cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Carousel View, North West
Carousel View, North West ni muzi mu msumba wa Moretele, mu boma likulu la Bojanala Platinum District Municipality, chigaŵa chikulu cha North west, mu charu cha South Africa.
Vorë
Vorë ni msumba mu charu cha Albania mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Kampani ya British South Africa
Other areas
Bungwe la British South Africa Company likaghanaghanirangaso vya kupoka malo gha Bechuanaland Protectorate na Nyasaland, agho pakwamba ghakachemekanga British Central Africa Protectorate. Mu 1889, kampani iyi yikadumbiskana umo yingachitira kuti yikore boma la Bechuanaland, ilo likaŵa kale pasi pa Britain, kweniso kuti yikateŵetere lumoza na African Lakes Company iyo yikachitanga ntchito mu Nyasaland. Pa Okutobala 29, 1889, dango la ufumu likapeleka wanangwa wakuti ŵapolisi ŵa British South Africa Company ŵakhazikike. Mu nyengo iyi, BSAC yikapoka yayi boma la Bechuanaland, kweni mu 1892 yikapoka ndalama za Bechuanaland Border Police, iyo mu 1896 yikasazgikana na British South Africa Police. Pa 1 Apr 1896 Bechuanaland Border Police yikasintha zina kuŵa Bechuanaland Mounted Police (BMP).
Sumu za Malaŵi
Kupanga nyimbo
Mu 1988, boma likamba kuzomerezga ŵanthu kuti ŵagwirenge nchito na mabuku ghawo. Paumaliro wa m'ma 1990, masitudiyo ghacoko waka ghakaŵa mu Blantyre, Balaka, na Lilongwe.
Kampani ya British South Africa
Other areas
Mu 1880, kampani ya African Lakes Company yikayezga kuti yiŵe ya Chartered Company, ndipo mu 1889, Rhodes wakadumbiskana umo yingachitira kuti yikoleranenge na BSAC. Ndipouli, ofesi ya vyaru vinyake yikati kampani ya African Lakes Company njambura kwenelera kuwusa chigaŵa chilichose, ndipo mu 1890, BSAC yikakhumba kuwusa kampani iyi m'malo mwa kuwungana nayo. Ŵalara ŵa Lakes Company ŵakakana, kweni mu 1893 ŵakaŵafumiskapo. Mu 1891, boma la Britain la ku Central Africa likapharazga kuti boma la Britain lipelekenge ndalama zakwendeskera ntchito ya boma ili. Ndipouli, mulara wake, Harry Johnson, wakakana kuŵa mulara wa BSAC, comenecomene apo Rhodes wakakhumbanga kuti malo ghose gha Ufumu ghapelekeke ku BSAC na kuti Johnson wawovwire kuti malo gha mu Africa ghapelekekeso kwa iyo.
Sumu za Malaŵi
Kupanga nyimbo
Mpingo wa ku Malawi ukajura mastudiyo gha Andiamo, uko gulu la Christian Alleluya Band likakora sumu yawo yakwamba pa kaseti mu 1988. Mu 1991, Paul Banda uyo wakwimba gitala wa Alleluya Band wakambiska Imbirani Yahwe Studios mu Balaka Town. Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, Ŵakwimba ŵanandi ŵa ku Malawi ŵakukhumba kuŵa na studio yawo ya kujambura sumu. Pa cifukwa ici, nchakusuzga kusanga mastudio gha kwimba sumu mu caru ici, ndipo maburosha gha vyakwimba sumu ghakukhala nyengo yicoko. Mu vyaru vinyake vya ku Malawi, ŵanthu ŵakulemba sumu mu ma studio ghanandi.
Kampani ya British South Africa
Dispute with Portugal
Pa ungano wa ku Berlin uwo ukacitika pa Febuluwale 26, 1885, dango lakuti ŵanthu ŵaŵikenge vinthu mu mawoko ghawo likapweteka comene Ŵapwitikizi. Ndime 34 yikayowoya kuti boma ilo likukhumba kutora malo agho ghakaŵa kutali na mphaka zake, likwenera kuphalira ŵanyawo kuti ŵaleke kugomezga. Ndime 35 ya Dango ili yikati wanangwa ungapelekeka pa malo agho ghakaŵa ghambura kukoloneskeka usange boma ilo likukhumba wanangwa uwu lili na mazaza ghakukwana kuvikilira wanangwa uwo ulipo na wanangwa wa malonda. Kanandi ici cikang'anamuranga kucita mapangano na ŵalongozgi ŵa cigaŵa, kupanga maboma, na kupoka mazaza gha ŵapolisi. Pakwamba, Portugal yikati phangano la Berlin likugwira nchito yayi, ndipo yikeneranga yayi kupeleka vyeruzgo panji kukanizga kuti caru ici ciŵe mu mawoko gha ŵasilikari ŵa Mozambique. Ndipouli, ŵalara ŵa boma la Britain ŵakakolerana nayo yayi fundo iyi.
"Pali malo agho iye (England) wangacitako milimo yake mu South Africa, ndipo pali cijaro cilicose ico cikumukanizga. Nakuti tikunena za cigaŵa ico cikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa Portugal. Mbunenesko kuti pa nyengo yasono fundo iyi njambura kupulikikwa. Charu cha Portugal chikaŵa na mazaza pa vyaru vinyake. Kuyowoya za vyaru ivyo vikaŵa na Ŵapwitikizi mu vyaru vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa, nkhung'anamura waka vinthu vyautesi ivyo vikuwoneka kuti ni vyautesi.
Sumu za Malaŵi
Sumu za pa caru cose
Pali wupu wa Malawi Broadcasting Corporation, ndipo ŵanthu awo ŵakutemwa kutegherezga "Radio One" ŵakumanya kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakutemwa kutegherezga mu Malawi ni Don Williams, Jim Reeves, Shaggy, Judy Boucher na ŵanthu ŵa ku South Africa nga ni Lucky Dube na Brenda Fassie.
Rainbach im Innkreis
Rainbach im Innkreis ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Upper Austria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Sumu za Malaŵi
Maukaboni
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Blauzi
Blauzi (blau̇s, 'blau̇z, /blaʊz, blaʊs, bluːz/) ni chakuvwala chakuchanya icho chikuŵa chakuthithika cha ndipo chikugwiriskika ntchito na ŵakugwira ntchito, ŵalimi, ŵakujambula, ŵanakazi, na ŵana. Kanandi ŵakuyiŵika mu chiuno panji mu chiuno (kuyana na chiuno chakukhoma, chiuno chakukwana, panji lamba), mwakuti yikukhazikika pa thupi la munthu uyo wakuyivwara. Mazuŵa ghano, lizgu ili likung'anamura malaya gha ŵanakazi, nangauli pali mphindano yikuru pakati pa malaya gha ŵanalume na ŵanakazi. Kweniso lingayowoya za malaya gha ŵanalume usange ni malaya gha ŵanthu (mwakuyana waka, malaya gha ŵanthu awo ŵakulemba mabuku na malaya gha Cossack), nangauli ni nyengo zinandi yayi. Kanandi, mazgu agha ghakung'anamura malaya agho ghakuwoneka nga ni gha mwanakazi, nangauli mazuŵa ghano malaya agha ghakulikaso na ŵalume wuwo panjiso mwakuyana panjiso mwa kujumpha ŵanakazi.
Sumu za Malaŵi
Ma linki ghanyake
Interview with Kenny Gilmore director of Deep Roots Malawi
Deep Roots Malawi the Official Film directed by Kenny Gilmore
Kampani ya British South Africa
Dispute with Portugal
Mu 1884, Joaquim Carlos Paiva de Andrada wakapika mulimo wakuti wakhazikiske charu cha Mozambique, ndipo wakacitanga milimo yinandi mu vigaŵa vinayi. Chakwamba, mu 1884 wakambiska tawuni ya Beira na kupoka chigaŵa chikuru cha Sofala. Caciŵiri, mu 1884, wakapoka malo agho ghakaŵa pa mtunda wa makilomita 180 kufuma ku Zumbo, agho ghakaŵa kuti ghazengekaso ndipo kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa malo agha, mbumba za ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal zikaguliskanga na kukhazikika kwambira mu ma 1860. Nangauli Andrada wakambiska yayi boma nyengo yeneyiyo, kweni mu 1889, ŵakakhazikiska malo ghanyake uko mlonga wa Zambezi na wa Kafue ukukumana. Cacitatu, mu 1889, Andrada wakapika malo ghanyake pa malo gha Manica, agho ghakaŵa mu vigaŵa vyose viŵiri vya chigaŵa ca Manica ku Mozambique na Manicaland ku Zimbabwe. Andrada wakawoneseska kuti malo ghanandi gha mu charu ichi ghaŵe pa mtende ndipo wakambiska boma, kweni mu Novembala 1890 ŵasilikari ŵa British South Africa Company ŵakamukora na kumuchimbizga. Paumaliro, mu 1889, Andrada wakajumpha kumpoto kwa Mashonaland, pafupifupi chigaŵa cha Mashonaland Central Province ku Zimbabwe, ndipo wakachita mapangano. Wakaleka kuphalira boma la Portugal za phangano ili, ntheura ivyo likayowoya vikamanyikwa yayi ku maboma ghanyake, nga umo phangano la Berlin likayowoyera. Boma la Britain likakana kupeleka milandu yose iyo yikususkana na ivyo boma la Britain likukhumba, ndipo pa Janyuwale 11, 1890, Fumu Salisbury yikatuma Ultimatum ku boma la Portugal.
Fixing boundaries
Cigaŵa caumaliro ca kupoka caru cikaŵa ca kupanga mapangano na maufumu ghanyake gha ku Europe. Phangano la Britain na Portugal la mu 1891 likaŵa phangano ilo likalembeka mu Lisbon pa Juni 11, 1891 pakati pa United Kingdom na Portugal. Chikaŵa na mphaka pakati pa vigaŵa ivyo vikalongozgekanga na kampani ya British South Africa Company ku Mashonaland na Matabeleland, ivyo sono ni vigaŵa vya Zimbabwe, na North-Eastern Rhodesia (iyo sono ni vigaŵa vya Zambia) na Mozambique. Chikagaŵa chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa charu cha Manica na kupeleka ku British South Africa Company. Chikaŵaso mphaka pakati pa chigaŵa cha kumpoto cha Rhodesia (sono ni Zambia) icho chikaŵa pasi pa boma la BSAC na Angola. Mphaka ya kumpoto ya vigaŵa vya Britain yikakolerana mu 1890. Mphaka pakati pa British Central Africa Protectorate na British South Africa Company mu malo agho sono ni Zambia yikakhazikiskika mu 1891 pa malo agho pakaŵa nyanja ya Malawi na mlonga wa Luangwa.
Early administration
Fundo za mapangano agho ghakapangiska vyaru vyakupambanapambana kumpoto panji kumwera kwa Mlonga wa Zambezi, zikapeleka mazaza ghakuru ku ŵanthu awo ŵakavilembanga. Nangauli vikaŵa nthena, kweni kampani ya British South Africa Company yikamazga mazaza gha ŵamazaza ŵa ku South Africa kwizira mu nkhondo, panji yikaŵawovwira kuti ŵaleke kulamulira. Kuumaliro wa vyaka 10 vyakwambilira vya m'ma 1900, mafumu agho ghakaŵa kuti ghacalipo ghakaŵa ghacilendo.
Pambere chaka cha 1901 chindafike, boma la kumpoto kwa Mlonga wa Zambezi likaŵa lakwamba waka. Mu Northern-Eastern Rhodesia, Abercorn na Fife vikaŵa vyalo vyakukhora ndipo Mulara wa Northern-Eastern Rhodesia wakakhalanga mu Blantyre mu British Central Africa Protectorate mpaka apo Fort Jameson yikakhazikiskikira mu 1899 nga ni likuru lake. Ku Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia, kukaŵavya ofesi ya munthavi m'paka mu 1901.
Southern Rhodesia
Ŵapayiniya ŵakati ŵanjira mu Southern Rhodesia, kampani ya British South Africa Company ndiyo yikamba kupenja malo gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe. Boma la Matabele likamara, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakamba kuŵa na malo ghawo na ghawo. Jameson, uyo wakazgoka Mulara wa Mashonaland mu 1891, ndiyo wakimikika na Rhodes ndipo wakafiska ivyo wakaghanaghananga kuti ni mapulani gha Rhodes kwambura kulaŵilirika na Rhodes kweniso na BSAC Board ku London. Jameson wakapeleka malo ghanandi comene pakati pa 1891 na 1893 kweni wakaweleramo viŵi yayi. Ndondomeko iyi yikakhuŵazga ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu malo agha, awo ŵakaguranga malo gha mtengo wapatali.
Pakuti malango gha ku England ghakaŵanga ku Southern na Northern Rhodesia, malo ghose agho ghakaŵa kuti ghandapelekeke ku ŵanji ghakeneranga kuŵa gha Ufumu. Ndipouli, mu vigaŵa vyose viŵiri ivi, BSAC yikayowoya kuti yikaŵa na malo agho ghakaŵa ghekha yayi, panji chifukwa chakuti yikaŵa iyo yayi, panji chifukwa cha ivyo yikachita. Kweniso likati lili na wanangwa wa kupoka malo agha. Mu 1890 na 1891, ofesi ya Colonial Office na High Commissioner ŵakazomera kuti BSAC yili kupokera malo mu Mashonaland. Pamanyuma pa nkhondo za ku Matebele, mu 1894 kampani iyi yikayowoya kuti yili na wanangwa wa kusora malo ghose gha ku Matebeleland, chifukwa Themba la Ndebele, Lobengula ndilo likaŵa na malo agha. Ofesi ya Colonial Office yikasuska, kweni yikati yikukhumba kuti BSAC yipeleke malo ghakukwana ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa.
Mu 1894, ŵakapanga komiti ya vyaru kuti yikweruzge umo ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi. Komiti iyi yikati malo ghaŵiri ghakuru ghaŵikeko ŵanthu ŵa ku Matabeleland, agho ni malo gha Shangani na Gwaai. Pambere Ŵaciyurope ŵandafike, ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakaŵa na malo pafupifupi maekala 100,000,000 mu caru ico sono cikucemeka Southern Rhodesia. Ndondomeko ya Komiti ya Vyaru yikaŵa yiheni comene, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakamanyanga makora yayi umo ŵangapelekera malo agha. Cifukwa cimoza ico cikacitiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Matabele na Mashona ŵagaluke mu 1896 nchakuti ŵakatondeka kupeleka malo ghakwenelera ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa. Pamanyuma pa kugaluka uku, BSAC yikakhumbikwiranga kupeleka malo ghakukwana ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Southern Rhodesia ku Africa kuti ŵakondweske vyakurya na viŵeto vyawo, kusazgapo maji. Mu 1902, malo agha ghakaŵa na ŵanthu 530,000. Nangauli pamasinda vinthu vikasintha, kweni ndondomeko ya kugaŵa malo yikalutilira m'paka apo charu chikapokera wanangwa. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakaŵa na mulimo wa kunozga malo agha ŵakaphalirika kuti mbumba yiliyose yiŵe na malo ghakukwana 9 m'paka 15 ekala gha malo gha kulima, kweniso malo ghakukwana ghakuliskako viŵeto. Mu 1910, Komiti Yakusanda Nkhani za Ŵanthu Ŵakufuma ku Vyaru Vinyake yikapangika, ndipo yikasintha vinthu vicoko comene. Komiti iyi yikapeleka malo ghakukwana maekalamu 19 miliyoni ku ŵa ku Europe na maekalamu 21.4 miliyoni ku malo ghakusungirako ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa. Malo ghanyake ghakukwana makilomita ghakujumpha 500,000 ghakaŵa ghambura kupelekeka ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe.
Mu 1918, Komiti ya vya Malango ya ku Britain yikadumura kuti nangauli kampani ya British South Africa Company yikapoka charu cha Mashonaland na Matabeleland, kweni yikaŵa thenga la ufumu wa Britain. Khoti likamanya kuti ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa ku Southern Rhodesia ndiwo ŵakaŵa na malo agha, kweni ŵakaleka kughaŵa chifukwa cha kuwukira kwa BSAC. Ndipouli, nanga ni apo khoti likadumura kuti boma la Britain lileke kugwiliskira ntchito malo agha, boma la Britain likazomerezga kuti BSAC yilutilire kulamulira malo agha. Mu 1923, boma la Britain likakolerana kuti lipeleke ndalama zinyake pa ndalama izi, kweni ilo likapeleka ndalama zinyake ku Southern Rhodesia.
Mu 1920, malo ghanyake ghakaŵa ghacoko comene ndipo ghakaŵa na malo ghakukhala ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ghakukwana 83. Pa malo agha, pafupifupi maekala 3 miliyoni ghakaŵa ghambura kunozgekera kulima. Mu 1925, boma la BSAC likati lamara kuwusa, likazomerezga kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe na ŵa ku Africa ŵapatukeko ku vyaru vinyake.
Northern Rhodesia
Ku Northern Rhodesia, gulu la BSAC likayowoya kuti ndilo lili na malo ghose agho ghakaŵa mu chigaŵa ichi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vya mumphepete mwa njanji na kufupi na matawuni, kweni ŵakasoŵanga malo yayi chifukwa ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga pachoko kuluska ku Southern Rhodesia. Mu 1913, BSAC yikanozga vyakuti mu Southern Rhodesia muŵe malo ghakusungirako ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha.
Ivyo khoti likadumura pa nkhani ya Southern Rhodesia vikawuska mafumbo ghakukhwaskana na ivyo BSAC yikayowoya vya malo agho ghakaŵa kumpoto kwa Mlonga wa Zambezi. Ndipouli, ivyo kampani iyi yikakhumbanga ku Northern Rhodesia vikajintha pa vinthu ivyo yikapika m'malo mwa kuwina, ndipo nangauli komiti ya ku parliament mu 1921 yikayowoya kuti ivyo yikakhumbanga vipelekekeso ku Privy Council, boma la Britain likakhumbanga kuti ŵadumbiskane umo ŵangamazgira suzgo ili. Ivi vikalongora kuti fundo ya kampani iyi njaunenesko. Kuyana na phangano ilo likachitika pa Seputembala 29, 1923, boma la Northern Rhodesia likamba kulamulira malo ghose agho ghakaŵa pasi pa BSAC kwambira pa Epulero 1, 1924, ndipo likapelekanga hafu ya ndalama izo kampani iyi yikaguliskanga.
Railway policies
Kampani ya British South Africa Company ndiyo yikazenga njanji ya ku Rhodesia mu nyengo ya kuzenga iyo yikamara mu 1911, apo msewu ukuru uwo ukajumphanga ku Northern Rhodesia ukafika ku mphaka ya Congo na migodi ya mkuwa ya Katanga. Pakwamba, Rhodes wakakhumbanga kupanga njanji iyo yikendenge kufuma ku Zambesi m'paka ku Nyanja ya Tanganyika. Rhodes wakaŵa munthu wa mtima wakuwona patali, ndipo wakati wasanga golide mucoko comene mu Mashonaland, wakazomera kuti nanga ni ndondomeko yakufika ku Nyanja ya Tanganyika yikaŵa ya cuma cara. Masitima agho ghakazengeka na makampani gha ŵekha kwambura wovwiri wa boma ghakukhumbikwira magalimoto ghanandi kuti ghapelekenge ndalama zinandi. Vyakumera ivyo vikawovwira kuti chuma cha Rhodesia chikure makora vikatondeka kupeleka ndalama izi. Masitima ghanandi ghakwambilira gha mu Africa ghakazengeka na boma la Britain m'malo mwa makampani gha Chartered. Chifukwa cha kukhumba kusanga ndalama na kupeleka njombe, makampani ghanandi ghakaleka kugwiliskira ntchito vinthu ivi. Ndipouli, mu nyengo yakwambilira ya kuzenga njanji, BSAC yikapokera ndalama kufuma ku makampani gha ku South Africa, kusazgapo Consolidated Gold Fields na De Beers. Kweniso BSAC yikapokerapo candulo na vinthu vinandi ivyo Rhodes na Beit ŵakaŵa navyo pambere ŵandafwe.
Development of routes
Fumu Gifford na kampani yake ya Bechuanaland Exploring Company ŵakasanga wanangwa wa kuzenga njanji yapadera kumpoto kufuma ku chipata cha Cape Government Railways ku Kimberley kuya ku Bechuanaland mu 1888. Pakwamba, Rhodes wakakananga, cifukwa cakuti Gifford wakaŵa wakususka, kweniso cifukwa ca ndyali za ku Cape. Ndipouli, apo boma la Rhodes na la Gifford likakolerana, BSAC yikeneranga kuchita mulimo uwu kuti yiŵe na chikalata. Rhodes wakalayizga kuti BSAC yizamupeleka ndalama zakukwana £500,000 pakuzenga njanji kujumpha mu Bechuanaland. Sitima iyi yikafika ku Vryburg mu 1890, ndipo yikakhala kwenekura m'paka mu 1893 chifukwa cha suzgo la ndalama ilo BSAC yikaŵa nalo. BSAC yikalutilira kuŵa maso pakuzenga njanji m'paka mu 1896, apo ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakamba kuwukira boma la Rhodesia.
Kufuma apo, ŵakafika ku Broken Hill, uko ŵakafika mu 1906. Wupu wa BSAC ukaŵasimikizgira kuti mu migodi yawo muzamwenda ŵanthu ŵanandi, kweni ivi vikachitika yayi chifukwa cha suzgo la migodi. Njanji iyi yikatondekanga kulipira ngongoli izo ŵakagulira, ndipo kampani iyi yikaŵa na masuzgo ghakuru gha ndalama. Malo ghekha agho ghangaŵa na migodi yinandi kuti ghapeleke ngongoli iyi ni Katanga. Pakwamba, boma la Congo likawona kuti mkuŵa uwo ukaŵa ku Katanga ukaŵa wambura kukhumbikwa pakuzenga njanji. Kweni pakati pa 1899 na 1901, ŵanthu ŵakaluta ku malo ghanyake kukawona kuti mkuŵa uwu ngwakuzirwa. Vinthu vya mkuwa ivyo vikasangika ku Northern Rhodesia pambere Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose yindize vikaŵa vyambura kovwira.
Mu 1906, ŵakazenga wupu wakuchemeka Union Minière du Haut Katanga. Themba Leopold likakhumbanga kuti njanji yijumphe mu vigaŵa vyose vya Congo. Kweniso ŵakakhumbanga kuti paŵe njanji ya ku Angola kufuma ku Lobito Bay kuluta ku Katanga, kweni mu 1908, BSAC yikakolerana na Leopold kuti njanji ya ku Rhodesia yilutilire kuluta ku Elizabethville na migodi. Pakati pa 1912, apo mulimo wa kupanga mkuŵa ukambira, na 1928 apo mulimo wa ku Congo ukamara, pafupifupi mkuŵa wose wa ku Katanga ukatolekera ku Beira. Nanga ni apo nthowa ya ku Congo yikaŵa kuti yajulika, mkuwa wa Katanga pafupifupi chigaŵa chimoza pa vigaŵa vitatu ukafikanga ku Beira, ndipo malasha na coke ivyo vikaŵa mu mgodi uwu vikafumanga ku Wankie, uko kukaŵa kwakudura comene. Njanji iyi yikapokeranga ndalama zinandi kufuma ku Katanga, ndipo yikaŵa yakwenelera kwendeska vyakurya pa mtengo wapasi. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1920, charu cha Copperbelt chikamba kukura chomene. Nthowa iyi yikaŵa yakusuzga yayi cifukwa cakuti ŵakeneranga kuzenga tumaji tuchokotuchoko waka kuti ŵakumane na msewu ukuru. Msewu wa ku Beira ukaŵa wakukhora ndipo BSAC yikakhumbanga kuti yikanizge makampani gha Copperbelt kugwiliskira ntchito nthowa zinyake izo yikaleka kuzilamulira. Njanji ya Benguela kuya ku Angola, iyo yikamara kuzengeka mu 1931, yikaŵa nthowa yifupi comene yakuyegha mkuŵa kufuma ku Katanga na Northern Rhodesia, kweni yikaŵa kuti yindagwiliskike nchito cifukwa cakuti vyaru vya ku Congo na Rhodesia vikaŵa na nthowa zawo.
Apo boma la BSAC likamalizganga ntchito yake ku Rhodesia, ofesi ya Colonial Secretary na kampani iyi ŵakakolerana pa Seputembala 29, 1923, kuti BSAC yikwenera kuvikilirika chifukwa cha ndalama izo yikagwiliskiranga ntchito pa njanji ku Northern na Southern Rhodesia. Phangano ili likati maboma gha vigaŵa vyose ghapeleke ku Secretary of the Colonies malango ghose agho ghangazomerezga kuzenga misewu yiphya panji kusintha mitengo iyo misewu iyo yikaŵapo kale yikapelekanga. Ici cikapangiska kuti ŵamazaza ŵa kumpoto panji kumwera kwa Rhodesia ŵaleke kwambiska mpikisano panji kuyuzga njanji izo zikendeskeka na BSAC kuti zichepeske mitengo kwambura kuzomerezgeka na boma la Britain.
Railways and the settlers
Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakasuskanga chomene fundo ziŵiri za kampani ya British South Africa. Chakwamba, fundo izo ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito pakovwira kampani iyi na ŵeneko ŵa masheya, ndipo chachiŵiri, awo ŵakakhalanga mu malo agha ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito masheya ghakurughakuru. Nangauli ivyo ŵakayowoya vikaŵa vyambura kupulikikwa, kweni vikapangiska kuti paŵe mphindano pakati pa ŵakukhazikika na BSAC. Pa msewu wakufupi wa kumafumiro gha dazi kufuma ku Beira, ndalama izo ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito zikaŵa zinandi cifukwa ca ngongoli izo ŵakaŵa nazo pakuzenga na cifukwa cakuti kampani ya Mozambique, iyo yikapokera wanangwa wakwamba wa kuzenga njanji iyi mu 1891, yikakhomeska. Kwambira mu 1914, ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakakhalanga ku malo agha ndiwo ŵakaŵa na mazaza ghanandi mu wupu uwu, ndipo ŵakakhumbanga kuti maboma gha boma gha BSAC ghaleke kulamulira njanji. Mu 1923, boma likaŵa na mazaza pa vinthu, kweni likati laŵikamo boma, boma likagwiliskira ntchito dango la Railways Act la 1926. Ivi vikapangiska kuti BSAC ndiyo waŵe mweneko wa masitima agha, agho ghakachemekanga Beira and Mashonaland and Rhodesia Railways m'paka mu 1927, ndipo pamanyuma pake Rhodesia Railways Limited. Ivi ndivyo vikachitika m'paka mu 1947, apo boma la Southern Rhodesia likagura katundu wa Rhodesia Railways Limited.
Early trading
The company was empowered to trade with African rulers such as King Lobengula; to form banks; to own, manage and grant or distribute land, and to raise a police force (the British South Africa Police). In return, the company agreed to develop the territory it controlled, to respect existing African laws, to allow free trade within its territory and to respect all religions. Rhodes and the white settlers attracted to the company's territory set their sights for ever more mineral rights and more territorial concessions from the African peoples, establishing their own governments, and introducing laws with little concern or respect for African laws. The BSAC was not able to generate enough profit to pay its shareholders dividends until after it lost direct administrative control over Rhodesia in 1923.
BSAC claims
Initially, the British South Africa Company claimed mineral rights in both Northern and Southern Rhodesia. During the period of its Charter, the BSAC was not involved in mining directly, but received mineral royalties and held shares in mining companies. Often the main source of income of these companies was not in mining itself but in speculation markets. In Moshanaland, complaints arose at the delay of development of mines in order to fuel speculation profits further.
BSAC claimed to own mineral rights over the whole of Northern Rhodesia under one series of concessions granted between 1890 and 1910 by Lewanika covering a poorly defined area of Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia, and under a second series negotiated by Joseph Thomson and Alfred Sharpe in 1890 and 1891 with local chiefs covering a disputed area of North-Eastern Rhodesia. This claim was accepted by the British Government. After the Charter ended, BSAC joined a group of nine South African and British companies which financed the development of Nchanga Mines, to prevent them falling under US control. However, its main concern was to receive royalties.
Ancient surface copper workings were known at Kansanshi (near Solwezi), Bwana Mkubwa and Luanshya, all on what later became known as the Copperbelt, and BSAC exploration in the 1890s indicated there were significant deposits in the area. However, they could not be commercially exploited until a railway had been built. A railway bridge across the Zambezi was constructed in 1903 and the line was continued northward, reaching Broken Hill in 1906, where the lead and zinc vanadium mine was opened, and reaching the Belgian Congo border in 1909. At that time, mining had started in Katanga, where rich copper oxide ores occurred near the surface. In Northern Rhodesia, the surface ores were of poorer quality, and copper was only worked intermittently at Bwana Mkubwa, until in 1924 rich copper sulphide ores were discovered about 100 feet below the surface.
In 1922, the Southern Rhodesian voters rejected the option of inclusion in the Union of South Africa and opted for responsible government: the Northern Rhodesian settlers were not consulted. The BSAC wanted to give up responsibility for administering Northern Rhodesia, but to preserve its mining and land rights by negotiating a settlement with the British government for both parts of Rhodesia. For Northern Rhodesia, the most important provision of that agreement was that the Crown would recognise that BSAC was the owner of the mineral rights acquired under the concessions obtained from Lewanika in North Western Rhodesia Certificates of Claim issued by Harry Johnston in North Eastern Rhodesia.
Under the Northern Rhodesian settlement, the company dropped its claim for reimbursement of a £l.6 million administrative deficit: in return the British Government agreed to give the BSAC half the net revenue from certain rents and land sales and recognised (or appeared to recognise) the company as the owner of Northern Rhodesia's mineral rights in perpetuity. The British Government could have bought out these rights by paying BSAC £l.6 million to meet its reimbursement claim, but declined to make the money available. This agreement was criticised then and later time by both African and European inhabitants of the territory. The elected unofficial members of the Legislative Council pressed for the royalties issue to be referred to the Privy Council, as the BSAC's title to unalienated land in Southern Rhodesia had been. Instead, for forty years up to Zambian independence, successive British Governments recognised the BSAC as owner of all underground minerals in Northern Rhodesia, and compelled anyone mining them to pay royalties to the company.
In 1923, the Northern Rhodesian copper industry was little developed, and the British government did not anticipate the future value of these mineral rights. It regarded them as a not very important part of the overall deal with the company. The lack of any challenge to the BSAC's claims and the decision not to refer them to the Privy Council led to suspicion that the company received favoured treatment. There were family links between a junior Colonial Office minister and the BSAC director leading its negotiations, but no evidence to suggest this led to any bias. The most probable explanation is that the importance of the minerals was overlooked in the haste to achieve a settlement. Because of lack of time, the agreement was not approved by the Attorney-General.
The 1923 Agreement stated that the Crown recognised British South Africa Company mineral rights acquired under the concessions either from Lewanika in Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia or under Certificates of Claim in North-Eastern Rhodesia. These concessions did not cover all of Northern Rhodesia. In particular, they could not have conveyed mineral rights in the area of the Copperbelt from which most of the BSAC's royalties came, as the Copperbelt was outside these areas. However, the British Government had legal advice that the Colonial Office's recognition of the BSAC's rights in practice over a long period, and specific recognition of those rights in Rhodesia mining legislation, prevented it from challenging the rights.
Claims disputed
The first attempts to challenge BSAC royalty claims were made by the Governor of Northern Rhodesia between 1935 and 1937. The Governor, Sir Hubert Young, attempted to convince the Colonial Office that BSAC only owned mineral rights in the areas of the concessions from Lewanika and the Certificates of Claim from Johnston. This excluded most of the Copperbelt, as the area east of the Kafue River had never been ruled by Lewanika. The Colonial Office response was that BSAC ownership of mineral rights throughout Northern Rhodesia had been accepted in practice, and the references to the Lewanika concessions and Certificates of Claim should not be interpreted in a narrow sense.
Northern Rhodesian settler politicians were not convinced by the Colonial Office arguments, in particular the suggestion that, since the British government had previously recognised the BSAC claims, it could not challenge them now on the basis of a reinterpretation of terms of the 1923 agreement. Settler representatives proposed either that the BSAC mineral rights should be bought out or that punitive levels of tax should be imposed on BSAC royalties. After years of BSAC obstruction, the company was forced to agree in 1950 that it would surrender their mineral rights in 1986 without compensation, and meanwhile give 20% of its royalties to the Northern Rhodesian government.
The 1950 agreement continued through the period of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, but at the end of Federation in 1963 the African leaders of what became Zambia sought its revision, proposing to buy out the British South Africa Company's mineral rights for a lump sum. The BSAC refused, and the Northern Rhodesian government of Kenneth Kaunda commissioned a full legal enquiry into the validity of the company's claims. The results were published as a White Paper which considered the validity of commercial rights held and exercised under the colonial legislative and administrative system.
The Northern Rhodesian government argued that many of the treaties on which BSAC relied were of doubtful validity and probably could not have effectively transferred mineral rights. Even if the treaties were valid, none if them covered the Copperbelt, and any subsequent agreements merely confirmed the company's rights if they were originally valid: they did not give the treaties retrospective validity. It further argued that, as the British government had wrongly allowed the BSAC to claim royalties it was not entitled to, the British government should pay any compensation it thought the company was due, and not place this burden on an independent Zambia. Shortly before the planned date for independence of 24 October 1964, Kaunda threatened to expropriate the BSAC immediately afterwards if no agreement were reached. On 23 October, BSAC agreed to give up any mineral rights it might have in return for compensation of £4 million, the British and Zambian governments paying half each.
Financial returns
Traders of B.S.A.C stock profited handsomely from the speculative trading of the stock which was trading for multiple times higher that its nominal book value on the LSE and the Rhodesian Stock Exchange which was initiated in the Masonic Assembly Room on 20 June 1894. A History of the Zimbabwean Stock Exchange An investor who invested in the original one million shares at £1 each and participated in each rights issue up to 1904, would have paid an average of £1.66 for each share. No dividends were received before 1924, but from then the average annual dividend for the next 26 years was 7.5 pence, a poor rate of return. However, from 1950, dividend rates increased sharply, reaching 75 pence a share in 1960, largely from Northern Rhodesian copper royalties. Each share was split two-for-one in 1955 and each of the new shares was exchanged for three Charter Consolidated shares at the beginning of 1965.
Security
Clause 3 of the BSAC Charter allowed the company to obtain powers necessary for the preservation of public order in, or for the protection of, the territories comprised in its concessions, and Clause 10 allowed the company to establish and maintain a police force. This did not permit the formation of an army but BSAC created a paramilitary force of mounted infantrymen in 1889 which was virtually its army and which allowed it to defeat and replace the Matabele kingdom and then overcome resistance of the Shona north of the Limpopo river in the First Matabele War and Second Matabele War. It was the first British use of the Maxim gun in combat (causing five thousand Ndebele casualties). The company carved out and administered a territory which it named Zambezia, and later, Rhodesia, which now covers the area occupied by the republics of Zambia and Zimbabwe.
Hasırağacı, Karataş
Hasırağacı, Karataş ni msumba mu boma la Karataş mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Adana mu charu cha Turkey mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Kampani ya British South Africa
Medal
In 1896, Queen Victoria sanctioned the issue by the British South Africa Company of a medal to troops who had been engaged in the First Matabele War. In 1897, the Queen sanctioned another medal for those engaged in the two campaigns of the Second Matabele War: Rhodesia (1896) and Mashonaland (1897). The government of Southern Rhodesia re-issued the medal to commemorate the earlier 1890 Pioneer Column, in 1927.
Legislature and administration
A legislative council for Southern Rhodesia was created in 1898 to advise the BSAC Administrator and the High Commissioner for South Africa on legal matters. Initially, this had a minority of elected seats, and the electorate was formed almost exclusively of those better-off white settlers who held BSAC shares. Over time as more settlers arrived, disputes between settlers and BSAC grew, and the company attempted to keep these in check by extending the franchise to some non-shareholders. However, in 1914, the Royal Charter was renewed on condition that settlers in Southern Rhodesia were given increased political rights, and from 1914, there was an elected majority on the Southern Rhodesian Legislative Council.
In Northern Rhodesia, there was neither an Executive Council nor a legislative council, but only an Advisory Council, which until 1917 consisted entirely of officials. After 1917 and a few nominees were added to represent the small European minority: Northern Rhodesia had no elected representation while under BSAC rule. Provision for elected unofficial members was only made after BSAC rule there came to an end in 1924. In both parts of Rhodesia, the BSAC Administrators were required to submit all draft Proclamations affecting Europeans to the High Commissioner for South Africa for approval before they were issued. The High Commissioner could in theory, and subject to certain restrictions, also make, alter or repeal Proclamations for the administration of justice, the raising of revenue, and for the peace, order and good government of either territory, without reference to their Administrators, although this power was never used.
The British South Africa Company was planning to centralise the administration of the two Rhodesias at the time of the Jameson Raid in 1896. Following the raid, the British government increased its oversight of BSAC affairs in Southern Rhodesia, and insisted on a separate administration in Northern Rhodesia. In both 1915 and 1921, BSAC again failed to set up a single administration for both Rhodesias. In part, this was because the Southern Rhodesian settlers feared that it more would be difficult for a united Rhodesian state to achieve responsible government.
Self-government
In 1917, the Responsible Government Association was formed as a political party to press for responsible government, and fought the 1920 Legislative Council election in opposition to those advocating union with the Union of South Africa. When the British courts decided that the ultimate ownership of all land which had not already been alienated into private ownership lay with the Crown, not with BSAC, the campaign a self-government gained strength.
In 1921, General Smuts and his government wished for the early admission of Southern Rhodesia into the Union of South Africa. When the Union was established, Natal and the Free State were given representation in the Union Parliament considerably in excess of the number of their electors, and Smuts promised that this would apply in the case of Rhodesia, which would receive 12 to 15 seats in the Union Parliament, which then had 134 members. Smuts also promised that South Africa would make the financial provision necessary to buy out the commercial rights of the BSAC. If those rights continued under responsible government, they would create a serious financial problem for that government. In 1922, the company entered negotiations with the Union government for the incorporation of Southern Rhodesia. However, as the BSAC charter was due to expire in 1924, a referendum was held in 1922 in which the electorate was given a choice between responsible government and entry into the Union of South Africa. Those in favour of responsible government won a significant, but not overwhelming, majority. In 1923, the British government chose not to renew the company's charter, and instead accorded self-governing colony status to Southern Rhodesia and protectorate status to Northern Rhodesia.
Merger
In 1964, the company handed over its mineral rights to the government of Zambia, and the following year, the business of the British South Africa Company was merged with the Central Mining & Investment Corporation Ltd and The Consolidated Mines Selection Company Ltd into the mining and industrial business of Charter Consolidated Ltd, of which slightly over one-third of the shares were owned by the British/South African mining company Anglo American Corporation. In the 1980s the company disposed of its overseas mining concerns to concentrate on its British engineering interests.
References
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Southern, Hong Kong
Southern ni limoza mwa maboma 18 ghamu charu cha Hong Kong.Boma ili lili mu chigaŵa cha Hong Kong Island, icho mu vyaka vya  1839–1842 chikaŵa na chiŵelengelo cha ŵanthu chakukwana 3,000 awo ŵakagaŵanika mu mizi ichoko ichoko yakukola somba apo malo ghake ghakakhalika na ŵazungu ŵakufumila ku United Kingdom  mu nkhondo yakwamba ya  Opium (1839–1842).
Green Side, North West
Green Side, North West ni muzi mu msumba wa Moretele, mu boma likulu la Bojanala Platinum District Municipality, chigaŵa chikulu cha North west, mu charu cha South Africa.
Niedenstein
Niedenstein ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Torredeita
Torredeita ni msumba mu charu cha Portugal. Portugal ntcharu icho chili ku Iberian Peninsula, kumwera kwa kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Europe, ndipo charu ichi chikusazgapo vyaru vya Azores, Madeira, na Virwa vya Savage.
Redleiten
Redleiten ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Upper Austria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Koungou
Koungou ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Mayotte, mu charu cha France mu chilwa chikulu cha Yulaya (Europe).
Kupwelelera umoyo mu Malaŵi
Wupu wa vyaumoyo ku Malaŵi na ivyo uli navyo vikukwana yayi kuti uleke kusuzga ŵanthu, kusazgapo ŵana awo ŵakufwa na matenda ghanandi, comenecomene HIV/AIDS, maleriya na TB.
Mbili
Malaŵi wali na ndondomeko ya munkhwala ya vigaŵa vitatu. Ndipouli, ndondomeko ya umoyo wa ŵanthu yikulembeka mu mabuku agho ghakuyana waka na ndondomeko ya umoyo wa ŵanthu ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi. Vinthu ivi vikuchitika chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa ŵanthu, kusoŵa maluso ghakukhumbikwa, ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene, kuchepa kwa vinthu vyakwendeskera vinthu, vimbundi, kuleka kujipeleka pa vya ndyali, kusoŵa ndalama zakukwana, kuleka kuŵika vyakukhumbikwa pakunozga bajeti, kweniso ŵanthu awo ŵalije chikanga.
Chipendero (mu kasanthuro ka chiyowoyero)
Mu kasanthuro ka chiyowoyero, Chipendero mu ching'anamuro chakhe chakudanga ni lizgu lakulongosora unandi. Fundo zinyakhe za malango gha kayowoyero zikuti lizgu la Chipendero kikuŵa lakulongola unandi wa zina, nthe "ŵiri" mu "visoti viŵiri". Fundo zinyake za malango gha kayowoyero zikukana kuti Vipendero ni nadi mazgu ghakulongola unadi kwe ni mazgu ghakusazga ching'anamuro kwa ma zina. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti "Chipendero" chikuyana waka na "Figala", ndipo ŵakuti vipendero vyose (kusazgapo ma figala gha kupenda the lizgu losazga "yachi-kumi-msaba") ni chigaŵa cha kayowoyero chakuchemeka "vipendero" Vipendero mu kang'anamuro kakuru vingang'anamulikaso nga ni mazina ("pali vipendero vichoko"), nga ni mjira-zina wakuti "ŵali ŵaŵiri aŵa ŵakaluta ku msumba"), panji nga ni mazgu ghachoko waka ghakuti "Nkhenda pa chikhizga kaŵiri".
Kupwelelera umoyo mu Malaŵi
Mbili
Kuyana na lipoti la wupu wa vyaumoyo wa pa caru cose (World Health Organization Report), Malawi wali pa nambara 185 pa vyaru 190. Tingaŵa na cithuzithuzi ciwemi ca ndyali para tikumanya kuti ndyali panji kuti kulije. Ku malo agha kulije munkhwala wakovwira para kwacitika ngozi, moto, panji para kwacitika vigeŵenga. Para ŵanthu ŵakukhumbikwira wovwiri uwu, ŵakweneraso kulipira. Vipatala vichoko waka vya ŵanthu ŵekha mu misumba yikuru ya Blantyre na Lilongwe ndivyo vili na magalimoto ghachoko waka agho ghakuŵa nga ni magalimoto gha munkhwala.
Mu Epulero 2012, pulezidenti wa boma uyu wakafwa na nthenda ya mtima cifukwa ca kupeleŵera munkhwala mu gulu la ŵadokotala ŵa pulezidenti kweniso ku chipatala uko wakalutanga. Mu 2016, ku Malawi kukaŵa dokotala yumoza pera uyo wakaŵa dokotala wa mtima. Kafukufuku munyake uyo wakachitika sonosono apa, wakulongora kuti ŵalwari awo ŵakulwara matenda agho ghakukhumba vinjeru na vinthu vinyake, nga ni matenda gha mtima panji matenda gha mu wongo, ŵakusuzgika chomene na matenda agha. Mu Malaŵi mulije wupu wakupeleka wovwiri wa vya munkhwala.
Malaŵi ndiyo yili pasi chomene pa vyaru vinyake ivyo vilije nkhondo, kweni vichali na maofesi gha munkhwala ghachoko chomene. Ku caru cose palije ndondomeko yakulongosolera ndopa. Mankhwala ghanandi agho ghakupelekeka mu vipatala ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi ghalipo yayi. Pa misika ya vyakurya pali munkhwala uwo uli kukanizgika pa caru cose.
Pansipa pali ndondomeko ya mmene dongosolo la zaumoyo likugwirira ntchito monga momwe linafalitsidwira ndi dipatimenti ya boma la Malawi yoyang'anira zaumoyo.
Ntchito zaumoyo
Ntchito zaumoyo mu Malawi zikupelekeka na boma, maboma gha private for profit (PFP), na private not for profit (PNFP). Unduna wa vyaumoyo (MOH) ndiwo ukuwona vya umoyo wa ŵanthu mu Malawi.
63% ya maofesi gha boma ghakupeleka wovwiri wa vyaumoyo, 37% ghakupeleka wovwiri wa Christian Health Association of Malawi (CHAM), ndipo ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ndiwo ŵakupokera wovwiri wa vyaumoyo kwizira mu wupu wa private. Ŵadokotala na mawupu ghanyake ghakupeleka wovwiri na munkhwala kwa munthu payekha.
Vinthu vya boma
Wupu wa boma ukupeleka wovwiri wa munkhwala kwawanangwa ndipo uli na magulu ghatatu. Pali ndondomeko ya ŵanthu awo ŵakutumika ku maofesi agha.
Ŵalwari ŵakunjira mu wupu uwu para ŵafika pa chigaŵa chakwamba ndipo para ŵakukhumbikwira ŵakuluta ku chigaŵa chinyake. Ndipouli, vinthu vya munkhwala na vya ŵanthu vikwenda mwakupambana. Vinthu ivyo vilipo sono ni vichoko chomene ndipo pakwamba vikupelekeka ku malo ghapachanya chomene.
Kupwelelela kwkwamba
Vipatala vikovwira ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene mu Malawi. Vinthu ivi ni maofesi gha munthavi, maofesi gha munthavi na ghambura munthavi, malo ghakupwelelera ŵalwari, maofesi gha munthavi, na maofesi gha munthavi. Pa chigaŵa chakwamba (chigaŵa chachitatu), vipatala vili na vipatala vyakugonerapo, vipatala vyakugonerapo para mwana wababika, vipatala vyakugonerapo, ndipo vingapeleka wovwiri wa ŵalwari ŵakufumira kuwaro, wovwiri wakulera ŵana, na wovwiri wakulera ŵana.
Kwacha ya Malaŵi
Kwacha ( ISO 4217: MWK, zina lakuzomerezgeka Malawi Kwacha) ni ndalama ya Malaŵi kwambira mu 1971, iyo yikasintha mapaundi gha Malawi. Likugaŵika mu vigaŵa 100. Kwacha yikanjira mu malo mwa ndalama zinyake, nga ni British pound sterling, South African rand, na Rhodesian dollar, izo zikendanga mu Malawi. Mtengo wa kwacha ukusintha nyengo na nyengo, kweni kwambira mu 1994, ukusintha. Mu 2005, Bingu wa Mutharika wakambiska ndondomeko ya kusinthiska ndalama na ndalama zinyake. Ndalama izi zikufumiskika na banki ya Malawi. Mu Meyi 2012, Banki ya Malawi yikasida mtengo wa kwacha na 34% ndipo yikayipatura ku dola ya United States.
Kupwelelera umoyo mu Malaŵi
Kupwelelela kwkwamba
Usange mulwari wali na suzgo likuru chomene, ŵakuchimbilira ku chipatala chinyake.
Kwacha ya Malaŵi
Kwiza kwa zina
Zina lakuti kwacha likamba kugwiliskirika nchito mu Zambia, uko kwacha ya ku Zambia yikamba mu 1968. Lizgu lakuti tambala lili kufuma ku lizgu la Chichewa ilo likung'anamura "kutanda". Tambala wakucemeka nthena cifukwa ca viyuni 100 ivyo vikupharazga za matandakuca.
Kupwelelera umoyo mu Malaŵi
Kupwelelera ŵalwari
Chipatala chimoza pa vipatala vinayi vikuruvikuru ivyo vili mu misumba yikuruvikuru ndicho chikupeleka wovwiri wapachanya. Vipatala ivi vikupambana na vipatala vinyake chifukwa vili na maofesi ghakupambanapambana..
Helvacı, Karataş
Helvacı, Karataş ni msumba mu boma la Karataş mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Adana mu charu cha Turkey mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Kupwelelera umoyo mu Malaŵi
Bajeti ya vyaumoyo
Mwakuyana na ivyo Wupu wa vyaumoyo wa pa caru cose ukayowoya vya Malawi, ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira nchito pa vyaumoyo zakwera comene. Kufuma mu 2002 kufika mu 2011, ndalama izo boma likugwiliskira ntchito pa umoyo wa ŵanthu (PPP int.) zikukwera kufuma pa $27.2 kufika pa $77.0 ndipo ndalama izo boma likugwiliskira ntchito pa umoyo wa ŵanthu (PPP int.) zikukwera kufuma pa $16.4 kufika pa $56.5. Kafukufuku uyu wakulongora kuti boma la Malawi likuŵika mtima comene pa nkhani ya cipatala. Kweniso vikulongora kuti boma la Malawi likuŵika mtima comene pa vya umoyo. Kufuma mu 2002 m'paka mu 2011, chiŵelengero cha ndalama izo boma likupeleka ku vya umoyo chikakwera kufuma pa 13% kufika pa 18.5%.
Ndalama zinandi izo boma likupeleka ku vyakupwelelera umoyo wa ŵanthu ku Malawi, vikukolerana na kuchepa kwa wovwiri wa vyakupwelelera umoyo wa ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake. Mu 2009, ndalama zakufumira ku vyaru vinyake zikaŵa na 97.4% ya ndalama zose izo ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito pa vya umoyo. Mu 2017 89% ya ndopa za ku Malawi zikapelekeka kwizira mu ŵanthu awo ŵakapeleka ndalama.
Kwacha ya Malaŵi
Mbili
Mu 1971, kwacha yikanjira m'malo mwa mapaundi gha Malawi.
Kupwelelera umoyo mu Malaŵi
Awo ŵakugwira ntchito zaumoyo
Pa lipoti la vyaumoyo la Malawi, ilo likalembeka kaumaliro mu Meyi 2013, wupu wa vyaumoyo pa caru cose ukati pa ŵanthu 10,000, pakaŵa ŵadokotala 0.2 pera na ŵasilikari 3.4 pera. Ku Malaŵi kulije ŵantchito ŵanandi awo ŵakugwira ntchito za munkhwala. Kweniso, ŵantchito ŵa munkhwala awo ŵalipo mbakugaŵikana mwambura kwenelera. Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikupangiska kuti paŵe suzgo ili ni maofesi gha munkhwala agho ghakusambizga ŵanthu vya munkhwala.
Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990, Malawi wakaleka kusambizga ŵantchito ŵakovwira ŵanesi na ŵantchito ŵakovwira ŵadokotala. Mu 2001, sukulu iyi yikambiraso kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵasambire vya munkhwala.
Kwacha ya Malaŵi
Mbili
Pa 30 Ogasiti 2019, ndalama ya British pound sterling yikaŵa yakuyana na 883.43 kwachas, dola ya US yimoza yikaŵa yakuyana na 725.16 kwachas ndipo rand ya South Africa yimoza yikaŵa yakuyana na 47.69 kwachas. Pa Ogasiti 30, 2019, yuro yimoza yikayananga na 797.42 kwachas.
Kupwelelera umoyo mu Malaŵi
Awo ŵakugwira ntchito zaumoyo
Mu 2005, Malawi yikamba kufiska pulogiramu yake ya wovwiri wa ŵanthu iyo yikulaŵiska comene pa kusazgirako ŵantchito awo ŵali kusambizgika vya munkhwala, kusazgirako malipiro gha awo ŵakugwira nchito mu vipatala, na kuŵakhozga.
Mu 2017, mu charu ichi mukaŵa ŵadokotala pafupifupi 200, ndipo 10 pera ndiwo ŵakaŵa mu vipatala. Vipatala vinandi vikuŵavya dokotala wa munkhwala, ndipo mu myezi yinkhondi na umoza vikumazga munkhwala wose uwo ŵapika..