cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Togo
Mbili
Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose yikati yamara, vyaru ivi vikazgoka vigaŵa vya UN Trust Territories. Mu 1957, ŵanthu ŵa ku British Togoland ŵakakolerana kuti Gold Coast yiŵe cigaŵa ca Ghana. Mu 1959, caru ca French Togoland cikamba kuŵa na mazaza pa cigaŵa ico cikaŵa pasi pa France, kweni France yikalutilira kuŵa na mazaza pa nkhani ya kuvikilira caru, vyaru vyaŵene, na ndalama.
Benin
Vyaka vyakwambilira
Vinthu vikasintha mu vyaka vya m'ma 1700 na 1800, apo Ufumu wa Dahomey, uwo ukaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa Fon, ukazengeka pa malo gha Abomey ndipo ukamba kupoka vigaŵa vinyake mumphepete mwa nyanja.
Mathemba gha ku Dahomey ghakaguliskanga ŵazga ŵawo ku vyaru vinyake panji kuŵakoma mwakuyana na kaluso kawo. Kuzakafika mu 1750, Themba la Dahomey likasanganga ndalama zakukwana £250,000 pa chaka pakuguliska ŵazga ŵa ku Africa ku ŵamalonda ŵa ku Europe. Malo agha ghakacemekanga kuti "Mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Ŵazga" cifukwa ca malonda gha ŵazga agho ghakacitikanga. Malango gha khoti agho ghakakanizganga kuti ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakakoleka ku nkhondo ŵadumulikeko mitu, ghakachepeskanga unandi wa ŵazga awo ŵakafumanga mu chigaŵa ichi. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakwera kufuma pa 102,000 mu 1780 kufika pa 24,000 mu 1860. Cigaŵa cimoza ico cikapangiska kuti caru ici cicepe nchakuti mu 1807, boma la Britain likakanizga kuguliska ŵazga. Ŵanthu ŵakalutilira kuchepa m'paka mu 1885 apo boti laumaliro la ŵazga likafumako ku Benin Republic na kuluta ku Brazil. Msumba ukuru wa Porto-Novo ("New Port" mu Ciphwitikizi) ukaŵa msumba wa malonda gha ŵazga.
Ŵanakazi ŵa ku Dahomey awo ŵakulongozgeka na themba, ŵakuluta ku nkhondo, 1793.
Vinthu vinyake ivyo Ŵapwitikizi ŵakapenjanga ni vinthu vyakuŵaja vya mino gha zovu ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Benin ŵakavipanga nga ni viŵiya vyakusungiramo mchere, matambulara, na masengwe.
Chikoloni
Kuzakafika pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, caru ca Dahomey "cikamba kulopwa na kutaya mazaza ghake". Mu 1892 Ŵacifurenci ŵakatora malo agha. Mu 1899, ŵa ku France ŵakamba kulamulira chigaŵa cha French Dahomey.
France sought to benefit from Dahomey and the region "appeared to lack the necessary agricultural or mineral resources for large-scale capitalist development". As a result, France treated Dahomey as a sort of preserve in case future discoveries revealed resources worth developing.
Mu 1958, France yikapeleka wanangwa ku Republic of Dahomey, na wanangwa wakukwana pa 1 August 1960 uwo ukukondwelereka chaka chilichose nga ni Zuŵa la Wanangwa, holide ya chalo. Pulezidenti uyo wakalongozga caru kuti ciŵe na wanangwa wakaŵa Hubert Maga.
Post-colonial
Pamasinda pa 1960, pakaŵa mabutha na kusintha kwa boma, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa Hubert Maga, Sourou Apithy, Justin Ahomadégbé, na Émile Derlin Zinsou ndiwo ŵakalongozganga. Ŵabali ŵatatu aŵa ŵakakolerana kuti ŵapangenge wupu wa pulezidenti pamanyuma pa viwawa ivyo vikacitika pa maungano gha mu 1970.
Pa Meyi 7, 1972, Maga wakapeleka mazaza kwa Ahomadégbé. Pa Okutobala 26, 1972, Lt. Mubali uyu ni Kol. Mathieu Kérékou wakawuskapo boma la ŵanthu ŵatatu, ndipo wakazgoka pulezidenti. Pa Novembala 30, 1974, wakapharazga kuti caru ici nchakuzomerezgeka na Marxist, ndipo cikulongozgeka na Wupu wa Nkhondo wa Revolution (CMR), uwo ukaŵa na nchito ya mafuta na mabanki. Pa Novembala 30, 1975, wakasinthaso zina la charu ichi kuŵa Benin People's Republic. Boma la Benin likasintha mu nyengo iyo likaŵako: nyengo ya kusankhana mitundu (1972-1974); nyengo ya kusankhana mitundu (1974-1982); na nyengo ya kujura ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi na kuleka vinthu vinyake (1982-1990).
Mu 1974, pasi pa mazaza gha ŵawukirano ŵakugaluka - "Ligueurs" - boma likamba ndondomeko ya socialist: kukanizga vyalo vya ndyali, kunozga ndondomeko ya masambiro, kukhazikiska mabungwe gha vyalo na maboma gha vigaŵa, na kampeni yakuwuskamo "magulu gha ŵasilikari" kusazgapo mafuko. Boma likakanizga ŵanthu ŵakususka. Mathieu Kérékou wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti na National Revolutionary Assembly mu 1980, ndipo wakasankhikaso mu 1984. Wakamba kukolerana na ŵanthu ŵa ku China, North Korea, na Libya, ndipo "pafupifupi" bizinesi yose na vinthu vinyake ivyo vikuchitika mu charu ichi vikaŵa pasi pa boma. Kérékou wakayezga kunozga masambiro, ndipo wakayowoya mazgu ghakuti "Ukavu ni suzgo yayi". Boma ili likagwiliskiranga nchito ndalama izo likaguliskanga pakugura vyakukanizgika vya nyukiliya kufuma ku Soviet Union na ku France.
Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1980, caru ca Benin cikakura comene pa nkhani ya vyachuma (15.6% mu 1982, 4.6% mu 1983 na 8.2% mu 1984), m'paka apo ŵakajara mphaka ya Nigeria na Benin. Boma likaŵavya nkhongono zakupelekera malipiro ku ŵateŵeti ŵa boma. Mu 1989, pakawuka vivulupi apo boma likaŵavya ndalama zakukwana kuti lilipire ŵasilikari. Mabanki ghakawa. Paumaliro, Kérékou wakaleka chisopa cha Marx, ndipo ungano ukamucicizga kuti wafwature ŵakayidi ŵa ndyali na kunozga vyakusankha. Marxism-Leninism yikalekeka kuŵa boma.
Zina la caru ili likasinthika kuŵa Republic of Benin pa 1 Malichi 1990, pamanyuma pakuti boma liphya lakhalako. Kerékou wakatondeka kupokera mazaza kufuma kwa Nicéphore Soglo mu 1991 ndipo wakaŵa purezidenti wakwamba mu Africa uyo wakataya mazaza ghake. Kerékou wakawelera ku mazaza wakati watonda pa mavoti gha mu 1996. Mu 2001, Kerékou wakathereskeka pa mavoti ghanyake. Mu 1999, Kérékou wakaphepiska pa mulimo ukuru uwo ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakacita pa malonda gha ŵazga gha ku Atlantic.
Kérékou na pulezidenti wakale Soglo ŵakathemba yayi pa mavoti gha 2006, cifukwa wose ŵaŵiri ŵakakanizgika na malango gha boma pa nkhani ya vilimika na nyengo ya mavoti. Pa 5 March 2006, chisankho chikapangiska kuti Yayi Boni na Adrien Houngbédji ŵasankhane. Chisankho chachiwiri chinachitika pa 19 March ndipo chinapambana ndi Boni, yemwe adagwira ntchito pa 6 April. Boni wakasankhika mu 2011, wakatora mavoti 53.18% mu chigaŵa chakwamba. Wakaŵa pulezidenti wakwamba kuwina pa maungano gha chigaŵa kufuma apo boma likakhazikiskikira mu 1991.
Pa chisankho cha pulezidenti cha March 2016 apo Boni Yayi wakakanika na dango la chalo kuti wazakaŵepo pa nyengo yachitatu, wamalonda Patrice Talon wakathereska chigaŵa chachiŵiri na mavoti 65.37%, wakatonda banki ya ndalama na nduna yikuru yakale Lionel Zinsou. Talon wakalapa pa 6 April 2016. Apo wakayowoyanga pa zuŵa leneilo khoti la malango likakhozgeranga mavoti, Talon wakati "pambere tindayowoyepo, tichitengepo kanthu pa kusintha malango gha boma". Wakayowoya kuti wakukhumba kuchepeska ŵa mu boma kufuma pa 28 kufika pa 16. Mu Epulero 2021, Pulezidenti Patrice Talon wakasankhikaso, na mavoti ghakujumpha 86.3%, mu mavoti gha pulezidenti wa Benin. Ŵalondezgi ŵa Pulezidenti Talon ndiwo ŵakamba kulamulira nyumba ya malango.
Mu Febuluwale 2022, boma la Benin likaŵa na vivulupi vikuru comene kuluska vyose.
Kottingbrunn
Kottingbrunn ni msumba mu boma la Lower Austria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Benin
Post-colonial
Kweniso mu 2022, ŵakawezgera ku Benin vyakuvwara 26 vyakuzunulika kufuma ku France, vyaka 129 pamanyuma pakuti vyatoleka na ŵasilikari.
Politics
Boma la Benin lili na vigaŵa vinandi. Mu charu ichi, pulezidenti wakuŵa mutu wa boma kweniso wa boma. Boma ndilo likuŵa na mazaza pa boma. Boma na wupu wakulongozga ndiwo ŵali na mazaza gha kupanga malango. Ŵeruzgi ŵakujiyimira ŵekha, kweni Talon ndiyo wakuŵalongozga. Ndondomeko ya ndyali yili kufuma ku Dango la 1990 la Benin na kusintha kwa demokilase mu 1991.
Pa vyaru 52 vya mu Africa, charu ichi chili pa nambara 18 ndipo chili na masambiro ghapachanya pa nkhani ya chivikiliro na malango kweniso vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu. Pa lipoti la wupu wa Reporters Without Borders lakuyowoya za wanangwa wa ŵanthu pa charu chose mu 2007, charu cha Benin chili pa nambara 53 pa vyaru 169. Mu 2016, apo Talon wakamba kuwusa, malo agha ghakaŵa pa nambara 78. Mu 2005, boma la Benin likaŵa pa nambara 88 pa vyaru 159 pa nkhani ya vimbundi vya ŵapolisi, ŵamalonda, na ŵandyali.
Ndondomeko yake ya demokilase "yasezgeka" kufuma apo Pulezidenti Talon wakamba kuwusa. Mu 2018, boma lake likapeleka malango ghaphya ghakwendeskera mavoti na kukwezga mtengo wa kulembeska. Wupu wa vyakusankha, uwo ukazura na ŵanthu awo ŵakakolerana na Talon, ukazomerezga yayi kuti magulu ghose ghakwimikana na boma ghaŵepo pa maungano ghaparamende mu 2019, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti ŵanthu wose awo ŵakakolerana na Talon ndiwo ŵalutilire kuŵa mu Nyumba ya Malamulo. Paumaliro, nyumba ya malango iyi yikasintha malango gha vyakusankha mwakuti munthu uyo wakukhumba kuŵa pulezidenti wakwenera kuzomerezgeka na ŵimiliri 10 pa 100 ŵa boma la Benin. Pakuti Talon ndiyo wakulongozga pa nkhani ya ivyo vikuchitika mu Nyumba ya Ufumu na mu maofesi ghanandi gha meya, ndiyo wakulongozga pa nkhani ya awo ŵangasankha kuŵa ŵalongozgi ŵa boma. Ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yose ŵakususka ivyo vikachitika ndipo boma la United States likamazga wovwiri wa vyachuma ku charu ichi.
Liberia
Makhalilo gha charu
Charu cha Liberia chili kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. Charu ichi chili pakati pa latitude 4° na 9°N, na longitude 7° na 12°W.
Malo agha ghali na mapiri ghatali chomene, ndipo kumpoto cha kumafumiro gha dazi kuli vyakumera vya mangrove.
Makuni ghakututuka ghakutandazga mapiri, ndipo vyakumera vikuru vikupambana na vyakumera vinyake.
Mu charu cha Liberia, maji ghakwenda kufuma kumwera m'paka kumanjiliro gha dazi. Ku Cape Mount, kufupi na mphaka na Sierra Leone, ndiko kukulokwa vula zinandi chomene.
Malire gha kumpoto kwa charu cha Liberia ghali na Mlonga wa Mano, ndipo kumwera kwa charu ichi kuli Mlonga wa Cavalla. Mlonga ukuru comene wa ku Liberia ni St. Paulosi wakufuma pafupi na msumba wa Monrovia, mu mlonga wa St. John pa Buchanan, na Mlonga wa Cestos, wose awo ŵakuthira mu nyanja ya Atlantic. Mlonga utali comene mu caru ici ni Cavalla, uwo uli na mtunda wa makilomita 510.
Climate
Kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa charu ichi, kuli chithukivu chaka chose, ndipo kukulokwa chomene kufuma mu Meyi m'paka Okutobala. Mu nyengo ya chiwuvi, kwamba Novembala m'paka Malichi, mphepo za kuuma na za fuvu izo zikufuma ku vyakumera vyakuchemeka harmattan, zikuwuska masuzgo ghanandi ku ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu malo agha. Kusintha kwa nyengo ku Liberia kukupangiska masuzgo ghanandi chifukwa charu ichi chikusuzgika na kusintha kwa nyengo. Nga ni vyaru vinyake vinandi mu Africa, Liberia nayo wali na masuzgo ghakukhwaskana na cilengiwa kweniso masuzgo ghanyake. Chifukwa chakuti chili ku Africa, chikuŵa pangozi chifukwa cha vinthu vyakofya ivyo vikuchitika pa nyengo iyi. Ŵanthu ŵakukhazga kuti kusintha kwa nyengo kuzamukhwaska chomene chuma cha Liberia, chomenechomene ulimi, somba, na makuni. Dziko la Liberia lakhala likugwira ntchito mwakhama pa kusintha kwa ndondomeko za pa caru cose na za pa malo.
Biodiversity and conservation
Nkhorongo za mumphepete mwa nyanja zikuzura na makuni gha mangrove agho ghakumera mchere. Nyengo yake ni ya ku equator, ndipo mu mwezi wa Meyi na Okutobala kukulokwa vula zinandi. Charu cha Liberia chili na nkhorongo pafupifupi 40 peresenti ya nkhorongo ya ku Upper Guinea. Kuuyambiro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1900, msumba uwu ndiwo ukapanganga mphira. Ku Liberia kuli vyaru vinayi: Nkhorongo ya ku Guinea, nkhorongo ya ku Western Guinea, nkhorongo ya ku Guinea, na mangrove. Charu ichi chili na chiŵelengero cha 4.79/10, ndipo chili pa malo 116 pa vyaru 172. Ku Liberia kuli vyamoyo vinandi chomene pa charu chose.
Vinyama ivyo vili pa ngozi ya kutayika vikuŵawukwa kuti ŵanthu ŵarye. Vinyama vinyake ivyo vikupenja cakurya ku Liberia ni njovu, mphoyo, mphoyo, na vinyama vinyake. Kanandi nyama za ku nkhorongo zikuguliskika ku vyaru vya Sierra Leone na Ivory Coast, nangauli boma likukanizga kuguliska nyama za ku nkhorongo.
Mu Liberia ŵanthu ŵakurya chomene nyama za mu nkhorongo. Kafukufuku munyake uyo wakachitika mu 2004, wakalongora kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Monrovia ŵakutemwa chomene nyama. Mu nyumba izo ŵakalyeranga nyama za mu thengere, ŵanthu 80 pa 100 ŵaliwose ŵakayowoya kuti ŵakuphika nyama za mu thengere "kanyengo kanyake". Kafukufuku uyu wakacitika mu nyengo ya nkhondo yaciŵiri ya caru cose, ndipo sono ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakughanaghana kuti ŵakurya comene nyama za mu nkhorongo.
Pa malo agha pakusangika kanandi waka mberere za mu mapopa.
Mu chigaŵa ichi, ciŵiya cinyake ico cikucemeka Nycteris hispida cikulwara maleriya.
Klosterneuburg
Klosterneuburg ni msumba mu boma la Lower Austria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Liberia
Biodiversity and conservation
Vinyake ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuchita ni kulima na kotcha makuni gha ku Liberia. Lipoti linyake la wupu wa UN ilo likalembeka mu 2004, likati ŵanthu 99% ku Liberia ŵakotcha makara na nkhuni kuti ŵaphikire na kotcha, ndipo ichi chikupangiska kuti makuni ghamare.
Togo
Mbili
Pa 27 Epulero 1960, boma la Togo likapharazga kuti ni Republic. Pa visankho vyakwamba vya pulezidenti mu 1961, Sylvanus Olympio ndiyo wakaŵa pulezidenti wakwamba, ndipo wakapoka vitiviti vyose ivyo ŵakususka ŵakakana. Pa 9 April 1961, Constitution ya Togoles Republic yikapelekeka, iyo yikati wupu wakulongozga ni National Assembly of Togo. Mu Disembala 1961, ŵarongozgi ŵa vipani vya ŵakususka ŵakakakika cifukwa ŵakayimbika mulandu wakuti ŵakanozga vyakutimbana na boma. Ŵakatumizga dango lakumazga magulu gha ŵanthu ŵakususka. Olympio wakayezgayezga kuti waleke kugomezga comene caru ca France mwa kukolerana na caru ca United States, United Kingdom, na West Germany. Wakakana ivyo ŵasilikari ŵa ku France awo ŵakafumiskika ku nkhondo ya ku Algeria ŵakakhumbanga, ndipo wakakhumbanga kuti waŵe msilikari wa ku Togo. Vinthu ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵasilikari ŵamuwukire pa 13 January 1963 apo ŵakamukoma na gulu la ŵasilikari ŵakulongozgeka na Sergeant Gnassingbé Eyadéma. Mu Togo, boma likalangura kuti vinthu viŵe vyamabuci. Ŵasilikari ŵakapeleka mazaza ku boma la nyengo yicoko ilo likalongozgekanga na Nicolas Grunitzky. Mu Meyi 1963, Grunitzky wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti wa caru ici. Ŵalara ŵa boma ŵaphya ŵakamba kulimbikira kuti ŵalutilire kuŵa paubwezi na France. Cakulinga cake cikaŵa cakuti wathaske mphatukano pakati pa kumpoto na kumwera, walembe dango liphya la cikaya, na kukhazikiska cipani ca vipani vinandi.
Liberia
Biodiversity and conservation
Kufuma waka apo Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Caru yaŵirako mu 2003, ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Liberia ŵakukoma makuni kwambura kuzomerezgeka. Mu 2012, Pulezidenti Sirleaf wakazomerezga makampani kudumura makuni 58 pa 100 gha mu Liberia. Ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yose ŵakamba kususka, ndipo ŵanandi ŵakaŵaleka yayi. Mu Seputembala 2014, Liberia na Norway ŵakakolerana kuti ŵaleke kudumura makuni ghose mu charu ichi.
Ku Monrovia, suzgo likuru ndakuti ŵanthu ŵakunanga vinthu. Kwambira mu 2006, wupu wa vyachuma wa pa caru cose ukupeleka ndalama zakwendeskera kusonkha na kumazga viswaswa vyose mu msumba wa Monrovia kwizira mu Banki ya Caru Cose.
Kugawikana kwa boma
Charu cha Liberia chili na vigaŵa 15, ndipo vigaŵa ivi navyo vili na vigaŵa 90. Vigaŵa vyakale chomene ni Grand Bassa na Montserrado, ivyo vyose vikapangika mu 1839 pambere Liberia yindaŵe na wanangwa. Gbarpolu ni chigaŵa chiphya chomene, icho chikapangika mu 2001. Nimba ndiyo yikuru chomene pa vigaŵa vyose ivi pa ukuru wake 11,551 km2 (4,460 sq mi), apo Montserrado ndiyo njichoko chomene pa vigaŵa vyose ivi pa ukuru wake 737,069 sq mi (1,909.00 km2). Montserrado ni chigaŵa icho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene, ndipo chikaŵa na ŵanthu 1,144,806.
Vigaŵa vyose 15 vikulongozgeka na ŵalongozgi awo ŵakusoleka na pulezidenti. Ndondomeko ya boma yikukhumba kuti ŵalongozgi ŵa vigaŵa na ŵa vigaŵa ŵasankhike, kweni maungano agha ghaleka kuchitika kwambira mu 1985 cifukwa ca nkhondo na suzgo la ndalama.
Togo
Mbili
Pa Janyuwale 13, 1967, Eyadéma Gnassingbé wakathereska Grunitzky na kuwusa. Wakapanga phwando la Rally of the Togolese People Party, wakukanizga vipani vinyake vya ndyali ndipo wakambiska ndondomeko ya chipani chimoza mu Novembala 1969. Wakasolekaso mu 1979 na 1986. Mu 1983, boma likamba kucitako vinthu vyakupambanapambana ndipo mu 1991 ŵakazomerezga magulu ghanyake gha ndyali. Mu 1993, EU yikalekeska ubwezi uwu, ndipo yikati Eyadema wakasankhikaso mu 1993, 1998 na 2003, kuti wakakhumba kupoka mazaza. Mu Epulero 2004, ku Brussels, kukadumbiskana pakati pa wupu wa European Union na wupu wa Togo pa nkhani ya kwambiraso kukolerana.
Liberia
Kugawikana kwa boma
Kuyana na vigaŵa vya boma, mu charu ichi muli vigaŵa vya mizi na matawuni. Pasono mu Liberia mulije dango la malango panji malango ghakwendera fundo za boma. Maboma ghose agho ghalipo sono nga ni misumba, matawuni, na maboma gha vigaŵa, ghakaŵako cifukwa ca malango gha boma la Liberia.
Boma na ndale
Boma la Liberia lili nga ni boma la United States. Boma lili na maofesi ghatatu: wupu wakulongozga, uwo ukulongozgeka na pulezidenti; wupu wakwimika malango, uwo uli na makhoti ghaŵiri; na wupu wakweruzga, uwo uli na Khoti Likuru Chomene na makhoti ghachoko waka.
Togo
Mbili
Mu 2017, ŵanthu ŵakamba kugalukira boma. Wupu wa UN ukayowoyerathu kuti boma la Gambia likwenera kuleka kuwusa. Wupu wa UN ukayowoyeraso kuti Gnassingbé waleke kuwusa.
Liberia
Boma na ndale
Mulongozgi wa charu ni mulongozgi wa boma, kweniso ni mulara wa ŵasilikari ŵa Liberia. Ntchito zinyake za pulezidenti ni kusaina panji kukana malango, kugowokera ŵanthu, na kwimika ŵanthu ŵa mu nduna, ŵeruzgi, na ŵantchito ŵanyake. Pamoza na wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti, pulezidenti wakusankhika kwa vilimika vinkhondi na cimoza mwa mavoti ghanandi mu ndondomeko ya vigaŵa viŵiri ndipo wangateŵetera nyengo ziŵiri.
Urbano Noris
Urbano Noris ntchalo icho Maboma and msumba mafumilo Holguin of Cuba. The seat ntchalo San Germán.
Liberia
Boma na ndale
Nyumba ya Malango yikupanga Nyumba ya Malango. Nyumba ya Malango, yakuwusika na mulongozgi, yili na mamembara 73, agho ghali kugaŵika pakati pa vigaŵa 15 mwakuyana na kalembera wa caru cose, ndipo chigaŵa chilichose chili na mamembara ghaŵiri. Munthu waliyose wakuyimira chigaŵa chakusankhira mu chigaŵa icho chikusankhika na National Elections Commission ndipo wakusankhika na ŵanthu ŵanandi mu chigaŵa chawo kwa vyaka 6. Nyumba ya mafumu yili na ŵanthu ŵaŵiri kufuma mu chigaŵa chilichose, ndipo wose pamoza ŵalipo 30. Ŵabali ŵa mu wupu uwu ŵakuŵa na vyaka 9 ndipo ŵakusankhika na ŵanthu ŵanandi. Wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti wakuteŵetera nga ni pulezidenti wa Senate, ndipo pakuŵavya pulezidenti wakuteŵetera.
Benin
Kugawikana kwa boma
Charu cha Benin chili na vigaŵa 12 (French: départements) ivyo vili na vikaya 77. Mu 1999, madipatimenti 6 ghakale ghakagaŵikana mu vigaŵa viŵiri, ndipo ghakazgoka madipatimenti 12 ghakale.
Korneuburg
Korneuburg ni msumba mu boma la Lower Austria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Benin
Ŵanthu
Pa ŵanthu 11,485,000 awo ŵakukhala mu Benin, ŵanandi ŵakukhala kumwera kwa charu ichi. Ŵanthu ŵakukhala vyaka 62. Mu charu ichi muli ŵanthu ŵa mafuko pafupifupi 42, kusazgapo Ŵayoruba (awo ŵakafuma ku Nigeria m'ma 1200 C.E.); Ŵandidi (awo ŵakafuma ku Mali m'ma 1500 C.E.); Ŵabaliba na Ŵafula (awo ŵakafuma ku Mali m'ma 1500 C.E.); Ŵabetammaribe na Ŵasomba (awo ŵakukhala mu mapiri gha Atakora); Ŵafoni (awo ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa cha Abomey) kumwera kwa charu ichi, kweniso Ŵamina, Xueda, na Aja (awo ŵakafuma ku Togo) awo ŵakukhala mumphepete mwa nyanja.
Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Africa ŵakwiza ku Benin, kusazgapo ŵanthu ŵa ku Nigeria, Togo, na Mali. Ŵanthu ŵa ku vyaru vinyake ŵali nga ni ŵanthu ŵa ku Lebanon na ŵa ku India awo ŵakuchita malonda. Ŵanthu awo ŵakuteŵetera mu maofesi gha ŵapharazgi ŵa ku Europe, mu maofesi ghakovwira ŵanthu ku vyaru vinyake, mu mawupu gha wupu wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu, na mu magulu gha ŵamishonale ŵalipo pa ŵanthu 5,500 mu Europe. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa ku Europe ŵali kufuma ku Benin.
Religion
Visopa vikuruvikuru ni Cikhristu, ico cikulondezgeka kumwera na pakati pa Benin ndiposo mu caru ca Otammari mu Atakora, na Cisilamu, ico cikayambiskika na Ufumu wa Songhai na ŵamalonda ŵa Hausa, ndipo cikulondezgeka mu vigaŵa vyose vya Alibori, Borgou na Donga, kweniso pakati pa Ŵayoruba (awo nawo ŵakulondezga Cikhristu). Ŵanyake ŵakulutilira kugomezga visambizgo vya Vodun na Orisha ndipo ŵali kunjizga cisopa ca Vodun na Orisha mu Cikristu. Gulu la Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, ilo lili kwamba mu ma 1800, lili na ŵanthu ŵanandi mu charu ichi.
Mu 2013, ŵanthu 48.5% ŵa mu Benin ŵakaŵa Ŵakhristu (25.5% Ŵaroma Ŵakatolika, 6.7% ŵa Tchalitchi la Khristu, 3.4% ŵa Methodist, 12.9% ŵa visopa vinyake vya Chikhristu), 27.7% ŵakaŵa Ŵasilamu, 11.6% ŵakasopanga Vodun, 2.6% ŵakasopanga visopa vinyake vya ku malo agha, 2.6% ŵakasopanga visopa vinyake, ndipo 5.8% ŵakatenge ŵalije chisopa. Kafukufuku uyo wakachitika na boma mu 2011 na 2012 wakalongora kuti Ŵakhristu ŵakaŵa 57.5% (Ŵakatolika ŵakaŵa 33.9%, Ŵamethodisti 3.0%, Ŵakuchanya 6.2% na Ŵakhristu ŵanyake 14.5%), apo Ŵasilamu ŵakaŵa 22.8%.
Visopa ivi ni vya ku Atakora (vigaŵa vya Atakora na Donga), kweniso vya ku Yoruba na Tado. Msumba wa Ouidah, uwo uli mumphepete mwa nyanja, ndiwo ŵanthu ŵa ku Benin ŵakutemwa kusopa.
Masambilo
Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba: mu 2015 chikaŵa 38.4% (49.9% ku ŵanalume na 27.3% ku ŵanakazi). Ku Benin ŵanthu wose ŵakusambira pulayimale, ndipo hafu ya ŵana (54%) ŵakalembeska masambiro gha sekondare mu 2013, kuyana na lipoti la UNESCO Institute for Statistics.
Togo
Mbili
Mu Febuluwale 2020, Faure Gnassingbé wakaluta ku chiphara cha pulezidenti wa Togo. Kuyana na ivyo vikalembeka, iyo ndiyo wakawina ndipo ŵanthu ŵakamuvoteranga chomene. Ici cikamovwira kuti wathereske uyo wakamususkanga comene, uyo wakaŵa nduna ya boma, Agbeyome Kodjo, uyo wakaŵa na 18%. Pa 4 Meyi 2020, Bitala Madjoulba, mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari ŵa ku Togo, wakasangika wakufwa mu ofesi yake. Zuŵa ilo Madjoulba wakafwira likaŵa pamanyuma pakuti Faure Gnassingbé wasankhika. Ŵapolisi ŵali kwamba kupenjerezga nkhani iyi ndipo ŵali kufumba mafumbo ŵanthu wose awo ŵakakhwaskika na nyifwa yake.
Benin
Masambilo
Nangauli nyengo yinyake masambiro ghakaŵa ghaulere yayi, kweni sono Benin wali kuwuskapo ndarama za sukulu ndipo wakuchita ivyo vikayowoyeka pa ungano wa mu 2007. Kufuma mu 2009, boma lapeleka ndalama zinandi chomene za pa GDP ku masukulu. Kuyana na lipoti la UNESCO Institute for Statistics, mu 2015, ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito pa nkhani ya masambiro (pa vigaŵa vyose) zikakwana 4.4% ya GDP. Pa ndalama izi, caru ca Benin cikapeleka cigaŵa cimoza pa masambiro ghapacanya: 0.97% ya GDP.
Pakati pa 2009 na 2011, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakasambiranga pa yunivesite chikakwera kufuma pa 10% kufika pa 12% pa ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa na vyaka vyapakati pa 18 na 25. Chiŵelengero cha ŵana ŵa sukulu awo ŵakasambiranga masambiro ghapachanya chikakwera chomene pakati pa 2006 na 2011, kufuma pa 50,225 kufika pa 110,181. Ŵasambiri awo ŵali na masambiro ghapachanya na ghapachanya (postsecondary) awo ŵalije digiri, ndiwo ŵali na masambiro agha.
Umoyo
Mu caka ca 2013, ciŵelengero ca ŵanthu awo ŵali na HIV/AIDS ku Benin cikaŵa 1.13% pa ŵanthu wose ŵa vyaka 15-49. Maleriya ni suzgo likuru ku Benin, ndipo ndico cikupangiska kuti ŵana awo ŵandakwaniske vyaka vinkhondi ŵalwarenge na kufwa.
Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1980, ŵanthu ŵacoko comene kuluska 30% mu caru ici ndiwo ŵakasanganga wovwiri wa munkhwala. Pa ŵana 1,000 awo ŵakubabika, ŵana 203 ndiwo ŵakufwa. Ndondomeko ya ku Bamako yikasintha vinthu ivi mwa kunozga vyakupwelelera umoyo wa ŵanthu, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵapelekenge wovwiri wakukwana. Mu 2015, caru ca Benin cikaŵa pa nambara 26 pa vyaru vyose pa caru capasi pa nkhani ya kufwa kwa ŵanakazi. Lipoti la wupu wa UNICEF la mu 2013, likati ŵanakazi 13 pa ŵanakazi 100 ŵaliwose ŵakomeka. Ndondomeko iyi yikakhwaska vigaŵa vyose vya ndopa, ndipo pamasinda vinthu vikasintha pa nkhani ya ndopa. Wupu wa Demographic and Health Surveys, ukuchita kafukufuku pa nkhani iyi mu Benin kwambira mu 1996.
Makhalilo gha charu
Chigaŵa cha kumpoto na kumwera kwa Africa chili pakati pa latitude 6° na 13°N, kweniso longitude 0° na 4°E. Charu ichi chili kumafumiro gha dazi na Togo, kumpoto na Burkina Faso na Niger, kumafumiro gha dazi na Nigeria, ndipo kumwera na Benin Bay. Mtunda kufuma ku Mlonga wa Niger kumpoto m'paka ku Nyanja ya Atlantic kumwera ni makilomita pafupifupi 650. Nangauli mumphepete mwa nyanja muli mtunda wa makilomita 121, kweni charu ichi chili na mtunda wa makilomita 325 pa malo ghakupambanapambana. Charu ichi chili na chiŵelengero cha 5.86/10, ndipo chili pa 93 pa vyaru 172.
Charu cha Benin chili na malo ghakupambanapambana ndipo chingagaŵika mu vigaŵa vinayi kufuma kumwera kuya kumpoto, kwambira pa malo gha pasi, gha mchenga, gha mumphepete mwa nyanja (malo ghapachanya 10 m (32.8 ft)) agho ghali na usani wa makilomita 10. Charu ichi chili na mathipa, nyanja, na nyanja zinandi. Kumanyuma kwa nyanja kuli mapiri gha kumwera kwa Benin agho ghali na nkhorongo za nkhorongo za ku Guinea.
Togo
Mbili
Togo yikamba kuwungana na Commonwealth mu Juni 2022. Pambere ŵandazomerezge kuti ŵanjire mu wupu wa Commonwealth, nduna ya vyakuwaro, Robert Dussey, yikayowoya kuti yikukhazga kuti wupu uwu uzamupeleka ndalama zakwendeskera vinthu ku vyaru vinyake, na kovwira ŵanthu ŵa ku Togo kuti ŵasambirenge Chingelezi kweniso kuti ŵasambirenge vinthu vinyake.
Königstetten
Königstetten ni msumba mu boma la Lower Austria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Togo
Boma
Pulezidenti wakusankhika na ŵanthu wose ndipo wakulongozga ŵasilikari kwa vyaka vinkhondi. Iyo wali na mazaza ghakupanga malango na kugumura nyumba ya malango. Pulezidenti na boma ndiwo ŵali na mazaza ghakulongozga. Mulongozgi wa boma ni nduna yikuru iyo yikwimikika na pulezidenti.
Pulezidenti Gnassingbé Eyadéma, uyo wakalamuliranga Togo mu muwuso wa chipani chimoza, wakafwa na nthenda ya mtima pa 5 February 2005. Kuyana na dango la chalo cha Togo, Fambaré Ouattara Natchaba, uyo ni mulongozgi wa Nyumba ya Malamulo, ndiyo wakeneranga kuŵa mulongozgi wa caru ici, pakulindilira kuti mu mazuŵa 60 ghacoko waka, kuŵe mavoti. Natchaba wakaŵa ku caru cinyake, ndipo wakaweranga na ndege ya Air France kufuma ku Paris. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Togo, awo ŵakamanyikwanga na zina lakuti Forces Armées Togolaises (FAT), ŵakajara mphaka za caru, ndipo ndege yikakhira mu caru ca Benin. Pakugwiliskira nchito nkhongono za ŵanthu, Nyumba ya Malamulo yikati yiwuskemo dango la malango ilo likakhumbanga kuti paŵe mavoti mu mazuŵa 60 ndipo yikayowoya kuti mwana wa Eyadema, Faure Gnassingbé, ndiyo waŵenge pulezidenti ndipo waŵenge pa udindo nyengo yose iyo adada ŵake ŵakhalako. Faure wakalayira pa 7 February 2005, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamususka. Wupu wa African Union ukayowoya kuti ŵasilikari ndiwo ŵakawukira boma. Wupu wa United Nations nawo ukaŵachichizganga. Ku Togo, ŵanthu ŵakamba kulimbana na boma ili, ntheura pakaŵa vivulupi ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakafwa. Mu misumba na matawuni, comene-comene ya kumwera kwa caru ici, mukaŵa viwawa. Mu tawuni ya Aného, ŵapharazgi ŵakayowoya za kuwukira kwa ŵasilikari, ndipo pamanyuma pake ŵasilikari ŵa boma ŵakakoma ŵanthu ŵanandi. Pa 25 February, Gnassingbé wakafumapo pa udindo wa pulezidenti, ndipo wakazomera kusankhika kuti wazakaŵe pulezidenti mu April.
Pa 24 Epulero 2005, Gnassingbé wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti wa Togo, ndipo wakapokera mavoti ghakujumpha 60 peresenti. Munthu uyo wakalimbana nayo comene pa mpikisano uwu wakaŵa Emmanuel Bob-Akitani wa gulu la Union des Forces du Change (UFC). Ŵanthu ŵakaghanaghananga kuti pakaŵa kuswa malango cifukwa cakuti pakaŵavya wupu wa European Union panji wupu unyake wakucita mulimo uwu. Nyumba ya malango yikasankha kuti Bonfoh Abbass, uyo ni mulongozgi wa chalo, ndiyo waŵe mulongozgi wa chalo mpaka apo wazamuŵikika. Pa 3 Meyi 2005, Faure Gnassingbé wakazomelezgeka kuŵa pulezidenti ndipo wupu wa European Union ukayimiska wovwiri ku Togo kuti wovwire awo ŵakususka boma, mwakupambana na wupu wa African Union na wupu wa United States ivyo vikayowoya kuti visola vikachitika "mwakwenelera". Pulezidenti wa ku Nigeria, Olusẹgun Ọbasanjọ, wakayezga kudumbiskana pakati pa boma na ŵalwani kuti ŵaŵe na boma lakukolerana, ndipo wakakana apo komiti ya AU yikasankha pulezidenti wakale wa ku Zambia, Kenneth Kaunda, kuti waŵe nthumwi yapadera ya AU ku Togo. Mu Juni, Pulezidenti Gnassingbé wakasora Edem Kodjo kuŵa nduna yikuru.
Mu Okutobala 2007, pamanyuma pa kujowoleka, visankho vikacitika mu nthowa ya kuyana na unandi wa ŵanthu. Ici cikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku mpoto awo ŵakakhalanga kutali na ku mizi ŵakhalenge ku mpoto uko kukaŵa ŵanthu ŵanandi. Wupu wa Rally of the Togolese People (RPT) uwo ukakhozgekanga na pulezidenti wa Togo, ndiwo ukakhwaskika comene, ndipo UFC yikaŵa yaciŵiri, ndipo vipani vinyake vikaŵavya mazaza. Ŵakatenge RPT yikunanga mavoti ndipo ŵasilikari na ŵasilikari ŵakayilondezganga. Pa ungano uwu pakaŵaso ŵalongozgi ŵa vyaru vya ku Europe, ndipo pakaŵaso mavoti ghambura kuzomerezgeka, ndipo ghanandi ghakaŵanga mu malo ghakupambanapambana. Pa 3 Disembala 2007 Komlan Mally wa RPT adasankhidwa kukhala nduna yayikulu kulowa m'malo mwa Agboyibor. Pa Seputembala 5, 2008, Mally wakaleka nchito ya kuŵa nduna yikuru ya Togo.
Mu April 2015, pulezidenti Faure Gnassingbé wakasankhika kuti waŵeso pa udindo kachitatu. Mu Febuluwale 2020, Faure Gnassingbé wakasankhikaso kuŵa pulezidenti kwa nyengo yachinayi. Ŵakususka ŵakamupa mulandu wakuti wakacita uryarya na vinthu vinyake vyambura urunji. Mbumba ya Gnassingbé ndiyo yili kuwusa Togo kwambira mu 1967, ndipo ndiyo yili na mazaza ghatali comene mu Africa.
Administrative divisions
Charu cha Togo chili kugaŵika mu vigaŵa 5, ivyo navyo vili kugaŵika mu vigaŵa 30. Kufumira kumpoto kuya kumwera, vigaŵa ivi ni Savanes, Kara, Centrale, Plateaux na Maritime.
Foreign relations
Nangauli caru ca Togo cikukolerana yayi na vyaru vinyake, kweni cikukolerana na vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Europe, comenecomene France na Germany. Charu cha Togo chikukolerana na vyaru vya China, North Korea, na Cuba. Mu 1987, caru ici cikambaso kucezga na caru ca Israyeli. Boma la Togo likulondezga ndondomeko ya vyaru vinyake ndipo likukolerana na vyaru vinyake. Wupu uwu ukulimbikira comene pa nkhani za mu vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa na mu wupu wa African Union.
Mu 2017, caru ca Togo cikasayinapo phangano la UN lakukanizga kugwiliskira nchito vilwero vya nyukiliya. Boma la Togo na la Gabon ŵakamba kukolerana na vyaru vya Commonwealth pa ungano wa ŵalongozgi ŵa vyaru vya Commonwealth uwo ukacitikira ku Kigali, Rwanda mu 2022. Pakuŵa yumoza wa vyaru ivyo vili mu Commonwealth, nduna ya vyakuwaro, Robert Dussey, yikati caru ici cikakhumbanga kuti ciŵe paubwezi na vyaru ivyo vikuyowoya Cingelezi.
Military
Gulu la ŵasilikari la FAT (Forces armées togolaises, "magulu gha ŵasilikari ŵa ku Togo"), ni gulu la ŵasilikari, ŵasilikari ŵa pa nyanja, ŵasilikari ŵa pa mlengalenga, na ŵasilikari. Vyakugulira nkhondo vyose ivyo vikacitika mu cilimika ca 2005, vikaŵa 1.6% ca GDP ya caru. Ŵasilikari ŵalipo mu Lomé, Temedja, Kara, Niamtougou, na Dapaong. Mkulu wa General Staff ndi Brigadier General Titikpina Atcha Mohamed, yemwe adayamba kugwira ntchito pa 19 May 2009. Ŵasilikari ŵali na ndege za Alpha.
Human rights
Wupu wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu wakucemeka Freedom House, ukayowoya kuti caru ca Togo "nchambura wanangwa" kwambira mu 1972 mpaka mu 1998 ndiposo kwambira mu 2002 mpaka mu 2006, ndipo kufuma mu 1999 mpaka mu 2001 ndiposo kwambira mu 2007, caru ici cikucemeka kuti "nchambura wanangwa". Kuyana na U.S. Lipoti la Unduna wa vya Malango la mu 2010, likati masuzgo gha wanangwa wa ŵanthu ni agha: "ŵankhondo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito nkhongono zawo mwakujumphizga, kusazgapo kuŵachitira nkhaza, ivyo vikupangiska ŵanthu kufwa na kupwetekeka; ŵaboma ŵakutondeka kuŵalanga; mu jele muli masuzgo ghakofya, ndipo umoyo wa ŵanthu uli pangozi; ŵanthu ŵakukakika na kuŵikika mu jele mwambura kwenelera; ŵanthu ŵakukhala mu jele kwa nyengo yitali pambere ŵanderuzgike; ŵamazaza ŵakukhwaska ŵeruzgi; wanangwa wakuti ŵanthu ŵayowoye na ŵanyawo, kuwungana, na kwenda mwakufwatuka; vimbundi; kusankhana pakati pa ŵanakazi na ŵanalume; kuchitira nkhaza ŵana, kusazgapo kuŵachitira nkhaza ŵanakazi, kweniso kuŵachitira nkhaza ŵana; kusuzga ŵanthu, chomenechomene ŵanakazi na ŵana; kusankhana pakati pa ŵanthu ŵakupendera; kusankhana pakati pa ŵaboma na ŵanthu awo ŵakugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵanyawo; kusankhana pakati pa ŵanthu awo ŵali na HIV; na kugwiliskira ŵanthu ntchito ya Ku Togo, kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi pera nkhukanizgika na dango, ndipo chilango chake nkhukakhala mu jele kwa vilimika vitatu.
Makhalilo gha charu
Chigaŵa ichi chili na malo ghakukwana 56,785 km2. Charu ichi chili na mphaka na Nyanja ya Benin kumwera; Ghana kumanjiliro gha dazi; Benin kumafumiro gha dazi; ndipo kumpoto, chili na mphaka na Burkina Faso. Kumpoto kwa equator, kuli pakati pa 6° na 11°N, ndipo pakati pa 0° na 2°E.
Mphepete mwa nyanja ya Togo iyo yili mu nyanja ya Gulf of Guinea, njitali makilomita 56 ndipo yili na madambo gha mchenga. Kumpoto kwa caru ici kuli malo gha mapiri, kweni pakati paco pali mapiri. Kumwera kwa caru ca Togo kuli mapiri na makuni agho ghakukwana ku nyanja na madambo. Phiri litali chomene mu charu ichi ni Mont Agou, ilo lili pa mtunda wa mamita 986 kufuma pasi pa nyanja. Mlonga utali comene ni Mono River uwo uli na utali wa 400 km (250 miles). Likufuma kumpoto kuluta kumwera.
Nyengo ya ku malo agha njakuzizima comene ndipo nyengo ya kotcha yikupambana comene na ya ku malo ghanyake.
Ku Togo kuli malo ghatatu: nkhorongo ya ku Guinea, nkhorongo ya ku Guinea, na nkhorongo ya ku Sudan. Cirwa ca Togo cili na malo gha mathipa na makuni gha mangrove. Mu 2019, charu ichi chikaŵa pa nambala 92 pa vyaru 172. Pa vyaru vyose ivyo vikaŵa pa nambala iyi, charu ichi chikaŵa pa nambala 5.88 pa 10.
Chuma
Charu ichi chili na vyakumera vyakupambanapambana ivyo vikufuma ku vyaru vinyake, ndipo vikusazgapo vyakurya vyakupambanapambana nga ni khofi, mbuto ya kakawo, na mtedza, ndipo vyose pamoza vikupanga ndalama zakukwana pafupifupi 30 peresenti ya ivyo vikufuma ku vyaru vinyake. Cotton ni mbuto iyo ŵanthu ŵakuguliska. Munda uwu uli na malo ghakukwana 11.3 peresenti ndipo unandi wake ngwakuzenga. Vipambi vinyake ni cassava, mpunga wa jasmine, mbuto ya chimanga na chiwuvi. Vinyake mwa vigaŵa ivi ni vyakupangira moŵa na vyakuvwara. "Kukwera kwa mitengo ya katundu" wa ku Togo pamoza na "nkharo ya ndyali" ya m'ma 1990 na 2000, vikaŵa na "mawuzi" pa chuma.
Charu ichi chili mu gulu la vyaru ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵachoko chomene. Msumba uwu ndiwo ukaŵa cigaŵa cikuru ca malonda mu caru ici. Mulimo wa boma uwo ukamara kwa vilimika khumi, ndipo ukacitikanga na Banki ya pa Caru Cose na wupu wa International Monetary Fund (IMF), wa kusintha vinthu mu ndyali, kukhozga ndalama, na kupangiska kuti vinthu viŵe pa mtende pakati pa ndalama izo munthu wakusangapo na izo wakurya, watimbanizgika. Mu 1992 na 1993, vinthu vikahenipa mu caru cifukwa ca masuzgo gha ndyali, kusazgapo vigeŵenga na maboma, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti ndondomeko ya kusintha vinthu yiŵe yakusuzga, kukhizga msonkho, na kuti vinthu vileke kwenda makora mu caru.
Likutumizga ku caru cinyake makina, vinthu vyakupangira mafuta, na vyakurya. Vyaru vikuruvikuru ivyo vikupanga vinthu ivi ni France (21.1%), Netherlands (12.1%), Côte d'Ivoire (5.9%), Germany (4.6%), Italy (4.4%), South Africa (4.3%) na China (4.1%). Vinthu vikuruvikuru ivyo ŵakuluta navyo ku vyaru vinyake ni kakawo, khofi, vinthu ivyo ŵakuluta navyo ku vyaru vinyake, phosphates, na thonje. "Ŵabwezi ŵithu ŵalara chomene pa nkhani ya kutumizga vinthu ku vyaru vinyake" ni Burkina Faso (16.6%), China (15.4%), Netherlands (13%), Benin (9.6%) na Mali (7.4%). Pa nkhani ya kusintha vinthu mu vyaru vinyake, vyaru ivi vyaluta panthazi pa nkhani ya kulekeska ntchito zaukaboni, chomenechomene pa nkhani ya malonda na ntchito za pa dowoko. Ndondomeko ya kucitiska malonda gha viŵeto kuŵa ghaŵekha mu vigaŵa vya viŵeto vya thonje, vyamafoni, na vya maji ya maji, yili kumara.
Pa Janyuwale 12, 1994, ndalama ya ku Europe yikakhira pa mtengo wake na 50%, ndipo ivi vikawovwira kuti vinthu viwelere pa malo ghakwenelera. Kuti vinthu viŵe makora, boma likwenera kuŵa lakufwatuka pa nkhani ya ndalama izo likupeleka (kuti likwaniskenge kulipira ndalama izo zikukhumbikwa pa vinthu vya boma) kweniso likwenera kuchepeska ŵasilikari awo boma ili likuthemba kuti liŵe na nkhongono. Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa ndalama, kweniso kukwera kwa mitengo ya kakawo, GDP yikakhira na 1 peresenti mu 1998, ndipo yikambaso kukura mu 1999. Charu cha Togo chili mu wupu wakucemeka Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA).
Kulima ndiko kuli nga ni msana wa chuma. Kuŵavya ndalama zakugulira vinthu vyakumwa na vyakununkhira kwapangiska kuti ulimi uchepe. Mu 2012, ulimi ukapangiska kuti GDP yiŵe 28.2 peresenti ndipo mu 2010, ukaŵa na ntchito 49 peresenti ya ŵanthu wose awo ŵakagwiranga ntchito. Charu ichi chikukwaniska yekha kupanga vyakurya. Kuŵeta ng'ombe ndiko kukupangiska kuti viŵeto viŵe vinandi.
Railways
Ku Togo kuli njanji ya mtunda wa makilomita 568 mu chaka cha 2008, ndipo mu chaka cha 2023, njanji iyi yizamuweleraso yayi. Sitima iyi yikwenda pa mtunda wa 1000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) (narrow gauge) Sitima iyi yikwendeka na Société Nationale des Chemins de Fer Togolais (SNCT), iyo yikapangika chifukwa cha kusinthika na kusinthika zina la Réseau des Chemins de Fer du Togo kufuma 1997 mpaka 1998. Pakati pa Hahotoé na doko la Kpémé, Compagnie Togolaise des Mines du Bénin (CTMB) yikagwiliskiranga nchito sitima za phosphate. The following are the railway networks present in the country:
Air
Ku Togo kuli ma eyapoti ghakukwana 8, ndipo ghaŵiri ni gha pa caru cose ndipo ghacinkhondi na limoza ni gha pa caru cose. Ndege zikuruzikuru za mu chalo ichi ni za Lomé-Tokoin International Airport, izo zikugwira nchito mu msumba wa Lomé, na za Niamtougou International Airport mu Niamtougou, izo zikugwira nchito kumpoto kwa chalo ichi.
Benin
Makhalilo gha charu
Chifukwa cha malo agha, charu ichi chikusuzgika na kusintha kwa nyengo. Pakuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala kufupi na mumphepete mwa nyanja ndipo ŵakukhala ku malo ghapacanya, kukwera kwa nyanja kungapangiska kuti vinthu viheni vichitikenge. Ku vigaŵa vya kumpoto, vigaŵa vinyake vizamuzgoka mapopa. Chigaŵa icho chili na mapiri ghatali ghakukwana mamita 400 chili pafupi na Nikki na Save.
Pa mphaka ya kumpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa caru ici pali mapiri ghanandi agho ghakumanyikwa kuti Atacora. Phiri la Sokbaro lili pa mtunda wa mamita 658. Mu Benin muli minda, makuni gha mangrove, na nkhorongo. Ku vigaŵa vinyake vya charu ichi, makuni gha baobab ghakukhala mu thengere. Makuni ghanyake ghali mumphepete mwa milonga. Kumpoto na kumpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Benin, kuli njovu, nkharamu, viyuni vya mu mphepete mwa nyanja, na vinyama vinyake nga ni mphoyo. Nkhorongo ya Pendjari, Arli, na W, ku Burkina Faso na Niger, ni malo agho nkhalamu za ku West Africa zikukhala. Ku W-Arli-Pendjari kuli nkharamu zakukwana 356 (vyakuŵapo: 246 466). Kwamba kale, mu Benin mukaŵa ntcheŵe yakuchemeka Lycaon pictus.
Chuma
Kukura kwa GDP ku malo ghakukhala ŵanthu kukakanizgika pa 5,1% mu 2008 na 5,7% mu 2009. Cinthu cikuru ico cikovwira kuti caru ici cikure ni vyakurya, ndipo katoni ndiyo yikuguliskika comene, apo mauteŵeti ghakuluska comene GDP, comenecomene cifukwa ca malo agho Benin yili, agho ghakovwira kuti vinthu vyamalonda, vya mendero, na vyakusanguluska vicitikenge makora mu vyaru vyapafupi. Vinthu vikenda makora mu charu cha Benin mu 2017, ndipo chiŵelengero chikakura pafupifupi 5.6%. Vinthu ivyo vikapangiska kuti vinthu vyende makora ni vyakumera makuni, doko la Cotonou, na mawoko. Ku Cotonou, boma likukhumba kusazgirako ndalama izo likusanga. Mu 2017, charu cha Benin chikaguliska katundu wa madola pafupifupi 2.8 biliyoni nga ni mpunga, nyama na viŵeto, moŵa, mafuta gha pulasitiki, makina gha migodi na ghakujulira, mawoko, magalimoto gha ŵanthu, na vinthu vyakutoweskera. Vinthu vikuru comene ivyo ŵakuguliska ku vyaru vinyake ni makuni gha makuni gha makuni, makuni gha makuni gha makuni gha makuni, makuni gha makuni gha makuni gha makuni gha makuni gha makuni gha makuni gha makuni gha makuni, makuni gha cashew, mafuta gha shea, na makuni.
Vinthu vyakuthupi ivyo ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira nchito ni vicoko comene kuluska umo viliri pa caru cose. Mu 2016, charu cha Benin chikaŵa na malo ghakukwana mahekitala 0.9 gha vyakumera pa munthu yumoza pa charu chose. Mu 2016, charu cha Benin chikagwiliskira ntchito malo ghakukwana mahekitala 1.4 pa munthu yumoza. Ichi chikung'anamura kuti ŵakugwiliskira nchito "vigaŵa viŵiri" vya malo agho Benin wali. Pa cifukwa ici, caru ca Benin cili na suzgo la vyamoyo.
Munda wa katoni kumpoto kwa Benin.
Kuti caru ici cikure makora, Benin yikukhumba kukopa ndalama zinandi zakufuma ku vyaru vinyake, kuŵika mtima comene pa vyakusanguluska, kovwira kuti vyakurya na vyakurya viŵe makora, na kukhozga vyakupharazga. Mu Malichi 2006, boma la Benin likapeleka ndalama zakukwana madola 307 miliyoni gha ku United States kuti viwovwire ŵanthu awo ŵakukhumba kuchita bizinesi.
Liberia
Boma na ndale
Khoti Likuru Chomene mu Liberia lili na ŵeruzgi ŵankhondi. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵa khoti ili ŵakusoleka na pulezidenti ndipo ŵakukhozgeka na Senate, ndipo ŵakuteŵetera m'paka ŵaŵe na vyaka 70. Ŵeruzgi ŵali kugaŵika mu makhoti gha dera na ghapadera, makhoti gha ŵeruzgi na ŵeruzgi ŵa mtende. Boma ili likukolerana na malango gha ŵanthu wose. Mu vigaŵa vya ku mizi mu charu ichi, mu vigaŵa ivi muchali makhoti ghakupambanapambana.
Kufuma mu 1877 m'paka 1980, boma likalongozgekanga na True Whig Party. Mazuŵa ghano, pali vipani vya ndyali vyakujumpha 20 mu charu ichi. Maphwando ghanandi ghakusuzgika cifukwa ca kuleka kwendera ndondomeko. Mu 2005, aka kakaŵa kakwamba kuti chipani cha pulezidenti chileke kusanga vithuzithuzi vinandi mu wupu wakulongozga.
Njewa, Lilongwe
Njewa  ni zina la sukulu yakwamba kweneso malo agho ghakusangika ku kumanjililo gha dazi gha boma la Lilongwe,mu chigaŵa cha Pakati,mu charu cha Malaŵi.
Liberia
Ŵankhondo
Gulu la ŵasilikari la Liberia (AFL) ni gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa charu ichi. Gulu la ŵasilikari ili likamba kumanyikwa kuti Liberian Frontier Force mu 1908. Pa nyengo yose iyo gulu ili likaŵirako, boma la United States likapelekanga vinthu vinandi na wovwiri. Mu nyengo ya 1941-89, ŵabali ŵa ku United States ndiwo ŵakasambizganga ŵanyawo, ndipo nawo ŵakasambiranga nkhondo ya pa caru cose. Pamanyuma pa fundo ya UN Security Council 1509 mu Seputembala 2003, United Nations Mission ku Liberia yikafika kuti yilute na ŵasilikari ŵakufuma ku Ghana, Nigeria, Pakistan, na China kuti ŵakawovwire boma liphya la Liberia.
Königsbrunn am Wagram
Königsbrunn am Wagram ni msumba mu boma la Lower Austria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Liberia
Ubale na vyaru vinyake
Nkhondo Yakwamba na Yachiŵiri ya ku Liberia yikati yayamba, vinthu vikamba kwenda makora mu charu ichi. Nga ni vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa, caru ca China nchakuzirwa comene pa mulimo wa kuzengaso caru.
Togo
Water
Ku Togo, pakuyowoya za maji, pali makilomita 50 pera agho ghangafikako, chomene pa Mlonga wa Mono, kuyana na vula, mu 2011. Ku Togo kuli dowoko limoza pera ilo likutumizgirako katundu wa makontena, ndipo ni dowoko la Lomé.
Krems an der Donau
Krems an der Donau ni msumba mu boma la Lower Austria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Togo
Chiwerengero cha anthu
Mu Novembala 2010 ku Togo kukaŵa ŵanthu ŵakukwana 6,191,155, ndipo ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵakujumpha kaŵiri awo ŵakaŵapo pa census yakwamba. Mu 2022, ku Togo kukaŵa ŵanthu ŵakukwana 8,680,832. Kuŵerengeska uko kukacitika mu 1981, kukalongora kuti mu caru ici mukaŵa ŵantu 2,719,567. Msumba wake, Lomé, ukakura kufuma pa ŵanthu 375,499 mu 1981 kufika pa 837,437 mu 2010. Para ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu tawuni ya Golfe nawo ŵakusazgikako, ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu tawuni ya Lomé ŵakaŵa 1,477,660 mu 2010.
Misumba yinyake ya ku Togo yikaŵa Sokodé (95,070), Kara (94,878), Kpalimé (75,084), Atakpamé (69,261), Dapaong (58,071) na Tsévié (54,474). Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu tawuni iyi ŵakukwana, Togo is the 107th largest country by population. Most of the population (65%) live in rural villages dedicated to agriculture or pastures. The population of Togo shows a stronger growth: from 1961 (the year after independence) to 2003 it quintupled.
Ethnic groups
Ku Togo, kuli mafuko ghakupambanapambana ghakukwana 40, ndipo fuko likuru ni la Ŵa-Ewe, awo ŵakukhala kumwera kwa charu ichi ndipo ŵakupanga 32 peresenti ya ŵanthu wose. Mu mphepete mwa nyanja kumwera, ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ŵalipo 21 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose. Kweniso ku mpoto kuli ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Kotokoli panji Tem na Tchamba, ndipo ku mpoto kuli ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Kabye (22%). Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Ouatchi [fr] ŵalipo 14 peresenti ya ŵanthu wose. Nyengo zinyake ŵanthu ŵakughanaghana kuti ŵa Ewes na ŵa Ouatchis mbanthu ŵamoza, kweni Ŵafalansa awo ŵakasanda magulu ghose ghaŵiri, ŵakughanaghana kuti ni ŵanthu ŵakupambana. Mitundu yinyake ni Ŵamina, Ŵamosi, Ŵamoba na Ŵabassar, Ŵachokossi ŵa ku Mango (pafupifupi 8%).
Kleinzell
Kleinzell ni msumba mu boma la Lower Austria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Togo
Religion
Kuyana na lipoti la boma la US la 2012 pa nkhani ya wanangwa wa kusopa, mu 2004, Yunivesite ya Lomé yikati ŵanthu 33 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ŵakugomezga kuti vinthu vili kulengeka, 28 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose Mbakatolika, 20 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose Mbakhristu ŵa Sunni, 9 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose Mbakuprotesitanti, ndipo 5 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ŵali mu visopa vinyake. Pa ŵanthu 5 awo ŵakakhalapo, pakaŵaso ŵanyake awo ŵakaŵa ŵa cisopa cilicose yayi. Lipoti ili likayowoya kuti "Ŵakhristu na Ŵasilamu ŵanandi" ŵakulutilira kulondezga visambizgo vya cisopa ca ku malo agha.
Ndebvu, Lilongwe
Ndebvu ni zina la sukulu yakwamba kweneso malo agho ghakusangika ku kumanjililo gha dazi gha boma la Lilongwe,mu chigaŵa cha Pakati,mu charu cha Malaŵi.
Togo
Religion
Mu 2023, The World Factbook yikati 42.3% ya ŵanthu ni Ŵakhristu ndipo 14% ni Ŵasilamu, ndipo 36.9% mbalondezgi ŵa visambizgo vya ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha, ndipo ŵanthu ŵachoko waka awo ni Ŵahindu, Ŵayuda, na ŵalondezgi ŵa visopa vinyake, ndipo 6.2% mbambura kusopa..
Kottes-Purk
Kottes-Purk ni msumba mu boma la Lower Austria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Benin
Chuma
Wupu wa Paris Club na ŵakukongozga ŵaŵiri ŵakawovwira kuchepeska ngongoli ya caru cose. Kuŵavya magesi ghakukwana kukulutilira "kutimbanizga" vyachuma cha Benin ndipo boma lacitapo kanthu kuti likure magesi.
Namitete, Lilongwe
Namitete ni zina la sukulu yakwamba kweneso malo agho ghakusangika ku kumanjililo gha dazi gha boma la Lilongwe,mu chigaŵa cha Pakati,mu charu cha Malaŵi.
Benin
Chuma
Nangauli wupu wa vyamalonda ku Benin ukuwovwira ŵanthu pafupifupi 75% pa ŵanthu wose awo ŵakugwira ntchito, kweni wupu wa International Trade Union Confederation (ITCU) ukuti mu vyamalonda muli masuzgo ghanandi, kusazgapo kusowa kwa malipiro ghakuyana waka ku ŵanakazi, kugwiliskira ntchito ŵana, kweniso ntchito ya kuchichizgika. Charu cha Benin chili mu wupu wa Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA).
Ku Cotonou ndiko kuli dowoko la nyanja na chiŵanja cha ndege pera. Maliri gha Benin ghali na misewu ya mizere yiŵiri iyo yikukolerana na vyaru vinyake (Togo, Burkina Faso, Niger, na Nigeria). Mafoni gha pa foni ghalipo mu caru cose ici. Mu vigaŵa vinyake muli Intaneti ya ADSL. Boma la Benin lili pa Intaneti kwizira mu wayilesi (kwambira mu 1998) kweniso pa wayilesi ya SAT-3/WASC (kwambira mu 2001). Ŵakuwona kuti "malipiro ghapachanya" ghazamumara para ŵamba kugwiliskira ntchito nthowa ya Africa Coast to Europe mu 2011.