cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Guerrero, Cuba
Mbiri
Pakukhumba kuti charu chiŵe na wanangwa, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu chigaŵa ichi ŵakamba kulimbana na batistato. Ŵanandi ŵa iwo ŵakapeleka umoyo wawo cifukwa ca mulimo uwu. Ŵanthu awo ŵakuzunulika ni Anastasio Cárdenas Ávila, uyo wakafwa ku Trinidad, na Andrés Cuevas Heredia, uyo wakafwa mu nkhondo ya Sierra Maestra, ndipo wakapika udindo wa mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari cifukwa ca nkhongono zake. Cinthu cakuzirwa comene pa umo nkhondo iyi yikendera cikaŵa kuŵapo kwa ŵalongozgi ŵa nkhondo Camilo Cienfuegos na Ernesto Che Guevara, mu nyengo yaumaliro ya nkhondo iyi.
Kufuma waka apo Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose yikambira, ŵanthu ŵakujiyuyura ŵa mu tawuni iyi ŵalongora kuti mbakunozgeka kuvikilira tawuni iyi ku ŵasilikari. Ŵakaŵapo pakurwa nkhondo na vigeŵenga, mu Playa Girón na pakuparanya ŵanthu awo ŵakachitanga vivulupi. Ŵanthu ŵa mu chigaŵa ichi ŵakovwira ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vinyake pa nkhondo.
Masambiro
Ŵanthu ŵa mu cigaŵa ici ŵasanga candulo cikuru comene cifukwa lero ŵali na maofesi gha munkhwala, maofesi gha munthavi gha mazuŵa ghano, na maofesi ghanyake gha munthavi.
Chikhalidwe
Msumba uwu uli na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala mu malo agha, nga ni Raúl Planas, Omar González, Juan Manuel García, kweniso Leoncio Yanes na Ruperto Delgado Limendux. Wovwirani kuti muzi uwu uŵe na gulu la vyakusanguluska, makhoti gha ŵanthu ŵakutemwa kuvina, malo ghakusungirako vinthu vyakale, na vinyake.
Chikondwelero chakukhora chomene mu chigaŵa chose ichi ni parranda, chiphikiro icho chikuchitika mu chigaŵa cha pakati pa Cuba, icho chikababikira ku Remedios, ndipo lero ni chiphikiro chakukondweska chomene ku ŵanthu wose ŵa mu chigaŵa ichi, uko kuli sumu, kuvina, vyakusanguluska vya pulasitiki na vyakuponya moto.
Ilsenburg
Ilsenburg ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Immenstadt im Allgäu
Immenstadt im Allgäu ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Ingelfingen
Ingelfingen ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Ingelheim am Rhein
Ingelheim am Rhein ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Iphofen
Iphofen ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Iserlohn
Iserlohn ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Jüterbog
Jüterbog ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Jülich
Jülich ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Isselburg
Isselburg ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Hattersheim am Main
Hattersheim am Main ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Hatzfeld (Eder)
Hatzfeld (Eder) ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Isny im Allgäu
Isny im Allgäu ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Hattingen
Hattingen ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Herten
Herten ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Msewu wa Kwikungu
Msewu wa Kwikungu ni msewu wa Kajana, Tanzania. Ni msewu uwo ukuŵa na zina lakuti msewu wa ofesi ya purezidenti wa boma (TAMISEMI).
Herrnhut
Herrnhut ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Itzehoe
Itzehoe ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Hersbruck
Hersbruck ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Hessisch Oldendorf
Hessisch Oldendorf ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Jüchen
Jüchen ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Jarmen
Jarmen ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Herzberg am Harz
Herzberg am Harz ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Ŵanthu ŵachi Buwa
Ŵanthu ŵachi Buwa, panjni kuti, Boers, pachiZungu (Boere ) ŵanthu aŵa mbana ŵa ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga Ciholanji awo ŵakakhalanga kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Cape, kumwera kwa Africa mu vyaka vya m'ma 1700, 18 na 19. Kufuma mu 1652 m'paka mu 1795, kampani ya Dutch East India Company ndiyo yikaŵa na mazaza pa malo agha, kweni mu 1806 charu cha United Kingdom chikagwiliskira ntchito malo agha. Zina la gulu ili lili kufuma ku lizgu lakuti "boer", ilo likung'anamura "mulimi" mu Ciholandi na Cifurikansi.
Kweniso, lizgu lakuti Boeren likang'anamuraso awo ŵakafumako ku Cape Colony mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800 kuti ŵakakhalenge mu Orange Free State, Transvaal, na ku Natal. Ŵakafumako ku Cape kuti ŵakhalenge kutali na boma la Britain, ndipo cifukwa cikuru ico ŵakacitira nthena cikaŵa cifukwa ca dango liphya la cikaya ilo likaŵa mu ciyowoyero ca Cingelezi ndiposo cifukwa ca kulekeska wuzga mu 1833.
Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe
Kampani ya Dutch East India Company (Dutch) yikapangika mu charu cha Netherlands mu 1602, ndipo pa nyengo iyi, ŵa Dutch ŵakamba kuphalizgana pa nkhani ya malonda gha ku Southeast Asia. Paumaliro wa Nkhondo ya Vyaka Makumi Ghatatu mu 1648, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Europe na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakachimbilira ku vyaru vinyake ŵakambininikira mu vyaru vinandi. Ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku Germany, Scandinavia, na Switzerland ŵakaluta ku Netherlands na cigomezgo cakuti ŵasangenge nchito ku VOC. Mu caka cenecici pera, ngaraŵa yawo yimoza yikanjira mu Table Bay kufupi na uko kukazgoka Cape Town. Ŵakazizwa comene na usambazi wa caru ici mwakuti ŵakati ŵawelera ku caru cawo, ŵakalongosolera ŵalongozgi ŵa VOC umo vinthu vikaŵira viwemi ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Dutch East uko ŵakaguliskanga vinthu. Ntheura, mu 1652, VOC yikatuma ŵanthu ŵa ku Netherlands awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Jan van Riebeek, awo ŵakazenga linga na kuzenga minda ya mpheska pa Table Bay.
Wakati wafika ku Table Bay, Van Riebeek wakathereska msumba wa Cape Town, ndipo mu 1662, wakati walongozga tawuni iyi kwa vyaka 10 na mwezi umoza, Jan van Riebeeck wakafumapo pa udindo wake.
Ŵanthu Ŵakufwatuka
VOC yikakondwanga na fundo yakuti ku Cape kuŵe ŵanthu ŵakufwatuka, ndipo ŵantchito ŵanandi ŵa VOC ŵakapempha kuti ŵaŵaleke kuti ŵaŵe ŵanthu ŵakufwatuka. Pa cifukwa ici, Jan van Riebeeck wakazomerezga fundo yakuti vinthu viŵe makora, ndipo mu 1657, wakapatura malo ghaŵiri kufupi na mlonga wa Liesbeek kuti ghaŵe gha kulima. Vigaŵa viŵiri ivyo vikapelekeka ku ŵanthu ŵakufwatuka, vikachemekanga Groeneveld na Dutch Garden. Malo agha ghakapambananga na mlonga wa Amstel (Liesbeek). Ŵanthu 9 awo ŵakaŵa ŵakwenelera kusanga malo ŵakasankhika kuti ŵakagwiliskirenge nchito ulimi. Ntheura ŵanthu ŵakufwatuka ŵakazgoka ŵanthu ŵa VOC ndipo ŵakaŵa ŵateŵeti ŵake yayi.
Mu 1671, ŵa Dutch ŵakagura malo kufuma ku Khoikhoi, agho ghakaŵa kuwaro kwa linga ilo likazengeka na Van Riebeek. Mu 1685, mulara wa boma wakawona kuti ntchiwemi kusanga ŵanthu ŵanandi kuti ŵakhalenge makora mu charu ichi. Ŵakaŵa mu gulu la ŵantchito awo ŵakachemekanga vrijlieden, panji kuti vrijburgers ("ŵanthu ŵakufwatuka"). Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku vrijburg ŵakamba kulimira ŵekha ndipo ŵakapempha boma la VOC kuti liŵape malo, mbuto, na vyakukhumbikwa vinyake.
Ŵalendo ŵakufuma ku Netherlands
Ŵalara ŵa boma la VOC ŵakayezgayezga kukhuŵilizga ŵalimi na ŵalimi ŵachokoŵachoko kuti ŵafume ku Europe na kuluta ku South Africa, kweni ŵakatondeka. Ŵakaŵa na mbumba zicoko waka izo zikaŵa na vinthu vinandi, kweni Cape yikaŵa yambura kukondweska pakuyaniska na iwo. Kweni mu Okutobala 1670, Nyumba ya Malango ya ku Amsterdam yikapharazga kuti mbumba zinyake zikukhumba kuluta ku Cape na Mauritius mu Disembala. Ŵanyake awo ŵakamba kuchemeka ŵanthu ŵa mu tawuni iyi ŵakaŵa Jacob na Dirk van Niekerk, Johannes van As, Francois Villion, Jacob Brouwer, Jan van Eden, Hermanus Potgieter, Albertus Gildenhuis, na Jacobus van den Berg.
Ŵa Huguenot ŵa ku France
Mu 1688 na 1689, ŵanthu pafupifupi 200 ŵa ku France awo ŵakacemekanga kuti Ŵaguenot ŵakafika mu France. Ŵakakolerana na maboma gha Stellenbosch, Drakenstein, Franschhoek na Paarl. Ŵaguguenot ŵakakhwaska comene nkharo ya ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu caru ici, ntheura mu 1701 VOC yikadumura kuti mu masukulu mukwenera kusambizgika Ciholanishi pera. Ici cikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Huguenot ŵanjire mu caru cawo ca Cifurenci pakati pa vilimika vya m'ma 1800. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, malo agha ghakafika kumafumiro gha dazi, ndipo mu 1754, malo agho ghakafika ku Algoa Bay ghakaŵamo.
Pa nyengo iyi, ku Europe kukaŵa ŵanthu pakati pa 8,000 na 10,000. Ŵakaŵa na ŵazga ŵanandi, ŵakakuranga tirigu unandi mwakuti ŵakaguliskanga ku vyaru vinyake, ndipo ŵakamanyikwanga na vinyo lawo liwemi. Kweni usambazi wawo ukuru ukaŵa wa viŵeto. Ŵakaŵa na vinthu vinandi.
Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1600 na 1800, pakaŵa masuzgo pakati pa ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi na boma. Ndondomeko yake yikaŵa yakuti yikondweske VOC yayi. VOC yikajara malo agha kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kwiza, yikasungilira malonda ghose mu mawoko ghake, yikasazga mauteŵeti, malango, na vyeruzgi mu wupu umoza.
Kuwukira Charu cha Cape
Nkhondo ya ku Cape Colony yikaŵa nkhondo ya ŵasilikari ŵa Britain iyo yikamba mu 1795 kwimikana na ŵa Dutch ku Cape of Good Hope. Charu cha Netherlands chikaŵa pasi pa boma la France, ndipo ŵasilikari ŵa Britain awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Jenerale Sir James Henry Craig ŵakatumika ku Cape Town kuti ŵakavikilire malo agha ku Ŵafarisi. Pakwamba kazembe wa ku Cape Town wakakana kupulikira ivyo fumu yikamuphalira, kweni apo ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain ŵakamba kunyamura ŵasilikari, wakajipeleka. Wakacita nthena cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Khoikhoi, awo ŵakacimbiranga ku ŵazga ŵawo, ŵakamba kulondezga fundo za Britain. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Graaff Reinet ŵakagongowa yayi m'paka apo ŵasilikari ŵakaŵatumira. Mu 1799 na 1801, ŵakagaluka. Mu Febuluwale 1803, cifukwa ca mtende wa ku Amiens (February 1803), malo agha ghakapelekeka ku Batavian Republic, ilo likasintha vinthu vinandi, nga umo vikaŵira na ŵa ku Britain mu vilimika vinkhondi na vitatu ivyo ŵakalongozganga. Cimoza mwa vinthu vyakwamba ivyo Jenerale Craig wakacita cikaŵa cakuti walekeske kutambuzga ŵanthu. Charu ichi chikaŵa cha Ŵadachi, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain ŵakaŵa ŵachoko chomene. Pa nyengo iyi, ndalama izo boma la Britain likagwiliskiranga nchito pa mulimo uwu zikaŵa mapaundi 16,000,000. Boma la Batavia likaŵa na maghanoghano ghakupulikikwa makora pa nkhani ya kwendeska caru, kweni likaŵa na mwaŵi ucoko comene wa kughalondezga.
Nkhondo ya Cigaŵa Cacitatu yikati yamba mu 1803, ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵakiza ku Cape. Pamanyuma pa nkhondo (January 1806) mumphepete mwa Table Bay, ŵasilikari ŵa Dutch ŵa Castle of Good Hope ŵakajipeleka ku Britain, ndipo mu 1814 phangano la Anglo-Dutch likati malo agha ghapelekekenge ku Britain. Pa nyengo iyi, malo agha ghakaŵa na mapiri agho ghakavikiliranga chigaŵa chikuru cha pakati, ndipo ghakachemekanga Bushmansland (zina la ŵanthu ŵa ku San).
Mphepete mwa Chipata cha Slachter
Mulimi munyake zina lake Frederick Bezuidenhout wakakana kupulikira dango la Khoikhoi, ndipo wakati watuma ŵanthu kuti ŵakamukore, ŵakamukoma. Ivi vikapangiska kuti mu 1815, paŵe chigaluka chichoko waka, chakuchemeka Slachters Nek, icho Henry Cloete wakachilongosora kuti "ntchimoza mwa viyezgo viheni chomene ivyo ŵanthu ŵakayezgapo kuti ŵambiske nkhondo na themba lawo". Ŵalongozgi ŵankhondi ŵakakomeka pa malo agho ŵakalapa kuti ŵafumiskengepo "ŵanalume ŵankhaza ŵa ku England". Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakhuŵara comene cifukwa ca umo ŵakakomekera, cifukwa cikhwangwani ico ŵakugalukira ŵakakhomekerapo pa nyengo yimoza cikaphyoka cifukwa ca kulemera kwawo, ndipo pamanyuma pake ŵakakomeka yumoza na munyake. Mu 1827, khoti likadumura kuti makhoti ghakale gha ku Netherlands gha landdrost na heemraden ghaleke kugwira ntchito, ndipo kufuma pa nyengo iyi, milandu yose yikeneranga kucitika mu Cingelezi. Mu 1828, cifukwa ca ivyo ŵamishonale ŵakayowoya, Khoikhoi na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakaŵa ŵanangwa ŵakapika wanangwa wakuyana na wa ŵazungu, mu 1830 ŵakalangika comene cifukwa ca kucitira nkhaza ŵazga, ndipo mu 1834 ŵazga ŵakafwatulika. Kweniso, awo ŵakagwiranga ŵazga ŵakawona kuti malipiro agho ŵakapelekanga ghakaŵa ghambura kwenelera cifukwa ca kufwatura ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa ŵazga. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵakendanga nyengo yitali mu vyaru vinyake kwa vyaka 150, kweni sono ŵakendanga chomene.
Nkhondo za ku Cape Frontier (1779-1879)
Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Xhosa ŵakati ŵafumako ku Cape Colony na kuluta ku Eastern Cape ku South Africa, ŵakambiska nkhondo pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Boer na Xhosa. Mu 1775, boma la Cape likakhazikiska mphaka pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa ku trekboer na ŵa ku Xhosas pa milonga ya Bushman na Upper Fish. Ŵa Boer na ŵa Xhosas ŵakasuskanga mphaka, ndipo wose ŵakakhalanga ku chigaŵa chimoza na chinyake. Kazembe Van Plettenberg wakayezga kuphalira magulu ghose ghaŵiri kuti ghasungilire mphaka, kweni wakatondeka. Ŵa Xhosas ŵakasuskika kuti ŵakwiba viŵeto ndipo mu 1779 pakawuka nkhondo zinandi pa mphaka izo zikambiska Nkhondo Yakwamba.
Mphepete mwa charu ichi mukaŵa masuzgo ghanandi, ndipo mu 1789 Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Mphepete mwa Charu yikamba. Ŵasilikari ŵa Boer na ŵa Xhosas ŵakasuzganga ŵanthu mu chigaŵa ichi. Mu 1795, ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵakiza na kuwukira charu cha Cape Colony. Pamanyuma pakuti boma la Britain lakora charu, ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Britain ŵakamba kunozga ndondomeko ya kumazga mphaka. Ndondomeko iyi yikapangiska kuti mafuko gha Khoisan ghasangane na ŵalongozgi ŵanyake ŵa Xhosa pakurwa nkhondo na ŵasilikari ŵa Britain mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachitatu ya ku Frontier (1799-1803).
Mu chigaŵa ichi mukaŵaso mtende apo Ŵacigiriki ŵakawezgera Cape Colony ku Dutch Batavian Republic mu 1803. Mu Janyuwale 1806, ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵakawukira malo agha. Vinthu vikasuzga chomene mu Zuurveld, ndipo boma na ŵanthu ŵa ku Boer ŵakachimbizga mafuko ghanandi gha Xhosa. Nkhondo ya pa mphaka ya pakati pa Ŵakhosa yikapangiska kuti paŵe Nkhondo Yachinkhondi mu 1819.
Chifukwa cha kukwiya na ivyo boma likakhumbanga pa nkhani ya malo agho ŵakakhalanga, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Xhosas ŵakamba kwiba viŵeto pa mphaka. Boma la Cape likapeleka ulongozgi wa nkhondo. Mu 1834, ŵasilikari ŵanandi ŵa mtundu wa Xhosa ŵakanjira mu charu cha Cape, ndipo ivi vikambiska Nkhondo ya Nambara 6. Boma likazengaso vigongwe vinyake, ndipo ŵasilikari awo ŵakendanga pa mahachi ŵakakondwa yayi na Ŵakhosa, awo ŵakalutilira kuwukira minda mu nyengo ya Nkhondo ya Nambara 7 (1846-1847). Nkhondo ya Nambara 8 (1850-1853) na ya Nambara 9 (1877-1878) yikalutilira nga umo vikaŵira na nkhondo zinyake. Paumaliro, Ŵachixosa ŵakathereskeka ndipo vigaŵa vyose vikapika mazaza gha Britain..
Ulendo Ukuru
Nkhondo iyi yikacitika pakati pa 1835 na 1840. Mu nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Boer ŵakukwana 12,000 m'paka 14,000, kusazgapo ŵanakazi na ŵana, ŵakafumako ku Cape Colony na kuluta ku vidika vikuru ivyo vikaŵa kusirya kwa Mlonga wa Orange. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga ku East Cape ŵakaŵa ŵambura kukhazikika. Ŵanandi awo ŵakakhalanga ku mphaka ya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Cape ŵakazgoka Ŵagrensboere ("ŵalimi ŵa ku mphaka").
Ŵa Boer ŵakalembera makalata ghanandi boma la Britain pambere ŵandafumeko ku Cape Colony. Piet Retief, yumoza wa ŵalongozgi ŵa ŵa Boer pa nyengo iyi, wakalembera kalata boma pa 22 Janyuwale 1837 mu Grahamstown kulongora kuti ŵa Boer ŵakawonanga yayi mtende panji cimwemwe ku ŵana ŵawo mu caru ico mukaŵa masuzgo ghanthena agha. Retief wakadandawuraso cifukwa ca masuzgo ghakuru agho ŵakaŵa nagho cifukwa ca malango gha boma la Britain. Nangauli ŵakaŵapa ndalama kuti ŵaŵafwature, kweni ŵakawona kuti zikaŵa zakukwana yayi. Kweniso ŵakawonanga kuti tchalitchi la Chingelezi likakolerananga yayi na la Dutch Reformed Church. Pa nyengo iyi, ŵa Boer ŵakaŵa kuti ŵanozga kale malango ghanyake kuti ŵanozgekere ulendo wawo ukuru. Retief wakamalizga kalata yake na mazgu ghakuti: "Tikufumamo mu koloni ili na cigomezgo cose kuti boma la England likukhumba cinthu cilicose yayi kwa ise, ndipo litovwirenge kuti tijilamulirenge tekha kwambura kunjilirapo".
Hettstedt
Hettstedt ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Ŵanthu ŵachi Buwa
Vyaru na vyaru vya Boer
Apo Ŵavorekker ŵakalutanga ku vigaŵa vya mukati mwa charu, ŵakalutilira kukhazikiska vyaru vya Ŵabura mu charu cha South Africa.
Anglo-Boer wars
Pamanyuma pakuti ŵa ku Britain ŵanjira mu Transvaal mu 1877, Paul Kruger wakaŵa munthu wakuzirwa comene pakunozga nkhondo ya ku Boer iyo yikapangiska kuti ŵa ku Britain ŵafumemo mu Transvaal. Ŵa Boer ŵakarwa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya ŵa Boer kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800 na kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1900 kwimikana na ŵa ku Britain kuti ŵaŵe na boma la Transvaal (Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek) na Orange Free State..
Nkhondo ya ku Boer
Pamanyuma pa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya ku Boer, ŵanthu ŵa ku Boer ŵakafuma mu vyaru vinyake. Kwambira mu 1903, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakasamukira ku Argentina na Brazil. Gulu linyake likafumira ku Kenya, uko ŵanandi ŵakawelera ku South Africa mu ma 1930, apo gulu lacitatu lakulongozgeka na Jenerale Ben Viljoen likafumira ku Mexico na New Mexico na Texas kumwera ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa United States.
Herzogenaurach
Herzogenaurach ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Ŵanthu ŵachi Buwa
Kuwukira kwa Ŵabuwa mu 1914
Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Boer ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Germany, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu boma ŵakaŵa ŵalongozgi ŵa ŵasilikari ŵa Boer awo ŵakarwa nkhondo na ŵanthu ŵa ku Maritz. Louis Botha na Jan Smuts ndiwo ŵakakoma ŵanthu awo ŵakagalukira boma. Yumoza wawo wakaŵa Jopie Fourie, uyo wakaŵa mulara wa ŵasilikari ŵa boma la South Africa, ndipo ŵakamupa mulandu wa upusikizgi apo wakakana kukolerana na ŵasilikari ŵa Britain.
Chiyowoyero
ChiAfrikaans ni chiyowoyero icho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya ku South Africa na Namibia. Lizgu ili likafuma ku chiyowoyero cha ku South Holland (Dutch dialect) icho ŵanthu ŵa ku South Africa ŵakayowoyanga. Ntheura, ni chiyowoyero cha ŵana ŵa Chidachi, ndipo pakwamba chikachemekanga kuti Chidachi cha ku Cape (pakuyowoya za ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakakhalanga ku Cape) panji Chidachi cha ku khitchini (zina ilo ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito pakwamba). Ndipouli, likuyowoyeka mwakuyana waka (nangauli ndambura kupulikikwa makora) nga ni chiyowoyero cha Creole panji chiyowoyero icho chili na viyowoyero vinyake. Lizgu ili lili kufuma ku lizgu Lachidachi lakuti Afrikaans-Hollands, ilo likung'anamura kuti Chidachi cha ku Africa.
Husum
Husum ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Hürth
Hürth ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Hessisch Lichtenau
Hessisch Lichtenau ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Ŵanthu ŵachi Buwa
Mwambo
Ŵanthu ŵa ku Boer ŵakamanyikwanga kuti ŵakutemwa kwendendeka. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakamanyikwa chomene m'ma 1700, apo ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Trekboer ŵakamba kukhala kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Cape, kweniso mu nyengo ya Great Trek apo ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Voortrekkers ŵakafumanga ku Eastern Cape, kweniso apo ŵakazenga vyaru vikuruvikuru mu nyengo ya Thirstland ('Dorsland') Trek. Munthu munyake uyo wakaluta ku caru cinyake wakati: "Tikaŵa na mzimu wakwendendeka mu mitima yithu, ndipo tikawumanyanga yayi. Tikaguliska minda yithu ndipo tikaluta kumpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kukapenja nyumba yiphya". Ŵanthu ŵa ku Boer ŵakamba kuŵa na mikhaliro na maluso gha ku mizi apo ŵakakhalanga ku mizi ya ŵazungu.
Robert Mugabe
Robert Gabriel Mugabe (21 February 1924 - 6 September 2019) wakaŵa munthu wakuwukira chalo cha Zimbabwe ndipo wakaŵa nduna yikuru ya chalo ichi kufuma mu 1980 mpaka 1987 ndipo pamanyuma wakaŵa purezidenti kufuma mu 1987 mpaka 2017. Wakaŵa mulongozgi wa Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) kwambira 1975 mpaka 1980 ndipo wakalongozga chipani chakulondezgapo, ZANU                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Kuyana na maghanoghano gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa, mu vyaka vya m'ma 1970 na 1980, wakajiwonanga kuti ni Marxist-Leninist, ndipo mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990 wakaŵa Socialist.
Hungen
Hungen ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Robert Mugabe
Mugabe wakababika mu mbumba ya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Shona ku Kutama, Southern Rhodesia. Wakasambira pa sukulu ya Kutama College na University of Fort Hare, ndipo wakagwiranga nchito ya kusambizga sukulu ku Southern Rhodesia, Northern Rhodesia, na Ghana. Cifukwa ca kukwiya cifukwa ca muwuso wa ŵanthu ŵazungu mu caru cake ico cikaŵa pasi pa Ufumu wa Britain, Mugabe wakazomera visambizgo vya Marx ndipo wakajibatika ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakaciskanga kuti paŵe boma lakujiyimira palekha ilo likulongozgeka na ŵanthu ŵafipa. Wakati wayowoya mazgu ghakwimikana na boma, ŵakamusanga na mulandu wa kuwukira boma ndipo ŵakamujalira mu jele kwambira mu 1964 m'paka 1974. Wakati wafumiskika, wakachimbilira ku Mozambique, wakambiska gulu la ZANU, ndipo wakalaŵiliranga mulimo wake mu Nkhondo ya Rhodesian Bush, kulimbana na boma la Ian Smith. Wakakhumba yayi kunjilirapo pa nkhani za mtende mu United Kingdom izo zikapangiska kuti paŵe phangano la Lancaster House, ilo likamazga nkhondo. Mu 1980 pa mavoti gha wose, Mugabe wakalongozga ZANU-PF ku chigonjetso, ndipo wakazgoka nduna yikuru apo chalo ichi, ico sono cikucemeka Zimbabwe, cikapokera wanangwa wa caru cose mu chaka ceneci. Boma la Mugabe likasazgirako wovwiri wa vyaumoyo na masambiro ndipo nangauli likayowoya kuti likukhumba kuti paŵe wupu wa socialist, kweni likalutilira kulondezga fundo za boma.
Mubali Mugabe wakatondeka kumazga suzgo la ŵanthu ŵazungu awo ŵakafumanga mu vyaru vinyake, ndipo ubwezi wake na chipani cha Joshua Nkomo cha Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU) nawo ukatimbanizgika. Mu nkhondo ya Gukurahundi ya 1982-1987, Gulu la Cinkhondi la Mugabe likathereska ŵakususka ŵa ZAPU mu Matabeleland mu kampeni iyo yikakoma ŵanthu 20,000, comenecomene ŵanthu ŵa Ndebele. Pa charu chose, wakatuma ŵasilikari ku Nkhondo yaciŵiri ya Congo ndipo wakadangilira gulu la wupu wa Non-Aligned Movement (1986-89), Organisation of African Unity (1997-98), na African Union (2015-16). Pakukhumba kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kukhala mu vyaru vinyake, Mugabe wakadidimizgapo comene pa kugaŵa malo agho ŵalimi ŵazungu ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito ku ŵanthu ŵafipa awo ŵakaŵavya malo. Wakakhuŵara cifukwa ca kucepa kwa kugaŵa vyakurya, ndipo kwamba mu 2000, wakaciska ŵanthu ŵacibara ŵa ku Zimbabwe kuti ŵatore minda ya ŵazungu. Vyakurya vikakhwaskika comene, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti paŵe njara, kusuzgika kwa cuma, ndiposo kuti ŵasilikari ŵa vyaru vinyake ŵambiske vivulupi. Ŵanthu ŵakamba kumususka chomene Mugabe, kweni wakasankhikaso mu 2002, 2008, na 2013 chifukwa cha vivulupi, upusikizgi, na kutemwera ŵanthu ŵa ku mizi ya ku Shona. Mu 2017, mamembala a chipani chake adamuchotsa pampando, ndikumuyika m'malo mwa wachiwiri kwa purezidenti wakale Emmerson Mnangagwa.
Pakuti Mugabe wakaŵa na mazaza pa ndyali mu Zimbabwe kwa vyaka pafupifupi 40, ŵanthu ŵakamususkanga comene. Ŵanthu ŵakamulumba kuti ni munthu uyo wakawovwira kuti Zimbabwe yifume mu mawoko gha ŵasilikari ŵa Britain, ŵamazaza, na ŵanthu ŵatuŵa. Awo ŵakususka boma la Mugabe ŵakamupa mulandu wakuti ni munthu wankhaza uyo wakwendeska makora yayi vinthu vyachuma kweniso wakuchitiska vimbundi na kuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu.
Umwana: 1924–1945
Robert Gabriel Mugabe wakababika pa 21 February 1924 mu muzi wa Kutama Mission mu chigaŵa cha Zvimba ku Southern Rhodesia. Awiske, a Gabriel Matibiri, ŵakaŵa kalipentala ndipo amama ŵawo a Bona ŵakaŵa ŵasambizgi ŵa visopa vyautesi. Ŵakaŵa kuti ŵasambizgika nchito iyi na ŵa Jesuit, gulu la cisopa la Katolika ilo likambiska nchito iyi. Bona na Gabriel ŵakaŵa na ŵana ŵankhondi na yumoza: Miteri (Michael), Raphael, Robert, Dhonandhe (Donald), Sabina, na Bridgette. Ŵakaŵa ŵa fuko la Zezuru, limoza mwa mafuko ghacoko comene gha fuko la Shona. Sekuru wa Mugabe wakaŵa Chief Constantine Karigamombe, wakumanyikwa na zina lakuti "Matibiri", munthu wankhongono uyo wakateŵeteranga Themba Lobengula mu virimika vya m'ma 1800. Kwizira mwa adada ŵake, wakakhumbanga kuŵa mu mbumba ya ŵalongozgi awo ŵakulongozga kwa miwiro yinandi.
Ŵalongozgi ŵa cisopo ca Jesuit ŵakaŵa ŵankhongono comene ndipo ŵakamovwira kuti wajikore, kweniso wakaŵa Mukatolika wakugomezgeka. Mubali Mugabe wakacitanga makora comene pa sukulu, cifukwa wakaŵa mwana wakujibisa ndipo wakatemwanga kuŵazga m'malo mwa maseŵero panji kucezga na ŵana ŵanyake. Ŵana ŵanyake ŵakamusekanga cifukwa cakuti wakaŵa mwanalume wacitima.
Pafupifupi mu 1930, Gabriel wakasuskana na yumoza wa ŵa Jesuit, ndipo cifukwa ca ici, mulongozgi wawo wa ku France, Dada Jean-Baptiste Loubière, wakacimbizga mbumba ya Mugabe mu muzi wa ŵamishonale. Mbumba iyi yikakhala mu muzi uwo ukaŵa pa mtunda wa makilomita 11. Ŵana ŵakazomerezgekanga kukhala ku sukulu ya pulayimale, ŵakakhalanga na ŵabali ŵawo ku Kutama pa nyengo ya masambiro na kuwelera ku nyumba ya ŵapapi ŵawo pa Sabata. Pa nyengo yeneyira, mukuru wa Robert, Raphael, wakafwa na nthenda ya kusulura. Kukwambilira kwa 1934, mukuru wa Robert, Michael, nayo wakafwa cifukwa ca kurya mpholozi. Pakati pajumpha nyengo, Gabriel wakafumapo pa nyumba yake na kuluta ku Bulawayo kukapenja nchito. Pamanyuma pake wakaleka Bona na ŵana ŵake ŵankhondi na yumoza na kutolera mwanakazi munyake, ndipo wakababa ŵana ŵanyake ŵatatu.
Masambiro gha pa yunivesite na uteŵeti wa kusambizga: 1945-1960
Mu vyaka vyakulondezgapo, Mugabe wakasambizganga mu masukulu ghakupambanapambana gha ku Southern Rhodesia, kusazgapo sukulu ya Dadaya Mission ku Shabani. Palije ukaboni wakuti pa nyengo iyo, Mugabe wakacitangako vinthu vya ndyali, ndipo wakacitako yayi viwawa ivyo vikacitika mu 1948. Mu 1949, wakapokera mwaŵi wakusambira pa yunivesite ya Fort Hare ku Eastern Cape, South Africa. Apo wakaŵa ku South Africa, wakanjira gulu la ŵawukirano la African National Congress (ANCYL) ndipo wakaluta ku maungano gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa uko wakakumana na Ŵayuda ŵanyake ŵa ku South Africa awo ŵakamovwira kumanya fundo za Marx. Pamanyuma, wakayowoya kuti nangauli wakasambira vya Marx, kweni ivyo wakachita pakukhumba kujithemba vikamovwira chomene. Mu 1952, wakafumapo pa yunivesite iyi na digiri ya Bachelor of Arts mu mbiri na mabuku gha Chingelezi. Pakati pajumpha vilimika, wakati nyengo iyo wakakhala ku Fort Hare ndiyo yikaŵa "nyengo yakupambanapambana" mu umoyo wake.
Heubach (Württemberg)
Heubach (Württemberg) ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Robert Mugabe
Masambiro gha pa yunivesite na uteŵeti wa kusambizga: 1945-1960
Mu 1952, Mugabe wakawelera ku Southern Rhodesia, ndipo pamanyuma pake wakati wakaŵa "wakususka comene muwuso wa [ŵakoloni]". Apa, nchito yake yakwamba yikaŵa ya kusambizga pa sukulu ya Driefontein Roman Catholic Mission School kufupi na Umvuma. Mu 1953 wakasamukira ku Highfield Government School ku Harari mu tawuni ya Salisbury ndipo mu 1954 wakasamukira ku Mambo Township Government School ku Gwelo. Nyengo yeneyiyo, wakasanga digiri ya Bachelor of Education kufuma ku University of South Africa, ndipo wakalangura mabuku ghanandi gha Marxist - pakati pa agha pakaŵa Karl Marx's Capital na Friedrich Engels' The Condition of the Working Class in England - kufuma ku kampani ya ku London. Nangauli wakatemwanga chomene ndyali, kweni wakachitangako yayi ndyali. Wakaŵa mu gulu la ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana, nga ni Capricorn Africa Society, uko wakasangananga na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yose. Guy Clutton-Brock, uyo wakamumanyanga makora Mugabe kwizira mu gulu ili, pamasinda wakati wakaŵa "msepuka wakuzizwiska" uyo nyengo zinyake "wakakhalanga waka chete" kweni "wakayowoyanga vya Elvis Presley panji Bing Crosby mwakufwatuka nga umo wakuyowoyera vya ndyali".
Kufuma mu 1955 mpaka 1958, Mugabe wakakhalanga ku Northern Rhodesia uko wakagwiranga nchito ku Chalimbana Teacher Training College ku Lusaka. Wakalutizga masambiro ghake apo wakasambiranga digiri yaciŵiri, pa nyengo iyi wakaŵa na digiri ya Bachelor of Administration kufuma ku University of London International Programmes. Ku Northern Rhodesia, wakatoleka kwa nyengo yicoko waka na mbumba ya Emmerson Mnangagwa, mweneuyo Mugabe wakamuciskanga kuti wanjire mu gulu la wanangwa ndipo pamasinda wakaŵa purezidenti wa Zimbabwe. Mu 1958, Mugabe wakasamukira ku Ghana kukagwira ntchito ku St Mary's Teacher Training College ku Takoradi. Wakasambizganga ku Apowa Secondary School, kweniso ku Takoradi, wati wapokera satifiketi yake ku Achimota College (1958-1960), uko wakakumana na muwoli wake wakwamba, Sally Hayfron. Mubali Mugabe wakati: "Nkhaluta [ku Ghana] nga ni munthu uyo wakutemwa vyakusanguluska. Nkhakhumbanga kuwona umo vinthu vizamuŵira mu caru ca ku Africa". Ghana yikaŵa boma lakwamba mu Africa kuti liŵe lakujiyimira palokha ndipo pasi pa muwuso wa Kwame Nkrumah likachita vinthu vinandi vyakukondweska ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa. Mwakusazgirapo pa kusambizga, Mugabe wakasambirako ku Kwame Nkrumah Ideological Institute ku Winneba. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, Mugabe wakayowoya kuti ku Ghana ndiko wakazomera visambizgo vya Marx. Wakamba kutemwana na Hayfron uyo wakagwiranga nchito ku koleji ndipo nayo wakatemwanga ndyali.
Ŵanthu ŵachi Buwa
Chigomezgo
Ŵanthu ŵa ku mizi iyi ŵakamanyikwanga kuti ŵakaŵa ŵakujiyimira ŵekha, ŵakamanyikwanga kuti ŵakaŵa ŵankhongono, ŵakamanyikwanga kuti mbakujiyimira ŵekha.
Robert Mugabe
Early political career: 1960–1963
Apo Mugabe wakasambizganga ku vyaru vinyake, gulu la ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ilo likakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kukolerana nalo likambiska kuti ku Southern Rhodesia kuŵe gulu la ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake. Pakwamba, Joshua Nkomo ndiyo wakadangiliranga gulu la Southern Rhodesia African National Congress, ilo likakhazikiskika mu Seputembala 1957 ndipo boma likakanizga mu Febuluwale 1959. Gulu la SRANC likasinthika na chipani cha National Democratic Party (NDP), icho chikapangika mu Janyuwale 1960. Mu Meyi 1960, Mugabe wakawelera ku Southern Rhodesia, wakatora Hayfron. Banja ili likaghanaghana kuti ulendo wawo uŵenge wa nyengo yicoko waka, kweni mubwezi wa Mugabe, Leopold Takawira, uyo ni munthu wa ku Africa, wakaŵachiska kuti ŵakhalepo.
Mu Julayi 1960, Takawira na ŵantchito ŵanyake ŵa NDP ŵakakakika; pakususka, Mugabe wakajibatika ku ŵanthu 7,000 awo ŵakakhumbanga kwenda kufuma ku Highfield kuya ku ofesi ya Prime Minister ku Salisbury. Ŵapolisi ŵakakanizga ungano uwu kuwaro kwa holo ya Stoddart mu tawuni ya Harare. Zuŵa lakulondezgapo, ŵanthu ŵakakwana 40,000, ndipo pakaŵa pulatifomu iyo ŵakanozgekera kuyowoya nkhani. Pakuŵa munthu wakucindikika comene cifukwa ca nchito yake, madigiri ghake ghatatu, na maulendo ghake gha ku caru cinyake, Mugabe wakaŵa yumoza wa awo ŵakacemeka kuti ŵayowoye ku wumba. Pamanyuma pa cakucitika ici, Mugabe wakasankha kujipeleka nyengo zose ku mulimo wa kusambizga, wakaleka nchito yake ya kusambizga mu Ghana (wakati wacita vilimika viŵiri vya phangano la kusambizga la vilimika vinayi). Wakalongozga ungano wakwamba wa NDP, uwo ukacitika mu Okutobala 1960, ndipo wakawovwirika na Chitepo pa nkhani za ndondomeko. Mubali Mugabe wakasankhika kuŵa mulembi wa chipani ichi. Mugabe wakapangiska kuti chipani cha NDP chiŵe na mtima wa kusankhana mitundu mu Africa, ndipo wakakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakhozgeke. Wakawovwira kuti paŵe gulu la ŵawukirano la NDP ndipo wakachiska kuti pa maungano ghake paŵeso malurombo gha ŵasekuru, vyakuvwara vyawo, na sumu za ŵanakazi. Mu Febuluwale 1961, wakatora Hayfron mu ukwati wa Katolika ku Salisbury.
Mu 1961, boma la Britain likachita ungano wa ku Salisbury kuti liwone umo vinthu vizamuŵira ku Southern Rhodesia. Nkomo wakalongozganga wupu wa NDP, uwo ukagomezganga kuti Ŵanung'una ŵazamukhozgera boma lakujiyimira palekha ilo lizamuwusika na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake. Awo ŵakimiranga ŵaciŵelengero cikuru ca ŵanthu ŵatuŵa mu caru ici, awo pa nyengo iyo ŵakalongozganga boma la Southern Rhodesia, ŵakasuskanga fundo iyi. Pamanyuma pa kudumbiskana, Nkomo wakazomera fundo iyo yikapelekanga mwaŵi ku ŵanthu ŵafipa kuti ŵaŵe na mipando 15 pa mipando 65 ya mu nyumba ya malango. Mugabe na ŵanji mu chipani cha NDP ŵakakwiya comene na ivyo Nkomo wakayowoya. Pamanyuma pa ungano uwu, ŵanthu ŵa ku Southern Rhodesia ŵakamba kusuzgika. Mugabe wakayowoyapo pa maungano ghanandi gha NDP pambere boma lindakanizge chipani ichi mu Disembala 1961. Ŵanandi mwa mamembara agha ŵakambaso kuwungana mu Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU) mazuŵa ghachoko waka pamanyuma, ndipo Mugabe wakasankhika kuŵa mulembi wa vyaumoyo wa ZAPU.
Ŵanthu ŵachi Buwa
Chigomezgo
Ŵa Boer ŵakaleka kukolerana na ŵa ku Europe apo ŵakafumanga mu gulu la Trekboer.
Hettingen
Hettingen ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Hünfeld
Hünfeld ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Hüfingen
Hüfingen ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Robert Mugabe
Early political career: 1960–1963
Mu charu ichi mukaŵa vivulupi vinandi chomene chifukwa cha kusankhana mitundu. Mubali Mugabe wakawona kuti nkhondo iyi yikaŵa yakukhumbikwa kuti ŵathereske ufumu wa Britain. Ivi vikapambana na ivyo Nkomo wakayowoya kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakutemwa chomene charu chawo ŵakwenera kuŵikapo mtima pa nkhani za ndyali kuti boma la Britain liŵape ivyo ŵakukhumba. Pakati pajumpha myezi 9, boma likakanizga gulu la ZAPU, ndipo mu Seputembala 1962, Mugabe na ŵalaraŵalara ŵanyake ŵa chipani ŵakakakika. Mubali Mugabe na muwoli wake ŵakaŵa na suzgo na dango; ŵakamupa mulandu wa kuyowoya mazgu ghakwambiska viwawa pa wumba. Hayfron wakeruzgika kukhala mu jele vyaka viŵiri, kweni wakakhalako myezi 15 cifukwa ca kuyowoya kuti Fumukazi Elizabeth II "yingaluta ku helo".
Ŵanthu ŵachi Buwa
Chigomezgo
Ŵanthu ŵa ku Boer ŵakaŵa Ŵaprotesitanti, ndipo ŵanandi ŵa iwo ŵakaŵa ŵa tchalitchi la Reformed. Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk ('Tchalitchi la Dutch Reformed Church') likaŵa tchalitchi la ku South Africa (1852-1902). Chigaŵa cha Orange Free State (1854-1902) chikachemeka kuyana na nyumba ya Orange ku Netherlands.
Robert Mugabe
Early political career: 1960–1963
Kuwuka kwa mtundu wa ku Africa kukapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵatuŵa ŵakanjirenge mu Southern Rhodesia, ndipo chipani cha Rhodesian Front chikatonda pa mavoti gha mu Disembala 1962. Boma liphya likakhumbanga kusungilira muwuso wa ŵanthu ŵatuŵa mwa kukhozga bata na kujikora ku boma la Britain. Mubali Mugabe wakakumana na ŵanyake ku nyumba yake mu cigaŵa ca Highbury mu Salisbury, uko wakayowoya kuti cifukwa cakuti vipharazgo vya ndyali vikaŵa vyakukanizgika, nyengo yikakwana yakuti ŵambe kucitako nkhondo. Iyo pamoza na ŵanji ŵakakana fundo ya Nkomo yakuti ŵaŵike boma lakucimbira mu Dar es Salaam. Iyo na Hayfron ŵakajivikilira yayi kuti ŵalute ku ungano wa ZAPU ku Tanganyikan. Kwenekura, ŵalongozgi ŵa chipani ŵakakumana na pulezidenti wa Tanganyika, Julius Nyerere, uyo nayo wakakanaso fundo ya boma lakunjilira mu caru cinyake ndipo wakaciska ZAPU kuti ŵanozge nkani yawo yakwimikana na muwuso wa ŵanthu ŵacokoŵacoko ŵaŵituŵa mu Southern Rhodesia.
Mu Ogasiti, Hayfron wakababa mwana mwanalume wa Mugabe, uyo ŵakamuthya Nhamodzenyika, lizgu la Chishona ilo likung'anamura "charu icho chikusuzgika". Mubali Mugabe wakakhumbanga kuti muwoli wake wawelere ku Ghana, kweni iyo wakawelera ku Southern Rhodesia. Kwenekura, ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakasuskanga Nkomo ŵakambiska chipani chiphya, Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU), mu Ogasiti; Ndabaningi Sithole wakazgoka pulezidenti wa gulu ili, apo wakasankha Mugabe kuŵa mulembi mukuru wa gulu ili kwambura iyo. Nkomo wakazgora mwa kupanga gulu lake, la People's Caretaker Council, ilo likamanyikwanga na zina lakuti "ZAPU". ZAPU na ZANU ŵakasuskananga comene ndipo mwaluŵiro pakawuka nkhondo ya vigeŵenga.
Ŵanthu ŵachi Buwa
Chigomezgo
Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Boer ŵakulondezga malango gha boma na kuzomera masuzgo nga ni mulimo wawo wa Cikhristu. Kufuma nyengo yira, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Boer ŵali kuzgoka ndipo sono ŵali mu matchalitchi gha Baptist, Charismatic, Pentecostal, na Lutheran.
Robert Mugabe
Wakajalirika mu jele: 1963-1975
Mubali Mugabe wakakakika apo wakaweleranga ku Southern Rhodesia mu Disembala 1963. Khoti likadumura mulandu wake kwamba mu Janyuwale m'paka mu Malichi 1964, ndipo wakakana kuwuskamo ivyo wakayowoya. Mu Malichi 1964, ŵakamujalira mu jele myezi 21. Muwuso wa Mugabe ukati wafika ku Wha Wha ndipo pamanyuma ku Sikombela ku Que Que. Ku jele ili, wakaŵasambizganga kuŵazga na kulemba, masamu, na Cingelezi. Ŵalinda ŵaciganga awo ŵakaŵa ŵalusungu ŵakaswanga mauthenga kufuma kwa Mugabe na mamembala ghanyake gha wupu wa ZANU ku ŵanthu awo ŵakacitanga vinthu vinyake kuwaro kwa jele. Pakulongozgeka na boma, Herbert Chitepo, uyo wakaŵa wakuvikilira ZANU, wakambiska gulu la ŵasilikari ku Lusaka. Mu Epulero 1966, gulu ili likayezga kunanga mizati ya magesi mu msumba wa Sinoia, ndipo pamanyuma pake likapoka munda unyake wa ŵazungu kufupi na msumba wa Hartley. Boma likazgora mwa kuwezgera mamembala gha ZANU, kusazgapo Mugabe, ku jele la Salisbury mu 1966. Mu jele ili, ŵakayidi 40 ŵakagaŵika mu maselo ghanayi, ndipo ŵanandi ŵakagonanga pasi chifukwa cha unandi wa ŵanthu. Wakakhalako vilimika vinkhondi na vinayi, ndipo wakatangwanika comene na kuŵazga na kusambira. Wakakhalako vilimika vinkhondi na vinayi, ndipo wakatangwanika comene na kuŵazga na kusambira. Mu nyengo iyi wakasanga madigiri ghanyake pa Yunivesite ya London: digiri ya masters mu vya cuma, digiri ya bachelor mu vya boma, na madigiri ghaŵiri gha malango. Apo wakaŵa mu jere, Mugabe wakapulika kuti mwana wake wafwa na nthenda ya mu wongo apo wakaŵa na vilimika vitatu. Mubali Mugabe wakaŵa na citima comene ndipo wakapempha kuti wafumeko pa nyumba kuti wakacezge na muwoli wake ku Ghana. Wakaŵagowokera yayi ŵalara ŵa jele cifukwa ca kukana. Ŵanthu awo ŵakamumanyanga nyengo yira ŵakayowoyanga kuti apo wakaŵa mu jele, ŵakamuyuzganga. Dada Emmanuel Ribeiro, uyo wakaŵa wasembe wa Mugabe apo wakaŵa mu jele, wakati: "Chifukwa chimoza nchakuti wakaŵa wakukhora mwauzimu".
Ŵanthu ŵachi Buwa
Kugwiliskira nchito mazuŵa ghano
Mu nyengo yasono, comenecomene mu nyengo ya kusinthika kwa muwuso wa katangale na mu nyengo iyo yikati yajumpha mu 1994, ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵazungu awo ŵakuyowoya ciyowoyero ca ciAfrikaans, comenecomene awo ŵali na vigomezgo vya ndyali, ndiposo awo mba Trekboer na Voortrekker, ŵasankha kucemeka kuti Mbaboere, m'malo mwa Ŵafrikaans, kuti ŵamanyikwe makora. Iwo ŵakugomezga kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa fuko la Voortrekker ŵakaŵavya mwaŵi wa kuzgoka ŵanthu ŵa mtundu uwu. Iwo ŵakughanaghana kuti ivi vikacitika pamanyuma pa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Anglo-Boer na kukhazikiskika kwa South Africa mu 1910. Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakutemwa ndyali ŵakayowoya kuti ŵakujiwona kuti mbanthu ŵakumanjiliro yayi.
Robert Mugabe
Wakajalirika mu jele: 1963-1975
Mugabe na mamembala ghanyake gha ZANU ŵakaŵa na kukayika pa umo Sithole wakwendeskera, ndipo ŵakamuwonanga kuti wakukwiya comene ndiposo wakucita vinthu mwambura kwenelera. Mu Okutobala 1968, Sithole wakayezga kunjizga uthenga kufuma mu jele uwo ukalangura ŵanthu ŵa ZANU kuti ŵakome Smith. Ŵakamanya ivyo wakakhumbanga kucita ndipo ŵakamupeleka ku khoti mu Janyuwale 1969. Mugabe wakachenya Sithole chifukwa cha "kusesa" pakukana ivyo ZANU yikakhumbanga, ndipo boma likamuwuskapo pa udindo wake pakuvota kuti waleke kugomezgeka. Mu Novembala 1974, wupu wa ZANU ukazomerezga kuti Sithole waleke kuŵa mu wupu uwu.
Pakopa kuti nkhondo ya ŵasilikari yingathandazgikira kumwera, boma la South Africa likapangiska kuti Rhodesia yambe kukolerana na maboma gha ŵazungu gha Zambia na Tanzania. Pakucita viyezgo ivi, boma la Smith likazomera kufwatura ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵafipa awo ŵakaŵa mu jele. Mu Novembala 1974, pamanyuma pa kukhala mu jele vyaka pafupifupi 11, Mugabe wakafumiskika. Wakasamira ku nyumba ya mudumbu wake Sabina ku Highfield. Wakakhumbanga kunjira mu gulu la ZANU na kurwa nkhondo ya chipani, pakumanya kuti kuti waŵe na mazaza pa ZANU, wakeneranga kuwusa ZANLA. Ivi vikaŵa vyakusuzga cifukwa ca nkhaza izo zikacitikanga mu gulu la ŵasilikari, comenecomene pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa mitundu ya Manyika na Karange.
Nkhondo ya chiona wona: 1975–1979
Mu Malichi 1975, Mugabe wakafumako ku Rhodesia kuya ku Mozambique, wakakhumbanga kuwusa gulu la ZANU. Munyake, Maurice Nyagumbo, wakati wakoleka, wakafipanga mtima kuti nayo ndimo vicitirenge. Ribeiro na sisiteri munyake ŵakamovwira iyo na Edgar Tekere kuti ŵanjire mwakubisilizga mu Mozambique. Mubali Mugabe wakakhala mu caru ici vyaka viŵiri. Pulezidenti wa Mozambique, Samora Machel, wakaŵa wakukayikira za maluso gha Mugabe ndipo wakamanya yayi usange wangamuwona nga ni mulongozgi wa ZANU. Machel wakamupa nyumba mu Quelimane ndipo wakamuŵika mu jele, ndipo Mugabe wakakhumbanga kuzomerezgeka kwenda. Pakatora pafupifupi chaka kuti Machel wazomerezge kuti Mugabe ndiyo walongozge ZANU.
Ŵanthu ŵachi Buwa
Kugwiliskira nchito mazuŵa ghano
Iwo ŵakayowoya kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku South Africa na Orange Free State ŵakazomerezgeka kuŵa ŵanthu panji gulu la mitheto mwakuyana na malango gha charu chose na Sand River Convention (iyo yikapangiska South African Republic mu 1852), Bloemfontein Convention (iyo yikapangiska Orange Free State Republic mu 1854), Pretoria Convention (iyo yikakhazikiskaso wanangwa wa South African Republic mu 1881), London Convention (iyo yikapeleka wanangwa ku South African Republic mu 1884), na Vereeniging Peace Treaty, iyo yikamazga nkhondo yaciŵiri ya Anglo-Boer pa 31 May 1902. Kweni ŵanyake ŵakuti mapangano agha ghakukhwaskana waka na ivyo maboma ghakuchita, ndipo ghakung'anamura kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Boer ŵakumanya yayi umo ŵaliri.
Robert Mugabe
Nkhondo ya chiona wona: 1975–1979
Mugabe wakaluta ku misasa yakupambanapambana ya ZANLA mu Mozambique kuti wakhozge ŵasilikari ŵake. Pakati pa chaka cha 1976, wakaŵa kuti wasanga wovwiri wa ŵasilikari ŵa ZANLA ndipo wakaŵa mulongozgi wakumanyikwa comene wa gulu la ŵasilikari awo ŵakarwanga na muwuso wa Smith. Mu Ogasiti 1977, wakapharazgika kuti ni purezidenti wa ZANU pa ungano wa komiti yikuru ya chipani uwo ukacitikira ku Chimoio. Mu nyengo ya nkhondo, Mugabe wakalutilira kukayikira ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵa ZANLA ndipo wakakaka ŵanandi ŵa iwo. Mu 1977, wakakaka mulara wake munyake, Wilfred Mhanda, cifukwa cakuti ŵakamuyowoyera kuti ngwakugomezgeka yayi. Josiah Tongogara wakati wafwa pa ngozi ya galimoto mu 1979, ŵanthu ŵakayowoya kuti Mugabe wakwenera kuti wakacitako.
Mugabe wakakhara kutali na milimo ya zuŵa na zuŵa ya ZANLA, iyo wakapeleka kwa Tongogara. Mu Janyuwale 1976, ZANLA yikamba kunjira mu charu ichi kufuma ku Mozambique, ndipo ŵasilikari pafupifupi 1,000 ŵakambuka mphaka kuti ŵakawukire minda na mashopu gha ŵatuŵa. Pakuzgora, boma la Smith likalemba ŵanalume wose ŵa vyaka vyakukwana 35 kuti ŵanjire usilikari. Ŵazungu ŵanandi ŵakaleka minda yawo chifukwa cha kugaluka kwa ZANLA. Ŵachikuda ŵanandi awo ŵakaŵa ŵambura nchito ŵakamba kugwira nchito na ZANLA. Kuzakafika mu 1979, ZANLA yikaŵa kuti yaluta ku misumba yinandi ya ku Rhodesia. Pa nkhondo iyi, ŵanthu 30,000 ŵakakomeka. Ŵazungu ndiwo ŵakafwa comene, ndipo kuumaliro wa vyaka ivi, ŵasilikari ŵakamba kutonda. Mubali Mugabe wakadodoliskanga comene pa nkhondo yakupharazga, ndipo nyengo zose wakayowoyanga pa wayilesi. Mu mabuku agha, wakajiwonanga nga ni Marxist-Leninist, ndipo wakayowoya makora chomene vya ŵanthu awo ŵakakhumbanga kusintha vinthu nga ni Vladimir Lenin, Joseph Stalin, na Fidel Castro. Nangauli wakaŵa na vigomezgo vya Marx, kweni maungano gha Mugabe na ŵimiliri ŵa Soviet ghakaŵavya candulo, cifukwa ŵakakhumbanga kuti Nkomo ndiyo walongozgenge nkhondo. Ubwezi wake na China ukaŵa wakukhora comene, cifukwa boma la China likapeleka vilwero ku ZANLA kwambura vinthu vinyake. Kweniso wakapenja wovwiri ku vyaru vya ku Western, wakaluta ku ma ambassy gha ku Western ku Mozambique, ndipo wakaluta ku vyaru vya ku Western nga ni Italy na Switzerland na vyaru vya Marxist nga ni Soviet Union, China, North Korea, Vietnam, na Cuba.
Ŵanthu ŵachi Buwa
Kugwiliskira nchito mazuŵa ghano
Awo ŵakukhozgera fundo izi ŵakugomezga kuti kufuma mu ma 1930, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuchema ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake kuti Ŵafrikaans.
Robert Mugabe
Nkhondo ya chiona wona: 1975–1979
Mubali Mugabe wakacema kuti boma la Rhodesia ilo likaŵa na ŵanthu ŵazungu likomeke, Smith na gulu lake la vigeŵenga ŵakomeke, caru ca ŵanthu ŵazungu cikanjire mu mawoko gha ŵanthu ŵazungu, ndipo Rhodesia yisinthe kuŵa boma la chipani cimoza. Kanandi waka wakaciskanga ŵanthu ŵa ku Rhodesia kuti ŵacitire nkhaza ŵazungu awo ŵakaŵa mu caru ici, ndipo wakaŵachemanga kuti "ŵakusuzga ŵanthu", "ŵakukoma ŵanthu", ndiposo "ŵakusankhana mitundu". Mwaciyelezgero, mu 1978, mu upharazgi wa pa wayilesi, Mugabe wakati: "Tiyeni tiŵathereske [Ŵazungu]. Tiyeni tiparanye msumba wake. Tileke kumupa nyengo yakuti wapumure. Tiyeni timupenje mu ngodya yiliyose. Tiyeni tiwuskemo ciŵanda ici mu nyumba yithu". Kwa Mugabe, kulimbana na ŵasilikari kukaŵa kwakuzirwa comene pakukhazikiska boma liphya. Mwakupambana na ŵalongozgi ŵanyake ŵa ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake nga ni Nkomo, Mugabe wakasuskanga fundo yakuti boma la Smith limare kukolerana. Mu Okutobala 1976 ZANU yikakhazikiska gulu limoza na ZAPU lakucemeka Patriotic Front. Mu Seputembala 1978, Mugabe wakakumana na Nkomo ku Lusaka. Wakakwiya cifukwa ca kuyezga kwa Smith kuti wadumbiskane na mulongozgi wa Cikomyunizimu Nicolae Ceaușescu mu 1976.
Phangano la Nyumba ya Lancaster: 1979
Mubali Smith wakamba kuwona kuti vinthu vyamba kwenda makora apo B. J. Wakayama Vorster wakamanya kuti muwuso wa ŵanthu ŵatuŵa ukaŵa wambura kovwira mu caru ico mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵabuluu ŵanandi kuluska ŵatuŵa. Smith wakazomera kuti muwuso wa ŵanthu ŵatuŵa ungalutilira yayi kwamuyirayira. Wakalongozga pa mavoti gha 1979 agho ghakapangiska kuti Abel Muzorewa, bishopu wakufipa mtima, wasankhike kuŵa nduna yikuru ya Zimbabwe Rhodesia. Wupu wa ZANU na ZAPU wose ŵakakananga mavoti agha, kweni charu chose chikapokelera yayi. Pa ungano wa ŵalara ŵa boma wa mu 1979, uwo ukacitikira ku Lusaka, Margaret Thatcher, nduna yikuru ya Britain, wakazizika ŵapositole apo wakapharazga kuti caru ca Britain cizamumanya kuti nchakujiyimira pawekha usange cizamunjira mu boma la ŵanthu ŵanandi.
Ŵanthu ŵachi Buwa
Kugwiliskira nchito mazuŵa ghano
Kufuma waka apo nkhondo ya Anglo-Boer yikambira, ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vyakupambanapambana ŵakamba kuzunura waka lizgu lakuti Boerevolk mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900. Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵali kufuma ku ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Boerevolk ndiwo ŵakambaso kugwiliskira ntchito zina ili.