cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Chad
Dictatorship of Habré (1987–1990)
Habré wakalutilira kulamulira mwauryarya ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakomeka. Pulezidenti wakatemwanga ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Toubou ndipo wakasankhanga ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Zaghawa. Mulara wake wa ŵasilikari, Idriss Déby, wakamuwuskapo mu 1990. Mu 2005, ŵakamujalira mu nyumba yake ku Senegal cifukwa ca kuyezga kumususka. Mu Meyi 2016, wakasangika na mulandu wa kuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu, kusazgapo kukaka ŵanthu, kugwiliska nchito za uzga, na kukanizga kukoma ŵanthu 40,000, ndipo wakalangika kukhala mu jele umoyo wake wose.
Déby lineage & democracy with second Civil War (1990–present)
Déby wakayezga kuwezgerapo mtende pakati pa magulu gha ŵakugaluka na kuwezgeraso vyaru vinandi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Chad ŵakazomerezga dango liphya la boma, ndipo mu 1996, Déby wakathereska mwambura kusuzgika. Pakati pajumpha vilimika vinkhondi, wakimikikaso. Mu 2003, ku Chad kukamba kunozga mafuta, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakagomezganga kuti charu ichi chiŵenge na mtende na usambazi. M'malo mwake, mphindano zikakura, ndipo nkhondo yiphya yikamba. Déby wakasintha malango gha boma kuti waleke kuŵa pulezidenti kwa nyengo ziŵiri.
Mu 2006, Déby wakathereskeka kacitatu pa mavoti agho ŵakususka boma ŵakacita yayi. Nkhaza za mafuko mu chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Chadi zazara comene; wupu wa United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) wacenjezga kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵangakomeka nga umo vikaŵira ku Darfur. Mu 2006 na mu 2008, ŵasilikari ŵakayezga kutora msumba uwu na nkhongono, kweni ŵakatondeka. Pa Janyuwale 15, 2010, charu cha Chad na Sudan vikakolerana kuti viŵeso pa mtende. Ŵalwani ŵa Chadi ŵakawelera ku caru cawo kufuma ku Sudan, ŵakajura mphaka pakati pa vyaru viŵiri ivi pamanyuma pa vilimika vinkhondi na viŵiri, na kutumizga ŵasilikari kuti ŵavikilire mphaka. Mu Meyi 2013, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Chad ŵakatondeska boma kuwukira pulezidenti Idriss Déby.
Pasono Chadi njimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vikukolerana na vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa pa nkhondo yakulimbana na gulu la Boko Haram na ŵasilikari ŵanyake ŵa chisopa cha Islam. Boma la Chad likapharazga kuti Déby wafwa pa 20 Epulero, 2021, pamanyuma pakuti gulu la FACT lawira mu chigaŵa cha kumpoto, apo pulezidenti wakakomeka apo ŵakalutanga ku nkhondo. Mwana wa Déby, Jenerale Mahamat Idriss Déby, wasankhika kuŵa purezidenti wakudumura na wupu wa ŵasilikari. Wupu uwu watora malo gha dango liphya na kupeleka mazaza kwa Mahamat Déby na kumwimika kuŵa mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari.
Roeselare
Roeselare ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha West Flanders mu charu cha Belgium mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Chad
Makhalilo gha charu
Chadi ni charu chikuru icho chili kumpoto kwa Africa. Charu ichi chili na malo ghakukwana 1,284,000 square kilometres (496,000 sq mi), ndipo chili pakati pa latitude 7° na 24° N, na 13° na 24° E, ndipo ni charu cha nambara 20 pa vyaru vikuruvikuru pa charu chose. Chadi ni chigaŵa chichoko waka pakuyaniska na charu cha Peru, ndipo chikuru chomene pakuyaniska na charu cha South Africa.
Bergville, KwaZulu Natal
Bergville, KwaZulu Natal ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la UThukela District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha KwaZulu Natal, charu cha South Africa.
Chad
Makhalilo gha charu
Chadi chili na mphaka na Libya kumpoto, Sudan kumafumiro gha dazi, Niger, Nigeria na Cameroon kumanjiliro gha dazi, na Central African Republic kumwera. Msumba ukuru wa charu ichi uli pa mtunda wa makilomita 1,060 (660 mi) kufuma ku dowoko la pafupi chomene la Douala, Cameroon. Cifukwa cakuti caru ici cili kutali comene na nyanja ndiposo cifukwa ca mphepo ya mu mapopa, nyengo zinyake ŵanthu ŵakucichema kuti "Mtima Wakufwa wa ku Africa".
Frere, KwaZulu Natala
Frere, KwaZulu Natala ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la UThukela District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha KwaZulu Natal, charu cha South Africa.
Chad
Makhalilo gha charu
Chigaŵa ichi chili na chigaŵa chikuru icho chili kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Ennedi Plateau na Tibesti Mountains, ndipo chili na phiri la Emi Koussi, ilo lili na mamita 3,414 (mamita 11,201) pachanya pa nyanja. Nyanja ya Chad, yeneiyo yikupangiska kuti charu ichi chichemeke (ndipo yeneiyo yikutora zina lake kufuma ku lizgu la Kanuri ilo likung'anamura "nyanja"), ni vyakukhalira vya nyanja yikuru iyo yikaŵa na malo ghakukwana 330,000 square kilometres (130,000 sq mi) mu Chad Basin vyaka 7,000 ivyo vyajumpha. Nangauli mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000, chiziŵa ichi chili na malo ghakukwana ma kilomita 17,806 pera, ndipo malo ghake ghakusintha nyengo na nyengo.
Mu charu cha Chad muli malo 6 ghakukhala vyamoyo: East Sudan savanna, Sahelian Acacia savanna, Lake Chad flooded savanna, East Sahara montane xeric forests, South Sahara steppe and forests, na Tibesti-Jebel Uweinat montane xeric forests. Pakuti mu chigaŵa ichi muli vyakumera vinandi, ntchakwenelera kuti viyuni, vinyama vyakukhwaŵa, na vinyama vikuruvikuru vyambukengepo. Mlonga ukuru wa Chadi, wa Chari, wa Logone na milonga yawo yinyake, ukufuma kumwera kwa charu ichi kuya ku nyanja ya Chad.
Caka cilicose, nyengo yakuzizima iyo yikumanyikwa kuti intertropical front, yikwendendeka kufuma kumwera kuya kumpoto mu caru ca Chad. Para vula yikulokwa pa malo ghakupambanapambana, pakupangika vigaŵa vikuruvikuru vitatu. Charu ichi chili kumpoto kwa Sahara. Mvula iyo yikulokwa chaka chilichose mu chigaŵa ichi njakukwana 50 millimeters (2.0 inches).
Charu cha Sahara chili pakati pa charu cha Chad, ndipo pa charu ichi pali chivula cha mamita 300 m'paka 600. Ku Sahel, makuni gha minga (makuni ghanandi gha akasiya) ghakwenda pachokopachoko kulazga kumwera na kufika ku chigaŵa cha Sudan. Mvula iyo yikulokwa pa chaka mu chigaŵa ichi njakukwana 900 mm.
Wildlife
Vinyama na vyakumera vya mu caru ici vikukolerana na malo ghatatu agha. Mu chigaŵa cha Sahara, vyakumera ivyo vikusangika mu malo agha ni makuni gha mikama. Makuni gha mikama na gha akasiya ghakumera mu chigaŵa cha Sahel. Malo gha kumwera, panji gha ku Sudan, ghali na utheka ukuru panji malo ghakuliskako viŵeto. Kuzakafika mu 2002, mu caru ici mukaŵa vyamoyo pafupifupi 134, viyuni 509 (vyamoyo 354 ivyo vikukhala mu malo agha, na 155 ivyo vikusama), na vyakumera vyakujumpha 1,600.
Ku malo agha kuli njovu, nkhalamu, mbaŵala za mu nkhorongo, zombe, mphoyo, mphumphi, nyalubwe, mphoyo, na njoka zinandi. Kuzingira njovu, comenecomene kumwera kwa caru ici mu malo nga ni Zakouma National Park, ni suzgo likuru comene. Gulu lichoko waka la ng'ona za ku West Africa izo zilipo mu Ennedi Plateau, ni zamoyo zaumaliro ku Sahara.
Chadi wakaŵa na chiŵelengero cha 6.18/10 pa 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index, ndipo wakaŵa wa nambara 83 pa vyaru 172. Pakuti makuni ghanandi ghakumara, makuni gha acacia, baobab, na makuni gha mikama ghakumara. Ici cikupangiska kuti nyama za mu thengere zileke kukhala mu malo agho ŵanthu ŵakukhala. Viŵeto nga ni nkhalamu, nyalubwe, na mphumphi vyachepa comene.
Wupu wakuwona vya vyakurya na vyakurya (Food and Agriculture Organization) wacitapo kanthu kuti uwovwire comene ŵalimi, ŵaliska ŵa viŵeto, na ŵaliska ŵa viŵeto mu malo gha Zakouma National Park (ZNP), Siniaka-Minia, na Aouk mu chigaŵa cha kumwera kwa Chad kuti vinthu vyende makora. Nga ni cigaŵa ca mulimo wa kuvikilira caru, makuni ghakujumpha 1.2 miliyoni ghaŵikikaso kuti mapopa ghaleke kukura, ndipo ici cikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu cigaŵa ici ŵasange ndalama kufuma ku makuni gha acacia, agho ghakupanga chigumula, kweniso makuni gha vipambi.
Kucicizga njoka ni suzgo likuru comene mu caru ici, comenecomene njovu izo zikuguliskika cifukwa ca malonda gha maryero gha maryero. Kanandi njovu zikukomeka mu viŵeto mukati na kufupi na malo agha. Suzgo ili likusazgikira cifukwa cakuti mu mapaki agha mulije ŵantchito ŵanandi kweniso ŵalinda ŵanandi ŵakomeka na ŵalwani.
Ŵanthu
Wupu wakuwona vya ndyali ku Chad ukati mu 2015, ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi ŵakaŵa pakati pa 13,630,252 na 13,679,203, ndipo ŵanthu 13,670,084 ndiwo ŵakawonekanga kuti ŵalipo. Ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ici mbawukirano comene: 47% ŵali na vyaka vya pasi pa 15. Ŵanthu ŵakubaba ŵana 42.35 pa ŵanthu 1,000, ndipo ŵakufwa 16.69. Ŵanthu ŵakukhala vyaka 52.
Ŵanthu ŵa mu charu cha Chad ŵali palipose yayi. Chiŵelengero chake chili 0.1/km2 (0.26/sq mi) mu chigaŵa cha Sahara cha Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti kweni 52.4/km2 (136/sq mi) mu chigaŵa cha Logone Occidental. Mu msumba uwu, ciŵelengero ici nchakukwera comene. Ŵanthu pafupifupi hafu ŵakukhala kumwera kwa charu ichi.
Mu msumba uwu ndimo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala, ndipo ŵanandi ŵakuchita malonda. Matawuni ghanyake ghakuru ni Sarh, Moundou, Abéché na Doba, agho ngakutowa comene kweni ŵanthu ŵakukura mwaluŵiro ndiposo vinthu vikwenda makora. Kwambira mu 2003, ŵanthu 230,000 ŵakufuma ku Sudan ŵachimbira ku Darfur, kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Chad. Ŵanthu 172,600 ŵa ku Chad ŵali kufumamo mu vikaya vyawo cifukwa ca nkhondo ya pa cikaya iyo yikacitika kumafumiro gha dazi kwa caru ici.
Ŵanakazi ŵanandi ŵakutora mitala. Dango likuzomerezga kuti ŵanthu ŵatorenge ŵanakazi ŵanandi, pekha para ŵakutorana ŵayowoyapo kuti ŵaleke kutora. Nangauli nkhaza za ŵanakazi ni zakukanizgika, kweni ni viŵi yayi kuti ŵanakazi ŵachitirike nkhaza pa nyumba. Kucicizga ŵanakazi nkhwakuzomerezgeka yayi, kweni nkharo iyi njakuzara comene ndipo njakukhora comene mu mitheto; ŵanakazi 45 pa 100 ŵaliwose ŵa mu Chad ŵakucicizgika, ndipo ŵanakazi ŵanandi comene ŵali mu mtundu wa Ciarabu, Hadjarai, na Ouaddai (90% panji kujumpha apa). Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Sara (38%) na Toubou (2%) ŵakaŵa na vigaŵa vichoko chomene. Ŵanakazi ŵalije mwaŵi wakuyana pa nkhani ya masambiro na masambiro, lekani vikuŵasuzga kuphalizgana na ŵanyawo pa milimo yinandi iyo yikuchitika mu vipatala. Nangauli malango ghakukhwaskana na katundu na kuhara agho ghakukolerana na malango gha ku France ghakususkana yayi na ŵanakazi, kweni ŵalongozgi ŵa mu vigaŵa ivi ŵakutemwera ŵanalume.
Ethnic groups
Ŵanthu ŵa ku Chad ŵali kufuma ku vyaru vya kumafumiro gha dazi, vyapakati, kumanjiliro gha dazi, na kumpoto kwa Africa.
Mu charu cha Chad muli mafuko ghakujumpha 200, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakupambana mitundu. Ŵalongozgi ŵa boma na maboma ghakupambanapambana ŵakayezga kukanizga ŵanthu kuti ŵaŵe mu charu chawo, kweni ku ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu Chadi, ŵanthu ŵa mu chigaŵa chawo ndiwo ŵakuŵa na mazaza chomene. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵa ku Chad ŵangapika vigaŵa kuyana na malo agho ŵakukhala.
Ku chigaŵa cha kumwera, kuli ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mwakufwasa nga ni Sara, mtundu ukuru wa ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu mbumba zawo. Mu vyaru vya Sahel, ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mwakufwasa ŵakukhala lumoza na ŵanthu awo ŵakwenda mwakufwasa, nga Mbaarabu. Kumpoto kuli ŵanthu ŵakwendakwenda, comenecomene ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Toubous.
Languages
Viyowoyero vya boma mu Chad ni Ciarabu na Cifurenci, kweni ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vyakujumpha 100. Cifukwa ca mulimo wakuzirwa wa ŵamalonda ŵa ku Arabia awo ŵakendanga mu vyaru vinyake, Ciarabu ca ku Chad cazgoka ciyowoyero ico ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya.
Religion
Chadi ni charu icho ŵanthu ŵakutemwa visopa vyakupambanapambana. Kafukufuku wakulongora kuti ŵanthu 52% ŵakaŵa Ŵasilamu, 39% ŵakaŵa Ŵakhristu, 22% ŵakaŵa Ŵakatolika, ndipo 17% ŵakaŵa Ŵaprotesitanti. Kuyana na kafukufuku wa Pew Research wa mu 2012, 48% ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Chad awo Mbasilamu, ŵakatenge Mbakhristu ŵa chisopa cha Sunni, 21% Ŵachihiya, 4% Ŵaahmadi, ndipo 23% Mbasilamu. Chisilamu chikulongosoreka mu nthowa zakupambanapambana; nga ni umo tawonera, ŵanthu 55% ŵa Chadi ŵali mu chisopa cha Sufi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kuyowoya vya chisopa cha Tijaniyah. Mu 2020, ARDA yikati ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa Chadi ŵakaŵa Ŵasuni. Ŵasilamu ŵachoko waka (5~10%) mu charu ichi ŵakuchita vinthu vyautesi, ndipo nyengo zinyake ŵakukolerana na gulu la Salafi.
Ŵanthu ŵanandi mu charu ichi Mbakatolika. Ŵaprotesitanti ŵanandi, kusazgapo "Winners' Chapel" ya ku Nigeria, ŵali mu magulu ghakupambanapambana gha Cikhristu. Ŵanthu ŵa cisopa ca Bahá'í na Ŵakaboni ŵa Yehova nawo ŵali mu caru ici. Visopa vyose viŵiri ivi vikamba mu 1960 apo charu chikapokera wanangwa.
Oudenburg
Oudenburg ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha West Flanders mu charu cha Belgium mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Chad
Religion
Ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ndiwo ŵakulondezga visopa vyawo. Chisopa cha Animisimu chili na visopa vyakupambanapambana ivyo vikuyowoya vya ŵasekuru na malo. Chikhristu chikafika ku Chad pamoza na ŵamishonale ŵa ku France na America; nga umo vikaŵira na Chisilamu cha ku Chad, chikukolerana na visambizgo vya chisopa ivyo vikaŵako pambere Chikhristu chindafike. Ŵasilamu ŵakukhala comene kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Chad, ndipo ŵanthu awo ŵakugomezga kuti kuli vyamoyo na Ŵakhristu ŵakukhala comene kumwera kwa Chad na Guéra. Ŵasilamu ŵanandi ŵakukhala kumwera kwa charu cha Chad, kweni Ŵakhristu ŵachoko chomene kumpoto. Ndondomeko iyi yikupanga boma la ŵanthu yayi ndipo likupeleka wanangwa wa kusopa.
Mu caru ca Chad muli ŵamishonale ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake awo ŵakwimira magulu gha Cikhristu na Cisilamu. Ŵapharazgi ŵa Cisilamu ŵakufuma ku Sudan, Saudi Arabia, na Pakistan nawo ŵakwiza. Ndalama za Saudi Arabia zikovwira pa ntchito za umoyo wa ŵanthu na za masambiro kweniso kuzenga masisiteri ghanandi.
Education
Ŵasambizgi ŵakukumana na masuzgo ghanandi cifukwa cakuti mu caru muli ŵanthu ŵanandi ndipo ŵapapi ŵakukhumba yayi kutuma ŵana ŵawo ku sukulu. Nangauli sukulu njakukhumbikwa, kweni ŵana 68 pera pa ŵana 100 ŵaliwose ndiwo ŵakusambira pulayimale. Masambiro ghapacanya ghakusambizgika pa Yunivesite ya N'Djamena. Mu caru ca Chad, ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba ŵali pacoko comene kuluska mu vyaru vinyake vya ku Africa.
Mu 2013, boma la United States Dipatimenti ya Ntchito ya ku Chad yikati ŵana ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 5 na 14 awo ŵakugwira ntchito pa sukulu ŵalipo 39%. Ivi vikukolerana na nkhani ya ŵana awo ŵakugwira nchito, cifukwa lipoti ili likayowoyaso kuti ŵana 53% ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 5 na 14 ŵakagwiranga nchito, ndipo ŵana 30% ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 7 na 14 ŵakagwiranga nchito pamoza na sukulu. Lipoti linyake la DOL likulongora kuti viŵeto ni vyakurya vikuru ivyo ŵana ŵachoko ŵakuchita.
Boma na ndale
Dango la caru ca Chad likuti boma likulongozgeka na pulezidenti. Pulezidenti wali na mazaza gha kwimika nduna yikuru na nduna za boma, ndipo wali na mazaza ghakuru pa kwimika ŵeruzgi, ŵalongozgi ŵa ŵasilikari, ŵalara ŵa boma na ŵalongozgi ŵa mabungwe gha boma. Para kwacitika suzgo yikuru, pulezidenti wangapharazga kuti kuli suzgo yikuru. Pulezidenti wakusankhika mwakudunjika na ŵanthu kuti waŵe na vyaka vinkhondi. Mu 2005, ŵakafumiskapo malango agho ghakukanizga munthu kuŵa na vyaka viŵiri. Ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu awo ŵakovwira Déby mba fuko la Zaghawa, nangauli ŵanthu ŵa kumwera na ŵakususka ŵali mu boma.
Ndondomeko ya malango ya Chadi yikukolerana na malango gha boma la France na malango gha Chadi agho ghakususkana yayi na malango gha boma panji malango agho ghakovwira kuti ŵanthu wose ŵaŵe ŵakuyana. Nangauli dango likukanizga ŵeruzgi yayi, kweni pulezidenti ndiyo wakwimika ŵeruzgi ŵanandi. Khoti Likuru ili likulongozgeka na ŵeruzgi ŵankhondi na ŵaŵiri. Wangaŵa na mazaza ghakuwonaso malango, mapangano, na mapangano gha pa caru cose pambere ghandakhazikiskike.
Nyumba ya Malango ndiyo yikupanga malango. Wupu uwu uli na mamembara 155, awo ŵakusankhika kwa vilimika vinayi. Nyumba ya Ufumu iyi yikuwungana kaŵiri pa chaka, mu Malichi na Okutobala. Pa vilimika viŵiri vilivyose, ŵimiliri ŵakusankha mulongozgi wa wupu wakulongozga. Mu mazuŵa 15 pera, pulezidenti wakwenera kusayinira panji kukana malango ghaphya. Nyumba ya Malamulo yikwenera kuzomerezga ndondomeko ya nduna yikuru ya boma ndipo yingacicizga nduna yikuru kuti yifumeko na fundo yakuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵaleke kuyigomezga. Ndipouli, usange wupu wakulongozga ukukana ndondomeko ya wupu uwu kaŵiri pa chaka, pulezidenti wangamazga wupu uwu na kuchema maungano gha malango. Mu vyakucitika, pulezidenti wakuŵa na mazaza pa Nyumba ya Malango kwizira mu chipani cake, Patriotic Salvation Movement (MPS), ico cili na wanandi.
Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, magulu gha ndyali 78 ghalembeka. Mu 2005, vyaru vyakwimikana na malango na mawupu ghakuvikilira wanangwa wa wanthu vikwimilira pakukana referendum iyo yikazomerezga kuti Déby wasankhike kachiŵiri pa nyengo yacitatu pamanyuma pakuti ŵapharazgi ŵayowoya kuti pakaŵa vinthu vyakupambanapambana pa nkhani ya kulembeska ŵanthu na boma. Awo ŵakalembanga nkhani iyi ŵakawona kuti mavoti gha mu 2006 ghakaŵa ghambura kuzirwa, chifukwa ŵakususka ŵakawona kuti mavoti agha ghakaŵa ghautesi ndipo ŵakaŵachimbizga.
Charu cha Chad chili pa gulu la vyaru ivyo vyabudiska kuyana na fundo ya Peace Fund (FFP). Chad yikaŵa na malo gha nambara 7 pa malo ghapachanya chomene pa Index ya Vyaru Vyakukhora mu 2021. Vimbundi vili palipose; Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index ya 2021 yikati Chad yili pa malo gha 164 pa vyaru 180. Ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga pulezidenti wakale Déby ŵakamupa mulandu wa kutemwana na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake.
Ku chigaŵa cha kumwera kwa charu cha Chad, ŵanthu ŵakusuzgikana comene cifukwa ca malo. Kanandi ŵakuŵa ŵankhaza. Vinthu ivyo ŵanthu ŵakutemwa comene vikumara, ndipo ŵalimi ŵanandi ŵakutondeka kusanga vyakukhumbikwa pa umoyo wawo.
Kufwa kwa president wa Chadi kwa nyengo yitali Idriss Déby pa 20 April, 2021, kukapangiska kuti chalo cha National Assembly na boma vyasweke ndipo boma la chalo likasinthika na wupu wa ŵasilikari wa nyengo yachilendo uwo ukaŵa na ŵasilikari ndipo ukalongozgekanga na mwana wake Mahamat Kaka. Pa nyengo yasono dango la boma ili ndakwimiskika, ndipo likulindilira kuti lisinthike na dango linyake ilo lalembeka na wupu wa ŵanthu wose wa National Transitional Council, uwo uchalipo. Wupu wa ŵasilikari wati mavoti ghazamunozgeka pamanyuma pa nyengo ya myezi 18.
Internal opposition and foreign relations
Déby wakasangana na ŵanthu awo ŵakamususkanga chifukwa cha kupambana maghanoghano pa nkhani ya ŵalongozgi. Ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakanjira mu msumba uwu pa Epulero 13, 2006, kweni pamasinda ŵakaŵawuskamo. Charu icho chili na ŵasilikari ŵanandi ku Chad ni France, ndipo chili na ŵasilikari 1,000. Déby wakagomezga Ŵafalansa kuti ŵamovwirenge kuthereska ŵakugaluka, ndipo France yikovwira ŵasilikari ŵa Chadi pa nkhani ya vinthu vyakuthupi na vya umanyi cifukwa ca kopa kuti mu chigaŵa ichi vinthu vinganangika. Ndipouli, ubwezi wa caru ca France na Chad ukasuzgika cifukwa cakuti mu 1999 kampani ya ku America yakucemeka Exxon yikapokera wanangwa wa kubowozga mafuta.
Mu vyaka vinandi ivyo vyajumpha, ku Chad kwaŵa magulu ghanandi gha ŵakugaluka. Mu 2007, pakalembeka phangano la mtende ilo likasazga ŵasilikari ŵa United Front for Democratic Change mu gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa Chadi. Gulu la Justice and Democracy mu Chad nalo likakumana na ŵasilikari ŵa boma mu 2003 pakukhumba kuwuskapo pulezidenti Idriss Déby. Kuonjezera apo, pakaŵa nkhondo zakupambanapambana na ŵakugaluka ŵa Janjaweed ŵa ku Khartoum kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Chad, awo ŵakakoma ŵanthu mwakugwiliskira nchito ndege za nkhondo. Pasono, gulu la Union of Resistance Forces (UFR) ni gulu la ŵakugaluka ilo likulutilira kurwa nkhondo na boma la Chad. Mu 2010, UFR yikati yikaŵa na ŵasilikari 6,000 na magalimoto 300.
Military
Buku la CIA la World Factbook likuti bajeti ya usilikari wa Chad ni 4.2% ya GDP kufuma mu 2006. Pakuwona kuti pa nyengo iyo caru ici cikaŵa na ndalama zakukwana $7.095 biliyoni, ndalama izo ŵakagwiliskira nchito pa nkhondo zikaŵa pafupifupi $300 miliyoni. Kweni pamanyuma pa nkhondo ya ku Chad (2005-2010) chiŵerengero ichi chikakhira kufika pa 2.0% nga umo Banki ya Charu Chose yikayowoyera mu 2011.
Administrative divisions
Kwambira mu 2012, charu cha Chad chili na vigaŵa 23. Boma la Chad likagaŵa vigaŵa mu 2003, apo likamazga vigaŵa 14. Chigaŵa chilichose chikulongozgeka na kazembe. Ŵalara ŵa boma ndiwo ŵakulongozga vigaŵa 61. Vigaŵa ivi vili kugaŵika mu vigaŵa viŵiri, ivyo vili na vigaŵa 446.
Vyaru ivi vikwenera kuzingilizgika na vyaru vinyake, kweni malango gha vyaru ivi ghandamalizgike. Ndondomeko iyi yikuphalira boma kuti liŵachichizge ŵanthu kuti ŵachitengepo kanthu kuti vinthu viŵayendere makora. Pa cifukwa ici, dango la boma likuti cigaŵa cilicose cikwenera kulongozgeka na wupu wakulongozga, kweni palije maungano gha cigaŵa agho ghacitika.
Chuma
Lipoti la wupu wa United Nations' Human Development Index likulongora kuti charu cha Chad chili pa nambara 7 pa vyaru vikavu chomene pa charu chapasi. Mu 2009, GDP pa munthu yumoza yikaŵa USD 1,651. Chadi wali mu wupu wa Central African States Bank, Customs and Economic Union of Central Africa (UDEAC) na Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA).
Ndalama za ku Chad ni CFA franc. M'ma 1960, ŵanthu ŵa ku Chad ŵakagwiranga nchito ya migodi kuti ŵapange sodium carbonate, panji natron. Kweniso ku chigaŵa cha Biltine kuli malipoti ghakuti kuli malibwe gha golide. Ndipouli, cifukwa ca nkhondo iyo yikacitika kwa vilimika vinandi, ŵamalonda ŵakufumako ku vyaru vinyake ŵakawopa. Mu 2000, ndalama zinandi zakufuma ku vyaru vinyake zikamba kugwiliskirika nchito mu dipatimenti ya mafuta, ndipo ivi vikakhozga vinthu vya mu caru ici.
Kuŵavya umoza mu vyalo vya ndyali pa caru cose nga ni malo agho ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito pakuguliska vinthu (makamaka thonje na mafuta ghamsinjiro), ndyali ya caru cose iyo yikovwira yayi panji kukhozga vyalo vya Chadi, kweniso kuleka kovwira vyalo vya mu caru ici, vyapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu Chadi ŵakhalenge na njara. Ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 80 pa 100 ŵali mu caru ca Chad ŵakuthemba pa ulimi na viŵeto. Vipambi ivyo vikulimika na malo agho viŵeto vikukhala vikuthemba pa nyengo ya mu malo agha. Ku chigaŵa cha kumwera kwa charu ichi kuli malo ghanandi gha vyakurya. Mu Sahel, mbuto za mphoza izo zikukura makora ni izo zikupambika makora yayi kuluska za kumwera. Kweni ku Sahel kuli viŵeto vinandi vya ng'ombe, mbuzi, mberere, mbunda, na mahachi. Mu mapopa gha Sahara muli vyakumera vichoko waka. Msumba wa Chad uli na masuzgo ghakuru pa nkhani ya vinthu vya mu tawuni; 48% pera ya ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu matawuni ndiwo ŵali na maji ghakumwa ndiposo 2% pera ndiwo ŵali na vyakukhumbikwa pa umoyo.
Makuni gha katoni ghakukhalilira kuŵa vyakurya vyakuzirwa ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuguliska, nangauli palije maukaboni. Kuweleramo kwa tawuni ya Cotontchad, iyo ni tawuni yikuru ya makuni gha makuni gha makuni gha makuni gha makuni gha makuni agho ghali kuchepa cifukwa ca kukhira kwa mtengo wa makuni gha makuni gha makuni agha, kuli kovwirika na France, Netherlands, European Union, na International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD). Pasono boma likulindizga kuti likanizgirenge vinthu vyawo. Ku malo agha kuli viŵeto vinandi vya ng'ombe na vyakurya vinyake.
Kuyana na wupu wa United Nations, caru ca Chad caŵa na suzgo la ŵanthu kwamba mu 2001. Mu 2008, mu charu cha Chad mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 280,000 ŵakufuma mu chigaŵa cha Darfur ku Sudan, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 55,000 ŵakufuma ku Central African Republic, kweniso ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 170,000 awo ŵakachimbira kwawo. Mu Febuluwale 2008, pamanyuma pa Nkhondo ya ku N'Djamena, Muteŵeti wa Secretary-General wa UN pa Nkhani za Umoyo wa Ŵanthu, John Holmes, wakayowoya kuti "wakudandawura comene" cifukwa ca suzgo ili. Maurizio Giuliano, muyowoyeri wa UN, wakaphalira nyuzipepara ya The Washington Post kuti: "Usange tikutondeka kovwira ŵanthu mwakukwana, suzgo ili lingazgoka soka". Kweniso mawupu nga ni Save the Children ghalekeska milimo yawo cifukwa ca kukoma ŵanthu awo ŵakovwira ŵanthu.
Chad yaluta panthazi comene pa nkhani ya kucepeska ukavu. Ndipouli, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵakavu chikakwera kufuma pa 4.7 miliyoni mu 2011 kufika pa 6.5 miliyoni mu 2019. Kuzakafika mu 2018, ŵanthu 4.2 pa 10 ŵaliwose ŵachali mu ukavu.
Transport
Nkhondo ya pawenenawene yikapangiska kuti vipatala vileke kwenda makora. Mu 1987, mu Chad mukaŵa waka misewu ya makilomita 30. Mu 2004, misewu iyi yikaŵa na utali wa makilomita 550. Ndipouli, misewu yinandi njambura kwenda makora, ndipo kanandi yingaŵa yambura kwenda myezi yinandi pa chaka. Pakuti charu cha Chad chilije misewu ya njanji, ntchigaŵa icho chikuthemba chomene njanji za ku Cameroon.
Mu 2013, charu cha Chad chikaŵa na ma eyapoti pafupifupi 59, ndipo 9 pera ghakaŵa na misewu. Ku Paris kuli chiŵanja cha ndege icho chikwendako nyengo na nyengo ndipo ŵanthu ŵakuluta ku misumba yinyake ya mu Africa.
Energy
Boma la Chad likwendeska makora yayi vya magesi kwa vyaka vinandi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Chad ŵakugwiliskira ntchito makuni na vyakumera kuti ŵasange magesi.
ExxonMobil ndiyo wakulongozga gulu la Chevron na Petronas ilo laŵika ndalama zakukwana madola 3.7 biliyoni kuti liŵe na mafuta ghakukwana mabarale 1 biliyoni kumwera kwa Chad. Mu 2003, mulimo wa kupanga mafuta ukayamba apo ŵakamalizga kuzenga maji (ghakovwira na ndalama za World Bank) agho ghakukolerana na malo gha ku mizi ya kumwera kwa caru ca Cameroon. Pakupeleka wovwiri uwu, Banki ya Caru Cose yikakhumbanga kuti ndalama izo zikufuma mu mafuta zinjizgike pa 80 peresenti. Mu Janyuwale 2006, Banki ya Caru Cose yikayimiska ndondomeko yake ya ngongoli apo boma la Chad likapeleka malango ghakukanizga ndalama izi. Pa Julayi 14, 2006, Banki ya Charu Chose na Chadi ŵakasayina chikalata chakulongosolera umo boma la Chadi likugwiliskira ntchito ndalama zake 70% pa mapulogiramu ghakovwira kuchepeska ukavu.
Telecommunications
Mafoni agha ghakaŵa ghakudura ndipo ghakaŵa ghapachanya chomene. Mu 2000, mu caru ici mukaŵa waka mafoni 14 pa ŵanthu 10,000.
Gateway Communications, uyo wakwendeska ntchito ya kutumizga mauthenga ku vyaru vya ku Africa, nayo wali ku Chad. Mu Seputembala 2013, Unduna wa vya Makalata na Mapulogiramu gha Umoyo (PNTIC) wa ku Chad ukati charu ichi chikupenja ŵantchito awo ŵangagwiliskira ntchito vinthu vya fiber optic.
Mwambo
Cifukwa ca ŵanthu na viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana, caru ca Chad cili na mitheto yakupambanapambana. Boma la Chadi likulimbikira kukhozga mitheto ya Chadi mwa kujura Nyumba ya Vyakusanguluska ya Chadi na Charu cha Chikhalidwe cha Chadi. Maholide ghakukwana 6 ghakuchitika chaka chose, ndipo maholide ghanyake ghakusunkhunyika ni maholide gha Chikhristu gha Easter Monday na maholide gha Chisilamu gha Eid ul-Fitr, Eid ul-Adha, na Eid Milad Nnabi.
Kuphika
Mu vyakurya vya ku Chad, chiŵiya cha millet ndicho ntchakukhumbikwa chomene. Ŵakuwugwiliskira ntchito pakupanga viŵiya ivyo ŵakuviŵika mu msuzi. Mu vigaŵa vya kumpoto vya caru ici, cakurya ici cikucemeka alysh, ndipo kumwera, biya. Somba zikumanyikwa comene, ndipo kanandi zikuphika na kuguliskika nga ni salanga (somba zikuruzikuru zakukhoma) panji nga ni banda (somba zikuruzikuru zakukhoma). Chitayi chakuchemeka carcaje, ntchakutchuka chomene. Nangauli mu vigaŵa vya kumpoto mulije vyakumwa vyakuloŵezga, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakumwa mu vigaŵa vya kumwera, uko ŵanthu ŵakumwa moŵa wakuchemeka billi-billi para wafuma mu moŵa wakukhoma, ndipo coshate para wafuma mu moŵa utuŵa.
Sumo
Sumu za ku Chad zili na vyakwimbira nga ni kinde, mtundu unyake wa zeze; kakaki, mbata yitali; na hu hu, vyakwimbira vya vingwe ivyo vikugwiliskira nchito ma calabash nga ni vyakukuzgira mazgu. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Sara ŵakutemwa chomene vyakwimbira nga ni vyakwimbira vya kodjo. Ndipo ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Kanembu ŵakusazga vyakwimbira vyawo na vyakwimbira vya vyakwimbira nga ni vyakwimbira vya fuluti.
Gulu la sumu la Chari Jazz likapangika mu 1964 ndipo ndilo likambiska sumu za mu Chad. Pamanyuma, magulu ghanyake ghakucemeka African Melody na International Challal ghakayezga kusazga vinthu vyasono na vya kale. Magulu gha ŵanthu nga ni Tibesti, ghakulutilira kulondezga mitheto yawo chifukwa cha sumu za sai, za kumwera kwa charu cha Chad. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Chad ŵakutinkha sumu za mazuŵa ghano. Ndipouli, mu 1995 ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kutemwa comene nkhani za mu Chadi izo zili pa ma CD na ma kaseti. Kuwukira boma na kuleka kuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu ŵavinjeru ni masuzgo ghakuru comene ku makampani gha sumu gha ku Chad.
Literature
Nga umo viliri mu vyaru vinyake vya ku Sahel, mabuku gha mu Chad ghali na suzgo la vyachuma, ndyali, na vyauzimu. Awo ŵakulemba mabuku mu charu cha Chad ŵakachichizgika kulemba mabuku kufuma ku charu chinyake, ndipo ŵakalemba mabuku agho ghakulongosora vya nkhaza za ndyali na mbiri. Kwambira mu 1962, ŵalembi 20 ŵa ku Chad ŵalemba mabuku pafupifupi 60. Ŵanyake mwa ŵalembi awo ŵakumanyikwa pa caru cose ni Joseph Brahim Seïd, Baba Moustapha, Antoine Bangui na Koulsy Lamko. Mu 2003 munthu yumoza pera uyo wakususka mabuku gha Chadi, Ahmat Taboye, wakafumiska buku lake lakuti Anthologie de la littérature tchadienne kuti wamanye makora mabuku gha Chadi pa caru cose kweniso ku ŵawukirano.
Media and cinema
Ŵanthu awo ŵakuwonelera TV mu charu cha Chad ŵakukhala waka mu msumba wa N'Djamena. Wayilesi ya boma ya Télé Tchad ndiyo yikulongozga pa nkhani iyi. Wayilesi yikupharazga comene, ndipo pali wayilesi zakukwana 13. Manyuzipepara ghakupambanapambana, ndipo ghakupharazgika bweka yayi chifukwa cha ndalama zakwendeskera vinthu, ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya yayi kuŵazga na kulemba, kweniso ukavu. Nangauli dango la boma likuvikilira wanangwa wakuyowoya, kweni boma likukana wanangwa uwu, ndipo kuumaliro wa 2006 likamba kukanizga ŵanthu kuti ŵapharazgenge.
Makampani gha mafilimu gha ku Chad ghakamba na mafilimu ghafupi gha Edouard Sailly mu m'ma 1960, kweni ghakatimbanizgika na nkhondo za pawenenawene kweniso chifukwa cha kusoŵa kwa mafilimu. Makampani gha mafilimu gha Chadian ghakambaso kukura mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990, na ntchito ya Mahamat-Saleh Haroun, Issa Serge Coelo na Abakar Chene Massar. Filimu ya Haroun yakucemeka Abouna yikapokelereka na ŵanthu ŵanandi, ndipo Daratt wake wakatora Mphoto ya Grand Special Jury pa Venice International Film Festival ya nambara 63. Filimu ya A Screaming Man ya mu 2010 yikapokera chawanangwa cha jury pa 2010 Cannes Film Festival, ndipo Haroun ndiyo wakaŵa director wakwamba wa ku Chad kunjira, kweniso kuwina chawanangwa mu chiphalizgano chikuru cha Cannes. Issa Serge Coelo wakapangiska mafilimu Daresalam na DP75: Tartina City.
Maseŵera
Bola la malundi ni maseŵero agho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa ku Chad. Ŵasepuka ŵa ku Chadi ŵakwimira timu ya ku France pa maseŵera gha caru cose. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuchita maseŵero gha basketball na freestyle wrestling, ndipo awo ŵakuchita maseŵero agha ŵakuvwara vikumba vya nyama na kujibisa fuvu.
Geluksburg, KwaZulu Natal
Geluksburg, KwaZulu Natal ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la UThukela District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha KwaZulu Natal, charu cha South Africa.
Libya
Libya (ليبيا, ), mwalamulo Boma la Libya (دولة ليبيا),    ni chalo icho chili mu chigaŵa cha Maghreb ku Northern Africa. Charu ichi chili na mphaka na Nyanja ya Meditereniyani kumpoto, Eguputo kumafumiro gha dazi, Sudan kumwera kwa kumafumiro gha dazi, Chad kumwera, Niger kumwera kwa kumanjiliro gha dazi, Algeria kumanjiliro gha dazi, na Tunisia kumpoto kwa kumanjiliro gha dazi. Libiya lili na vigaŵa vitatu: Tripolitania, Fezzan, na Cyrenaica. Charu ichi chili na malo ghakukwana 1.8 million km2 (700,000 sq mi), ndipo ni charu chachinayi pa vyaru vikuruvikuru mu Africa na vyaru vya Arabia. Libiya ndilo lili na mafuta ghanandi comene kuluska vyaru vinyake pa caru cose. Msumba ukuru comene wa Tripoli uli kumpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Libya, ndipo uli na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1 miliyoni pa ŵanthu 7 miliyoni awo ŵakukhala mu caru ici.
Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Berber ndiwo ŵakakhalanga mu charu cha Libya kwambira mu nyengo ya Bronze. Mu nyengo yakale, Ŵafoinike ŵakakhazikiska misumba na malo ghakuguliskirako vinthu kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Libya, apo Ŵagiriki ŵakakhazikiska misumba yinandi kumafumiro gha dazi. Vigaŵa vinyake vya ku Libya vikaŵa pasi pa mazaza gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Carthage, Peresiya, na Girisi pambere chigaŵa chose ichi chindaŵe pasi pa Ufumu wa Roma. Ku Libya ndiko Ŵakhristu ŵakambira. Ufumu wa Ŵaroma ukati wawa, ŵanthu ŵa ku Libya ndiwo ŵakamba kuwukira charu ichi. Kufuma pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vya ku Maghreb ŵakamba kusamira ku vyaru vinyake. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500 C.E., ufumu wa Spain na gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa St. John ŵakamba kulamulira Tripoli m'paka mu 1551, apo ufumu wa Ottoman ukamba kulamulira. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1700 na 1800, ku Libya kukacitika Nkhondo za ku Barbary. Boma la Ottoman likalutilira mpaka apo nkhondo ya ku Italy na Turkey yikambira, ndipo ku Italy kukaŵa vyaru viŵiri, Tripolitania na Cyrenaica (1911-1934), ivyo pamanyuma vikaŵa vyaru viŵiri.
Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose, ku Libya kukaŵa nkhondo ya ku North Africa. Kufuma apo, ŵanthu ŵa ku Italy ŵakamba kuchepa. Mu 1951, charu cha Libya chikajiyimira paŵekha. Mu 1969, gulu la ŵasilikari ilo likalongozgekanga na Muammar Gaddafi likawuskapo fumu Idris I na kupanga charu chiphya. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakususka ŵakamuzunuranga kuti ni muwusi wankhongono, ndipo wakaŵa yumoza wa ŵalongozgi awo ŵakateŵetera kwa nyengo yitali comene pa caru cose, ndipo wakawusa kwa vilimika 42. Wakalongozga mpaka apo wakathereskeka na kukomeka mu Nkhondo ya ku Libya mu 2011 mu nyengo ya Arab Spring, na mazaza ghakusamukira ku National Transitional Council kufuma apo ku General National Congress. Mu 2014, maboma ghaŵiri ghakati ghakukhumba kuwusa Libya, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti paŵe nkhondo yaciŵiri, ndipo vigaŵa vinyake vya Libya vikagaŵikana pakati pa maboma gha ku Tobruk na Tripoli, kweniso magulu ghakupambanapambana gha mafuko na gha chisopa ca Islam. Vyaru viŵiri ivi vikalembeska phangano la kuleka nkhondo mu 2020, ndipo boma la umoza likamba kunozga vyakusankha vya demokilase. Kweni chifukwa cha kulimbana kwa ndyali, ivi vikulutilira kunangika.
Libiya lili mu wupu wa United Nations, Movement of Non-Aligned, African Union, Arab League, OIC na OPEC. Chisopa cha boma ni Chisilamu, ndipo 96.6% ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Libya mba Chisilamu. Chiarabu ndicho ni chiyowoyero cha boma ku Libya. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya Chiarabu cha ku Libya.
Zina
Zina lakuti "Libya" likamba kulembeka mu malemba gha Ramesses II. Zina ili likufuma ku chigaŵa icho chikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vya Cyrenaica na Marmarica. Ŵasilikari 40,000 na mafuko ghanyake ghakumanyikwa kuti "Ŵalongozgi Ŵakuru ŵa Libu" ŵakalongozgekanga na Themba Meryey ilo likarwa nkhondo na Farawo Merneptah mu chaka cha 5 (1208 B.C.E.). Nkhondo iyi yikayowoyeka mu Baibolo la Great Karnak Inscription mu chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa nyanja mu vyaka vya 5 na 6 vya muwuso wake. Kuyana na ivyo vili kulembeka pa malibwe gha Karnak, ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakaŵa Ŵameshwesh, Ŵaluka, na "Ŵanthu ŵa mu Nyanja" awo ŵakumanyikwa na mazina ghakuti Ekwesh, Teresh, Shekelesh, na Sherden.
Pa cimanyikwiro ici pakalembeka kuti:
"'... nyengo yacitatu, kuti: 'Mulongozgi wambura kwenelera wa ku Libya, Meryey, mwana wa Ded, wawira pa caru ca Tehenu pamoza na ŵasilikari ŵake ŵa muvi Sherden, Shekelesh, Ekwesh, Lukka, Teresh. Wakatoranga viwemi comene ku nkhondo zose izo ŵakacitanga. Wali kwiza na muwoli wake na ŵana ŵake, ŵalongozgi ŵa msasa, ndipo wafika ku mphaka ya kumanjiliro gha dazi mu minda ya Perire'."
Libiya likapokera wanangwa wake mu 1951 nga ni United Libyan Kingdom (المملكة الليبية المتحدة al-Mamlakah al-Lībiyyah al-Muttaḥidah), ndipo likasintha zina lake kuŵa Kingdom of Libya (المملكة الليبية al-Mamlakah al-Lībiyyah), kung'anamura "Libyan Kingdom", mu 1963. Mu 1969, Muammar Gaddafi wakawuskapo boma, ndipo zina la charu ichi likasintha kuŵa Libyan Arab Republic. (الجمهورية العربية الليبية ). The official name was "Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya" from 1977 to 1986 (الجماهيرية العربية الليبية الشعبية الاشتراكية), na "Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya" (الجماهيرية العربية الليبية الشعبية الاشتراكية العظمى,  ) kufuma mu 1986 mpaka 2011.
Bungwe la National Transitional Council, ilo likakhazikiskika mu 2011, likati boma ili ni "Libya". Wupu wa United Nations ukazomera kuti charu ichi ni "Libya" mu Seputembala 2011 pakulondezga pempho la wupu wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu ku Libya. Mu Novembala 2011, ISO 3166-1 yikasinthika kuti yilongosore zina liphya la charu "Libya" mu Chingelezi, "Libye (la) " mu Chifurenchi.
Mu Disembala 2017 nthumwi ya Libya ku United Nations yikaphalira United Nations kuti zina lakuzomerezgeka la chalo ichi ni "State of Libya"; "Libya" likalutilira kuŵa chifupi, ndipo chalo chikalutilira kulembeka pasi pa "L" mu mazina gha alufabeti..
Libya wa chiyamwaka
Mu chigaŵa cha mumphepete mwa nyanja ku Libya mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵa mu nyengo ya Neolithic kwamba waka mu 8000 B.C.E. Ŵanthu ŵakugomezga kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Berber awo ŵakakhalanga mu charu cha Afroasiatic ŵakamba kukhala mu chigaŵa ichi mu nyengo ya Bronze. Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakamanyikwanga na zina ili ŵakaŵa ŵa Garamantes, awo ŵakakhalanga ku Germa. Ŵafoinike ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵakwamba kukhazikiska misika ya malonda mu Libya. Kuzakafika mu vyaka vya m'ma 500 B.C.E., Carthage ndiyo yikaŵa yikuru chomene pa vyaru ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa Ŵafoinike.
Mu 630 B.C.E., Ŵagiriki ŵakakhazikika mu malo ghakuzingilizga Barca mu kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Libya na kuzenga msumba wa Cyrene. Pakati pajumpha vyaka 200, misumba yinyake yinayi yikuru ya ku Greece yikapangika mu chigaŵa icho chikachemekanga Cyrenaica. Mu cigaŵa ici ndimo mukaŵa sukulu yakumanyikwa ya Cirenaics. Mu 525 B.C.E., ŵasilikari ŵa Ŵaperesiya ŵa Cambyses II ŵakathereska Cyrenaica, ndipo kwa vyaka viŵiri vikati vyajumphapo, msumba uwu ukaŵa pasi pa Ŵaperesiya panji Ŵaeguputo. Alexander Mukuru wakamazga muwuso wa Ŵaperesiya mu 331 B.C.E. ndipo wakapokera msonkho kufuma ku Cyrenaica. Kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Libya kukaweleraso ku Ŵagiriki, ndipo pa nyengo iyi kukaŵa ku ufumu wa Ptolemy.
Ku chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi, Ŵakhristu ŵakwambilira ŵakakhazikika mu Cyrenaica mu nyengo ya Fumu Claudius. Msumba uwu ukaparanyika comene pa Nkhondo ya Kitos ndipo Ŵagiriki na Ŵayuda wose ŵakakhalapo yayi. Nangauli Trajan wakawuskapo ŵasilikari ŵanandi mu msumba uwu, kweni pamasinda ukamba kunangika. Mu nyengo ya Ŵakhristu ŵakwambilira, ku Libya ndiko kukaŵa Ŵapapa Victor I. Kweni ku Libya nako kukaŵa Ŵakhristu ŵakwambilira ŵanandi awo ŵakaŵa ŵa chisopa cha Arian na Donat.
Chisilamu ku Libya
Mu muwuso wa Amr ibn al-As, ŵasilikari ŵa Rashidun ŵakathereska Cyrenaica. Mu 647, ŵasilikari awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Abdullah ibn Saad ŵakatora msumba wa Tripoli. Mu 663 C.E., Uqba ibn Nafi wakathereska msumba wa Fezzan. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Berber awo ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa ichi ŵakazomera cisopa ca Ciisilamu, kweni ŵakakana kuwusika na Ŵaarabu.
Kwa vyaka vinandi, charu cha Libya chikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa Umayyad Caliph wa ku Damaseko m'paka apo Ŵababayidi ŵakathereskera Ŵaumayyad mu 750, ndipo charu cha Libya chikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa Baghdad. Apo Khalifa Harun al-Rashid wakasora Ibrahim ibn al-Aghlab kuŵa kazembe wa Ifriqiya mu 800, Libya wakaŵa na mazaza ghakuru chomene. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 900 C.E., Ŵasilamu ŵa ku Libya ŵakamba kulamulira chigaŵa chose mu 972 ndipo ŵakimika Bologhine ibn Ziri kuŵa kazembe.
Mu 1001 Ŵaberi ŵa ku Banu Khazrun ŵakafumako ku Tripolitania. Ŵakaŵa na mazaza pa Tripolitania m'paka mu 1146, apo Ŵanormani ŵa ku Sicily ŵakapoka chigaŵa ichi. Mu vilimika 50 vyakulondezgapo, Tripolitania yikaŵa malo agho kukacitika nkhondo zinandi pakati pa Ayubids, ŵalongozgi ŵa Almohad na ŵakugaluka ŵa Banu Ghaniya. Pamanyuma, mulara wa Almohad, Muhammad ibn Abu Hafs, wakawusa Libya kufuma mu 1207 m'paka mu 1221 pambere ŵa Hafsid ŵandambe kulamulira mu Tunisia. Ŵa Hafsid ŵakalongozga Tripolitania kwa vilimika pafupifupi 300. Kuzakafika m'ma 1500 C.E., Hafsids ŵakamba kulimbana na Spain na Ufumu wa Ottoman.
Ŵabasilamu ŵakati ŵamara kuwusa, charu cha Cyrenaica chikaŵa pasi pa Ŵaeguputo nga ni Tulunids, Ikhshidids, Ayyubids, na Mamluks pambere Ŵaotomu ŵandachithereske mu 1517. Paumaliro Fezzan wakafwatuka mu muwuso wa Awlad Muhammad. Ŵa Ottoman ŵakathereska Fezzan pakati pa 1556 na 1577.
Ottoman Tripolitania
Mu 1510, ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain awo ŵakaŵa ŵa ufumu wa Habsburg ŵakati ŵanjira mu msumba wa Tripoli na kuwupeleka ku ŵasilikari ŵa St. John, uyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari ŵa Ottoman, Sinan Pasha, wakathereska Libya mu 1551. Muhaliri wake Turgut Reis wakacemeka Bey wa ku Tripoli ndipo pamasinda Pasha wa ku Tripoli mu 1556. Kuzakafika mu 1565, boma la Tripoli likapeleka mazaza kwa pasha uyo wakasankhika na themba la ku Constantinople. Mu 1580s, ŵalongozgi ŵa Fezzan ŵakapeleka kugomezgeka kwawo kwa sultan, ndipo nangauli boma la Ottoman likaŵavya mu Cyrenaica, bey wakimikika ku Benghazi kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1500 kuti waŵe wakili wa boma mu Tripoli. Mu tawuni ya Tripoli mukaŵaso ŵazga ŵa ku Europe na ŵazga ŵanandi ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakatoleka ku Sudan. Mu 1551, Turgut Reis wakatuma ŵazga pafupifupi 5,000 ku Libya.
Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, ŵasilikari ŵa Janissary awo ŵakaŵa ku chigaŵa cha Pasha ndiwo ŵakaŵa na mazaza. Mu 1611 Dey wakawukira Pasha, ndipo Dey Sulayman Safar ndiyo wakaŵa mutu wa boma. Mu vilimika 100 vyakulondezgapo, mafumu ghanandi ghakawusa Tripolitania. Ŵanalume ŵaŵiri ŵakuzirwa chomene ŵakaŵa Mehmed Saqizli (wakalamulira mu 1631-49) na Osman Saqizli (wakalamulira mu 1649-72), wose ŵakaŵa Pasha, uyo wakalamuliranga chigaŵa ichi. Ŵaasiriya ŵakathereska na Cyrenaica wuwo. Pakuti boma la Ottoman likaŵavya ulongozgi, msumba wa Tripoli ukaŵa mu nyengo ya viwawa. Yumoza mwa ŵanthu aŵa wakaŵa mulara wa ŵasilikari ŵa ku Turkey, zina lake Ahmed Karamanli. Mbumba ya Karamanlis yikathereska ŵanthu ŵa mu Tripolitania kufuma mu 1711 m'paka mu 1835. Ŵalondezgi ŵa Ahmed ŵakalongora kuti ŵakaŵa na maluso ghakuluska ghake, kweni chifukwa cha nkhongono izo ŵakaŵa nazo mu chigaŵa ichi, Karamanli wakaŵako. Nkhondo ya ku Tripolitania yikacitika mu 1793-95. Mu 1793, mulara wa ŵasilikari ŵa ku Turkey, Ali Pasha, wakawuskapo Hamet Karamanli na kuwezgerapo Tripolitania ku muwuso wa Ottoman. Mubali wa Hameti, zina lake Yusuf (wakafwa mu 1795 mu 1832) ndiyo wakawuskapo wanangwa wa Tripolitania.
Kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, pakati pa United States na Tripolitania pakawuka nkhondo. Kuzakafika mu 1819, mapangano ghakupambanapambana gha Nkhondo za Napoleon ghakacicizga vyaru vya Barbary kuti vileke kucita vinthu vya ucigeŵenga. Yosefe wakati wavuka, ŵana ŵake ŵatatu ŵakagaŵikana. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yicoko waka, pakawuka nkhondo.
Sultan wa Ottoman Mahmud II wakatuma ŵasilikari ŵake kuti ŵambeso kulamulira, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti ufumu wa Karamanli na Tripolitania vimare. Chikaŵa chipusu yayi kuwezgerapo bata, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku Libya awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Abd-El-Gelil na Gûma ben Khalifa ŵakalutilira kuwukira mpaka apo Khalifa wakafwira mu 1858. Mu nyengo yachiŵiri ya muwuso wa Ottoman, vinthu vikasintha chomene mu vigaŵa vitatu vya Libya. Ufumu wa Ottoman ukambaso kulamulira Fezzan pakati pa 1850 na 1875 chifukwa cha ndalama izo ukasanganga ku malonda gha ku Sahara.
Kuwusa kwa Italy na Ŵalwani
Pamanyuma pa Nkhondo ya ku Italy na Turkey (1911-1912), caru ca Italy cikazgora vigaŵa vitatu ivi kuŵa vyaru vyawo. Kufuma mu 1912 m'paka 1927, chigaŵa cha Libya chikachemekanga Italy North Africa. Kwambira mu 1927 m'paka 1934, caru ici cikagaŵikana mu vigaŵa viŵiri, Italy Cyrenaica na Italy Tripolitania, ivyo vikawusikanga na ŵalongozgi ŵa ku Italy. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Italy pafupifupi 150,000 ŵakakhazikika mu Libya, awo ŵakaŵa pafupifupi 20% ya ŵanthu wose ŵa mu charu ichi.
Omar Mukhtar wakazgoka mulongozgi wa ŵanthu ŵakususkana na boma la Italy ndipo wakazgoka munthu wakuzirwa comene nangauli ŵakamukora na kumukoma pa 16 Seputembala 1931. Chisko chake sono chili pa ndalama za ku Libya zakukwana madinari 10 pakukumbuka na kuzomera kutemwa caru. Mulongozgi munyake wakuzirwa, Idris al-Mahdi as-Senussi (uyo pamasinda wakazgoka Themba Idris I), Emir wa ku Cyrenaica, wakalutilira kulongozga gulu la ku Libya m'paka apo Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose yikambira.
Ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Italy ŵakatenge ni "kukhwimiska Libya" vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Cyrenaica ŵakomeke. Ilan Pappé wakati pakati pa 1928 na 1932, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Italy "ŵakakoma hafu ya Ŵabedouin (mwakudunjika panji kwizira mu matenda na njara mu misasa yakuyuzgirako ŵanthu ku Libya)".
Mu 1934, Italy yikasazgapo vyaru vya Cyrenaica, Tripolitania, na Fezzan ndipo yikamba kuchema charu ichi kuti "Libya" (uko Ŵagiriki ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito pakuyowoya vya kumpoto kwa Africa, kupaturako Eguputo). Ŵaitaliya ŵakaŵika mtima comene pa kunozga vinthu vya mu caru na milimo ya boma. Mwaciyerezgero, ŵakasazgirako comene misewu ya njanji na misewu ya ku Libya kwambira mu 1934 mpaka 1940, ŵakazenga misewu yiphya na misewu ya njanji ya makilomita ghanandi, ndipo ŵakakhozga kuzenga mafakitale ghaphya na vikaya vinandi.
Mu Juni 1940, Italy wakanjira mu Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose. Ku Libya ndiko kukacitika nkhondo yikuru ya ku North Africa iyo yikamalira pa kutondeka kwa Italy na Germany mu 1943.
Kwambira mu 1943 m'paka 1951, ŵasilikari ŵa ŵasilikari ŵa vyaru vinyake ŵakamba kuwukira charu cha Libya. Ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ndiwo ŵakalongozganga vigaŵa viŵiri vya Tripolitana na Cyrenaïca, apo ŵa France ndiwo ŵakalongozganga chigaŵa cha Fezzan. Mu 1944, Idris wakawelera ku Cairo, kweni wakakana kukhala ku Cyrenaica m'paka apo boma likamazgira kulamulira vyaru vinyake mu 1947. Kuyana na phangano la mtende ilo likaŵa pakati pa Italy na ŵasilikari ŵa ŵasilikari ŵa ku Europe mu 1947, caru ici cikapeleka malango ghose agho ghakakhwaskanga Libya.
Kujiyimira, Ufumu na Libya pasi pa Gaddafi
Gaddafi wakakhumba kulimbana na masuzgo agho boma lakwamba likakanizganga ŵanakazi. Mu 1970, dango likapelekeka lakuti ŵanalume na ŵanakazi ŵaŵe ŵakuyana waka ndipo malipiro ghaŵirenge ghakuyana. Mu 1971, Gaddafi wakawovwira kuti paŵe wupu wakucemeka Libyan General Women's Federation. Mu 1972, dango likapelekeka ilo likati nthengwa za ŵanakazi wose awo ŵandakwaniske vyaka 16 ni zakwananga.
Pa Okutobala 25, 1975, ŵasilikari pafupifupi 20 awo ŵanandi ŵakaŵa ŵa mu msumba wa Misrata, ŵakayezga kutimbanizga boma. Ici cikapangiska kuti awo ŵakakhumbanga kuwukira boma ŵakakike na kukomeka. Pa 2 March 1977, Libya yikazgoka "Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya". Mubali Gaddafi wakapeleka mazaza ku makomiti gha ŵanthu ndipo kufuma pa nyengo iyi wakamba kujilongora kuti ni munthu wakuwoneka waka. Boma liphya la jamahiriya (ilo mu Chiarabu likung'anamura "republic") ilo wakambiska likacemekanga "democracy direct".
Mu 1975, Gaddafi wakafumiska buku lakuti The Green Book. Mu buku lake ili, wakalongosora umo ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vinyake ŵakachitiranga vinthu mwakukolerana na umo ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vinyake ŵakachitiranga.
Mu Febuluwale 1977, Libya yikamba kupeleka vinthu vya nkhondo kwa Goukouni Oueddei na ŵasilikari ŵa Chad. Nkhondo ya Chadian-Libyan yikamba apo ŵanthu ŵa ku Libya ŵakamba kulimbana na ŵasilikari ŵakugaluka ŵa ku Chad. Mu chaka chenechicho, charu cha Libya na Eguputo vikarwa nkhondo ya mazuŵa ghanayi iyo yikamanyikwa kuti nkhondo ya ku Egypt na Libya. Vyaru vyose viŵiri vikakolerana kuti paŵe mtende pakati pawo, ndipo pulezidenti wa ku Algeria, Houari Boumédiène ndiyo wakawovwira. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Libya ŵakafwa cifukwa ca kukhozgera boma la Idi Amin ku Uganda. Mubali Gaddafi wakawovwirapo magulu ghanyake, kwambira pa ŵanthu awo ŵakususka vyaru vya nyukiliya m'paka ku mawupu gha ŵantchito ku Australia.
Pa Novembala 19, 1977, charu cha Libya chikapeleka ndembera yake yambura kufipirwa. Pambere chaka cha 2011 chindafike, ndembera iyi yikaŵa yimoza pera pa charu chose.