likayowoya kuti msumba wa St. Brandon uŵe malo ghakuvikilirika. Mu Malipoti gha Pulezidenti wa Mauritian Wildlife Foundation gha mu Malichi 2016, St Brandon wakuyowoyeka kuti ni projekiti ya MWF yakovwira kuvikilira cirwa ici.
Nkhaŵala yakuwuluka ya ku Mauritius ndiyo yikukhala pa chirwa ichi, ndipo yili pangozi yikuru mu vyaka vyasonosono apa chifukwa cha boma ilo likakanizga kupha nkhunda mu Novembala 2015. Pambere chaka cha 2015 chindafike, chifukwa cha chimphepo chikuru, chiŵeto cha viyuni ivi chikakwera chomene. Mu Okutobala 2018, ŵakazomerezga kuti 20% ya viyuni vya viyuni vya viyuni vya viyuni vya viyuni ivi vifwe.
Environment and climate
Malo gha ku Mauritius ngakututuka mu vigaŵa vya mumphepete mwa nyanja. Vivula ivyo vikuchitika nyengo na nyengo vikuparanya vyakumera na vinyama, nangauli vikusintha luŵiro. Charu cha Mauritius chili pa malo ghaciŵiri pa ndondomeko ya umo mphepo yikukhalira iyo yikalembeka na wupu wa vyaumoyo pa caru cose mu 2011. Chigaŵa ichi chikaŵa pa malo gha 100 pa vyaru 172.
Pakuti charu cha Mauritius chili pafupi na Tropic of Capricorn, nyengo yake njakuthukira. Pali nyengo ziŵiri: chihanya chamoto kufuma mu Novembala m'paka Epulero, ndipo nyengo yakuzizima yikuŵa yakuzizima kufuma mu Juni m'paka Seputembala. Kusiyana kwa matenthedwe pakati pa nyengo za mu chaka ni 4.3°C pera. Miyezi yakuzizima chomene ni Janyuwale na Febuluwale, ndipo muhanya wakuzizima chomene wakufika pa 29.2 °C (84.6 °F). Ku chigaŵa cha mumphepete mwa nyanja kukulokwa maji ghakukwana 900 mm m'paka 1,500 mm mu chigaŵa chapakati. Nangauli nyengo ya vula yikuŵako yayi, kweni vula yinandi yikulokwa mu nyengo ya chihanya. Kutentha kwa nyanja mu nyanja iyi kukufuma pa 22°C kufika pa 27°C. Malo agha ngakutowa comene kuluska malo ghanyake gha mumphepete mwa nyanja ndipo ghakukhoma comene. Mphepo ya ku mpoto yikovwira kuti chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa cirwa ici ciŵe cakupumulirapo ndipo yikupeleka vula yinandi. Nyengo zinyake, mu Janyuwale m'paka Malichi, kukuŵa chimphepo chikuru icho chikuchitiska kuti kuŵe vula zinandi.
Boma na ndale
Boma la Mauritius lili na boma la demokilase, ndipo pulezidenti ndiyo ni mutu wa boma. Charu cha Mauritius chili na vyaru vinandi. Boma ndilo lili na mazaza ghakulongozga. Boma na Nyumba ya Malango ndivyo vili na mazaza gha kupanga malango.
Nyumba ya Malango ya ku Mauritius yikucemeka kuti Nyumba ya Malango m'paka mu 1992, apo charu ichi chikazgoka repubulika. Wupu uwu uli na ŵanthu 70, ndipo ŵanthu 62 ŵakusankhika kuti ŵateŵetere vyaka vinayi mu vigaŵa vinandi. Komiti ya UN ya wanangwa wa ŵanthu (UNHRC), iyo yikulaŵilira umo vyaru vyamunyumba vikulondezgera phangano la wanangwa wa ndyali na wanangwa wa ŵanthu (ICPCR), yikususka ndondomeko ya boma ya "Best Loser System" pamanyuma pa kudandawura kwa wupu wa ŵawukirano na wupu wa wupu wa vyamalonda. Pulezidenti wakusankhika na Nyumba ya Malamulo kuti waŵepo vyaka vinkhondi.
Para paŵa maungano ghacigaŵa, wupu wakuwona vya maungano ungimika ŵanthu ŵanyake 8 kuti ŵawovwirepo. Ndondomeko iyi yikumanyikwa kuti ndiyo yikovwira kuti munthu waleke kusuzgika.
Chipani panji chipani icho chikupokera vithuzithuzi vinandi mu Nyumba ya Malamulo ndicho chikupangiska boma. Mulongozgi wake ni nduna yikuru, uyo wakusankha nduna kufuma mu ŵanthu awo ŵakusoleka mu wumba, padera pa loya mukuru wa Mauritius, uyo wangaŵa mu wumba yayi. Chipani panji wupu wa ndyali uwo uli na ŵimiliri ŵanandi chomene ndiwo ukuŵa chipani icho chikususkana na boma ndipo mulongozgi wake wakuŵa mulongozgi wa chipani ichi. Pa milimo yake yakwamba, wupu uwu ukusankha mulara wa komiti, mulara wa komiti, na mulara wa komiti.
Charu cha Mauritius chili na boma la demokilase ilo likusankhika pa vilimika vinkhondi vilivyose. Chisankho chaposachedwa kwambiri cha National Assembly chidachitika pa 7 Novembala 2019 m'malo onse 20 osankhika, komanso m'chigawo chomwe chimaphimba chilumba cha Rodrigues. Pa nyengo iyi, maungano gha vipani viŵiri vikuru vikususkana pa nkhani ya kusankha ŵanthu.
Mu 2018 Ibrahim Index of African Governance, Mauritius wali pa malo ghakwamba pa nkhani ya muwuso uwemi. Kuyana na Democracy Index ya 2017 iyo yikupangika na Economist Intelligence Unit iyo yikupima umo demokilase yiliri mu vyaru 167, Mauritius yili pa nambara 16 pa caru cose ndipo ndico cikaya cimoza pera mu Africa ico cili na "demokrasi yeneko".
Administrative subdivisions
Chirwa cha Mauritius chili na chigaŵa chimoza pera, cha Outer Islands of Mauritius (Chifurenchi: Îles éparses de Maurice). Chirwa cha Mauritius chili na vigaŵa vinkhondi na viŵiri.
Military
Ŵasilikari, ŵapolisi, na ŵavikiliri wose ŵa ku Mauritius ŵakuteŵetera na ŵasilikari 10,000. Gulu la ŵapolisi ilo lili na ŵanthu 8,000, ndilo likuvikilira malango mu charu. Gulu la Special Mobile Force (SMF) la ŵanthu 1,400 na National Coast Guard la ŵanthu 688 ndiwo ni magulu ghaŵiri pera gha ŵasilikari ku Mauritius. Ŵapolisi ŵa mu maofesi agha ŵakugwira nchito nyengo yitali. Kweniso ku Mauritius kuli ŵasilikari awo ŵakugwira ntchito zapadera ndipo ŵakumanyikwa kuti 'GIPM' awo ŵakunjilirapo para kwacitika vivulupi panji vinthu vinyake vyakofya.
Foreign relations
Mauritius wali na ubwezi wakukhora na vyaru vya ku Africa, America, Asia, Europe na Oceania. Pakuti Mauritius ni cigaŵa ca ku Africa, wali na ubwezi na vyaru vya mu Africa, comenecomene na vyaru vya ku South Africa. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Mauritius ŵakunjira mu vyaru vya ku Africa, comenecomene Madagascar, Mozambique na Zimbabwe. Vinthu vya ndyali ivyo charu ichi chikulondezga na kuthemba chomene vyamalonda vya ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi, vyapangiska kuti chiŵe paubwezi na wupu wa European Union na vyaru vinyake, chomenechomene France. Ubwezi withu na India ngwakukhora comene cifukwa ca mbiri na malonda. Mu Epulero 1972, charu cha Mauritius chikamba kukolerana na charu cha China, ndipo mu chaka chenechichi chikachichizgika kuvikilira charu ichi. Kweniso likusazgirako mulimo wake wa ku Middle East mwa kuzenga ofesi ya ku Saudi Arabia, iyo yili na nthumwi ku Bahrain.
Charu cha Mauritius chili mu wupu wa United Nations, World Trade Organization, African Union, Commonwealth of Nations, La Francophonie, Southern Africa Development Community, Indian Ocean Commission, Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa, na Indian Ocean Rim Association.
Legal system
Charu cha Mauritius chili na malango ghakupambanapambana agho ghakafuma ku malango gha Britain na French. Ndondomeko ya Mauritius yikupatura mazaza pakati pa wupu wakulongozga, wupu wakulongozga, na wupu wakweruzga. Mauritius yili na khoti limoza ilo lili na makhoti ghaŵiri, Khoti Likuru Chomene na makhoti ghapasi. Khoti Likuru Nkhanira lili na maofesi ghakupambanapambana nga ni Master's Court, Family Division, Commercial Division (Bankruptcy), Criminal Division, Mediation Division, Court of First Instance in civil and criminal proceedings, Appellate jurisdiction: the Court of Civil Appeal and the Court of Criminal Appeal. Makhoti ghakulongozga ghakusazgapo makhoti gha Intermediate Court, Industrial Court, District Courts, Bail and Remand Court na Court of Rodrigues. Komiti ya vya Malango ya Privy Council ndiyo ni khoti lakunjilirapo la Mauritius. Mauritius wakati wapokera wanangwa wake mu 1968, wakalutilira kuŵa na khoti lakunjilirapo. Para khoti la apilu panji la khoti likuru lakwera ku khoti ili, munthu wangapempha khoti ili kuti limovwire, nga umo vili kulembekera mu chigaŵa cha 81 cha Dango na chigaŵa cha 70A cha Dango la Makhoti. Komiti ya Malango yingapelekaso wanangwa wapadera wa kuchemerezga ku khoti la milandu ya wanangwa wa wanangwa wa wanangwa wa wanangwa wa wanangwa wa wanangwa wa wanangwa kuyana na chigaŵa cha 81 (5) cha Dango.
Ŵanthu
Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵa ku Mauritius chikaŵa 1,265,985, ndipo 626,341 ŵakaŵa ŵanalume ndipo 639,644 ŵakaŵa ŵanakazi pa Julayi 1, 2019. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga pa cirwa ca Mauritius ŵakaŵa 1,222,340, ndipo ŵa pa cirwa ca Rodrigues ŵakaŵa 43,371; Agaléga na Saint Brandon ŵakaŵa 274. Charu cha Mauritius ndicho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene kuluska vyaru vinyake mu Africa. Kuyana na dango ilo likasintha mu 1982, kalembera uyu wakulembapo yayi vya ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghanyake, kweni wakulembapo vya chisopa. Kafukufuku wa mu 1972 ndiyo wakaŵa waumaliro kupima mtundu. Charu cha Mauritius chili na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana.
Kuyana na Dango la Mauritius, pali vigaŵa vinayi pa chirwa ichi. Kuyana na dango ili, maukaboni gha ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghanyake gha mu 1972 ghakovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghanyake ŵagomezgeke makora.
Chisopo
Kuyana na kalembera wa 2011 uyo wakachitika na Statistics Mauritius, 48.5% ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Mauritius ŵakulondezga Chihindu, ndipo ŵakulondezga Chikhristu (32.7%), mwa iwo 26.3% mba Katolika, Chisilamu (17.2%) na visopa vinyake (0.7%). Pa ŵanthu aŵa, 0,7% ŵakajiwonanga kuti ŵakusopa yayi ndipo 0,1% ŵakazgora yayi. Ndondomeko iyi yikukanizga kusankhana chifukwa cha chisopa ndipo yikuphalira munthu kuti waŵe na wanangwa wakusopa, kusintha chisopa, panji kuleka kuŵa nacho. Tchalitchi la Roman Catholic, Church of England, Presbyterian Church of Mauritius, Seventh-day Adventists, Hindu Temples Associations and Muslim Mosques Organizations, ŵakususkika pa msonkho ndipo ŵakupokera wovwiri wa ndalama mwakuyana na unandi wa ŵanthu. Visopa vinyake vingalembeka na kufwatulika ku msonkho, kweni vikupokera ndalama yayi. Maholide gha visopa ni Maha Shivaratri, Ougadi, Thaipoosam Cavadee, Ganesh Chaturthi, na Diwali, kweniso Eid al-Fitr. Boma likucitapo kanthu pa ndondomeko iyi na makomiti ghapadera agho ghakulongozga ulendo wa ku Ganga Talao pa zuŵa la Maha Shivaratri na ulendo wa chaka na chaka wa Ŵakatolika ku malo ghakupumulirako Jacques-Désiré Laval ku Sainte-Croix.
Viyowoyelo
Dango la Mauritius likuyowoyapo yayi za chiyowoyero cha boma. Dango la caru likulongosora waka kuti ciyowoyero cakuzomerezgeka ca Nyumba ya Ufumu ni Cingelezi. Kweni waliyose wangayowoya ciyowoyero ca ku France. Chiyowoyero cha Chingelezi na Chifurenchi ndicho chikuyowoyeka chomene ku Mauritius chifukwa ndicho chikuŵa chiyowoyero cha boma, makhoti, na bizinesi. Dango la Mauritius lili kulembeka mu Cingelezi, kweni malango ghanyake nga ni Civil Code na Criminal code ghali kulembeka mu Cifurenci. Ndalama za ku Mauritius zili na vilembo vya Cilatini, Tamil, na Devanagari.
Ŵanthu ŵa ku Mauritius ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vinandi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya makora Chingelezi na Chifurenchi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kuyowoya Cifurenci na Cingelezi para ŵakusambira panji para ŵakuchita ntchito zinyake, kweni viyowoyero vya ku Asia vikugwiliskirika nchito comene pa nkhani ya sumu, cisopa, na mitheto. Ŵakupharazga na kulemba mabuku ghanandi mu Cifurenci.
Chiyowoyero cha Mauritian Creole, icho chili kufuma ku Chifurenchi, chikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵanandi nga ni chiyowoyero chawo. Viyowoyero vya Creole ivyo vikuyowoyeka mu virwa vyakupambanapambana vya caru ici vikuyana: Creole ya ku Mauritius, Creole ya ku Rodrigues, Creole ya ku Agalega na Creole ya ku Chagos vikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵa ku Mauritius, Rodrigues, Agaléga na Chagos. Viyowoyero vinyake ivyo vikuyowoyeka mu Mauritius ni: Chi Bhojpuri, Chitchayinizi, Chihindi, ChiMarathi, Chitamilu, ChiTelugu, na Chiurdu. Pa nyengo yinyake, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakayowoyanga ciyowoyero ici, kweni pasono ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya yayi. Kuyana na kalembera wa mu 2011, ŵanthu 5% ndiwo ŵakayowoyanga Ci Bhojpuri.
Ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵakwenera kusambira Cingelezi na Cifurenci. Visambizgo vikupambana ku sukulu na sukulu, kweni visambizgo ivi vikuŵa mu Chingelezi ku masukulu gha boma na ghapadera. Masambiro gha O-Level na A-Level ghakuchitika mu masukulu gha boma na ghapachekha agho boma likovwira.
Masambilo
Masukulu gha ku Mauritius ghakupambanapambana. Masambiro agha ghakukhala vyaka viŵiri panji vitatu, vyaka vinkhondi na cimoza vya masambiro gha ku pulayimale, vyaka vinkhondi vya masambiro gha ku sekondare, na vyaka viŵiri vya masambiro gha ku sekondare. Ŵasambizgi ŵa masukulu gha sekondare ŵakuzunura mazgu ghakuti "koleji". Boma la Mauritius likupeleka masambiro ghaulere ku ŵanthu ŵake kwambira ku pulayimale m'paka ku masambiro ghapachanya. Mu 2013, ndalama izo boma likagwiliskiranga ntchito pa masambiro zikaŵa 13,584 miliyoni. Kwambira mu Janyuwale 2017, boma lasintha ndondomeko ya masambiro mu charu ichi.
Masambiro gha O-Level na A-Level ghakucitika na University of Cambridge kwizira mu University of Cambridge International Examinations mwakukolerana na MES. Masukulu ghapachanya ghakusazgapo mayunivesite na maofesi ghanyake gha vya sayansi mu Mauritius. Maunivesite ghaŵiri ghakuru gha boma ni Yunivesite ya Mauritius na Yunivesite ya Technology, kusazgapo Université des Mascareignes, iyo yikambika mu 2012, na Open University Mauritius. Masukulu ghanayi gha boma agha pamoza na masukulu ghanyake ghanandi gha masukulu gha masukulu ghapachanya, ghalije malipiro gha masambiro.
Mu 2015, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵakumanya kulemba na kulemba chikaŵa 92.7%. Charu cha Mauritius chili pa malo 52 pa Global Innovation Index mu 2021, ndipo chili pa malo 1 mu Africa.
Chuma
Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, vyakupharazga, vyakurya vya mu nyanja, kupokelera ŵalendo na kupanga katundu, vyakupwelelera umoyo, nkhongono zakusunkhunyikaso, na masambiro na masambiro vyazgoka vigaŵa vyakuzirwa, ndipo vikukopa ndalama zinandi kufuma ku vyaru vinyake.
Charu cha Mauritius chilije mafuta agho ghangaŵawovwira, ntheura ghakuthemba pa mafuta kuti ghatovwire kusanga nkhongono. Magesi gha mu malo agha na ghakusangikaso ni biomass, hydro, solar na wind.
Charu cha Mauritius chili na chigaŵa chikuru chomene pa charu chose, ndipo mu 2012, boma likapharazga kuti likukhumba kukhozga vyalo vya mu nyanja.
Charu cha Mauritius chili pa malo ghapacanya comene pa nkhani ya mpikisano wa vya cuma, malo ghakwendeskera ndalama, muwuso uwemi, na cuma cakufwatuka. GDP (PPP) yikayaniskika pa US$ 29.187 billion mu 2018, ndipo GDP (PPP) pa munthu yumoza yikajumpha US$ 22,909, ndiyo yikaŵa yaciŵiri pa vyaru vinandi mu Africa.
Ku Mauritius kuli vyaru ivyo ŵanthu ŵakusangirapo ndalama zinandi chomene. Mu lipoti la World Bank la Ease of Doing Business Index la 2019, Mauritius wali pa nambara 13 pa vyaru vyose pa charu chose. Kuyana na Unduna wa Vyachilendo wa ku Mauritius, masuzgo agho caru ici cikukumana nagho nkhugomezga comene vigaŵa vicoko waka vya vyamalonda, kucenjera comene, kusoŵa kwa ŵantchito ŵaluso, ucekuru wa ŵanthu, na makampani gha boma na mawupu gha boma agho ghakucita makora yayi.
Charu cha Mauritius chili na chuma cha msika. Kuyana na lipoti la 2019 Economic Freedom of the World, Mauritius wali pa nambara 9 pa vyaru ivyo vili na chuma cha wanangwa.
Financial services
Wupu wa Financial Services Commission ukati mu 2018, ntchito za ndalama na za inshuwalansi zikapangiska kuti GDP ya charu ichi yikwane 11.1%. Mu vyaka vyose ivi, Mauritius wali kujilongora kuti ni malo ghakwenelera kugwilira nchito mu vyaru vya ku Africa cifukwa ca malo agho ghalipo pakati pa Asia na Africa, malango ghakwendeskera vyaru vinyake, kucita bizinesi mwakupepuka, malango ghakovwira kuvikilira ndalama, malango ghakukanizga msonkho, ŵanthu awo ŵali na maluso ghanandi ndiposo awo ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vinandi, mtende wa ndyali, unonono wa milandu, kweniso vinthu vyamahara ivyo vingawovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵaŵe ŵakukolerana. Mu tawuni iyi muli mabanki ghanandi gha pa caru cose, mawupu gha malango, mawupu ghakupeleka wovwiri ku mabungwe, mabungwe gha vya ndalama, na mabungwe ghanyake. Vinthu vya ndalama na mauteŵeti, vikusazgapo banki ya ŵanthu ŵekha, bizinesi ya pa caru cose, inshuwalansi na reinshuwalansi, mabungwe ghakukanizgika, mabungwe ghakusungirako vinthu, mabungwe ghakusungirako vinthu, mabungwe ghakusungirako vinthu, mabungwe gha vya ndalama, maofesi gha boma gha pa caru cose.
Msonkho wa ŵanthu wose ukufuma pa 15% m'paka 17% ndipo msonkho wa munthu waliyose ukufuma pa 10% m'paka 25%. Nangauli caru ici cikuperekaso vyandulo nga ni msonkho na kufwatuka mu vigaŵa vinyake kuti cikhozge mpikisano wake, kweni kanandi ŵapharazgi ŵakuciwona nga ni malo gha msonkho cifukwa ca ŵanthu na makampani agho ghakucita vinthu vyambura kwenelera mu cigaŵa ca vya ndalama. Charu ichi chili na mbiri yiwemi chifukwa cha kulondezga ndondomeko yiwemi na malango ghakukhora. Mu Juni 2015, charu cha Mauritius chikapokelera phangano la vyaru vinandi lakukhwaskana na wovwiri wa boma pa nkhani za misonkho. Charu cha Mauritius chili mu wupu wakuzenga wupu wa Eastern and Southern Africa Anti-Money Laundering Group, ndipo chili panthazi pa kulimbana na vigeŵenga. Charu chazomerezga kuti ŵanthu ŵasinthane mauthenga mwakuyana na Common Reporting Standard na Foreign Accounts Tax Compliance Act.
Tourism
Charu cha Mauritius ntchigaŵa chikuru icho ŵanthu ŵakwendakwenda, ndipo vyalo ivi ndivyo vikovwira chomene pa vyachuma. Chirwa ichi chili na maji ghawemi, vigaŵa vya nyanja vyakubisilizga, vigaŵa vya nyanja, vyakumera na vyakumera vya mu vyaru vyamuthondo, kweniso ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana. Chiŵelengero cha ŵalendo awo ŵizenge mu charu ichi mu 2019 chikukwana 1,450,000.
Mazuŵa ghano, charu cha Mauritius chili na malo ghaŵiri agho ghakumanyikwa na UNESCO kuti ntchiharo cha charu chose. Kweniso, Black River Gorges National Park yili pa ndondomeko ya UNESCO.
Transport
Kwambira mu 2005, basi za ŵanthu wose ku Mauritius ni zaulere ku ŵana ŵa sukulu, ŵanthu ŵakupendera, na ŵacekuru. Pasono ku Mauritius kuli nchito ya kujintha njanji, cifukwa njanji izo kale zikaŵa za ŵanthu ŵacilendo zili kuleka kugwira nchito. Ku Port Louis kuli dowoko la malonda gha vyaru vyakupambanapambana kweniso malo ghakwendako sitima. Malo ghekha ghakwendera ndege gha pa charu chose ni Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam International Airport, ndipo ni malo ghakwendera ndege gha boma la Mauritius. Malo ghanyake ghakwendera ndege ni Sir Gaëtan Duval Airport ku Rodrigues. Charu cha Mauritius chili na suzgo likuru la magalimoto cifukwa ca unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakwenda pa msewu, comenecomene awo ŵakwenda pa galimoto. Kuti ŵamazge suzgo la kunjira mu misewu, boma la Japan lakwamba kupanga sitima ya Metro Express. Mzere uwu ukufuma ku Port Louis na kuluta ku Curepipe. Chigaŵa chakwamba chikamba mu 2020 ndipo chigaŵa chachiŵiri chikamara mu 2021. Ntchito iyi yili pafupi kumara ndipo yizamwamba mu Okutobala 2023. Boma likunozgaso vinyake.
Information and communications technology
Munda wa umanyi na mawupu (ICT) ndiwo ukapangiska 5.7% ya GDP mu 2016.
Charu cha Mauritius chikukolerana na Intaneti pa charu chose kwizira mu tumakompyuta tunandi uto tukwendeskeka na maji, nga ni Lower Indian Ocean Network (LION), Mauritius-Rodrigues Submarine Cable, na South Africa Far East (SAFE).
Art
Ŵaluso ŵa ku Mauritius nga ni Henri Le Sidaner, Malcolm de Chazal, Raouf Oderuth na Vaco Baissac.
Gabrielle Wiehe ni munthu wakumanyikwa comene pakucita vithuzithuzi na kupanga vithuzi. Kweniso ku Mauritius ndiko kukafuma mathamalero gha ku Mauritius, agho ghakaŵa ghacoko comene pa mathamalero ghose pa caru capasi.
Architecture
Vinthu vyakupambanapambana ivyo vili mu charu cha Mauritius vikulongora umo charu ichi chikaŵira pakwamba. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1700, ŵanthu ŵa ku Netherlands, France, na Britain ŵakamba kupanga vinthu vyakupambanapambana na ku India na East Africa. Vinthu vya ku Mauritius vili kupangika mu nthowa zakupambanapambana, kweniso vili na vinthu vyakutowa ivyo vikukolerana na mbiri ya charu cha Mauritius, nyanja ya Indian Ocean, na vyaru vya ku Europe.
Vyaka vinandi vya kusintha kwa ndyali, umoyo wa ŵanthu, na vya cuma, vyapangiska kuti vinthu vya ku Mauritius vileke kusangikaso. Pakati pa 1960 na 1980, nyumba zakutowa izo zikaŵa pa malo ghapacanya gha pa cirwa ici, zikamara kuzimwika. Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, ŵanthu ŵabwangandura minda, nyumba za ŵanthu, na nyumba za ŵanthu. Msumba ukuru wa Port Louis ndiwo ukasintha yayi m'paka pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1990, kweni sono uli na vinthu vinandi ivyo vinganangikirathu. Vinthu vyakupambanapambana ivyo vikuchitika pa malo ghakusungirako vinthu vyakale ku Mauritius vikupangiska kuti malo agha ghaleke kuŵa na phindu.
Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakhalanga mu nyumba za ŵanthu ŵa ku Creole.
Literature
Ŵanandi awo ŵakalembako mabuku mu Mauritius ŵakaŵa Eugénie Poujade, Marie-Thérèse Humbert, Malcolm de Chazal, Ananda Devi, Shenaz Patel, Khal Torabully, J. M. Wakayama G. Le Clézio, Aqiil Gopee na Dev Virahsawmy. J. Wakayama M. Wakayama G. Le Clézio, uyo wakapokera chawanangwa cha Nobel mu 2008, ni wa ku Mauritius ndipo wali na wanangwa wa ku France na Mauritius. Pa cirwa ici ndipo pakacitikiranga upharazgi wa Le Prince Maurice Prize. Kuyana na umo ŵanthu ŵa pa cirwa ici ŵakucitira, pa cilimika cilicose ŵakupeleka cawanangwa ici ku ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya Cingelezi na Cifurenci.
Music
Vyakwimba vikuru comene vya ku Mauritius ni Sega na sumu zake za fusion, Seggae, sumu za ŵanthu ŵa ku Bhojpuri, sumu za mafilimu gha ku India comenecomene za ku Bollywood, na sumu za Classical comenecomene za ku Western Classical Music na za ku India Classical Music.
Cuisine
Vyakurya vya ku Mauritius vikusazga vyakurya vya ku India, Creole, French, na Chinese. Vyakununkhira ni vyakurya vyakuzirwa chomene mu Mauritius. Pali mtundu unyake wa Falaooda wa ku Peresiya, uwo ukuchemeka alouda. Mu malo ghanandi ŵakuguliska vingwa vya ku France. Vyakurya ivyo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kurya ni vyakurya vyakuphakaphaka vyakuchemeka dholl puri, biryani wakupangika na mpunga, na gâteau piment.
Holidays and festivals
Mazuŵa gha vikondwelero vya ku Mauritius ghakukolerana na mitheto yakupambanapambana. Pali viphikiro vya Chihindu, vya Chikhristu, vya ku China, na vya Ŵasilamu. Ku Mauritius kuli maholide 14 ndipo chaka chiphya chikukondwelereka kwa mazuŵa ghaŵiri usange chikuchitika pa sabata. Maholide ghose gha visopa ghakusintha chaka na chaka, kweni Khisimasi pera ndiyo yikusintha. Vikondwelero vinyake nga ni Holi, Raksha Bandhan, Durga Puja, Père Laval Pilgrimage navyo vikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵa Mauritius ŵakhalenge makora.
Sport
Maseŵera agho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa ku Mauritius ni bola ndipo timu ya charu ichi yikucemeka The Dodos panji Club M. Maseŵero ghanyake agho ŵanthu ŵakutemwa ku Mauritius nga ni kuchimbira njinga, maseŵero gha pa thebulu, kuphalizgana pa mahachi, badminton, volleyball, basketball, handball, nkhonya, judo, karate, taekwondo, kuwuska vizito, kuzenga thupi, na maseŵero ghanyake. Maseŵero gha mu maji nga nkhuskamba, kwendeska ngalaŵa, kuskamba, kuskamba pa mphepo, na kuskamba pa ndege.
Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kuphalizgana pa mahachi kufuma mu 1812 apo ŵakajura malo ghakuchemeka Champ de Mars. Charu ichi ndicho chikachitiska maseŵero gha ku virwa vya mu Nyanja ya Indian (Indian Ocean Island Games) ghaciŵiri (1985), cacinayi (2003) na ca khumi (2019). Chilumba cha Mauritius chinalandira mendulo yake yoyamba ya Olimpiki pa Olimpiki ya Chilimwe ya 2008 ku Beijing pamene nkhonya Bruno Julie inalandira mendulo ya bronze.
Mu gofu, Mauritius Open wakale na AfrAsia Bank Mauritius Open sono ni vigaŵa vya European Tour.
Vigaŵa vya kuwalo
Reference
Government
ŴaYao (ŵa kumafumilo gha dazi gha Afilika)
ŵaYao ni fuko likuru la ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu awo ŵakukhala kumwera kwa Nyanja ya Malawi. Ŵakaŵa na mulimo wakuzirwa comene pa nkhani ya kumwera kwa Africa, comenecomene mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Yao ŵali na ciŵelengero ca ŵanthu pafupifupi mamiliyoni ghaŵiri awo Mbasilamu. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Yao ŵali na cikaya cakukhora comene, ndipo ŵakulondezga yayi malango gha caru.
Mbili
Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Yao ŵalimi na ŵalovi. Ŵarabu ŵakati ŵafika ku Africa, ŵakamba kusinthana na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Yao. Cifukwa cakuti ŵakaguliskanga vinthu mumphepete mwa nyanja, ŵakaŵa ŵanthu ŵasambazi comene na ŵakumanyikwa comene mu vyaru vya kumwera kwa Africa. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Yao ŵakamba kulamulira chigaŵa cha Niassa ku Mozambique. Pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Yao ŵakamba kusama kufuma ku malo agho ŵakakhalanga kuluta ku Malaŵi na Tanzania. Cinthu cimoza cakuzirwa comene ico cikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu caru ici ŵambe kusopa Ciislamu. Mu 1870, Makanjila III (yumoza wa ŵalongozgi ŵa Mangochi Yao ŵa ku Nyasa) wakatora Chisilamu kuŵa chisopa chake.
Pamanyuma, ŵalongozgi ŵa Yao (awo ŵakajichemanga kuti ma sultans) ŵakakhumbikwiranga ŵalembi awo ŵakamanyanga kuŵazga na kulemba. Mu vikaya vya Yao, ŵalembi aŵa ŵakakhwaska comene ŵanthu, ŵakasambizganga waka ŵanthu kuŵazga na kulemba yayi, kweni ŵakapelekangaso wovwiri wa mtende, chisopa, na vya cuma ku ŵanthu ŵa mu vigaŵa vya mumphepete mwa nyanja. Kweniso, mafumu gha Yao ghakalimbana chomene na Ŵapwitikizi, Ŵanandi, na Ŵachijeremani, awo ŵakawonekanga kuti mbanthu ŵaheni chomene. Ŵanalume ŵa ku Britain ŵakayezga kukanizga malonda gha maryero na ŵazga. Mulara wa Ŵayao zina lake Mataka wakakana Chikhristu, cifukwa cisopo ca Cisilamu cikaŵapa ndondomeko ya umoyo wa ŵanthu iyo yikaŵawovwira kuti ŵamanye makora mitheto yawo. Ŵalongozgi ŵakati ŵamba kusopa Ciislamu, ŵanthu nawo ŵakamba kusopa. Chisopa ca Ciislamu ico ŵanthu ŵa Yao ŵakulondezga cikukolerana na vigomezgo vyawo vya cisopa ca Ciislamu.
Ku Mozambique
Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Yao ŵakakhalanga kumpoto kwa Mozambique (uko kale kukaŵa ku Portuguese East Africa). Para tingawona mbiri ya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Yao mu Mozambique, tingamanya kuti chigaŵa chawo chikaŵa mu muzi uchoko wakuchemeka Chiconono, mu chigaŵa cha Niassa. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Yao ŵakaŵa ŵalimi, kweni ŵanyake ŵakaguliskanga njovu na ŵazga. Ŵakasangana na masuzgo gha ndyali na gha ŵanthu chifukwa cha kuwerako kwa Ŵapwitikizi (mu chigaŵa cha Niassa) na kukhazikiska kampani ya Niassa. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal aŵa ŵakamba kukhala mu chigaŵa ichi, ndipo ŵakazenga matawuni. Pa nyengo iyi, ŵakawuskapo ndondomeko ya ulimi na malonda ya ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha na kusintha ku vyakurya ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa boma la Portugal. Ufumu wa Portugal uwo ukakuranga, ukaŵa na malo ghakuguliskirako malonda, vigongwe na virwa mu vyaru vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa kwambira mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ŵakamba kupharazga mu chigaŵa ichi chifukwa cha nthowa iyo ŵakendanga na vyakununkhira. Ndipouli, mu ma 1800, Ŵapwitikizi ŵakaguliskanga ŵazga ŵanandi chomene. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, Ufumu wa Portugal ukaŵa wankhongono chomene pa charu chose. Vipambi vya viŵeto ivyo vikaŵa vya Ŵapwitikizi vikamba kusazgikira, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku mizi iyi ŵakagwiranga ntchito yakulipira. Kweni ŵakalutilira kulondezga mitheto yawo na kulima. Pakuŵa Ŵasilamu, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Yao ŵakatondeka kuzizipizga muwuso wa Ŵapwitikizi, awo ŵakaŵachichizga kuti ŵasambire Cikhristu mu Ciphwitikizi.
Ku Mozambique kuli ŵanthu 450,000 ŵa mtundu wa Yao. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakukhala ku chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi na kumpoto kwa chigaŵa cha Niassa, ndipo ŵakukwana 40% ŵa ŵanthu ŵa ku Lichinga, msumba ukuru wa chigaŵa ichi. Ŵali na mitheto yinandi, kusazgapo kulondezga viyuni vikuruvikuru ivyo vikulongozga ŵanthu pakusanga uchi. Paumaliro, ŵakufumiska njuchi mu chiŵaya, ŵakuwunjika uchi na kusida sera ku viyuni ivyo vikulongozga njuchi. Kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu 2016 pa ŵanthu awo ŵakukoma uchi ku Yao kumpoto kwa Mozambique, wakalongora kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakulongozga ŵanthu awo ŵakukoma uchi ŵakapulikanga para ŵakuŵachema kuti brrrr-hmm. Ŵalwani ŵakusambira mazgu agha ku ŵadada ŵawo ndipo ŵakughapeleka ku ŵana ŵawo. Ŵalwani ŵakasanganga malo ghakukhala njuchi para ŵakuŵachema. Kafukufuku uyu wakulongosoraso kuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Yao ŵakughanaghana kuti viyuni vikuru na viwukirano ivyo vikulongozga ŵanthu awo ŵakwenda pa uchi ni vyamoyo vyakupambana.
Kuwalo kwa Mozambique
Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Yao ŵakasamira ku chigaŵa icho sono ni kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Malawi mu ma 1830, apo ŵakaŵa ŵalimi na ŵamalonda. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Yao ŵali na mitheto na sumu zinandi, ndipo mbasilikari ŵa visopa vinyake. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Yao ŵakaŵa paubwezi wakukhora na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Swahili awo ŵakakhalanga mumphepete mwa nyanja m'ma 1800. Cifukwa cakuti ŵakakolerananga comene na Ŵaarabu, ŵakaŵa na vilwero, ivyo vikaŵawovwira kuti ŵarwe nkhondo zinandi na ŵanthu ŵa mu vigaŵa vyawo, nga ni Ŵangoni na Ŵachiwa. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Yao ŵakasuskanga comene ŵasilikari ŵa Germany awo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vya kumwera kwa Africa (uko sono ni Tanzania, Rwanda, na Burundi). Chiyelezgero cha umo Yao wakachitiranga na ŵanthu ŵakususka chikaŵa mu vigaŵa vya mumphepete mwa nyanja vya Kilwa Kivinje, Mikindani, na Lindi, kumwera kwa Tanzania mu 1888, apo ŵasilikari ŵa German East Africa Company ŵakayezga kupoka vigaŵa vya mumphepete mwa nyanja ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa Sultan wa Zanzibar. Mu vyaka vyakulondezgapo, ŵa Yao ŵakalutilira kuvikilira nthowa yawo ya malonda kufuma ku vigaŵa vya Makanjila kumwera kwa Nyasa kuya ku Kilwa Kivinje. Kweni mu 1893, Harry Johnston pamoza na ŵasilikari ŵake ŵa ku Britain, ŵakamba kuyowoya kuti ŵali kuthereska chigaŵa chose cha Makanjila mumphepete mwa Nyanja ya Nyasa. Mu 1890, Themba Machemba likaphalira Mulara wa ŵasilikari, Hermann von Wissmann, kuti likukhumba kuchita malonda kweni likukhumba yayi kujilambika ku boma la Germany. Ndipouli, ŵakati ŵafika ku malo ghanyake, Yao wakajipeleka.
Ku Zimbabwe, ŵanthu ŵa fuko la Yao ŵakafika nga mbalendo ndipo ŵakakhazikiska gulu ku Mvurwi, pasi pa muwuso wa fuko la Jalisi. Ŵakaŵa ŵamoza ŵa ŵanthu ŵakwamba kwiza na cisopa ca Ciislam ku Zimbabwe pa Great Dyke Mountain Pass. Ŵa Yao ŵakagwiraso nchito yikuru mu Ciwukirano ca Maji Maji mu German East Africa.
Chiyowoyelo
Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Yao ŵakuyowoya ciyowoyero ca ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ico cikucemeka Chiyao (chi- ni lizgu lakwamba ilo likung'anamura "ciyowoyero"). Charu chawo chili pakati pa milonga ya Rovuma na Lugenda kumpoto kwa Mozambique. Kweniso ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya boma mu vyaru ivyo ŵakukhala, nga ni Chiswahili mu Tanzania, Chichewa na Chitumbuka mu Malawi, na Ciphwitikizi mu Mozambique.
Umoyo
Ŵanthu ŵakugomezga kuti matenda ghakuŵako cifukwa ca vinthu vyakuthupi, kutembeka, panji kuswa malango. Para ŵanthu ŵakugomezga kuti matenda ghakufuma ku viŵaro viŵiri ivi, ŵakuluta ku maofesi gha boma yayi. Matenda ghanyake agho ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Yao ŵakumanya ni undubidwa (matenda agho ghakukhwaska ŵana awo ŵakonkheska mwana chifukwa cha sanji za mubali wawo), kweniso matenda ghanyake gha ndaka agho ghakuŵapo chifukwa cha kukomana na awo ŵakuchita yayi uzaghali.
Ukaboni
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Steinkjer (town)
Steinkjer (town) ni msumba mu boma la Trøndelag mu charu cha Norway mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Wonaniso
Brekstad
Brekstad ni msumba mu boma la Trøndelag mu charu cha Norway mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Wonaniso
Kolvereid
Kolvereid ni msumba mu boma la Trøndelag mu charu cha Norway mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Wonaniso
Dealesville, Free State
Dealesville, Free State ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Lejweleputswa District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Free State, charu cha South Africa.
Hertzogville, Free State
Hertzogville, Free State ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Lejweleputswa District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Free State, charu cha South Africa.
Levanger (town)
Levanger (town) ni msumba mu boma la Trøndelag mu charu cha Norway mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Wonaniso
Orkanger
Orkanger ni msumba mu boma la Trøndelag mu charu cha Norway mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Wonaniso
Sukulu ya Bishop Mackenzie Yavyaru
Sukulu ya Bishop Mackenzie Yavyaru ili ni sukulu ya palekha ya Chingelezi, ya ku Lilongwe, Malawi.
Sukulu iyi yikamba mu 1944, ndipo yikupeleka masambiro ku ŵana ŵa sukulu pafupifupi 693 mu masukulu gha pulayimale na gha sekondale. BMIS ni sukulu ya International Baccalaureate® (IB) Primary Years (PYP), IB Middle Years (MYP) na IB Diploma (DP).
Founded in 1944, it provides an education to approximately 693 students in the primary and secondary schools from Reception to Year 13 (4–18 years old, grades K–12). BMIS is an IB World School offering the International Baccalaureate® (IB) Primary Years (PYP), IB Middle Years (MYP) and IB Diploma (DP) Programmes. Additionally, BMIS is a fully accredited member of the Council of International Schools (CIS) and the New England Association of Schools and Colleges (NEASC).
Mbili
Sukulu iyi yikapika zina la Charles Mackenzie, munthu wakumanyikwa comene uyo wakacitapo kanthu pakwamba mu Malaŵi. Mu 1861, wakaluta na David Livingstone ku Zambezi, ndipo wakaŵa Bishop wa ku Central Africa na Mutu wa Anglican Universities Mission. Mackenzie wakafwa na maleriya ndipo ntchito iyi yikamara pambere yindafike pakwamba. Kweni wakawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kuguliska ŵazga.
Sukulu iyi yikamba mu 1944 ndipo yikachemekanga Lilongwe European School. Pakwamba, pakaŵa ŵana ŵa sukulu 12 pera, ndipo msambizgi yumoza, Miss Fairly, wakaŵa pa malo agho pakaŵa Golf Club. Mu 1950, sukulu iyi yikasamira uko yili sono ndipo yikakura comene. Malo agha ghakazgoka malo ghakusungirako ŵalendo mu vyaru ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa Rhodesia na Nyasaland.
Mu 1959, sukulu iyi yikasintha zina kuŵa Bishop Mackenzie School (BMS). Sukulu iyi yikamba kwendera boma la Nyasaland, ndipo pamasinda yikambaso kwendera boma la Malawi ilo likaŵika sukulu iyi pasi pa boma la Designated Schools Board (DSB) mu 1977.
Mu 1992, sukulu iyi yikasazgikira na kuŵa sukulu ya sekondare ya Form 1 (Year 7), ndipo yikasazgikiranga chaka chilichose. Mu 1995, mu zina la sukulu iyi mukaŵaso lizgu lakuti "International", ndipo sono ni BMIS.
Mu 1998, sukulu iyi yikapatukana na Board of Designated Schools ndipo yikaŵa pasi pa malango gha Malawi. Ŵapapi wose ŵali mu wupu wa ŵapapi, uwo ndiwo uli mu wupu uwu. Mu 1997, BMIS yikaŵa sukulu iyo yikukolerana na International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme. Sukulu iyi yikasazgirako mapulogiramu gha IB mu 2006 ndipo mu 2011 yikapeleka PYP. BMIS yikapika wanangwa wa kusambizga ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 7 na 11.
Masambilo
Sukulu iyi yikupeleka masambiro gha Cingelezi. Sukulu iyi yikovwiraso ŵana ŵa sukulu awo ŵakuyowoya Chingelezi yayi ndipo ŵakukhumbikwira wovwiri kuti ŵasambire makora chiyowoyero chawo. Ŵasambizgi awo ŵali na maluso ghapadera ŵakovwira ŵana ŵa sukulu awo ŵakukhumbikwira wovwiri wapadera.
Sukulu ya International Baccalaureate® (IB) ya ŵana ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 3 na 11. PEP yikovwira kuti mwana wakure makora pa nyengo iyo wakukura. Ndondomeko iyi yikukhumba kuti ŵana ŵasambirenge makora. Vinthu vinkhondi ivyo vikukhumbikwa pa masambiro agha ni fundo, kumanya vinthu, maluso, kaghanaghaniro na vyakucita.
International Baccalaureate® (IB) Middle Years Programme (MYP): Ndondomeko iyi yikovwira ŵana ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 11 na 16. Pakuti nyengo iyi njakuzirwa comene mu umoyo wa ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵanandi, yikukhumbikwira ndondomeko iyo yingawovwira ŵana ŵa sukulu kuti ŵasambire vinthu vyakukhumbikwa mu nyengo zakusuzga izi. Pulogiramu iyi yikulongosora vinthu vinkhondi ivyo vikovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵasambire vinthu vinyake, umo ŵanthu ŵakugwilira ntchito na ŵanji, umo ŵanthu ŵakuchitira vinthu, malo agho ŵakukhala, umoyo wawo, na umo ŵangasambizgikira.
Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikuchitika para sukulu yamara
Sukulu iyi yikupeleka vinthu vinandi vyauzimu, vya mitheto, vya maseŵero, na vya uteŵeti. Vinthu ivi vikusangika mu masukulu, mu masukulu ghanyake, mu sukulu zinyake, mu sukulu za ŵana ŵa sukulu, kweniso mu masukulu ghanyake.
Para sukulu yamara ŵakuchita maungano ghaŵiri namise, kufuma pa 2 koloko m'paka 3 koloko namise na 3 koloko m'paka 4 koloko. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kusambira chifukwa nyengo ya mu nyengo yakwamba na yachiŵiri yikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵagwiliskirenge ntchito makora malo ghakuvuŵira. Maseŵero ghanyake agho ŵanthu ŵakutemwa ni bola, basketball, rugby, na hockey, kweni sukulu iyi yikunozgaso maseŵero gha tennis, karate, table tennis, ballet, chess, photo-club, na vinyake vyakuti munthu waliyose wangachita. BMIS kanandi yikukumana na masukulu ghanyake mu Lilongwe na kunyake (kanandi pa mtunda wa maora 4 na 5 pa basi) kweniso pa viphikiro vya caru cose.
Ŵana ŵa ku Primary School ŵakuchitako vinthu vinyake nga ni masambiro gha ku sukulu, kuwunganya vyawanangwa, na milimo yinyake iyo yikuchitika na mawupu ghakupeleka wovwiri, nyumba za ŵalanda, na ntchito zinyake. Ntchito ya Ndi Moyo, Operation Smile na Tilinanu orphanage ni vinyake mwa vinthu ivyo ŵana aŵa ŵakucita. Sonosono apa, ŵana ŵakovwiraso pakupanga na kuwezgeramo vinthu vinyake. Kweniso kanandi ŵakovwirana na ŵana ŵambura mwaŵi mu masukulu gha ku Lilongwe. Para ŵana ŵakukura, ŵakuŵa na maghanoghano ghakupambanapambana pa nkhani ya sukulu ndipo ŵakuŵa ŵakunozgeka kuchitako vinthu vinyake. Mu masambiro gha Middle Years na Diploma, muli vinthu vyakukhwaskana na umoyo wa ŵanthu na uteŵeti.
Vipinda
Sukulu iyi yili kumwera kwa Lilongwe mu chigaŵa cha 3. Pa malo agha pali makilomita pafupifupi 25 gha malo agho ghali na makuni gha mdima na maluŵa, malo gha maseŵero ghaŵiri, malo gha basiketi ghaŵiri, na chiziŵa icho chili na chiziŵa cha mamita 18, chiziŵa cha mamita 25, na chiziŵa cha ŵana.
Sukulu ya BMIS Primary School yili na vipinda vya masambiro 21 na vipinda vya maluso, sumu, kuŵazga, na vya ICT. Pa sukulu iyi pali vipinda vya ŵasambizgi 21, ma laboratories ghanayi gha sayansi pamoza na ma laboratory ghatatu ghakugwilira ntchito pa kulemba vinthu. Ku malo agha kuli vipinda vyakugwilira nchito pa nkhani za luso na sumu, ndipo ŵakuzenga sitediyo yiphya.