cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Aristotle
Kafukufuku wakukhazikika
Iyo wakuti thupi la nyama likukolerana makora na umo likugwilira ntchito, ntheura pakati pa viyuni, kankhongono ako kakukhala mu mathipa gha mathipa ghapusu ndipo kakukora somba, kali na singo yitali, malundi ghatali, na nthonga zakuthwa nga ni mkondo, uku bakambuku awo ŵakuthunda ŵali na malundi ghafupi na malundi gha viŵegha. Darwin nayo wakawona kuti pali mphambano pakati pa vinyama vyakupambanapambana, kweni wakakolerana yayi na Aristotle. Ŵanthu ŵanandi mazuŵa ghano ŵakuwona kuti ivyo Aristotle wakalemba vikulongora kuti vinthu vikachita kusintha kufuma ku vinyake. Kuyana na Aristotle, vinthu ivyo vikuchitika mwamabuchi vikuyana waka na kuthukira kwa nyengo yakuzizima. Ntheura wakasuskanga fundo ya Empedocles yakuti vyamoyo na viŵaro vyawo vikuŵa na "umoyo". Kuti wayowoye maghanoghano ghake mu mazgu gha mazuŵa ghano, palije apo wakayowoyapo kuti vyamoyo vyakupambanapambana vingaŵa na dada yumoza, panji kuti mtundu unyake ungasintha kuŵa unyake, panji kuti mitundu yinyake yingamara.
Nthowa ya sayansi
Aristotle wakachitanga viyezgo nga umo ŵanthu ŵakuchitira mazuŵa ghano yayi. Wakagwiliskiranga ntchito lizgu Lachigiriki lakuti pepeiramenoi kuti walongosore umo vinthu viliri, panji kuti umo ŵakuchitira pakusanda vinthu nga nkhupima. Mu buku lakuti Generation of Animals, wakusanga chiŵiya cha nkhuku icho chili na nthumbo ndipo wakuchijura kuti wawonenge umo mtima wa chiŵaro ichi ukuwira.
Motion
Ivyo Aristotle wakalemba vikakhwaska chomene ŵanthu m'paka mu nyengo yaumaliro. John Philoponus (mu nyengo yakale) na Galileo (mu nyengo ya mazuŵa ghano) ŵakayowoya kuti ŵakalongora kuti ivyo Aristotle wakayowoya kuti chinthu chikuru chikuwa luŵiro chomene kuluska chinyake ntchautesi. Carlo Rovelli wakayowoya fundo yinyake iyo yikususkana na fundo iyi. Iyo wakati fundo ya Aristotle yakuti vinthu vikwenda makora yikukolerana na fundo yakuti vinthu ivyo vikuŵa mu malo gha gravity pa charu chapasi vikuŵa mu maji nga ni mphepo. Mu cigaŵa ici, mathupi ghakututuŵa agho ghakuwa nyengo zose ghendanga luŵiro comene kuluska mathupi ghapusu, ndipo ghakuwa pacoko comene mu malo ghakututuŵa.
Umoyo
Aristotle wakababika mu 384 B.C.E. ku Stagira, Chalcidice, mtunda wa makilomita 55 kumafumiro gha dazi kwa msumba wa Tesalonika. Wiske wake, Nicomachus, wakaŵa dokotala wa Themba Amyntas la ku Makedoniya. Apo wakaŵa muwukirano, Aristotle wakasambira vya umoyo na munkhwala kufuma kwa awiske. Ŵapapi ŵa Aristotle wose ŵakafwa apo wakaŵa na vilimika pafupifupi 13, ndipo Proxenus wa ku Atarneus ndiyo wakaŵa mulinda wake. Nangauli pasono palije vinandi vyakukhwaskana na umoyo wa Aristotle apo wakaŵa mwana, kweni wakwenera kuti wakakhalako kanyengo kanyake mu nyumba ya ufumu wa Makedoniya, uko wakamba kucezga na ŵanthu ŵa ufumu wa Makedoniya. Apo wakaŵa na vyaka 17 panji 18, Aristotle wakasamira ku Ateni kuti wakalutilire kusambira pa sukulu ya Plato. Wakwenera kuti wakakumanapo na vinthu vyamabuchi ivyo vikachitika ku Eleusinian Mysteries. Aristotle wakakhala mu Ateni vyaka pafupifupi 20 pambere wandafumeko mu 348/47 B.C.E. Nkhani yakukhwaskana na kufuma kwake yikulongora kuti wakakhuŵara na ivyo vikachitikanga ku sukulu iyi apo muwuso wake ukaluta kwa Speusippus, mwana wa mubali wa Plato. Pamanyuma pake Aristotle wakaluta na Xenocrates ku nyumba ya mubwezi wake Hermias wa ku Atarneus ku Asia Minor. Pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya Hermias, Aristotle wakaluta na msambiri wake Theophrastus ku cirwa ca Lesbos, uko ŵakasambira vyakumera na vyamoyo vya pa cirwa ici. Apo wakaŵa ku Lesbos, Aristotle wakatora Pythias, mwana wa Hermias panji muzukuru wake. Wakababa mwana msungwana, uyo ŵakamuthya zina lakuti Pythias. Mu 343 B.C.E., Philip II wa ku Makedoniya wakachema Aristotle kuti waŵe msambizgi wa mwana wake Alexander.
YouTube
Sumu pa YouTube
Kukwambilira kwa chaka cha 2018, Cohen wakamba kuyowoyapo kuti YouTube yingaŵa na pulogiramu yiphya ya sumu, iyo yinganjilirapo pa mpikisano na vinyake nga ni Spotify na Apple Music. Pa Meyi 22, 2018, wakajura YouTube Music.
Nkhani ikulu: YouTube Music
Nkhani za Copyright
Mu 2011, mulandu wa Smith v. Summit Entertainment LLC, wakwimba Matt Smith wakadandawura ku Summit Entertainment cifukwa ca kugwiliskira nchito mwambura kwenelera mauthenga ghakufumiska vinthu pa YouTube. Wakadandawura pa milandu yinkhondi na yiŵiri, ndipo yinayi yikamovwira Smith. Mu Epulero 2012, khoti linyake ku Hamburg likadumura kuti YouTube ndiyo yikwenera kuŵa na mulandu pa nkhani izo ŵanthu ŵakulemba. Pa Novembala 1, 2016, mphindano na GEMA yikamara, ndipo Google content ID yikagwiliskirika nchito kuti yivwire kuŵika malonda pa mavidiyo agho ghali na fundo izo GEMA yikuvikilira.
Chuma cha Afilika
Vinthu ivyo vikapangiska kuti vinthu vileke kwenda makora mu vyaru vinyake
Cifukwa cakuti ukavu mu Africa ukuwoneka kuti ungatonda yayi, ŵanthu ŵakususkana na ivyo vikupangiska ukavu. Nkhondo na vivulupi, vimbundi, na maboma ghaciwembu ndivyo vikupangiska masuzgo gha vyachuma. Mu Africa mukaŵa masuzgo ghanandi cifukwa ca nkhondo ya pa caru cose. Kwamba m'ma 1900, Nkhondo Yakuzizima, vimbundi vikuru, maboma ghaheni, matenda, na nkhaza vyapangiska kuti chuma cha mu Africa chileke kwenda makora.
Aristotle
Maloto
Para tikulota tikuwona cinthu cinyake yayi. Mu maloto, para munthu wakulota wakupulikiska vinthu vinyake. Aristotle wakalongosora kuti para munthu wakulaŵiska pa maji, ndipo waleka kulaŵiska, chinthu icho wakuwona chikuwoneka kuti chikwenda. Para munthu wawona cinthu cinyake ico cikumukhuŵazga, ndipo cinthu ico cikumukhuŵazga nchakuti wakuciwona yayi, cinthu ici cikuŵa na kawonekero. Para thupi lili maso ndipo maghanoghano ghakugwira ntchito makora, munthu wakukumana na vinthu viphya ivyo vikupangiska kuti wapulikiske vinthu vinyake. Ndipouli, para munthu wakugona, wakuwona vinthu ivyo wawona zuŵa lose. Ntheura, maloto ghakucitika cifukwa ca vinthu ivi. Pakuti vinthu ivyo vikuwoneka mu maloto ni ivyo munthu wakuwona yayi, vikupambana na ivyo vikuchitika para munthu wagona. Para munthu wakugona, maghanoghano ghake ghakusintha. Aristotle wakayaniska munthu uyo wakugona na munthu uyo wakuŵa na citima comene. Mwaciyelezgero, munthu uyo wakutemwa comene munthu munyake wangamba kughanaghana kuti wakuwona munthu uyu kulikose cifukwa cakuti wakutemwa comene. Cifukwa cakuti munthu uyo wagona wakuŵa na maghanoghano ghakwenelera ndipo wakumanya yayi kughanaghana, wakupusikika luŵiro na ivyo wakuwona mu maloto ghake, nga ni munthu uyo wali na citima. Ici cikupangiska munthu kugomezga kuti maloto ngaunenesko, nangauli ngambura kupulikikwa. Mu buku lake la De Anima iii 3, Aristotle wakayowoya kuti munthu wangapanga, kusunga, na kukumbuka vinthu para palije maghanoghano.
YouTube
YouTube ngati chida cholimbikitsira malingaliro a chiwembu ndi zokhutira ndi ufulu
Kafukufuku munyake wakulongora kuti pa YouTube pali nkhani zinyake izo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya zautesi. Mu kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu Julayi 2019 ndipo wakalongosora ivyo ŵanthu 10 ŵakachita pa YouTube pa nkhani ya kusintha kwa nyengo. Kafukufuku uyo wakachitika na BBC mu 2019 pa nkhani ya kupenja vinthu pa YouTube mu viyowoyero 10, wakalongora kuti YouTube yikovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵamanye vinandi vyakukhwaskana na umoyo wawo. Ku Brazil, YouTube yikukolerana na kusambizga ŵanthu vinthu vyautesi vyakukhwaskana na umoyo wa ŵanthu, kweniso nkhani zakukhwaskana na viyezgo. Ku Philippines, mawayilesi ghanandi ghakapharazga uthenga wautesi wakukhwaskana na mavoti gha mu 2022. Kweniso, kafukufuku uyo wakachitika pa nkhani ya kuthandazga vigomezgo vya charu chapasi pa Intaneti, wakulongora kuti pa YouTube, ŵanthu ŵakughanaghana kuti ivyo ŵakugomezga ni vyaunenesko.
Vinthu Vyakovwira Ŵanthu
Gulu la Ŵalendo Ŵakupambanapambana na gulu la YouTube Symphony Orchestra ŵakasankha ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa mu gulu ili chifukwa cha mavidiyo agho ŵanthu ŵakawoneleranga. Kuwonjezera apo, vidiyo yachitukuko ya "We Are the World 25 for Haiti (YouTube edition) " yikapangika mwa kusakaniza machitidwe a oyimba 57 omwe amagawidwa padziko lonse lapansi mu ntchito imodzi ya nyimbo, ndi The Tokyo Times ikuwona kanema wa YouTube "Tipemphere kwa Inu" monga chitsanzo cha chizoloŵezi chogwiritsira ntchito gulu la anthu pazinthu zachifundo. Mu mwezi umoza pera, vidiyo iyi yikawovwira ŵawukirano ŵanandi ŵa LGBT awo ŵakakhumbanga kujikoma. Pulezidenti Barack Obama, Wachiŵiri kwa Pulezidenti Biden, ŵantchito ŵa ku White House, na ŵantchito ŵanyake ŵa mu nduna. Mwakuyana waka, cifukwa ca vidiyo ya Amanda Todd wa vyaka 15 yakucemeka "My story: Struggling, bullying, suicide, self-harm", boma likati lacitapo kanthu mwaluŵiro kuti lisambire umo ŵanthu ŵakusuzgikira na kupanga ndondomeko yakumazgira suzgo ili. Mu Meyi 2018, apo ŵapolisi ŵa ku London ŵakayowoya kuti mavidiyo gha sumu izo zikukhozga nkhaza zikachitiska kuti paŵe nkhaza za magulu gha vigeŵenga, YouTube yikawuskapo mavidiyo 30.
Aristotle
Filosofi ya cilengiwa
"Vinthu vyakuthupi" ivyo Aristotle wakalemba vikulongosora vinthu vinandi ivyo vikuchitika mu chilengiwa, kusazgapo vinthu ivyo pasono vikumanyikwa na sayansi ya vyaumoyo na sayansi zinyake. Kuyana na mazgu gha Aristotle, "nthanthi zacilengiwa" ni munthavi wa vinjeru vyacilengiwa uwo ukuwona vinthu ivyo vikucitika mu caru, ndipo ukuŵa na vigaŵa ivyo lero vikucemeka physics, biology, na vinyake. Ivyo Aristotle wakalemba vikawovwira ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene. Aristotle wakati vinjeru ni "sayansi". Ndipouli, mazgu ghakuti sayansi agho wakayowoya ghakupambana na ghakuti "masambiro gha sayansi". Kwa Aristotle, "sayansi yose (dianoia) njakovwira, yakulembeka, panji ya vinjeru" (Metaphysics 1025b25). Sayansi yake yikusazgapo nkharo na ndyali; sayansi yake ya vyamasalimo yikusazgapo kusambira vya maluso, kusazgapo vyamasalimo; sayansi yake ya vyamasalamusi yikusazgapo sayansi ya physics, mathematics na metaphysics.
YouTube
Child safety and wellbeing
In January 2019, YouTube officially banned videos containing "challenges that encourage acts that have an inherent risk of severe physical harm" (such as the Tide Pod Challenge) and videos featuring pranks that "make victims believe they're in physical danger" or cause emotional distress in children.
Aristotle
Nthowa ya sayansi
Ivyo Aristotle wakasanga na kulemba vikamovwira kuti wamanye malango ghanandi ghakukhwaskana na umoyo wa viyuni ivyo wakasambiranga. Vinyake mwa vinthu ivi ni ivi: Para munthu wakura, chiŵeto chikukwera, ntheura njovu yikuŵa na ŵana ŵachoko chomene (kanandi yumoza pera) kuluska mbeŵa. Umoyo wa njovu ukukura para zaŵa na nthumbo, kweniso para zaŵa na thupi likuru. Mwaciyelezgero caumaliro, para munthu wakukhala nyengo yitali, wakuŵa na ŵana ŵacoko comene.
Motion
Aristotle wakang'anamuranga kuti para munthu wali mu malo ghambura kanthu, wakuwa mwaluŵiro chomene. Ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya vyakupambana pa nkhani ya usange Aristotle wakakhumbanga kuyowoya malango ghakukhwaskana na unandi wa vinthu. Henri Carteron wakagomezganga kuti fundo ya Aristotle ya nkhongono njakovwira, kweni ŵanyake ŵakukana fundo iyi.
YouTube
Censorship and bans
[[File:YouTube_Availability_2021.png|thumb|300x300px|Availability of YouTube as of January 2021:
Vinthu Vyakovwira Ŵanthu
Mavidiyo ghanyake gha pa YouTube ghakakhwaska chomene vinthu ivyo vikachitikanga pa charu, nga ni nkhani ya Innocence of Muslims (2012) iyo yikapangiska kuti pa charu chose paŵe vivulupi. Chris Anderson, mulongozgi wa pa TED, wakalongosora umo ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana ŵakugwiliskira ntchito maluso ghawo mu mavidiyo gha pa YouTube. Mu nyuzipepara ya The New York Times, Virginia Heffernan wakati mavidiyo agha "ghakukondweska comene" ŵanthu awo ŵakutemwa sumu za ndembera.
Aristotle
Motion
Newton wakalongosora kuti para munthu wakugwiliskira ntchito nkhongono ya nkhongono iyi, wakuŵa na nkhongono yakuwuskira vinthu mu malo ghake. Kweni Aristotle wakati para munthu wakugwiliskira ntchito nkhongono iyi, wakuŵa na nkhongono yakuwuskira vinthu mu malo ghake.
Vifukwa vinayi
Aristotle wakati pali vinthu vinayi ivyo vikupangiska kuti vinthu vichitike. Lizgu lakuti aitia likung'anamulika kuti "cifukwa", kweni ni nyengo zose yayi apo vinthu vikucitika mu nyengo yimoza..
Chuma cha Afilika
Vinthu vyakwendakwenda
Kuŵavya vinthu vyakukhumbikwa vikupangiska kuti mabungwe gha mu Africa ghaleke kuchita makora. Nangauli chili na maboti ghanandi, kweni para palije nthowa zakwendeskera vinthu, ndalama zikusazgikira pa 30 panji 40 peresenti.
YouTube
Vidiyo
Kwambira mu 2008 m'paka mu 2017, ŵanthu ŵakaŵanga na mwaŵi wa kusazgako "mavidiyo" ku mavidiyo ghawo, nga ni mauthenga gha pa kompyuta na ma hyperlink. Kufika mu 2019 mazgu ghose gha mu mavidiyo ghakafumiskikapo, ndipo mavidiyo ghanyake ghakaŵa ghambura ntchito. YouTube yikamba kupanga vinthu vinyake kuti viwovwire ŵanthu pa Intaneti, nga ni vithuzithuzi vyakumalizgira.
Mu 2018, YouTube yikazgoka rejisitala ya ISNI, ndipo yikapharazga kuti yikukhumba kwamba kupanga vimanyikwiro vya ISNI kuti yimanyiske ŵanyimbo awo mavidiyo ghawo ghalipo. Awo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito foni iyi ŵakumanya kuti ŵangawoneseska kuti nkhani yawo njaunenesko. Apo YouTube yikambanga mu 2005, vikaŵa vyamachitiko kuŵika mavidiyo ghatali, kweni mu Malichi 2006 ŵakaŵikamo nyengo ya maminiti 10 pamanyuma pakuti YouTube yamanya kuti mavidiyo ghanandi agho ghakaŵa ghatali chomene ghakaŵa ghambura kuzomerezgeka. Mu Julayi 2010, nyengo ya maminiti 10 yikakwera kufika pa maminiti 15. Mavidiyo ghangaŵa ghakukwana 256 GB panji maora 12, kuyana na unandi wake. Kufumira mu 2021, mavidiyo agho ghali na mazgu agho ghangalembeka mu viyowoyero 13, ndipo ghangalembeka na mashini.
YouTube yikupelekaso mazgu ghakupangika na ŵanthu nga ntchigaŵa cha makompyuta. Kale YouTube yikapelekanga fundo yakuti 'Community Captions' apo awo ŵakulaŵilira mavidiyo ŵakeneranga kulemba na kupeleka mazgu ghakupulikizga para munthu uyo wakujura mavidiyo wazomerezga. Kweni mu Seputembala 2020 ŵakaleka.
Ma vidiyo
Mu Janyuwale 2012, ŵanthu awo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito YouTube ŵakugwiliskira ntchito maminiti 15 pa zuŵa. Mu 2017, ŵanthu awo ŵakawoneleranga pa foni ŵakawoneleranga pa YouTube kwa ora limoza zuŵa lililose.
Kukhazikiska na kukura kwapakwamba (2005~2006)
YouTube yikaŵa malo ghakwamba yayi kugaŵirako mavidiyo pa Intaneti. Vimeo yikambiska mu Novembala 2004, nangauli pa nyengo iyo, malo agha ghakaŵa ghapusu yayi. Sabata iyo YouTube yikambira, pa NBC-Universal pa Saturday Night Live pakaŵa sumu ya The Lonely Island yakuchemeka "Lazy Sunday". Padera pa kovwira kuti Saturday Night Live yiŵe na ŵanthu ŵanandi, "Lazy Sunday" yikawovwira kuti YouTube yiŵe malo ghakuzirwa. Pa February 2006, vidiyo iyi yikawonekerathu pa YouTube ndipo ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 5 miliyoni ŵakawonelera pambere ŵandayiwuskemo. Nangauli paumaliro ŵakawuskapo vidiyo iyi, kweni yikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye vinandi pa YouTube. Webusayiti iyi yikakura mwaluŵiro chomene. Mu Julayi 2006, kampani iyi yikapharazga kuti ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 65,000 ŵakujura mavidiyo zuŵa lililose.
Aristotle
Umo vinthu vingaŵira nadi
"Pakuti ico cinthu ciliri cifukwa caco, nchakwamba cake, ndipo ico cikuŵa cifukwa ca cilato; ndipo ico cilipo cifukwa ca cilato, ndipo cifukwa ca cilato ici ndipo nkhongono zikuŵa. Pakuti vinyama vikuwona yayi kuti viwone, kweni vikuwona kuti viwone."
YouTube
Malo ghakuliskako ŵanthu
Pa Novembala 15, 2012, Google yikamba kugwiliskira ntchito app ya Wii, iyo yikovwira ŵanthu kuwonelera mavidiyo gha pa YouTube kufuma pa Wii. Pakaŵa app ya Wii U na Nintendo 3DS, kweni yikamara mu Ogasiti 2019. Mavidiyo ghangawonekaso pa Wii U Internet Browser na HTML5. Google yikapanga YouTube pa Roku player pa December 17, 2013, ndipo, mu October 2014, pa Sony PlayStation 4.
Aristotle
On Hellenistic science
Pamanyuma pa Theophrastus, Lyceum yikatondeka kupanga mabuku ghanyake. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵakalutilira kutemwa visambizgo vya Aristotle, kweni ŵanthu ŵakaviwonanga mwakupepuka. Mu nyengo ya Ptolemy, apo msumba wa Alexandria ukaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa Ptolemy, ndimo vinthu vikasinthira chomene.
Uganda
Umoyo
Mu 2019, ŵanthu ŵakakhazganga kuti ŵazamukhala vyaka 63.4. Mu 2012, pa ŵana 1,000, ŵana 61 ŵakafwanga.
Aristotle
Ndyali
"Ni dango la boma kutolera ku ŵamazaza kuti maofesi ghakwenera kusankhika, ndipo ku demokilase kuti ivi vikwenera kucitika mwakuyana na katundu yayi. Ivi ndivyo vikucitika para ŵanthu ŵakusazga vinthu ivi, ndipo para munthu wangayowoya kuti pali dango limoza la demokilase na oligarchy, ndikuti wakuŵa na demokilase na oligarchy."
Pa ŵasambizgi ŵa ku Byzantine
Pakati pajumpha vyaka vinandi, Eustratius na Michael ŵa ku Efeso ŵakalembapo fundo zinyake za mu Baibolo, ndipo zikuwoneka kuti Anna Comnena ndiyo wakalemba.
YouTube
Susan Wojcicki and going mainstream (2014–2018)
Mu nyengo iyi, YouTube yikayezga nthowa zinandi zakupambanapambana kuti yisangirepo ndalama. Mu 2013, YouTube yikambiska pulogiramu ya viwoneskero kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakupanga vinthu vya pa Intaneti ŵapelekenge ma TV ghapachanya. Ntchito iyi yikamara mu Janyuwale 2018 ndipo yikambaso mu Juni, na maubwezi gha US$4.99. Kulembeska pa wayilesi iyi kukakhozga nthowa ya Super Chat, iyo yikamba mu 2017, iyo yikovwira kuti awo ŵakuwonelera ŵapeleke ndalama zakukwana $1 na $500 kuti ŵawonenge ivyo ŵakuyowoya. Mu 2014, YouTube yikapharazga za "Music Key", iyo yikaŵa na nkhani za sumu pa YouTube. Mu 2015, YouTube yikapharazga vya YouTube Red, yeneiyo yikaŵa nthowa yiphya yakupharazgira ŵanthu kwambura kuŵika malonda pa Intaneti. Kweniso YouTube yikafumiska YouTube Music, app yacitatu iyo yikovwira ŵanthu kumanya sumu izo zili pa YouTube.
Aristotle
Nkhani ya Chisilamu cha mu nyengo ya ŵapositole
Aristotle wakaŵa yumoza wa ŵanthu ŵakuchindikika chomene ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi. Mabuku ghanandi gha Aristotle agho ghachalipo, kweniso mabuku ghanyake gha Chigiriki agho ghakalembeka pakwambilira, ghakang'anamulika mu Chiarabic ndipo ŵanthu ŵavinjeru, ŵasayansi, na ŵasambizgi ŵa chisopa cha Cisilamu ndiwo ŵakasambiranga. Averroes, Avicenna, na Alpharabius, awo ŵakalemba vya Aristotle, nawo ŵakakhwaska chomene Thomas Aquinas na ŵasambizgi ŵanyake ŵa Chikhristu. Alkindus wakazirwiskanga chomene vinjeru vya Aristotle, ndipo Averroes wakayowoya kuti Aristotle wakaŵa "ciyelezgero" ku ŵanthu wose awo ŵakakhumbanga kusambira vinjeru. Ŵasambiri ŵa visopa vya Cisilamu ŵakacemanga Aristotle kuti "Msambizgi Wakwamba". Pamanyuma, ŵavinjeru ŵa ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi (nga umo viliri mu sumu ya Dante) ndiwo ŵakagwiliskira ntchito zina ili.
Makhaliro
Aristotle wakasambizganga kuti nkharo yiwemi yikukolerana na mulimo uwo munthu wakucita. Jiso likuŵa liwemi pekha para likuwona, cifukwa mulimo wake ngwakuwona. Aristotle wakati ŵanthu ŵakwenera kuŵa na mulimo unyake, ndipo mulimo uwu ukwenera kuŵa wa mzimu (psuchē) mwakuyana na fundo (logos). Aristotle wakawona kuti umoyo wa munthu ukuŵa na viwemi vinandi, panji kuti ukuŵa na viheni vinandi. Kuti munthu waŵe wakukondwa, wakwenera kuŵa na nkharo yiwemi (ēthikē aretē).
YouTube
YouTuber earnings
Mu 2013, YouTube yikamba kupeleka mwaŵi wakuti ŵanthu awo ŵakuwonelera mavidiyo awo ŵali na ŵalembeska 1,000, ŵaŵikengepo ndalama. Mu Epulero 2017, YouTube yikakhazikiska fundo yakuti munthu wakwenera kuwonelera vidiyo 10,000 pa umoyo wake wose. Pa Janyuwale 16, 2018, ŵakasintha fundo yakuti munthu wakwenera kuwonelera TV kwa maora 4,000 mu myezi 12 iyo yajumpha na kuŵa na ŵanthu 1,000. Ŵanthu ŵakamba kuwona kuti fundo iyi yikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kukwesana pa nkhani ya mavidiyo.
Aristotle
Umoyo
Aristotle ndiyo wakaŵa mulara wa sukulu ya ku Makedoniya. Apo Aristotle wakaŵa ku nyumba yacifumu ku Makedoniya, wakasambizga Alekizanda kweniso mathemba ghanyake ghaŵiri: Ptolemy na Cassander. Aristotle wakaciska Alexander kuti watore vyaru vya kumafumiro gha dazi, ndipo Aristotle nayo wakatemwanga ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake. Mu ciyelezgero cimoza cakumanyikwa comene, wakaphalira Alexander kuti waŵe "mulongozgi wa Ŵagiriki na muwusi wa ŵanthu ŵankhaza, kuti wapwelelerenge Ŵagiriki nga ni ŵabwezi na ŵabali ŵake, ndipo waŵapwelelerenge nga ni nyama panji vyakumera". Kuzakafika mu 335 B.C.E., Aristotle wakawelera ku Ateni, ndipo wakazenga sukulu yake yakuchemeka Lyceum. Aristotle wakasambizganga sukulu iyi vyaka 12. Apo wakaŵa ku Ateni, muwoli wake Pythias wakafwa ndipo Aristotle wakatorana na Herpyllis wa ku Stagira. Usange buku la Suda, ilo ni buku ilo likalembeka mu nyengo ya ŵapositole, likuneneska, ndikuti wakwenera kuti wakaŵaso na erômenos, Palaephatus wa ku Abydus.
Kukumbukila
Aristotle wakugwiliskira ntchito lizgu lakuti 'kukumbuka' kuti walongosore umo munthu wakukumbukirana vinthu ivyo vikamuchitikira. Kukumbuka vinthu ni vyakumasinda, kuyowoya vyamunthazi ni vyamunthazi, ndipo kupulika ni vya sono. Para munthu wawona vinthu ivyo vyalembeka, wangachita mwamabuchi yayi. Pakukhumbikwa nthowa yakwendamo ndipo yikwenera kuŵa mu ivyo vikacitikanga kumanyuma, kwali ni ivyo vikacitikanga kumanyuma panji ivyo vikucitika sono.
Pa ŵanthu awo ŵakaghanaghananga vya m'ma 1700 na 1800
Munthu munyake wa ku Germany, Friedrich Nietzsche, uyo wakaŵako mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, wakasambira vinjeru vya Aristotle pa nkhani ya ndyali. Aristotle wakapatura vyakuchita na kupanga, ndipo wakayowoya kuti ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakwenera kuŵa ŵakujilambika ("ŵazga ŵa chilengiwa"), kweniso kuti ŵanyake ŵaŵe ŵakuzirwa chomene. Martin Heidegger ndiyo wakalongosora makora fundo ya Aristotle, ndipo ni Nietzsche yayi.
Munthu munyake wa ku England, zina lake George Boole, wakazomera fundo za Aristotle, kweni mu buku lake la mu 1854 (The Laws of Thought) wakayowoya kuti fundo izi ni zautesi. Fundo iyi yikovwira masamu kuti ghaŵe na ma equation, ghakovwira kuti ghamare ma equation kweniso kuti ghaŵe ghakwenelera, kweniso yikovwira kuti ghamare masuzgo ghanandi.
Kuwona vinthu mwakwenelera
Plato wakati vinthu vyose vili na kawonekero kake, ndipo kawonekero kake nkhanthu kanyake panji kukolerana na vinthu vinyake. Mwaciyerezgero, para munthu wakulaŵiska pa cipambi, wakuwona cipambi, ndipo wangasanda kawonekero kake. Pa mphambano iyi, pali apulo limoza na mtundu unyake. Kweniso munthu wangaŵika apulo pafupi na buku, mwakuti buku na apulo viŵe pafupi. Plato wakayowoya kuti pali mitundu yinyake ya vinthu ivyo vikuchitika pa charu chose. Mwaciyelezgero, cingaŵa kuti palije ciwemi ico cilipo, kweni "ciwemi" ni cigaŵa ca vinthu vyose. Aristotle wakakolerana yayi na Plato pa fundo iyi, wakati vinthu vyose ivyo vikuchitika pa charu chapasi vikuchitika mu nyengo yinyake, ndipo palije vinthu ivyo vikuchitika pa charu chapasi ivyo vikukolerana yayi na vinthu ivyo vikaŵako kale. Kweniso Aristotle wakakolerana yayi na Plato pa nkhani ya malo agho kuli vinthu vyose. Apo Plato wakayowoyanga za umo vinthu viliri kupaturako ku vinthu ivyo vilimo, Aristotle wakati vinthu vyose ivyo vilipo vikukolerana na ivyo vilipo. Ntheura, kuyana na Aristotle, kawonekero ka maapulo kali mu maapulo ghose, m'malo mwa kawonekero ka vinthu vinyake.
Pa ŵanthu awo ŵakaghanaghananga vya m'ma 1700 na 1800
James Joyce wakatemwanga chomene Aristotle, uyo wakamumanyanga kuti ni "munthu wamahara comene". Samuel Taylor Coleridge wakati: "Waliyose wakubabika kuŵa Platonist panji Aristotelian. Ayn Rand wakazomerezga kuti Aristotle ndiyo wakamovwira chomene ndipo wakayowoya kuti mu mbiri ya vinjeru vya ŵanthu wangapeleka waka ulongozgi wa "A" ghatatu: Aristotle, Aquinas, na Ayn Rand. Kweniso wakati Aristotle ndiyo wakaŵa wavinjeru chomene. Karl Marx wakati Aristotle wakaŵa "munthu wamahara chomene mu nyengo yakale" ndipo wakamumanyanga kuti "munthu wamahara chomene" kweniso "chisambizgi".
Modern rejection and rehabilitation
Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakasuska ivyo Aristotle wakalemba. Bertrand Russell wakati: "Vinthu vinandi ivyo ŵanthu ŵakusambira vikamba na kususka visambizgo vya Aristotle". Russell wakati fundo za Aristotle zikaŵa "zakukhozga yayi", ndipo wakayowoya kuti fundo zake "nkhakale chomene nga umo viliri na sayansi ya Ptolemy". Russell wakati maubudi agha ghakachitiska kuti Aristotle waleke kupulikiska ivyo vikachitika kale.
Eduard Jan Dijksterhuis, wakulemba mdauko wa sayansi wa ku Netherlands, wakalemba kuti Aristotle na ŵanyake awo ŵakamuteŵeterapo ŵakalongora kuti sayansi njakusuzga chomene. Mu 1985, Peter Medawar, uyo wakumanya vya umoyo wa ŵanthu, wakayowoya kuti Aristotle wakalemba "vinthu viheni chomene ivyo ŵanthu ŵakayowoyanga, ivyo ŵanthu ŵakawonanga kuti ni viwemi yayi, kweniso ivyo ŵanthu ŵakugomezga".
Kweni kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 2000, ŵanthu ŵakamba kumughanaghanira chomene Aristotle. Kukkonen wakati: "Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, Aristotle wakaŵa na nkharo yiwemi chomene. Alasdair MacIntyre wakayezga kusintha ivyo wakuchema kuti mitheto ya Aristote mu nthowa iyo yikususkana na ŵanthu ŵa mu gulu la ŵanthu ŵakujikuzga. Kukkonen wakayowoyaso kuti "vinthu vyakukondweska chomene ivyo Aristotle wakachitanga pakusambizga Alexander" vikalutilira, nga umo vikaŵira mu filimu ya mu 2004 yakuchemeka Alexander.
Ŵasayansi ŵa vinthu vyamoyo ŵachali kukhumba kumanya maghanoghano gha Aristotle. Armand Marie Leroi wakazengaso umoyo wa Aristotle, apo mafumbo ghanayi gha Niko Tinbergen, agho ghakajintha pa vifukwa vinayi vya Aristotle, ghakovwira kusanda nkharo ya vinyama.
Nthowa ya sayansi
M'malo mwake, wakasanda vinthu mwakupambana na umo ŵanthu ŵakughanaghanira. Nthowa iyi njakumanyikwa chomene mu sayansi ya vinthu vyamoyo mazuŵa ghano, para ŵanthu ŵamanya vinandi pa nkhani yinyake nga ni genomics. Likuŵa lakugomezgeka yayi nga umo viliri na sayansi, kweni likulongosora fundo zakukhorweska na kulongosora ivyo vikuchitika. Mu fundo iyi, ivyo Aristotle wakalemba vikukolerana na sayansi.
YouTube
Vidiyo
Pa foni iyi, ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira ntchito mavidiyo gha pa Intaneti gha mtundu wa 144p. Ungweru uwu ungasinthika mwakuyana na luŵiro lwa foni panji ungasinthika na mawoko.
Chuma cha Afilika
Vigaŵa
Mu 2010, ŵalongozgi ŵa vyamalonda ŵa mu vyaru vya Africa ŵakazomerezga kuti paŵe chigaŵa cha malonda ghapachanya. Ivi vingawovwira kuti vyaru vichepeskeko msonkho pa vinthu ivyo vikunjira mu vyaru vinyake na kusazgirako malonda mu vyaru vya mu Africa.
YouTube
Nkhani za Copyright
Mu Ogasiti 2008, khoti la ku United States likadumura mulandu wa Lenz v. Wupu wa Universal Music Corp. ukati awo ŵali na wanangwa uwu ŵangazomerezga yayi kuti nkhani yifumiskike pa Intaneti kwambura kumanya usange nkhani iyo yalembeka njakwenelera. Google, mwenecho wa YouTube, wakapharazga mu Novembala 2015 kuti ŵawovwirenge kulipira milandu iyo ŵakugomezga kuti njakwenelera.
Aristotle
Maloto
Fundo yinyake iyo Aristotle wakayowoya yakukhwaskana na maloto yikususkana na ivyo ŵanthu ŵakagomezganga. Wakayowoya kuti maloto ghakuyowoya vyamunthazi yayi panji kutumika na Ciuta. Aristotle wakaghanaghananga kuti para maloto ghakuyana na ivyo vicitikenge munthazi vikucitika waka mwamwaŵi. Aristotle wakati maloto ghakwamba cifukwa cakuti munthu wakugona. Usange munthu wawona cinthu mu mdima, ici cikuwoneka nga ni loto yayi cifukwa wakaŵa maso apo cikacitikanga. Caciŵiri nchakuti para munthu wakugona, wakuwona vinthu vinyake yayi. Mwaciyelezgero, para munthu wakugona, cijaro cikujalika ndipo mu loto lake wakupulika kuti cijaro cajalika, mbwenu ciyezgo ici nchimoza mwa vinthu ivyo vikucitika yayi. Paumaliro, vithuzithuzi ivyo munthu wakuwona mu maloto vikwenera kuŵa nga ni vinthu ivyo wakawona apo wakaŵa maso.
Mu mbili ya Europe mu nyengo za pakati
Ŵanthu ŵakamba kusambira Chigiriki chakale chomene mu chigaŵa cha Latin West. 600 C.E. m'paka c. 1100 C.E. kupaturako Baibolo la Latin ilo Boethius wakang'anamura. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1200 na 1300, ŵanthu ŵakamba kutemwa chomene Aristotle, ndipo Ŵakhristu ŵa ku Latin ŵakang'anamura Baibolo kufuma mu Chiarabic, nga ni ilo Gerard wa ku Cremona wakang'anamura, kweniso kufuma mu Chigiriki chakwambilira, nga ni ilo la James wa ku Venice na William wa ku Moerbeke. Thomas Aquinas wakati walemba buku lake la Summa Theologica, wakalemba kufuma mu Mabaibolo agho Moerbeke wakang'anamura ndipo wakachemanga Aristotle kuti "The Philosopher". Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakasazga visambizgo vya Aristotle na Chikhristu, ndipo ŵakamba kughanaghana vya Ŵagiriki ŵa mu nyengo yakale. Ŵasayansi ŵanyake nga ni Boethius, Peter Abelard, na John Buridan ŵakagwiranga ntchito ya Aristotle.
Fundo zinyake
Fundo za Aristotle zikovwira pa nkhani za makhaliro, ndyali, vyachuma, na kuyowoya.
YouTube
Malo ghakuliskako ŵanthu
Mu Janyuwale 2009, YouTube yikambiska "YouTube for TV", mtundu wa webusayiti wakunozgekera ma set-top boxes na ma TV ghanyake agho ghali na ma web browser, ndipo pakwamba yikapeleka mwaŵi wakuti mavidiyo ghake ghawonekenge pa PlayStation 3 na Wii.
Aristotle
Mazina gha ŵanthu
Mapiri gha Aristotle agho ghali ku Antarctica ghali na zina la Aristotle. Mu buku lake la Meteorology, wakaŵa wakwamba kuyowoya kuti ku chigaŵa cha kumwera kwa Antarctica kuli mtunda ukuru. Aristotle ni crater iyo yili pa mwezi ndipo yili na zina la Aristotle.
YouTube
Nkhani za Copyright
YouTube yikasangana na masuzgo ghanandi na kususkika pa ivyo yikakhumbanga kuchita pa nkhani ya copyright, kusazgapo vidiyo yakwamba ya pa webusayiti iyi, Lazy Sunday, iyo yikenera kuwuskikapo cifukwa ca kufipa mtima na nkhani za copyright. Para munthu waŵika vidiyo pa Intaneti, pa YouTube pakulongora uthenga wakuti waleke kuswa malango gha copyright. Nangauli pali ulongozgi uwu, kweni mavidiyo ghanandi agho ŵanthu ŵandazomerezgeke kughaŵika pa YouTube. YouTube yikuwonelera yayi mavidiyo pambere ghandatumizgike pa Intaneti, ndipo awo ŵali na wanangwa uwu ndiwo ŵakwenera kukanizga munthu kuti waŵikemo pa Intaneti. Para munthu wazomera kudandawura cifukwa ca kuswa malango gha pa kompyuta, YouTube yikumususka. Para munthu walemba madandaulo ghatatu pa nkhani ya kuswa wanangwa wa munthu, nkhani yake na mavidiyo ghose agho walemba ghafumiskikenge. Kwambira mu 2007 m'paka mu 2009, mawupu ghanyake nga ni Viacom, Mediaset, na English Premier League, ghakatolera YouTube ku khoti, chifukwa ghakatenge yindachiteko kanthu kalikose kuti yivikilire vinthu ivyo vili na copyright.
Aristotle
Umo vinthu vingaŵira nadi
Kuyowoya mwakudumura, vinthu ivyo ŵakugwiliskira nchito kupanga nyumba vingaŵa kuti ni nyumba, ndipo mulimo wa kuzenga na umo nyumba yaumaliro yizamuŵira ni vinthu vyaunenesko, ivyo ni cifukwa caumaliro panji umaliro. Kufuma apo, Aristotle wakalutizga na kuyowoya kuti vinthu ivyo vikuchitika nadi ndivyo vikwamba kuchitika pambere vindachitike. Aristotle wakayezga kumazga suzgo la umo vinthu viliri, nga ni "ntchivichi chikupangiska munthu kuŵa yumoza"? Pakuti kuyana na ivyo Plato wakayowoya, pali vinthu viŵiri: cinyama na viŵeto viŵiri, kasi munthu wakuŵa wuli cigaŵa cimoza? Ndipouli, kuyana na Aristotle, vinthu ivyo vingawoneka (vinthu) na ivyo vikuwoneka (ntchinthu) ni cinthu cimoza.
YouTube
Misogyny
Lipoti la mu Janyuwale 2022 la kampani ya Social Media Analytics Bot Sentinel likati ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugwiliskira ntchito YouTube kuti ŵalembepo vinthu viheni vyakukhwaskana na Prince Harry na Meghan, kusazgapo fundo za chiŵembu vyakukhwaskana na banalume aŵa. Bot Sentinel nayo wakasanga kuti nkhani yinyake iyo yikayowoyanga kuti Meghan wakaŵa na nthumbo yayi, yikawoneka pafupifupi 19 miliyoni ndipo yikasanganga ndalama pafupifupi $44,000 pa chaka. Mu Malichi, YouTube yikajandizga nkhani iyi.
Aristotle
Umo vinthu vingaŵira nadi
Kuŵako ni kusintha uko chinthu icho chasintha chikusintha. Mu kusintha uku, wakambiska fundo ya nkhongono (dynamis) na unenesko (entelecheia) mu vinthu na kawonekero. Para tikuyowoya za nkhongono, tikung'anamura kuti chinthu chinyake chingachita panji kuchitapo kanthu usange vinthu vili makora ndipo palije icho chikutondeska. Mwaciyelezgero, mbuto ya cinthu ico cili mu dongo yikuŵa cinthu ico cikukura, ndipo para palije ico cikukanizga, cikuŵa cinthu ico cikukura. Vinthu ivyo vingaŵako vingaŵa kuti 'vikuchita' (poiein) panji 'vingachitikaso' (paschein), ndipo vingaŵa kuti vili kubabika panji kusambira. Mwaciyelezgero, maso ghali na nkhongono ya kuwona (kucita vinthu mwakuyana na umo munthu wakughanaghanira), kweni munthu wangamanya kuseŵera seŵero para wasambira (kucita maseŵero). Cakucitika nchakuti umaliro wa nkhongono ukufiskika. Cifukwa cakuti umaliro (telos) ndiwo nkharo ya kusintha kose, ndipo nkhongono zilipo cifukwa ca umaliro, ntheura unenesko ndiwo umaliro. Para tikughanaghanira za ciyelezgero cakwambilira, tingayowoya kuti cinthu ico cikucitika para cinyama cacita cinthu cimoza ico cinyama cikucita.
Chuma cha Afilika
Ulimi
Viyuni ivi vikusuzga viŵeto vya mu Africa. Nangauli kuno ŵalimi ŵakutemwa kugwiliskira nchito munkhwala wakukoma viŵanda, kweni sono vikovwira viŵi yayi. Vyakulera vyakwimikana na nthenda ya nthenda iyi vikupangika ndipo vingaŵa vyakukwana.
Vya nkhongono
Africa yili na nkhongono zinandi zakugwilira nchito za magesi (magesi gha maji, mafuta na gasi, magesi gha malasha, uranium, magesi ghakusinthika nga ni zuŵa, mphepo na geothermal). Cifukwa ca kupeleŵera kwa vinthu ivi, mazuŵa ghano ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira nchito vinandi yayi. Vyaru vikuru comene ivyo vikugwiliskira nchito magesi mu Africa ni South Africa, Libya, Namibia, Egypt, Tunisia, na Zimbabwe, ndipo waliyose wakugwiliskira nchito magesi pakati pa 1000 na 5000 KWh/m2 pa munthu yumoza.
Aristotle
Pa Ciyuda ca mu nyengo za pakati
Mozesi Maimonides (uyo wakuwoneka kuti wakaŵa munthu wakumanya vinandi comene pa nkhani ya Ciyuda ca mu nyengo yakale) wakazomera cisambizgo ca Aristote kufuma ku ŵasambizgi ŵa Cisilamu ndipo wakalemba buku lake lakuti Guide for the Perplexed. Maimonides nayo wakawonanga Aristotle kuŵa wavinjeru comene kuluska wose awo ŵali kuŵako. Kweniso, mu kalata iyo wakalembera Samuel ibn Tibbon, Maimonides wakati Samuyeli wakeneranga yayi kusambira ivyo ŵanthu ŵavinjeru ŵakalemba pambere Aristotle wandababike cifukwa cakuti ivyo Aristotle wakalemba "ni vyakukwana ndipo ni vyapacanya kuluska vyose ivyo vikalembeka pambere iyo wandababike. Vinjeru vyake, vya Aristotle, ndivyo vikuluska vinjeru vyose vya ŵanthu, padera pa iyo, uyo mzimu wa Ciuta wafika m'paka pa kuŵa nga ni ucimi, ndipo palije cinthu cinyake capadera kuluska ici".
Kuyowoya na kuyowoya
Aristotle wakalemba mu buku lake lakuti Poetics kuti sumu za nthano, zachitima, zakukondweska, zachitima, vyakujambura, vyakujambura, sumu, na kuvina, vyose ni vyakuyana waka. Iyo wakugwiliskira nchito lizgu lakuti mimesis pakuyowoya za mulimo wa luso kweniso ivyo munthu wakucita. Aristotle wakati ŵanthu ŵali na luso lwa kulondezga vinthu ivyo vili kulengeka. Pa cifukwa ici, Aristotle wakagomezganga kuti luso la kutolera vinthu likuŵa na ivyo Stephen Halliwell wakuvichema kuti "nthowa zapachanya zakufiskira vilato vyake". Mwaciyelezgero, sumu zikulongora umo sumu ziliri, uku kuvina kukulongora waka umo ziliri, ndipo sumu zikulongora umo mazgu gha mu Baibolo ghaliri. Vinthu ivi vikupambanaso pa nkhani ya kuvilondezga. Mwaciyelezgero, maseŵero ghakusekeska ghakulongora ŵanthu ŵaheni comene kuluska ŵanthu wose, apo masoka ghakulongora ŵanthu ŵaheni comene kuluska ŵanthu wose. Paumaliro, mitundu iyi yikupambana mu umo yikulondezgera vinthu, nga ni nkhani panji nkharo, kusintha panji kuleka kusintha, kweniso maseŵero panji kuleka kuseŵerezga.
YouTube
Sexualization of children and pedophilia
Mu Febuluwale 2019, munthu munyake uyo wakulemba mavidiyo pa YouTube, zina lake Matt Watson, wakamanya kuti pa YouTube pali "chidolo" icho chikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵawonenge mavidiyo agha. Mavidiyo ghanandi agha ghakaŵa na mazgu gha ŵanthu awo ŵakachitiranga nkhaza ŵana ŵawo. Mu vigaŵa vinyake, ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakaŵikangaso mavidiyo agha mu nthowa yinyake, kweni ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito mavidiyo ghanyake. Pamanyuma pa nkhani iyi, wupu uwu ukati wafumiskapo ma TV ghakujumpha 400 na mauthenga mamiliyoni ghanandi. Muyowoyeri munyake wakalongosora kuti "vinthu vyose ivyo vingananga umoyo wa ŵana ni viheni ndipo tili na malango ghakukanizga pa YouTube. Paliso vinandi vyakuti tichite, ndipo tikulutilira kuyezgayezga kuti tiŵawovwire kuti ŵamanye luŵiro ŵanthu awo ŵakusuzgika". Nangauli pakaŵa vinthu ivi, kweni AT&T, Disney, Dr. Oetker, Epic Games, na Nestlé wose ŵakafumiska malonda ghawo pa YouTube.
Aristotle
Vya Chuma
Ivyo Aristotle wakayowoya pa nkhani ya malonda na chiwongolara vikawovwira chomene pa nkhani ya vyachuma mu vyaka vyapakati. Iyo wakawonanga malonda ghambura kwenelera, ndipo wakagomezganga kuti malonda gha malonda ghakovwira munthu kusanga phindu. Lekani likugwiliskira nchito vinthu nga ni nthowa yakufiskira cilato, m'malo mwa kuŵa cilato cake. Iyo wakagomezganga kuti malonda ghanthena agha ngaheni. Mwakuyana waka, Aristotle wakawonanga kuti kusanga chandulo na chiwundikiro ntchambura kwenelera, chifukwa ndalama zikovwira munthu kusanga chandulo.
Kuwona vinthu
Aristotle wakalongosora ivyo wakachita pakusanda vinthu vya mu maso. Chiŵiya ichi chikaŵanga na chipinda chamdima icho chikaŵa na chijaro chichoko icho chikapelekanga ungweru. Wakawona kuti nanga wangaŵa na kawonekero wuli, kawonekero ka dazi kakulutilira kuŵa kazingilika. Wakayowoyaso kuti para munthu wakusazgirako mtunda pakati pa jiso lake na jiso la cikozgo, cikozgo cikukura comene..
YouTube
Vidiyo
YouTube yikugwiliskira nchito VP9 na H.264/MPEG-4 AVC codecs, na Dynamic Adaptive Streaming pa HTTP protocol. MPEG-4 Part 2 streams izo zili mu 3GP containers nazo zikupelekeka pa bandwidth yachepa. Mu Janyuwale 2019, YouTube yikamba kupanga mavidiyo mu AV1. Mu 2021, ŵakayowoya kuti kampani iyi yikughanaghana vya kukhumba AV1 mu hardware ya streaming kuti yichepeske bandwidth na kusazgirako quality. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira ntchito mavidiyo pamoza na Opus na AAC.
Sexualization of children and pedophilia
Kweniso mu Novembala 2017, ŵapharazgi ŵakavumbura kuti mavidiyo ghanandi agho ghakulongosora vya ŵana, agho kanandi ghakutumika na ŵana ŵambura kufikapo, kweniso agho ghakulongora ŵana ŵakuseŵera na vyakusanguluska, ghakakopanga ŵanthu awo ŵakutemwa kugonana na ŵana. Mavidiyo ghanyake agho ghakulongosora vya ŵana agho ghakaŵa pa YouTube ghakamba kuthandazgika pa webusayiti iyi.
Chuma cha Afilika
Vigaŵa vya vyamalonda na vyakupangira vinthu
Chifukwa chakuti vyakurya ivyo vyakhwaskika na vyakurya vinyake ndivyo vikulondezgana na vyakurya ivyo vyakhwaskika na vyakurya vinyake, ndalama izo vyakhwaskika na vyakurya ivi zikuthemba pa kusinthasintha kwa mitengo ya vinthu. Ici cikupangiska kuti caru ici ciŵe cakusuzgika comene na vinthu vyakuthupi ndipo cikukhumbikwira kuti vyakurya vyakwambukira ku vyaru vinyake. Mu 2012, malonda gha vinthu vyapaulendo, comenecomene vyendeshoni, ghakalutilira kukura.
Aristotle
Mu mbili ya Europe mu nyengo za pakati
Padera pa ŵanyake awo ŵakalembako mabuku gha Dante, Aristotle ndiyo wakawovwira chomene pa nkhani iyi. Dante wakazenga vinjeru vya maseŵero agha na mabuku gha Aristotle, nga umo ŵasembe ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito Aristotle. Dante wakamumanyanga makora Aristotle kwizira mu mabuku agho wakang'anamura kufuma ku Chilatini. Nanga ni apo Virgil wakalongosora umo helo liliri, wakayowoya fundo za mu buku la Nicomachean Ethics.
YouTube
Kugwiliskira nchito pakati pa ŵanthu awo ŵakutemwa kusankhana mitundu
Mu Juni 2020, YouTube yikakanizga mawayilesi ghanandi agho ghakukolerana na kusankhana mitundu. Spencer, apo wakayowoyanga kuti mawayilesi agha ghakususkana na fundo zawo za kutinkha ŵanthu. Kulekelera uku kukacitika zuŵa leneilo Reddit yikapharazga kuti yikanizga maforamu gha nkhani za kutinkhana, kusazgapo r/The_Donald.
Aristotle
Ndyali
"Pakuti tose tikuzomerezga kuti munthu muwemi comene ndiyo wakwenera kuwusa, ndiko kuti, uyo ngwapacanya comene, ndiposo kuti dango ndilo likulongozga ndipo ndilo pera lili na mazaza; kweni dango ni vinjeru, ndiko kuti, kayowoyero ako kakujintha pa vinjeru. Kweniso, kasi tili na fundo wuli yakukhwaskana na viwemi iyo njakwenelera kuluska ya munthu wamahara? Pakuti vyose ivyo munthu uyu wakusankha, usange wakusankha mwakuyana na ivyo wakumanya, ni viwemi ndipo vyakupambana navyo ni viheni. Ndipo pakuti waliyose wakusankha comene ico cikukolerana na mikhaliro yake (munthu murunji wakusankha kuŵa murunji, munthu wacikanga kuti waŵe na cikanga, kweniso munthu wakujikora kuti waŵe na cikanga), nchakuwonekerathu kuti munthu wavinjeru wakusankha comene kuŵa wavinjeru; cifukwa ni ncito ya nkhongono iyi. Ntheura nchakuwonekerathu kuti, mwakuyana na umo ŵanthu ŵakughanaghanira, vinjeru ni vinthu vyakuzirwa comene."
Pakuŵa msambiri wa Plato, Aristotle wakasuskanga chomene demokilase, ndipo pakulondezga fundo za mu buku la Plato lakuti The Statesman, wakambiska fundo yakuti ŵanthu ŵaŵe na mazaza pa vinthu vyakupambanapambana.
Chuma cha Afilika
Vigaŵa
Malonda gha mu vyaru vya mu Africa ghakulopwa cifukwa ca ndyali izo zikovwira kuti vyaru na vigaŵa vileke kusuzgika, ndipo ghakukhala waka pasi pa 17 peresenti pakuyaniska na mu vyaru vya ku Europe, uko malonda gha mu vyaru ivi ghali pa 69 peresenti. Nangauli vikaŵa nthena, kweni malonda pakati pa vyaru ivyo vili mu wupu wa Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), uwo ni cigaŵa cakukhora comene pa nkhani ya vyachuma, ghakakura comene mu vyaka 10 ivyo vyajumpha. Mwaciyelezgero, caru ca Ghana na Kenya vili na misika ya vinthu vya kuzenga, makina, na vyakurya vyamahara.
Aristotle
Makhaliro
Aristotle wakasambizganga kuti kuti munthu waŵe na nkharo yiwemi ndiposo wakondwenge, wakwenera kuŵa na mwaŵi wakuti waŵe na nkharo yiwemi. Para ŵanthu ŵawemi ŵakucita nthena, vinjeru vyawo (phronesis) na vinjeru vyawo (nous) vingapulikiskika na kuŵa na nkharo yiwemi comene, vinjeru vya munthu uyo wakughanaghana makora, panji wavinjeru.
Mu mbili ya Europe mu nyengo za pakati
"Wakughanaghanira pa malo ghake ghakugona. Mabuku 20 ghakupakika na thete panji thete, Aristotle na vinjeru vyake,"
Vyakulongola
Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakumanyikwa chomene nga ni Lucas Cranach the Elder, Justus van Gent, Raphael, Paolo Veronese, Jusepe de Ribera, Rembrandt, na Francesco Hayez, ndiwo ŵakamujambura. Pa vithuzithuzi vyakumanyikwa comene ni ivyo Raphael wakajambura pa nyumba yake yakucemeka The School of Athens, mu Vatican's Apostolic Palace, apo ŵanthu ŵa Plato na Aristotle ŵali pa malo ghakuzirwa comene. Aristotle wa Rembrandt uyo wali na chiŵegha cha Homer nayo ni mulimo wakumanyikwa comene, wakulongora munthu wavinjeru na wachibulumutira Homer uyo wakaŵa muchoko: nga umo Jonathan Jones wakulembera, "ciŵegha ici cikhalilirenge cimoza mwa vyakuzizwiska comene pa caru cose, ndipo cikutikora na kumanya nyengo."
Mu mbili ya Europe mu nyengo za pakati
Nkhani yinyake ya mu nyengo yakale yikulongora kuti Aristotle wakaphalira mwana wake Alexander kuti waleke kwenda na Phyllis, uyo wakaŵa wakutemweka wa themba. Phyllis wakaphalira Alexander mwakubisilizga ivyo wakeneranga kulindizga, ndipo wakawona apo Phyllis wakalongosoranga kuti nkhongono za mwanakazi zingatonda nanga ni vinjeru vya mwanalume uyo wakaŵa wavinjeru comene. Ŵaluso ŵanyake nga ni Hans Baldung, ŵakajambura vithuzithuzi vinandi vya nkhani iyi.
Ndyali
Mu buku la Protrepticus, munthu uyo wakuzunulika kuti 'Aristotle' wakuti:
Sayansi ya vya mu mlengalenga
Aristotle wakasuska fundo ya Democritus yakuti mtambo wa Milky Way uli na "nyenyezi izo caru cikubenekelera na ungweru wa dazi". Iyo wakati usange "dazi likuru kuluska caru ndipo mtunda uwo ulipo pakati pa nyenyezi na caru ngukuru comene kuluska dazi, ipo... dazi likuŵala pa nyenyezi zose ndipo caru cikubenekelera yayi".
Geology na sayansi ya cilengiwa
Aristotle wakaŵa yumoza wa ŵanthu ŵakwambilira kulemba ivyo ŵakawona. Wakayowoya kuti kusintha kwa malo kukucitika mwakucedwa comene mwakuti munthu yumoza wangaviwona yayi. Charles Lyell, wakalongosora kuti Aristotle wakalongosora umo vinthu vikasinthira, kusazgapo "maziŵa agho ghakawomira" na "mapopa agho ghakamira mu milonga". Aristotle wakawonaso vinthu vinandi vyakukhwaskana na umo maji ghakwendera kweniso umo vinthu vikuŵira pa charu chapasi. Mwaciyelezgero, wakawona kuti para maji gha mu nyanja ghakutentheka, maji gha mu nyanja ghakusunkhunyika, ndipo nyanja zikusunkhunyikaso na vula.
Chuma cha Afilika
Umo vinthu viliri sono
Mabungwe ghanyake gha pa caru cose ghakovwira kuti caru ca Africa ciŵe na ndalama zinandi. Mu 1996, wupu wa United Nations ukawovwira pa mulimo wa kuchepeska ngongoli ku vyaru vikavu ivyo vili na ngongoli zinandi. Kuzakafika mu 2013, mu vyaru 30 vya mu Africa, ngongoli zinyake zaŵamalira.
YouTube
Vinthu Vyakovwira Ŵanthu
Nkhani yinyake ya mu 2017 mu magazini ya The New York Times Magazine yikati YouTube yazgoka "wayilesi yiphya iyo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoyapo" ku ŵanthu ŵa ku malo ghakutali. Pafupifupi chaka chimoza pambere YouTube yindapharazge mu Janyuwale 2019 kuti yikwamba "kusintha pachokopachoko" kuti "yichepeske ivyo ŵanthu ŵakutemwa na ivyo vingaŵapweteka", Zeynep Tufekci wakalemba mu nyuzipepara ya The New York Times kuti, "Chifukwa cha ŵanthu mabiliyoni ghanandi awo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito YouTube, yingaŵa yimoza mwa vinthu vyakofya chomene mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000". Chifukwa chakuti YouTube yikasintha nthowa yake yakupangira mauthenga, nthowa iyo yikayowoyeka chomene yikasintha kufuma kwa Alex Jones mu 2016 kuya ku Fox News mu 2019. Kuyana na kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu 2020, "ŵapharazgi ŵanandi ŵakugomezga kuti vidiyo njakukhumbikwa chomene, kweni tikugomezga kuti ni viŵi yayi. M'malo mwake, tikukhumba kuti pa YouTube tiwonenge ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya pa nkhani za ndyali". Kafukufuku munyake wa mu 2022 wakulongora kuti "nangauli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukayika kuti YouTube yikupeleka mavidiyo ghakukhuŵazga ŵanthu, kweni palije ukaboni wakukwana wakukhozgera fundo iyi", "ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kuwonelera mavidiyo gha ŵanthu ŵambura kutemwana na ŵankhongono pa YouTube".
Ma vidiyo
Pa Novembala 11, 2021, pamanyuma pa kuyezga kusintha uku mu Malichi chaka chenechichi, YouTube yikapharazga kuti yikwamba kubisa ivyo ŵanthu ŵakutinkha pa mavidiyo, mwakuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kuwona. Kampani iyi yikati yikasankha nthena cifukwa ca kuyezgayezga uko kukalongora kuti ŵanthu ŵacoko waka awo ŵakupangiska mavidiyo gha pa YouTube ŵakusuzgika comene. Awo ŵakulemba nkhani ŵazamuwona unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakuŵatemwa na awo ŵakuŵatinkha mu YouTube Studio.
Aristotle
Mzimu
Kuyana na Aristotle, mzimu ni wunthu. Pakuti vyamoyo vyose ni vinthu vyakuyana waka, ntheura vyamoyo vili na mikhaliro iyo yikovwira kuti viŵe na nkhongono zakwendera. Mwakupambana na ŵavinjeru ŵakwambilira, kweni mwakuyana na Ŵaegupto, iyo wakaŵika mzimu wa munthu mu mtima, m'malo mwa mu wongo. Ivyo Aristotle wakalemba vikupambana chomene na ivyo ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakaghanaghananga.
Mu mbili ya Europe mu nyengo za pakati
Mulembi munyake wa ku Italy zina lake Dante wakayowoya za Aristotle mu buku lake lakuti The Divine Comedy kuti:
Makhaliro
Aristotle wakawonanga kuti nkharo yiwemi njakovwira chomene m'malo mwa kughanaghana waka. Wakalemba mabuku ghanandi ghakulongosora makhaliro ghawemi, chomenechomene buku la Nicomachean Ethics.
Kukumbukila
Cifukwa cakuti Aristotle wakagomezganga kuti ŵanthu ŵakupokera vinthu vyakupambanapambana na kuviwona nga ni vinthu ivyo ŵakuwona, ŵanthu ŵakulutilira kupanga vinthu viphya. Kuti munthu wasange vinthu ivi, wakughanaghanirapo pa ivyo wakukumbuka. Para munthu wakuwona cinthu cimoza mu malo mwa cinthu cinyake, wakukana cinthu ici mpaka wasange ico wakupenja. Para munthu wakumbuka vinthu vinyake, wakuŵa na maghanoghano ghakwenelera. Usange "vinthu" ivi vikukhumbikwa, cinthu cimoza cikovwira cinyake. Para ŵanthu ŵakukumbuka ivyo vikaŵacitikira kumanyuma, ŵakukhozga ivyo vikaŵacitikira kumasinda mpaka kufika pa ivyo ŵakukhumba. Ntheura, munthu wakujikumbuska vinthu para wakuŵikapo mtima kuti wasange ivyo wasunga. Ŵanthu pera ndiwo ŵakukumbuka vinthu ivyo ŵakumanya, nga ni manambara na mazgu. Viyuni ivyo vikumanya nyengo vingaŵakumbuska ivyo vikawonanga kale. Kukumbuka kukung'anamura kumanya waka vinthu ivyo tikukumbuka ndiposo nyengo iyo yajumphapo.