cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Vigaŵa vya London
Kupangika
Pa Epulero 1, 1965, vigaŵa 32 vya London na Greater London vikapangika na London Government Act 1963. Mu vigaŵa 12 vya mu tawuni ya London, mukaŵa vigaŵa vya mukati mwa tawuni ya London, ndipo vigaŵa vinyake 20 vikaŵa vya kuwaro kwa tawuni ya London. Mipingo ya mu vigaŵa vya kuwaro kwa msumba wa London yikaŵa ya boma, kweni mipingo ya mu vigaŵa vya mukati mwa msumba wa London yikaŵikika kuti yilutilire kuŵa na wupu wakuwona vya masambiro. Msumba wa London ukalutilira kulongozgeka na City of London Corporation, ndipo Inner na Middle Temples zikalutilira kulamulira vigaŵa vyawo.
Pa Meyi 7, 1964, pakaŵa mavoti, ndipo ma komiti ghaphya ghakaŵa nga ni maboma gha mu mfwiri pambere ghandambe kuwusa.
Nkhongono zapakwamba
Vigaŵa ivi vikaŵa vyakulondezgapo ivi. Kwambira mu 1965, malo ghanyake ghakasintha, ndipo ghaŵiri ghakasintha mazina.
Greater London Council
Pakati pa 1965 na 1986, maboma agha ghakaŵa na maboma ghaŵiri ndipo ghakaŵa na mazaza pamoza na Greater London Council (GLC). Kugaŵikana kwa mazaza na milimo kukang'anamuranga kuti Greater London Council yikaŵa na mulimo wa "vigaŵa vinandi" nga ni moto, galimoto ya ambulense, kugega kututuka kwa maji, na kuwuskamo viswaswa. Maboma ghanandi gha ku London na GLC ghakanjilirapo pa kugaluka kwa mu 1985. Pa 1 Epulero 1986, GLC yikalekeka ndipo maboma gha vigaŵa agha ghakapika milimo yinyake iyo yikacitikanga na Greater London Council, nga nkhusunga viswaswa. Wupu wa Inner London Education Authority ukalutilira kuŵa na mazaza. Mu 1990, boma la London likamazga sukulu iyi ndipo maboma gha mu tawuni iyi ghakazgoka maboma gha ku malo agha.
Zina na mphaka
Dango la Boma la ku London la mu 1972 likaŵa na ndondomeko ya kusintha zina la tawuni ya London. Malo agha ghakaŵa mu tawuni ya Hammersmith (iyo yikasintha kuŵa Hammersmith na Fulham) pa Epulero 1, 1979, kweniso mu tawuni ya Barking (iyo yikasintha kuŵa Barking na Dagenham) pa Janyuwale 1, 1980. Mazina gha vigaŵa agho ghakaŵako chifukwa cha kuwunganya mazina gha vigaŵa viŵiri ghakaŵa ghambura kuzomerezgeka.
Vigaŵa vya London vikapangika na kuwunganya maboma gha mu muzi. Dango la boma la London Act 1963 likapeleka nthowa yakuti ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu mizi iyo yili kufupi na Greater London ŵapemphenge kuti ŵasamuke mu tawuni iyi na kuluta ku tawuni yinyake. Mu 1969, ŵakagwiliskira nchito nthowa iyi pakusamuskira maboma gha Knockholt ku Bromley na Kent, kweniso Farleigh na Hooley ku Croydon na Surrey. Dango ili likayowoyangaso za kusamukira ku vigaŵa vinyake vya ku London na vigaŵa vyapafupi, usange pali kukolerana pakati pa maboma ghose. Ndondomeko iyi yikagwiliskirika nchito pakusinthana virwa viŵiri pa Mlonga wa Thames pakati pa Richmond na Surrey. (Wonani List of Greater London boundary changes.)
Bungwe la England's Local Government Boundary Commission likakhazikiskika na Local Government Act 1972 kuti liwoneso mphaka za Greater London na vigaŵa vya London. Ndondomeko yakwamba yakulongosora mphaka yikamba pa 1 Epulero 1987 ndipo yikayowoyeka mu 1992. Pamanyuma pa kuyezgaso, ŵakasintha vigaŵa vinyake, nga nkhukolerana malo ghose gha Becontree ku Barking na Dagenham. Komiti iyi yikati fundo zake zinandi zikususkika comene ndipo zikalondezgeka yayi. Mphepete mwa msumba wa London na vigaŵa vinyake vikaŵa vyakupambana.
Mu vigaŵa vya London, wupu wa malango ni boma yayi, nga umo viliri mu vigaŵa vinyake mu caru ici, kweni ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa ivi ndiwo ŵakuŵa wupu wa malango. Ntheura, zina la boma la London ni "The Mayor and Burgesses of the London Borough of X" (panji "The Lord Mayor and Citizens of the City of Westminste")r").
Greater London Authority
Mu 2000, boma la Greater London Authority likapangika, ilo lili na meya wa London na London Assembly. Pakuŵa wupu wakulongozga, ukaŵa na mazaza ghachoko waka, nga ni misewu yikuru na ndondomeko ya mapulani.
Maboma gha London
Mu vigaŵa vyose vya London muli maboma gha vigaŵa (LBCs), agho ghakusankhika pa vilimika vinayi. Iwo ndiwo ni maboma gha mu msumba wa London ndipo ŵakulaŵilira vinthu vinandi nga ni masukulu, wovwiri wa ŵanthu, kutozga vimaji na misewu. Maboma ghanyake gha ku London ghakulongozgeka na Greater London Authority, ndipo maboma ghanyake ghakulongozgeka na mawupu gha ku London. Mipingo yinyake yikukolerana pakupeleka mauteŵeti nga nkhuwunjika na kuwuskamo viswaswa. Vigaŵa ivi ni vigaŵa vya boma ndipo vikuyana waka na vigaŵa vya msumba. Wupu wa vigaŵa uliwose ni wupu wakuwona vya masambiro.
Shared services
Maofesi gha boma ni maofesi gha boma agho ghakugaŵikana na maboma ghaŵiri panji kujumpha apa. Pakwamba, ŵanthu ŵakakanizganga kupeleka mauteŵeti ghakupambanapambana cifukwa cakuti maboma ghakavikiliranga mazaza ghawo. Ndipouli, apo ŵakeneranga kuchepeska bajeti yawo kuumaliro wa m'ma 2000, maboma ghanyake ghakamba kupenja nthowa zakugwilira lumoza nchito. Mu 2011, boma la Westminster na Hammersmith & Fulham ŵakeneranga kusazga maofesi ghawo gha masukulu, kusazgapo gha sukulu zakupharazgira na ghakwendakwenda. Mu Okutobala 2010, Hammersmith & Fulham, Kensington & Chelsea na Westminster ŵakayowoya kuti ŵakukhumba kusazga maofesi ghawo ghose kuti ŵaŵe "super-council". Waliyose wa iwo waŵenge na wanangwa wake wa ndyali, ŵalongozgi, na ŵanthu awo ŵakulongozga, kweni ŵantchito na bajeti vizamusazgikana. Lambeth na Southwark nawo ŵakukhumba kucitira lumoza maungano.
Pulofesa John Seddon, uyo wakambiska nthowa ya Vanguard, wakati mapulojekiti agho ghakovwira ŵanthu kugwiliskira ntchito vinthu vinyake, ghakusazgapo vinthu viŵiri. Iyo wakuti mapulojekiti ghakuchitira lumoza vinthu ghakutondeka (ndipo kanandi ghakumalira ndalama zinandi kuluska umo ŵakagomezgera) chifukwa ghakutimbanizga ntchito chifukwa cha kusamukira ku malo ghakupambanapambana. Mu 2012, Seddon wakalemba nkhani yakukhwaskana na ivyo vikuchitika mu vigaŵa vitatu.
Witfontein, Limpopo
Witfontein, Limpopo ni muzi mu msumba wa Elias Motsoaledi, mu boma likulu la Sekhukhune District Municipality, chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, mu charu cha South Africa.
Ŵadangilili ŵa Mphala ya Malango Ya Malaŵi
Ẇadangilili ŵa Mphala ya Malango Ya Malaŵi ni mndandanda wa ŵadangilili ŵa Mphala ya Malango ya Malaŵi, pachizungu ikuchemeka Members of the National Assembly of Malawi.
Ngoussoua, Ndele
Ngoussoua, Ndele ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Bamingui-Bangoran kumpoto kwa Central African Republic.
Los Marcelos (Santo Domingo)
Los Marcelos (Santo Domingo) ni msumba mu boma la Santo Domingo, Chigaŵa cha Villa Clara, charu cha Cuba.
Gürümze, Feke
Gürümze, Feke ni msumba mu boma la Feke mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Adana mu charu cha Turkey mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Takasaki
Takasaki, mzinda kwa Japan. Muli banthu pafupi-fupi 371,750.
Wakayama
Wakayama, mzinda kwa Japan. Muli banthu pafupi-fupi 369,088.
Everton Chimulirenji
Everton Chimulirenji (vyaka 56) ni munthu wa ndyali wa ku Malawi. Wakaba Vice-President wa Malaŵi pasi pa pulezidenti Peter Mutharika pamanyuma pakutonda visankho vya 2019. Chimulirenji wakaŵa wakumanyikwa yayi pambere wandambe kulongozgana na Mutharika. Chimulirenji wakagwira ntchito nyengo yichoko waka, kufuma mu mwezi wa Meyi 2019 mpaka Febuluwale 2020, apo wakalekeka kuŵa wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti ndipo wakasinthika na uyo wakaŵapo pambere wandaŵeko.
Pakwamba wakasankhika ku Nyumba ya Malamulo ya Malawi mu 2009. Pamanyuma wakagwira ntchito nga ni Deputy Minister of Defence ndipo pamanyuma nga ni Minister of Civic Education, Culture and Community Development.
Waalkraal, Limpopo
Waalkraal, Limpopo ni muzi mu msumba wa Elias Motsoaledi, mu boma likulu la Sekhukhune District Municipality, chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, mu charu cha South Africa.
Tsurugashima
Tsurugashima, mzinda kwa Japan. Muli banthu pafupi-fupi 69,974.
German East Africa
German East Africa (GEA; German: Deutsch-Ostafrika) yikaŵa koloni ya Germany mu chigaŵa cha African Great Lakes, icho chikaŵa na Burundi, Rwanda, Tanzania, na Kionga Triangle. Malo gha GEA ghakaŵa 994,996 km2 (384,170 sq mi), agho ghakaŵa pafupifupi katatu malo gha Germany wa mazuŵa ghano ndipo ghakaŵa pafupifupi kaŵiri malo gha Germany pa nyengo iyo.
Eureka (Santo Domingo)
Eureka (Santo Domingo) ni msumba mu boma la Santo Domingo, Chigaŵa cha Villa Clara, charu cha Cuba.
German East Africa
Mbili
Nga umo vikaŵira na maboma ghanyake agho ghakaŵa na mazaza pa charu ichi, Ŵachijeremani nawo ŵakamba kuthandazga ufumu wawo mu vigaŵa vya ku Africa uko kukaŵa nyanja zikuru. Mwakupambana na maufumu ghanyake gha ufumu, iwo ŵakamazga yayi wuzga panji malonda gha wuzga ndipo ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵaleke kupanga ŵanthu ŵaphya.
Fumu ya ku Zanzibar yikasuska ndipo yikati ndiyo ni fumu ya ku Zanzibar na ya ku charu chose. Kansela Bismarck wakatuma ngaraŵa zinkhondi izo zikafika pa Ogasiti 7, 1885. Sultan wakacicizgika kuzomera ivyo ŵa German ŵakayowoya kuti nchigaŵa ca ku caru cikuru ico cikaŵa kutali comene na nyanja. Mu Novembala 1886, Germany na Britain ŵakakolerana kuti ŵapulikirenge ivyo Sultan wa ku Zanzibar wakayowoya. Ŵangelezi na Ŵachijeremani ŵakakolerana kuti ŵagaŵane caru pakati pawo, ndipo Sultan wakaŵavya cinyake cakucita kweni kukolerana.
Mwaluŵiro Ŵachijeremani ŵakamba kulamulira ku Bagamoyo, Dar es Salaam, na Kilwa. Oscar Baumann wakatumika kukawona malo gha Masailand na Urundi. Apo wakendanga, wakasanga uko mlonga wa Kagera ukufuma. Makaravani gha Tom von Prince, Wilhelm Langheld, Emin Pasha, na Charles Stokes ghakatumika kuti ghakaŵe pa "Msewu wa Makaravani". Nkhondo ya Abushiri ya 1888 yikamara na wovwiri wa Britain. Mu 1890, London na Berlin ŵakadumura phangano la Heligoland na Zanzibar, ilo likapeleka Heligoland ku Germany na kudumura mphaka pakati pa GEA na East Africa Protectorate iyo yikalamuliranga na Britain, nangauli mphaka zaunenesko zikamanyikwa yayi mpaka mu 1910. [page needed]
Malire gha pakati pa Kenya na Tanganyika, kufuma ku nyanja m'paka ku Nyanja ya Victoria, ghakalembeka na ŵabali ŵaŵiri ŵa ku Britain: Charles Stewart Smith (mkuŵa wa Britain ku Mombasa) na munung'una wake George Edward Smith (mulara wa ŵasilikari ndipo pamanyuma wakazgoka mulara wa Royal Engineers). Mu 1892, Stewart Smith wakasankhika kuŵa mwimiliri wa boma la Britain pa mulimo wa kupanga mphaka ya pakati pa Britain na Germany mu Africa. Pakati pajumpha vilimika 12, George Edward Smith wakawelera kuti wakamalizge kupenda mtunda wa makilomita 300 kufuma ku Kilimanjaro m'paka ku Nyanja ya Victoria.
Pakati pa 1891 na 1894, ŵanthu ŵa Hehe awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Mulara Mkwawa ŵakakana kuti Ŵachijeremani ŵaŵawukire. Ŵakathereskeka cifukwa cakuti mafuko ghanyake ghakatolera Ŵajeremani. Pakati pajumpha vilimika vinandi, Mkwawa wakafwa ndipo wakajikoma mu 1898.
Kuwukira kwa Maji kukacitika mu 1905 ndipo kukalekeka na Kazembe Gustav Adolf von Götzen, uyo wakalangura kuti paŵe njara. Vingaŵa kuti ŵanthu 300,000 ŵakafwa. Pamanyuma pake pakaŵa nkhani ya vimbundi na nkhaza. Mu 1907, Chancellor Bernhard von Bülow wakasora Bernhard Dernburg kuti wasinthe vinthu mu boma.
Ŵalongozgi ŵa boma la Germany ŵakathembanga chomene ŵalongozgi ŵa ku malo agha kuti ŵachitenge vinthu mwamahara na kupoka misonkho. Pa Janyuwale 1, 1914, ŵasilikari ŵa Schutztruppen (magulu ghakuvikilira) mu Dar es Salaam, Moshi, Iringa, na Mahenge ŵakaŵa na ŵasilikari Ŵachijeremani 110 (ŵakaŵapo ŵasilikari 42 ŵa munkhwala), ŵasilikari ŵa pasi pa 126, na Askari 2,472.
Kukula kwachuma
Ŵachijeremani ŵakakhozga malonda na chuma. Malo ghakujumpha 40,000 ha ghakaŵa na vyakumera vya sisal. Makuni gha khofi ghakukwana mamiliyoni ghaŵiri ghakapandika, makuni gha ghamusi ghakakura pa malo ghakukwana mahekita 81,000, ndipo pakaŵa minda yikuruyikuru ya katoni.
Sanaa
Sanaa ni msumba ukulu wa boma mu chalo cha Yemen.
German East Africa
Kukula kwachuma
Kwamba mu 1888, ŵakazenga sitima ya Usambara kufuma ku Tanga m'paka ku Moshi kuti ŵagulire vyakurya ivi. Central Railroad yikaŵa na mtunda wa makilomita 1,247 ndipo yikayaniskanga Dar es Salaam, Morogoro, Tabora, na Kigoma. Mu Julayi 1914, ŵakamalizga kuzenga nthowa yakulongozgera ku nyanja ya Tanganyika. Ŵakazenga panji kunozga malo gha dowoko na magudumu gha magesi, njanji, na malo ghakusungiramo vinthu. Ku Tanga, Bagamoyo, na Lindi, ŵakazengaso malo ghanyake ghakusungirako ŵanthu. Pamanyuma pa 1891, boma la Germany likamba kunozga misewu iyo ŵanthu ŵakendangamo mu chigaŵa ichi pambere ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵandafike mu charu ichi.
Mu 1912, ku Dar es Salaam na Tanga kukaŵa ngalaŵa za katundu na za ŵanthu 356, ndiposo ngalaŵa zakwenda pa nyanja zakujumpha 1,000 na ngalaŵa za malonda. Mu GEA yose, mukaŵa ŵanthu 3,579 ŵa ku Germany.
Mu nyengo yithu iyi, ŵanthu ŵa ku Tanzania ŵakamba kuguliska golide mu charu ichi mu nyengo iyo charu cha Germany chikalamuliranga charu ichi. Wupu wa Kironda-Goldminen-Gesellschaft ndiwo ukambiska migodi ya golide yakwamba mu charu ichi, ndipo yikamba kugwira ntchito mu 1909.
Masambiro
Ku Germany, ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakasambizgikanga mu masukulu gha pulayimale, gha sekondale, na gha masukulu gha maluso. Mu 1924, pati pajumpha vilimika 10 kufuma apo Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose yikambira ndiposo vilimika vinkhondi na cimoza kufuma apo Britain yikambira kuwusa, Wupu wa Phelps-Stokes, uwo ukaŵa ku America, ukati: "Ŵajeremani ŵacita vinthu vyakuzizwiska comene pa nkhani ya masukulu. Pakwenera kujumpha nyengo yitali pambere masambiro ghaleke kuŵa nga umo ghakaŵira mu nyengo ya Ŵachijeremani".
Lizgu la Ciswahili lakuti shule, ilo likung'anamura sukulu, lili kufuma ku lizgu la Cigiriki lakuti Schule.
Hıdıruşağı, Feke
Hıdıruşağı, Feke ni msumba mu boma la Feke mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Adana mu charu cha Turkey mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Ramogwerane
Ramogwerane ni muzi mu msumba wa Elias Motsoaledi, mu boma likulu la Sekhukhune District Municipality, chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, mu charu cha South Africa.
Talane, Limpopo
Talane, Limpopo ni muzi mu msumba wa Elias Motsoaledi, mu boma likulu la Sekhukhune District Municipality, chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, mu charu cha South Africa.
Sokoumba
Sokoumba ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Bamingui-Bangoran kumpoto kwa Central African Republic.
Tokorozawa
Tokorozawa, mzinda kwa Japan. Muli banthu pafupi-fupi 342,939.
Delaware
Delaware ni nthavwa (state) iyo ikusangika mu Mid-Atlantic mu chalo cha United States of America.Ndipo msumba ukulu wa boma wa nthavwa ili ni Dover.
German East Africa
Ŵanthu pa nyengo ya Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose
Mu cigaŵa ici mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 7.5 miliyoni. Pafupifupi 30% ŵakaŵa Ŵasilamu ndipo ŵanyake wose ŵakaŵa ŵa mafuko ghakupambanapambana panji Ŵakhristu awo ŵakazgoka Ŵakhristu. Mu 1913, mu cigaŵa ici mukaŵa ŵalimi na ŵalimi ŵa ku Germany 882. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 70,000 ŵa ku Africa ŵakagwiranga nchito mu minda ya GEA.
Yashio
Yashio, mzinda kwa Japan. Muli banthu pafupi-fupi 81,148.
German East Africa
Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose
Mulara wa ŵasilikari Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck wakateŵetera ku German South West Africa na Cameroon. Wakalongozga ŵasilikari ŵa Germany pa nkhondo yakwamba ya caru cose. Ŵasilikari ŵake ŵakaŵa 3,500 ŵa ku Europe na 12,000 ŵa ku Ascari na awo ŵakanyamuranga katundu. Nkhondo yawo yikaŵa yakuti ŵathereske ŵasilikari 40,000 ŵa ufumu wa Britain, awo nyengo zinyake ŵakalongozgekanga na Jan Smuts. Yumoza mwa nkhondo zikuru comene izo Lettow-Vorbeck wakathereska wakaŵa Nkhondo ya Tanga (3-5 November 1914). Mu nkhondo iyi ŵasilikari ŵa Germany ŵakathereska ŵasilikari ŵa Britain awo ŵakaŵa ŵanandi comene kuluska iwo.
Nkhondo iyo Lettow-Vorbeck wakachitanga yikapangiska kuti Britain yigeŵetere ndalama zinandi pa nkhondo iyi. Paumaliro, ŵasilikari ŵanandi, comenecomene ŵasilikari awo ŵakafuma ku Belgian Congo, ŵakamba kuwukira kumanjiliro gha dazi (nkhondo ya ku Tabora) kweniso katundu wakukwana yayi. Wakaluta kumwera ku Mozambique na ku Northern Rhodesia uko wakazomera kuti ŵaleke kuwukirana mazuŵa ghatatu nkhondo yati yamara.
Nkhondo yikati yamara, Lettow-Vorbeck wakacemeka yumoza wa vinkhara vya ku Germany. Gulu lake la ŵasilikari la Schutztruppe ndilo likaŵa lakwekha mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose ilo likathereskeka yayi. Ŵasilikari ŵa Askari awo ŵakarwa nkhondo ya ku East Africa, boma la Weimar na West Germany ŵakaŵapa ndalama za penshoni.
Ngalaŵa yakucemeka Königsberg, nayo yikaŵapo pa nkhondo iyi. Mu Julayi 1915, boti ili likamira mu nyanja ya Rufiji chifukwa cha kusoŵa malasha na vipambi. Awo ŵakapona ŵakafumiska vilwero vyose vya ngalaŵa na kuviŵika pa magalimoto gha vilwero pambere ŵandambe kuteŵetera ku mtunda.
Kusweka kwa chikoloni
Pa ungano wa mtende wa ku Paris mu 1919, khoti likuru likapeleka chigaŵa chose cha German East Africa ku Britain pa 7 May 1919, nangauli Belgium yikaŵasuska chomene.:240 Alfred Milner, Secretary of the British Colonial Office, na Pierre Orts, nduna ya Belgium, ŵakadumbiskana za phangano la Britain na Belgium pa 30 May 1919:6189 apo Britain yikapeleka vigaŵa vya kumpoto kwa charu cha Rwanda na Urundi ku Belgium.:246 Komiti ya Msonkhano uwu yikapeleka chikalata pa 16 July 1919.:2467 Khoti likuru likapokelera phangano ili pa 7 August 1919.:6123
Phangano la Versailles likalembeka pa Juni 28, 1919, kweni likamba kugwira ntchito pa Janyuwale 10, 1920. Pa zuŵa ili, boma la Britain, Belgium, na Portugal ndilo likamba kulamulira charu ichi. Kweniso pa zuŵa lenelili, "Tanganyika" likazgoka zina la cigaŵa ca Britain.
Mazina gha malo ghachi Germany
Mazina ghanyake mu German East Africa ghakalutilira kulembeka mu Chijeremani, nga ni "Udjidji" kwa Ujiji na "Kilimandscharo" kwa Phiri la Kilimanjaro, "Kleinaruscha" kwa Arusha-Chini na "Neu-Moschi" kwa msumba uwo sono ukuchemeka Moshi. (Kigoma wakamanyikwanga na zina lakuti "Rutschugi".)
Malo ghanandi ghakaŵa na mazina gha ku Africa panji ghakaŵaso na mazina ghanyake:
Shiraoka
Shiraoka, mzinda kwa Japan. Muli banthu pafupi-fupi 50,828.
German East Africa
Mndandanda wa mabwana gha boma
Ŵalongozgi ŵa German East Africa:
Vimanyikwiro vya German East Africa
Mu 1914, ŵakalemba ndondomeko ya kawonekero ka vikozgo na ndembera za vyaru vya ku Germany. Ndipouli, Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose yikati yamba, vimanyikwiro ivi vikaŵa kuti vindagwiliskike nchito. Nkhondo yikati yamara, caru ca Germany cikataya vyaru vyose ivyo cikaŵa pasi pawo.
Cameroon
Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa ichi ŵakaŵa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Sao awo ŵakakhalanga kufupi na Nyanja ya Chad, kweniso ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Baka awo ŵakakhalanga mu nkhorongo ya kumwera kwa charu ichi. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1400, ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ŵakafika pa malo agha na kughathya Rio dos Camarões (Mlonga wa Shrimp). Ŵasilikari ŵa Fulani ŵakakhazikiska boma la Adamawa kumpoto kwa charu ichi mu ma 1800, ndipo mafuko ghakupambanapambana gha kumanjiliro gha dazi na kumpoto kwa charu ichi ghakakhazikiska vigaŵa vyawo. Mu 1884, charu cha Cameroon chikaŵa pasi pa Germany. Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose yikati yamara, caru ici cikagaŵika pakati pa France na United Kingdom. Chipani cha Union des Populations du Cameroun (UPC) chikakhumbanga kuti charu ichi chiŵe na wanangwa, kweni mu ma 1950, charu cha France chikakanizga, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku France na UPC ŵambe kuwukira charu chawo m'paka mu 1971. Mu 1960, chigaŵa cha Cameroon icho chikaŵa pasi pa French chikamba kujiyimira paŵekha. Chigaŵa chakumwera cha British Cameroons chikakolerana na charu ichi mu 1961 ndipo chikazgoka Federal Republic of Cameroon. Wupu uwu ukamara mu 1972. Mu 1972, charu ichi chikachemekaso kuti United Republic of Cameroon, ndipo mu 1984 chikachemekaso kuti Republic of Cameroon. Paul Biya, uyo ni pulezidenti wa sono, ndiyo walaŵiliranga charu ichi kwamba mu 1982 pamanyuma pakuti Ahidjo wafumapo. Charu cha Cameroon chili na boma la pulezidenti.
Viyowoyero vya boma vya ku Cameroon ni Chifurenchi na Chingelezi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala mu tawuni iyi Mbakhristu, ndipo ŵachoko waka ndiwo ŵakusopa Chisilamu. Chigaŵa ichi chili na ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya Chingelezi, awo ŵakukhumba kuti chigaŵa ichi chileke kuŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi, kweniso kuti chipatukeko panji chiŵe na wanangwa (nga umo vikaŵira na South Cameroon National Council). Mu 2017, masuzgo agho ghakaŵapo chifukwa cha boma la Ambazonian mu vigaŵa ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya Chingelezi ghakafika paheni chomene.
Zina
Pakwamba, Ŵapwitikizi ŵakachemanga mlonga wa Wouri kuti Cameroon. Ŵakawuchemanga kuti Rio dos Camarões, kung'anamura "mulonga wa nkharamu". Mazuŵa ghano, charu ichi chikuchemeka Camarões mu Ciphwitikizi.
Mbili yakwamba
Charu icho sono chikuchemeka Cameroon, ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mwenemumo mu nyengo ya Neolithic. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi nyengo yitali chomene ni Baka (Pygmies). Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakugomezga kuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ŵakasamukira ku vigaŵa vya kumafumiro gha dazi, kumwera, na pakati pa Africa vyaka pafupifupi 2,000 ivyo vyajumpha. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Sao ŵakamba kukhala kufupi na Nyanja ya Chad, c. Mu 500 C.E., ufumu wa Kanem na ufumu unyake uwo ukamulondezganga ukababika. Maufumu, vyaru, na maufumu ghakawuka kumanjiliro gha dazi.
Mu 1896, Sultani Ibrahim Njoya wakambiska ciyowoyero ca ciyowoyero ici. Mazuŵa ghano, mu Cameroon, ŵanthu ŵakusambira Baibolo ili kwizira mu pulojekiti ya Bamum Scripts and Archives.
Boma la Germany
Mu 1868, kampani ya Woermann Company ya ku Hamburg yikazenga malo ghakusungiramo katundu. Wakazengeka pa mlonga wa Wouri. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, Gustav Nachtigal wakacita phangano na yumoza wa mafumu gha mu cigaŵa ici kuti malo agha ghaŵe gha themba la Germany. Mu 1884, Ufumu wa Germany ukati charu ichi ntcha ku Cameroon ndipo ukamba kulimbana na ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi. Pa nyengo iyo boma la Germany likalamuliranga caru ici, maboma ghakawovwiranga makampani. Mu vyaru ivi ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵachichizganga kugwira ntchito mu minda ya banane, ghamayi, mafuta gha makuni, na koko. Nanga ni milimo ya kuzenga yikaŵa yakukhumbikwa. Boma linyake likasuska comene fundo iyi.
Ufumu wa France na Britain
Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose yikati yamara, caru ca Cameroon cikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa League of Nations ndipo cikagaŵika mu vyaru vya French Cameroon na British Cameroon mu 1919. Boma la France likawovwira kuti vinthu vyendenge makora mu Cameroon na kunozgaso vinthu vya mu charu ichi.
Ŵanandi ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa ivyo vikaŵa pafupi na Nigeria. Ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ŵakadandawura kuti ŵanthu ŵakaŵaleka waka. Ŵantchito ŵakufuma ku Nigeria ŵakiza ku Southern Cameroon, ndipo ŵakaŵakanizga kugwira nchito mwakucicizgika, kweni ŵakakwiyiska ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ici, awo ŵakajiwonanga nga ŵalije nchito. Mu 1946, mawupu gha League of Nations ghakazgoka United Nations Trusteeships, ndipo nkhani ya kujiyimira payekha yikaŵa yakuzirwa chomene mu France.
Pa Julayi 13, 1955, boma la France likakanizga chipani cha Union des Populations du Cameroun (UPC). Ivi vikapangiska kuti UPC yambe nkhondo ya ŵasilikari na kukoma ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵa chipani ichi, kusazgapo Ruben Um Nyobè, Félix-Roland Moumié na Ernest Ouandie. Mu vyaru vya Britain ivyo vikachemekanga Cameroon, ŵanthu ŵakakhumbanga kumanya usange ŵanganjilirapo mu vyaru vya France panji ku Nigeria.
Kujilamulila
Pa Janyuwale 1, 1960, charu cha French Cameroon chikamba kujiyimira paŵekha. Pa Okutobala 1, 1961, vyaru ivyo kale vikachemekanga British Southern Cameroons, vikajiyimira pavyake kufuma ku United Kingdom. Ahidjo wakagwiliskira nchito nkhondo iyo yikaŵa pakati pa iyo na UPC kuti wakhozge mazaza ghake, ndipo wakalutilira kucita nthena nanga ni apo UPC yikaparanyika mu 1971.
Chipani chake cha ndale, cha Cameroon National Union (CNU), chikaŵa chipani chimoza pera pa 1 Seputembala 1966 ndipo pa 20 Meyi 1972, chikaŵa na referendum yakuwuskapo boma la feduro na kwendera boma la United Republic of Cameroon. Zuŵa ili ni Zuŵa la Charu. Ahidjo wakendeskanga ndyali ya vyamalonda, ndipo wakadangizganga vyakurya vya ndalama na mafuta. Boma likagwiliskira nchito ndalama za mafuta kuti lipangire ndalama zakwendeskera vinthu, kulipira ŵalimi, na kupeleka ndalama zakwendeskera vinthu vikuruvikuru. Kweni vinthu vinandi vikenda makora yayi apo Ahidjo wakasankha ŵanthu ŵambura kuzomerezgeka kuti ŵaŵalongozge.
Mbendera ya caru yikasinthika pa 20 Meyi 1975. Ŵakawuskamo nyenyezi ziŵiri na kuŵikamo yinyake yikuru iyo yikwimira kukolerana.
Arzni
Arzni ni muzi mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Kotayk, mu charu cha Armenia.
Cameroon
Kujilamulila
Ahidjo wakafumapo pa udindo wake pa Novembala 4, 1982 ndipo wakapeleka mazaza kwa Paul Biya. Ndipouli, Ahidjo wakalutilira kuwusa CNU ndipo wakayezga kuwusa caru kufuma kumasinda mpaka apo Biya na ŵabwezi ŵake ŵakamucicizga kuti waleke. Biya wakamba kuwusa na boma la demokalase, kweni boma likati latondekapo, wakayamba kulongozga nga umo wakacitiranga mulara wake.
Satte
Satte, mzinda kwa Japan. Muli banthu pafupi-fupi 54,444.
Cameroon
Kujilamulila
Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1980 m'paka m'ma 1990, kukaŵa suzgo la vyachuma chifukwa cha suzgo la vyachuma pa charu chose, chilangalanga, kukhira kwa mafuta, na vimbundi, kusuzgika na ŵabwezi. Cameroon wakathemba wovwiri wa vyaru vinyake, wakadumulizga ndalama za boma, na kupanga makampani ghanyake. Mu Disembala 1990, apo boma la Britain likambaso kwambiska vyaru vinandi, ŵanthu ŵa ku Southern Cameroons ŵakakhumbanga kuti charu ichi chiŵe na wanangwa wa kujilongozga. Dango la Ntchito la 1992 mu Cameroon likupeleka wanangwa ku ŵantchito wa kuŵa mu wupu wa ŵantchito panji kuleka kuŵa mu wupu uliwose. Wantchito wakusankha kunjira wupu uliwose wa ŵantchito mu nchito yake cifukwa pali wupu unyake wa ŵantchito mu nchito yiliyose. Mu Juni 2006, ŵakamazga mphindano za chigaŵa cha Bakassi. Pa ungano uwu pakaŵa Pulezidenti Paul Biya wa ku Cameroon, kweniso Pulezidenti Olusegun Obasanjo wa ku Nigeria na Secretary General wa UN Kofi Annan. Chigaŵa chakumpoto cha chigaŵa ichi chikapelekeka ku boma la Cameroon mu Ogasiti 2006, ndipo chigaŵa chinyake chikapelekeka ku Cameroon mu 2008. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Bakassi ŵakakana kuzomerezga boma la Cameroon. Nangauli ŵasilikari ŵanandi ŵakaleka nkhondo mu Novembala 2009, kweni ŵanyake ŵakalutilira kurwa nkhondo kwa vyaka vinandi.
Kyiv
Kyiv ni msumba ukulu wa boma mu chalo cha Ukraine.
Kwale, Kenya
Kwale ni nthalwe (boma) pachingelezi "county " iyo ikusangika mu Chigaŵa cha M'mphepete mwa nyanja mwa charu cha Kenya,chilwa (nthunthu) la Afilika.
Merced County, California
Merced County, California ni msumba uchoko panji nkhalwe (county pachingelezi) iyo ikusangika mu boma likulu la California mu charu cha United States of America. Boma likulu la California lina tumisumba 58 mukwati mwake (counties).
Siskiyou County, California
Siskiyou County, California ni msumba uchoko panji nkhalwe (county pachingelezi) iyo ikusangika mu boma likulu la California mu charu cha United States of America. Boma likulu la California lina tumisumba 58 mukwati mwake (counties).
Sayama
Sayama, mzinda kwa Japan. Muli banthu pafupi-fupi 157,453.
Connecticut
Connecticut ni nthavwa (state) iyo ikusangika ku mmwera chomene mu chigawa cha New England mu chalo cha United States of America.Ndipo msumba ukulu wa boma wa nthavwa ili ni Hartford.
Sakado
Sakado, mzinda kwa Japan. Muli banthu pafupi-fupi 100,942.
Ventura County, California
Ventura County, California ni msumba uchoko panji nkhalwe (county pachingelezi) iyo ikusangika mu boma likulu la California mu charu cha United States of America. Boma likulu la California lina tumisumba 58 mukwati mwake (counties).
Shasta County, California
Shasta County, California ni msumba uchoko panji nkhalwe (county pachingelezi) iyo ikusangika mu boma likulu la California mu charu cha United States of America. Boma likulu la California lina tumisumba 58 mukwati mwake (counties).
Moteti, Limpopo
Moteti, Limpopo ni muzi mu msumba wa Elias Motsoaledi, mu boma likulu la Sekhukhune District Municipality, chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, mu charu cha South Africa.
São Tomé
São Tomé ni msumba ukulu wa boma mu chalo chakuzingilizgika na maji cha São Tomé and Príncipe.
Cameroon
Kujilamulila
Kwambira mu Novembala 2016, ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya Chingelezi ŵakufuma ku vigaŵa vya kumpoto na kumwera kwa charu ichi ŵakuchitiska kampeni kuti chiyowoyero cha Chingelezi chikalutilire kugwiliskirika ntchito mu masukulu na makhoti. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakomeka ndipo ŵanyake ŵakajalirika mu jele. Mu 2017, boma la Biya likakanizga ŵanthu kuchezga pa Intaneti kwa myezi yitatu. Mu Seputembala, ŵanthu ŵakugaluka ŵakamba nkhondo ya kuwukira boma kuti chigaŵa ichi chiŵe na wanangwa wakuyowoya Chingelezi. Boma likamba kuwukira boma, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakamba kuwukira mu vigaŵa vya kumpoto na kumwera kwa charu ichi. Kufumira mu 2019, nkhondo pakati pa ŵasilikari na ŵasilikari ŵa boma zikulutilira. Mu chaka cha 2020, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakomeka chifukwa cha vigeŵenga, ndipo boma likapeleka ndalama yayi. Kwambira mu 2016, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 450,000 ŵachimbira mu vikaya vyawo. Nkhondo iyi yikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa Boko Haram ŵambeso kuwukira charu cha Cameroon.
Motsephiri
Motsephiri ni muzi mu msumba wa Elias Motsoaledi, mu boma likulu la Sekhukhune District Municipality, chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, mu charu cha South Africa.
Cameroon
Kujilamulila
Ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 30,000 ŵa kumpoto kwa Cameroon ŵakachimbilira ku Chad pamanyuma pa kulimbana kwa mafuko pa nkhani ya maji pakati pa ŵalovi ŵa Musgum na ŵaliska ŵa mafuko gha Arab Choa mu Disembala 2021.
Ndale na boma
Pulezidenti wa charu cha Cameroon ndiyo wakusankhika na kupanga ndondomeko, wakulongozga maboma, wakulongozga ŵasilikari, wakuchita vyamalango, ndipo wakuŵikapo mtima kuti vinthu viŵe makora. Pulezidenti wakwimika ŵalara ŵa boma pa vigaŵa vyose, kwambira pa nduna yikuru (iyo yikuwoneka nga ni mulongozgi wa boma), m'paka ku ŵalongozgi ŵa vigaŵa na ŵalara ŵa vigaŵa. Pa vilimika vinkhondi na viŵiri vilivyose, pulezidenti wakusankhika na ŵanthu. Kufuma apo charu cha Cameroon chikapokera wanangwa, pakaŵa ŵalongozgi ŵaŵiri.
Boma la Cameroon lili na malango gha boma, malango gha ŵanthu wose, na malango gha mitheto. Nangauli boma likujiyimira palekha, kweni boma la ŵeruzgi likulamulirika na Unduna wa vya Malango. Pulezidenti wakusora ŵeruzgi pa vigaŵa vyose. Ŵeruzgi ŵali kugaŵika mu makhoti ghaŵiri, khoti la apilu, na khoti likuru. Khoti Likuru la Vyamalango ilo lili na ŵanthu 9, likuŵa na ŵeruzgi awo ŵakweruzga ŵalaraŵalara ŵa boma para ŵapika mulandu wa kugalukira boma.
Political culture
Chipani cha Democratic Movement cha President Biya cha Cameroon People's Democratic Movement (CPDM) ndicho chikaŵa chipani pera icho chikaŵa na wanangwa wa ndyali m'paka mu Disembala 1990. Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, magulu ghanandi gha ndyali gha mu vigaŵa ivi ghapangika. Chipani cha Social Democratic Front (SDF) ndicho chikususka chomene ndipo chikulongozgeka na John Fru Ndi.
Biya na chipani cake ŵakalutilira kuwusa pa udindo wa pulezidenti na pa Nyumba ya Malango mu mavoti gha caru cose, agho ŵalwani ŵake ŵakuti ghakaŵa ghambura urunji. Wupu wakuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu ukuti boma likukanizga wanangwa wa magulu ghakwimikana na boma mwa kukanizga vipharazgo, kunanga maungano, na kukora ŵalongozgi na ŵapharazgi. Ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya Cingelezi ndiwo ŵakutambuzgika comene; kanandi para ŵanthu ŵakususkana ŵakuŵa na vivulupi na kukoma ŵanthu. Mu 2017, Pulezidenti Biya wakajara Intaneti mu chigaŵa cha Chingelezi kwa mazuŵa 94, ndipo ŵanthu mamiliyoni ghankhondi ŵakasuzgika, kusazgapo mabungwe gha Silicon Mountain.
Bungwe la Freedom House likuti charu cha Cameroon "ntchakufwatuka yayi" pa nkhani ya wanangwa wa ŵanthu. Chisankho chatha cha nyumba yamalamulo chinachitika pa 9 February 2020.
Ubale na vyaru vinyake
Charu cha Cameroon chili mu wupu wa Commonwealth of Nations na La Francophonie.
Ndondomeko ya vyaru vinyake ya caru ici yikukolerana comene na ya caru ca France, ico nchabwezi cake cikuru. Charu cha Cameroon chikuthemba comene caru ca France pa nkhani ya kuvikilira caru cake, nangauli ndalama izo ŵakupeleka ku nkhondo ni zinandi comene pakuyaniska na za maboma ghanyake.
Pulezidenti Biya wali mu nkhondo ya vilimika vinandi na boma la Nigeria cifukwa ca kutora malo gha Bakassi. Charu cha Cameroon na Nigeria vili na mphaka ya makilomita 1,600 ndipo vikususkana pa nkhani ya chigaŵa cha Bakassi. Mu 1994, caru ca Cameroon cikapempha Khoti la pa Caru Cose kuti limare suzgo ili. Mu 1996, vyaru viŵiri ivi vikayezga kuti vilekane nkhondo, kweni nkhondo yikalutilira kwa vyaka vinandi. Mu 2002, khoti la ICJ likadumura kuti phangano la Britain na Germany ilo likachitika mu 1913, likapeleka wanangwa ku Cameroon. Khoti likadumura kuti vyaru vyose viŵiri vifumemo mu caru ici ndipo likakana kupempha kwa Cameroon kuti wapeleke malipiro cifukwa ca kukhalamo kwa nyengo yitali kwa Nigeria. Mu 2004, Nigeria yikatondeka kufiska nyengo yakutemeka yakupelekera malo agha. Pa ungano uwo ukacitika mu Juni 2006, uwo ukacitiskika na wupu wa UN, pakaŵa phangano lakuti Nigeria yifumemo mu cigaŵa ici. Kuwuskako na kupeleka mazaza kukamara mu Ogasiti 2006.
Ŵankhondo
Wankhondo wa Cameroon, (French: Forces armées camerounaises, FAC) wakupangika na ŵasilikari ŵa charu (Armée de Terre), ŵasilikari ŵa ku nyanja (Marine Nationale de la République (MNR), wakusazgapo ŵasilikari ŵa ku nyanja), ŵasilikari ŵa ku mphepo (Armée de l'Air du Cameroun, AAC), na ŵasilikari ŵa ku charu.
Ŵanalume na ŵanakazi awo ŵali na vyaka vyapakati pa 18 na 23 ndipo ŵamalizga masambiro gha ku sekondare, ŵangaluta ku usilikari. Awo ŵakunjira gulu ili ŵakwenera kuteŵetera vyaka vinayi. Ku Cameroon kulije dango lakuti ŵanthu ŵanjirenge usilikari, kweni boma likuchema ŵanthu kuti ŵanjire usilikari nyengo na nyengo.
Wanangwa wa ŵanthu
Magulu ghakuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu ghakususka ŵapolisi na ŵasilikari kuti ŵakuchitira nkhaza na kutambuzga ŵanthu awo ŵakukayikira kuti ŵakuswa malango, ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake, ŵanalume awo ŵakugonana na ŵanakazi ŵanyawo, na ŵanthu awo ŵakuchitako ndyali. Kafukufuku wakulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 21,000 ŵakachimbilira ku vyaru vyapafupi, ndipo 160,000 ŵakacimbira kwawo cifukwa ca vivulupi. Vigeŵenga vili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene ndipo vikuŵavya chakurya na munkhwala wakukwana. Ndipouli, kwambira mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000, ŵapolisi na ŵasilikari ŵanandi ŵakutambuzgika cifukwa ca nkharo yawo yiheni. Pa Julayi 25, 2018, Mubali Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein, mulara wa UN wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu, wakadandawura chomene na ivyo vikachitika mu vigaŵa vya kumpoto na kumwera kwa Cameroon.
Okegawa
Okegawa, mzinda kwa Japan. Muli banthu pafupi-fupi 73,922.
Mansurlu-bucak merkezi, Feke
Mansurlu-bucak merkezi, Feke ni msumba mu boma la Feke mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Adana mu charu cha Turkey mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Cameroon
Wanangwa wa ŵanthu
Kuyana na OCHA, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1.7 miliyoni ŵakukhumbikwira wovwiri wa ŵanthu wose mu vigaŵa vya kumpoto na kumwera kwa caru ici. OCHA yikughanaghana kuti ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 628,000 ŵali kufumamo mu vikaya vyawo cifukwa ca vivulupi mu vigaŵa viŵiri ivi, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 87,000 ŵachimbilira ku Nigeria.
Kucitirana vinthu vya kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵamoza kukukanizgika na cipaturo 347-1 ca dango la cilango.
Andorra la Vella
Andorra la Vella ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Andorra la Vella mu charu cha Andorra mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Cameroon
Wanangwa wa ŵanthu
Kwambira mu Disembala 2020, wupu wa Human Rights Watch ukati gulu la Islamist la Boko Haram lakhwimiska nkhondo na kukoma ŵanthu 80 mu matawuni na mizi ya kumpoto kwa Cameroon.
Administrative divisions
Dango la caru la Cameroon likugaŵa caru ici mu vigaŵa 10, ndipo cilicose cikulongozgeka na wupu wa vigaŵa. Chigaŵa chilichose chikulongozgeka na kazembe.
Vigaŵa ivi vili kugaŵika vigaŵa 58 (Départements). Ŵalaraŵalara aŵa ŵakulongozgeka na ŵalara ŵa boma awo ŵakwimikika na pulezidenti. Vigaŵa ivi vili kugaŵikana mu vigaŵa vichokovichoko (arrondissements), ivyo vikulongozgeka na ŵalara ŵa vigaŵa (sous-prefets). Vigaŵa, ivyo vikulongozgeka na ŵalongozgi ŵa vigaŵa (chefs de district), ni vigaŵa vichoko chomene.
Vigaŵa vitatu vya kumpoto ni Far North (Extrême Nord), North (Nord), na Adamawa (Adamaoua). Kumwera kwake kuli msumba wa Central na East. Chigaŵa cha South (Sud) chili mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Gulf of Guinea. Chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Cameroon chili na vigaŵa vinayi: chigaŵa cha Littoral na South-West chili mumphepete mwa nyanja, ndipo chigaŵa cha North-West na West chili kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa charu ichi.
Makhalilo gha charu
Charu cha Cameroon chili pa nambara 53 pa vyaru vikuruvikuru pa charu chapasi. Charu ichi chili pakati na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa, ndipo chili pa nyanja ya Atlantic. Charu cha Cameroon chili pakati pa latitude 1° na 13°N, ndipo longitude 8° na 17°E. Cameroon wakulongozga nyanja ya Atlantic kwa mamayilozi 12.
Mabuku agho ghakulongosora vya ŵalendo ghakuyowoya kuti Cameroon ni "Africa mu kanyake" cifukwa muli vyakumera vinandi: mumphepete mwa nyanja, mu mapopa, mu mapiri, mu nkhorongo, na mu malo ghanyake. Charu ichi chili pafupi na Nigeria na Nyanja ya Atlantic kumanjiliro gha dazi; Chad kumpoto kwa kumafumiro gha dazi; Central African Republic kumafumiro gha dazi; Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, na Republic of Congo kumwera.
Cameroon wali kugaŵika vigaŵa vinkhondi vikuruvikuru ivyo vikumanyikwa na malo ghake, nyengo yake, na vyakumera. Chigaŵa cha mumphepete mwa nyanja chili na mtunda wa makilomita 15 m'paka 150 (9 m'paka 93 mi) kufuma ku Gulf of Guinea ndipo chili na mtunda wa mamita 90. Malo agha ghali na nkhorongo zinandi chomene ndipo ghanyake mwa malo agha ndigho ghali na maji ghanandi chomene pa charu chapasi.
Sabino Hernández (Santo Domingo)
Sabino Hernández (Santo Domingo) ni msumba mu boma la Santo Domingo, Chigaŵa cha Villa Clara, charu cha Cuba.
Cameroon
Makhalilo gha charu
Chilumba cha South Cameroon chikukwera kuchokera ku nyanja ya m'mphepete mwa nyanja mpaka mamita 650. Mu chigaŵa ichi muli nkhorongo zinandi chomene, nangauli nyengo ya vula na ya chilangalanga yikupambana. Malo agha ghali mu chigaŵa cha Atlantic Equatorial coastal forests ecoregion. Mapiri, tumapiri, na malo ghapachanya agho ghakumanyikwa na zina lakuti Cameroon range ghakutambazga kufuma ku Phiri la Cameroon pa m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Chigaŵa ichi chili na mphepo yakuzizima yayi, chomenechomene ku Western High Plateau. Malo agha ndigho ghakutowa comene mu Cameroon, comenecomene pafupi na Phiri la Cameroon. Ku malo agha kuli mapiri agho ghakupangika na vimalibwe. Pa Ogasiti 21, 1986, Nyanja ya Nyos, yikafumiska mphepo ya carbon dioxide ndipo yikakoma ŵanthu pakati pa 1,700 na 2,000. Wupu wa World Wildlife Fund ukati malo agha ni nkhalango za ku Cameroon.
Takara, Central Africa Republic
Takara, Central Africa Republic ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Bamingui-Bangoran kumpoto kwa Central African Republic.
Cameroon
Makhalilo gha charu
Charu cha kumwera chikukwelera kumpoto m'paka ku chigaŵa cha Adamawa. Malo agha ghakuthandazgika kufuma ku mapiri gha kumanjiliro gha dazi na kupanga mphambano pakati pa kumpoto na kumwera kwa charu ichi. Malo agha ghali pa mtunda wa mamita 1,100, ndipo matenthedwe ghake ghakukwana 22°C mpaka 25°C. Chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa chigaŵa ichi chikwenda kufuma mumphepete mwa mlonga wa Adamawa m'paka ku Nyanja ya Chad, ndipo chili pa mtunda wa mamita 300 m'paka 350. Vyakumera vyake ni vyakumera vya mu savani na vyakumera. Ici nchigaŵa cakomira ico kuli vivula vicoko comene ndipo cikutentha comene.
Ku Cameroon, maji ghakwenda mu nthowa zinayi. Kumwera, milonga yikuru ni Ntem, Nyong, Sanaga, na Wouri. Maji agha ghakuthira kumwera ca kumanjiliro gha dazi panji kumanjiliro gha dazi na kunjira mu nyanja ya Gulf of Guinea. Mlonga wa Dja na Kadéï ukuthira kumwera ca kumafumiro gha dazi na kunjira mu mlonga wa Congo. Mu kumpoto kwa Cameroon, Mlonga wa Bénoué ukufuma kumpoto na kumanjiliro gha dazi na kuthira mu Niger. Mlonga wa Logone ukufuma kumpoto na kunjira mu Nyanja ya Chad, iyo Cameroon yikukhala pamoza na vyaru vitatu.
Chuma na vyakuzenga
GDP ya ku Cameroon pa munthu yumoza (Purchasing power parity) yikayaniskika na US$3,700 mu 2017. Vigaŵa vikuruvikuru ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuguliska ni Netherlands, France, China, Belgium, Italy, Algeria, na Malaysia.
Cameroon wali na vyaka 10 [pawuli?] Vinthu vikwenda makora mu vyaru ivi, ndipo GDP yikukura pafupifupi 4% pa chaka. Mu nyengo ya 2004-2008, ngongoli ya boma yikakhira kufuma pa 60% ya GDP kufika pa 10% ndipo ndalama za boma zikasazgikira kanayi kufika pa US$ 3 biliyoni. Charu cha Cameroon chili mu wupu wa Central African States Bank (umo muli vyaru vinandi), Customs and Economic Union of Central Africa (UDEAC) na Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA). Ndalama zake ni CFA franc.
Ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵavya nchito ŵakaŵa pa 3.38% mu 2019, ndipo 23.8% ya ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga pasi pa ukavu wa US$1.90 pa zuŵa mu 2014. Kwambira kuumaliro wa m'ma 1980, Cameroon wakulondezga mapulogiramu gha Banki ya Caru Cose na ya International Monetary Fund (IMF) ghakovwira kuchepeska ukavu, kupanga vyamahara, na kusazgirako cuma. Boma la Russia lachitapo kanthu kuti likhozge vyalo vya ŵanthu awo ŵakwendakwenda.
Nkhorongo ya kumwera kwa caru ici yili na makuni ghanandi comene, agho ghakukwana 37% ya caru cose ca Cameroon. Kweni malo ghanandi gha mu nkhorongo agha ngakusuzga kufika. Kuzenga makuni, uko ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake ndiwo ŵakuchitako, kukovwira boma kusanga ndalama zakukwana madola 60 miliyoni pa chaka (kwambira mu 1998), ndipo malango ghakukhumba kuti makuni ghakhalenge makora. Ndipouli, nchito iyi njimoza mwa nchito izo zilije malango ghanandi mu Cameroon.
Mu 2017, makampani ghakupanga vinthu ghakapanga pafupifupi 26.5% ya GDP. Vigaŵa vyakujumpha 75 peresenti vya mafakitale gha ku Cameroon vili ku Douala na Bonabéri. Charu cha Cameroon chili na vinthu vinandi vyakututuŵa, kweni vikuguliskika viŵi yayi. Kufumira waka mu 1986, mulimo wa kunozga mafuta wachepa, kweni uwu ni msonkho ukuru comene mwakuti ukukhwaska comene cuma. Mlonga wa kumwera uli na majigha na maji ghakututuka, kweni malo agha ndigho ghakovwira kupanga magesi na kupeleka nkhongono ku vyaru vinandi. Mlonga wa Sanaga ndiwo ukupeleka nkhongono ku malo ghakurughakuru gha magesi agho ghali ku Edéa. Magesi ghanyake ghose agho Cameroon wakugwiliskira nchito ghakufuma ku mafuta. Vigaŵa vinandi mu caru ici vicali vyambura magesi.
Kanandi vikusuzga kwenda mu Cameroon. Pa misewu yose iyo yili mu charu ichi, ni 6.6% pera iyo yili na phura. Kanandi para ŵapolisi na ŵasilikari ŵakugwiliskira nchito vyakujara misewu, ŵakupeleka vimbundi ku ŵanthu. Kwamba mu 2005, suzgo ili lakura chomene kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Central African Republic.
Doko la ku Douala
Mabasi agho ghakwendeskeka na maboma ghakupambanapambana ghakukolerana na misumba yikuruyikuru. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakwenda pa njanji izi. Njanji iyi yikwenda kufuma ku Kumba kumanjiliro gha dazi m'paka ku Bélabo kumafumiro gha dazi na kumpoto m'paka ku Ngaoundéré. Malo gha ndege gha pa caru cose ghali ku Douala na Yaoundé, ndipo ghacitatu ghali ku Maroua. Msumba wa Douala ndiwo ni msumba ukuru wa ku malo agha. Kumpoto, mlonga wa Bénoué ukufuma ku Garoua m'paka ku Nigeria.
Nangauli wanangwa wa vyakupharazga wawovwira comene kwambira mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000, kweni pa nyengo yasono ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuchita vimbundi. Nyengo zose manyuzipepara ghakujisuzga kuti boma lileke kuŵasuzga. Ma wayilesi na mawayilesi ghakurughakuru ni gha boma, ndipo mawoko ghanyake nga ni mafoni na matelefoni ghakufuma ku charu, ghakwendeskeka na boma. Kweni kufuma mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugwiliskira ntchito mafoni na Intaneti.
Ŵanthu
Ŵanthu ŵa ku Cameroon ŵakaŵa 27,198,628 mu. Ŵanalume ŵakakhazganga kukhala vyaka 62.3 (60.6 kwa ŵanalume na 64 kwa ŵanakazi).
Mu Cameroon, ŵanakazi mbanandi comene (50,5%) kuluska ŵanalume (49,5%). Ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 60 pa 100 ŵali na vyaka vyambura kukwana 25. Ŵanthu awo ŵali na vyaka vyakujumpha 65 ŵalipo 3.11% pera.
Ŵanthu ŵa ku Cameroon ŵakukhala mu misumba na mizi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala mu misumba yikuruyikuru, mu vigaŵa vya kumanjiliro gha dazi, na kumpoto kwa charu. Msumba ukuru chomene ni Douala, Yaoundé, na Garoua. Kweni ku Adamawa Plateau, kumwera kwa Bénoué, na ku South Cameroon Plateau, ŵanthu mbachoko chomene.
Ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku vigaŵa vya kumanjiliro gha dazi uko kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene kweniso ku vigaŵa vya kumpoto uko kuli ŵanthu ŵachoko chomene ŵakuluta ku malo ghakupwanthirako vyakumera gha mumphepete mwa nyanja na ku misumba kuti ŵakasange nchito. Ŵanandi ŵakufumapo yayi pa nyumba zawo cifukwa cakuti ŵantchito ŵakucita nchito mu mafakitale gha makuni na malo ghanyake gha kumwera na kumafumiro gha dazi. Nangauli chiŵelengero cha ŵanalume na ŵanakazi pa caru cose nchakuyana waka, kweni ŵanalume ndiwo ŵakunjira mu caru ici. Ŵanthu ŵakutora ŵanakazi ŵanandi panji ŵanakazi pera, ndipo mbumba ya ku Cameroon njikulu comene. Ku chigaŵa cha kumpoto, ŵanakazi ndiwo ŵakupwelelera nyumba, ndipo ŵanalume ŵakuliska viŵeto panji ŵalimi. Ku vigaŵa vya kumwera, ŵanakazi ndiwo ŵakupanda vyakurya, ndipo ŵanalume ndiwo ŵakupanda nyama na vyakurya. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Cameroon mbanalume, ndipo nkhaza na kusankhana pakati pa ŵanakazi vyazara chomene.
Ŵanthu ŵa mafuko na viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana mu Cameroon ŵalipo pakati pa 230 na 282. Chigaŵa cha Adamawa chikupatura vigaŵa ivi mu vigaŵa vya kumpoto na kumwera. Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala kumpoto kwa charu ichi ni Ŵasudani awo ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vya mapiri na vyakumwera. Ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵa mtundu wa Shuwa ŵakukhala kufupi na Nyanja ya Chad. Kumwera kwa Cameroon kuli ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya Bantu na Semi-Bantu. Ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya Bantu ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vya mumphepete mwa nyanja na ku equator, ndipo awo ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya Semi-Bantu ŵakukhala mu vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 5,000 ŵa mtundu wa Gyele na Baka ŵakwenda mu nkhorongo za kumwera na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu ichi, panji ŵakukhala mu mizi yichoko iyo yili mumphepete mwa misewu. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Nigeria ndiwo mbanandi comene pa ŵanthu wose awo ŵali kufuma ku vyaru vinyake.
Kilifi, Kenya
Kilifi ni nthalwe (boma) pachingelezi "county " iyo ikusangika mu Chigaŵa cha M'mphepete mwa nyanja mwa charu cha Kenya,chilwa (nthunthu) la Afilika.
Cameroon
Ŵakuchimbira kwawo
Mu 2007, caru ca Cameroon cikapokelera ŵanthu pafupifupi 97,400 awo ŵakacimbira kwawo. Pa ŵanthu aŵa, 49,300 ŵakafuma ku Central African Republic (ŵanandi ŵakacimbizgika kumanjiliro gha dazi cifukwa ca nkhondo), 41,600 ŵakafuma ku Chad, ndipo 2,900 ŵakafuma ku Nigeria. Kufuma mu 2005, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Cameroon ŵakukoleka na vigeŵenga vya ku Central Africa.
Napa County, California
Napa County, California ni msumba uchoko panji nkhalwe (county pachingelezi) iyo ikusangika mu boma likulu la California mu charu cha United States of America. Boma likulu la California lina tumisumba 58 mukwati mwake (counties).
Nevada County, California
Nevada County, California ni msumba uchoko panji nkhalwe (county pachingelezi) iyo ikusangika mu boma likulu la California mu charu cha United States of America. Boma likulu la California lina tumisumba 58 mukwati mwake (counties).
Cameroon
Ŵakuchimbira kwawo
Mu myezi yakwambilira ya 2014, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakachimbira ku Central African Republic na kwiza ku Cameroon.
Pa June 4, 2014, AlertNet yikati:"Almost 90,000 people have fled to neighbouring Cameroon since December and up to 2,000 a week, mostly women and children, are still crossing the border, the United Nations said.