cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
United States of America
Music
The rhythmic and lyrical styles of African-American music have significantly influenced American music at large, distinguishing it from European and African traditions. The Smithsonian Institution states, "African-American influences are so fundamental to American music that there would be no American music without them." Country music developed in the 1920s, and rhythm and blues in the 1940s. Elements from folk idioms such as the blues and what is known as old-time music were adopted and transformed into popular genres with global audiences. Jazz was developed by innovators such as Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington early in the 20th century. Known for singing in a wide variety of genres, Aretha Franklin is considered one of the all-time greatest American singers.
Elvis Presley and Chuck Berry were among the pioneers of rock and roll in the mid-1950s. Rock bands such as Metallica, the Eagles, and Aerosmith are among the highest grossing in worldwide sales. In the 1960s, Bob Dylan emerged from the folk revival to become one of the country's most celebrated songwriters. Mid-20th-century American pop stars such as Bing Crosby, Frank Sinatra, and Elvis Presley became global celebrities, as have artists of the late 20th century such as Prince, Michael Jackson, Madonna, Whitney Houston, and Mariah Carey. The musical forms of punk and hip hop both originated in the United States. American professional opera singers have reached the highest level of success in that form, including Renée Fleming, Leontyne Price, Beverly Sills, Nelson Eddy, and many others.
The United States has the world's largest music market with a total retail value of $4.9 billion in 2014. The American music industry includes a number of fields, ranging from record companies to radio stations and community orchestras. Most of the world's major record companies are based in the U.S.; they are represented by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).
Mass media
Internationally well-known U.S. newspapers include The Wall Street Journal, The New York Times, The Washington Post and USA Today. More than 800 publications are produced in Spanish, the second most commonly used language in the United States behind English. With very few exceptions, all the newspapers in the U.S. are privately owned, either by large chains such as Gannett or McClatchy, which own dozens or even hundreds of newspapers; by small chains that own a handful of papers; or, in a situation that is increasingly rare, by individuals or families. Major cities often have alternative newspapers to complement the mainstream daily papers, such as New York City's The Village Voice or Los Angeles' LA Weekly. The five most popular websites used in the U.S. are Google, YouTube, Amazon, Yahoo, and Facebook, with all of them being American companies.
Widely regarded as the birthplace of the modern video gaming industry, the United States is the world's second-largest video game market by revenue. Major publishers headquartered in the United States are Sony Interactive Entertainment, Take-Two, Activision Blizzard, Electronic Arts, Xbox Game Studios, Bethesda Softworks, Epic Games, Valve, Warner Bros., Riot Games, and others. There are 444 publishers, developers, and hardware companies in California alone.
Cuisine
Early settlers were introduced by Native Americans to such indigenous, non-European foods as turkey, sweet potatoes, corn, squash, and maple syrup. They and later immigrants combined these with foods they had known, such as wheat flour, beef, and milk to create a distinctive American cuisine. Homegrown foods are part of a shared national menu on one of America's most popular holidays, Thanksgiving, when many Americans make or purchase traditional foods to celebrate the occasion. The American fast food industry, the world's first and largest, is also often viewed as being a symbol of U.S. marketing dominance. Companies such as McDonald's, Burger King, Pizza Hut, Kentucky Fried Chicken, and Domino's Pizza among others, have numerous outlets around the world, and pioneered the drive-through format in the 1940s. Characteristic American dishes such as apple pie, fried chicken, doughnuts, french fries, macaroni and cheese, ice cream, pizza, hamburgers, and hot dogs derive from the recipes of various immigrants. Mexican dishes such as burritos and tacos and pasta dishes freely adapted from Italian sources are widely consumed.
American chefs have been influential both in the food industry and in popular culture. Some important 19th-century American chefs include Charles Ranhofer of Delmonico's Restaurant in New York, and Bob Payton, who is credited with bringing American-style pizza to the UK. Later, chefs Charles Scotto, Louis Pacquet, John Massironi founded the American Culinary Federation in 1930, taking after similar organizations across Europe. In the 1940s, Chef James Beard hosted the first nationally televised cooking show I Love to Eat. His name is also carried by the foundation and prestigious cooking award recognizing excellence in the American cooking community. Since Beard, many chefs and cooking personalities have taken to television, and the success of the Cooking Channel and Food Network have contributed to the popularity of American cuisine. Probably the best-known television chef was Julia Child who taught French cuisine in her weekly show, The French Chef. In 1946, the Culinary Institute of America was founded by Katharine Angell and Frances Roth. This would become the United States' most prestigious culinary school, where many of the most talented American chefs would study prior to successful careers.
Sports
The most popular spectator sports in the U.S. are American football, basketball, baseball, soccer, and ice hockey, according to a 2017 Gallup poll. While most major U.S. sports such as baseball and American football have evolved out of European practices, basketball, volleyball, skateboarding, and snowboarding are American inventions, some of which have become popular worldwide. Lacrosse and surfing arose from Native American and Native Hawaiian activities that predate European contact. The market for professional sports in the United States was roughly $69 billion in July 2013, roughly 50% larger than that of all of Europe, the Middle East, and Africa combined.
In international soccer, the men's national soccer team qualified for eleven World Cups, while the women's national team has won the FIFA Women's World Cup and Olympic soccer tournament four times each. The United States hosted the 1994 FIFA World Cup and will host the 2026 FIFA World Cup along with Canada and Mexico.
Further reading
Internet sources
Piet Tlou, Mpumalanga
Piet Tlou, Mpumalanga ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Nkangala District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Mpumalanga, charu cha South Africa.
Rietkuil, Mpumalanga
Rietkuil, Mpumalanga ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Nkangala District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Mpumalanga, charu cha South Africa.
Ogies
Ogies ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Nkangala District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Mpumalanga, charu cha South Africa.
Pullens Hope, Mpumalanga
Pullens Hope, Mpumalanga ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Nkangala District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Mpumalanga, charu cha South Africa.
Mhluzi, Mpumalanga
Mhluzi, Mpumalanga ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Nkangala District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Mpumalanga, charu cha South Africa.
Middelburg, Mpumalanga
Middelburg, Mpumalanga ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Nkangala District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Mpumalanga, charu cha South Africa.
Dalmanutha, Mpumalanga
Dalmanutha, Mpumalanga ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Nkangala District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Mpumalanga, charu cha South Africa.
Belfast, Mpumalanga
Belfast, Mpumalanga ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Nkangala District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Mpumalanga, charu cha South Africa.
Maxim Ivanchuk
Maxim Ivanchuk (wakababika mu Janyuwale 1983) ni dokotala wakumanyikwa wa vya ku Ukraine, wamalonda, kweniso wakovwira ŵanthu. Wakumanyikwa comene pa nkhani ya opareshoni, comenecomene cifukwa ca nthowa zake izo wakucita yekha. Dr. Ivanchuk wasintha umoyo wa ŵanthu ŵanandi, kuŵawovwira kuti ŵafiske vilato vyawo vya kutowa ndiposo kuŵawovwira kuti ŵaŵe na cigomezgo.
Iyo ni mweneko wa malo ghakucemeka Ivanchuk's Plastic Surgery Clinic. Wakateŵeterapo pa mauteŵeti ghanandi, kusazgapo kuŵa pulezidenti wa Ukraine Society for Surgery of the Hand, International Society of Reconstructive Microsurgery, na Ukraine Association of Plastic Surgery. Upharazgi wake ukaŵa wakuzirwa comene cifukwa wakaŵa pulofesa wa vyakucita pa Stanford University na pa University of California.
Maluso gha Ivanchuk na ivyo wakachita vikakondweska ŵanthu ŵanandi. Ivyo wakacita pakucita opareshoni ya mapulasitiki na kufwilirapo kuti ŵalwari ŵakhorwenge navyo, vikamovwira kuti waŵe na nkharo yiwemi.
Umoyo Wakwambilira na Masambiro
Ivanchuk wakababikira na kukulira ku Ukraine, ndipo wakamba kutemwa vyakurya na opareshoni kufuma waka pa wanichi. Apo wakaŵa na vyaka 12, wakamba kuwona umo ŵanthu ŵakuchitira opareshoni. Wakasambira vya munkhwala pa Yunivesite ya Kyiv Medical ndipo wakaluta ku Yunivesite ya Chiremba ya Pirogov ku Russia.
Ntchito
Ivanchuk wali na nchito yiwemi comene pakucita opareshoni ya majeremusi, ndipo waŵa na nkharo yiwemi comene. Iyo wali kovwira ŵalwari ŵakujumpha 5,000, ndipo wawovwira ŵanthu ŵanandi kuti ŵamanye uwemi wawo. Ivanchuk wakumanyikwa comene cifukwa ca kulemba buku lake la "Pioneer Procedures", ilo lili na nthowa zakupambanapambana zakucitira opareshoni. Nakuti palije dokotala munyake pa charu chose uyo wakuchita opareshoni iyi. Wakagwiliskiranga ntchito nthowa zakupambanapambana, nga ni kubenekelera chiŵegha, kuwuskamo mphonje za Venus, kuwuskamo mphonje mu singo, na kusona.
Ivanchuk ndiyo wakambiska ndipo ni mweneko wa Ivanchuk's Plastic Surgery Clinic, iyo yikugwira nchito mu malo ghaŵiri ghakuzirwa mu Kyiv, Ukraine, na Dubai, UAE. Pa malo agha, Dr. Ivanchuk wakulongozga gulu la ŵanthu ŵaluso ndipo wakulaŵilira milimo yakupambanapambana ya maso na thupi. Iyo wali na maopareshoni ghakujumpha 60, ndipo wakumanya makora umo wangachitira na malema agho munthu wali kubabika nagho kweniso agho munthu wakuŵa nagho. Ivanchuk wakuŵawovwira ŵalwari kuti ŵaŵeso ŵawukirano ndiposo kuti ŵaŵe na cigomezgo mwa iwoŵene kwizira mu ndondomeko ya munkhwala na luso lwapadera lwa opareshoni.
Ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa nga ni Zuzana Plačkova, Dara Rollins, Courteney Cox, Nela Pocisková, na Megan Fox, ŵali kupempha Ivanchuk kuti waŵawovwire kusintha vinthu.
Padera pa mulimo wake, Ivanchuk wakucitako comene kafukufuku wa sayansi, wakulemba mabuku ghakulongosora nkhani zakupambanapambana na kulongosora ivyo wasanga pa maungano ghakumanyikwa comene. Kweniso wakujikuzga comene cifukwa ca kulongozga na kukhuŵilizga ŵasayansi ŵa miwiro yakunthazi.
Ivyo Maxim Ivanchuk wachita vyazomerezgeka na ŵanthu ŵanandi. Ntchito yake yakuzirwa comene pa nkhani ya opareshoni ya mapulasitiki yikalongoreka mu manyuzipepara ghakupambanapambana, kusazgapo nkhani izo wakawoneleranga pa E! Mtanda. Maluso ghake ghakumanyikwa mu mabuku nga ni USA Today, Khaleej Times, Vogue, na International Business Times.
Umoyo
Mu nyengo yake yakufwatuka, Ivanchuk wakutemwa kwenda mu mapiri, kuwona chilengiwa, na kuluta ku vyaru vinyake pamoza na gulu lake. Kweniso wakuwona kuti ntchiwemi kuchezga na mbumba yake, ndipo wakutemwa chomene magalimoto ghakurya luŵiro.
Sizanane, Mpumalanga
Sizanane, Mpumalanga ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Nkangala District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Mpumalanga, charu cha South Africa.
Machadodorp, Mpumalanga
Machadodorp, Mpumalanga ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Nkangala District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Mpumalanga, charu cha South Africa.
Dullstroom, Mpumalanga
Dullstroom, Mpumalanga ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Nkangala District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Mpumalanga, charu cha South Africa.
Vlakfontein, Mpumalanga
Vlakfontein, Mpumalanga ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Nkangala District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Mpumalanga, charu cha South Africa.
Sitima ya MV Chauncy Maples
Ŵakuzenga ngaraŵa Alley na McLellan, Polmadie
Malo ghakupangirako sitima gha Alley & McLellan ku Polmadie, Glasgow, ghakaŵa kutali comene na Mlonga wa Clyde. Kampani iyi yikateŵeteranga mu vigaŵa vyakutali chomene vya Ufumu wa Britain. Ŵakapanga ngalaŵa izo zikati zamara kuzenga, ŵakazisongonanga na kuzipanga kuŵa viŵiya.
Vinthu ivi vikaŵa vikuru comene ndipo kukaŵa kwakusuzga kuti viyegheke. Kweniso ntchito yakunozgaso yikathembanga chomene pa awo ŵakaŵa na maluso pa malo agho ŵakaguliranga. Nga umo vikaŵira na chigaŵa cha Chauncy Maples, kanandi nthowa iyi ndiyo yikaŵa yiwemi chomene para munthu wakuluta kutali chomene na uko wakuluta.
Chilato na umo vyafiskikira
Sitima ya Chauncy Maples yikapangika kuti yigezenge maji gha mu Nyanja ya Nyasa, iyo yili kumwera comene mu Africa. Nyanja iyi yili na utali wa makilomita 560 na usani wa makilomita 80. Kweniso ni nyanja yaciŵiri yakunyang'amira comene mu Africa, ndipo kuli visomba vinandi kuluska nyanja yiliyose pa caru capasi.
Wakapangika na kutumika na University's Mission to Central Africa (UMCA), Cingalaŵa ca matani 150 ici cikaŵa cimoza mwa vyakupangiska vyaumaliro vya Henry Marc Brunel, mwana wa Isambard Kingdom Brunel, uyo wakaŵa injiniya wa ku Victoria. Para ŵamara kuwunjika vinthu ivi, ŵakanyamura vigaŵa pafupifupi 3,481 na kuluta navyo ku Portuguese East Africa.
Abbot wa ku Newark ndiyo wakazenga maji agha. Chikaŵa na uzito wa matani 11 ndipo chikanyamulika mu chigaŵa chimoza pa ngolo yapadera iyo yikaŵa na mawilo gha Sentinel, ndipo ŵanthu 450 ŵa fuko la Ngoni ŵakayegha pa mtunda wa makilomita 560 kujumpha mu malo ghambura kulongosoreka agho kukaŵa maleriya. Vigaŵa vinyake vya ngalaŵa vikaŵa vya ŵanthu awo ŵakendanga pa mitu ya ŵanalume na ŵanakazi pa malo ghakusuzga na mu milonga.
Cingalaŵa ca cipatala, sukulu ya ŵamishonale na kumazga malonda gha ŵazga
Ŵamishonale ŵakiza na vinthu vinandi ku Africa kuluska cisopa, ndipo UMCA yikaŵa na maghanoghano ghakupulikikwa makora pa nkhani ya ndalama izo ŵakagwiliskira nchito. Ngalaŵa iyi yikaŵa na milimo yitatu: yikaŵa sitima ya cipatala, sukulu ya ŵamishonale, na malo ghakubisamamo ŵazga. Kweni ivyo ŵakakhumbanga vikaŵa vya pa caru cose; umo yumoza wa awo ŵakambiska nchito iyi, Bishop wa ku Oxford, Samuel Wilberforce, wakayowoyera, nchito yikuru yikaŵa "kuzgora malonda kuŵa ghatuŵa, kumazga malonda gha ŵazga, ndiposo usange nchamacitiko, kuzenga vyaru vya mu Africa".
Nyanja ya Nyasa yikaŵa kutali comene na nyanja, ndipo pakwamba vinthu vikendanga makora yayi pa nkhani ya munkhwala ku Likoma. Pulogiramu iyi yikamba mu 1894, apo dokotala munyake wa ku UMCA wakakhalako nyengo yicoko waka. Munthu uyo wakanjira mu malo ghake wakaŵa Rev. John Edward Hine, uyo nangauli wakaŵa dokotala, kweni wakawonanga kuti mulimo uwu ngwakuzirwa yayi. Apo Hine wakasankhika kuŵa bishopu wa ku Eastern Equatorial Africa mu 1896, wakasankha kuŵika mtima comene pa vinthu vyauzimu m'malo mwa vya umoyo. Ŵadumbu ŵa Chauncy Maples na Dr. Robert Howard wakasintha comene vinthu pa nkhani ya munkhwala na wovwiri wa munkhwala ku ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mumphepete mwa nyanja. Mwaluŵiro, Howard wakambiska ndondomeko yakovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵaŵe na umoyo uwemi. Kuzakafika m'ma 1930, masiteshoni ghanandi, kusazgapo agho ghakaŵa ku vigaŵa vyakutali, ghakaŵa na maofesi gha vipatala agho ghakaŵa na ŵasilikari ŵa ku Africa. Pakugwiliskira nchito fundo zakukhwaskana na matenda agho ŵadokotala ŵanyake ŵa mu cigaŵa ici, comenecomene ŵa ku Scotland, ŵakasanga, Dr. Howard wakambiska pulogiramu yakulimbana na maleriya, ndipo pamoza na ŵanyake ku ofesi ya ku Blantyre, ŵakambiska pulogiramu ya katemera wakwimikana na nthomba.
Pa mulimo uwo ukaŵa na vyakukhumbikwa vichoko, mtengo wa kunozga boti ili ukakhumbikwiranga kuŵika mtima comene pa vyakurya. Pakuti ngalaŵa iyi yikaŵa na maji ghanandi, yikendanga pa malo ghose gha nyanja. Kweni nkhani ya kukora ŵazga yikaŵa yakusuzga comene, cifukwa yikakhumbikwiranga ŵanthu ŵanandi kuti ŵavikilire malo agha kweniso kuti ŵamanye mphaka izo zikaŵa pakati pa mulimo wa kupharazga, munkhwala, na malonda. Kupenja ŵanthu ŵakwenelera awo ŵakaŵa ŵakunozgeka kupokera malipiro ghacoko ndiposo masuzgo gha umoyo wa pa nyanja, cikaŵa cinthu cimoza; kweni cifukwa cakuti ŵantchito ŵa ku Europe ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵaleke kutora panji kutengwa, cikaŵa cinonono comene. Pa vyose ivi pakaŵa masuzgo agho ghakaŵapo cifukwa cakuti ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakakhumbanga comene kuti ŵalutilire kucita milimo yawo mu nyanja ya Nyasa. Ŵa Chauncy Maples ŵakagwiranga nchito mu caru ico mukaŵa mauthenga ghawemi agho ghakapelekanga wovwiri wakukhumbikwa comene ku ŵakavu mu nyengo iyo vinthu vikaŵa vyambura kwenda makora mu ndyali ndiposo mu nyengo ya ufumu.
Ngalaŵa iyi yikateŵeteranga ŵanthu ŵa ku Nyasaland kwa vyaka vyakujumpha 50 m'paka mu 1953, apo yikaguliskika na kuzgoka boti lakuyegha somba. Mu 1967, boma la Malawi likagura boti ili, ndipo likasintha kuti liŵe la ŵanthu na katundu. Makina ghake ghakusungirako vinthu ghali mu Lake Malawi Museum ku Mangochi. Pa nyengo yasono ngaraŵa iyi yili ku Monkey Bay.
Vyakususkana vya mishonale ya Cikhristu ya ku Europe
Nangauli ntchito ya ku cipatala yikacitikanga cifukwa ca kugomezga kuti munkhwala wa ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi nguwemi ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa, kweni yikaŵa ndondomeko ya kujipata yayi. Ŵamishonale aŵa ŵakeneranga kulongora umo ŵanthu ŵa mu nyengo ya Victoria ŵakawoneranga Africa na ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa. Nga umo vikaŵira na ntchito ya umishonale mu vigaŵa vinyake vya mu Africa, mulimo uwu ukawonekanga kuŵa nthowa yikuru yakulongolera nkhongono na cisisi ca uthenga wa Cikristu.
Kweni nangauli ŵamishonale ŵakwenera kuwoneka nga mbakusambizga visambizgo vya chisopa, kweni ntchito yawo yakupharazga vya vyakurya vya ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi yikakhwaska chomene umoyo wa ŵanthu. Kuzakafika mu 1965, matchalitchi ghakapanga vipatala pafupifupi 45 pa vipatala vyose mu Malawi.
Ŵamishonale ŵanyake awo ŵakakhalanga pa ngaraŵa iyi ŵakamanya kuti ntchito yawo yikaŵa yakuzizika. Wasembe Mukuru George Wilson wakalemba mu diary yake kuti:"Kulikose uko munthu wa ku Europe wakuluta, wakuwoneka kuti wali na nkhongono zakusintha vinthu. Ici nchinthu cakuzirwa comene ku wose awo ŵakutemwa Ŵafrika, cifukwa nkhumanya yayi usange kusintha uku nkhwakwenelera'."Ŵanandi awo ŵakuyowoyapo mphanyi ŵakakolerana kuti sono ntchakukhumbikwa kusintha vinthu mwaluŵiro, nga umo Rev. Robert Keable, mishonale ku Zanzibar:"'Tikanjira mu nyumba iyo yikaŵa na viliŵa vinandi, panji mu luŵaza ulo lukaŵa nga ni msika wa ŵazga. Kanandi mu kanyumba ako ŵakaŵikangamo ŵanalume, ŵanakazi, na ŵana ŵakaŵangamo ŵanalume pafupifupi 150, ndipo zuŵa lililose 'ŵakaŵapelekanga' kwa uyo wakapeleka ndalama zinandi'."Munthu waliyose wakeneranga kusuzgika comene. Mu minda ya St. Tchalitchi la Michael ku Blantyre, ilo lili na zina la msumba uwo Livingstone wakababikiramo ku Scotland, lili na malibwe ghakukumbukirako ŵanthu 14 awo ŵakafwira ku Africa. Pa malibwe agha pali deti ilo wakafwira, likamba mu 1890 m'paka 1919. Mu buku la Mateyu muli mazgu ghakuti: "Uyo wakutaya umoyo wake cifukwa ca ine wawusangenge".
Kuwezgerapo
Pa nyengo iyo ŵakendera boti ili mu 1992, ŵakasanga kuti likapwetekeka comene yayi. [Pakukhumbika ukaboni apa] Chitsulo icho chikapangika mu 1899 chikwenera kuti chikawovwira chomene kuti sitima iyi yiŵe yakutowa. Mu Janyuwale 2012, ŵakayegha boti ili pa mtunda kuti ŵalutilire kunozga.
Boma la Malawi ndilo likulongozga mulimo uwu ndipo likovwira na chawanangwa cha Chauncy Maples Malawi Trust ku Britain. Ŵanthu ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ngalaŵa iyi yizamuŵaso na mulimo uwo yikaghanaghananga kuchita kuumaliro wa 2014. Ŵati ŵawuskapo mapayipi agha, gulu la ŵadokotala likamba kovwira ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Malawi. Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu nyanja iyi ŵalije wovwiri wa munkhwala ndipo ŵakusuzgika na maleriya, HIV-AIDS, na TB. Munthu wakuŵa na umoyo utali kwa vyaka pafupifupi 53.
Mu 2017, wupu uwu ukati mulimo uwu walekeka.
"Bungwe la Chauncy Maples Malawi Trust (CMMT) ilo lili ku UK pamoza na kampani yakuzenga ya ku Portugal, Mota-Engil, ŵakudandawura kuti mulimo wawo wakunozga boti la mishonale la vyaka 100, la Chauncy Maples, kuti liŵe chipatala pa Nyanja ya Malawi, uzamucitika yayi. Apo mulimo wa kuzenga ngalaŵa uwu ukendanga makora, pakaŵa masuzgo ghanyake agho ghakawoneka kuti ghangatimbanizga mulimo wa kuzenga ngalaŵa.
Ukaboni
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Klipfontein, Mpumalanga
Klipfontein, Mpumalanga ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Nkangala District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Mpumalanga, charu cha South Africa.
Boekenhouthoek, Mpumalanga
Boekenhouthoek, Mpumalanga ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Nkangala District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Mpumalanga, charu cha South Africa.
Waterval Onder, Mpumalanga
Waterval Onder, Mpumalanga ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Nkangala District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Mpumalanga, charu cha South Africa.
Loopspruit, Mpumalanga
Loopspruit, Mpumalanga ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Nkangala District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Mpumalanga, charu cha South Africa.
Kwaggafontein, Mpumalanga
Kwaggafontein, Mpumalanga ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Nkangala District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Mpumalanga, charu cha South Africa.
Wolvenkop, Mpumalanga
Wolvenkop, Mpumalanga ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Nkangala District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Mpumalanga, charu cha South Africa.
Greenside, Mpumalanga
Greenside, Mpumalanga ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Nkangala District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Mpumalanga, charu cha South Africa.
Kameelrivier, Mpumalanga
Kameelrivier, Mpumalanga ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Nkangala District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Mpumalanga, charu cha South Africa.
Eloff, Mpumalanga
Eloff, Mpumalanga ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Nkangala District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Mpumalanga, charu cha South Africa.
Fyodor Dostoevsky
Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky (Russian: pre-1918: ?? едоръ Михайловичъ Достоевский; after-1918: Фёдор Михайлович Достоевский, tr. Fyodor Mikháylovich Dostoyévskiy; 11 November 1821 - 9 February 1881), uyo nyengo zinyake wakuchemeka Dostoyevsky, wakaŵa mulembi wa mabuku wa ku Russia, wakulemba nkhani zicoko, mulembi wa nkhani zakudumura, na mulembi wa nyuzipepara. Mu mabuku ghake, Dostoevsky wakulongosora umo ŵanthu ŵakukhala mu nyengo ya masuzgo ya ndyali, ya umoyo wa ŵanthu, na yauzimu mu Russia. Mabuku ghake ghakumanyikwa chomene ni Crime and Punishment (1866), The Idiot (1869), Demons (1872), na The Brothers Karamazov (1880). Mu 1864 wakalemba buku lakuti Notes from Underground, ilo likuwoneka kuti ndilo likaŵa lakwamba mu mabuku ghakuyowoya vya umoyo. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakususka mabuku ŵakumuwona kuti ni yumoza wa ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa chomene awo ŵakalemba mabuku gha pa caru cose.
Thabana, Mpumalanga
Thabana, Mpumalanga ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Nkangala District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Mpumalanga, charu cha South Africa.
Siyabuswa, Mpumalanga
Siyabuswa, Mpumalanga ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Nkangala District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Mpumalanga, charu cha South Africa.
Chisopa mu Africa
Chisopa mu Africa chili na vigaŵa vinandi ndipo chili na nkharo, maluso, na vinjeru vinandi. Mazuŵa ghano, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu Africa ŵakulondezga visopa vya Chikhristu, Chisilamu, na visopa vinyake vya ku Africa. Mu vyaru vya Cikhristu panji Cisilamu, visambizgo vya cisopa nyengo zinyake vikupambana na visambizgo vya visopa vyacikale.
Visopa vya ku Africa
Mu Africa muli visopa vyakupambanapambana. Nangauli nyengo zinyake ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vinyake ŵakuyana waka pa nkhani ya chisopa, kweni kanandi ŵanthu aŵa ŵakukhala mu vyaru vyakupambanapambana. Visopa vyose vya ku Africa vikukolerana na fundo yakuyana ya kusopa ŵasekuru.
Dr. J Omosade Awolalu wakati, mazgu ghakuti "wakale" pa lemba ili ghakung'anamura vinthu vyakwambilira, ivyo vikufuma ku muwiro na muwiro. Chiharo icho chafuma kumasinda, kweni kuti nchinthu cha kumasinda yayi, kweni icho chikukolerana na ivyo vyacitika kale na ivyo vyacitika sono ndiposo ivyo vyacitika sono na vyamuyirayira.
Kanandi ŵakuyowoya za umo vinthu viliri, kweni ŵakumanya kuti Africa ni caru cikuru ico cili na mitundu yinandi iyo yili na mitheto yakupambanapambana, viyowoyero vyambura mapendeko na viyowoyero vinandi.
Visopa vya Abrahamu
Ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa ŵali mu cisopa ca Cikhristu panji Cisilamu. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakusazga cisambizgo ca cisambizgo cawo na cisambizgo ca cisopa ca Abrahamu. Visopa vya Abrahamu vili palipose mu Africa. Visopa ivi vikupambana na visopa vinyake vya ku Africa, kweni kanandi vikukolerana na mitheto ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa. Buku linyake likuti mu 2002, Ŵakhristu ndiwo ŵakaŵa pa ciŵelengero ca ŵanthu 45 pa caru cose, ndipo Ŵasilamu 40 pa 100. Kweniso mu 2002, ŵanthu 45 pa 100 wose mu Africa ŵakaŵa Ŵakhristu, ndipo 40.6 pa 100 wose ŵakaŵa Ŵasilamu.
Chikhristu
Pasono Chikhristu ndicho ntchisopa chikuru chomene mu Africa pamoza na Chisilamu. Mu vyaru vinandi vya pa caru capasi muli visopa vinandi vyautesi, nga ni Nazarete Baptist Church mu South Africa na Aladura Church mu Nigeria. Paliso ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa chisopa cha Seventh-day Adventist na Ŵakaboni ŵa Yehova. Matchalitchi ghakale chomene gha Chikhristu mu Africa ni Eastern Orthodox Church of Alexandria, Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria, na Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church na Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church (awo ŵakamba kumanyikwa mu vyaka vya m'ma 400 C.E. Themba Ezana Mulara likati lazgora Ethiopia kuŵa chinyake mwa vyaru vyakwambilira vya Chikhristu. )
Mu vilimika vyakwambilira vya Chikhristu, mu Africa mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakaŵa na nkharo yiwemi comene, kusazgapo St. Augustine wa ku Hippo, St. Maurice, Origen, Tertullian, na ŵapapa ŵatatu ŵa Katolika (Victor I, Miltiades, na Gelasius I), kweniso ŵanthu awo ŵakuzunulika mu Baibolo nga ni Simoni wa ku Kirene na nthunguli ya ku Etiyopiya iyo yikabapatizika na Filipu Mupharazgi. Chikhristu chikaŵako mu Ethiopia pambere Themba Ezana Mukuru wa Ufumu wa Axum wandawuse, kweni chisopa ichi chikaŵa chakukhora chomene apo chikapharazgika kuŵa chisopa cha boma mu 330 C.E., ndipo chikaŵa chimoza mwa vyaru vyakwambilira vya Chikhristu.
Buku lakwamba na lakumanyikwa chomene ilo likuyowoya za umo Chikhristu chikambira ku Africa lili mu buku la Milimo ya Ŵapositole. Nangauli Baibolo likuŵachema kuti Ŵaetiyopiya, kweni ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti Etiyopiya ni malo agho ghakaŵa kumwera kwa Eguputo.
Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti munthu uyu wakaŵa Muyuda, ndipo wakaŵa muteŵeti mu nyumba ya Fumukazi. Tyrannius Rufinus, uyo wakaŵa wakulemba mdauko wa cisopa, nayo wakalemba nkhani yake, nga umo ŵakucitira ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakulemba mdauko wa cisopa nga ni Socrates na Sozemius.
Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti mu nyengo yasono, Cikristu cizamufuma mu vyaru vya ku Europe kuluta ku Africa na Asia. Lamin Sanneh, wakulemba mdauko wa pa Yunivesite ya Yale, wakati: "Chikhristu cha ku Africa chikaŵa chinthu chachilendo yayi, kweni chikaŵa chigaŵa chinyake cha charu icho ŵanthu ŵakachimanyanga yayi. Buku linyake (World Christian Encyclopedia) likuti mu 2025, mu Africa muzamuŵa Ŵakhristu 633 miliyoni.
Kafukufuku munyake uyo wakachitika mu 2015, wakalongora kuti mu Africa muli Ŵakhristu 2,161,000 awo Mbasilamu.
Botleng, Mpumalanga
Botleng, Mpumalanga ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Nkangala District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Mpumalanga, charu cha South Africa.
Modder East Orchards, Mpumalanga
Modder East Orchards, Mpumalanga ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Nkangala District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Mpumalanga, charu cha South Africa.
Nkhamanga
Ufumu wa Nkhamanga panji Nkhamanga ukaŵa ufumu ŵaTumbuka mu Malaŵi.
Wupu Wakulongozga
Nkhamanga ŵakakhazikiska ufumu wawo kumpoto kwa Malawi. Ufumu uwu ukaŵa pakati pa Nyika Plateau kumpoto, Dwangwa River kumwera, Luangwa River kumanjiliro gha dazi na Lake Malawi kumafumiro gha dazi.
Balowoka
Ŵanthu ŵa ku Balowoka ŵakiza kuzingilizga charu ichi mu 1770 C.E. Ŵakaŵa gulu la ŵamalonda ndipo ŵakalongozgekanga na Kakalala Msawira Gondwe. Ŵakafuma ku Nyamwezi ndipo ŵakiza ku Nkhamanga kuzakapenja njovu. Nkhamanga yikaŵa na njovu zinandi izo ŵanthu ŵakaguliranga njovu. Malo agha ghakamanyikwanga comene cifukwa ca njovu izo zikaŵako.
18th century
Ufumu wa Chikulamayembe ndiwo ukalamuliranga chigaŵa cha Nkhamanga kwambira apo ukakhazikiskikira m'ma 1700 m'paka apo boma la Nkhamanga likamara mu ma 1870.
Maphotla, Mpumalanga
Maphotla, Mpumalanga ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Nkangala District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Mpumalanga, charu cha South Africa.
Vyakurya vya ku Malaŵi
Vyakurya vya ku Malaŵi vikusazgapo vyakurya vya ku Malaŵi. Tiyi na somba ni vyakurya vya ku Malaŵi. Sukari, khofi, chimanga, mbatata, sorghum, ng'ombe na mbuzi ni vyakurya vyakuzirwa comene mu vyakurya vya mu caru ici.
Nyanja ya Malaŵi ni malo agho kukusangika somba zinandi nga ni chambo (zakuyana na brim), usipa (zakuyana na sardine), mpasa (zakuyana na salmon), na kampango.
Vyakurya vinyake vya ku Malaŵi ni:
Somba
Somba za ku Malaŵi ni: uta, kapenta, kampango, bombe, Mlamba, Micheni, Butter fish (Batala) na 'chambo' (somba yakumanyikwa ya ku Nyanja ya Malaŵi) pakati pa zinyake.
"Kondowole" ni chakurya yayi icho chingapangika mu unandi chifukwa cha kukolerana kwake na kawonekero kake, ntheura wakulyeka kanandi yayi nga ni "nsima".
Mbibana, Mpumalanga
Mbibana, Mpumalanga ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Nkangala District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Mpumalanga, charu cha South Africa.
Vaalbank, Mpumalanga
Vaalbank, Mpumalanga ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Nkangala District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Mpumalanga, charu cha South Africa.
Johann Martin Schleyer
Johann Martin Schleyer (18 July 1831 - 16 August 1912) wakaŵa wasembe wa Katolika wa ku Germany uyo wakambiska chiyowoyero cha Volapük. Zina lake lakwamba likaŵa "Martin Schleyer"; kweni wakalemba zina lakuti "Johann" (kucindika dada wake wauzimu).
Umoyo na ntchito
Schleyer wakababikira ku Oberlauda (Baden). Kuyana na lipoti lake, fundo yakuti paŵe chiyowoyero cha caru cose yikamba apo wakadumbiskananga na munthu munyake wa ku parishi lake, uyo wakaŵa mulimi wa ku Germany, ndipo wakaŵa wambura kusambira kuŵazga na kulemba.
Wakimikika mu 1856. Kufuma mu 1867 m'paka mu 1875, wakaŵa muliska ku Krumbach kufupi na Meßkirch. Paumaliro wa nyengo iyi, wakakakika myezi yinayi cifukwa ca kupharazga kwimikana na cisopa ca cisosiyali.
Kufuma mu 1875 m'paka 1885 wakaŵa muliska wa tchalitchi la Ss. Mpingo wa Peter na Paul ku Litzelstetten. Pamanyuma pake wakalemba kuti vilimika vinkhondi na viŵiri vyakwambilira mu Litzelstetten vikaŵa vyakukondweska comene mu umoyo wake.
Mzuzu
Msumba wa Mzuzu ndiwo uli likuru la chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa Malawi. Msumba uwu uli na ŵanthu 221,272 na ŵanthu 20,000 (ŵasambiri ŵa Yunivesite ya Mzuzu) ndipo ŵanthu pafupifupi 1.7 miliyoni ŵakukhala mu msumba uwu. Ili mu chigaŵa cha Mzimba. Muzi wa Mzuzu uli mu mapiri gha Viphya, ndipo chigaŵa icho chili kufupi na msumba uwu chikupambika tiyi, ghamayi, na khofi. Ku vigaŵa vya kumwera kwa msumba uwu kuli nkhorongo yikuru comene iyo ŵanthu ŵali kupanga mu Africa.
Johann Martin Schleyer
Umoyo na ntchito
Pa nyengo iyi wakaŵa mulembi wa magazini ya Sionsharfe, iyo yikalembanga chomene vya visambizgo vya Chikatolika. Mu Meyi 1879 wakalemba nkhani yakukhwaskana na Volapük mu magazini iyi. Mu 1880, ŵakalemba buku la mutu wose. Chiyowoyero ichi chikapharazgika chomene ndipo mipingo yiphya yikamba kusangika mu vyaru vyose vya ku Europe. Pamanyuma pa 1885, Schleyer wakaleka mulimo wake wa uliska cifukwa ca ulwari, kweni wakalutilira kuwungana na gulu la Volapük.
Mu 1894, Papa Leo XIII wakamusora kuŵa mulongozgi wa mpingo.
Mzuzu
Mitundu ya Ŵanthu
Kuyana na kalembera wa 2018, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tumbuka ndiwo ni mtundu ukuru chomene mu msumba uwu. Chigaŵa chikuru cha ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa ichi ni ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Chewa. Mitundu yinyake yichoko ni Ngoni na 8.09% ya ŵanthu, Tonga na 7.36%, Nkhonde na 4.08%, Lambya na 3.75%, Yao na 3.59%, Lomwe na 3.54%, Sukwa na 1.07%, Sena na 0.66%, Mang'anja na 0.38%, Nyanja na 0.28%, na mitundu yinyake na 2% ya ŵanthu.
Johann Martin Schleyer
Umoyo na ntchito
Schleyer wakafwira ku Konstanz mu 1912.
Kukumbukira
Mu Juni 2001, pakamba upharazgi wakuti waŵe wakukondwa. Sukulu ya sekondare ya Martin-Schleyer-Gymnasium Lauda-Königshofen ku Lauda yili na zina lake.
Mzuzu
Chisopa
Chisopa chikuru chomene mu Mzuzu ni cha Church of Central Africa Presbyterian icho chili na 28.01%. Chisopa cikuru comene pa visopa vyose ni Chatoliki, ndipo ŵanthu 17.28% ŵali mu cisopa ici. Visopa vinyake vikuruvikuru ni vya Chi Adventist, Baptist, na Apostolic na 16.27% pamoza, Pentecostal na 6.62%, Anglican na 1.58%, visopa vinyake vya Chikhristu na 22.21%, Islam na 4.06%, Traditional na 0.1%, visopa vinyake na 3.59%, na vyakusopa yayi na 0.28% ya msumba.
Msumba uwu ukazengeka mu 1947 kuzingilizga munda wa mafuta wa Tung wa Commonwealth Development Corporation ndipo ukasangika mu 1985. Zina lakuti Vizuzu lili kufuma ku lizgu lakuti 'Vizuzu' ilo likayowoyeka mwakubudika na ŵazungu. Vizuzu ni vyakumera ivyo vikukura mumphepete mwa mlonga wa Lunyangwa. Vipambi ivi ŵakaviwona kufupi na sukulu ya Mzuzu Government Secondary School iyo yikuchemekaso kuti Area 1A.
Mwambo
Ŵanthu ŵa mu tawuni iyi ŵali na mitheto yakupambanapambana. ChiTumbuka chikuyowoyeka chomene mu chiyowoyero cha Mzuzu kweni viyowoyero vinyake nga ni Chichewa, ChiTonga, Chiswahili, na ChiNgonde navyo vikuyowoyeka. Mu tawuni iyi muli nyumba yakusungiramo vinthu vyakale (iyo yikajulika mu 1986) umo muli vinthu vyakupambanapambana ivyo vikulongora mitheto ya kumpoto. Vyakurya ivyo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa ni sima (vyakufuma ku chimanga, panji ku maniyu, panji ku sima ya mayagho), mpunga, na somba ya batala (mormyrid, Mormyrus longirostris). Batala wakufuma ku Nyanja ya Malawi iyo yili kufupi na Nkhata Bay. Vyakurya vinyake ivyo ŵanthu ŵakutemwa kurya ni: chimanga, nthochi, vibama, koko, maniyu, na mbatata.
Umoyo
Mu tawuni ya Mzuzu muli chipatala cha Mzuzu Central, chimoza mwa vipatala vinayi ivi. Msumba uwu uli na Mapale Health Center iyo yili mu msumba uwu pafupi na Shoprite. Paliso vipatala vinandi vya CHAM nga ni St. John, St. John of God Mental Hospital, Nkhorongo SDA Clinic. Msumba uwu uli na ma clinic gha ŵanthu nga ni: Katoto MASM MEDI Clinic, Mumbwe, Kandindindi Evergreen. Kampani ya Kentam Products Limited iyo yikupanga munkhwala yili ku Mzuzu.
Chuma na vinthu vinyake
Malo agha ndigho ghakupangika khofi, makuni, vipambi, mkaka na uchi. Vinthu ivi ni munkhwala, vyakutoweskera, na makuni. Chifukwa cha Yunivesite ya Mzuzu, msumba uwu uli na ŵanthu ŵaluso comene. Muziwu uli na malo ghawemi ghakulondezgako vyakurya, kweni wachali kupanga magesi. Ndalama zikwenda makora cifukwa ca mabanki ghaphya. Kweniso ku malo agha kuli mabizinesi ghachoko na ghapakati agho ghakupeleka mauthenga gha pa foni, mawebusayiti, na mashopu. Vinthu vyakupambanapambana nga ni Chipiku, Peoples Trading, na A.C. Opticals vilipo. Msumba uwu ndiwo uli na makampani gha Mzuzu Coffee, Kentam Products Limited, Mzupaso Paints Limited na magazini ya Northern Life. Mzuzu wali na misika yikuru yiŵiri, kusazgapo Msika wa Taifa uwo ukuguliska vipasi, vyakuvwara, mafoni, skapato na vinthu vinyake.
Masambiro
Mu tawuni iyi ndimo muli Yunivesite ya Mzuzu, iyo yikambika mu 1999. Yunivesite iyi yili na masukulu ghankhondi: Tourism and Hospitality Management, Education, Health Sciences, Environmental Sciences and Information and Library Science. Sukulu ya Mzuzu Technical College, iyo yikaŵako mu 1958 na Ŵadada Ŵatuŵa, yili ku Mzuzu. Muli masukulu ghakuru gha ku mpoto, kusazgapo Marymount Secondary School, Wukani private Secondary School, Katoto Government Secondary School, Zolozolo Community Day Secondary School Viphya Schools na Mzuzu Academy.
The city also has several primary schools such as Wukani, Trust Academy, Wongani private primary school [run by MIC Catholic Sisters], Beehive and Hilltop schools.
Umoyo
Mu nyengo yakuzizima, mu Mzuzu mukuzizima comene.
Ulendo
Ku malo agha kuli nyanja ya Malawi iyo yili na mchenga, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakutemwa kusambira mu maji. Nyika National Park, ni paki yikuru comene ya ku Malawi, ndipo yikusambizga ŵanthu kwenda mu mapiri, kukwera njinga, kwenda pa mahaci, na kwenda pa galimoto. Malo gha vyakusanguluska gha mu hotelo ya Mzuzu na O Seasons agho kale ghakachemekanga Key Lounge ghakukopa ŵantchito ŵa ku charu chose na vyaru vinyake. Malo ghanyake ghakusanguluskira ni Mzuzu Golf Clib, Villa Kagwentha (iyo yikumanyikwa na disko mise yiliyose ya Chisulo) na Squirrels park. Paliso malo ghakupambanapambana ghakupumulirapo nga ni Lake View Lodge na Mzuzu Sanctuary. Mzuzu Botanic Gardens ili ku Zolozolo. Mungenda mu mapiri gha Kaning'ina. Damu la Gulliver, ilo likupeleka maji ku msumba wa Mzuzu na vigaŵa vyakuzingilizga, likupeleka na malo ghakwenda
Gulu lakwamba la Scout (UK) lazenga msasa wa Scout uwo uli na vinthu vinandi kuwaro kwa Mzuzu.
Mayendelo
Ku Mzuzu City kuli ndege ya Mzuzu Airport. Mu 2017, boma likamba kuzenga chiŵanja cha ndege chiphya na chikuru mu chigaŵa cha Dunduzu.
Msumba wa Mzuzu uli mumphepete mwa msewu ukuru wa M1, uwo ukufuma kumpoto kuya kumwera. Ni malo gha kumpoto kwa msewu wa M5, uwo ukujumpha kumafumiro gha dazi mu mapiri gha Viphya kuya ku Nkhata Bay, ndipo kufuma apo kumwera kufupi na nyanja ya Malawi.
Maseŵera
Mu Mzuzu, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa maseŵero gha bola. Magulu ghaŵiri, Moyale Barracks FC na Mzuni ghakwimira tawuni iyi mu ligi ya Malawi. Sitediyamu ya Mzuzu (ya ŵanthu 15,000) ndiyo njimoza pera mu msumba uwu iyo yikazengeka mu 1970. Mu tawuni iyi muli magulu ghaŵiri gha basketball, Nkhulande na Pistons.
Chuma
Mzuzu wali na msika wa Wasenga Brothers, uwo ukuchemekaso Msika wa Mzuzu
Ukaboni
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Visopa vya ku Africa
Ivyo ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa ŵakugomezga na kuchita ni vyakupambanapambana. Kanandi, maluso agha ghakuyowoyeka na mulomo m'malo mwa Malemba ndipo ghakupharazgika kufuma ku muwiro umoza kuya ku unyake kwizira mu nkhani za ŵanthu, sumu, na viphikiro,  ndipo ghakusazgapo kugomezga mizimu na ŵachiuta ŵapacanya na ŵa pasi, nyengo zinyake kusazgapo munthu wapachanya, kweniso kusopa ŵakufwa, na kugwiliskira nchito masalamusi na munkhwala wa ku Africa. Visopa vinandi vikulongosoreka kuti ni vyamoyo na vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana vya cisopa na cisopa. Ntchito ya ŵanthu yikuwoneka kuti yikukolerana na vinthu vyachilengiwa.
Kufalikira
Ŵanthu awo ŵakulondezga visopa vya mu Africa ŵali mu vyaru 43.
Nangauli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Africa lero ŵakulondezga Chikhristu panji Chisilamu, kweni ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa kanandi ŵakusazgapo maluso gha visopa vyawo na maluso gha visopa vya Abrahamu. Visopa viŵiri ivi vikusangika mu vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa, kweni vinandi vikusangika mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana. Visopa ivi vikasintha visopa vya ku Africa, kweni kanandi vikukolerana na mitheto ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa. Ŵanthu ŵa chisopa cha Abrahamu, chomenechomene awo ŵakugomezga kuti kuli Chiuta yumoza pera, ŵakamba kugomezga chisopa ichi.
Ŵalondezgi ŵa visopa vya ku Africa ŵali pa caru cose. Sonosono apa, visopa vinandi, nga ntchisopa cha Ŵayoruba, vyazara chomene. Cisopa ca Ŵayoruba cikujintha misisi mu virwa vya ku Caribbean na vigaŵa vinyake vya ku Central na South America. Mu United States, Voodoo yikuru comene mu vyaru vya ku Gulf of Mexico.
Fundo Zakwamba
Ivyo ŵanthu ŵakugomezga vikukolerana na visambizgo vyautesi vya visopa vya ku Africa. Ivi vikusazgapo kusopa ŵachiuta, kusopa vyamoyo, kusopa ŵasekuru, na kugomezga kuti para munthu wafwa wakulutilira kuŵa na umoyo, nga umo viliri na visopa vinyake vya ku Japan, nga ni Shinto panji vya ku Europe. Nangauli visopa vinyake vikuwona kuti kuli chiuta yumoza pera uyo wali kulenga vinthu vyose, kweni vinyake vikuwona kuti kuli ŵachiuta ŵanandi. Visopa vya ku Africa navyo vikukolerana na visambizgo vyautesi.
Chisopa cha ku Africa, nga umo viliri na visambizgo vinandi vyakale pa charu chose, chikajintha pa maluso gha ŵanthu. Maluso agha ni visambizgo vya cisopa yayi, kweni ni mikhaliro iyo yikusangika mu nkhani, vidokoni, na vidokoni, kufuma ku muwiro umoza kuya ku unyake. Ŵanthu ŵa mu cikaya na mbumba zawo, kweniso malo agho munthu wakukhalako, ni vyakuzirwa comene pa umoyo wake. Awo ŵakulondezga Yesu ŵakugomezga kuti mizimu ya ŵasekuru ŵawo yikuŵalongozga. Mu visopa vinandi vya ku Africa, muli ŵalongozgi ŵa cisopa na ŵasembe. Ŵanthu aŵa mbakukhumbikwa comene kuti ŵanthu ŵalutilire kuŵa ŵakukhora mwauzimu na kusopa. Pali ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakuchizga na 'kuwukwa' nga umo vikuŵira na ŵasamani. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakucemeka na ŵasekuru panji ŵachiuta. Ŵakusambizgika vinthu vinandi, kusazgapo umo ŵangagwiliskira nchito vyakumera kuti ŵagowokere ŵalwari ndiposo vinthu vinyake vyamahara, nga nkhusanga cinthu cakubisika kwambura kumanya uko cili. Visopa vya ku Africa vikugomezga kuti ŵasekuru ŵakuŵa paubwezi na ŵabali ŵawo. Mizimu ya ŵasekuru kanandi yikuŵa yiwemi ndiposo yiwemi. Vinthu viheni ivyo mizimu ya ŵasekuru yikucita vikupangiska matenda ghacoko waka kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye kuti ŵanjira mu nthowa yiheni.
Visopa vya ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa vikukolerana na kusopa ŵasekuru, kugomezga kuti kuli mizimu, vyamoyo vyamahara, na wanangwa wakusankha. Ŵanthu awo ŵali kufwa (na vinyama panji vinthu vyakuzirwa) ŵacali ŵamoyo ku malo gha mizimu ndipo ŵangakhwaska panji kucezga na caru. Kusopa ŵachiuta ŵanandi kukaŵa kwachilendo mu vyaru vinandi vya ku Africa na vyaru vinyake pambere Chisilamu, Chikhristu, na Chiyuda vindambe. Chisopa chautesi icho chikaŵako nyengo yichoko waka chikaŵa cha Farawo Akhenaten, uyo wakaphalira ŵanthu kuti ŵalombenge kwa chiuta wawo Aten. Kweni mwana wake muchoko chomene, Tutankhamun, wakawuskapo chisopa ichi. Ŵachiuta ŵankhongono, pamoza na ŵachiuta ŵanyake ŵapadera, mizimu ya ŵasekuru, mizimu ya vigaŵa, na vyamoyo, ni nkhani iyo yikusangika mu visopa vya mu Africa, ndipo yikulongora umo ŵanthu ŵakale ŵa ku Africa ŵakachitiranga vinthu. Ŵachiuta ŵankhongono, pamoza na ŵachiuta ŵanyake ŵapadera, mizimu ya ŵasekuru, mizimu ya vigaŵa, na vyamoyo, ni nkhani yakuzomerezgeka mu visopa vya mu Africa, ndipo vikulongosora za kakhaliro ka ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa wakale. 26][27][28] Kafukufuku munyake wakulongora kuti visambizgo vinyake vya cisopa cimoza, nga nkhugomezga mwa Ciuta panji nkhongono yikuru (pamoza na ŵachiuta ŵanyake ŵanandi, ŵachiuta na mizimu, nyengo zinyake ŵakuwoneka nga ni awo ŵakwendeska pakati pa ŵanthu na Mlengi) vikaŵako mu Africa, pambere visopa vya Abrahamu vindaŵeko. Fundo izi zikapambananga na chisopa chautesi icho chikaŵa mu visopa vya Abrahamu.
Nakuti munkhwala wa ku Africa ukukolerana na visopa vya ku Africa. Kuyana na Clemmont E. Vontress, visopa vyakupambanapambana vya mu Africa vikukolerana cifukwa ca cisopa ca Animisimu. Kuyana na iyo, kugomezga mizimu na ŵasekuru ni fundo yakuzirwa comene mu visopa vya ku Africa. Ŵachiuta aŵa ŵakajipangira ŵekha panji ŵakafuma ku mizimu panji ŵasekuru awo ŵanthu ŵakaŵasopanga. Wakayowoyaso kuti visopa vinandi vya ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa vikakhwaskika chomene na visopa vya ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa yayi, chomenechomene Chikhristu na Chisilamu.
Visopa vya ku Africa vikugomezga kuti para munthu wafwa wakuwuka, ndipo ŵanyake ŵakugomezga kuti para munthu wafwa wakubabikaso.
Jacob Olupona, uyo ni pulofesa wa chisopa cha ku Africa pa yunivesite ya Harvard, wakayowoya kuti visopa vinandi vya ku Africa vikaŵa vyakupambanapambana. Kusopa ŵasekuru nkhwakuzirwa chomene mu mitheto ya ku Africa ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakuwona kuti ndiko nkhwakuzirwa chomene. Ŵasekuru (viŵanda vya ŵasekuru) ŵaliko nadi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugomezga kuti ŵasekuru ŵakukhala mu malo gha mizimu.
Ŵasekuru ŵangapeleka ulongozgi na kucindika ŵana ŵawo awo ŵacali ŵamoyo, kweni ŵangapemphaso kuti malo ghawo ghakupatulika ghakhalenge makora. Chipulikano mu ŵasekuru chikulongoraso kuti umoyo wauzimu wa mu Africa ngwakukolerana na ŵanthu wose.
Olupona wakukana fundo ya ku Western/Islam ya kusopa Chiuta yumoza ndipo wakuti fundo izi zingapulikiska yayi maluso gha ku Africa ndipo ni zakusuzga. Nangauli visambizgo vinyake vikuyowoya kuti kuli chiuta munyake uyo wali pachanya pa wose, kweni vinyake vikuyowoya nthena yayi. Kusopa Ciuta yumoza kukuyana yayi na umo ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakuwonera ŵachiuta na vilengiwa vyauzimu. Iyo wakalongosora kuti visopa vya mu Africa ni visopa pera yayi, kweni ni umo ŵanthu ŵakuwonera vinthu.
Viphikiro
Mu vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi na vya ku Central Africa, ŵanthu ŵakuchita viphikiro panji maluso gha kuwukwa. Mulimo unyake wa cisopa uwo ukucitika mu Gabon na Cameroon ni Okuyi, uwo ukucitika na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu. Mu chigaŵa ichi, kwakuyana na chigaŵa, kuvina kwa viŵiya panji viŵiya ivyo ŵakwimba ŵakumanyikwa (vyose ivyo ni vyapadera kwa chiuta panji ŵasekuru), awo ŵakuchitako ŵakuŵa na chiuta panji ŵasekuru, nkhongono panji maghanoghano mwa kuchita maluso panji kuvina uko kukovwira kuti ŵamanye vinandi.
Para munthu wakuwona na kupulikiska umo vinthu viliri, wakuŵa na maghanoghano ghakwenelera. Ivi vikovwira munthu kuti wapambaniskenge pakati pa umo wakujipulikira na umo vinthu vikuŵira mu umoyo wake. Para munthu waŵa na maghanoghano ghakupambanapambana pa nkhani ya nkhongono panji umo wakujipulikira, vikovwira kuti wamanye umo wangachitira na masuzgo agha. Ici cikovwira kuti nkhongono izi zileke kuwoneka makora na kuzgoka nkharo yiwemi, maghanoghano, na kayowoyero. Kweniso, para munthu uyo wali na maluso gha kusopa panji wavinjeru wakung'anamura mazgu agha, wangamanya nthowa iyo wupu (panji munthu) wangalondezga kuti wafiske chilato chake.