cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Davies Chama
Umoyo wake
Mu Seputembala 2016 Chama wakasankhika kuŵa Minister of Defence mu boma liphya la President Edgar Lungu. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo, wakimikikaso kuŵa muteŵeti wa Nyumba ya Ufumu.
Ukaboni
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Conca de Dalt
Conca de Dalt ni muzi uwo ukusangika mu chigaŵa cha Lleida mu malo ghakulu gha Catalonia mu charu cha Spain.
Willendorf an der Schneebergbahn
Willendorf an der Schneebergbahn ni msumba mu boma la Lower Austria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Coll de Nargó
Coll de Nargó ni muzi uwo ukusangika mu chigaŵa cha Lleida mu malo ghakulu gha Catalonia mu charu cha Spain.
Wimpassing im Schwarzatale
Wimpassing im Schwarzatale ni msumba mu boma la Lower Austria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Windigsteig
Windigsteig ni msumba mu boma la Lower Austria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Winklarn, Austria
Winklarn, Austria ni msumba mu boma la Lower Austria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Clariana de Cardener
Clariana de Cardener ni muzi uwo ukusangika mu chigaŵa cha Lleida mu malo ghakulu gha Catalonia mu charu cha Spain.
Ciutadilla
Ciutadilla ni muzi uwo ukusangika mu chigaŵa cha Lleida mu malo ghakulu gha Catalonia mu charu cha Spain.
Cervera
Cervera ni muzi uwo ukusangika mu chigaŵa cha Lleida mu malo ghakulu gha Catalonia mu charu cha Spain.
Els Omellons
Els Omellons ni muzi uwo ukusangika mu chigaŵa cha Lleida mu malo ghakulu gha Catalonia mu charu cha Spain.
Winzendorf-Muthmannsdorf
Winzendorf-Muthmannsdorf ni msumba mu boma la Lower Austria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Enoch Kavindele
Enoch P. Kavindele (wakababika pa 7 Julayi 1950) ni munthu wa bizinesi na ndyali wa ku Zambia uyo wakaŵa vice president wa 7 wa Zambia kufuma mu 2001 mpaka 2003.
Umoyo wake
Kavindele wakamba bizinesi yake mu ma 1970 apo wakambiska kampani ya Woodgate Holdings. Wakaŵa yumoza wa United National Independence Party (UNIP) ndipo wakasankhika ku National Assembly mu chigaŵa cha Chingola mu 1987 mu ma by-election. Mu 1991 wakayezga kuti Kenneth Kaunda ndiyo waŵe mulongozgi, kweni wakafumapo chifukwa cha kutondeka kukhozgeka. Wakaŵa mulongozgi wa UNIP mu Chingola mu ma 1991 general elections, kweni wakathereskeka na Ludwig Sondashi wa Movement for Multi-Party Democracy (MMD). Mu 1992, wakafumako ku UNIP na kwamba United Democratic Party, iyo yikasanga vithuzi vinandi mu mipingo. Ndipouli, pamanyuma pake wakawuskapo chipani ici caka cakulondezgapo na kunjira mu MMD.
Chisankho chinyake chikachitika mu Chingola mu 1995 pamanyuma pakuti Sondashi wafumako ku chipani cha National Party ndipo Kavindele wakasankhika kuŵa mulongozgi wa MMD. Wakati watonda pa mavoti 86%, wakazgoka mphala ya malango. Wakalutilira kukhala pa mpando uwu mu ma 1996 na ŵanthu 14,000. Pamanyuma pake wakasankhika kuŵa nduna ya sayansi na vyakupangapanga. Mu 1997, wakasankhika kuŵa nduna ya vya malonda. Kweni mu Seputembala 1998, ŵakamulekeska nchito.
Kavindele wakasankhika kuŵa Minisita wa vyaumoyo mu chaka cha 2000, udindo uwo wakachita mpaka apo wakasankhika kuŵa Vice-President mu chaka cha 2001 na President Frederick Chiluba. Mu mavoti gha December 2001 wakimilira nga ni MMD mu Kabompo West. Wakathereska mphala ya malango Daniel Kalenga ndipo wakasankhika na unandi wa 1,756. Wakafumiskika pa udindo wa Vice-President na President muphya Levy Mwanawasa mu mwezi wa Meyi 2003.
Pambere mavoti gha 2006 ghandambe, Kavindele wakasankhika yayi nga ni munthu wa MMD wa Kabompo West ndipo wakasintha na Daniel Kalenga uyo wakaŵa mulwani wake. Wakathereskeka na Kalenga na mavoti ghakujumpha 2,000.
Kavindele wakazgoka Chairman wa North-Western Railway Company.
Ukaboni
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Els Omells de na Gaia
Els Omells de na Gaia ni muzi uwo ukusangika mu chigaŵa cha Lleida mu malo ghakulu gha Catalonia mu charu cha Spain.
Wölbling
Wölbling ni msumba mu boma la Lower Austria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Wolfpassing
Wolfpassing ni msumba mu boma la Lower Austria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Wolfsbach, Lower Austria
Wolfsbach, Lower Austria ni msumba mu boma la Lower Austria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Botswana
Botswana (Land of the Tswana;, kweneso ),mwaboma, Charu cha Botswana, ni chalo icho chili ku Southern Africa. Charu cha Botswana chili pa malo ghapachanya chomene, ndipo pafupifupi 70 peresenti ya chigaŵa chake ni mapopa gha Kalahari. Charu ichi chili kumafumiro gha dazi na kumwera kwa South Africa, kumanjiliro gha dazi na kumpoto kwa Namibia, na kumpoto kwa Zimbabwe. Mlonga wa Kazungula ndiwo ukuwovwira kuti charu cha Zambia chiŵe pa mtende.
Mu charu ichi muli ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 2.3 miliyoni. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tswana ndiwo ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa ichi. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 11.6 pa 100 ŵaliwose ŵakukhala mu msumba ukuru wa Gaborone. Kale yikaŵa yimoza mwa vyaru vikavu comene pa caru capasi, ndipo paumaliro wa m'ma 1960, GDP ya munthu yumoza yikaŵa pafupifupi madola 70 pa caka.
Esterri d'Àneu
Esterri d'Àneu ni muzi uwo ukusangika mu chigaŵa cha Lleida mu malo ghakulu gha Catalonia mu charu cha Spain.
Botswana
Ŵanthu ŵa mazuŵa ghano ŵakamba kukhala mu charu ichi vyaka vyakujumpha 200,000 ivyo vyajumpha. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tswana ŵakafuma ku mafuko agho ghakalongosoranga chiyowoyero cha Bantu, agho ghakasamukira kumwera kwa Africa ku Botswana cha m'ma 600 C.E., ndipo ŵakakhalanga mu vikaya vya mafuko. Mu 1885, Ŵanung'una ŵakamba kulamulira chigaŵa ichi ndipo ŵakachilongora kuŵa chigaŵa chakulongozgeka na boma la Bechuanaland. Apo boma la Bechuanaland likaleka kulamulira charu ichi, likazgoka charu chakujiyimira paŵekha pa 30 Seputembala 1966. Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, charu ichi chili na wanangwa wakusankha ŵanthu, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuchita makora pa nkhani ya chisopa.
Vinthu vikuru chomene mu charu ichi ni migodi, viŵeto, na vyakusanguluska. Dziko la Botswana lili na GDP (purchasing power parity) pa munthu yumoza ya $18,113 pa chaka cha 2021, yimoza mwa vyaru vyapachanya chomene mu Africa. Charu cha Botswana ndicho chikupanga dayamondi zinandi chomene pa charu chose. Ndalama izo charu ichi chikusanga pa munthu yumoza (ndipo ni chachinayi pa vyaru vyose vya mu Africa) zikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵakhalenge makora kweniso kuti chiŵe na ndandanda ya ŵanthu awo ŵakukura chomene mu vyaru vya ku Africa (panyuma pa Gabon na South Africa). Dziko la Botswana ndilo dziko loyamba ku Africa kulandira Forbes 30 Under 30 ndi 2017 Netball World Youth Cup.
Charu cha Botswana chili mu wupu wa Southern African Customs Union, Southern African Development Community, Commonwealth of Nations, na United Nations. Caru ici cikakhwaskika comene na nthenda ya HIV na AIDS. Mu 2002, charu cha Botswana ndicho chikaŵa chakwamba kupeleka munkhwala wakukoma majeremusi. Nangauli pakaŵa ndondomeko zakovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵamanye makora matenda agha, kweni chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa na nthenda iyi chikakwera kufuma pa 290,000 mu 2005 kufika pa 320,000 mu 2013.:A20 Mu 2014, charu cha Botswana ndicho chikaŵa na nthenda iyi pa charu chose. Ndipouli, mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, caru ici caŵa na suzgo la HIV na AIDS.
Kwiza kwa zina
Zina la caru ici likung'anamura "Charu ca Ŵatswana". Dango la boma la Botswana likuzomerezga kuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tswana ŵaŵe ŵakukolerana. Pakwamba ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Batswana ndiwo ŵakachemekanga Ŵatswana. Ndipouli, lizgu ili likuyowoyaso za ŵanthu wose ŵa ku Botswana.
Mbili yakwamba
Ivyo ŵanthu ŵakufukura vinthu vyakale ŵali kusanga vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakukhala mu charu cha Botswana vyaka pafupifupi 2 miliyoni. Viŵiya vya malibwe na vyamoyo vinyake vyalongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vyose vya charu ichi vyaka pafupifupi 400,000 ivyo vyajumpha. Mu Okutobala 2019, ŵasayansi ŵakayowoya kuti ŵanthu wose ŵa mazuŵa ghano ŵakababikira ku Botswana vyaka pafupifupi 200,000 ivyo vyajumpha.
Vinyalala vya Domboshaba Vili na linga la malibwe (pachanya) na mbale ya dongo (pasi)
Wolfsthal
Wolfsthal ni msumba mu boma la Lower Austria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Botswana
Mbili yakwamba
Tikumanya makora yayi apo ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero cha Bantu ŵakambira kusamira ku charu ichi kufuma kumpoto, nangauli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugomezga kuti ŵakafika mu 600 C.E. Mu nyengo iyi, ŵasekuru ŵa ŵanthu awo sono ŵakuchemeka Kalanga ŵakasamira ku vigaŵa ivyo sono vili kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi kwa caru ici. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vya Zimbabwe kweniso vya Mapungubwe, ndipo chakuzirwa chomene pa vigaŵa ivi ni vya Domboshaba, malo agho ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu nyengo ya Great Zimbabwe (1250-1450 C.E.), ndipo ghakaŵa na viliŵa vya malibwe vyakudika mamita 1.8. Malo agha ghakaŵa ghakuchindikika na ŵanthu ŵa mu chigaŵa ichi ndipo ŵanthu ŵakugomezga kuti mulongozgi uyu wakakhalanga pachanya pa phiri pamoza na ŵateŵeti ŵake. Vyaru ivi vikaŵa kuwaro kwa vigaŵa ivyo sono ni Botswana, ndipo vikuwoneka kuti vikaŵa na viŵeto vikuru comene mu malo agho sono ni Central District. Malo ghakurughakuru agha ghakakhalanga makora m'paka mu 1300 C.E. ndipo ghakawoneka kuti ghakamara apo msumba wa Mapungubwe ukaparanyikira. Mu nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakayowoyanga Chitswana, awo ni Bakgalagadi, ŵakasamira kumwera kwa Kalahari. Ŵanthu wose aŵa ŵakendanga mu nthowa za malonda izo zikendanga kufuma ku Limpopo River kuluta ku Indian Ocean, ndipo katundu wa ku Asia nga ni mphete wakendanga m'paka ku Botswana, panyake kuti ŵakapokeranga njovu, golide, na masengwe.
Nyengo iyo ŵasekuru ŵa ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya Chitswana ŵakambira kulamulira chigaŵa ichi, yikumanyikwa makora yayi. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bakwena, awo ŵakalongozgekanga na mulongozgi wakumanyikwa chomene zina lake Kgabo II, ŵakanjira kumwera kwa Kalahari mu 1500 C.E., ndipo ŵanthu ŵake ŵakachimbizga ŵanthu ŵa Bakgalagadi kumanjiliro gha dazi mu mapopa. Pakati pajumpha vyaka, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Bakwena ŵakasamira mu vigaŵa vinyake. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Bangwaketse ŵakakhalanga kumanjiliro gha dazi, apo ŵa ku Bangwato ŵakasamira kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi mu vigaŵa ivyo kale vikaŵa vya Kalanga. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yicoko waka, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bangwato awo ŵakamanyikwanga na zina lakuti Batawana ŵakasamukira ku Okavango Delta, panyake mu ma 1790.
Effects of the Mfecane and Batswana-Boer Wars
Mabuku ghakwambilira ghakulongosora vya charu cha Botswana ghakalembeka mu 1824. Ivyo vikalembeka apa vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bangwaketse ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵankhongono comene mu cigaŵa ici. Mu muwuso wa Makaba II, ŵanthu ŵa ku Bangwaketse ŵakasunganga viŵeto vinandi mu malo gha mu mapopa agho ghakaŵa ghakuvikilirika. Pa nyengo iyi, mafumu ghanyake gha mu chigaŵa ichi ghakaŵa na ŵanthu 10,000 ndipo ghakaŵa na vinthu vinandi. Mu nyengo ya Mfecane, mu 1823-1843, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku South Africa ŵakanjira mu charu ichi. Nangauli Ŵangwaketse ŵakathereska ŵasilikari ŵa Bakololo mu 1826, kweni nyengo yikati yajumphapo, ŵasilikari wose ŵa ku Botswana ŵakaŵawukira, ŵakaŵatimbanizga, na kuŵasuzga. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Bakololo na AmaNdebele ŵakaŵawukiranga kanandi waka na kutora ng'ombe zinandi, ŵanakazi, na ŵana kufuma ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Batswana. Kweni pamanyuma pa 1843, apo Ŵamandebele ŵakasamukira kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Zimbabwe, suzgo ili likamara.
Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1840 na 1850, ŵamalonda awo ŵakaguliskanga vinthu ku Cape Colony ŵakamba kwenda na ŵanthu ŵa ku Batswana. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Bakwena, Bangwaketse, Bangwato, na Batawana ŵakagwilira lumoza ntchito yakuguliska njovu, ndipo ndalama izo ŵakaguliskanga ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito pakuguliska mahachi na futi. Mu 1880, vinthu vikasintha chomene, ndipo Ŵabatswana ŵakamba kulamulira ŵanthu ŵa ku Bushmen, Kalanga, Bakgalagadi, na mitundu yinyake.
Pamanyuma pa ulendo uwu, ŵanthu ŵa ku Cape Colony ŵakamba kukhala ku mphaka za Botswana mu chigaŵa cha Transvaal. Mu 1852 gulu la mafumu gha ku Tswana ilo likaŵa na Sechele I, likathereska Ŵafrika pa Nkhondo ya ku Dimawe, ndipo pamanyuma pa vyaka 8, ŵakachita phangano la mtende ku Potchefstroom mu 1860. Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵakakolerana kuti paŵe mphaka pakati pa charu cha South Africa na Botswana, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku Afrika na ŵa ku Batswana ŵakaguliskana vinthu na kukolerana.
Mu 1884 Batawana, gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa mtundu wa Tswana awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Kgosi Moremi, ŵakathereska Ŵandebele awo ŵakanjira mu chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa charu cha Botswana. Nkhondo iyi yikapangiska kuti ufumu wa Ndebele uparanyike mu Zimbabwe.
Wöllersdorf-Steinabrückl
Wöllersdorf-Steinabrückl ni msumba mu boma la Lower Austria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Botswana
Effects of the Mfecane and Batswana-Boer Wars
Cifukwa ca mtende uwo ukaŵako pakati pa 1860 na 1880, malonda ghakalutilira kukura. Ŵamishonale Ŵacikhristu ŵakagwiliskira nchito mwaŵi uwu. Kuzakafika mu 1856, mu caru ici mukaŵa ŵa Lutheran na London Missionary Society. Kuzakafika mu 1880, mu muzi uliwose mukaŵa mishonale, ndipo ŵakamba kovwira ŵanthu. Khama III (1875-1923) ndiyo wakaŵa wakwamba kuzgora Chikhristu kuŵa chisopa cha boma. Pa nyengo ya Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose, Cikristu cikaŵa cisopa cakuzomerezgeka mu vyaru vyose.
Colonialism and the Bechuanaland Protectorate
Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo ya ku Africa, ufumu wa Germany na wa Britain ukakhumbanga malo gha Botswana. Pa ungano uwo ukachitikira ku Berlin, Britain likadumura kuti liŵike charu cha Botswana mu mawoko ghake kuti livikilire nthowa yakuya kumpoto. Mu Janyuwale 1885, boma la Zimbabwe likapoka chigaŵa cha Tswana na kutuma ŵasilikari ŵa Warren kumpoto kuti ŵakhozge chigaŵa ichi na kuphalira ŵalongozgi ŵa chigaŵa ichi kuti ŵapulikire ivyo Britain yikayowoya. Nangauli ŵakaŵa na wofi, kweni ŵakazomera.
Mu 1890, vigaŵa vya kumpoto kwa madigiri 22 vikaŵikamo chigaŵa chiphya cha Bechuanaland. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1890, chigaŵa chiphya ichi chikagaŵika mu vigaŵa vinkhondi na viŵiri, ndipo malo ghachoko waka ghakaŵa gha ŵanthu ŵatuŵa. Mu ma 1890, boma la Britain likaghanaghana vya kupeleka malo gha Bechuanaland ku British South Africa Company. Ndondomeko iyi yikaŵa pafupi kufiskika nangauli ŵalongozgi ŵa Tswana ŵakalomba kuti ŵalute ku England kuti ŵakasuske, kweni ŵakayichimbizga cifukwa ca kutondeka kwa nkhondo ya Jameson mu Janyuwale 1896. Mu 1910, apo charu cha South Africa chikapangika kufuma ku vyaru vikuruvikuru ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa Britain, vyaru ivi vikaŵamo yayi. Ndipouli, boma la Britain likamba kufumba ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu caru ici ivyo ŵakakhumbanga. Nangauli maboma gha ku South Africa ghakakhumbanga kuti malo agha ghaŵe pasi pa mazaza ghawo, kweni Britain wakalutilira kuchedwa. Boma la Britain likati lasankhika mu 1948, likambiska apartheid, ndipo charu cha South Africa chikati chafumamo mu wupu wa Commonwealth mu 1961, vikawovwira kuti charu cha Britain na vigaŵa vinyake vileke kukolerana na boma la South Africa.
Mu 1920, boma la Britain likakhazikiska mawupu ghaŵiri kuti ghamwimire ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa na ku Europe. Wupu wa African Council ukaŵa na ŵalongozgi 8 ŵa mafuko gha Tswana na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakasankhika. Mu 1934, pakaŵa malango ghakukhwaskana na muwuso wa mafuko. Mu 1951, wupu wakupeleka ulongozgi wa vyaru vya ku Europe na ku Africa ukapangika, ndipo mu 1961, dango la vyaru vya ku Africa likakhazikiska wupu wakupeleka fundo.
Independence
Mu Juni 1964, boma la United Kingdom likapokelera fundo yakuti ku Botswana kuŵe boma lakujiwusa. Mu Febuluwale 1966, ku London kukachitika ungano wa kujithemba. Mu 1965, boma la charu ichi likasamira ku Gaborone, kufupi na mphaka ya Botswana na South Africa. Kuyana na dango la mu 1965, caru ici cikaŵa na mavoti ghakwamba ndipo cikaŵa pa mtende pa 30 Seputembala 1966. Seretse Khama, mulongozgi wa gulu lakujiyimira pawekha na uyo wakakhumbanga kuwusa kwa Ngwato, wakasankhika kuŵa purezidenti wakwamba, ndipo pamanyuma wakasankhikaso kaŵiri.
Khama wakafwa mu 1980. Mubali Quett Masire ndiyo wakaŵa wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti, ndipo wakasankhika mu 1984 na kuwuskikaso mu 1989 na 1994. Masire wakafumapo pa udindo wake mu 1998. Wakalongozgeka na Festus Mogae, uyo wakasankhika mu 1999 na kuwuskikaso mu 2004. Mu 2008, Ian Khama (mwana wa purezidenti wakwamba) ndiyo wakalaŵiliranga boma ili. Pa 1 Epulero 2018 Mokgweetsi Eric Keabetswe Masisi wakalapizga kuŵa purezidenti wachisanu wa Botswana, wakunjira mu malo mwa Ian Khama. Wakwimira chipani cha Botswana Democratic Party, icho chawina mavoti ghanandi pa mavoti ghose kufuma apo charu chikapokera wanangwa. Mathemba ghose agho ghakaŵako pamanyuma pake ghakaŵa gha chipani cimoza.
Mu Disembala 1999, Khoti la pa Caru Cose likadumura mulandu uwo ukaŵa kuti wakhala nyengo yitali pa mphaka ya kumpoto na cigaŵa ca Caprivi ku Namibia. Khoti likadumura kuti cirwa ca Kasikili nchigaŵa ca Botswana.
Mu ma 1970, charu cha Botswana chikaŵa na mbiri ya kuŵa cimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vikupanga dayamondi zinandi pa caru cose. Mbiri iyi yikukhalilira m'paka sono, cifukwa nchito ya migodi ya dayamondi ya ku Botswana njimoza mwa nchito zikuru comene pa caru cose. Mu Botswana, migodi ya Jwaneng njakusambazi comene kuluska yose.
Makhalilo
Botswana ni chalo cikuru comene pa vyaru vyose pa caru capasi. Charu ichi chili nga ni Madagascar panji France. Charu ichi chili pakati pa latitude 17° na 27° kumwera, ndipo longitude 20° na 30° kumafumiro gha dazi.
Charu cha Botswana chili pa mapiri ghatali chomene. Charu cha Botswana chili na chipalamba cha Kalahari icho chili na malo ghakukwana 70 peresenti. Ku mpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa charu ichi kuli dambo la Okavango Delta. Ku mpoto kwa charu ichi kuli Makgadikgadi Pan, malo ghakurughakuru gha mchere.
Mlonga wa Limpopo, uwo uli ku chigaŵa cha kumwera kwa Africa, uli mu chigaŵa cha Botswana. Mlonga wa Notwane ukupeleka maji ku msumba wa Gaborone. Mlonga wa Chobe uli kumpoto, ndipo ndiwo mphaka pakati pa Botswana na chigaŵa cha Zambezi ku Namibia. Mlonga wa Chobe ukukumana na Mlonga wa Zambezi pa malo ghakucemeka Kazungula (kung'anamura khuni lichoko la soseji, apo Sebitwane na fuko lake la Makololo ŵakambuka Mlonga wa Zambezi na kunjira mu Zambia).
Biodiversity and conservation
Mu charu cha Botswana muli vyamoyo vinandi. Padera pa vigaŵa vya mu mapopa, paliso vyakumera na malo ghanyake agho kuli viyuni. Kumpoto kwa charu cha Botswana kuli mtundu unyake ukuru wa ntcheŵe za ku Africa izo zili pafupi kumara. Mu chigaŵa cha Chobe, muli malo ghanandi chomene gha njovu za ku Africa. Malo agha ghali na malo ghakujumpha 11,000 km2 ndipo muli viyuni vyakukwana 350.
Malo ghakucemeka Chobe National Park na Moremi Game Reserve (mu Okavango Delta) ndigho ghakwendako ŵanthu ŵanandi. Malo ghanyake ghakusungirako nyama gha Central Kalahari Game Reserve agho ghali mu mapopa gha Kalahari mu chigaŵa cha Ghanzi; Makgadikgadi Pans National Park na Nxai Pan National Park ghali mu chigaŵa cha Central mu chigaŵa cha Makgadikgadi Pan. Malo ghakusungirako vinyama gha Mashatu ni gha ŵanthu ŵekha, ndipo ghali pa malo agho mukusangika milonga ya Shashe na Limpopo kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu cha Botswana. Malo ghanyake ghakusungirako vyamoyo ni malo ghakuchemeka Mokolodi Nature Reserve kufupi na Gaborone. Paliso malo ghanyake ghakupatulika nga ni Khama Rhino Sanctuary (kwa visko) na Makgadikgadi Sanctuary (kwa visko). Vyose viŵiri vili ku Central District.
Charu cha Botswana chili na masuzgo ghaŵiri, chilangalanga na kuzgoka mapopa. Vigaŵa vitatu pa vigaŵa vinayi vya ŵanthu na vinyama mu charu ichi vikuthemba pa maji gha pasi chifukwa cha chilangalanga. Kuzenga mabowo ghakunyang'amira na maji gha pasi pa mtunda kwachepeskako masuzgo gha chilangalanga. Mu Botswana, maji gha pa mtunda ngakusuzga chomene, ndipo kulimilira mu vyaru ivyo kuli maji ghachoko chomene. Mu vigaŵa vyakukwana 95% vya caru ici, viŵeto ndivyo vikovwira comene ŵanthu kusanga ndalama. Pafupifupi 71 peresenti ya malo gha mu caru ici ghakugwiliskirika nchito pa malo ghakuliskako viŵeto, ndipo ici ndico cikupangiska kuti caru ici ciŵe mapopa kweniso kuti dongo lileke kunangika.
Pakuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Botswana ŵakusanga chandulo na viŵeto, ŵakulutilira kupwelelera viŵeto. Kufuma mu 1966 m'paka mu 1991, viŵeto vikakura kufuma pa 1.7 miliyoni kufika pa 5.5 miliyoni.:64 Mwakuyana waka, ŵanthu ŵakusazgikira kufuma pa 574,000 mu 1971 kufika pa 1.5 miliyoni mu 1995, kusazgapo 161% mu vilimika 24. Pa mabanja ghose gha ku Botswana, 50% ghali na viŵeto. Para munthu wakugwiliskira ntchito malo ghakupwanthirapo panji mapopa, wakuŵa na masuzgo ghakuru. Vinthu vikunangikirathu chifukwa cha chilangalanga na kusintha kwa nyengo.
Ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya vya cilengiwa ŵakuyowoya kuti cigaŵa ca Okavango Delta cikuwomira cifukwa cakuti viŵeto vikuliska viŵeto vinandi. Deltha la Okavango ni limoza mwa malo ghakurughakuru gha nkhorongo mu charu cha Botswana.
Dipatimenti yakuwona vya nkhorongo yikamba kale kufiska ndondomeko ya kuwezgerapo vyakumera mu mizi ya ku Kgalagadi South, Kweneng North na Boteti. Kuŵaso na vyakumera vya ku malo agha kukovwira kuti charu chileke kunangika. Boma la United States nalo lacita phangano na boma la Botswana, kuŵapa ndalama zakukwana madola 7 miliyoni gha ku United States kuti ŵachepeske ngongoli ya boma la Botswana na madola 8.3 miliyoni. Fundo yakuti boma la United States lichepeskeko ngongoli ya charu cha Botswana njakuti charu ichi chiŵikengepo mtima pa kuvikilira malo. Charu ichi chikaŵa pa malo gha nambara 8.
Wupu wa United Nations Development Programme ukuti ukavu ndiwo ukupangiska kuti ku Botswana ŵanthu ŵagwiliskirenge nchito comene vinthu vyakuthupi. Kuti ivi visinthe, UNDP yikawovwira pa mulimo uwo ukambira ku Struizendam, kumwera kwa Botswana. Chilato cha ntchito iyi nkhusanga "vinjeru vya ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha na nthowa zawo zakwendeskera malo". Awo ŵakulongozga gulu ili ŵakwenera kuŵa ŵanthu ŵa mu cigaŵa ico, kuti ŵaŵakope, na kusazgirako mwaŵi wawo wa kusanga ndalama na kuchepeska ukavu. UNDP yikayowoyaso kuti boma likwenera kufiska ndondomeko izo zikovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵajilongozgenge ŵekha.
Boma na ndale
Dziko la Botswana ndilo lili na demokilase yakale comene pa caru cose. Ndondomeko ya malango ya boma la Botswana njakuti yikovwira ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi. Ndyali za Botswana zikuchitika mu ndondomeko ya chalo cha demokilase icho chili na vipani vinandi, apo purezidenti wa Botswana ni mutu wa chalo na mutu wa boma. Boma ndilo likuŵa na mazaza pa boma. Boma na Nyumba ya Malamulo ya ku Botswana ndivyo vili na mazaza gha kuzenga malango. Chisankho chaposachedwapa, cha khumi ndi chimodzi, chinachitika pa 23 October 2019. Kufuma waka apo boma la Botswana likapokera wanangwa wake, chipani cha Botswana Democratic Party ndicho chili na mazaza pa ndyali.
Dziko la Botswana lili pa malo 30 pa vyaru 167 mu 2021 Democracy Index (The Economist), kuluska Italy na Belgium, ndipo lili pasi pa Czech Republic. Ici cikaŵa cigaŵa caciŵiri pa vigaŵa vyose vya mu Africa, ndipo cikaŵa caciŵiri pa vigaŵa vyose vya mu Africa. Kuyana na ma V-Democracy indexes gha 2023, charu cha Botswana chili pa nambara 75 pa vyaru vyose pa charu chapasi ndipo chili pa nambara 12 pa vyaru vya mu Africa. Wupu wa Transparency International ukati, charu cha Botswana ndicho ntchakunanga chomene mu Africa.
Judiciary
Ŵeruzgi ŵakujiyimira ŵekha.
Likusazgapo makhoti gha ku Britain agho ghali na makhoti gha Magistrates Courts, High Court na Court of Appeal. Khoti Likuru la ku Ireland ni khoti likuru ilo lili na mazaza ghakupambanapambana ghakupulikizga milandu ya milandu ya milandu ya milandu ya wanangwa wa ŵanthu panji ya malango. Khoti la Apilu ndilo likupulikiska apilu. Mulongozgi wa khoti ili ni mulara wa ŵeruzgi.
Ŵeruzgi ŵakwimikika na pulezidenti wa Botswana mwakuyana na ulongozgi wa komiti ya vya malango.
Nangauli wupu wa mawoko wa ku Botswana waŵako kufuma mu 1997, kweni palije ukaboni wakuti ŵanthu ŵanyake nga mbanakazi ŵali kuchita makora pa nkhani ya malango.
List of chief justices of Botswana
Foreign relations and military
Pa nyengo iyo charu cha Botswana chikapokera wanangwa, chikaŵavya ŵasilikari. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Rhodesia na South Africa ŵakati ŵathereska ŵasilikari ŵa Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army na Umkhonto we Sizwe, ndipo mu 1977, ŵasilikari ŵa Botswana Defence Force (BDF) ŵakapangika. Pulezidenti ni mulara wa ŵasilikari ndipo wakusora wupu wakuvikilira ndipo sono BDF yili na ŵasilikari pafupifupi 60,000. Mu 2019, charu cha Botswana chikasaina phangano la UN lakukanizga vilwero vya nyukiliya.
Chifukwa cha kusintha kwa ndyali mu South Africa na mu chigaŵa ichi, maofesi gha BDF ghakovwira chomene pa nkhani ya kugega ulovi, kunozgekera masoka, na kusungilira mtende. Boma la United States ndilo likawovwira chomene kuti gulu la BDF likure. Boma la Botswana likapeleka wanangwa ku boma la United States kuti liwone usange lingakhazikiska msasa wa Africa Command (AFRICOM) mu caru ici.
Fulleda
Fulleda ni muzi uwo ukusangika mu chigaŵa cha Lleida mu malo ghakulu gha Catalonia mu charu cha Spain.
Botswana
Human rights
Ku Botswana, ŵanthu ŵakugonana ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha ŵakaŵa ŵambura kuzomerezgeka m'paka mu Juni 2019. Pa Juni 11 wa chaka chenechicho, Khoti Likuru ku Botswana likadumura kuti malango gha mu Criminal Code ghakaŵa ghambura kuzomerezgeka.
Ku Botswana, ŵanthu awo ŵakukoma munthu ŵakulangika na kukakika.
Wupu wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu wa ku Botswana, Ditshwanelo, ukakhazikiskika mu 1993.
Administrative divisions
Maboma 10 gha Botswana ni agha:
Wolkersdorf im Weinviertel
Wolkersdorf im Weinviertel ni msumba mu boma la Lower Austria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Botswana
Administrative divisions
Botswana's councils created from urban or town councils are: Gaborone City, Francistown, Lobatse Town, Selebi-Phikwe Town, Jwaneng Town, Orapa Town and Sowa Township.
Chuma
Kufuma apo charu cha Botswana chikapokera wanangwa wake, ndalama izo munthu waliyose wakasanganga zikakura mwaluŵiro chomene pa charu chose. Dziko la Botswana lasintha kufuma ku kuŵa limoza la vyaru vikavu comene pa caru cose kuya ku kuŵa caru ca ŵanthu awo ŵali na ndalama zinandi. GDP ya munthu yumoza yikakura kufuma pa $1,344 mu 1950 kufika pa $15,015 mu 2016. Nangauli charu cha Botswana chikaŵa na vinthu vinandi, kweni chikaŵa na ndondomeko yiwemi iyo yikawovwira kuti ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakasanganga mu charu ichi ziweleremo. Kuyana na umo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoyera, charu ichi chili pa nambara 4 pa vyaru ivyo vili na ndalama zinandi chomene pa charu chose cha Africa. Unduna wa vya Malonda na Makampani wa ku Botswana ndiwo ukukhwimiska bizinesi mu caru cose. Wupu wa International Monetary Fund ukati kufuma mu 1966 m'paka mu 1999, ciŵelengero ca cuma cikakuranga na ciŵelengero cakujumpha 9% pa caka. Kuyana na vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa, charu cha Botswana chili na wanangwa wa vinthu vinandi. Boma likalutilira na ndyali yiwemi, nangauli mu 2002 na 2003, ŵakaŵavya ndalama zakukwana. Charu ichi chili na ngongoli zinandi chomene mu Africa ndipo chili na ndalama zakukwana madola ghakujumpha 7 biliyoni mu 2005/2006.
Ndondomeko ya malango yikulongosora kuti makhoti ghaŵe ghakujiyimira payekha, ndipo boma likuchindika fundo iyi. Dango ili ndakukwana kuti ŵanthu ŵagwirenge makora nchito za malonda, nangauli milandu yinandi yikuŵa yakusuzga kuti ŵeruzgike. Kuvikilira wanangwa wa vinjeru kwaŵa makora comene. Charu cha Botswana chili pa malo ghaciŵiri kufuma ku South Africa mu vyaru vya ku sub-Saharan Africa mu 2014 International Property Rights Index.
Nangauli boma la Botswana likuzomerezga ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake kuti ŵachiteko vinthu vinyake mu charu ichi, kweni ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuchitako yayi. Kuwonjezeka kwa ndalama zakunja kuli na nchito yikuru pa vyamalonda vya boma. Malango gha vya ndalama ghakwendera makora, ndipo ndondomeko za maburoko yikwenda makora, nangauli yikuchedwa. Ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakuguliska nga ni ndalama izo ŵakusanga, ngongoli, ndalama izo ŵakusanga, katundu uyo munthu wakuŵa nayo, malipiro agho munthu wakupeleka, na ndalama izo munthu wakulipira pakuchita malonda, zingawezgeka kwambura mphaka.
Charu cha Botswana chikuguliska mafuta na magesi kufuma ku South Africa. Pali magesi ghanyake agho ghakufuma mu malasha.
Mayendelo
Pa ungano wa SONA 2020 ŵakayowoya kuti ku Botswana kuli misewu yinandi ya makilomita 31,747 (19,727 mi). Pa mtunda uwu, makilomita 20,000 (12,000 mi) ghali na misewu. Makilomita ghakukwana 11,747 (7,299 mi) agho ghalipo ghalije misewu. Mtunda wa msewu ukuwoneka mu makilomita ndipo chiŵelengero cha msewu chikuwoneka mu makilomita pa ora (kph) panji na chimanyikwiro cha chiŵelengero cha msewu (NSL). Magulu ghanyake gha magalimoto ghali na mphaka zakusazgikira izo zikulondezgeka na mphaka za luŵiro.
Ndalama
Mu vyaru vinandi muli mabungwe ghanandi gha vya ndalama, ndipo ndalama za penshoni na mabanki ni vyakuzirwa comene. Mabanki ghalutilira kuŵa na phindu, ndalama zinandi, ndiposo ghakwenda makora, cifukwa cakuti ndalama za caru zikukura ndiposo msonkho ngukuru. Banki ya ku Botswana ndiyo njakovwira. Ndalama za mu charu ichi ni pula.
Ndondomeko ya banki ya ku Botswana njimoza mwa ndondomeko zakupambanapambana mu Africa. Pakuti boma likulondezga fundo za pa caru cose pa nkhani ya kujilongora makora pa nkhani za ndalama na kulaŵilira mabanki, likovwira kuti ŵamalonda ŵasange ngongoli. Banki ya Capital Bank yikajulika mu 2008. Mu Ogasiti 2015, mu charu ichi mukaŵa mabanki ghanandi. Boma likucitako nchito ya banki kwizira mu mabungwe gha boma na ndondomeko yapadera yakovwira ŵanthu kusanga ndalama. Ngongoli zikupelekeka mwakuyana na umo vinthu viliri pa msika, kweni boma likupeleka ngongoli zakovwira. Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, mabungwe gha vya ndalama agho ghakusanga ndalama yayi ghalutilira kunozgekera, comenecomene kwizira mu wupu umoza uwo ukuwona vya ndalama. Boma lafumiskapo malango ghakwendeskera ndalama za boma, ndipo chifukwa cha ivi, mabungwe ghanyake ghakwendeska ndalama, ndipo kampani ya Botswana Stock Exchange yikukura.
Gemstones and precious metals
Ku Botswana, Dipatimenti ya Migodi na Vinthu Vyakuthupi (Department of Mines and Mineral Resources, Green Technology and Energy Security) iyo yikulongozgeka na Hon Sadique Kebonang ku Gaborone, yikusunga vinthu vyakukhwaskana na migodi mu caru cose. Debswana, kampani yikuru comene ya migodi ya dayamondi iyo yikugwira nchito mu Botswana, yili na ndalama 50 pa 100 za boma. Makampani gha migodi ghakupeleka ndalama pafupifupi 40% ku boma. Mu 2007, ŵanthu ŵakasanga usambazi unandi wa uranium, ndipo ŵakaghanaghananga kuti usambazi uwu wambenge kusangika mu 2010. Makampani ghakupambanapambana gha migodi gha ku vyaru vinyake ghaŵa na maofesi ghawo mu Botswana, ndipo ghakupenja dayamondi, golide, uranium, mkuwa, na mafuta. Boma la Botswana likati mu 2009, lizamukhumba kuleka kugwiliskira ntchito malibwe gha dayamondi pa vinthu vyachuma.
Mu charu cha Botswana muli migodi yinandi chomene ya dayamondi. Mu 2013, ku Orapa ŵakaguliska dayamondi yakujumpha madola 1.6 biliyoni.
Creative industries
Ŵakuwona kuti mulimo wa vyamasalamusi pa nkhani ya vyachuma ukuzirwa comene. Wupu wa United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) ukulembapo manambara ghakukhwaskana na katundu uyo wakuguliskika ku vyaru vinyake na katundu uyo wakunjira mu vyaru vinyake. Wupu wa World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) wawovwira kunozga kafukufuku uyo wakulongora kuti pa charu chose pali makampani ghakujumpha 50. Kuyana na umo WIPO yikupangira, ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakupeleka ku vyamaseŵero vya kulenga zikupambana pakati pa 2% na 11% kuyana na caru.
Pakugwiliskira nchito ndondomeko ya WIPO, wupu wa Companies and Intellectual Property Authority (CIPA) na Botswana Institute for Development Policy Analysis ŵakalemba kafukufuku wakukhwaskana na vigaŵa vinyake mu 2019. Mu 2016, mafakitale a copyright adathandizira 5.46% ku phindu lowonjezera ndi 2.66% ku chiwerengero cha ogwira ntchito, 1.28% ku katundu ndi 3.47% ku katundu.
Ŵanthu
Mu 2012, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tswana ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵanandi chomene mu charu cha Botswana, ndipo ŵakakwananga 79% ya ŵanthu wose. Ŵanyake 7 peresenti mbanthu ŵa fuko la White Batswana/European Batswana, ŵa ku India, na mafuko ghanyake gha ku Southern Africa.
Ŵanthu ŵa mu chigaŵa ichi ni Bayei, Bambukushu, Basubia, Baherero, na Bakgalagadi. Ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵa ku India ŵali kufuma ku Mozambique, Kenya, Tanzania, Mauritius, na South Africa.
Since 2000, because of deteriorating economic conditions in Zimbabwe, the number of Zimbabweans in Botswana has risen into the tens of thousands.
Ŵanthu ŵambura kukwana 10,000 ŵa mtundu wa San ŵachali na umoyo wawo. Kwambira m'ma 1990, boma la Botswana likuyezga kufumiska Ŵasani mu malo ghawo. James Anaya, mu 2010, Mlembi Wapadera wa United Nations pa nkhani ya wanangwa wa ŵanthu na wanangwa wa ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha, wakalemba kuti para ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ŵatayika, ŵakusuzgika chomene. as a special example. Among Anaya's recommendations in a report to the United Nations Human Rights Council was that development programs should promote, in consultation with indigenous communities such as the San and Bakgalagadi people, activities in harmony with the culture of those communities such as traditional hunting and gathering activities.
Viyowoyelo
Chiyowoyero cha boma ku Botswana ni Chingelezi, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya Chisetswana. Mu Citswana, vilembo vyakwambilira ni vyakuzirwa comene kuluska mu viyowoyero vinyake vinandi, cifukwa Citswana ni ciyowoyero ca Bantu ndipo vili na mazina agho ghakulembeka na vilembo ivi. Zina mwa vinthu ivi ni Bo, ilo likung'anamura charu, Ba, ilo likung'anamura ŵanthu, Mo, uyo ni munthu yumoza, na Se, uyo ni chiyowoyero. Mwaciyelezgero, mtundu ukuru comene wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Botswana ni ŵa mtundu wa Tswana. Ŵanthu wose aŵa mba Batswana, munthu yumoza ni Motswana, ndipo chiyowoyero chawo ni Setswana.
Viyowoyero vinyake ivyo vikuyowoyeka mu Botswana ni Kalanga (Sekalanga), Sarwa (Sesarwa), Ndebele, Kgalagadi, Tswapong,! Mazgu agha ni Xóõ, Yeyi, ndipo mu vigaŵa vinyake, Afrikaans.
Chisopo
Ŵanthu pafupifupi 77% ŵa mu charu ichi ŵakuti Mbakhristu. Ŵakhristu ŵanandi ŵali mu tchalitchi la Anglican, Methodist, na United Congregational Church of Southern Africa. Mu caru ici muli mipingo ya ŵa Lutheran, Baptist, Roman Catholic, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Dutch Reformed Church, Mennonites, Seventh-day Adventists, na Ŵakaboni ŵa Yehova. Kuyana na kalembera wa mu 2001, mu caru ici muli Ŵasilamu pafupifupi 5,000 (ŵanandi ŵakufuma ku South Asia), Ŵahindu 3,000, na 700 ŵa cisopa ca Bahá'í. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 20 pa 100 ŵaliwose ŵalije chisopa.
Mwambo
Kuyana na chiyowoyero icho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya mu charu cha Botswana, lizgu lakuti Setswana likuyowoyeka kuti likulongosora umo ŵanthu ŵa ku Botswana ŵaliri. Ku Botswana, ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghanandi ŵakupokelerana munthowa zakupambana. Kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Batswana ŵafwatukane makora, ŵakuyowoyeskana mazgu ghakuti "Dumelang". Pa viphikiro nga ni Dikgafela, panji viphikiro vya nthengwa, ŵanakazi ŵa ku Batswana ŵakulongora kuti mbakukondwa para ŵakulira.
Literature and cinema
Mabuku gha ku Botswana ghali na malo ghake mu mabuku gha ku Africa. Mabuku gha mu Africa ghakumanyikwa cifukwa ca umo ghakulembera. Kulemba kwaŵako kwa nyengo yitali ku Botswana, kufuma ku nyengo ya kupenta malibwe, comenecomene mu mapiri gha Tsodilo, agho ghakumanyikwa kuti ghakaŵa na vyaka 20,000, mpaka lero.
Mazuŵa ghano, mu charu cha Botswana muli ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakulemba nkhani za mbiri, za ndyali, na zakukondweska. Ŵanyake mwa ŵanthu aŵa ni Bessie Head, uyo wakababikira ku South Africa ndipo wakakhalanga ku Serowe; Andrew Sesinyi; Barolong Seboni (uyo milimo yake yikusazgapo Images of the Sun, Screams and Pleas, Lovesongs, Windsongs of the Kgalagadi and Lighting the Fire, na mabuku ghanyake agho ghakusazgapo seŵero lakuti Sechele I, na Setswana Riddles Translated into English); Unity Dow, Galesiti Baruti; Caitlin Davies; Lauri Kubuetsile; Albert Malikongwa; Toro Mositi; na Moteane Melamu.
Vinthu vinandi ivyo Bessie Head wakalemba vikacitika mu msumba wa Serowe. Mufilimu ya When Rain Clouds Gather (1968), Maru (1971), na A Question of Power (1973) zose zili na nkhani iyi. Mabuku ghatatu agha ghakulongosora vya umoyo wa munthu. Mabuku agha ghakulongosora ivyo vikachitikira Maru apo wakakhalanga pa famu iyo ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga. Head wakafumiskaso nkhani zifupi zinandi, kusazgapo buku la The Collector of Treasures (1977). Wakalemba buku lakuti Serowe: Village of the Rainwind. Buku lake laumaliro, A Bewitched Crossroad (1984), ni buku la mdauko ilo likalembeka mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800. Kweniso wakalemba nkhani ya ntchimi ziŵiri, yumoza musambazi ndipo munyake mukavu, zina lake Yakobe: Wasembe Wakupembuzga na Cipulikano.
Mu 1981, filimu ya The Gods Must Be Crazy yikaŵa mu charu cha Botswana ndipo yikaŵa yakutchuka chomene pa charu chose. Mu 2000, filimu ya Disney ya Whispers: An Elephant's Tale yikaŵa mu charu cha Botswana. Pamanyuma, mu 2009, mabuku ghanyake gha M. Filimu ya Saravanan yakuchemeka Ayan, iyo yikaŵa mu chiyowoyero cha Tamil, yikaŵa mu charu cha Botswana.
Media
Ku Botswana kuli mawayilesi 6 gha TV, ndipo limoza mwa mawayilesi agha ni la boma (Botswana TV), pamoza na Now TV, Khuduga HD, Maru TV, Access TV na EBotswana. Pali mawayilesi ghankhondi (RB1, RB2, Duma FM, Gabz FM, na Yarona FM) na manyuzipepara 13 (Mmegi, Sunday Standard, The Telegraph, Business Weekly, The Botswana Gazette, The Voice, The Guardian, Echo, Botswana People's Daily, DailyNews, Tswana Times, Weekend Post, na The Monitor) agho ghakupharazga nyengo zose.
Wolfsgraben
Wolfsgraben ni msumba mu boma la Lower Austria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Esterri de Cardós
Esterri de Cardós ni muzi uwo ukusangika mu chigaŵa cha Lleida mu malo ghakulu gha Catalonia mu charu cha Spain.
Botswana
Visual arts
Ku chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa Botswana, ŵanakazi ŵa mu mizi ya Etsha na Gumare ŵakumanyikwa cifukwa ca luso lawo la kupanga vidunga kufuma ku khuni la mkama la Mokola na vyakununkhira vya mu malo agha. Vikwama ivi vikuŵa vyakupambanapambana mu mitundu yitatu: vikuruvikuru vyakudikanya ivyo ŵakugwiliskira nchito pakusunga vinthu, vikuruvikuru vyambura kujara ivyo ŵakugwiliskira nchito pakunyamura vinthu pa mutu panji pakupwantha tirigu, na viŵiya vichoko ivyo ŵakugwiliskira nchito pakupwantha tirigu. Vinthu ivi vikuŵa viwemi comene cifukwa ca mitundu iyo vikuŵa nayo kweniso umo vikupangikira.
Vithuzithuzi vyakale chomene vya ku Botswana na South Africa vikulongora ŵanthu ŵakuŵawuka, vinyama, na ŵanthu. Kung San/Bushmen) vyaka vyakujumpha 20,000 ivyo vyajumpha mu mapopa gha Kalahari.
Food
Vyakurya vya ku Botswana vikusazgapo nyama pakuti ku Botswana kuli viŵeto vinandi. Chakurya cha fuko ili ni seswaa, nyama yakufuma ku mbuzi panji nyama ya ng'ombe, Segwapa nyama yakomira, yakufuma ku nyama ya ng'ombe m'paka nyama ya nyama ya nyama. Vyakurya vya ku Botswana vikuyana waka na vyakurya vinyake vya ku Southern Africa.
Viyelezgero vya vyakurya vya ku Botswana ni: Bogobe, pap, boerewors, samp, Magwinya na mopane. Pakuphika chiŵiya ichi, munthu wakuŵika ufu wa sorghum, wa mbuto, panji wa mphoza mu maji ghakubilisa, wakuwuskamo viŵiya ivi na kuviphika pachokopachoko. Cakurya ico cikucemeka ting cikupangika para munthu wakusazgapo mkaka na shuga. Para mulije mkaka na shuga, nyengo zinyake tingaryeka pamoza na nyama panji mphangwe. Nthowa yinyake yakuphikira bogobe nkusazgako mkaka wakununkhira na mpunga. Cakurya ici cikucemeka tophi na fuko la Kalanga. Madila ni cakurya ca mkaka cakuyana na yogati panji sour cream.
Ŵanthu ŵakulima mphangwe zinandi, nga ni cowpeas, ditloo, na letlhodi. Vyakumera vinyake vikukura mu thengere ndipo vikusangika nyengo yiliyose, nga ni thepe na Delele (okra). Ku malo agha kuli vipasi vinandi, kusazgapo marula. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti tuyuni utu tukwiza kufuma ku Botswana. Pali mtundu unyake wa nyungu uwo ukulimikaso. Mitundu yinyake ya nyungu iyo yikusangika mu vigaŵa vya mu mapopa, njakuzirwa comene ku ŵanthu ŵa mu vigaŵa ivi. Boma la Kgalagadi Breweries Limited ndilo likupanga moŵa wakuchemeka St. Louis Lager, ndiyo njere yakwamba na yimoza pera ya ku Botswana iyo yikumanyikwa chomene mu charu ichi kwamba mu 1989, kweniso Keone Mooka Mageu, chakumwa chambura moŵa.
Sports
Bola ndilo ndakutchuka mu Botswana. Maseŵera ghanyake agho ŵanthu ŵakutemwa ni softball, cricket, tennis, rugby, badminton, handball, golf, na track and field. Dziko la Botswana ndi membala wa International Cricket Council. Mu 1991, charu cha Botswana chikaŵa mu wupu wa International Badminton Federation na African Badminton Federation. Wupu wa Botswana Golf Union ukupeleka maseŵero gha gofu agho ŵanthu ŵakuchita. Dziko la Botswana likapambana mendulo yakwamba ya Olimpiki mu chaka cha 2012 apo Nijel Amos wakathereska siliva mu mpikisano wa mamita 800. Mu chaka cha 2011, Amantle Montsho wakazgoka championship wa charu chose mu maseŵera gha mamita 400 ndipo wakatora mendulo yakwamba ya ku Botswana pa maseŵera gha pa charu chose. Kabelo Kgosiemang ni mulongozgi wa Africa katatu, Isaac Makwala ni mulongozgi wa mphinjika uyo wakumanya chomene maseŵero gha mamita 400, wakaŵa walongozgi wa golide pa maseŵero gha Commonwealth mu 2018, Baboloki Thebe wakaŵa walongozgi wa siliva mu maseŵero gha mamita 200 pa maseŵero gha Summer Youth Olympics mu 2014 ndipo wakafika ku semi-finals pa World Junior Championships mu 2014 pa maseŵero gha masamu, ndipo Ross Branch Ross, uyo wakwenda pa njinga, wali na nambala yimoza pa maseŵero gha South African Cross Country Championship ndipo wakathereska pa Dakar Rally. Letsile Tebogo wakimika chiphalizgano cha junior pa 100 metres na nyengo ya 9.94 pa 2022 World Athletics Championships.
Masambilo
Kufuma waka apo charu cha Botswana chikapokera wanangwa mu 1966, charu ichi chaluta panthazi chomene pa nkhani ya masambiro. Pa nyengo iyo, mu caru ici mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵacoko comene awo ŵakamalizga masambiro gha ku sekondare. Ku Botswana, chiŵerengero cha ŵanthu ŵakumanya kulemba na kulemba chikakwera kufuma pa 69% mu 1991 kufika pa 83% mu 2008. Pa vyaru vya ku Africa, charu cha Botswana ndicho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba. Kuyana na buku la The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency, mu 2015, ŵanthu 88.5% ŵa vyaka 15 kuya munthazi ŵakamanyanga kuŵazga na kulemba.
Cifukwa ca kusanga malibwe gha daimondi na kusazgikira kwa ndalama izo boma likasanganga, masambiro ghakasazgikira comene mu caru ici. Ŵasambiri wose ŵakasambizgika kwa vyaka 10, ndipo ŵakasambiranga sukulu ya Junior Certificate. Pafupifupi hafu ya ŵanthu awo ŵakusambira ŵakuluta ku sukulu za sekondare kwa vyaka viŵiri. Masambiro gha ku sekondare mu Botswana ngawanangwa yayi nesi ghakukakamizgika.
Para ŵafuma ku sukulu, ŵakusambira ŵangasambira ku sukulu yinyake pa sukulu zinkhondi na ziŵiri izo zili mu charu ichi, panji kusambira masambiro gha kusambizga panji unesi. Ŵana ŵa sukulu aŵa ŵakasambiranga pa yunivesite ya Botswana, yunivesite ya Botswana ya Agriculture and Natural Resources, yunivesite ya Botswana International University of Science and Technology, na ku Botswana Accountancy College ku Gaborone. Ŵasambiri ŵanyake ŵanandi ŵakuluta ku masukulu ghapachanya ghapachanya mu charu chose. Pa maunivesite agha pali Botho University, yunivesite yakwamba ya ŵanthu ŵekha mu charu ichi iyo yikupeleka masambiro gha ku sukulu ya Accounting, Business na Computing. Yunivesite yinyake ya pa caru cose ni Limkokwing University of Creative Technology iyo yikupeleka madigiri ghakupambanapambana mu vya Maluso. Masukulu ghanyake ghakusambizga vya masambiro ghapachanya ni Ba Isago, ABM University College, New Era, Gaborone Institute of Professional Studies, Gaborone University College of Law And Professional Studies etc. Ŵasambizgi ŵa sukulu za boma ŵacita vinandi comene kuti ŵasambizge makora ŵanthu. Ŵanandi mwa ŵana aŵa boma likuŵawovwira. Yunivesite yachiŵiri ya pa charu chose, ya Botswana International University of Science and Technology, yikamara ku Palapye mu 2011.
Vinthu vinandi ivyo vikachitika pa umoyo wa ŵanthu vikaŵa vyacilendo. Ŵasambizgi ŵa masukulu gha pulayimale ŵachalije ndalama zinandi, ndipo ŵakupokera malipiro ghambura kuyana na ŵasambizgi ŵa masukulu gha sekondare. Dipatimenti ya vya masambiro mu charu cha Botswana yikugwira ntchito yakuzenga malaibulale mu masukulu gha pulayimale pamoza na African Library Project. Boma la Botswana likugomezga kuti para lingaŵika ndalama zinandi pa masambiro, charu ichi chingaleka kuthemba chomene malibwe gha dayamondi. Vilato ivi vikulondezgeka kwizira mu ndondomeko ya masambiro gha maluso, iyo yili mu ndondomeko ya NPVET (National Policy on Vocational Education and Training). Boma la Botswana likugwiliskira nchito 21% ya ndalama zake pa masambiro.
Mu Janyuwale 2006, boma la Botswana likapharazga kuti liwezgerengepo ndalama zakusambizgira ŵana ŵa sukulu pamanyuma pa vyaka makumi ghaŵiri vya masambiro gha wanangwa wa boma nangauli boma likulutilira kupeleka masambiro ghakukwana na ndalama zakukwana zakukhala nazo ku munthu waliyose wa ku Botswana uyo wakusambira pa yunivesite.
Vinthu viphya na vya zeru
Dziko la Botswana likukhumba kugwiliskira nchito sayansi na vyakupangapanga kuti lisinthe vinthu pa nkhani ya vyachuma na kuchepeskako kugomezgeka kwake ku migodi ya dayamondi. Pa cifukwa ici, kufuma mu 2008, boma la Russia lazenga malo ghaŵiri ghakupambanapambana mu vigaŵa vya vyakurya, daimondi, luso, mendero, umoyo na masambiro.
Mu 2011, boma la Botswana likalemba ndondomeko yake ya kafukufuku, sayansi na vyakupangapanga. Ndondomeko iyi yikovwira kuti vinthu visinthe mwaluŵiro pa nkhani ya sayansi, charu chose, na kufiska vilato vya boma ivyo vili kulembeka mu mabuku ghapachanya, kusazgapo pulani ya 10 ya boma la Botswana yakukhwaskana na chitukuko m'paka mu 2016. Mu ndondomeko ya National Policy on Research, Science, Technology and Innovation (2011) muli chilato cha kukwezga ndalama zakwendeskera kafukufuku (R&D) kufuma pa 0.26% ya GDP mu 2012 kufika pa 2% ya GDP mu 2016. Chilato ichi chingafiskika mu nyengo yakutemeka pera usange boma lingasazgirako ndalama zakwendeskera kafukufuku. Nangauli ndalama izo ŵakuŵika pa kafukufuku ni zichoko, kweni mu charu ichi muli ŵasayansi ŵanandi chomene ku Africa kumwera kwa Sahara. Dziko la Botswana lili pa nambala 106 pa Global Innovation Index mu 2021, kufuma pa nambala 93 mu 2019.
Mu 2009, kampani ya Deaftronics, iyo yikugwira ntchito ku Botswana, yikamba kupanga munkhwala wakovwira kupulika. Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, Deaftronics yaguliska vinthu ivi vyakujumpha 10,000. Chiŵiya chilichose cha munkhwala uwu chikugulika pa mtengo wa madola 200 gha ku America. Vinthu ivi ni vyakudura viŵi yayi pakuyaniska na vinyake ivyo vikuŵa na mtengo wakugulira.
Estaràs
Estaràs ni muzi uwo ukusangika mu chigaŵa cha Lleida mu malo ghakulu gha Catalonia mu charu cha Spain.
Botswana
Vinthu viphya na vya zeru
Mu 2016, wupu wa Botswana Institute of Technology Research and Innovation (BITRI) ukapangiska chiyezgelero cha kufumiska nthenda ya foot and mouth mwakukolerana na wupu wa Botswana Vaccine Institute na Canadian Food Inspection Agency. Njira zakulongozgera matenda izo zilipo zikukhumbikwira ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa comene na vinthu vyapadera, ivyo vikupangiska kuti ndondomeko ya kucezga yilutilire.