cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Gulu la bola la Zambia
1974–1993
Ŵakati ŵafika paumaliro mu 1974, timu ya mpira ya ku Zambia yikatondeka kunjira pa mpikisano wakulondezgapo mu 1976. Mu chaka cha 1978, Zambia yikathereskeka mu chigaŵa chakwamba na chigonjetso chimoza (2-0 pa Burkina Faso, goli la Patrick Phiri na Bizwell Phiri), draw (0-0 pa Nigeria) na kutondeka (1- 2 pa Ghana, goli la Obby Kapita). Mu 1980, ŵakatondeka kunjira mu viphalizgano ivi, kweni mu 1982 ŵakafika ku semi-final ndipo ŵakakhala pa malo ghacitatu. Mu chaka cha 1984, Zambia yikatondeka kunjira mu viphalizgano; mu chaka cha 1986, yikatorapo chimoza pa viphalizgano ivi. Mu 1988, ŵakatondeka kunjira mu chigaŵa ichi. Mu 1990, pamanyuma pa kumalizga pa malo ghakwamba mu gulu, Zambia yikathereska ku semi-finals na Nigeria, kweni yikathereska Senegal (1°0, chigoli cha Webster Chikabala) na kusanga malo ghachitatu. Mu 1992, charu cha Zambia chikathereskeka na Côte d'Ivoire (0-1). Nyengo iyi yikulongora kuti Zambia ni charu chakukhora pa maseŵera gha mpira, kweni pali vinthu vinyake ivyo vikucitika mu vigaŵa vyakwambilira na mu vigaŵa vinyake ivyo vindafikepo.
Ndege ya Zambia Air Force 319
Cinthu cinyake ico cikacitiska kuti timu ya ku Zambia yiŵe na masuzgo ghakuru nchakuti ndege ya ŵasilikari (REG: AF-319) iyo yikalutanga ku Senegal kukacitako maseŵero ghakukhozga maseŵero gha pa caru cose gha 1994 FIFA World Cup yikawa usiku comene, pa Epulero 27, 1993. Pakanozgeka kuti paŵe malo ghatatu ghakwimikapo mafuta, kweni pa malo ghakwamba, ku Brazzaville, pakaŵa suzgo la injini pa ndege ya Buffalo DHC-5D ya Zambia Air Force. Nangauli vikaŵa nthena, kweni ndege yikalutilira kwenda ndipo pamanyuma pa maminiti ghacoko waka kufuma ku Libreville, Gabon, uko kukaŵa malo ghaciŵiri ghakukhalako, injini yimoza yikatora moto na kumalira. Uyo wakendeskanga ndege iyi wakafuma kale ku Mauritius zuŵa lakulondezgapo, ndipo mwangozi wakazimya injini iyo yikaŵa kuti yichali kugwira ntchito. Pakuti ndege yikaleka kugwiliskira nchito nkhongono pa nyengo iyo yikukwera, yikadukira mu maji mamita 500 kufupi na nyanja. Ŵanthu wose 30 awo ŵakaŵa mu ndege iyi, kusazgapo ŵaseŵero 18, ŵakafwa.
Mulongozgi wa gulu na musambizgi Kalusha Bwalya ŵakaŵapo yayi. Wakaŵikika mu Netherlands kuti wakawonelerane na kilabu cake, PSV Eindhoven. Gulu liphya likapangika mwaluŵiro, ndipo Kalusha ndiyo wakaŵa musambizgi wake: wakaŵa na mulimo wakusuzga wa kulongozga Zambia mu vigaŵa vya FIFA World Cup na kunozgekera vigaŵa vya Africa Cup of Nations. Cikaŵa cinthu cambura macitiko ndipo Zambia yikatondeka kunjira mu maseŵera gha pa caru cose.
Chikho cha Africa cha 1994
Mu 1994, pamanyuma pakutonda na Sierra Leone (0-0, Zambia yikathereska Côte d'Ivoire (1-0, chigoli cha Kenneth Malitoli) na kumalizga pa malo ghakwamba mu gulu. Mu vigaŵa vyaumaliro, ŵakathereska Senegal (goli la Evans Sakala), ndipo mu vigaŵa vyaumaliro, Zambia yikathereska Mali (goli la Elijah Litana, Zeddy Saileti, Kalusha Bwalya na Kenneth Malitoli). Mu chiphalizgano chaumaliro, ku Tunis, ŵakakumana na Nigeria ndipo nangauli Elijah Litana wakajura chiphalizgano mu miniti yachitatu, Nigeria yikathereska 2 ̊1.
1994–2012
Pa Juni 3, 1994, mu Brussels, timu ya mpira ya Zambia yikataya ku Belgium, ndipo yikathereskeka na mavoti gha 9 ku 0. Pa CAN 1996, ŵakafika pakwamba mu gulu na vithuzi viŵiri (51 pakutonda Burkina Faso, vigoli vya Kenneth Malitoli, vigoli viŵiri vya Kalusha Bwalya, vigoli vya Dennis Lota na Johnson Bwalya); 4 0 pakutonda Sierra Leone (hat-trick ya Kalusha Bwalya na chigoli cha Mordon Malitoli) na drew (0 0 pakutonda Algeria), ŵakatimba Egypt (3 1) mu vigoli viŵiri vyaumaliro na kutondeka ku Tunisia (2 4) kweni ŵakatora malo ghachitatu pakutonda Ghana (1 0, chigoli cha Johnson Bwalya). Kalusha Bwalya ndiyo wakaŵa muwemi chomene pa chiphalizgano ichi na vigoli 5. Kufuma mu 1998 m'paka mu 2006, Zambia yikatondeka kujumpha mu chigaŵa chakwamba, kupatulako mu 2004 apo yikatondeka kujumpha. Pa Seputembala 3, 2006, pa nyumba yawo, Zambia yikasanga chigonjetso chachikulu kwambiri m'mbiri yawo motsutsana ndi Djibouti, ndikupambana 10 ¢ 0. Mu nyengo ya Africa Cup of Nations ya 2008, Zambia yikamalizga pa chitatu mu gulu na kutonda na Sudan 3'0 (goli la James Chamanga, Jacob Mulenga na Felix Katongo), draw (1'1 na Egypt, goli la Chris Katongo) na kutondeka (1'5 na Cameroon, goli la Chris Katongo). Mu chaka cha 2010, Zambia yikamalizga pa malo ghakwamba mu gulu lake ndipo yikakumana na Nigeria mu viphalizgano vya vigaŵa viŵiri apo yikathereskeka pa penalty. Jacob Mulenga na Emmanuel Mbola ndiwo ŵakaŵa mu timu ya Best XI.
COSAFA Cup
Chikwata cha mpira cha ku Zambia chikaloŵamo mu COSAFA Cup mu nyengo zake zose, ndipo chawina kaŵirikaŵiri maulendo 6 mu (1997, 1998, 2006, 2013, 2019 na 2022) ndipo chawina kaŵirikaŵiri mu 2004, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2017 na 2018. Mu 2005, Collins Mbesuma ndiyo wakaŵa na vigoli vinandi pa maseŵera agha.
Chikho cha Africa cha 2012
Gulu la mpira la Zambia likamalizga 1st mu gulu lawo apo likathereska Senegal (1-2, goli la Emmanuel Mayuka na Rainford Kalaba) ndipo ŵakagaŵana mapointi na Libya (2-2, goli la Mayuka na Christopher Katongo) ndipo paumaliro ŵakathereska Equatorial Guinea (0-1, goli la C. Katongo). Mu vigaŵa vyaumaliro, Zambia yikathereska Sudan (3-0, goli la Stoppila Sunzu, C. Katongo na James Chamanga). Mu semi-final, Zambia yikathereska Ghana na 1 -0, ndipo Emmanuel Mayuka ndiyo wakalemba chigoli. Mu chigamulo chaumaliro, Zambia yikakanizga Côte d'Ivoire (0°0) ndipo yikathereska pa penalty (8°7) Laŵiskani
Paumaliro wa chiphalizgano ichi cha 28 cha Africa Cup of Nations, kapiteni Chris Katongo wakamalizga chiphalizgano cha wosewera waluso chomene kweniso wakukora viphalizgano vinandi pamoza na Emmanuel Mayuka ku Zambia.
Ŵalongozgi
Awo ŵakugwira ntchito mu ofesi ya munthavi ŵali kulembeka mu vilembo vyakudumura.
Kucemeka Sonosono
Ŵaseŵero awo ŵali pasi apa ŵakacemeka ku Zambia mu myezi 12 yajumpha.
Mabuku
Awo ŵalemba mu vilembo vyakusuzga ŵachali ku Zambia.
Mbiri ya FIFA World Cup
Apo charu cha Northern Rhodesia chikaŵa pasi pa Britain, charu cha Zambia chikaŵapo yayi pa maseŵero ghakwimira charu ichi pa Chikho cha Charu Chose m'paka apo chikapokera wanangwa mu 1964. Wupu wa vyamaseŵera wa charu ichi ukapangika mu 1929 ndipo ukanjira mu FIFA mu 1964.
Metz, Limpopo
Metz, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Chiyowoyero cha ChiLuvale
Luvale wakukolerana comene na Chokwe.
Mazgu
Lili na mazgu ghanandi agho ghali kuwombokwa kufuma ku Ciphwitikizi kufuma ku vyaru vinyake mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, ngati ni:
Ukaboni
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Mwambo ya chikhalidwe cha Zambia
Mwambo ya chikhalidwe cha Zambia.
1.Chigaŵa cha Central 2. Copperbelt Province 3. Eastern Province 4. Luapula Province 5. Lusaka Province 6. Northern Province
7. Muchinga Province 8. North Western Province 9. Southern Province 10. Western Province
Ukaboni
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Kupangika kwa Arusha
Kupangika kwa Arusha, pa Chingelezi: Arusha Declaration (Azimio la Arusha) ndipo TANU's Policy on Socialism and Self-Reliance (1967), yakucemeka Arusha Declaration, yikumanyikwa nga ni Tanzania's most prominent political statement of African Socialism, Ujamaa, panji ubali (Kaitilla, 2007). Phangano la Arusha lili na vigaŵa vinkhondi: TANU Creed; Politics of Socialism; Politics of Self-reliance; TANU Membership; na Arusha Resolution.
Chikhalidwe
Chigaŵa chachiŵiri cha Arusha Declaration chikulongosora za socialism na vinyake ivyo vikovwira kuti munthu waŵe na umoyo uwemi. Mu boma la wupu wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu, palije munthu uyo wakuyuzga munyake, kweni waliyose uyo wangafiska kugwira nchito...wakupokera ndalama pa nchito yake". 3). "Vinthu vikuruvikuru vya kupanga", ivyo TANU yikulongosora kuti ni vinthu na mautumiki agho cigaŵa cikuru ca ŵanthu na vyamalonda vikuthemba, ni "vinthu ivyo vikulongozgeka na kuŵa vya ŵantchito" (Publicity Section, TANU, Dar es Salaam, 1967, p. 3). Ivi vikulongora kuti boma la ŵanthu ilo likusankhika mwa demokilase ni cinthu cakuzirwa comene mu wupu wa socialism (Publicity Section, TANU, Dar es Salaam, 1967). Gulu la TANU likuti ndyali za cisosiyali, zingakwaniskika na ŵanthu awo ŵakugomezga fundo za cisosiyali ndipo mbakunozgeka kuzilondezga mu umoyo wawo wa zuŵa na zuŵa  (Publicity Section, TANU, Dar es Salaam, 1967, p. 3-4).
Kujilambika
Cigaŵa cacitatu ca ndondomeko ya Arusha cikulongosora kuzirwa kwa kujithemba kwa caru na kudumbiskana za umo vinthu vikwenera kuŵira. Pakulongosora kuti "Munthu mukavu wakugwiliskira nchito ndalama yayi nga ni vilwero", chikalata cha Arusha chikulongosora ico cikupangiska masuzgo gha vya cuma:"'Tasankha vilwero viheni kuti tilimbane navyo, cifukwa tikasankha ndalama kuŵa vilwero vithu. Tikukhumba kumazga suzgo lithu la vya cuma mwa kugwiliskira nchito vilwero vya ŵankhongono vya vya cuma ivyo ise tilije. Kuyana na maghanoghano ghithu, mazgu ghithu, na vyakucita vithu, vikuwoneka nga tafika pa fundo yakuti kwambura ndalama tingakwaniska yayi kusintha vinthu. Vikuŵa nga kuti tili kuyowoya kuti, 'Ndalama ni nthowa yakulongozgera vinthu'. Kwambura ndalama, palije umo tingakhalira makora'. 5)."Caciŵiri, palije ndalama izo zingakwana kufiska vilato vya caru na kukhumba kujithemba. Cinthu cakuzirwa comene na caunenesko ico cikupangiska kuti vinthu vyende makora nchakuti: "Vinthu vikwenda makora mu caru cifukwa ca ŵanthu, ndalama yayi". Ndalama, na usambazi uwo zikupeleka, ni vyandulo pera yayi, kweni ni vifukwa vya kukura. Padera pa ŵanthu, vinthu vyakukhumbikwa kuti vinthu vyende makora ni caru, ndondomeko yiwemi na ŵalongozgi ŵawemi ndipo vinthu vyakukhumbikwa na umo vinthu vikupangikira ni kulimbikira nchito na mahara gha ŵanthu (Publicity Section, TANU, Dar es Salaam, 1967).
Kuŵapo
Chigaŵa chachinayi cha Arusha Declaration, Membership of TANU, chikudidimizga kuzirwa kwa kujipeleka kwa ŵalongozgi ku fundo na vilato vya TANU ndipo kuti "pachanya pa vyose, TANU ni chipani cha ŵalimi na ŵantchito". 19). Fundo iyi yikusangika mu chigaŵa cha chinkhondi cha Arusha Declaration icho chikulongosora udindo wa boma mu maghanoghano agha kuti licitengepo kanthu na kutora nthowa zakwendeskera fundo za Socialism and Self-reliance (Publicity Section, TANU, Dar es Salaam, 1967, p. 20).
Ukaboni
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Thapane, Limpopo
Thapane, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Sadawa, Limpopo
Sadawa, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Wanangwa wa LGBT mu Afilika
Kuyana na umo vinthu viliri ku South Africa na Cape Verde, wanangwa wa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi awo ŵakutemwa kugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵanyawo (LGBT) mu Africa ngwakukwana yayi pakuyaniska na wa ku United States, Canada, Western Europe, Australia, na New Zealand. Pa vyaru 55 ivyo vyakumanyikwa na wupu wa United Nations panji African Union panji vyaru vyose viŵiri, wupu wa International Gay and Lesbian Association ukati mu 2015, kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha nkhuheni mu vyaru 34 vya mu Africa. Wupu wa Human Rights Watch ukuti vyaru vinyake viŵiri, Benin na Central African Republic, vikukana yayi kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi pera, kweni vili na malango ghanyake agho ghakususkana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi pera. Malango ghanandi agho ghakukanizga kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha ghakaŵako mu nyengo ya ufumu wa Britain.
Ku Benin, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Djibouti, Ivory Coast, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Madagascar, Mali, Niger, na Rwanda, ŵanthu ŵakugonana ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha ŵandaŵikeko mulandu. Ku Angola, Botswana, Cape Verde, Gabon, Guinea-Bissau, Lesotho, Mozambique, São Tomé na Príncipe, Seychelles, na South Africa, ŵanthu ŵakukana kugwiliskira ntchito mankhwala agha. Mu Novembala 2006, charu cha South Africa chikaŵa chachinkhondi kuzomerezga nthengwa za ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha. Mu vyaru vinkhondi na viŵiri vya mu Africa, muli malango ghakukanizga kusankhana pakati pa ŵanalume na ŵanakazi ŵa mtundu unyake (LGBT): Angola, Botswana, Cape Verde, Mauritius, Mozambique, Seychelles, na South Africa. Nangauli boma likulimbikira kukora dango ili, kweni sonosono apa ŵamazaza ŵanandi ŵayowoya kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵanyawo ŵaŵe na chilango chikuru. Mu 2009 na 2014, dango la ku Uganda lakukanizga kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha (anti-homosexuality law), ilo pakwamba likapelekanga chilango cha nyifwa ku ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha, likakopa ŵanthu ŵanandi.
Kwambira mu 2011, vyaru vinyake vyakurughakura vikughanaghana vya kukanizga panji kukanizga ŵanthu awo ŵakutemwa kugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵambura kutemwana. Nangauli vili nthena, vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa vikukana kusazgirako wanangwa wa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu uwu, ndipo nyengo zinyake vikulemba malango ghakusazgirako chilango ku ŵanthu ŵa mtundu uwu. Ŵalongozgi ŵa ku Africa nga ni Robert Mugabe wa ku Zimbabwe na Yoweri Museveni wa ku Uganda ŵakayowoya kuti nkharo ya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa LGBT yikiza mu Africa kufuma ku vigaŵa vinyake vya caru. Ndipouli, kafukufuku wakulongora kuti kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha kwaŵako kale comene mu vyaru vya mu Africa.
Mu 2011, pa ungano wa wupu wa UN uwo ukazomerezga wanangwa wa ŵanalume na ŵanakazi ŵa mtundu wa LGBT, ŵamazaza ŵakapika mwaŵi wakuti ŵayowoyepo ivyo ŵakugomezga pa nkhani iyi. Mu vyaru ivi muli vyaru nga ni Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Gabon, Guinea-Bissau, Mauritius, Rwanda, São Tomé na Príncipe, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, na South Africa. Vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa vikasuska fundo iyi. Maboma agho ghakanjilirapo ghakaŵa Angola, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Mozambique, Namibia, Republic of Congo, na Zambia.
Mu vigaŵa vya kumwera kwa Somalia, Somaliland, Mauritania, kumpoto kwa Nigeria, na Uganda, ŵanthu awo ŵakugonana ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha ŵakulangika na nyifwa. Mu vyaru vya Sudan, Gambia, Tanzania, na Sierra Leone, ŵanthu awo ŵakugonana ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha ŵangakakika umoyo wawo wose. Padera pa kukanizga kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha, chalo cha Nigeria chalemba malango agho ghakukanizga ŵanthu ŵaviŵaro vyakupambana na vyawo, ŵabwezi na ŵabwezi ŵa ŵanthu ŵaviŵaro vyakupambana na vyawo kuti ŵaŵawovwire. Kuyana na dango la ku Nigeria, munthu uyo wakukolerana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵambura kutorana "uyo wakuchita vinthu ivyo vikususkana na kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha" wangakakika vyaka 10.
Egypt
Tikumanya yayi umo Ŵaeguputo ŵakawoneranga kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi pera. Mabuku agho ghakulongosora vya kugonana ghakuzunurapo yayi nkharo ya kugonana, kweni ghakulongosora mwakudumura. Mabuku gha ku Eguputo ghakulongosora makora yayi kuti ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi awo ŵakugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵanyawo ŵakaŵa ŵambura kwenelera. Palije buku nanga ndimoza ilo likulongosora kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakugonana ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha ŵakalangikanga. Ntheura, fundo yakuti munthu waŵe wakugomezgeka yikulutilira kuŵa yakusuzga. Nkhani yakumanyikwa comene ya kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha mu Eguputo wakale ni ya Nyankh-Khnum na Khnum-hotep. Ŵanalume ŵaŵiri aŵa ŵakakhalanga na kuteŵetera mu ufumu wa Farawo Niuserre mu nyengo ya muwuso wa fuko la 5. 2494-2345 BC). Nyankh-Khnum na Khnum-hotep waliyose wakaŵa na mbumba yake na ŵana kweniso ŵawoli, kweni ŵakati ŵafwa, mbumba zawo zikaghanaghana kuti ziŵasunge pamoza mu dindi limoza. Mu mastaba iyi, pali vithuzithuzi vinandi ivyo vikulongora ŵanalume ŵaŵiri ŵakukumbatirana na kukhwaskana. Vinthu ivi vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakughanaghana vinandi, chifukwa kale ku Eguputo, para munthu wakukhwaskana mphuno na mphuno, ŵanthu ŵakumufyofyontha.
Ŵanthu awo ŵakusanda vya ku Eguputo na awo ŵakusanda mdauko ŵakukolerana yayi pa nkhani ya umo ŵangalongosolera vithuzithuzi vya Nyankh-khnum na Khnum-hotep. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakusanda vya Baibolo ŵakugomezga kuti vithuzithuzi ivi vikulongora kuti ŵanalume ŵaŵiri ŵakutorana ŵakagonananga. Ŵasayansi ŵanyake ŵakususka ndipo ŵakuwona kuti ivyo vikachitika apa vikulongora kuti Nyankh-khnum na Khnum-hotep ŵakaŵa ŵamphindano. Kwali munthu wangalongosora makora panji yayi, kweni vithuzithuzi ivi vikulongora kuti Nyankh-khnum na Khnum-hotep ŵakaŵa pafupi comene pa umoyo wawo ndiposo pa nyifwa yawo.
Themba la Ŵaroma Constantine mu vyaka vya m'ma 300 C.E. likati likakoma "ŵasembe ŵanandi ŵanakazi" mu msumba wa Alexandria.
Kumpoto kwa Afilika
Ku North Africa kukaŵa ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugonana ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha. Mu mabuku gha Ciarabu agho ghakalembeka na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yose, kanandi ŵakalongosoranga vyakusanguluska vya kugonana na ŵana. Pali nkhani za ŵanyamata Ŵacikhristu awo ŵakatumika kufuma ku Europe kuti ŵakagwirenge nchito ya kugonana mu Egupto. Ku Cairo, ŵanalume awo ŵakavwaranga vyakuvwara vyakupambanapambana, awo ŵakachemekanga kuti "khawal", ŵakakondweskanga ŵanthu na sumu na kuvina.
Ŵalendo ŵanyake ŵakwambilira kwa m'ma 1900 ŵakalongosora kuti malo gha Siwa ku Eguputo ghakaŵa gha ŵanthu ŵaviŵaro vyakuyana. Gulu linyake la ŵasilikari mu cigaŵa ici ŵakamanyikwanga kuti ŵakupeleka ndalama zakwendeskera nthengwa ku ŵanalume ŵawukirano.
Siegfried Frederick Nadel wakalemba vya mafuko gha Nuba mu Sudan kuumaliro wa m'ma 1930. Wakayowoya kuti pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Otoro, ŵanalume ŵakavwaranga na kukhala nga mbanakazi. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Moru, Nyima, na Tira nawo ŵakachitanga uzaghali. Mu mafuko gha Korongo na Mesakin, Nadel wakayowoya kuti ŵanalume ŵanandi ŵakukhumba yayi kukhala mu misasa ya ŵanalume.
Kumafumilo gha Dazi gha Afilika
Ŵanalume aŵa ŵakacemekanga "ikihindu" pakati pa Ŵahutu na Ŵatutsi ŵa ku Burundi na Rwanda. Ŵanalume ŵanyake awo ŵakuyowoya Ciswahili ŵakuyana waka na ŵanakazi awo ŵakutolera mazina gha ŵanakazi na kuphikira na kutozgera ŵafumu ŵawo.
Ethiopia
Mu mdauko wa Ethiopia, ŵanthu ŵakumanya makora yayi usange ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi awo ŵakugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha ŵakuzomerezgeka. Ndipouli, buku lakuti The Life and Struggles of Our Mother Wälättä P̣eṭros (1672) ndilo likwamba kuzunura vya kugonana kwa ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha pakati pa masisiteri mu mabuku gha ku Ethiopia. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo, ŵanthu ŵakugonana ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha ŵakaleka kuzgoŵerana m'paka apo Meles Zenawi wakambira kuwusa mu 2008. Ndipouli, cifukwa ca maghanoghano ghaheni gha ŵanthu na dango ilo lili kulembeka mu ndime 629, kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha kukuŵa mulandu wa vyaka 15 panji umoyo wose.
Kuyana na kafukufuku wa Pew Research Center wa mu 2007, 97% ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Ethiopia ŵakuti kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha ni nthowa ya umoyo iyo ŵanthu ŵakwenera yayi kuyilondezga. Tchalitchi la Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo likuwovwira chomene kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kutemwana ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha. Yumoza wawo ni "Zim Anlem" uyo wakambiska Dereje Negash.
Mulembi munyake wa mdauko zina lake Donald Donham, wakalemba kuti pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Maale, awo ŵakukhala kumwera kwa Ethiopia, "ŵanalume ŵachoko waka ndiwo ŵakachitanga milimo ya ŵanakazi. Ŵanalume aŵa ŵakavwaranga nga mbanakazi, ŵakacitanga milimo ya ŵanakazi, ŵakendeskanga nyumba zawo, ndipo ŵakwenera kuti ŵakagonanga na ŵanalume". Kweniso themba likaŵavikiliranga.
Uganda
Mu Uganda, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bunyoro ndiwo ŵakasopanga ŵanalume awo ŵakavwaranga malaya ghakupambanapambana. Kweniso mu ufumu wa Buganda (umo sono ni Uganda) ŵanthu ŵakamba kugonana ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha. Ŵanyamata ŵakateŵeteranga mu nyumba zacifumu ndipo ŵakapelekanga vyakugonana ku ŵalendo na ŵanthu ŵakuzirwa. Themba Mwanga II la ku Buganda likalangura kuti ŵanalume ŵanandi aŵa ŵakomeke para ŵazgoka Ŵakhristu ndipo ŵakana kucita milimo yawo. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Teso ku Uganda ŵali na gulu la ŵanalume awo ŵakuvwara nga mbanakazi.
Kenya
Felix Bryk, uyo wakaŵa nkhwantha ya vya ŵanthu ku Sweden, wakayowoya kuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Kikuyu awo ŵakutemwa kutolera ŵana ŵakuchemeka onek, ndipo wakayowoyaso za "ŵanalume awo ŵakutemwa kutolera ŵana ŵaŵene" awo ŵakaŵa ŵaliska ŵa viŵeto, nga ni Nandi na Maragoli (Wanga). Nyengo zinyake Ŵanandi na Ŵamaasai ŵakavwaranga nga ni ŵanakazi pa nyengo ya viphikiro.
Kummwela kwa Afilika
Pakuyowoya za malo agho sono ni kumwera ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Zimbabwe, David Livingstone wakalemba mu ma 1800, kuti "uzaghali" wa ŵanalume ŵawukirano ukacitikanga cifukwa ca ŵanakazi awo ŵakacitikanga na ŵalongozgi ŵacekuru. Edwin W. Smith na A. Murray Dale wakayowoya za mwanalume munyake uyo wakayowoyanga ciyowoyero ca ku Ila uyo wakavwaranga nga ni mwanakazi, wakacitanga milimo ya ŵanakazi, wakakhalanga na kugona na ŵanakazi, kweni na ŵanakazi yayi. Zina lakuti "mwaami" ilo ŵali kung'anamura kuti "chimi". Kweniso ŵakayowoya kuti kugonana na ŵana nkhwakuzizika yayi, "kweni kukaŵa kwakofya cifukwa ca ngozi yakuti munyamata wangatora nthumbo".
Marc Epprecht wakasanda milandu 250 kufuma mu 1892 m'paka 1923. Pa milandu yinkhondi iyo yikachitika mu 1892, yose yikaŵa ya ŵanthu ŵafipa ŵa ku Africa. Ŵakayowoya kuti "mtende wakugonana na mwanalume panji mwanakazi munyake" ni "maluso" gha mu cigaŵa ici. Mu nyengo yinyake, mulongozgi munyake wakacemeka kuti wazakayowoye za cilango ico ŵanthu ŵakapelekanga para ŵacita uleŵi. Mu nyengo yose iyi, Epprecht wakasanga kuti ŵanthu ŵabulumembe na ŵafipa ŵakayananga waka na ŵanthu wose. Ndipouli, wakuwona kuti ni vinthu ivyo vikamanyikwa na makhoti pera ivyo vikapangiska kuti ŵeruzgi ŵaleke kumanya. Milandu yinyake yikatoleka na ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalira lumoza yayi panji awo ŵakapokera yayi malipiro kufuma kwa awo ŵakagonana nawo. Nangauli kanandi mwanalume muwukirano wakagonanga pasi kwambura kukondwa, ndipo wakakhumbanga yayi kugonana na mwanalume munyake, kweni Epprecht wakasanga kuti ŵanalume ŵafipa ŵakaleka kugonana cifukwa ca kopa kunjira mu nthumbo, kweni yumoza wakakhumbanga kwambiraso.
Umo ŵalongozgi ŵa mu Africa ŵakuwonera kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi pera
Pulezidenti wakale wa Zimbabwe, Robert Mugabe, wakakananga yayi kususka wanangwa wa ŵanalume na ŵanakazi awo ŵakutemwa kugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi awo ŵakutemwa kugonana na ŵanalume pera. Mu Seputembala 1995, Nyumba ya Malango ya ku Zimbabwe yikapeleka dango lakukanizga kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi pera. Mu 1997, khoti likasanga kuti Canaan Banana, uyo wakaŵako pambere Mugabe wandaŵe pulezidenti wakwamba wa Zimbabwe, wali na mulandu wa kugonana na ŵanalume ŵambura kwenelera. Mubali Mugabe wakayowoyapo kale kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakutemwa kugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi awo ŵakutemwa kugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi awo ŵakutemwa kugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi awo ŵakutemwa kugonana na ŵanakazi.
Ku Gambia, pulezidenti wakale Yahya Jammeh wakadangilira pakukhumba malango agho ghangaŵika malango ghakususkana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha agho "ngakusuzga comene kuluska gha ku Iran", ndipo kuti "wazamudumura mutu" wa mwanalume panji mwanakazi waliyose uyo wazamusangika mu caru ici. Malipoti ghakulongora kuti boma lake likakhumbanga kukoma ŵanalume wose ŵakugonana ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi pera mu caru ici. Mu kayowoyero ako wakapeleka ku Tallinding, Jammeh wakapeleka "ciyezgo caumaliro" ku ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi awo ŵakutemwa kugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha mu Gambia kuti ŵafumemo mu caru ici. Mu nkhani iyo wakayowoya ku United Nations pa Seputembala 27, 2013, Jammeh wakati "munthu uyo wakugonana na mwanalume panji mwanakazi munyake pera mu mitundu yake yose na umo wakuwonekera, nangauli ni uheni chomene, wakususkana na ŵanthu kweniso Chiuta, ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakumuchindika nga ni wanangwa wa ŵanthu". Mu 2014, Jammeh wakati ŵanalume awo ŵakugonana ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha ni "viŵanda" ndipo wakati: "Tizamurwa na viŵanda ivi nga umo tikuchitira na nyerere izo zikwambiska maleriya, nanga vingaŵa vyakofya chomene". Wakalutizga kususka ŵanthu ŵa mtundu uwu, wakati: "Ine nkhuwona kuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu uwu ŵakwimira waka vyoni, nthenda ya kununkha, mabakiteriya, na TB. Vyose ivi vikupweteka ŵanthu". Mu 2015, Jammeh wakalutilira kususka ŵanthu awo ŵakususka ŵanthu ŵaviŵaro vyakuyana, ndipo wakaphalira mzinda wa ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga ku Gambia kuti: "Usange mwachita nthena [mu Gambia] nizamumudumurani khosi. Usange ndimwe mwanalume ndipo mukukhumba kutora mwanalume munyake mu charu ichi ndipo tikumukorani, palije uyo wazamumuwonaniso".
Ku Uganda, ŵanthu ŵakayezgapo kuti ŵaŵike chilango cha nyifwa pa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi awo ŵakuchita uzaghali m'paka pa Malichi 22, 2023. Nyuzipepara ya ku Britain yakucemeka The Guardian yikati Pulezidenti Yoweri Museveni "wakawoneka kuti wakukhozgera" fundo iyi, ndipo pakati pa vinyake wakati "Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakugonana ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha ŵakulemba ŵanthu mu Africa", kweniso kuti kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha nkhususkana na khumbo la Ciuta. Mu 2014, Museveni wakayowoya kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakugonana ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha "mbakuseluska", ndipo wakati nkharo yawo njambura kwenelera. Wakayowoyaso kuti wakasora gulu la ŵasayansi ku Uganda kuti ŵamanye usange ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi awo ŵakugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵanyawo mbakusambira. Ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵasayansi ŵanandi ŵayowoyepo, ndipo munthu munyake wa ku National Institutes of Health wakachiska ŵanyake ku Uganda kuti ŵasande ivyo ŵasanga. Ndipo pa 22 March, 2023, Uganda yikapeleka dango ilo likukanizga ŵanthu kuti ŵaŵe na nkharo ya kugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha.
Abune Paulos, Patriarch wakufwa wa tchalitchi la Ethiopian Orthodox Church, ilo lili na mazaza ghakuru chomene mu Christian Ethiopia, wakati kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi pera ni nkharo yakuyana na ya vinyama iyo yikwenera kulangika.
Mu chaka cha 2017, charu cha Chad chikapeleka dango lakuzomerezga kugonana na mwanalume panji mwanakazi mwanalume. Pakwamba, mu caru ici mukaŵavya malango ghakukanizga kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha. Kweni mu vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa nga ni Lesotho, São Tomé na Príncipe, Mozambique, Seychelles, Angola, na Botswana, malango ghakukhwaskana na kugonana na ŵanalume ŵambura kutengwa ghafumiskikapo. Ku malo ghanyake gha mu Africa nga ni Eswatini, Kenya, Malawi, Mauritius, Namibia, Togo, Zambia na Zimbabwe, ŵakukhumba kuzomerezga ŵanthu kuti ŵanjire usilikari. Mu 2019, boma la Gabon likapeleka dango lakukanizga kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha.
Vigaŵa vya kuwaro
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Shivulani, Limpopo
Shivulani, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Shikwane, Limpopo
Shikwane, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
The Oaks, Limpopo
The Oaks, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Ba-Phalaborwa, Limpopo
Ba-Phalaborwa, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Greater Giyani, Limpopo
Greater Giyani, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Chiyowoyero cha ChiLamba
Chiyowoyero cha ChiLamba chikusangika mu Zambia ndipo chikuyowoyeka chomene ku Copperbelt. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 210,000 ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero ichi kumpoto kwa Zambia na kumwera kwa Democratic Republic of Congo. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero ichi mu Lusaka chifukwa chakuti ŵanandi ŵakuluta kukagwira ntchito ku malo agha. Chiyowoyero cha Lamba ntcha ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu. (Nadi, "mu ntu" likung'anamura "munthu yumoza" mu ciyowoyero ca Lamba ndipo "ba ntu" likung'anamura "ŵanthu ŵaŵiri panji kujumpha apa".) Kuyana na uyo wakuŵapenda, ku Zambia kuli viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana pakati pa 42 na 78.
Mu buku la Maho (2009) muli viyowoyero vya Lima (Bulima) na Temba.
Ukaboni
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Maruleng, Limpopo
Maruleng, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Greater Letaba, Limpopo
Greater Letaba, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Julesburg, Limpopo
Julesburg ni muzi wa Mopani District Municipality mu chigaŵa cha Limpopo ku South Africa. Julesburg ni chigaŵa cha ku mizi kuwaro kwa Tzaneen, icho chili pasi pa Greater Tzaneen Municipality (GTM) ward 26, Julesburg yili pa mtunda wa makilomita 50 kufuma ku Tzaneen na makilomita 12.5 kufuma ku Maake plaza. Ili na vikaya 7 vyakuchemeka Rhulani (mzinda), Hovheni, Nsolani, Nyanyukani, Bordex (Bodweni) ivyo vyagaŵika viŵiri (Bodweni) yaka Regison Mbangwa Mohlaba (King Muhlaba) na Bodweni yaka Brown Mohlaba (braweni), Hweji. Malo agho ghali kufupi na Julesburg ni Mogapeng, Tours, Ofcolaco, Callies na Burgersdorp.
Taalkommissie
Taalkommissie ("Language Commission") ni gulu la Suid-Afrikaanse Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns ("South African Academy for Science and Arts") ilo likuteŵetera nga ni komiti ya National Taalliggaam vir Afrikaans ("National Language Body for Afrikaans"), iyo yikulaŵilira chiyowoyero cha Afrikaans. Akademie yikakhazikiskika ku Bloemfontein mu 1909, ndipo munthavi wake, Spellingskommissie ("Spelling Commission"), mu 1914.
Julesburg, Limpopo
Julesburg wali na ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵanyake ŵakuzirwa nga Tito Mboweni, Stet Mushwana, O.J Mushwana (mupulikiri wa chigaŵa cha Mopani), Neil Shikwambana (mupulikiri wa chigaŵa cha Mopani) na Dr Garish Mohlaba, na ŵanyake. Malo ghakumanyikwa chomene ni malo gha maseŵero gha Julesburg, Mckays Tavern, African Jazz Tavern na Sevengwana bar., Borila Lounge, Vadanile Tavern lounge. Masukulu agha ni Dumela High School, Allegraine Primary School, Rhulani Primary School, Mageza Secondary School, Bordeax Primary School, Hovheni Primary School, na Phyuphyani Secondary School. Mu msumba wa Julesburg muli chipatala chimoza.
Taalkommissie
Komiti iyi yikudodoliska chomene pa kunozga na kufumiska buku la Afrikaanse Woordelys en Spelreëls (AWS; "Afrikaans Word List and Spelling Rules"), ilo ni buku ilo likulongosora kalembero ka chiyowoyero cha Afrikaans. ^ ndime 2] Buku ili ndilo likovwira chomene pa kulemba mazgu gha Chifurika. It is held as an authoritative source for the spelling of Afrikaans words.
Julesburg, Limpopo
Mu msumba wa Julesburg muli matchalitchi ghanandi, nga ni AFM (Azuza Faith Mission) ku Bordeax, ZCC, Imvano Getsemane of God na In Zion of Christ. Pali magulu gha mpira ghaŵiri agho ghakuseŵera mu ligi ya SAB, Julesburg Young Killers na Julesburg Arsenal.
Taalkommissie
Kweniso vikukhumbikwira kumanya makora kalembero ka chiyowoyero cha Afrikaans na umo chiyowoyero ichi chikwendera, nga ni mazgu ghaphya agho ghafuma mu sayansi na vinyake. Chiyowoyero ichi chikusazgikira chomene ndipo chikusazgapo chiyowoyero cha Nama, Griqua, na Kaaps. Mazgu ghanandi agho ghakusangika mu visopa vya Ciarabu ghalimo mu AWS.
Ufumu wa Mapungubwe
Ufumu wa Mapungubwe (Maphungubgwe, c. 1075 c. 1220) ukaŵa ufumu wa ku South Africa uwo ukaŵa ku mphepete mwa milonga ya Shashe na Limpopo, kumwera kwa Great Zimbabwe. Zina ili lili kufuma ku chiyowoyero cha TjiKalanga na Tshivenda. Zina ili likung'anamura "Phiri la Viyuni vya Nkhaza" panji "Vikumbusko vya malibwe". Ufumu uwu ndiwo ukaŵa wakwamba mu nyengo iyo Ufumu wa Zimbabwe ukapangika mu vyaka vya m'ma 1200 C.E., ndipo ukaguliskanga golide ku Rhapta na Kilwa Kisiwani ku Africa. Ufumu wa Mapungubwe ukatora vilimika pafupifupi 80, ndipo apo ukaŵa kuti wafika pachanya, msumba uwu ukaŵa na ŵanthu pafupifupi 5,000.
Malo agha ghakaŵa gha Ufumu wa BuKalanga, uwo ukaŵa na ŵanthu ŵa Kalanga ŵakufuma kumpoto cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Botswana na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Zimbabwe, Ŵanambiya kumwera kwa Dambo la Zambezi, na Ŵavenda kumpoto kwa kumafumiro gha dazi kwa South Africa. Mapungubwe Collection of artifacts found at the archaeological site is housed in the Mapungubwe Museum in Pretoria. Mapungubwe Collection of artifacts found at the archaeological site is housed in the Mapungubwe Museum in Pretoria.
Mizilo
Chikaya chikuru chomene icho chikachemeka Chikaya cha Leopard's Kopje chikumanyikwa na zina lakuti Chikaya cha K2 ndipo chikaŵa chakwambilira cha Chikaya cha Mapungubwe. Ŵanthu ŵa ku K2, awo ŵakwenera kuti ŵakafuma ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Shona na Kalanga ŵa kumwera kwa Africa, ŵakakopeka na chigaŵa cha Shashi-Limpopo. Kweniso malo agha ghakaŵa ghakutowa chomene chifukwa cha njovu. Kulamulira malonda gha golide na njovu kukakhozga comene nkhongono za ndyali za K2. Kuzakafika mu 1075, ŵanthu ŵa ku K2 ŵakaŵa kuti ŵafumamo mu malo agha na kusamira ku Mapungubwe Hill.
Kuzenga malibwe
Mu ufumu wa Mapungubwe, ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito viliŵa vya malibwe kuti ŵamanye malo ghakuzirwa. Mu nyumba iyi mukaŵa viliŵa vya malibwe ivyo vikwenera kuti vikaŵa vya mulongozgi wa boma. Ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga lumoza nchito malibwe na makuni. Kweniso pakwenera kuti pakaŵa khuni lakuzingilizga Phiri la Mapungubwe. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu msumba uwu ŵakakhalanga mukati mwa linga la kumanjiliro gha dazi..
Umo zina ili likambira
Msumba ukuru wa ufumu uwu ukachemekanga Mapungubwe, ndipo ndiwo ukafumira zina ili. Malo agha sono ghali kulembeka kuti ni malo ghakusungirako vinthu vyakale chomene ku South Africa. Ŵanthu ŵakususkana pa umo zina lakuti Mapungubwe likambira. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugomezga kuti Mapungubwe likung'anamura "malo gha vibululu", panji "malo agho vibululu vikulyera", panji kuti thavha ya dzi phunguhwe. 1). Lizgu ili likung'anamuraso kuti "malo gha vinjeru" kweniso "malo agho malibwe ghakusintha kuŵa maji".
Mwambo na ukhalilo
Ŵanthu ŵakufukura vinthu vyakale ŵakughanaghana kuti mapungubwean ndiwo ghakaŵa malo ghakwamba ku Africa kumwera, ndipo ŵanthu awo ŵakalongozganga ŵanthu ŵakasuzgikanga chomene.
Umoyo mu Mapungubwe ukaŵa wakuzirwa comene ku mbumba na kulima. Malo ghakupambanapambana ghakapangika kuti ghaŵe na maukaboni gha kutandika, milimo ya mu nyumba, na milimo yinyake ya pa umoyo.
Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakulutilira kuyowoya kuti vinthu vikaŵa makora chifukwa cha nyumba izo zikaŵa pasi pawo, chifukwa Ŵapungubweans ŵakaŵavya mabuku.
Ufumu uwu ukagaŵikana mu magulu ghatatu, na ŵanthu ŵakukhala mu malo ghachoko, ŵalongozgi ŵa vigaŵa ŵakakhalanga pa mapiri ghachoko, na msumba ukuru wa Mapungubwe nga ni mazaza ghapachanya. Ŵanakazi ŵa ufumu ŵakakhalanga mu mapiri. Ŵanakazi ŵa ufumu ŵakakhalanga mu malo ghawo kutali na themba. Ŵanalume ŵakuzirwa ŵakasunganga nyumba za mbiri pa mphaka za msumba. Kupatura kwa malo agha kukachitika pakwamba ku Mapungubwe kweni kukachitikaso ku Butua na Rozwi.
Kusangikaso
Pa Zuŵa la Chaka Ciphya mu 1932, ESJ van Graan, mulimi na msambiri wa ku malo agha, pamoza na mwana wake, uyo wakaŵa msambiri wa pa Yunivesite ya Pretoria, ŵakaluta kukapharazga nkhani yinyake iyo ŵakapulika.
Kuyana na nkhani iyo yikalembeka mu 1985, yikang'anamulika kufuma mu mazgu gha Chifrikansi: Vikaŵa vyakusangika pa malo ghakupwanthirapo pa phiri. Vikaŵa vyakusangika mu nyengo ya m'ma 1000.
Mapungubwe yikaŵa sukulu ya ku South Africa ya vyaka vya m'ma 6 mu 2003.
Kuŵazika pa Phiri la Mapungubwe
Pa mapiri gha Mapungubwe pakaŵa viwangwa pafupifupi 24 kweni 11 pera ndivyo vikaŵa kuti vingayezgeka. Viwangwa vinandi vikasungika na vinthu vichoko waka panji vikaŵavya. Vinthu viŵiri ivyo ŵanthu ŵakasunga ŵanthu ŵakuru (vyenevivivi vikaŵa na nambara 10 na 14 pa malo agho ŵakasoperapo kale) kweniso chiwangwa chimoza chambura kulembeka (chakuchemeka kuti chiwangwa chakwamba cha golide) vikaŵa na vinthu vyagolide. Kafukufuku munyake wakulongora kuti viwangwa viŵiri vyakwambilira ivi vikaŵa vya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Khoi na San. Nangauli ŵanthu aŵa ŵakamanyanga vinandi, kweni ŵakasungika mu malo agho ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ŵakasungikanga. Thupi la mwanalume la nambara 10 likaŵa na ndodo ya golide mu woko lake.
Chiŵiya cha viwangwa icho chikaŵa na nambara 14 (mwanakazi) chikasungika pamoza na vingwe 100 vya golide mu viwangwa vyake ndipo mu dindi lake mukaŵa mphete 1,000 za golide. Munthu waumaliro uyo wakasungika na golide (mwanalume), uyo wakwenera kuti wakaŵa fumu, wakasungika na mutu na vinthu vitatu vya golide ivyo vikaŵa pa khuni. Pa ciyerezgero ici pakaŵaso visko vinyake viŵiri, kweni ŵakumanyikwa yayi usange vikaŵa mu dindi linyake.
Mu chaka cha 2007, boma la South Africa likapeleka chilolezo kuti viwangwa ivyo vikazengeka mu 1933 viŵikikikengeso pa Phiri la Mapungubwe.
Malo gha Mapungubwe ghakapharazgika kuti ni malo gha ŵanthu pa caru cose pa Julayi 3, 2003.
Mapungubwe National Park
Malo agha sono ghali ku chigaŵa cha Mapungubwe National Park, icho nacho chili ku chigaŵa cha Greater Mapungubwe Transfrontier Conservation Area. Ku South Africa, malo agha ni Mapungubwe National Park, Venetia Limpopo Nature Reserve, Limpopo Valley Conservancy, Mapesu Private Game Reserve, Mogalakwena Game Reserve, Vhembe Game Reserve, na minda yinyake yichoko. Malo ghose agho ghazamuzengeka ghazamuŵa mahekitala 256,100 panji 53% gha malo ghose gha Greater Mapungubwe Transfrontier Conservation Area. Charu cha Botswana chili na malo ghakuchemeka Northern Tuli Game Reserve, agho ghali na malo ghakukwana 71,173 ha. Mu cigaŵa caciŵiri, malo agha ghakwenera kusazgikira comene cifukwa ca kulima minda ya Central Tuli na Shashe CCA. Kweniso chigaŵa icho chili kufuma ku tawuni ya Mathathane North m'paka ku Kobojango na ku Mlonga wa Shashe nacho chizamuŵa chigaŵa cha GMTFCA. Pafupifupi, boma la Botswana likwenera kovwirapo pa mulimo wa TFCA pa malo ghakukwana 135,000 ha, panji kuti 28 peresenti ya malo ghose gha Greater Mapungubwe Transfrontier Conservation Area. Malo gha Sentinel Ranch, Nottingham Estate na Tuli Circle Safari Area ni malo agho Zimbabwe yikovwira ku GMTFCA. Mu chigaŵa chachiŵiri, malo gha Maramani, Machuchuta na Hwali Wildlife Management Areas nagho ghangaŵamo, ndipo ichi chikovwira kuti chigaŵa cha Greater Mapungubwe Transfrontier Conservation Area icho Zimbabwe yikupeleka chiŵe na malo ghakukwana mahekitala 96,000 panji 19%.
Vyakulemba
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Kuwukira kwa Maji Maji
Kuwukira kwa Maji Maji (Maji-Maji-Aufstand, Vita vya Maji Maji), nkhondo iyi yikacitika pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakalondezganga visambizgo vya cisopa ca Ciisilamu na vyakusanguluska. Nkhondo iyi yikamba cifukwa ca ndyali za ku Germany izo zikakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ici ŵambe kulima makuni gha katoni. Nkhondo iyi yikamara mu 1905 m'paka 1907, ndipo ŵanthu pakati pa 75,000 na 300,000 ŵakafwa na njara.
Pakati pajumpha vyaka vya m'ma 1880, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Europe ŵakamba kulimbana na ŵasilikari ŵa ku Africa. Vyaru ivi vikaŵa German East Africa (Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi, na vigaŵa vinyake vya Mozambique), German Southwest Africa (sono ni Namibia), Cameroon, na Togo (sono Ghana na Togo). Ŵasilikari ŵa German ŵakaŵa na mazaza ghacoko comene pa vyaru vya German East Africa. Ndipouli, ŵakasungilira vigongwe vinandi mukati mwa caru cawo. Pakuti ŵakakhozga yayi ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi, ŵakamba kuŵasuzga. Ici cikapangiska kuti ŵalongozgi ŵakumanyikwa ŵa ŵakugaluka nga ni Susiye Baoka ŵadangilire nkhondo za ŵasilikari, comenecomene ŵakalongozgekanga na ndondomeko ya bolasuka. Ndondomeko ya Bolasuka yikapambika makora.
Mu 1898, boma la Germany likapeleka msonkho pa munthu waliyose ndipo ŵanthu ŵakagwiranga nchito mwakucicizgika pakuzenga misewu na milimo yinyake. Mu 1902, Von Götzen wakaphalira ŵanthu ŵa mu mizi kuti ŵalimenge katoni. Msumba uliwose ukapika mulimo wa kupanga thonje. Ŵalongozgi ŵa muzi ndiwo ŵakalongozganga mulimo wa kupanga vyakurya.
Ŵanthu ŵakakondwa yayi na ivyo Ŵajamani ŵakachitanga, cifukwa vikawovwira comene ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha. Ŵanthu ŵakasintha mwaluŵiro. Ŵanalume na ŵanakazi ŵakasinthanga maudindo ghawo kuti ŵakolerane na ivyo ŵanthu ŵakukhumba. Pakuti ŵanalume ŵakafumanga mu nyumba zawo na kuluta ku ntchito, ŵanakazi nawo ŵakachitanga milimo yinyake ya ŵanalume. Kweniso cifukwa cakuti ŵanalume ŵakaŵa kutali, vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu muzi uwu ŵaleke kusanga vyakukhumbikwa pa umoyo. Mu 1905, mu cigaŵa ici mukaŵa chilangalanga. Vyose ivi, pamoza na kukana fundo za boma zakukhwaskana na vyakurya na ntchito, vikapangiska kuti mu Julayi, ŵanthu ŵakagalukire Ŵachijeremani.
Nkhondo iyi yikati yamara, kukaŵa njara yikuru (ukame).
Kuwukira
Awo ŵakalondezganga Bokero ŵakaŵa na vilwero viheni chomene, ndipo nyengo zinyake ŵakaŵanga na poyizoni. Ndipouli, ŵakaŵa ŵanandi comene ndipo ŵakagomezganga kuti ŵangapwetekeka yayi cifukwa vilwero vya Ŵajeremani vingazgoka maji. Ŵakafumanga mu vikaya vyawo uku ŵavwara mphonje za mphoza pa visko vyawo. Pakwamba, ŵakawukira malo ghacoko na kunanga makuni gha katoni. Pa Julayi 31, 1905, ŵanthu ŵa fuko la Matumbi ŵakiza ku Samanga na kuparanya munda wa katoni kweniso malo ghakuguliskirako. Kinjikitile ŵakamukora na kumupayika pa khuni chifukwa cha upusikizgi. Pambere wandakomeke, wakayowoya kuti wapharazga munkhwala wa kugaluka mu chigaŵa chose. Pa Ogasiti 14, 1905, ŵanthu ŵa mu fuko la Ngindo ŵakawukira ŵamishonale awo ŵakendanga pa safari. Ŵanayi wose, kusazgapo Bishop Spiss (bishopu wa Katolika wa ku Dar es Salaam) ŵakakomeka na mkondo.
Mwaluŵiro, mafuko gha Yao ghakamba kuchitako nkhondo iyi ndipo mu Ogasiti, ŵakugaluka aŵa ŵakafumako ku Matumbi Hills, kumwera kwa Tanzania, ndipo ŵakamba kuwukira ŵasilikari ŵa Germany. Pa Ogasiti 16, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Germany ŵakawukira msumba wa Ifakara, ndipo ŵakaparanya ŵasilikari ŵachoko waka ŵa ku Germany. Nangauli ŵasilikari ŵa kumwera ŵakaŵa ŵacoko comene (pakaŵa ŵasilikari 458 ŵa ku Europe na 588 ŵa ku malo agha), kweni ŵakaŵa na vilwero vyamahara. Ku Mahenge, ŵasilikari ŵanandi ŵa Maji Maji (awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Bokero yayi) ŵakaluta ku malo gha Ŵachijeremani, agho ŵakalweranga na Luteinanti Theodor von Hassel pamoza na ŵasilikari ŵakukwana 60, ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghaciŵiri, na futi ziŵiri. Mafuko ghaŵiri agha ghakakolerana yayi pa nyengo iyo ghakeneranga kuwukira ndipo ghakatondeka kukolerana. Ŵanthu ŵa mu fuko ili ŵakimilira kwa maminiti pafupifupi 15, ndipo pamanyuma ŵakafumapo. Pamanyuma pa kuwukira kwakwamba, gulu laciŵiri la ŵanalume 1,200 likafuma kumafumiro gha dazi. Ŵanyake awo ŵakaŵawukira ŵakendapo makilomita ghacoko waka kufuma apo ŵakakomekera.
Ŵabali ŵa Qadiriyya ŵakapharazga kuti ŵakurwa nkhondo ya Jihad kwimikana na Ŵachijeremani.
Apo ivi vikacitikanga, ŵanthu ŵa ku Ngoni ŵakamba kuwukira pamoza na ŵasilikari 5,000. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Gwangara Ngoni awo ŵakaŵa Ŵasilamu ŵakaŵa kuti ŵafika sonosono mu chigaŵa ichi. Ŵakafuma ku mtundu wa Ndwandwe uwo ukathereskeka na Ŵazulu mu 1818. Ŵasilikari ŵa Germany, awo ŵakaŵa na futi, ŵakafumako ku Mahenge na kuluta ku msasa wa Ngoni, uko ŵakawukira pa Okutobala 21. Ŵasilikari ŵa mtundu wa Ngoni ŵakafumapo, ŵakataya viŵiya vyawo vya munkhwala wa nkhondo na kuchemerezga kuti, "Maji ni utesi!" Nkhondo yikati yamba, Count Gustav Adolf von Götzen, kazembe wa German East Africa, wakapempha boma la Germany kuti limovwire. Mwaluŵiro Kaiser Wilhelm wakatuma ŵasilikari ŵake ŵaŵiri na ngaraŵa za nkhondo ku malo agha. Kweniso ŵabali ŵakwiza kufuma kutali chomene nga ni ku New Guinea. Mu Okutobala, apo ŵasilikari 1,000 ŵa ku Germany ŵakiza, Götzen wakawona kuti wangambiska nkhondo na kuwezgerapo bata kumwera.
Ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Germany ŵakakoma ŵanthu wose awo ŵakagaluka. Ŵasilikari ŵatatu ŵakanjira mu caru ca kumwera. Ŵakawotcha mizi, minda, na vyakurya vinyake ivyo ŵakugaluka ŵakaryanga. Ŵakagwiliskira nchito makora nkhongono zawo kuti ŵathereske ŵakugaluka. Ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Germany ŵakathereska ŵasilikari ŵa boma ili, ndipo ŵakathereska ŵasilikari ŵa boma ili. Kuzakafika mu Epulero 1906, kumwera kwa caru ici kukaŵa bata. Kweni ku malo ghanyake, nkhondo yikaŵa yankhongono comene. Munthu munyake uyo wakaŵa pasi pa Lt. Gustav von Blumenthal (1879~1913, wakasungika ku Lindi) pamoza na munthu munyake wa ku Europe na Askari 46 ŵakakoleka apo ŵakendanga kufuma ku Songea kuya ku Mahenge. Ŵasilikari ŵa Germany ŵakaghanaghana kuti ŵajinthe misasa yawo ku Kitanda, uko Major Johannes, Lt. von Blumenthal, na Lt. von Lindeiner-Wildau ŵakakumana. Kufuma apo, Von Blumenthal ŵakamutuma ku mlonga wa Luwegu. Nkhondo ya kumafumiro gha dazi yikazgoka nkhondo ya ŵasilikari iyo yikalongozgera ku njara yikuru.
Mu Ogasiti 1907 pera ndipo ŵanthu ŵakamba kuwukira boma. Pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu 15 ŵa ku Germany na ŵasilikari 389 ŵakakomeka.
Ivyo vikachitika pamanyuma na ng'anamuro lake
Ŵanthu ŵakumanya mdauko ŵakuwona kuti chigaluka cha Abushiri cha mu 1888-1889 na cha Wahehe cha mu 1891-1898 ndivyo vikambiska chigaluka cha Maji Maji. Ŵanthu ŵa Maji Maji ŵakasuzgika chomene mu kumwera kwa Tanzania. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakafwa panji kusama. Nkhondo yikati yamara, boma la ku mpoto likasintha vinthu vinyake, ndipo apo Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose yikambanga, Tanganyika yikaŵa pakati pa vyaru vya ku Europe ivyo vikaŵa makora kulamulirika. Kugaluka uku kukaŵa kwapadera comene mu mbiri ya cigaŵa ici. Mulembi munyake wa nyuzipepara, John Gunther, wakayowoya mu 1953 kuti: "Nanga ni sono nthena, chigaŵa cha Tanganyika, icho chikachemekanga 'Cinderella Province,' nchicoko comene kuti cimazge wofi uwo ukaŵapo pakati pa Ŵayuda na Ŵayuda. Vinthu vikwenda makora yayi pa nkhani ya ndalama". Pamanyuma, ŵanthu ŵa ku Tanzania ŵakagwiliskira ntchito chiphikiro ichi kuti ŵalongore umo ŵanthu ŵa ku Tanzania ŵakachitiranga pakwamba.
Ŵakulemba mdauko ŵakususka fundo iyi ndipo ŵakuti kugaluka uku kukaŵa kwa ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana. Ŵalongozgi ŵa Ciungoni awo ŵakaŵa Ŵasilamu, ŵakaphalirika kuti ŵabapatizike. Ŵanthu ŵanandi mu cigaŵa ici ŵakawonanga kuti cigaluka ici cikaŵa cimoza mwa nkhondo izo zikacitika kale comene pambere Ŵaciroma ŵandambe kuwukira cigaŵa ici. Ŵakuyowoya kuti magulu ghanyake ghakolerana na Ŵachijeremani kuti ŵafiske vilato vyawo.
Ukaboni
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