cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Niger
Boma na ndyali
Ŵasilikari ŵakasunga layizgo lawo lakuti ŵazamuwezgerapo demokarase mu caru. Pakacitikaso mavoti na referendum pa nkhani ya malango gha caru cose. Chisankho cha pulezidenti chidachitika pa 31 January 2011, kweni pakuti pakaŵavya uyo wakathereskeka, chisankho chachiŵiri chikachitika pa 12 March 2011. Mahamadou Issoufou wa ku chipani cha Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo pakaŵaso kusora ŵaboma.
Ŵanyake ŵakuti mapulaneti ghanyake gha pa charu chapasi
Mwezi wa Petit
Mu 1870, Jules Verne wakalemba buku lakuti Around the Moon.
Niger
Foreign relations
Boma la Niger likulongozga ndyali ya pa caru cose yayi ndipo likuŵa paubwezi na vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi, vyaru vya Chisilamu, na vyaru ivyo vikukolerana navyo yayi. Wupu uwu uli mu UN na mabungwe ghanyake ndipo mu 1980-1981 ukaŵa mu wupu wakuwona vya chivikiliro wa UN. Niger yili paubwezi wapadera na caru ico kale cikaŵa pasi pa France, kweniso yili paubwezi na vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa.
Ŵanyake ŵakuti mapulaneti ghanyake gha pa charu chapasi
Mwezi wa Waltemath
Mu 1898, Dr. George Waltemath wakapharazga kuti wasanga mapulaneti ghacoko comene agho ghakuzingilira caru capasi. Wakamba kupenja mwezi unyake chifukwa wakagomezganga kuti pali chinthu chinyake icho chikupangiska kuti mwezi uleke kwenda makora.
Niger
Foreign relations
Charu ichi chili na wanangwa wakuchita vinthu nga ni umoza wa vyaru vya Africa na Western African Monetary Union. Charu ichi chili ku Niger Basin Authority na Lake Chad Basin Commission, Economic Community of West African States, Non-Aligned Movement, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA). Vigaŵa vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Niger vikukolerana na vigaŵa vya Mali na Burkina Faso pasi pa Liptako-Gourma Authority.
Mu 2005, Khoti la Vyamalango la pa Charu Chose likadumura nkhani ya mphindano ya mphaka pakati pa charu cha Benin na charu cha Niger. Nkhani iyi yikakhwaska chomene chirwa cha Lété icho chili mu mlonga wa Niger.
Ŵanyake ŵakuti mapulaneti ghanyake gha pa charu chapasi
Mwezi wa Waltemath
Waltemath wakalongosora kuti mwezi unyake uli pa mtunda wa makilomita 1,030,000 (640,000 mi) kufuma pa charu chapasi, ndipo uli na kujima kwa makilomita 700 (430 mi), nyengo yakuzingilira mwezi ni mazuŵa 119, ndipo nyengo yakuzingilira mwezi ni mazuŵa 177.Wakayowoyaso kuti ungweru wa dazi ukuŵala yayi mwakuti munthu wangawuwona kwambura telesikopu. "Sometimes, it shines at night like the sun but only for an hour or so."
Niger
Military
Ŵasilikari ŵa Niger (Forces armées nigériennes) ni ŵasilikari ŵa Niger, pasi pa pulezidenti uyo ni mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari. Vili na ŵasilikari ŵa Niger (Armée de Terre), ŵasilikari ŵa Niger Air Force (Armée de l'Air) na ŵasilikari ŵanyake, nga ni National Gendarmerie (Gendarmerie nationale) na National Guard (Garde nationale). Ŵasilikari wose ŵaŵiri ŵakusambizgika nkhondo ndipo ŵakugwira nchito zinyake za nkhondo. Mu nyengo ya mtende, ŵakucita milimo ya ŵapolisi.
Ŵasilikari ŵakukwana 12,900, kusazgapo 3,700 gendarmes, 3,200 national guards, 300 air force personnel, na 6,000 army personnel. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Niger ŵali kuchitapo vinthu vinandi ivyo vingapangiska kuti boma liwe, ndipo ivyo vyachitika sonosono apa ni vya mu 2010. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Niger ŵakukolerana na ŵasilikari ŵa ku France na United States. Mu 2013, ku Niamey kukaŵa malo agho kukaŵanga ndege za ku U.S.
Judicial system
Khoti ili likamba kugwira ntchito mu 1999 apo boma lachinayi la Niger likapangika. Ndondomeko ya malango ya Disembala 1992 yikasinthika pa 12 May 1996 ndipo pa 18 July 1999 yikasinthikaso na kuŵa umo yiliri sono. Ndondomeko iyi yikukolerana na dango la Code Napoléon, ilo likapangika mu Niger mu nyengo ya French colonial rule na Constitution ya 1960 ya Niger. Khoti la Appeal Court likusanda nkhani zakukhwaskana na ivyo vikacitika na ivyo vili mu dango, ndipo Khoti Likuru Chomene la Supreme Court likusanda nkhani zakukhwaskana na dango na ivyo vili mu dango. Khoti Likuru la Vyamalango (HCJ) ndilo likweruzga milandu ya ŵalaraŵalara ŵa boma. Boma likuŵaso na makhoti gha milandu ya ŵanthu, makhoti gha mitheto, makhoti gha ŵasilikari, na makhoti ghanyake. Makhoti gha ŵasilikari ghakupika wanangwa wakuyana waka na makhoti gha milandu yaŵanthu. Kweni makhoti gha mitheto ghalije wanangwa uwu. Khoti la ŵasilikari lingeruzga ŵanthu bweka yayi.
Ŵanyake ŵakuti mapulaneti ghanyake gha pa charu chapasi
Mwezi wa Waltemath
Vinthu ivi vikaŵako yayi chifukwa ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa sayansi ŵakaleka kuviwona. Cinthu cinyake ico cikaŵa cakusuzga comene nchakuti ŵakayowoyerathu kuti ŵazamuwoneka mu Febuluwale 1898.
Magazini ya Science ya Ogasiti 1898 yikayowoya kuti Waltemath wakatumizga "pharazgo la mwezi wacitatu" mu magazini iyi.Likwenera kuti likaŵa na kujumphizga kwa makilomita 746, ndipo likaŵa pa mtunda wa makilomita 427,250 kufuma pa caru capasi.
Niger
Government finance
Ndalama izo boma likupeleka zikufuma ku vyamalonda ivyo likupeleka ku vyaru vinyake (vyamalonda vya migodi, mafuta, na vyakurya ivyo vikufumiskika ku vyaru vinyake) kweniso ku misonkho iyo boma likutolera. Kale, wovwiri wakufuma ku vyaru vinyake ukaŵanga ukuru comene pa bajeti. Mu chaka cha 2013, boma la Niger likapeleka bajeti yambura kusuzga ya 1,279 trillion CFA francs ($2.53 billion) iyo yikulongosoreka kuti yikovwira kuti ndalama na ndalama viŵe pa mtende na kuchepeska bajeti na 11% kufuma mu chaka chamanyuma.
Bajeti ya chaka cha 2014 yikaŵa ya CFA 1.867 trillion, iyo yikatumizgika ku: ngongole ya boma (76,703,692,000 CFA), ndalama zakwendeskera ntchito (210,979,633,960 CFA), ndalama zakwendeskera ntchito (128,988,777,711 CFA); ndalama zakwendeskera ntchito: 308,379,641,366 CFA) na ndalama zakwendeskera ntchito (1,142,513,658,712 CFA).
Foreign aid
Kuzirwa kwa wovwiri wa ku caru ca Niger kukulongoreka na fundo yakuti pafupifupi 45% ya bajeti ya boma ya cilimika ca 2002, kusazgapo 80% ya bajeti ya ndalama, yikufuma ku ŵanthu awo ŵakupeleka wovwiri. Vinthu vyakuzirwa comene ivyo vikupeleka ndalama ku Niger ni France, European Union, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, na mawupu ghakupambanapambana gha United Nations (UNDP, UNICEF, FAO, World Food Program, na United Nations Population Fund).
Vyaru vinyake vikuruvikuru ivyo vikupereka ndalama ni United States, Belgium, Germany, Switzerland, Canada, na Saudi Arabia. Nangauli wupu wa USAID ulije ofesi ku Niger, kweni boma la United States ndilo likupeleka ndalama zinandi ku Niger. Boma la U.S. likovwiraso comene pa nkhani ya vyakurya na HIV/AIDS.
Administrative divisions
Charu cha Niger chili kugaŵika mu vigaŵa 7 na chigaŵa chimoza. Vigaŵa ivi vili kugaŵika mu madipatimenti 36. Mazuŵa ghano, vigaŵa vyose 36 vya ku France vili kugaŵikana mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana. Mu chaka cha 2006 mukaŵa makomomu 265, kusazgapo makomomu gha mu misumba (Urban Communes: nga ni vigaŵa vya misumba yikuruyikuru), makomomu gha ku mizi (Rural Communes), mu vigaŵa ivyo muli ŵanthu ŵachoko waka na mapositi gha mu boma (Administrative Posts) mu vigaŵa vya mapopa panji vigaŵa vya ŵasilikari.
Mu vigaŵa vya ku mizi mungasangika vikaya na malo ghakukhalako ŵanthu, apo mu vigaŵa vya mu misumba mungasangika vigaŵa viŵiri. Mu 2002, vigaŵa vya Niger vikasinthika mazina pakulondezga ndondomeko ya kusankhana vinthu ivyo vikamba mu 1998. Pakwamba, Niger yikagaŵikana mu vigaŵa 7, vigaŵa 36, na vigaŵa vinyake. Maofesi agha ghakaŵanga na ŵalaraŵalara awo ŵakasankhika na boma. Maofesi agha muzamughasintha kuti ghaŵe na makomiti agho ghazamusankhika mwademocracy pa vigaŵa vyose.
Madera agho ghakaŵako pambere chaka cha 2002 chindafike (ghakazgoka vigaŵa) ni:
Chuma
Vyakurya ivyo vikulimika mu Niger ni vyakurya vyakukhumbikwa comene, viŵeto, na uranium, vinthu ivyo vikusangika comene mu caru. Vinthu ivi ni njara, mapopa ghasazgikira, ŵanthu ŵakusazgikira na 2.9 peresenti, kweniso ŵanthu ŵakukhumba chomene uranium pa caru cose.
Charu cha Niger chili na ndalama yimoza pera, ya CFA franc, ndipo chili na banki yimoza ya ku West Africa, ya Central Bank of West African States (BCEAO), pamoza na vyaru vinyake 7 vya ku West African Monetary Union. Niger nayo njimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vikukolerana pa nkhani ya malango gha vyamalonda mu Africa (OHADA). Mu Disembala 2000, chalo cha Niger chikapokera ndalama zakuwombolera ngongoli za vyaru vikavu ivyo vili na ngongoli yikuru chomene (HIPC) kufuma ku wupu wa International Monetary Fund. Kuwombora ngongoli uko kwapelekeka mu ndondomeko ya HIPC kukuchepeska ngongoli izo Niger yikugwiliskira nchito pa chaka, ndipo ndalama zikuluwika pa vinthu nga ni vyaumoyo, masambiro gha pulayimale, kulimbana na HIV/AIDS, kunozga vinthu vyakukhumbikwa ku mizi, na vinyake ivyo vikovwira kuti ukavu uchepeko.
Msika wa Dolé
Mu Disembala 2005, boma la Niger likapokera ndalama zakukwana madola 86 miliyoni kufuma ku IMF. Pafupifupi hafu ya ndalama izo boma likupeleka zikufuma ku vyaru vinyake. Kukura kwa caru kunthazi kungazengeka pa kugwiliskira nchito mafuta, golide, malasha, na visulo vinyake. Mu vilimika vyasonosono apa, mitengo ya uranium yikukwera. Mu 2005, ku Nigeria kukaŵa njara na zombe, ndipo ŵanthu pafupifupi 2.5 miliyoni ŵakasoŵa cakurya.
Chiwerengero cha ŵanthu
Kuzakafika mu chaka cha 2021, ŵanthu ŵa ku Niger ŵakaŵa 25,252,722. Mu 1960, mu Niger mukaŵa ŵanthu 3.4 miliyoni, kweni sono ŵanthu ŵakusazgikira mwaluŵiro chomene.
Kukura kwa unandi wa ŵanthu uku, nkhukuru comene pa caru cose ndipo boma na mawupu ghanyake ghakufipa mtima comene. Ŵanthu ŵanandi mu chigaŵa ichi mbachinyamata, ndipo 49.2% ŵali na vyaka 15 kukhilira pasi, ndipo 2.7% ŵali na vyaka vyakujumpha 65.
Kafukufuku wa mu 2005 [which?] likati ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 800,000 (pafupifupi 8 peresenti ya ŵanthu wose) mu Niger ŵali mu wuzga.
Ethnic groups
Nga umo viliri mu vyaru vinandi vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa, ku Niger nako kuli ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana. Mu 2001, mitundu ya ku Niger yikaŵa: Hausa (55.4%), Zarma & Songhay (21%), Tuareg (9.3%), Fula (French: Peuls; Fula: Fulɓe) (8.5%), Kanuri Manga (4.7%), Tubu (0.4%), Arab (0.4%), Gourmantche (0.4%), ŵanyake (0.1%). Ŵanthu ŵa ku Zarma na Songhay ndiwo ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vya Dosso, Tillabéri, na Niamey, ŵanthu ŵa ku Hausa ndiwo ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vya Zinder, Maradi, na Tahoua, ŵanthu ŵa ku Kanuri Manga ndiwo ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vya Diffa, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku Tuareg ndiwo ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vya Agadez kumpoto kwa Niger.
Viyowoyero
Cifrenchi, ico cikapokeka kufuma ku nyengo ya ufumu, ndico ni ciyowoyero ca boma. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakasambira comene ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi ŵakuyowoya Cingelezi nga ni ciyowoyero caciŵiri, kweniso ni ciyowoyero ca boma. Niger ni membala wa wupu wa Organisation internationale de la Francophonie kwambira mu 1970.
Chisopo
Charu cha Niger ntchambura kukolerana na chisopa ndipo boma na chisopa vikupambana. Ufulu wa kusopa ukuvikilirika na Ndime 30 ya dango la boma lenelili. Chisopa cha Chisilamu chikamba mu vyaka vya m'ma 1000 C.E. ndipo ndicho chikusambizga ŵanthu ŵa ku Niger umo ŵakwenera kukhalira. Chisilamu ndicho ntchisopa chakumanyikwa chomene, ndipo ŵanthu 99.3% mu chigaŵa ichi ndiwo ŵakasopanga kuyana na kalembera wa mu 2012.
Visopa viŵiri vikuruvikuru vya ku Niger ni Chikhristu, icho chikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu 0.3%, na Chikhristu (chikhristu icho chikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi), icho chikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu 0.2%. Ŵamishonale ndiwo ŵakambiska cisopa ca Cikhristu mu caru ici mu nyengo iyo caru cikaŵa pasi pa Ŵafalansa. Ŵakhristu ŵanyake awo ŵakakhalanga ku Europe na ku West Africa nawo ŵakakhalanga ku malo agha. Mu virimika vyasonosono apa, ku Niger kwambaso kutambuzgika ŵanthu ŵanandi cifukwa ca cisopa. Wupu wa Ŵakhristu wakucemeka Open Doors, ukati mu caru ca Niger, kuŵa Mkhristu ni suzgo likuru comene, ndipo ico cikulongora kuti Ŵakhristu ŵakusuzgika comene mu caru ici. Kuyana na ŵimiliri ŵa magulu gha Ŵakhristu na Ŵasilamu ku Niger, ubwezi pakati pa Ŵasilamu na Ŵakhristu ngwakuzika comene.
Ŵanthu ŵakususkana pa nkhani ya unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakugomezga kuti vyamoyo ni vyamoyo. Kuumaliro wa vilimika vya m'ma 1800, Ŵasilamu ŵakafika yayi ku vigaŵa vinandi vya kumwera kwa caru ici, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanyake ku mizi ŵakang'anamuka mtima viŵi yayi. Mu vigaŵa vinyake, visopa vya Ŵabori na Ŵatubwi na Ŵawudabe ŵakucita viphikiro na maluso gha Ŵasilamu. Ŵanthu aŵa ni awo ŵakuyowoya chiHausa, Maouri (panji Azna, lizgu la chiHausa ilo likung'anamura "ŵambura kusopa Chiuta") ku Dogondoutci, kumwera na kumwera-kumanjiliro gha dazi, na awo ŵakuyowoya chiKanuri, chakuchemeka Manga, kufupi na Zinder, ndipo wose ŵakulondezga visambizgo vya chiHausa Maguzawa, ivyo vikaŵako pambere Chisilamu chindaŵeko. Kweniso ku cigaŵa ca kumwera ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa caru ici, kuli vigaŵa vichoko waka vya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Boudouma na Songhay. Mu virimika 10 ivyo vyajumpha, ŵanthu ŵa ku Nigeria awo Mbasilamu ŵakuleka kutemwana.
Islam
Ŵasilamu ŵanandi ku Niger mba Sunni, 7% mba Shi'a, 5% mba Ahmadiyya ndipo 20% mbanthu ŵa visopa vinyake. Chisilamu chikamba mu vigaŵa ivyo lero ni Niger mu vyaka vya m'ma 1400 C.E., apo ufumu wa Songhai ukakuranga kumanjiliro gha dazi, kweniso ŵanthu ŵa ku Maghreb na Eguputo ŵakendanga kuzingilira virwa vya Sahara. Ŵantu ŵa mtundu wa Tuareg ŵakaluta kumpoto, ndipo ŵakathereska vigaŵa vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kufuma ku ufumu wa Kanem ⁇ Bornu mu vyaka vya m'ma 1600, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Berber ŵambe kuchita vinthu vinyake.
Vigaŵa vyose viŵiri vya Zarma na Hausa vikakhwaskika comene na gulu la Ŵafula la m'ma 1700 na 1900, comene-comene gulu la Sokoto Caliphate (mu caru ico lero ni Nigeria). Mazuŵa ghano, Ŵasilamu ŵakucita vinthu mwakuyana na visambizgo vya Ŵasilamu ŵa ku Niger, ndipo kanandi ŵakuchita vinthu mwakuyana na visambizgo vya Ŵasilamu ŵa ku Tijaniya, nangauli kuli magulu gha Ŵasilamu ŵachoko waka agho ghakukolerana na visambizgo vya Ŵasilamu ŵa ku Hammallism na Nyassist.
Mu virimika 30 ivyo vyajumpha, mu msumba wa Maradi, mukaŵa gulu la ŵanthu ŵa cisopo ca Salafi. Magulu ghacoko agha, agho ghakukolerana na magulu ghanyake gha ku Jos, Nigeria, ghakamanyikwa comene mu vilimika vya m'ma 1990 pa nyengo ya viwawa vya cisopo.
Nangauli vili nthena, kweni Niger ni boma ilo likusopa yayi, ndipo likulongozgeka na dango. Ŵanthu ŵa visopa vyakupambanapambana ŵakutemwana comene, ndipo visopa vya Cisilamu ivyo vikucitika mu vigaŵa vinandi vya caru ici, vikulekelera visopa vyakupambanapambana, ndipo palije kukanizga wanangwa wa munthu waliyose. Mu vigaŵa vinandi vya mu caru ici, ŵanthu ŵakuguliska moŵa, nga ni uwo ukupangika mu Niger.
Masambilo
Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kuŵazga mu charu cha Niger ntchimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vili pasi chomene pa charu chose. Ku Niger, sukulu ya pulayimale njakukhumbikwa kwa vilimika vinkhondi na cimoza. Ŵanakazi ŵanandi ŵakuluta ku sukulu za pulayimale yayi. Mu 1997, ciŵelengero ca ŵana awo ŵakalembeka pa sukulu iyi cikaŵa 29.3 peresenti, ndipo mu 1996, ciŵelengero ca ŵana awo ŵakalembeka pa sukulu iyi cikaŵa 24.5 peresenti.
Pa ŵana 100 awo ŵamalizga sukulu ya pulayimare, pafupifupi 60 ni ŵasepuka, cifukwa ŵasungwana ŵanandi ŵakuluta ku sukulu kwa vilimika vicoko waka. Kanandi ŵana ŵakugwira nchito m'malo mwa kuluta ku sukulu, comene-comene pa nyengo ya kuseŵa panji kuvuna. Kanandi ŵana ŵa ku mpoto kwa caru ici ŵakuluta ku sukulu yayi.
Umoyo
Ŵana awo ŵakufwa ku Niger (ŵana awo ŵakufwa na vyaka vyapakati pa 1 na 4) mbanandi chomene (248 pa 1,000) cifukwa ca suzgo la ulwari na kurya vyakurya vyambura kwenelera kwa ŵana ŵanandi mu caru ici. Kuyana na wupu wa Save the Children, pa caru cose capasi ŵana ŵanandi ŵakufwa ku Niger. Niger nayo yili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene pa charu chose chapasi (6,49 awo ŵakubabika na mwanakazi yumoza kuyana na ivyo vikalembeka mu 2017). Ichi chapangiska kuti ŵanthu pafupifupi hafu (49,7%) ŵa ku Niger ŵaŵe na vyaka 15 kukhilira pasi mu 2020. Pa vyaru vyose, charu cha Niger ndicho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene awo ŵakufwa na nthenda iyi. Pa ŵanthu 100,000 awo ŵakubabika, 820 ŵakufwa. Mu 2006, pa ŵanthu 100,000, pakaŵa ŵadokotala ŵatatu na manesi 22.
Kuyana na umo vinthu viliri pa caru cose, maji ghakumwa ghakusoŵa, ndipo pali mphambano yikuru comene pakati pa mizi na mizi. Niger yili pa malo gha pasi chomene pa UN Human Development Index. Pafupifupi ŵanthu 92 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ŵakukhala ku mizi mu chigaŵa cha Tillabéri, kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa charu ichi. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakusoŵa maji ghakumwa, chomenechomene mu nyengo ya chiwuvi, apo nyengo zinyake maji ghakukhira chomene.
Pa ŵanthu 30,000 awo ŵakukhala mu tawuni ya Téra, kumpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa tawuni ya Niamey, kufupi na mphaka ya Burkina Faso, 40 pa ŵanthu 100 ndiwo ŵali na maji ghakukwana. Wupu wakuwona vya maji ku Niger, wa Société de Patrimoine des Eaux du Niger (SPEN), ukazenga migodi 10 na malo ghakupwanthirapo maji mu 2018 kuti upeleke maji ghakumwa ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Téra na mu vigaŵa vyapafupi. Pakati pajumpha cilimika cimoza, maji ghakamara, ndipo ŵakakhumba kumalizga mulimo wa kunozga maji.
Na wovwiri wa ndalama izo boma la Netherlands likapeleka, wupu wa European Investment Bank (EIB) na wupu wakuwona vya maji ku Niger ŵakuteŵetera lumoza kuti ŵasange nthowa zakumazgira suzgo la maji. Banki ya pa caru cose yikati Niger njimoza mwa vyaru 18 vya kumwera kwa Sahara mu Africa ivyo vikusuzgika comene. Banki ya ku Europe yikasunganga ndalama ku vigaŵa ivi.
Banki ya European Investment Bank na Niger Water Authority ŵakuwona nthowa ziŵiri zakumazgira suzgo la maji ku Téra. Nthowa yakwamba njakuti ŵanozge thanki la maji ilo lili kufupi na tawuni. Nthowa yinyake njakuti maji gha mu Mlonga wa Niger, uwo uli pa mtunda wa makilomita ghakujumpha 100 kumafumiro gha dazi, ghatore na kugwiliskira nchito. Misumba iyo yili pakati pa Téra na Mlonga wa Niger nayo yiŵenge na maji ghakunyang'amira. Banki ya European Investment Bank yizamuwonaso umo ŵangaponoskera ndalama zawo pa nkhani ya magesi.
Mwambo
Chikhalidwe cha ku Niger chikupambana chomene, ndipo uwu mbukaboni wakuti ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi ŵakakolerana na Ŵafalansa. Charu icho lero ni Niger chikapangika kufuma ku vigaŵa vinayi vya mitheto iyo yikaŵako pambere ŵanthu ŵandambe kukhazikiskana: Zarma na Songhai ndiwo ŵakalamuliranga chigodobu cha Mlonga wa Niger kumwera kwakumanjiliro gha dazi; chigaŵa chakumpoto cha Hausaland, icho chikaŵa na vigaŵa ivyo vikalimbananga na Sokoto Caliphate, ndipo chikazingilizga mphaka ya kumwera na Nigeria; chigaŵa cha Nyanja ya Chad na Kaouar kumanjiliro gha dazi, uko kukaŵanga ŵalimi ŵa Kanuri na ŵaliska ŵa Toubou awo kale ŵakaŵa mu Ufumu wa Kanem ⁇ Bornu; ndiposo ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tuareg awo ŵakakhalanga mu mapiri gha Aïr na Sahara kumpoto.
Wose aŵa, pamoza na mafuko ghanyake ghacoko nga ni Wodaabe Fula, ŵakiza na mitheto yawo ku Niger. Nangauli maboma ghakupambana-pambana ghayezgayezga kuti ghaŵe na mitheto yakuyana, kweni ivi vikucitika pacoko waka, cifukwa ŵanthu ŵa ku Niger ŵali na mitheto yawo na yawo, kweniso cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Niger nga ni Hausa, Tuareg na Kanuri ŵali mu mitundu yikuru iyo yikunjira mu caru caŵene.
M'ma 1990, boma la Niamey na ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa mtundu wa Zarma ndiwo ŵakendeskanga vinthu mu msumba uwu. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku vigaŵa vya ku mphaka kwa Hausa pakati pa Birni-N'Konni na Maine-Soroa, kanandi ŵakutolera kakhaliro ka ŵanthu ŵa ku Hausaland mu Nigeria kuluska Niamey. Pakati pa 1996 na 2003, ŵanthu 30 pa ŵanthu 100 ndiwo ŵakasambiranga sukulu ya pulayimare, ndipo 36 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵakaŵa ŵanalume, ndipo 25 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵakaŵa ŵanakazi. Masambiro ghakusazgikira ghakucitika mu madrasa.
Guérewol festival
Chikondwerero cha Guérewol ndi mwambo wachikhalidwe wa Wodaabe womwe umachitika ku Abalak m'chigawo cha Tahoua kapena In'Gall m'chigawo cha Agadez. Ni mwambo wa cilimika cilicose uwo ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Wodaabe (Fula) ŵa ku Niger ŵakucita. Pa ciphikiro ici, ŵawukirano ŵakuvwara vyakuvwara vyakutowa comene na kujitozga kuti ŵajitozge kuyana na mitheto yawo, ŵakwimba sumu na kuvina, ndipo ŵakukhumba kuti ŵasungwana awo ŵakukhumba kutorana nawo ŵaŵatemwenge. Ciphikiro ca Guérewol cikukondweska ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vyakupambanapambana ndipo cikaŵa mu mafilimu na mu magazini ghakumanyikwa comene nga ni National Geographic.
Cure Salée festival
"La Cure salée" (Chingelezi: Salt Cure) ni chiphikiro icho chikuchitika chaka chilichose ku In'Gall mu chigaŵa cha Agadez. Kwa mazuŵa ghatatu, pa ciphikiro ici pakuŵa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tuareg awo ŵakwenda pa ngamila, ndipo pamanyuma pake pakuŵa viphalizgano vya ngamila na mahaci, kwimba sumu, kuvina, na kuphalirana nkhani.
Media
Padera pa wayilesi ya boma ya ORTN, pali wayilesi zinayi za boma izo zikupanga wayilesi zakukwana 100. Zitatu mwa izo - Anfani Group, Sarounia na Tenere - ni masiteshoni gha FM gha malonda mu misumba yikuruyikuru. Kweniso pali ma wayilesi ghakujumpha 80 agho ghakupharazga mu vigaŵa vyose 7 vya mu charu ichi. Wupu wa Comite de Pilotage de Radios de Proximité (CPRP) ndiwo ukwendeska ma wayilesi agha. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵa CPRP ŵakughanaghana kuti ma wayilesi agho ghakupharazga ku vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana ghakupharazga ku ŵanthu pafupifupi 7.6 miliyoni, panji kuti 73% ya ŵanthu wose (2005).
Padera pa ma wayilesi gha ku Niger, ma wayilesi gha ku Hausa gha BBC ghakupulikizgikaso mu vigaŵa vinandi vya mu caru ici, comene kumwera, kufupi na mphaka na Nigeria. Radio France Internationale nayo yikupharazga mu ciyowoyero ca Cifurenci kwizira mu wayilesi ya Satellite. Tenere FM nayo yili na wayilesi ya pa caru cose ya zina leneilo.
Vigaŵa vya kuwalo
Trade
Mndandanda wa vipani vyandale mu Malaŵi
Nkhani iyi yikulongosora vya vyaru vya Malawi. Malaŵi wali na vipani vinandi ndipo vili na vipani vyakujumpha 40. Ndyali za ku Malawi zikucita vinthu mu nthowa yakuti ŵandyali ndiwo ŵakuŵa na mazaza. Maphwando amagwira nawo ntchito ya chisankho. Maboma agho ghali na ŵimiliri ŵanandi mu Nyumba ya Malango ni People's Party (PP), Malawi Congress Party (MCP), United Democratic Front (UDF), na Democratic Progressive Party (DPP).
Kuwuka kwa boma la vyaru vinandi mu Malawi
Bungwe la African Congress la Nyasaland ndilo likalongozganga gulu lakususkana na ukoloni mu Malawi pasi pa muwuso wa Kamuzu Banda. Apo NAC yikakanizgika, yikasintha zina kuŵa Malawi Congress Party iyo yikapangiska kuti Malawi yiŵe na wanangwa ndipo yikalutilira kuwusa kwambira mu 1964 m'paka mu 1994, mu ndondomeko ya chipani chimoza. Ŵanthu ŵakususka boma ili, kweni boma la Banda likakanizga awo ŵakasuskanga boma ili.
Kufika mu 1992, Chakufwa Chihana, uyo wakacitanga milimo ya wupu wa ŵantchito, msambizgi, na munthu wakulimbikira vinthu, wakazgoka cakupangiska kuti mu Malawi muŵe vyaru vinandi. Wakalongozga gulu la ndyali ilo likakhumbanga kuti paŵe vyaru vinandi. Wakaŵa munthu wakwamba kususka ndyali. Wakakakika mu 1992 apo wakawelera ku Malawi ndipo kukakika kwake kukapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu Malawi na vyaru vinyake ŵambe kumusuzga. Chihana wakafwatulika na Amnesty International kweniso Robert F. Wupu wa Kennedy. Chifukwa cha kukhuŵara, Banda wakazomera kucita referendum kuti ŵanthu ŵasankhepo cimoza pa nkhani ya maboma ghanandi. Mu 1993, ŵanthu ŵa ku Malawi ŵakazomerezga kuti paŵe vyaru vinandi ndipo chikaŵa chamahara kuti munthu wapange vipani. Chilato cha Chihana chikawovwira kuti wapange chipani chake cha Alliance for Democracy (AFORD). Maphwando ena otchuka adapangidwanso ndikuwonekera, makamaka United Democratic Front yomwe idakhazikitsidwa ndi Bakili Muluzi. Mu 1994, ku Malawi kukacitika maungano gha vyaru vinandi. Chipani cha MCP nacho chikapangana pa mavoti agha. Chipani cha UDF cha Bakili Muluzi chikapambana pa chisankho ichi ndipo chikaŵa chipani chakwamba icho chikapokera mazaza mu Malawi. Chihana wakaŵa wacitatu, ndipo wakapika udindo wa wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti. Ndipouli, Chihana wali kulembeka mu mbiri ya Malawi ndipo wakumanyikwa kuti ni "wiske wa demokilase" mu Malawi. Malaŵi wakambiska muwuso wa vyaru vinandi uwo ukuŵako m'paka sono.
Ukaboni
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Ceza, KwaZulu Natal
Ceza, KwaZulu Natal ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Zululand District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha KwaZulu Natal, charu cha South Africa.
Mbiri
Nkhorongo za Ceza, Pa phiri la Ceza, pakaŵa malo agho pakacitikira nkhondo yaumaliro ya Dinuzulu. Pamanyuma pa Nkhondo ya Anglo-Zulu ya 1879, charu cha Zululand chikagaŵika vigaŵa 13. Kuti wamazge suzgo ili, Hlatshwayo wakawezgekerapo pa udindo wake, kweni ku Zululand kukawuka nkhondo ya pawenenawene ndipo mwana wake Siwelile, ndiyo wakamusankhira ufumu mu 1884. Themba lichoko ili likaŵikika mu mawoko gha gulu la Usuthu, ilo likamusungira mu mphanji mu nkhorongo ya Ceza. Paumaliro Dinuzulu wakathereska Zibhebhu uyo wakaŵa mulwani wake na wovwiri wa Ŵabowa ndipo wakaŵikika kuŵa fumu. Mu malo mwake, ŵa ku Britain ŵakathereska charu chose cha Zululand ndipo Dinuzulu wakawezgera mu 1887 mwa kuwukira Ŵazulu ŵakugomezgeka ku Britain na kufumiska ŵamalonda na ŵamishonale mu charu ichi.
Ŵalara ŵa boma ku Natal ŵakapempha wovwiri ku Cape ndipo mu 1888, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain ŵakakwana 2,000 ŵakatumika ku Eshowe kuti ŵakakome Dinuzulu, uyo wakazingilizga msumba unyake ku mlomo wa mlonga wa iMfolozi. Ŵanalume 600 awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Major McKean, wa Royal Dragoons 6, na Robert Baden-Powell, ŵakaluta ku malo agha. Baden-Powell wakatumika kuti wakalondezge Dinuzulu ndipo pamanyuma pake wakasanga kuti iyo na ŵalondezgi ŵake ŵakabisama mu mphanji pa phiri la Ceza. Ŵazulu ŵakacimbilira ku Transvaal. Dinuzulu wakamanya kuti wangathereska yayi Ŵabritishi ndipo wakajipeleka.
Chipatala cha Thulasizwe
Chipatala cha Thulasizwe chikamba kugwira ntchito pa Novembala 27, 1965 nga ni chipatala cha Ceza TB wing pasi pa ŵamishonale ŵa ku Sweden.
Kafukufuku
Ku Ceza ndiko kuli ofesi ya Ceza Mission Station.
Ufumu wa Chikulamayembe
Chikulamayembe ni muwuso wa mafumu uwo ukaŵa pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa chiTumbuka mu chigaŵa cha Nkhamanga-Henga kumpoto kwa Malawi. Chikulamayembe ŵakamba kuwusa mu 1805, ndipo ŵakamba kulopwa mu ma 1830.
Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa chiTumbuka
Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tumbuka ŵakwenera kuti ŵakanjira mu chigaŵa icho chikaŵa pakati pa Luangwa Valley na Lake Malawi m'ma 1400. Kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵakaŵa na magulu ghanandi, ndipo ŵanandi ŵakakhalanga mu minda iyo ŵakaliskanga mphoza na kuliska mbuzi na mberere. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakhalanga pa malo ghakupambanapambana pakati pa Luangwa Valley na Nyanja ya Malawi. Gulu limoza la ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Henga, likakhalanga mu Dambo la Henga kumpoto kwa Rumphi. Gulu linyake la ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Phoka, likakhalanga kumwera kwa charu cha Nyika. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, mu dambo la Luangwa, mu vidika kumwera kwa charu cha Nyika Plateau na mu dambo la Henga mukaŵa njovu zinandi..
Kufika kwa Mlowoka
Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Europe ŵakamba kuguliska njovu ku vyaru vya kumafumiro gha dazi na vyapakati pa Africa. Pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵamalonda awo ŵakavwaranga nga Mbaarabu, ŵakaguliskanga mino gha zovu ku Luangwa, nangauli ŵakafumanga ku Unyamwezi ku Tanzania. Gulu limoza la ŵanthu aŵa likaŵa ŵamalonda na awo ŵakakhumbanga kupenja njovu, ndipo mulongozgi wawo wakaŵa Mlowoka, kung'anamura "uyo wakambuka nyanja". Ŵanthu ŵakagomezganga kuti Mlowoka wakakhira ku Chilumba mumphepete mwa nyanja na kuluta ku chigaŵa icho chili kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Nyika Plateau. Tikumanya makora yayi usange ŵamalonda aŵa ŵakakhumbanga kukhazikika mu malo agha, kweni chifukwa chakuti ŵakathereskanga vinthu ivyo ŵakaguliskanga pa njovu, ŵakaŵa na nkhongono. Ŵakaŵa paubwezi na ŵalongozgi ŵa ku Henga ndipo kuti ŵaŵe na mazaza pa malonda gha maryero, Mlowoka wakaŵika ŵalondezgi ŵake pa malo ghakwenelera pa nthowa zakufumira ku vigaŵa vya Henga na Phoka ivyo vikaŵa na njovu zinandi m'paka ku nyanja ya Malawi. Mazuŵa ghano, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Mlowoka ŵakasazgikana na ŵa mtundu wa Tumbuka mwakuti ŵakuwoneka nga ni fuko lapadera yayi. Ŵanyake awo ŵakambukiranga na Mlowoka ŵakaŵa Katumbi, Kabunduli, Mwahenga, Kyungu, Chipofya na Mwamlowe.
Ufumu wa ufumu wa m'ma 1800
Mwana wa Mlowoka, zina lake Gonapamuhanya/Khalapamuhanya uyo wakaŵa (ku chigaŵa cha anyina) muzukuru wa mutu wa mbumba yikuru ya Tumbuka, wakuyowoyeka kuti wakaŵa fumu panji fumu ya vigaŵa vya kumanjiliro gha dazi na kumwera kwa Nyika Plateau mu 1805 ndipo wakambiska ufumu wa Chikulamayembe. Kweni boma ili likaŵa na mazaza pa ŵanthu ŵachokoŵachoko awo ŵakalongozgekanga na boma ili. Nanga ni vigaŵa ivyo ŵalondezgi ŵa Mlowoka ŵakakhazikiskanga ku Unyamwezi vikaŵa vyambura mazaza. Kuzakafika mu ma 1830, ufumu wa Chikulamayembe ukaŵa pa suzgo apo ŵamalonda ŵa ŵazga na zovu ŵa ku Swahili ŵakanjira mu chigaŵa ichi na kupoka malonda ghake, ndipo ukaŵa mu suzgo. Boma la Chikulamayembe likati lamara, ŵanthu ŵake ŵakachimbira panji ŵakalutilira kugwira ntchito zaulimi panji kunjira usilikari.
Kusankha Themba
Pakaŵa ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakhumbanga kuŵa mulongozgi wa chigaŵa, wose ŵakaŵa ŵa mphapu ya Gonapamuhanya, kweni boma likasankha Mbawuwo Mgonanjerwa Gondwe, ndipo likamupa zina lakuti Themba (mulongozgi) Chikulamayembe mu 1907. Ici cikapangiska kuti waŵe mulongozgi mukuru wa Ŵatumbuka, ndipo ŵalongozgi ŵanyake mu cigaŵa ici ŵakaŵa pasi pake.
Nkhongono za Themba
Pakaŵa ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakhumbanga kuŵa mulongozgi wa chigaŵa, wose ŵakaŵa ŵa mphapu ya Gonapamuhanya, kweni boma likasankha Mbawuwo Mgonanjerwa Gondwe, ndipo likamupa zina lakuti Themba (mulongozgi) Chikulamayembe mu 1907. Ici cikapangiska kuti waŵe mulongozgi mukuru wa Ŵatumbuka, ndipo ŵalongozgi ŵanyake mu cigaŵa ici ŵakaŵa pasi pake..
Themba wakwamba wakafwa mu 1931, ndipo wakimikika na mwana wake Ziwange, uyo wakamanyikwanga na zina lakuti John Hardy Gondwe. Mu Novembala 2018 Walter Gondwe wakafwa pamanyuma pa nthenda ya masabata ghaŵiri ndipo watora malo gha Themba na mwana wake.
Ukaboni
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Antoing
Antoing ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Hainaut Province mu charu cha Belgium mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Woyendetsa ndege
Woyendetsa ndege ni munthu uyo wakulongozga ndege pakugwiliskira nchito nthowa yakulongozgera ndege. Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakugwira ntchito mu ndege, nga ni awo ŵakwendeska ndege panji awo ŵakovwira kupanga ndege, nawo ŵakuchemeka ŵalaŵiliri ŵa ndege. Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakugwira ntchito mu ndege, nga ni awo ŵakugwira ntchito mu ndege za drone, ŵantchito awo ŵakugwira ntchito mu ndege, ŵantchito awo ŵakugwira ntchito mu ndege za ndege, na ŵantchito awo ŵakugwira ntchito mu ndege, ŵakuŵa nga ni awo ŵakugwira ntchito mu ndege yayi.
Pakuwona maluso na milimo ya awo ŵakwendeska ndege, ŵasilikari ŵanandi na makampani ghanandi gha ndege pa caru cose ŵakuŵapa badges.
Mbiri
Kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kupwetekeka mu mlengalenga panji pasi, nyengo yikati yajumphapo, ndege zikakhumbikwiranga kuti nyengo zose munthu uyo wakendeskanga ndiyo wazilongozgenge. Wupu wa Aéro-Club de France ukapeleka satifiketi yakwamba kwa Louis Blériot mu 1908, pamanyuma pake Glenn Curtiss, Léon Delagrange, na Robert Esnault-Pelterie. Mu 1910, gulu la British Royal Aero Club likamba kuwungana, ndipo mu 1911, gulu la Aero Club of America likamba kuwungana.
Ŵanthu
Awo ŵakwendeska ndege za ŵanthu wose ŵakuwuluka ndege za mtundu uliwose paŵekha kuti ŵasanguluskike, kovwira ŵanthu, panji kuchita bizinesi, panji kuti ŵagwiliskire ntchito ndege za ŵanthu awo ŵakwenda pa ndege yayi (charter), za ŵanthu awo ŵakwenda pa ndege, za katundu (airlines), za makampani, za ulimi (kusesa fuvu pa vyakurya, na vinyake), za kugega moto mu nkhorongo, na za kukora malango. Para munthu wakwenda pa ndege, kanandi wakuchemeka kuti pilot, ndipo uyo wakwendeska ndege wakuchemeka captain.
Gulu la ndege
Mu 2017, pa caru cose pakaŵa ŵakwendeska ndege 290,000 ndipo CAE Inc., iyo yikupanga vyakupangiska ndege, yikusachizga kuti mu 2027 paŵenge ŵakwendeska ndege 255,000.
Boeing yikukhazga kuti mu vyaka 20 kufuma mu 2018, paŵenge ŵakwendeska ndege 790,000, 635,000 ŵa ndege za malonda, 96,000 ŵa ndege za bizinesi na 59,000 ŵa ndege za helikopta: 33% mu Asia Pacific (261,000), 26% mu North America (206,000), 18% mu Europe (146,000), 8% mu Middle East (64,000), 7% mu Latin America (57,000), 4% mu Africa (29,000) na 3% mu Russia/Central Asia (27,000). Kuzakafika mu Novembala 2017, chifukwa cha kusoŵa kwa ŵakwendeska ndege, ŵakwendeska ndege ŵanyake ŵakafumanga mu ndege za maboma na kuwelera ku ndege. Mu ciyelezgero cimoza, munthu munyake uyo wakendeskanga ndege ya Global 6000, wakapokeranga ndalama zakukwana madola 250,000 pa chaka pa maora 10 panji 15 pa mwezi. Munthu uyo wakwendeska ndege ya Gulfstream G650 panji Global 6000 wangasanga ndalama zakukwana madola 245,000 m'paka 265,000, ndipo kuti munthu waŵe mupayiniya wakwenera kusanga ndalama zakukwana madola 300,000. Paumaliro wa nkhani iyi, ŵapayiniya ŵachokoŵacoko ŵakulemba ŵapayiniya ŵaphya awo ŵakukhumbikwira maora 300 kuti ŵambe kwendera ndege. Ŵangagwiliskaso nchito awo ŵandaciteko upayiniya, awo ŵali na nchito zinyake, panji awo ŵafuma pa nchito ndipo ŵakukhumba kulutilira kwendera ndege.
Kugwiliskira nchito makina
Ŵanthu awo ŵakwendeska ndege ŵangamba kuchepa chifukwa chakuti ŵadokotala ŵamba kwendera ŵekha. Mu Janyuwale 2017, Rhett Ross, CEO wa kampani ya Continental Motors, wakati: "Nkhufipa mtima kuti mu vyaka 20 vyakunthazi, panji munthazi chomene, ndege izo zikuyendera paŵekha zizamuŵa kuti zapangika mwakukwana kuti zikhuŵazge malipiro, unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakuyendera ndege, na ntchito izo zikuchitika. Ntheura usange mwana wakufumba fumbo ili sono ndipo wali na vyaka 18, mu vyaka 20 kufuma sono kuzamuŵa chaka cha 2037 ndipo munthu uyo wakukhumba kucita nchito wazamuŵa na vyaka 38 - nanga ni pakati pa nchito yayi. Kasi ni njani wa ise uyo wakughanaghana kuti ndege zizamuwoneka nga umo ziliri sono?" Christian Dries, mwenecho wa kampani ya Diamond Aircraft Austria wakati: "Kumbuyo kwa chithuzithuzi, awo ŵakupanga ndege ŵakuchita ntchito ya kupanga ndege ya munthu yumoza. Paumaliro, ndege izi zizamuyendera paŵekha, ndipo nkhukhazga kuti mu vyaka vinkhondi panji vinkhondi na cimoza, ndege izi zizamuyendera paŵekha".
Mu Ogasiti 2017, kampani ya ndalama ya UBS yikayowoyerathu kuti ndege zambura ŵanthu zingawoneka mu 2025, ndipo zingapulumutsa ndalama zakukwana madola 35 biliyoni, comenecomene mu ndalama zakwendeskera ndege: madola 26 biliyoni ku makampani gha ndege, madola 3 biliyoni ku ndege za bizinesi na madola 2.1 biliyoni ku ndege za ŵanthu; madola 3 biliyoni pa caka kufuma ku masukulu ghakukhozga ŵanthu na ndalama za inshuwalansi ya ndege cifukwa ca maulendo ghakuvikilirika.
Geoff Rapoport, mulembi wa AVweb, wakati: "Vyuni vyambura ŵanthu ni nthowa yiwemi comene yakuti makampani gha ndege ghasange ŵanthu ŵanandi mu vyaka 10 ivyo vikwiza. Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, malipiro na masukulu ghakusambizgira ŵanthu vya ku malo ghanyake gha ku United States ghakukwera comene cifukwa cakuti makampani ghakurughakuru gha ndege ghakulemba ŵasilikari ŵa ku malo agha pa msonkho ukuru comene kuti ŵakwaniske kwenda pa ndege cifukwa ca kukura kwa cuma ndiposo ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakufumapo pa nchito".
Ndege za munthu yumoza izo zikuyegha katundu zingamba kwendera dera. Bungwe la Air Line Pilots Association likugomezga kuti kuwuskamo ŵakwendeska ndege kungakhwaska umoyo wa ndege ndipo likususka chigaŵa cha 744 cha chikalata cha FAA cha mu Epulero 2018 chakupanga pulogiramu ya kafukufuku na chitukuko yakovwira ŵanthu awo ŵakwenda pa ndege yimoza kuti ŵendeskenge ndege za katundu.
Ku malo ghaku France ghakuchemeka Onera na Thales Group ghakuchemeka Thales, ŵanthu awo ŵakugwiliskira nchito vinthu vya Artificial Intelligence (AI) ŵakumanya yayi umo vinthu ivi vikugwilira nchito. Mu vyaka 10 ivyo vikwiza, ŵanthu ŵazamulutilira kumanya umo vinthu viliri pa nkhani ya umanyi, chifukwa wupu wa Onera ukukhumba kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye umo vinthu viliri pa nkhani ya umanyi.
Asia na Africa
Mu vyaru vinyake, nga ni Pakistan, Thailand, na vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa, ŵasilikari ŵakukolerana comene na makampani ghakurughakuru gha ndege, ndipo ŵasilikari ndiwo ŵakwendeska ndege zinandi. Nangauli mu ndege za ku United States na ku Europe muli ŵanthu awo kale ŵakaŵa ŵasilikari, kweni ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa mbacilendo. Nangauli masukulu gha ŵasilikari ghakuŵa ghakusuzga, kweni ghakupambana comene na gha ŵanthu.
Canada
Kugwiliskira nchito ndege mu Canada kukwendeskeka na Dango la vya Ndege la 1985 ndipo malango gha Canada ghakukhwaskana na vya ndege ghakulongosora malango ghakwendeskera masambiro gha ndege mu Canada.
Gulu lililose la ndege likupeleka vyaka vya kupumura pa nchito, ndipo ŵanji ŵakuŵa na vyaka 60, kweni malango gha ku Canada ghakukhwaskana na wanangwa wa ŵanthu ghakukanizga ŵanthu kupumura pa nchito.
Wankhondo
Awo ŵakwendeska ndege za ŵasilikari ŵakuwuluka na ŵasilikari ŵa boma panji ŵa boma. Mauteŵeti ghawo ghakukolerana na nkhondo na milimo yinyake, kusazgapo nkhondo za ku nkhondo na milimo yakovwira. Ŵasilikari awo ŵakwendeska ndege ŵakusambizgika umo ŵangagwiliskira ntchito vilwero. Ŵalongozgi ŵa ŵasilikari ŵakuŵa nga mbalongozgi ŵa ndege za nkhondo, ŵasilikari ŵa ndege za mabomba, ŵasilikari ŵa ndege za pa mtunda, ŵasilikari ŵakuyezgelera ndege, na ŵasilikari ŵa mu mlengalenga.
Awo ŵakuwovwira ŵasilikari ŵakusambira vinthu vyakupambana na awo ŵakuwovwira ŵasilikari. Vinthu ivi vikupangika cifukwa ca mitundu yakupambana-pambana ya ndege, vilato vya ndege, umo vinthu viliri pa ndege, na milimo iyo yikukhumbikwa. Ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵa ŵasilikari ŵakuŵa ŵasilikari para ŵafuma mu usilikari.
Vyakuyegha ndege vyambura ŵanthu
Vinthu vyambura ŵanthu (UAVs, panji kuti "drones") vikwenda kwambura munthu uyo wakuviwovwira ndipo vikupambana mu vigaŵa viŵiri: ndege zambura munthu uyo wakuzilongozga pa nyengo iyo zikwenda na Vinthu vyambura ŵanthu ivyo munthu yumoza panji ŵanandi ŵakuviwovwira. Munthu uyo wakwendeska ndege ya UAV iyo yikwendeskeka patali wangamanyikwa kuti ni piloti panji woyendetsa ndege. Kuyana na umo UAV yikugwilira nchito, awo ŵakwendeska panji awo ŵakugwiliskira nchito UAV ŵangakhumbikwira kuŵa na masatifiketi panji masambiro, kweni kanandi ŵakukhumbikwira yayi kuŵa na masatifiketi gha awo ŵakwendeska ndege.
Vyaru vinandi vili na malango ghakukanizga kugwiliskira nchito ndege za UAV, ndipo ivi vyapangiska kuti zileke kugwiliskirika nchito mu malo gha mlengalenga. Ku United States, kugwiliskira nchito ndege za UAV ni kwakukwana yayi mu malo gha mu mlengalenga agho ghali na mazaza. Para malango ghaŵikika kuti ghazomerezge kugwiliskira nchito ndege za UAV mu malo gha mlengalenga ghakuzomerezgeka, pakwenera kuŵa unandi wa ndege izi, ndipo ntheura pakukhumbikwira ŵalaŵiliri ŵa ndege izi.
Nyengo zilipo
Fundo yakuti munthu wakwendeska ndege yingagwiliskikaso ntchito para munthu wakwenda mu mlengalenga. Uyo wakwendeska ndege ndiyo wakwendeska ndege. Lizgu ili likufuma ku lizgu lakuti "pilot" ilo likuyowoyeka mu ndege.
Vyakuyegha ndege vyambura ŵanthu
Awo ŵakwendeska ndege ŵakuŵa na maora ghanandi gha masambiro gha umo ŵangayendera, agho ghakupambana mu vyaru na vyaru. Cinthu cakwamba ico mukwenera kucita nkhusanga layisensi ya woyendetsa ndege. Ku United States of America, para munthu wakwera ndege wakuŵa kuti wasambira maora 35 m'paka 40.
Ku United States, munthu wangaŵa na layisensi ya ndege ya LSA (Light Sport Aircraft) para wakwera ndege kwa maora 20.
Para munthu wakukhumba kuŵa mupayiniya, wakwenera kuŵa na ID (Instrument Rating) panji ID (Multi-Engine Rating).
Usange munthu wakukhumba kuchita ntchito panji kuŵa na maluso ghakuyana na ghake, wakwenera kuŵa na layisensi ya kulaŵilira ndege. Kuti munthu waŵe kapitawo wa ndege, wakwenera kuŵa na layisensi ya kulaŵilira ndege. Pamanyuma pa 1 Ogasiti 2013, nanga wangaŵa Mulara Wakwamba (FO), ATPL yikukhumbikwa. Vyaru vinyake vikukhumba panji kugwiliskira nchito chipharazgo cha ŵantchito ŵanandi.
Ndalama za banja lachifumu la Britain
Ndalama za mbumba yacifumu ya Britain zikufuma ku malo ghakupambanapambana. Boma la Britain likupeleka ndalama kwa fumu na banja lake kuti ziwovwire pa ntchito za boma. Mu ndalama izi muli ndalama zakwendeskera nyumba zacifumu, za ŵantchito, za maulendo, za maungano gha boma, na vyakusanguluska. Vinthu vinyake ivyo ŵakasanganga ni ndalama izo ŵakasanganga ku malo gha ku Lancaster na Cornwall, ndalama izo ŵakasanganga ku malo ghanyake ghakusungirako vinthu vyawo, ndalama izo ŵakasanganga ku malo ghaŵene, na ndalama izo ŵakasanganga ku Nyumba ya Ufumu.
Mulinda wa Ndalama Wakuŵa Mulara wa Ndalama za Ufumu na ofesi ya Mupi wa Ndalama ndipo wakuŵa na mulimo wa kunozga ndalama za themba.
Zimani Kadzamira
Zimani David Kadzamira (wakababika pa 1 Julayi 1941 ku Harare, Zimbabwe) ni nkhwantha ya vya masambiro, wantchito wa boma wa ku Malawi. Wakaŵa Vice Chancellor wa University ya Malawi mpaka 2009.
Umoyo na masambiro
Kadzamira wakababikira ku Salisbury, Rhodesia (sono ni Harare, Zimbabwe) mu Julayi 1941. Wakasambira sukulu ya pulayimare ku malo agha pambere wandawelere ku Nyasaland (uko sono ni Malawi) kuti wakasambire sukulu ya sekondare. Pamanyuma wakasamira ku United States, uko wakafuma ku Princeton University na digiri ya sayansi ya ndyali mu 1966. Wakamalizga masambiro ghake pa Yunivesite ya Manchester mu 1974 na digiri ya udokotala mu vya boma.
Sukulu
Kadzamira wagwirapo nchito na Yunivesite ya Malawi kwambira mu 1966. Kufuma waka apo wakambira uteŵeti uwu, wakaŵa pulofesa ndipo pamasinda wakaŵa mulaŵiliri. Wakaŵa Vice-Chancellor wa University of Malawi mpaka pa 30 November 2009 apo Dr. Emmanuel Fabiano wakasankhika kuŵa wachiŵiri kwa Chanselara wa nambara 8.
Ndalama za banja lachifumu la Britain
Ndalama za Boma zachifumu
Lipoti lapachaka la thumba la boma likulongora kuti thumba la boma likakwana mapaundi 31 miliyoni mu 2012-13, mapaundi 36.1 miliyoni mu 2013-14 na mapaundi 37.9 miliyoni mu 2014-15. Ndalama izo boma likupeleka zikuyana na 15% ya ndalama izo boma likusanga pa ndalama izo likusanga pa chaka cha ndalama icho chikamba vyaka viŵiri kumasinda. Ndime 4 ya chigaŵa cha 6 (1) na chigaŵa cha 6 (4) cha Dango ili, yikovwira kuti ndalama izo boma likupeleka zileke kusazgikira chifukwa cha kusazgikira kwa ndalama za boma. Pa chifukwa ichi, wupu wa National Audit Office ukuchita kafukufuku wa Nyumba ya Ufumu.
Zimani Kadzamira
Ntchito za boma
Kadzamira wali kuteŵetera ku Malawi kanandi waka. Wakateŵeteranga mu komiti ya Supreme Council for Sports in Africa ya Zone VII (1987-1992), WorldFish Center (1990-1995) na kuŵa kazembe ku Japan kufuma 1992-1994. Mu February 2007, wakasankhika kuŵa mulaŵiliri wa UbuntuNet Alliance, iyo yikovwira kuti paŵe Intaneti ya luŵiro chomene ya National Research and Education Networks (NRENs) iyo yikukolerana na mabungwe gha kafukufuku na masambiro mu Africa. Kweniso wakaŵa kazembe wakwamba wa Malawi ku Japan.
Ndalama za banja lachifumu la Britain
Ndalama za Boma zachifumu
Pa Novembala 18, 2016, boma likapharazga kuti likukhumba kusazgirako ndalama izo boma likapelekanga ku nyumba zachifumu za Buckingham kufuma pa 15% kufika pa 25%. Chiŵelengero ichi chikwenera kuwelera pa 15 peresenti para mulimo uwu wamara mu 2027. Paumaliro, boma likapeleka ndalama zakukwana £76.1m mu 2017-18, ndipo aka kakaŵa kakwamba kuti lipeleke "ndalama zakukwana £30.4m" zakunozga Nyumba ya Ufumu ya Buckingham.
Zimani Kadzamira
Ukaboni
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Ndalama za banja lachifumu la Britain
Civil list
M'paka mu 1760, fumu yikapelekanga ndalama zose izo yikagwiliskiranga ntchito pa nyumba zacifumu. Themba George III likazomera kuti lipeleke ndalama za ufumu ku ŵanthu awo ŵakazenganga nyumba. Pa ndondomeko iyi, malo gha ufumu ghakaŵanga gha fumu, kweni ndalama izo fumu yikapokeranga zikaŵanga za Nyumba ya Commons. Ndondomeko iyi yikapangika na ndalama za boma ndipo yikaŵa yakovwira kuti themba lichitenge milimo yake nga ni mulongozgi wa boma la Britain. Ndondomeko iyi yikalutilira kufuma mu 1760 m'paka mu 2012. Mu nyengo yithu yino, ndalama izo boma likasanganga kufuma ku katundu wa ufumu zikuluska comene ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakasanganga. Pa ndondomeko ya ndondomeko ya boma, mbumba yacifumu yikadandawura cifukwa ca kuleka kujilongora makora pa nkhani ya ndalama zacifumu. Ofesi ya National Audit Office yikaŵavya wanangwa wa kuwunika vinthu vya mu nyumba ya ufumu.
Fumukazi yikapokeranga ndalama zakukwana mapaundi 7.9 miliyoni pa chaka kufuma ku boma pakati pa 2001 na 2012. Ndalama zose izo mbumba yacifumu yikapokeranga kufuma ku Treasury zikaŵa zikuru comene kuluska izo zikaŵa mu ndondomeko ya boma cifukwa zikaŵa na ndalama zinyake nga ni vyawanangwa vyakufuma ku Treasury na ndalama izo zikapelekeka kufuma ku vigaŵa vya Cornwall na Lancaster. Ndalama zose izo mbumba yacifumu yikapokeranga mu 2011 na 2012 zikaŵa 30 miliyoni pa caka. Ndipouli, nduna ya vyachuma yikapeleka ndalama zakukwana mapaundi 1 miliyoni kuti ziwovwire pa vikondwelero vya Diamond Jubilee mu 2012.
Ndalama za ufumu zikupambana na ndalama izo munthu wakupeleka chifukwa cha kugwiliskira ntchito ndarama za ku banki. Ndalama izo mulongozgi wa boma wakugwiliskira nchito pa cilimika zikaŵanga mapaundi 41.5 miliyoni mu caka ca 2008/09. Ndalama izi zikusazgapo yayi ndalama izo ŵapolisi na ŵasilikari ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito pa kuvikilira ŵanthu. Wupu wa Republic, uwo ukuchiska ŵanthu kuti ŵaŵe na boma mu United Kingdom, ukuti ndalama izo ufumu wa Britain ukupeleka pa chaka ni pafupifupi mapaundi 345,000,000.
Assets held in trust by the Sovereign
Fumu ndiyo yikusungilira vinthu vinandi. Vinthu ivi vikulipira yayi msonkho.
Malo gha Fumu
Fumukazi Elizabeth II yikaŵa na ndalama zinandi izo yikapokeranga kufuma ku ndalama izo yikaguliskanga, nangauli ŵanthu ŵakamanyanga yayi usambazi wake.
Mu 2002, wakapokera chiharo cha amama ŵake, icho ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ntchakuzirwa chomene today). Nyumba ya Sandringham na Castle ya Balmoral ni vya Fumu.
Unandi wa chuma pa munthu yekha
Jock Colville, mulembi wakale wa Fumukazi Elizabeth II (iyo yikaŵa Fumukazi Elizabeth) ndiposo mulongozgi wa banki yake, Coutts, wakayaniska usambazi wake na mapaundi 2 miliyoni mu 1971 (apo lero ukuyana na mapaundi 30 miliyoni).
Mu 1993, nyumba ya ufumu ya Buckingham yikati ndalama izo ŵakaghanaghananga kuti zikwenera kufika pa mapaundi 100 miliyoni "ni zinandi comene".
Mu 2012, nyuzipepara ya Sunday Times yikati chuma cha Fumukazi chafiska mapaundi 310 miliyoni ($504 miliyoni).
The Sunday Times Rich List 2015 yikati usambazi wake ni £340 million, icho chikupangiska kuti waŵe munthu wa 302 mu United Kingdom. Wakaŵa pa nambara yimoza pa ndondomeko iyi apo yikambanga mu 1989, na usambazi wa £5.2 billion, uwo ukasazgapo katundu wa boma uyo wakaŵa wake yayi, (pafupifupi £13.8 billion mu mtengo wa lero).