cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Ulimi mu Malaŵi
Nyengo ya Chikoloni
Malango gha ku Malawi ghakukhwaskana na vyakurya vyakuthupi ghakaŵa ghakovwira kuti vyakurya viŵe vinandi na kuŵa viwemi kweniso kuti ŵalimi ŵalutilire kusanga ndalama zinandi. Ndipouli, m'malo mwa kukhozga ŵanthu, ŵakakanizga unandi wa ŵalimi ŵachokoŵacoko ŵa mu Africa na vyakurya ivyo ŵakapanganga mwa kuŵika ndondomeko za kulembeska, kuŵika mitengo ya vyakurya, kupeleka malayisensi ku ŵakugura na ŵamalonda, na kukhazikiska mabungwe gha vyakurya, agho kanandi ghakaŵa na mulimo wa kupanga na kuguliska vyakurya. Vinthu ivi vikaŵanga vyambura kukhumbikwa pa ulimi na malonda gha vyakurya ivyo vikakulika mu minda ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe. Boma la Nyasaland likasazgirako ndalama izo likasanganga chifukwa cha kulondezga ndondomeko ya malonda. Pakupeleka mitengo yakupambana na ya pa msika wa caru cose ku ŵalimi ŵacokoŵacoko, boma la ŵazga likakhomeskanga misonkho pa ŵalimi ŵacokoŵacoko, ndipo likapokeranga ndalama zinandi. Paumaliro wa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose, ŵamalonda ŵakamba kulamulira vyakurya, ndipo pakati pa ma 1950, maboma gha vyakurya ghakaŵa na mazaza pa malonda gha vyakurya vinandi vya mu Africa.
Vinyama
Undondomeko wa nyama
ufumu - nyama-nyama
Ulimi mu Malaŵi
Nyengo ya Chikoloni
Mu 1926, boma likakhazikiska malango ghakukhwaskana na hona, ndipo mu 1934 likakhazikiska malango ghakukhwaskana na katoni. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga ku malo agha ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵalimi awo ŵakagwiranga ntchito ya hona na makuni gha katoni ŵagwirenge ntchito iyi chifukwa cha kopa kuti ŵalimi ŵachokoŵachoko awo ŵakaŵa na ndalama zinandi ŵangaleka kugwiliskira ntchito ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa. Wupu wa Native Tobacco Board ukakhozga vyakurya vya ku Africa mu Central Region, kweni awo ŵakalembeskeka ŵakalipira ndalama zinandi. Pakwamba, komiti iyi yikakhomanga msonkho wa ndalama zakukwana 30 pence pa makilogiramu 100 gha hona. Mu 1930, ndalama izi zikakwera kufika pa cigaŵa cacitatu ca mtengo uwo ŵakapelekanga kuti ŵasangirepo ndalama zinandi. Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose na pamanyuma pake, Board yikasanga ndalama izo yikagwiliskiranga ntchito na kulima vipasi, ndipo yikasunga pakati pa 25% na 35% ya mtengo uwo yikaguliskiranga.
Mu 1947, pakaŵa wupu wakuwona vya vyakurya. Iyo wakeneranga kuvikilira vyakurya vya mu Malawi na kuvikilira ŵalimi pa mtengo wapasi, kweni wakasuzgika cifukwa ca kupeleŵera ndalama. Pakukhumba kuvikilira ndalama izo ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito pa charu chose, komiti iyi yikakhazikiska mtengo wapasi chomene ndipo yikaguliskanga mbuto pa mtengo wakukwana kaŵiri. Makora agha ghakatondeskanga ŵalimi kulima mbuto, ndipo ghakatondeskanga misika ya vyakurya. Vyakurya ivyo vikaŵa pa msika wa mu vyaru vyawo vikakhira comene cifukwa ca njara yikuru ya mu 1949. Pamanyuma pa njara ya mu 1949, MCB yikakhozga vyakurya vya mbuto, kweni apo mitengo ya vyakurya pa caru cose yikakhira mu ma 1950, yikamazga malonda gha vyakurya na vyakurya, ndipo boma la Nyasaland likakanizga vyakurya vya mbuto mu vigaŵa ivyo vikaŵa vyambura kukwana.
Vinyama
makhalilo
Nyama zili m'magulu magulu kutolela umo ivyo vikuryanga. Magulu agha ghali ntheula
Ulimi mu Malaŵi
Nyengo ya Chikoloni
Mu 1952, African Produce and Marketing Board (panji kuti Agricultural Production and Marketing Board) yikapangika na kulamulira malonda gha vyakurya vya ku Africa kusazgapo chiŵiya, nyungu, mphoza, tirigu, mphonje, mpunga, sorghum millet, cassava na mbuto za katoni. Mu 1956, milimo, mazaza, na milimo ya makhoti gha ku Africa ghakuwona vya mbuto, hona, na katoni ghakasamukira ku komiti yakuwona vya ulimi. Wakapika mazaza gha kugura vyakurya ivyo ŵalimi ŵachoko ŵakaŵanga navyo, kweni mitengo yake yikaŵa yakususkana na ya ŵalimi ndipo yikawonekanga yayi kuti yikukwera.
Vinyama
makhalilo
1. Makanivoli agho ghakurya nyama zinyakhe pela, 2. mahebivoli ghakurya Vyomela pela 3. maomnivoli ghakurya nyama na Vyomela wuwo 4. maparasiti ghokukhala mvinyama vinyakhe na kurya chakurya cha nyama iyo yakhalamo panji kuchirya chinyama cheneicho
Ulimi mu Malaŵi
Nyengo ya Chikoloni
Apo Dr. Hastings Banda wakaŵa nduna ya vyakurya mu 1961, fundo izi zikasintha viŵi yayi. Mu 1962, Komiti ya Vyakumera na Kupharazga yikasinthika na Komiti ya Kupharazga ya Ŵalimi (FMB). Wupu wa Vyakuguliska Vyamuminda ukapika mazaza ghakupambanapambana gha kugura, kuguliska na kunozga vyakurya, kukhozga kukhazikika kwa mitengo, na kupeleka wovwiri ku mbuto na vyakurya vyakuguliska.
Vinyama
makhalilo
Nyama zakwamba zikaŵa za mumaji.
Ulimi mu Malaŵi
Pamasinda pa ufulu
Mu vyaka vyakwambilira kufuma apo charu chikapokera wanangwa mu 1964, Banda na chipani cha Malawi Congress Party ŵakakhozga chomene ulimi wa viŵeto vichoko waka. Banda wakamanya kuti Malawi walije vinthu vinandi padera pa ulimi. Wakaŵa wakunjilirapo, ndipo wupu wa Farmers Marketing Board ukazgoka wakuguliska vinthu vya ŵalimi ŵachoko. Ndipouli, cifukwa cakuti ŵalimi ŵacoko ŵakakhuŵara na vyakurya vya Burley, boma likasintha malo agha. Ntchito ya FMB yikasazgikira kuti yikovwirepo pa bizinesi na kusanga ndalama zakugwilira nchito.
Vinyama
Vinyama vya m’Malaŵi
Mu chalo cha Malaŵi muli vinyama vya mitundu-mitundu. Pali vinyama vya m’thengele ivyo vikulya chomene utheka ivo pa Chingelezi bakuvichema herbivores, ivyo vikulya vinyama vinyakhe ivyo pa Chingelezi bakuvichema carnivores na ivyo vikulya vinyama vinyakhe na utheka wuwo ivyo bakuti maomnivores. Vinyama ivi ni vinyama vyapasi na tuyuni wuwo.
Ulimi mu Malaŵi
Pamasinda pa ufulu
Mu 1971, FMB yikasinthika na Agricultural Development and Marketing Corporation (ADMARC). Wupu wa ADMARC ukapika mazaza gha kovwira wupu uliwose wa boma panji wa ŵanthu ŵekha na ndalama, ngongoli, panji vinthu vinyake pa mulimo uliwose wakukhwaskana na vyachuma mu Malawi. Chilato chake chikaŵa kusazgirako unandi wa vyakurya vyakuthupi ivyo vingapelekeka ku vyaru vinyake na kusazgirako mikhaliro ya vyakurya ivi, kukhozga vyakurya vya ku Malawi kuti vilutilire kugwiliskirika nchito mu vyaru vinyake, na kovwira ŵalimi ŵacoko. Wakapoka mazaza gha FMB pa vyakurya nga ni mbuto, hona, na katoni, ndiposo mazaza ghake gha kuŵika mitengo, kwendeska misika na kupeleka ngongoli. Ŵalimi ŵacokoŵacoko ŵakakhozgeranga ndalama zinandi izo ADMARC yikagwiliskiranga nchito ndipo ndalama zinandi izo yikapokeranga zikafumanga ku malipiro ghacoko. Kupeleka ndalama ku boma kufuma ku ŵantchito ŵachoko kukapangiska kuti paŵe vimbundi na kusuzga ŵanyawo. ADMARC yikapelekanga wovwiri ku malo gha hona na vyamalonda vinyake, ndipo m'ma 1980, yikagwiliskiranga nchito malo agha kuti yisangirepo ndalama zinandi. Awo ŵakasanga candulo cikuru comene na ndondomeko iyi ŵakaŵa ŵamazaza awo ŵakalongozganga vyakurya vya ŵanthu awo ŵakagwiranga nchito mu vyaru vya hona ndiposo ŵantchito ŵa ADMARC. Mu 1979, apo mitengo ya hona yikakhira, yikasoŵa ndalama zakukwana, ndipo mu 1985, yikaŵa kuti yindamalizge nchito.
Vinyama
Vinyama vyakulya utheka
Vinyama ivyo vikulya utheka m’Malaŵi ni vinyama ngeti ni ivi: njati (buffalo), mtundu wa nyiska (antelope), kalulu (hare/rabbit), mbabala/mbaŵala (bushbuck), ngulube/nguluŵe (warthog), boli (zebra), chipembele (rhinoceros), chigwele (hippopotamus), ndlovu (elephant), Ntandala (antelope), chikwiba (waterbuck)
Ulimi mu Malaŵi
Pamasinda pa ufulu
Kwambira mu 1971, gulu la ADMARC likapelekanga vyakurya ku ŵalimi wose, kweni vyakurya vya hona ndivyo vikapokeranga comene. Kweniso ŵanthu ŵa mu vigaŵa ivi ŵakasanganga ngongoli izo zikaŵawovwiranga kuti ŵagure vyakurya. Boma la Malawi likazomera kuti liŵike vinthu vinyake mu mawoko gha ŵeneco kuti lipeleke ngongoli ku Banki ya Caru Cose. Kuwuskako wovwiri wose kukapangiska kuti 75% ya ŵalimi ŵachokoŵachoko ŵaleke kugura vyakurya mu 1988/89, ntheura wovwiri wakanyengo ukaŵapo mpaka mu 1994/95. Chifukwa cha kugaŵa vinthu vinyake, ADMARC yikaŵa na ndalama zichoko waka zakugulira vyakurya na mbuto ku ŵalimi ŵachoko. Mu 1988, mitengo ya vyakurya yikati yakwera, ŵalimi awo kale ŵakaliskanga vyakurya vyakupambanapambana ŵakaŵavya mwaŵi wa kupokera wovwiri. Kupeleŵera kwa ADMARC kukapangiska kuti mtengo wa vyakurya ukwere, ndipo mu 1991-92 kukaŵa suzgo la vyakurya.
Vinyama
Vinyama vyakulya vinyakhe
Vinyama vya mtundu uwu ni vinyama ngeti ni nkhalamu (lion), nyalubwe (leopard), chimbwe (hyena),
Ulimi mu Malaŵi
Pamasinda pa ufulu
Pamasinda pakuti Banki ya Caru Cose yaphalira ŵanthu kuti ŵanjireso mu vyaru vinyake mu 1987, gulu la ADMARC likasoŵa ndalama zakuti lipelekere mauteŵeti ghake. Nangauli msika ukaŵa wakuzomerezgeka, kweni ŵamalonda ŵacoko waka ndiwo ŵakamba kuguliska, ndipo misika ya vyakurya yikakhwaskika ndipo Malawi yikamba kuthemba chomene vyakurya vyakuthupi. Banki ya Caru Cose yikadandawura comene cifukwa ca kutayika kwa vyakurya ivyo yikaguliskanga, ndipo mu 1996, yikati pakhazikike wupu uwo ungazomerezgekanga yayi na boma. Gulu la ADMARC likalutilira kulamulira vyakurya vya mu caru ici ndipo likamba kuguliska vyakurya ivi kuti lifiske ngongoli zake. Gulu la ADMARC likalutilira kuguliska vyakurya mu 2000, kweniso mu 2001 nangauli likavuna viŵi yayi. Cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakafwa na njara kweniso matenda ghanyake, comenecomene mu 2002, cifukwa ca kutondeka kulekeska njara.
Vinyama
Vinyama vyakulya utheka na vinyama vinyakhe
Vinyama ivi ni vinyama ngeti ni ba munkhwele (monkeys and apes), kambwe (jackal), mbeba/mbeŵa (rats/mice),
Ulimi mu Malaŵi
Pamasinda pa ufulu
Banki ya Caru Cose yikakondwa yayi kuti ADMARC yikulongozgeka na ŵandyali ndipo yikayowoya kuti yikhalenge waka na malonda gha vyakurya na kupeleka waka malonda mu vigaŵa vyakutali comene vya caru ico muli mpikisano wa ŵekha: ndondomeko iyi yikamba kufiskika mu 2006. Boma lakunjilira likasoŵa nkhongono zakupelekera malonda. Likatondeka kusunga vyakurya vyakukwana mu nyengo ya njara, likakhumba yayi kugura phura ku ŵalimi ŵachokoŵachoko ŵa ku mizi yakutali, kweniso likasoŵa nkhongono zakugulira phura lakukwana mu nyengo iyo kukaŵa suzgo la vyakurya. Pakuti misika ya vyakurya ya ku Malawi yikendanga makora yayi, boma likakhumbikwiranga kunjilirapo kwizira mu gulu la ADMARC. Pa nyengo iyo vinthu vikaŵa makora comene mu 2002-03, mu ADMARC mukaŵa waka malo ghakusungiramo vinthu ghakujumpha 180. Mu 2009, chiŵelengero cha misika iyo yikwendeskeka na ADMARC chikakwera kufika pa 788, ndipo mu 2010, chikafika pa 904. Gulu ili likulutilira kulamulirika na ŵandyali, ndipo ivi vyapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵayowoye kuti lili na vimbundi kweniso kuti ŵanthu ŵakughanaghana kuti gulu ili likuteŵetera yayi ŵanthu awo likukhumba kuŵawovwira. Gulu la ADMARC likakura mu vyaka 10 kufuma mu 2002 ndipo licalipo cifukwa cakuti ndondomeko ya ŵamalonda ŵakuguliska vyakurya yikatondeka kupanga ndondomeko yiwemi ya malonda.
Vinyama
Viyuni
Viyuni navyo m’Malaŵi ni vinandi. Viyuni ivyo vikusangika chomene ni viyuni ngeti ivi: phululu (owl), kabelu-belu/kaŵelu-ŵelu (swallow), njiba/ njiŵa (dove), chaholi (crow/raven), chababi/chabaŵi (eagle), nkhanga (guinea fowl), nkhwali (francolin).
Ulimi mu Malaŵi
Pamasinda pa ufulu
Wupu wakuwona vya ndalama pa caru cose (IMF), wupu wakuwona vya malonda pa caru cose (WTO), na wupu unyake (G8) wose ŵakakhumba comene nkhani ya Malawi. Kuti ŵaŵe na cuma cakukhora ndiposo boma ilo caru cakwamba cingagwirako nchito na IMF, ŵakacita nchito ya SAP (Structural Adjustment Policies) kuti ŵanozge caru. Ivyo mabungwe ghanandi gha pa caru cose ghakuyowoya vikulongora kuti nyengo ya pakati pa 1990 na 2012 yikaŵa nyengo ya kugaluka. Vinthu ivi vikulondezga ulongozgi na vilato vya vyaru vinyake. Malaŵi wakulongora "usambazi wa ufumu". Vinthu ivyo vikugwiriskirika nchito mu ma SAP vikusintha kuti viŵe vyakuthemba pa vyaru vinyake na kupambaniska pakati pa vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana. Malango agho boma likapeleka ku Malaŵi ghakatondeska ŵanthu ŵa cigaŵa capakati kuŵa na umoyo uwemi. Kufuma waka apo ufumu wa Africa ukamalira, palije munthu uyo wali na mazaza pa charu chose. Gulu la Colonialism Reparations likuyowoya chomene za muwuso wa ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu Malaŵi na vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa. Ni gulu ilo likukura comene pa caru cose.
Vinyama
Vinyama vinyakhe
Vinyama vinyakhe ivyo vikusangika m’Malaŵi ni vinyama ngeti ni ng’wina (crocodile), kababa/kaŵaŵa (alligator), njoka (snake) ngeti ni nkhomi (black mamba), chipili (cobra), chikho (puff adder), nkhukuluzi (cricket), somba za mitundu-mitundu ngeti ni mulamba (catfish), chambo, sanjika na zinyake-zinyake.
Ulimi mu Malaŵi
Vyaka vyakwambilira pambere charu chindambe kulamulira
Njara yikaŵanga nyengo zose pambere charu chindambe kulamulira, ndipo yikapangiska kuti paŵe nthowa zinandi zakumazgira njara izi, nga ni kulima vyakurya vinyake nga ni mphoza panji mbatata para vyakurya vya mbuto vyathina, kuwunjika vyakurya vyamuthengere panji kugomezga ŵabali panji ŵabwezi. Mu vyaru ivyo muli ŵanthu ŵa viŵeto pera, ŵalimi ŵakulima vyakurya kuti ŵasange vyakukhumbikwa na mbumba zawo. Kanandi ŵakuguliska panji kusunga vyakurya vichoko waka ivyo vyakhalako, ndipo ŵalije ndalama zinandi zakugulira vyakurya para vyasoŵa. Pakaŵavya misika yikuru, cifukwa vyakurya vyose ivyo vikaŵanga vyambura kusungika ŵakaguliskiranga viŵeto panji kupeleka ku ŵanthu awo ŵakathembanga. Usange chilangalanga chikuchitika pamoza na nkhondo, njara yingatipweteka comene, nga umo vikaŵira mu nyengo ya njara yikuru ya mu 1861-63 kumwera kwa Malawi, apo ŵanthu 90 pa 100 ŵaliwose mu mizi yinyake ŵakafwa na njara panji matenda, panji nkhondo. Ndipouli, nyengo zinandi kukaŵanga njara ndipo nyengo zinyake kukaŵanga chilangalanga. Boma ili likapangiska kuti pa malo agha paŵe njara. Mu hafu yakwamba ya vyaka vya m'ma 1900, kukaŵa njara yikuru, kusazgapo njara iyo yikachitika mu chigaŵa cha Shire River mu 1903. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900 na 1918, 1920 na 1922, kukawa chilangalanga chikuru kumwera na pakati pa charu ichi. Mu 1924-25 kukaŵa suzgo ku mpoto kufupi na Kasungu na kuzingilizga Mzimba mu 1938, ndipo mu ma 1930, pa mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Malawi pakaŵanga njara ya vyakurya pafupifupi chaka chilichose. Ndipouli, mu vilimika 50 vyakwambilira vya muwuso wa ŵasilikari, malo ghanandi mu caru ici ghakaŵa makora kuluska vigaŵa vyamwera vya Tanganyika, kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Northern Rhodesia panji Mozambique, uko kukaŵa njara. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵa boma ŵakapelekaso vyakurya ku ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa na njara. Mu 1863, njara yikati yamara, kukaŵavya "njara iyo yikukoma" m'paka mu 1949.
Mu nyengo ya makoloni, mu Malaŵi mukaŵa misika iyo ŵanthu ŵakaguliskiranga vyakurya. Vingachitika kuti para ŵanthu ŵamba kugwiliskira ntchito ndalama pa msika, mbwenu vinthu vikamba kwenda makora yayi, ndipo paumaliro ŵanthu ŵakavu awo ŵakaŵa na suzgo la kusoŵa chakurya chakukwana ŵakamba kuŵa na suzgo ili. Kweni m'ma 1950, ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito nthowa zinyake kuti ŵamarane na suzgo ili, nga nkhulima vyakurya vinyake nga ni mphoza panji mbatata para vyakurya vya mbuto vyathina. Njira zakale zikasazgikiranga na kugwiliskira nchito ndarama zakukwana kuti munthu wasange cakurya cakukwana, kwali wakasanganga mwakudunjika, kwali wakuluta na ŵabali ŵake awo ŵakugwira nchito ku caru cinyake panji wakubwereka. Mbumba zinandi zikalyeranga vyakurya vyakukwana kuti zikhalenge makora. Mbumba zinyake za ku mizi zikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵakavu. Ŵanthu aŵa ni ŵacekuru, ŵakupendera, vyokoro, kweniso mbumba zinyake izo zikulongozgeka na ŵanakazi. Ndipouli, mbumba za ŵanakazi ŵakavu zikasazgikiranga cifukwa ca mbumba za ŵantchito ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake awo ŵakaŵavya ndalama izo ŵakaŵatumiranga. Mbumba izo zikulipira renti yayi panji awo ŵakulima viŵeto ivyo vikukhumbikwa kuti ŵalimenge vyakurya vyawo, ŵangaŵavya malo ghakuti ŵalimire, ŵangasuzgika chifukwa cha kulipira renti na misonkho, panji ŵangapokera ndalama zichoko chomene pa ivyo ŵakupanga. Vingachitika kuti vinthu vikasintha mwaluŵiro chomene mu Central na East Africa mu nyengo iyo vinthu vikaŵa makora yayi. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakasanga mwaŵi wa kusazgirako usambazi wawo na udindo wawo, kweni ŵanyake (makamaka ŵanakazi) ŵakataya mwaŵi wawo ndipo ŵakakhala kutali na ŵanyawo.
Pamasinda pa ufulu
Pakati pajumpha vilimika 40, kukaŵavya njara. Kufuma mu 1950 m'paka 1980, Malawi, nga ni vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa, yikaŵa na vula zinandi. Vikawonekanga nga kuti vyakurya vili na njara: mu 1963, 1970, 1975, 1976, na 1980, umoza pera umo vyakurya vikaŵira vinandi kuluska umo vikaŵiranga mu 1949, panji apo vikaŵanga viŵi yayi. Mu 1961, apo boma likapokera wanangwa, maboma gha vyamalonda agho ghakaŵako mu nyengo ya kukoloniya ghakasinthika na maboma gha vyamalonda gha ŵalimi (Farmers Marketing Board) agho ghakaŵa na mazaza ghakurughakuru gha kugura, kuguliska, na kunozga vyakurya, kukhozga kukhazikika kwa mitengo ya vyakurya, na kupeleka wovwiri ku mitengo ya mbuto na vyakurya. Pambere chaka cha 1969 chindafikepo, boma ili likasanganga phindu yayi pa ivyo likaguliskanga. Kweni pamanyuma, boma la Farmers Marketing Board na la Agricultural Development and Marketing Corporation (ADMARC), ilo likapangika mu 1971, likasangaso phindu likuru. Ŵalimi ŵacokoŵacoko ŵakeneranga kulipira ndalama zinandi izo ADMARC yikagwiliskiranga nchito. ADMARC yikagwiliskiranga nchito ndalama zinandi comene mu minda ya ŵanthu ŵachoko, kweni yikapelekanga wovwiri ku minda ya hona, mwakuti m'ma 1980, yikagwiliskiranga nchito minda ya hona. Kufikira mu 1979, wakaŵa na ndalama zakukwana: apo mitengo ya hona yikakhira, ukavu wake ukaŵa pangozi ku ŵakukongozga ŵake ŵaŵiri ŵa ku Malawi.. Kwamba mu 1980, vula yikamba kulokwa pachoko mu Malawi. Apo ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru ivi ŵakakuranga, vyakurya ivyo ŵakapanganga vikajumpha ivyo ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito mu 1993 pera, ndipo cakurya ca chaka na chaka ca mbuto ico ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito cikakhira kufuma pa 240 kg mu ma 1960 kufika pa 160 kg mu ma 1990. Kweni pakaŵa mphambano yakuti: Vyakurya ivyo Malawi wakatumanga ku vyaru vinyake vikalongora kuti vyakurya vikukwana, kweni vyakurya vyambura kukwana vikaŵa vinandi yayi.
Ŵalimi ŵachokoŵacoko ŵakaleka kulima hona na kwamba kulima mbuto. Kuti munthu wakure mbuto iyi, wakwenera kuŵa na mtengo wakwenelera, ndalama zichoko chomene (makamaka za vyakurya) kweniso ŵalimi ŵakwenera kuŵa na ndalama zinandi. Pa 1976 ndalama izo ŵalimi ŵakasanganga zikakhira, ndipo kufuma mu 1981 mpaka 1986, mtengo wa Malawi uwo ŵakaguliranga mpunga ukakhira kufika pa 40 panji 60 peresenti ya mtengo wa vyakurya vya mu vyaru vinyake vya ku Central na East Africa. Nangauli mtengo wa vyakurya ukaŵa wapasi, kweni kulima mphangwe kukaŵa kwakusuzga. Kwambira mu 1971, ADMARC yikawovwiranga mulimi waliyose pa mtengo wa vyakurya. Vinthu vikendanga makora comene ku minda, cifukwa hona wakukhumbikwira manoni ghanandi kuluska mbuto, ndipo ŵalimi ŵachoko waka ndiwo ŵakaguranga manoni, nangauli ŵakapelekanga wovwiri. Pamanyuma pa 1985, kukhira kwa mtengo wa hona pa caru cose ndiposo wovwiri wa maboma ghakupangiska kuti ADMARC yileke kugwira nchito. Boma la Malawi likazomera kuti liŵike vinthu vinyake mu mawoko gha ŵeneco kuti lipeleke ngongoli ku Banki ya Caru Cose. Vyakovwira ivi vikakhira kufuma pa 30.5% mu 1983-84 kuya pa zero mu 1988-89, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵalimi ŵachokoŵachoko ŵaleke kugura vyakurya. Pakati pa 1989-1990 na 1994-1995, wovwiri uwu ukawelerapo kaŵiri na kuwuskikapo kaŵiri. Cifukwa ca kupanikizgika kwa vinthu vya boma, ADMARC yikaŵavya ndalama zakukwana kuti yigeziske ŵantchito ŵacokoŵacoko vyakurya na mbuto. Vinthu vyose ivi vikapangiska kuti paŵe njara ya vyakurya ndipo boma na ŵalimi ŵachoko ŵakaŵavya nkhongono zakuzizipizgira. Pamanyuma pakuti boma la ADMARC laŵikapo ndalama zake, likakhumbikwiranga kovwira ŵanthu ŵakuchimbira kwawo ŵa ku Mozambique, awo ŵakaŵapo ŵakujumpha 500,000 mu 1988, kweni likakwaniska yayi kuwezgerapo ndalama izo likasanganga chifukwa cha masuzgo agho ghakaŵapo m'ma 1980. Viŵanda ivyo vikupuluska vyakumera ivi vikaŵa vichoko chomene pambere chaka cha 1987 chindafike. Pakakhumbikwanga waka kuti vula yichepeko comene kuti paŵe suzgo.
Ku Malawi, mu 1989-90 na 1990-91 kukawa vula zinandi yayi. Vyakurya ivyo ŵalimi ŵacoko ŵakasunganga vikamara pambere suzgo yikuru iyi yindambe mu 1991-92. Mu 1991, vula yikalokwa viŵi yayi pambere munda undaseŵeke. Mu 1992, mbuto 40% pera za mbuto za mbuto za mbuto izo zikaseŵeka. Njara izo zikacitika mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990 zikulongora kuti vyakurya vikusoŵa comene mu nyengo iyo njara yikukura. Nangauli mu 1991 na 1992 kukaŵa vula zinandi, kweni palije ukaboni wakuti kukaŵa njara. Ici nchifukwa cakuti Pulezidenti Banda wakalekeska kudumbiskana za kusoŵa cakurya ndiposo nkhani zakukhwaskana na njara. Wakati walekeskeka, mu 1993-94 kukaŵa chilangalanga. J Milner, (2004). Agriculture and Rural Development in Malawi: the Role of Policies and Policy Processes, p 42. Mu 1992, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakafwa na njara. Padera pa njara iyo yikaŵako mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990, vinthu vinyake ivyo vikambiska njara ni boma ilo likaŵa na mazaza pa vyakurya, kusinthiska vinthu mu vyakurya na kuleka kovwira ŵalimi ŵachoko awo ŵakupanda vyakurya. Ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu Malaŵi awo ŵakaŵa ŵakavu chomene ŵaleke kusanga nthowa zinyake zakusangira vyakurya. Nangauli kukanizgika kwa ndalama zakupelekera vyakurya vyakukolerana na ulimi kukasazgirako suzgo la vyakurya, kweni boma likambiska suzgo ili kwamba mu 1968 panji kumasinda. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakavu awo ŵakakhalanga mu malo agha ŵakagomezganga vyakurya kuti ŵagwirenge nchito panji ŵagwirenge nchito zinyake pa malo agha kuti ŵasange cakurya cakukwana.
Mbumba zakusuzgika ni izo zikaŵa na malo ghambura kukwana hektara limoza, panji izo zikaryanga vyakurya vyambura kukwana makilogiramu 200 pa chaka. Pa ŵanthu aŵa, 20% ŵakaŵa ŵa mu mbumba izo zikaŵa na malo ghambura kukwana hafu ya hekita, panji ŵanthu ŵalara awo ŵakaryanga vyakurya vyambura kukwana makilogiramu 133. Kuzakafika mu 2003, ŵanthu 72% ŵakaŵa ŵakavu, ndipo 41% ŵakaŵa ŵakavu chomene. Ŵanandi ŵakaŵa ŵantchito panji ŵakugwilira nchito mu nyumba za ŵanakazi. Ŵanandi ŵakaryanga vyakurya vyambura kwenelera, ndipo ŵakaryanga waka ma calories 1,818 pa zuŵa (ma calories 1,165 ku ŵakavu). Mabanja agho ghakaŵa na malo ghakukwana hafu ya hekita panji kuchepera apa ghakaŵa na ntchito ya kuzenga (kanandi ghakaŵanga na vyakurya vyakugulira ntchito, panji kuti "ganyu") ndipo ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵavya malo ghakukwana ghakaŵanga na malo ghanandi. Mu vigaŵa vya Shire Highlands ivyo vikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi, ŵanthu 65% ŵakavu ŵakaŵa na mahekitala 0.2 pera. Cifukwa cakuti caru cose cakukwana 95 peresenti, ndiposo malo ghanyake ghambura kukwana, ghakaŵa kuti ghalimo kale vyakurya. Chifukwa cha kusoŵa kwa ŵantchito na vyakurya vyakugwilira nchito, mbumba zakusuzgika zikakanizgika kulima hona. Pa ŵanthu aŵa, kulekeska malonda kukaŵawovwira kuti ŵaleke kukhuŵara na wovwiri. Apo mtengo wa vyakurya ukakuranga, mu vyaka vya ukavu, ŵaliska ŵachoko ŵakaŵanga na ndalama zinandi zakukwana yayi zakugulira vyakurya. Ŵalimi ŵanandi ŵa hona ŵakasunga waka mahekitala 0.3 m'paka 0.5 kuti ŵalime vyakurya.
Nangauli mu 1995 boma la Malawi likalekeska kupeleka vyakurya ku ŵanthu wose, kweni mu 1998 na 1999, likanozga vyakuti ŵalimi ŵachokoŵachoko 2.86 miliyoni ŵapokere vyakurya vyaulere. Mu thumba lililose mukaŵa mbuto na vyakurya vyakukwana kuti munthu wapande pa malo ghakukwana 0.1 ha. Kweni cacitima nchakuti vuna ya 1999 na 2000 yikaŵa yiwemi, ndipo awo ŵakovwira vyaru vinyake ŵakasuska ndondomeko iyi, iyo nangauli yikasazgirako matani 499,000 na matani 354,000 ku vyakurya viŵiri ivi, kweni yikaŵa ya ŵacekuru pera yayi. Mu 2001 na 2002, ŵanthu ŵakavu chomene ndiwo ŵakapika pulogiramu ya kupokera mbuto za mbuto za mbuto na manyowa ghachoko waka, kweni chaka chilichose pakapangika mabokosi 1.5 miliyoni gha mbuto izi. Nangauli viŵiya vyakwamba vya vyakurya vikafumiskika pambere vyaka viŵiri ivi vindajumphe, kweni chifukwa chikuru chikaŵa chakuti vyakurya vikasoŵa.
Kweni mu 2000, ADMARC yikamba kuguliska vyakurya vya mu charu ichi, kweni yikalutilira kuguliska mu 2001. Kuleka kukanizga njara na matenda ghanyake, kukulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakufwa cifukwa ca njara, ndipo pali maukaboni ghakulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1,000 ŵakufwa. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakafwa na njara mu 1992, kweni ŵakwenera kuti ŵakaŵa ŵachoko chomene pakuyaniska na awo ŵakafwa mu 2002. Wupu wa vya ndalama wa IMF ukati pali vigaŵa vinayi vyakuzirwa ivyo vingawovwira kuti vyakurya viŵe vyakukhora. Ndipouli, suzgo likuru comene pa nkhani ya vyakurya likaŵa lakuti Malawi wakuthemba chomene chiŵeto cha chimanga.
Mu 2005, ŵanthu pafupifupi 5 pa ŵanthu 13 miliyoni ŵa ku Malawi ŵakakhumbikwiranga wovwiri wa vyakurya. Bingu wa Mutharika, pulezidenti wa ku Malawi uyo wakasankhika, wakasankha kupeleka wovwiri ku vyakurya nga ni vyakununkhira.
Mtundu unyake wa sorghum wa ku Malawi
Caru ca Malawi na vyaru vinyake vya mu caru ici vili na dongo linonono comene. Ŵalimi ŵanandi ŵakaŵavya ndalama zakugulira vyakurya pa mtengo uwo ŵanthu ŵakaguliskanga. Bingu wa Mutharika wakayowoya kuti wakasankhika yayi kuti walongozge mtundu wa ŵanthu ŵakupempheska. Wakati watondeka kukhuŵilizga Banki ya Charu Chose na ŵanthu ŵanyake kuti ŵawovwirepo pakupeleka ndalama zakwendeskera vinthu vya green revolution, pulezidenti wakadumura kuti wapeleke ndalama zakukwana $58 million kufuma ku ndalama izo Malawi wali nazo kuti wapeleke mbuto na vyakurya ku ŵalimi ŵakavu. Paumaliro, Banki ya Caru Cose yikazomerezga ndondomeko yakuti mbumba zakukwana 1.3 miliyoni izo zikukhala mu vyaru vikavu comene zigure makilogiramu ghatatu gha mbuto zakusazgikana na mathumba ghaŵiri gha vyakurya vyakukwana makilogiramu 50 pa mtengo umoza pa ghatatu. Pamanyuma pa kuvuna chomene mu 2007, Malawi wakaguliska chomene chimanga ku WFP kuluska charu chilichose cha kumwera kwa Africa, ndipo wakatumizga matani ghanandi gha chimanga ku Zimbabwe. Cifukwa cakuti wovwiri uwu ukaŵa wakovwira, boma likaghanaghanirapo comene pa mulimo wa ulimi wa kovwira ŵanthu ŵakavu mu Africa, kweniso likaghanaghanirangaso vya ndalama izo boma likugwiliskira nchito pa ulimi, nga ni vyakurya vyakunozga, mbuto zakunozgeka, kusambizga ŵalimi, ngongoli, na kafukufuku wa vyakurya. Nangauli vikaŵa nthena, wupu wa UN Food and Agriculture Agency ukalemba kuti mu nyengo ya 2010-12, ŵanthu 23.1% ŵakaŵa na njara.
Nangauli ku Malawi kukawa vula zinandi kukwambilira kwa 2011 ndipo pakapambika vyakurya vinandi, kweni mu Janyuwale na Febuluwale 2012 kukaŵa chilangalanga chikuru icho chikapangiska kuti vyakurya vichepe mu vigaŵa vinyake vya pakati na kumwera kwa Malawi. Vyakurya ivi vikakhumbikwiranga kuti boma lifumiske matani 47,600 gha chiŵiya cha mbuto.
Lannach
Lannach ni msumba mu boma la Styria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Schmölln
Schmölln ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Parchal
Parchal ni msumba mu charu cha Portugal. Portugal ntcharu ico cili ku Iberian Peninsula, kumwera kwa kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Europe, ndipo caru ici chikusazgapo vyaru vya Azores, Madeira, na Virwa vya Savage.
Colorado County, Texas
Colorado County, Texas ni nkhalwe panji muzi uwo ukusangika mu nthavwa panji state ya Texas, mu charu cha United States of America, ku Amerika Wakumpoto.
Svislach
Svislach ni msumba mu charu cha Belarus mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Parede
Parede ni msumba mu charu cha Portugal. Portugal ntcharu ico cili ku Iberian Peninsula, kumwera kwa kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Europe, ndipo caru ici chikusazgapo vyaru vya Azores, Madeira, na Virwa vya Savage.
Schnackenburg
Schnackenburg ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Huerfano County, Colorado
Huerfano County, Colorado ni nkhalwe (county) iyo ikusangika mu nthavwa (state) ya Colorado, mu charu cha United States of America.
Craig County, Virginia
Craig County, Virginia ni msumba uchoko panji nkhalwe (county pachingelezi) iyo ikusangika mu boma likulu la Virginia mu charu cha United States of America. Boma likulu la Virginia lina tumisumba 133 mukwati mwake (counties).
Concho County, Texas
Concho County, Texas ni nkhalwe panji muzi uwo ukusangika mu nthavwa panji state ya Texas, mu charu cha United States of America, ku Amerika Wakumpoto.
Lassing
Lassing ni msumba mu boma la Styria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Schnaittenbach
Schnaittenbach ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Schneeberg (Erzgebirge)
Schneeberg (Erzgebirge) ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Paredes de Coura
Paredes de Coura ni msumba mu charu cha Portugal. Portugal ntcharu ico cili ku Iberian Peninsula, kumwera kwa kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Europe, ndipo caru ici chikusazgapo vyaru vya Azores, Madeira, na Virwa vya Savage.
Dzyatlava
Dzyatlava ni msumba mu charu cha Belarus mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Ector County, Texas
Ector County, Texas ni nkhalwe panji muzi uwo ukusangika mu nthavwa panji state ya Texas, mu charu cha United States of America, ku Amerika Wakumpoto.
Schneverdingen
Schneverdingen ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Laßnitzhöhe
Laßnitzhöhe ni msumba mu boma la Styria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Culpeper County, Virginia
Culpeper County, Virginia ni msumba uchoko panji nkhalwe (county pachingelezi) iyo ikusangika mu boma likulu la Virginia mu charu cha United States of America. Boma likulu la Virginia lina tumisumba 133 mukwati mwake (counties).
Fannin County, Texas
Fannin County, Texas ni nkhalwe panji muzi uwo ukusangika mu nthavwa panji state ya Texas, mu charu cha United States of America, ku Amerika Wakumpoto.
Jackson County, Colorado
Jackson County, Colorado ni nkhalwe (county) iyo ikusangika mu nthavwa (state) ya Colorado, mu charu cha United States of America.
Fayette County, Texas
Fayette County, Texas ni nkhalwe panji muzi uwo ukusangika mu nthavwa panji state ya Texas, mu charu cha United States of America, ku Amerika Wakumpoto.
Pataias
Pataias ni msumba mu charu cha Portugal. Portugal ntcharu ico cili ku Iberian Peninsula, kumwera kwa kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Europe, ndipo caru ici chikusazgapo vyaru vya Azores, Madeira, na Virwa vya Savage.
Siegburg
Siegburg ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Cumberland County, Virginia
Cumberland County, Virginia ni msumba uchoko panji nkhalwe (county pachingelezi) iyo ikusangika mu boma likulu la Virginia mu charu cha United States of America. Boma likulu la Virginia lina tumisumba 133 mukwati mwake (counties).
Siegen
Siegen ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Sigmaringen
Sigmaringen ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Lebring-Sankt Margarethen
Lebring-Sankt Margarethen ni msumba mu boma la Styria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Floyd County, Texas
Floyd County, Texas ni nkhalwe panji muzi uwo ukusangika mu nthavwa panji state ya Texas, mu charu cha United States of America, ku Amerika Wakumpoto.
Lake County, Colorado
Lake County, Colorado ni nkhalwe (county) iyo ikusangika mu nthavwa (state) ya Colorado, mu charu cha United States of America.
California
California ni nthavwa (state) iyo ikusangika ku manjililo gha dazi mu chalo cha United States of America.Ndipo msumba ukulu wa boma wa nthavwa ili ni Sacramento.
Phiri la Kampakata
Phiri la Kampakata ni phiri la Zambia, ilo lili ku mphaka ya Malawi. Ili kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu ichi, mtunda wa makilomita 700 kumpoto-mafumiro gha dazi kwa Lusaka.
Malo ghakuzingilizga Mpande ni malo gha mapiri, ndipo malo agha ghali pa mtunda wa mamita 1,027 (mamita 63,40) na mtunda wa makilomita 1.1 kumwera kwa Mpande. Mu Mpande mukaŵa chigaŵa cha mapiri ghakuru chomene, ndipo mukaŵa chigaŵa cha mapiri ghakuru chomene. Mu chigaŵa cha Mpande, mapiri ghakaŵa ghakuzizwiska.
Nyengo njakuthwa chomene kweniso njakuthwa chomene. Nyengo ya chihanya yikusintha na kufika 23 °C. Mwezi wa Okutobala ukaŵa wakutowa chomene, pa 31 °C, ndipo mwezi wa Malichi ukaŵa wakutowa chomene, pa 20 °C. Mvula yikukwana pafupifupi mamilimita 1,060 pa chaka, ndipo mu mwezi wa January yikukwana mamilimita 315 pa chaka, ndipo mu Juni yikukwana mamilimita 1.
Simmern
Simmern ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Oleiros Municipality, Portugal
Oleiros Municipality, Portugal ni msumba mu charu cha Portugal. Portugal ntcharu ico cili ku Iberian Peninsula, kumwera kwa kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Europe, ndipo caru ici chikusazgapo vyaru vya Azores, Madeira, na Virwa vya Savage.
Foard County, Texas
Foard County, Texas ni nkhalwe panji muzi uwo ukusangika mu nthavwa panji state ya Texas, mu charu cha United States of America, ku Amerika Wakumpoto.
Erath County, Texas
Erath County, Texas ni nkhalwe panji muzi uwo ukusangika mu nthavwa panji state ya Texas, mu charu cha United States of America, ku Amerika Wakumpoto.
La Plata County, Colorado
La Plata County, Colorado ni nkhalwe (county) iyo ikusangika mu nthavwa (state) ya Colorado, mu charu cha United States of America.
Oliveira de Frades
Oliveira de Frades ni msumba mu charu cha Portugal. Portugal ntcharu ico cili ku Iberian Peninsula, kumwera kwa kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Europe, ndipo caru ici chikusazgapo vyaru vya Azores, Madeira, na Virwa vya Savage.
Sindelfingen
Sindelfingen ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Mumba Malila
Mumba Malila (wakababika pa 16 Epulero 1964) ni mulembi wa malango wa ku Zambia uyo pasono wakuteŵetera nga ni Chief Justice wa 8 wa ku Zambia.
Pakuti Mr. Malila wali na maudindo ghakupambanapambana, kusazgapo kuŵa loya mukuru wa Zambia kufuma mu 2011 mpaka 2014.
Pambere wandasankhike kuŵa Chief Justice, Mumba Malila wakaŵa Judge wa Supreme Court. Kuonjezera apo, wapangaso vyakupeleka vikuru ku African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights, uko wakachitanga nga ni Commissioner na Vice Chairman kufuma mu October 2006 mpaka November 2011.
Simbach am Inn
Simbach am Inn ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Olival Basto
Olival Basto ni msumba mu charu cha Portugal. Portugal ntcharu ico cili ku Iberian Peninsula, kumwera kwa kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Europe, ndipo caru ici chikusazgapo vyaru vya Azores, Madeira, na Virwa vya Savage.
Fisher County, Texas
Fisher County, Texas ni nkhalwe panji muzi uwo ukusangika mu nthavwa panji state ya Texas, mu charu cha United States of America, ku Amerika Wakumpoto.
Leibnitz
Leibnitz ni msumba mu boma la Styria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Halifax County, Virginia
Halifax County, Virginia ni msumba uchoko panji nkhalwe (county pachingelezi) iyo ikusangika mu boma likulu la Virginia mu charu cha United States of America. Boma likulu la Virginia lina tumisumba 133 mukwati mwake (counties).
Rodwell Munyenyembe
Rodwell Thomas Changara Munyenyembe (1 January 1936 - 27 June 2005) wakaŵa wandale wa ku Malaŵi uyo wakatumika kaŵiri kuŵa Speaker wa National Assembly, kufuma mu 1994 mpaka 1999 ndipo kufuma mu 2004 mpaka nyifwa yake. Wakateŵeteraso kaŵiri nga nduna ya boma, mu maboma gha Hastings Banda na Bakili Muluzi. Wakagwiranga nchito ya kusambizga pambere wandambe ndyali.
Vyandale
Munyenyembe wakasankhika ku National Assembly mu 1971, kwimira Malawi Congress Party (MCP). Pakati pajumpha vilimika vicoko waka, wakamba kuteŵetera mu boma la Hastings Banda. Mu Ogasiti 1973, zina lake likamara ndipo wakasankhika kuŵa nduna ya vya umoyo wa ŵanthu. Mu Febuluwale 1974, Munyenyembe wakasintha John Msonthi kuŵa Minister of Education, wakatora ma minisitere ghaŵiri kwa masabata ghachoko waka m'paka apo ntchito yake yakudanga yikapelekekera kwa Dominic Kainja Nthara. Mu chipani chake, wakazgoka chiŵaro cha wupu wakuwona vya chalo wa MCP mu mwezi wa Meyi chaka cha 1974, ndipo wakapangikaso wachiŵiri wa wapampando wa chipani ku Northern Region. Ndipouli, wakasangana na Hastings Banda pakati pajumpha vilimika vicoko waka, ndipo mu Julayi 1977 wakafumiskika mu nduna na mu komiti ya MCP. Wakati wamalizga uteŵeti wake wakwamba, Munyenyembe wakasamira ku Rumphi na kwamba kulima hona. Paumaliro wakazgoka mulaŵiliri wa wupu wa Malawi Tobacco Association.
Ukaboni
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Straubing
Straubing ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Clarke County, Virginia
Clarke County, Virginia ni msumba uchoko panji nkhalwe (county pachingelezi) iyo ikusangika mu boma likulu la Virginia mu charu cha United States of America. Boma likulu la Virginia lina tumisumba 133 mukwati mwake (counties).
Oliveirinha
Oliveirinha ni msumba mu charu cha Portugal. Portugal ntcharu ico cili ku Iberian Peninsula, kumwera kwa kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Europe, ndipo caru ici chikusazgapo vyaru vya Azores, Madeira, na Virwa vya Savage.
Milam County, Texas
Milam County, Texas ni nkhalwe panji muzi uwo ukusangika mu nthavwa panji state ya Texas, mu charu cha United States of America, ku Amerika Wakumpoto.
Larimer County, Colorado
Larimer County, Colorado ni nkhalwe (county) iyo ikusangika mu nthavwa (state) ya Colorado, mu charu cha United States of America.
Strausberg
Strausberg ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Moreira (Maia)
Moreira (Maia) ni msumba mu charu cha Portugal. Portugal ntcharu ico cili ku Iberian Peninsula, kumwera kwa kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Europe, ndipo caru ici chikusazgapo vyaru vya Azores, Madeira, na Virwa vya Savage.
Ourique Municipality
Ourique Municipality ni msumba mu charu cha Portugal. Portugal ntcharu ico cili ku Iberian Peninsula, kumwera kwa kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Europe, ndipo caru ici chikusazgapo vyaru vya Azores, Madeira, na Virwa vya Savage.
Godfrey Shawa
Godfrey Shawa ni wandale wa ku Malawi ndipo ni purezidenti wa Alliance for Democracy (Malawi). kupokela Dindi Gowa Nyasulu.
Ukaboni
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Hunt County, Texas
Hunt County, Texas ni nkhalwe panji muzi uwo ukusangika mu nthavwa panji state ya Texas, mu charu cha United States of America, ku Amerika Wakumpoto.
Hays County, Texas
Hays Count, Texas ni nkhalwe panji muzi uwo ukusangika mu nthavwa panji state ya Texas, mu charu cha United States of America, ku Amerika Wakumpoto.
Greensville County, Virginia
Greensville County, Virginia ni msumba uchoko panji nkhalwe (county pachingelezi) iyo ikusangika mu boma likulu la Virginia mu charu cha United States of America. Boma likulu la Virginia lina tumisumba 133 mukwati mwake (counties).
Strehla
Strehla ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Moffat County, Colorado
Moffat County, Colorado ni nkhalwe (county) iyo ikusangika mu nthavwa (state) ya Colorado, mu charu cha United States of America.
Hanover County, Virginia
Hanover County, Virginia ni msumba uchoko panji nkhalwe (county pachingelezi) iyo ikusangika mu boma likulu la Virginia mu charu cha United States of America. Boma likulu la Virginia lina tumisumba 133 mukwati mwake (counties).
Moreira de Cónegos
Moreira de Cónegos ni msumba mu charu cha Portugal. Portugal ntcharu ico cili ku Iberian Peninsula, kumwera kwa kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Europe, ndipo caru ici chikusazgapo vyaru vya Azores, Madeira, na Virwa vya Savage.
Stromberg (Hunsrück)
Stromberg (Hunsrück) ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Lichtenau (Westfalen)
Lichtenau (Westfalen) ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Collin County, Texas
Collin County, Texas ni nkhalwe panji muzi uwo ukusangika mu nthavwa panji state ya Texas, mu charu cha United States of America, ku Amerika Wakumpoto.
Lichtenau (Baden)
Lichtenau (Baden) ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Jim Hogg County,Texas
Jim Hogg County,Texas ni nkhalwe panji muzi uwo ukusangika mu nthavwa panji state ya Texas, mu charu cha United States of America, ku Amerika Wakumpoto.
Named Harrisburg County, Texas
Named Harrisburg County, Texas ni nkhalwe panji muzi uwo ukusangika mu nthavwa panji state ya Texas, mu charu cha United States of America, ku Amerika Wakumpoto.
Mortágua
Mortágua ni msumba mu charu cha Portugal. Portugal ntcharu ico cili ku Iberian Peninsula, kumwera kwa kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Europe, ndipo caru ici chikusazgapo vyaru vya Azores, Madeira, na Virwa vya Savage.
Marsberg
Marsberg ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Mineral County, Colorado
Mineral County, Colorado ni nkhalwe (county) iyo ikusangika mu nthavwa (state) ya Colorado, mu charu cha United States of America.
Moscavide
Moscavide ni msumba mu charu cha Portugal. Portugal ntcharu ico cili ku Iberian Peninsula, kumwera kwa kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Europe, ndipo caru ici chikusazgapo vyaru vya Azores, Madeira, na Virwa vya Savage.
Houston County, Texas
Houston County, Texas ni nkhalwe panji muzi uwo ukusangika mu nthavwa panji state ya Texas, mu charu cha United States of America, ku Amerika Wakumpoto.
Mourão
Mourão ni msumba mu charu cha Portugal. Portugal ntcharu ico cili ku Iberian Peninsula, kumwera kwa kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Europe, ndipo caru ici chikusazgapo vyaru vya Azores, Madeira, na Virwa vya Savage.
Hudspeth County, Texas
Hudspeth County, Texas ni nkhalwe panji muzi uwo ukusangika mu nthavwa panji state ya Texas, mu charu cha United States of America, ku Amerika Wakumpoto.
Leoben
Leoben ni msumba mu boma la Styria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Lichtenberg (Oberfranken)
Lichtenberg (Oberfranken) ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Lichtenfels, Hesse
Lichtenfels, Hesse ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Lichtenfels, Bavaria
Lichtenfels, Bavaria ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Laubach
Laubach ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Mourisca
Mourisca ni msumba mu charu cha Portugal. Portugal ntcharu ico cili ku Iberian Peninsula, kumwera kwa kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Europe, ndipo caru ici chikusazgapo vyaru vya Azores, Madeira, na Virwa vya Savage.
Kaufman County, Texas
Kaufman County, Texas ni nkhalwe panji muzi uwo ukusangika mu nthavwa panji state ya Texas, mu charu cha United States of America, ku Amerika Wakumpoto.
Jim Wells County, Texas
Jim Wells County, Texas ni nkhalwe panji muzi uwo ukusangika mu nthavwa panji state ya Texas, mu charu cha United States of America, ku Amerika Wakumpoto.
Pulaski County, Virginia
Pulaski County, Virginia ni msumba uchoko panji nkhalwe (county pachingelezi) iyo ikusangika mu boma likulu la Virginia mu charu cha United States of America. Boma likulu la Virginia lina tumisumba 133 mukwati mwake (counties).
Montague County, Texas
Montague County, Texas ni nkhalwe panji muzi uwo ukusangika mu nthavwa panji state ya Texas, mu charu cha United States of America, ku Amerika Wakumpoto.
McCulloch County,Texas
McCulloch County,Texas ni nkhalwe panji muzi uwo ukusangika mu nthavwa panji state ya Texas, mu charu cha United States of America, ku Amerika Wakumpoto.
Mozelos (Paredes de Coura)
Mozelos (Paredes de Coura) ni msumba mu charu cha Portugal. Portugal ntcharu ico cili ku Iberian Peninsula, kumwera kwa kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Europe, ndipo caru ici chikusazgapo vyaru vya Azores, Madeira, na Virwa vya Savage.
Dinwiddie County, Virginia
Dinwiddie County, Virginia ni msumba uchoko panji nkhalwe (county pachingelezi) iyo ikusangika mu boma likulu la Virginia mu charu cha United States of America. Boma likulu la Virginia lina tumisumba 133 mukwati mwake (counties).
Ouray County, Colorado
Ouray County, Colorado ni nkhalwe (county) iyo ikusangika mu nthavwa (state) ya Colorado, mu charu cha United States of America.
Jackson County, Texas
Jackson County,Texas ni nkhalwe panji muzi uwo ukusangika mu nthavwa panji state ya Texas, mu charu cha United States of America, ku Amerika Wakumpoto.
Dickenson County, Virginia
Dickenson County, Virginia ni msumba uchoko panji nkhalwe (county pachingelezi) iyo ikusangika mu boma likulu la Virginia mu charu cha United States of America. Boma likulu la Virginia lina tumisumba 133 mukwati mwake (counties).
Langenzenn
Langenzenn ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Laucha an der Unstrut
Laucha an der Unstrut ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Murça
Murça ni msumba mu charu cha Portugal. Portugal ntcharu ico cili ku Iberian Peninsula, kumwera kwa kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Europe, ndipo caru ici chikusazgapo vyaru vya Azores, Madeira, na Virwa vya Savage.
Kiowa County, Colorado
Kiowa County, Colorado ni nkhalwe (county) iyo ikusangika mu nthavwa (state) ya Colorado, mu charu cha United States of America.
Lieboch
Lieboch ni msumba mu boma la Styria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Liezen
Liezen ni msumba mu boma la Styria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Langenselbold
Langenselbold ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Nelas
Nelas ni msumba mu charu cha Portugal. Portugal ntcharu ico cili ku Iberian Peninsula, kumwera kwa kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Europe, ndipo caru ici chikusazgapo vyaru vya Azores, Madeira, na Virwa vya Savage.
Hinsdale County, Colorado
Hinsdale County, Colorado ni nkhalwe (county) iyo ikusangika mu nthavwa (state) ya Colorado, mu charu cha United States of America.
Roberts County, Texas
Roberts County, Texas ni nkhalwe panji muzi uwo ukusangika mu nthavwa panji state ya Texas, mu charu cha United States of America, ku Amerika Wakumpoto.
Leutschach an der Weinstraße
Leutschach an der Weinstraße ni msumba mu boma la Styria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Panola County, Texas
Panola County, Texas ni nkhalwe panji muzi uwo ukusangika mu nthavwa panji state ya Texas, mu charu cha United States of America, ku Amerika Wakumpoto.
Ligist
Ligist ni msumba mu boma la Styria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Nazaré (Portugal)
Nazaré (Portugal) ni msumba mu charu cha Portugal. Portugal ntcharu ico cili ku Iberian Peninsula, kumwera kwa kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Europe, ndipo caru ici chikusazgapo vyaru vya Azores, Madeira, na Virwa vya Savage.
Kenedy County, Texas
Kenedy County, Texas ni nkhalwe panji muzi uwo ukusangika mu nthavwa panji state ya Texas, mu charu cha United States of America, ku Amerika Wakumpoto.
Fort Bend County, Texas
Fort Bend County, Texas ni nkhalwe panji muzi uwo ukusangika mu nthavwa panji state ya Texas, mu charu cha United States of America, ku Amerika Wakumpoto.
Murtosa
Murtosa ni msumba mu charu cha Portugal. Portugal ntcharu ico cili ku Iberian Peninsula, kumwera kwa kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Europe, ndipo caru ici chikusazgapo vyaru vya Azores, Madeira, na Virwa vya Savage.
Hansford County,Texas
Hansford County,Texas ni nkhalwe panji muzi uwo ukusangika mu nthavwa panji state ya Texas, mu charu cha United States of America, ku Amerika Wakumpoto.
Lavaca County, Texas
Lavaca County, Texas ni nkhalwe panji muzi uwo ukusangika mu nthavwa panji state ya Texas, mu charu cha United States of America, ku Amerika Wakumpoto.
Lobmingtal
Lobmingtal ni msumba mu boma la Styria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Lauenburg
Lauenburg ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Logan County, Colorado
Logan County, Colorado ni nkhalwe (county) iyo ikusangika mu nthavwa (state) ya Colorado, mu charu cha United States of America.
Lauda-Königshofen
Lauda-Königshofen ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Marmeleira
Marmeleira ni msumba mu charu cha Portugal. Portugal ntcharu ico cili ku Iberian Peninsula, kumwera kwa kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Europe, ndipo caru ici chikusazgapo vyaru vya Azores, Madeira, na Virwa vya Savage.
Marvão
Marvão ni msumba mu charu cha Portugal. Portugal ntcharu ico cili ku Iberian Peninsula, kumwera kwa kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Europe, ndipo caru ici chikusazgapo vyaru vya Azores, Madeira, na Virwa vya Savage.
Lauf an der Pegnitz
Lauf an der Pegnitz ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.