cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Chigaŵa cha Kajilime
Kajilime ni Chigaŵa chachitatu cha vigaŵa vyakupatukan mu Boma la Chasefu, Zambia.
Chigaŵa cha Chaboli
Chaboli ni Chigaŵa chachitatu cha vigaŵa vyakupatukan mu Boma la Chasefu, Zambia.
Chigaŵa cha Manda Hill
Manda Hill ni Chigaŵa chachitatu cha vigaŵa vyakupatukana mu Boma la Chasefu, Zambia.
Index of Africa-related articles
This is an index of articles related to Africa, by country:
Portal:Africa
The following are images from various Africa-related articles on Wikipedia.
Chigaŵa cha Susa
Susa ni Chigaŵa chachitatu cha vigaŵa vyakupatukana mu Boma la Chasefu, Zambia.
Chigaŵa cha Nkhanga
Nkhanga ni Chigaŵa chachitatu cha vigaŵa vyakupatukana mu Boma la Chasefu, Zambia.
Chiyowoyero cha Chitonga (Zambia na Zimbabwe)
ChiTonga (Chitonga), icho chikumanyikwaso na zina lakuti Zambezi, ni chiyowoyero cha Bantu icho chikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵa ku Tonga (Batonga) awo ŵakukhala chomene mu chigaŵa cha Southern, Lusaka, Central na Western ku Zambia, kweniso kumpoto kwa Zimbabwe. Chiyowoyero ichi chikayowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵa Iwe, Toka na Leya, panji na ŵanthu ŵa Kafwe Twa (panji Ila), kweniso ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Zambia na Zimbabwe awo ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero viŵiri. Ku Zambia, chiyowoyero cha Tonga chikusambizgika mu masukulu gha ku Southern Province, Lusaka na Central Provinces.
Chiyowoyero ichi ndicho chikuyowoyeka chomene ku Zambia pamoza na chiBemba, Lozi na Nyanja. ChiTonga cha ku Malawi, icho Guthrie wakuchilongora kuti chili mu chigaŵa cha N15, chili pafupi yayi na chiTonga cha ku Zambia, icho chili mu chigaŵa cha M64, ndipo chingawoneka nga ni chiyowoyero chinyake.
Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa cha Tonga ndiwo mbakale chomene pa ŵanthu wose ŵa mtundu wa Bantu. Mu chiyowoyero ichi muli viyowoyero viŵiri: chiyowoyero cha mu chipalamba cha Tonga na chiyowoyero cha ku mapiri. Chigwa cha Tonga chikayowoyeka chomene mu chigwa cha Zambezi na kumwera kwa chigaŵa cha Batonga (Ŵanthu ŵa Tonga) apo chigaŵa cha Plateau Tonga chikayowoyeka chomene kuzingilizga chigaŵa cha Monze na kumpoto kwa chigaŵa cha Batonga.
Chiyowoyero cha Chitonga (Chitonga panji isiTonga) chikamba kuyowoyekanga ndipo chikalembeka yayi m'paka apo ŵamishonale ŵakafikira. Ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero chimoza ŵakulemba mazgu ghakupambana.
Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero ichi ŵakuŵa na chiyowoyero cha milomo yiŵiri apo viyowoyero vinyake vyapafupi vikuŵa na chiyowoyero cha /mw/, nga umo vikuŵira na mwana'mwana' na kunwa 'kumwa.'
Maho (2009) wakuwuskamo ciyowoyero ca Shanjo nga ni ciyowoyero cinyake, ndipo nchambura kukolerana comene.
Ntchito
Viyowoyero vya ku Tonga na Chitonga vikuyana waka. Lizgu limoza lingaŵa na lizgu la munthu, lizgu la nyengo, lizgu la munthu, panji lizgu linyake.
Kapulikikilo
Chiyowoyero cha ku Tonga chili na mazgu ghakupambanapambana. Kuŵika mazgu mu viyowoyero vinyake vya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu nkhwakusuzga ndipo kukupambana na viyowoyero vinyake vya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu uwu. Ŵasambiri ŵanandi ŵakwamba na A. E. Mu 1963, ŵa Meeussen ŵakayezga kuti ŵamanye malo agho ŵakwenera kuŵikapo mazgu.
Cinthu cimoza ico cikupangiska kuti mazgu ghapachanya ghaleke kukolerana na malo ghake ghakwambilira na kusamira kumazere.
Mu mazgu agha, lizgu lakwamba ilo likaŵa na lizgu lakuti -sí lili kusinthira ku lizgu lakuti ibu, apo lizgu lakwamba ilo likaŵa na lizgu lakuti -su lili kusintha yayi.
Cakuwonerapo ca zina la munthu ico cili pacanya apa nchipusu kulongosora. Ndipouli, mazgu agho ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya ghakupulikikwa makora yayi. Cakuwonerapo cimoza ca mafumbo agho Meeussen na Goldsmith ŵakadumbiskana cili pasi apa:
Mazgu ghapachanya agho ghali pa lizgu lacinayi, ghakunisuzga kupulikiska. Usange lizgu ili likufuma ku lizgu lakuti bon, nchakusuzga kumanya cifukwa ico likulekera kuwoneka mu lizgu lakuti ndi-la-bon-a.
Ŵasayansi ŵanyake, nga ni Carter na Goldsmith, ŵakuti Tonga wali na mazgu ghakupambanapambana. Ŵanyake, nga ni Pulleyblank, ŵakugwiliskira nchito fundo za sumu pera, kwambura kuŵikapo mazgu.
Ukaboni
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Chigaŵa cha Kapilisanga
Kapilisanga ni Chigaŵa chachitatu cha vigaŵa vyakupatukana mu Boma la Chasefu, Zambia.
Chigaŵa cha Membe, Chasefu
Membe ni Chigaŵa chachitatu cha vigaŵa vyakupatukana mu Boma la Chasefu, Zambia.
Chigaŵa cha Luwerezi
Luwerezi ni Chigaŵa chachitatu cha vigaŵa vyakupatukana mu Boma la Chasefu, Zambia.
Malo Ghakuguliskirako
Malo ghakuguliskirako mu ward agha ni:
Ndyali za Zambia
Ndyali za Zambia zikuchitika mu chalo cha presidental representative democratic republic, apo president wa Zambia ni mutu wa chalo, mutu wa boma na mulongozgi wa chipani. Boma ndilo likuŵa na mazaza ghakulongozga, ndipo boma na nyumba ya malango ndivyo vili na mazaza. Kumanyuma kukachemekanga Northern Rhodesia, ndipo mu Okutobala 1964, Zambia yikazgoka charu chakujiyimira payekha.
Nangauli Zambia yikaŵa boma la demokilase kufuma apo likapokera wanangwa, kweni likasintha na kuŵa boma la chipani chimoza kwa vyaka 19 kwambira pa Disembala 8, 1972, m'paka apo boma la chipani chimoza likambiraso pa Disembala 4, 1990. Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, Zambia ni charu icho chili na demokilase yakukhora, ndipo mwa mtende, maboma ghanayi (UNIP, MMD, PF na UPND) ghakusintha mazaza..
The Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) rated Zambia as a hybrid regime in 2020. The EIU has also consistently put Zambia among the top ten most democratic African countries, ranking it 8th in Africa and 99th in the world as of 2018 (167 states). This is also while Freedom House ranks Zambia as ‘Partly Free’, with a score of 52/100 (0 least free and 100 mostly free) as of 2021.
Boma na dango
Pa Ogasiti 25, 1973, ŵakafumiska dango lakwamba ilo likaŵa mu 1964. Ndondomeko yiphya ya malango na maungano gha boma agho ghakacitika mu Disembala 1973 ghakaŵa ghaumaliro kuti paŵe "democracy". Ndondomeko ya malango ya mu 1973 yikalongora kuti paŵe pulezidenti wankhongono na wupu wa National Assembly. Komiti yikuru ya United National Independence Party (UNIP), ndiyo yikapanganga ndondomeko ya ndyali. Boma likalondezganga fundo za komiti yikuru.
Mwakukolerana na khumbo la UNIP lakuti liŵe na mazaza pa boma liphya, dango la boma likati munthu yekha uyo wakeneranga kuŵa pulezidenti wa UNIP ndiyo wakeneranga kuŵa pulezidenti. Munthu waciŵiri mu wupu wa Zambia wakaŵa mulembi mukuru wa UNIP.
Mu Disembala 1990, paumaliro wa chaka cha vivulupi ico mukaŵa vivulupi mu msumba ukuru na kuyezga kutimbanizga boma, Pulezidenti Kaunda wakalemba dango ilo likamazga mazaza gha UNIP. Pakuzgora kupempha kwa ŵanthu kuti ŵaŵe na vyaru vinandi, ndipo pamanyuma pa kudumbiskana kwa nyengo yitali pakati pa boma la Kaunda na magulu ghakwimikana na boma, Zambia yikalemba dango liphya mu Ogasiti 1991. Dango ili likasazgirako wupu wa National Assembly kufuma pa ŵanthu 136 kufika pa ŵanthu 158, likakhazikiska komiti ya vyakusankha, ndipo likazomerezga kuti paŵe ŵanthu ŵakujumpha yumoza awo ŵangaŵa ŵimiliri ŵa UNIP. Ndondomeko iyi yikasinthikaso mu 1996 kuti yikhazikiske vigaŵa viphya pa udindo wa purezidenti (mwakusazgapo vigaŵa viŵiri vyakudumura nyengo, na kukhumba kuti ŵapapi wose ŵa munthu uyo wakukhumba kuŵa pulezidenti ŵababike mu Zambia). Nyumba ya Ufumu yili na ŵanthu 150 awo ŵakusankhika, ŵanthu 10 (kanandi 8) awo ŵakwimikika na pulezidenti, kweniso muyowoyeri. Charu cha Zambia chili na vigaŵa 10, ndipo chigaŵa chilichose chikulongozgeka na mulongozgi wa chigaŵa.
Kufumira mu 2010, dango liphya la boma lili kunozgeka.
Mbiri ya ndyali
Munthu wakuzirwa comene mu ndyali za ku Zambia kwamba mu 1964 mpaka mu 1991, wakaŵa Kenneth Kaunda, uyo wakalongozga nkhondo ya kujiwombora na kumazga mphindano pakati pa vigaŵa na mafuko ghakupambanapambana. Kaunda wakayezga kukhazikiska boma pa fundo ya "ŵanthu", iyo yikukanira ŵanthu kuti ŵacitenge vinthu mwambura kwenelera ndipo yikayowoyanga chomene vya kukolerana pakati pa ŵanthu, kweni kuti munthu ndiyo wakeneranga yayi. Pa nyengo iyo Kaunda wakaŵa pulezidenti, ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghose ŵakaŵa na ŵantchito mu boma.
1991: Kusamukira ku boma la vyaru vinandi
Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakasuskanga umo UNIP yikugwilira ntchito, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti mu 1990 gulu la Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD) likure. Gulu la MMD likaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene ŵa ku Zambia, kusazgapo ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa awo ŵakafumako ku UNIP na ŵalongozgi ŵa ŵantchito. Mu chaka chenechicho, Pulezidenti Kaunda wakazomerezga kuti paŵe referendum ya boma la chipani chimoza kweni, chifukwa cha kukana, wakawuskapo fundo iyi ndipo wakalembapo chikalata chakusinthira dango ilo likapangiska kuti Zambia yiŵe na vyaru vinandi. Pa 31 Okutobala, 1991, ku Zambia kukacitika mavoti ghakwamba gha vyaru vinandi kufuma mu ma 1960. Wakunjilirapo wa MMD Frederick Chiluba wakaluska Kenneth Kaunda pa mavoti 76% pa mavoti gha pa presidenti. Kuonjezera pa chigonjetso cha MMD, pa chisankho cha nyumba za malamulo MMD inapeza mipando 125 pa mipando 150 yosankhidwa ndipo UNIP yotsala 25. Ndipouli, UNIP yikatonda mu chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi, ndipo yikapokera vithuzithuzi 19.
1991-2001: MMD na Frederick Chiluba
Paumaliro wa nyengo yakwamba ya Chiluba pakuŵa pulezidenti (1996), chilato cha MMD cha kusintha ndyali chikaŵa kuti chachepa chifukwa cha ivyo ŵanthu ŵakakhumbanga. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakumanyikwa ŵakambiska magulu ghakwimikana. Pakuthemba pa chiŵelengero chikuru cha MMD mu nyumba ya malango, Pulezidenti Chiluba mu mwezi wa Meyi 1996 wakakhwimiska kusintha kwa dango ilo likawuskapo Pulezidenti wakale Kaunda na ŵalongozgi ŵanyake ŵakumanyikwa ŵa chipani cha opposition mu mavoti gha 1996 gha pulezidenti.
Mu Novembala 1996, Chiluba wakasankhikaso pa mavoti gha pulezidenti na pa mavoti gha pa nyumba ya malango. Chipani cha UNIP cha Kaunda chikakana mavoti gha pa nyumba ya malango kuti chichitire chipani chake chipani cha UNIP chipani cha UNIP chikana mavoti gha pa nyumba ya mavoti chifukwa cha kuleka kusankha mulongozgi wawo pa mavoti gha pulezidenti. Nangauli UNIP yikakana, kweni mavoti ghakacitika mwamtende, ndipo ŵanthu ŵankhondi awo ŵakalindiliranga kuŵa pulezidenti na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 600 awo ŵakalindiliranga kuŵa pa maparamende ŵa vipani 11 ŵakanjira. Kweni pamasinda, vyaru vinyake na mawupu ghanyake ghakupambanapambana ghakati maungano agha ghakaŵa ghambura urunji. Apo Pulezidenti Chiluba wakamba uteŵeti wake waciŵiri mu 1997, ŵakususka ŵakalutilira kukana ivyo vikacitika pa maungano gha vyaru vyakupambanapambana.
Kukwambilira kwa chaka cha 2001, ŵanthu awo ŵakakolerana na Pulezidenti Chiluba ŵakambiska kampeni ya kusintha ndyali kuti Chiluba wazakaŵepo pa udindo wake kachitatu. Wupu wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu, magulu ghakwimikana na boma, kweniso ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu chipani icho chili na mazaza, ŵakakondwa chomene na ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga Chiluba kuti waleke kuwina.
Pa Disembala 27, 2001, ŵakachita maungano gha purezidenti, ghaparamende, na gha boma. Maphwando khumi na yimoza ghakapangana pa mavoti agha. Pa nyengo iyi, pakaŵa masuzgo ghanandi. Ŵalwani ŵakayowoya kuti pakaŵa maubudi ghakuru. Ndipouli, mulongozgi wa MMD, Levy Mwanawasa, wakathereskeka na mphaka yichoko waka, ndipo wakapika mazaza pa 2 Janyuwale 2002. Magulu ghatatu ghakapempha ku Khoti Likuru kuti liŵasuske pa ivyo vikachitika pa ungano wa chigaŵa. Makhoti ghakati palije viheni ivyo vikacitika, kweni vikaŵa vikuru yayi mwakuti vikhwaskenge umo vinthu vikaŵira pa nyengo iyo, ntheura vikazomerezgeka.
2001–2008
Mu 2006 chisankho cha purezidenti chikapikisana kwambiri, ndipo Mwanawasa adasankhidwanso ndi kusiyana kwakukulu kuposa omwe akutsutsana nawo Michael Sata wa Patriotic Front ndi Hakainde Hichilema wa United Party for National Development (UPND).
Pa mavoti gha pa parliament gha chaka chenechicho MMD yikapokera vithuzi 72, vithuzi 84 vyakukhalapo vikapelekeka ku vipani vinyake ndipo vithuzi vinandi vikaluta ku Patriotic Front.
Pulezidenti wa Levy Mwanawasa mpaka imfa yake pakati pa chaka cha 2008, adali wosiyana ndi ndalama zambiri komanso ziphuphu zowonekera kwambiri mzaka zomaliza za ulamuliro wa Frederick Chiluba. Nakuti, pulezidenti wakale uyu wakakakika na kupelekeka mulandu wa kunanga vinthu na vimbundi, ndipo ivi vikawuskapo wofi wakuti pulezidenti Mwanawasa wangaleka kupulika ivyo munthu uyo wakaŵa kumanyuma kwake wakacita.
Mwanawasa ŵakamupa mulandu na ŵanthu ŵanyake kuti wakalongora nkharo ya wupu wakulamulira mu 2004 apo nduna yake ya vya mukati yikapeleka dango lakuti Roy Clarke uyo wakaŵa wa ku Britain kweniso wakukhala ku Zambia kwa nyengo yitali, wafumiskike. Ndipouli, apo Clarke wakadandawura ku Khoti Likuru, mweruzgi wakadumura kuti dango ili likaŵa lakwenelera yayi. Pulezidenti Mwanawasa, wakapulikira dango lake lakuti walongozgenge boma la malango, ndipo wakachindika ivyo khoti likadumura ndipo Clarke wakazomerezgeka kwambiraso kulemba nkhani zake za kususka. Mwamphu uwo Mwanawasa wakaŵa nawo pakwamba kuti wawuskemo vimbundi nawo ukakhira, ndipo ŵakaboni ŵakuzirwa mu mulandu wa Chiluba ŵakafumamo mu caru. Wupu wakuwona vya malango uwo Mwanawasa wakhazikiska nawo ukaŵa na masuzgo, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakamba kukayikira uko wangatumizga ivyo wasanga. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Zambia ŵakawonanga kuti Mwanawasa wakuluska Chiluba.
visankho vya 2011
Rupiah Banda wakatondeka kuwuskika pa chisankho cha Pulezidenti na cha Nyumba ya Malamulo mu 2011, wakataya kwa Michael Sata wa Patriotic Front. Ici cikapangiska kuti ŵabali ŵatatu ŵa MMD ŵaleke kuwusa kwa vilimika 20.
Mu 2015 mpaka pano
Edgar Chagwa Lungu wakalapizga kuŵa purezidenti wa Zambia pa 25 Janyuwale 2015, ndipo wakasankha Guy Scott uyo wakachitanga mlimo wa purezidenti. Pa nyengo iyo Lungu wakaŵa pulezidenti, ŵanthu ŵakamususkanga cifukwa ca kutondeka kukanizga kwacha. Pakaŵaso malipoti ghambura kukhorweska ghakuti Lungu wakumwa chomene moŵa. Vinthu ivyo vikupangiska kuti Zambia yiŵe na masuzgo gha vyachuma, comenecomene kwacha, ni ukhuluku wa malonda. Boma la Zambia likusangirapo ndalama zinandi pa vinthu ivyo likupeleka ku vyaru vinyake.
Pa 5 January 2016, Lungu wakamalizga makora nkhani zakukhozga malango apo wakazomerezga ndondomeko ya kusintha malango ya 2015. Ndondomeko iyi yikwiza chifukwa cha ntchito yikuru iyo yikamba mu nyengo ya Mwanawasa (The Mwanakatwe Commission) ndipo yikulutilira na komiti ya Michael Chilufya Sata. Pakuŵa nduna ya vya malango, Lungu wakaŵa kuti wapeleka kale ndondomeko ya dango ku pharalamende, apo pamanyuma pake ŵakadumura kuti nkhani izo zilije mphindano zizadumbiskanenge mu pharalamende ndipo nkhani izo zili na mphindano zizamuzgoreka pa referendum. Mu mavoti gha mu mwezi wa Ogasiti 2016, pulezidenti Edgar Lungu wakathereskeka mu chigaŵa chakwamba. Chipani cha chipani cha opposition cha Patriotic Front (PF) chakana ivyo chipani cha opposition cha UPND chikayowoya. Kweni mu 2020, Nyumba ya Malamulo mwa ofesi ya nduna ya vya malango (Given Lubinda) yikapeleka fundo yakuchemeka Bill 10, iyo yikakanika mu Nyumba ya Malamulo pa maŵazgo ghachitatu.
Mu mavoti gha 2021 agho ghakaŵa na ŵanthu 70%, Hakainde Hichilema wakapokera 59% ya mavoti, apo mulwani wake wapamtima, pulezidenti Edgar Chagwa Lungu, wakapokera 39% ya mavoti. Pa 16 August Edgar Lungu wakazomera mu mazgu gha pa TV, kutuma kalata na kuwonga pulezidenti wakusankhika Hakainde Hichilema. Pa 24 Ogasiti 2021, Hakainde Hichilema wakalapa kuŵa purezidenti muphya wa Zambia.
Wupu Wakulongozga
Boma la Zambia lili mu mawoko gha pulezidenti uyo wakusankhika mu ndondomeko ya vigaŵa viŵiri. Ŵalara ŵa boma ŵakuteŵetera vyaka vinkhondi ndipo nyengo yawo yikuŵa yiŵiri.
Dambo la Shire
Mlonga uwu ukujumpha ku Chikwawa, ndipo ukuzgokera kumwera ca kumafumiro gha dazi na kunjira mu vidika vya Mozambique. Mlonga ukuru comene wa Ruo, uwo njumoza wa milonga iyo yikwenda nyengo yitali, ukunjira mu Shire kufupi na tawuni ya Chiromo ku Malawi. Maji agha ghakwenda mu malo ghakuru ghakuchemeka Elephant Marsh pambere ghandafike apo Mlonga wa Zambezi ukusamira kumwera kwa tawuni ya Sena, ku Mozambique.
Ndyali za Zambia
Wupu Wakulongozga
Pambere kusintha kwa malango gha chalo cha Zambia kwa chaka cha 2016 kwamanyikwa na pulezidenti, kweni kusintha kwa sono kwa chaka cha 2016 kukuŵika mulara wa pulezidenti pa thikiti limoza na pulezidenti (running mate) (Article 110 Sec 2, 3 and 4) ndipo para pali malo gha pulezidenti wakusankhika mulara wa pulezidenti ndiyo wakulondezga pulezidenti ndipo wakulutilira kuŵa pulezidenti mpaka pa chisankho chakulondezgapo (Article 106 Sec 5 ((a) na Sec 6). Ivi vikupambana na ivyo vikalembeka mu 1996 apo chikaŵa chakukhumbikwa kuti paŵe mavoti ghachokoghachoko mu mazuŵa 90 kufuma apo pulezidenti wasankhika ndipo wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti ndiyo wakuchitapo kanthu (nga umo vikaŵira na pulezidenti wakale Guy Scott mu Okutobala 2014 m'paka Janyuwale 2015 na pulezidenti wakale Rupiah Banda mu 2008 pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya pulezidenti Sata na Mwanawasa).
Dambo la Shire
Mu 1859, David Livingstone wakaluta ku malo ghaŵiri ku Zambezi.
Ndyali za Zambia
Wupu Wakulongozga
Hakainde Hichilema ndiyo ni pulezidenti ndipo Mutale Nalumango ndiyo ni wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti.
Dambo la Shire
Dambo ili lili mu chigaŵa cha East African Rift system.
Ukaboni
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Nyumba ya Malango ya ku Malawi
Nyumba ya Malango ya ku Malawi ndiyo yikulongozga vinthu mu charu. Likukhala pa Capital Hill, Lilongwe pa Presidential Way. Nyumba ya Malango ndiyo njekha yili na mazaza gha kuzenga malango, ndipo ndiyo yili na mazaza pa maboma ghose gha Malawi. Pa mutu wake pali Mulara wa Nyumba ya Malamulo uyo wakusankhika na ŵanthu ŵanyake. Kuyambira pa 19 June 2019 Speaker ndi Catherine Gotani Hara.
Dango la 1994 likayowoyapo kuti paŵenge Nyumba ya Malango, kweni Nyumba ya Malango yikaleka. Pa cifukwa ici, Malawi wali na wupu wakulongozga wa nyumba yimoza. Nyumba ya Malamulo ili na mamembala 193, awo ŵakusankhika mwakudunjika mu vigaŵa vya mamembala ghamoza pakugwiliskira nchito ndondomeko ya unandi wa ŵanthu (or first-past-the-post) ndipo ŵakuteŵetera vyaka vinkhondi.
Current Parliament
Nyumba ya malango ya sono yikamba kugwira ntchito mu Juni 2019 pamanyuma pa chisankho cha Malawi cha 2019. Pakaŵavya chipani icho chikaŵa na wanandi wa ŵanthu mu nyumba iyi. Peter Mutharika wakathereska pa chisankho cha purezidenti, kweni chifukwa cha vinthu vyambura kwenelera khoti la malango likalangura kuti mavoti gha purezidenti ghachitikeso mu 2020. Pa February 24, 2020, Nyumba ya Malamulo yikapeleka ndondomeko ya kusintha malango ghakukhwaskana na ma parliamentary na presidential elections Act (PPEA).
Ndyali za Zambia
Wupu Wa waweruzgi
Khoti Likuru Chomene ndilo ni khoti likuru chomene kweniso lakwamba; ndipo kusi kwa khoti ili kuli khoti likuru, khoti la milandu, na makhoti gha mu vigaŵa. Khoti la Malango likakhazikiskika mu 2016.
Wankhondo
Wupu wa Zambia Defence Force (ZDF) uli na ŵasilikari, ŵasilikari ŵa ku mphepo, na wupu wa Zambia National Service (ZNS). ZDF yikapangika kuti yivikilire ŵanthu. Ŵapolisi ŵa ku Zambia ŵali ku chigaŵa cha ŵasilikari ŵa boma yayi, kweni ŵali kupangika kuti ŵachitenge milimo ya kuvikilira ŵanthu.
Ubali na vyaru vinyake
Zambia ni chalo icho chili mu wupu wa Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), Commonwealth, African Union (ndipo gulu la African Unity panji OAU), Southern African Development Community (SADC), na Common Market for Africa (COMA), ilo lili na likuru lake ku Lusaka.
Pulezidenti Kaunda wakaŵa wakulimbikira ndipo wakawoneseskanga kuti vinthu visinthe mu Southern Africa, wakakhozgera magulu gha wanangwa mu Mozambique, Namibia, Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), na South Africa. Mabungwe ghanandi agha ghakaŵa ku Zambia mu vyaka vya m'ma 1970 na 1980.
Paumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1990, pulezidenti Chiluba wakamba kumanyikwa pa caru cose. Boma lake likawovwira kuti paŵe mtende mu Angola. Zambia wali kupeleka ŵasilikari ŵake ku mawupu gha UN agho ghakovwira kuti paŵe mtende mu Mozambique, Rwanda, Angola, na Sierra Leone. Zambia yikaŵa caru cakwamba ca mu Africa kukolerana na khoti la ku Rwanda pa mulandu wa kukoma ŵanthu mu 1994.
Mu 1998, Zambia ndiyo yikalongozga pakukhazikiska mtende mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Zambia yikacitapo kanthu pa mulimo wa mtende wa ku Congo pamanyuma pa kusayinira phangano la kuleka nkhondo ku Lusaka mu Julayi na Ogasiti 1999, nangauli mulimo uwu ukakhira comene pamanyuma pakuti Wupu wa ŵasilikari uwo ukaŵa na mulimo wa kufiska phangano la kuleka nkhondo ukasamukira ku Kinshasa mu Seputembala 2001.
Zambia nayo ni munyawo wa International Criminal Court (ICC) uyo wali na phangano la kuvikilira ŵasilikari ŵa United States (kulingana na ndime 98).
Kucitako milimo ya mawupu gha vyaru
Zambia is a member of ACP, AfDB, COMESA, ECA, FAO, G-19, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ITU, MONUC, NAM, OAU, OPCW, PCA, SADC, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMEE, UNMIK, UPU, WCL, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO na WTO.
Ukaboni
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Ulendo Airlink
Ulendo Airlink yikupeleka maulendo gha ndege gha malonda gha nyengo na nyengo kufuma ku chipatala cha Kamuzu International Airport ku Lilongwe, Malawi. Kampani iyi yikamba kugwira ntchito mu chaka cha 2011, ndipo yikupeleka mautumiki mu Malaŵi na chigaŵa chose. Pa nyengo yasono, ndege izi zilipo 6..
Malo agho ŵakuluta
🇲🇼 Malawi
🇿🇲 Zambia
Mndandanda
Mu April 2019, ndege iyi yikaŵa na ndege za Cessna na Dornier 228..
Swift Air Malawi
Swift Air Limited yikaŵa ndege iyo yikaŵa ku Lilongwe, Malawi. Kampani iyi yikaŵa ya ŵanthu ŵekha ndipo yikendeskanga ndege za dera. Malo ghake ghakuru ghakaŵa ku Kamuzu International Airport.
Mbili
Swift Air yikakhazikiskika mu Seputembala 2009, yikagura malayisensi mu Novembala 2010, ndipo yikamba kugwira ntchito pa 28 February 2011. Wakawovwiranga chomene pa maulendo gha ndege pakati pa maboma gha vyamalonda na migodi. R. Ndege ya Tambo.
Mu Meyi 2012, ndege iyi yikaleka kugwira ntchito chifukwa cha ngongoli zambura kulipika izo zikagomezgekanga kuti ni mamiliyoni gha ma kwacha. Ŵantchito wose 24 ŵa kampani iyi ŵakaleka kwiza ku nchito ndipo ofesi yikuru ya Lilongwe yikalutilira kujalika.
Mndandanda
Swift Air Malawi yikagwiliskiranga nchito ndege za Douglas DC-9, Embraer 120 na Beechcraft 1900D mpaka apo yikajalika mu Meyi 2012. Wose ŵali kuweleraso ku ŵeneco panji ŵali kukakika cifukwa ca masuzgo gha ndalama.
Malo agho ŵakuluta
Pambere yindaleke kugwira ntchito, ndege ya Swift Air yikendanga pakati pa Lilongwe, Blantyre, Mzuzu, Karonga na ndege yimoza yakuya ku Johannesburg, South Africa.
Ukaboni
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Solwezi
Solwezi ni tawuni ya ku Zambia. Ni msumba ukuru wa chigaŵa cha North-Western Province. Solwezi ni msumba ukuru wa chigaŵa cha Solwezi, umoza wa vigaŵa 11 vya North-Western Province.
Makhalilo
Pafupifupi makilomita 6 (4 mi) kumwera kwa chigaŵa cha bizinesi, kuli "Kifubwa Rock Stream Shelter", kweniso Kifubwa Rock National Monument. Malo agha ghali pafupi na Mlonga wa Kifubwa, ndipo pali mipukutu iyo yili kulembeka m'ma 600 B.C.E. Malo agha ghakukwana pafupifupi 2,590 square kilometers (1,000 sq mi) ndipo pakati pake pali Kifubwa Stream Cave.
Ŵanthu
Mu 1990, ŵanthu ŵa ku Solwezi ŵakaŵa 23,435. Mu 2000, ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa 38,121. Pa kalembera wa ŵanthu wa mu 2010, ŵanthu ŵakukwana 90,856..
Economy
Solwezi ni tawuni ya migodi. Mu 2015, tawuni iyi yikalutilira kukura, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakalutilira kukura. Pa nyengo iyi, msewu ukuru pera ndiwo ukachemekanga Independence Road. Misewu yinandi yikaŵavya mazina ndipo yikaŵa yambura kujitozga. Mkuŵa ndiwo ni visulo vikuru comene ivyo ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira nchito, nangauli mu malo agha mukusangikaso cobalt, golide, na uranium.
Chigaŵa cha Kalumbila icho chili pafupi nacho chili na Mine ya Lumwana, iyo yili pa mtunda wa makilomita 65 kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Solwezi. Kalumbila wakwendeskeka na First Quantum Minerals. Mu 1961, ŵakabowozga malo gha Lumwana, kweni pakaŵavya nchito yikuru iyo yikacitika m'paka mu 1999, apo Equinox Minerals Limited yikaŵapo. Uranium nayo wakuyulika mu chigaŵa cha Kalumbila pa mgodi wa Lumwana. Ntchito yikuru ya chigaŵa cha Solwezi ni migodi ya mkuwa ku Kansanshi Mine (iyo yili pa mtunda wa makilomita 10 kumpoto) iyo yikwendeskeka na First Quantum Minerals. Mu migodi ya Kansanshi muli mkuŵa na golide. Kufuma waka kuuyambiro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1900, malo agha ghakaŵa na migodi ya mkuwa na golide.
Mitundu ya ŵanthu
Kaonde ndiyo ni fuko likuru comene mu Solwezi, kusazgapo ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakuyowoya ciyowoyero ca Lunda na Luvale. Kaonde ni fuko ilo, nga mbanthu ŵa ku Lunda, ndakufuma ku ufumu wa Luba-Lunda ku Congo. Ŵanthu aŵa ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵakwamba kugumura mkuwa ku Zambia. Fuko la Kaonde lili mu fuko likuru la ku Zambia. Mtundu wa Kaonde uli na ŵanthu pafupifupi 300,000 mu Zambia na ŵanthu 30,000 kumwera kwa DRC.
Mayendelo
Msumba wa Solwezi uli pa msewu ukuru wa T5, uwo ukukolerana na chigaŵa cha Copperbelt na Angola. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakwenda pasi panji kwendeska galimoto kuti ŵalute ku malo ghakupambanapambana. Ndege ya Solwezi yili pafupi na msewu wa T5.
Chililabombwe
Chililabombwe (Bancroft) ni tawuni yichoko mu chigaŵa cha Copperbelt, Zambia. Msumba uwu uli pafupi na mphaka ya Democratic Republic of Congo. Zina lakuti Chililabombwe likung'anamura'malo gha chibenekelero' mu ciyowoyero ca ku Lamba. Msumba uwu uli na ŵanthu 87,000 kuyana na kalembera wa mu 2010, ndipo ni umoza mwa misumba yikuru mu Copperbelt. Msumba uwu uli pa msewu wa T3, 26 km kumpoto kwa Chingola, ndipo uli 10 km kumwera kwa Kasumbalesa. Kweniso kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakumanyikwa kuti ni vinkhara vya caru nga ni Eston Mulenga, uyo wakafwa. Ni nyumba ya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bundu.
Mu tawuni iyi, ntchito yikuru njakuti ŵanthu ŵakuguliska mkuwa.
Msumba wa Chililabombwe uli na ŵanthu ŵachoko nga ni Konkola. Mu tawuni ya Konkola ndimo muli migodi ya mkuwa.
Ndyali
Meya wa sono ni Lucky Sichone Wakateŵeteranga na muwusi wa tawuni iyi, Getrude Witola. Msumba uwu uli na chigaŵa cha Chililabombwe mu Nyumba ya Malango.
Kugwira Ntchito M'migodi
Chililabombwe wali na migodi 16. Malo ghakwamba kugwilira nchito ni Konkola Copper Mines. Konkola Copper Mine njimoza mwa malo ghakurughakuru gha mkuŵa mu Africa. Pambere ŵandambe kupanikizgira migodi mu 2000, migodi iyi yikaŵa ya ZCCM, kampani ya migodi ya mkuwa ya ku Zambia. Boma la Zambia likaŵa na masheya gha 60,3% mu ZCCM. Lubambe Copper Mine, iyo pakwamba yikachemekanga Konkola North, ni mgodi uwo ukwendeskeka na kampani yakuchemeka EMR Capital Resources..
Kukopa ŵalendo
Chililabombwe wakumanyikwa cifukwa ca kupokelera ŵalendo na misika yinandi. Mu tawuni iyi muli nyumba zinandi za ŵalendo, nga ni nyumba yakwamba ya ŵalendo, Tabernacle Guest Lodge. Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, malo ghanyake ghakucemeka Hillview Guest House, Skyways Guest Lodge, Dopchim Guest Lodge, na King Dezza lodge nagho ghakumanyikwa comene mu cigaŵa ca Copperbelt.
Maseŵera
Chililabombwe ndi kwawo kwa mpira wa ku Zambia, Konkola Blades. Gulu ili likuchita maseŵera ghawo pa Konkola Stadium ku Chililabombwe, iyo yili na ŵanthu 25,000.
Ukaboni
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Le Corbusier
Charles-Édouard Jeanneret (6 Okutobala 1887 27 Ogasiti 1965), wakucemeka Le Corbusier    ,wakaŵa mulembi, wakulemba mapulani, kweniso yumoza wa awo ŵakambiska vinthu ivyo sono vikuchemeka kuti mapulani gha mazuŵa ghano. Wakababikira ku Switzerland ndipo wakaŵa mwenekaya wa France mu 1930. Mu vyaka 50 ivyo wakachitanga mulimo wake, wakapanganga nyumba ku Europe, Japan, India, North na South America. He considered that "the roots of modern architecture are to be found in Viollet-le-Duc".
Le Corbusier wakaŵa na nkharo yiwemi chomene pa nkhani ya mapulani gha mizi ndipo wakaŵa yumoza wa awo ŵakambiska bungwe la Congrès International d'Architecture Moderne (CIAM). Le Corbusier wakanozga pulani ya msumba wa Chandigarh ku India, ndipo wakapanga mapulani gha nyumba zinandi, comenecomene za boma.
Pa Julayi 17, 2016, mapulojekiti 17 gha Le Corbusier mu vyaru vinkhondi na viŵiri ghakalembeka pa UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
Le Corbusier wachali munthu wakususka. Malingaliro ghake ghanyake ghakukhwaskana na mapulani gha mizi ghakususkika cifukwa ca kuleka kuŵikako mahara ku malo agho ghakaŵako kale, umo ŵanthu ŵakalongoleranga maghanoghano ghawo, ndiposo umo ŵanthu ŵakaŵa ŵakuyana.
Le Corbusier wakapangaso mipando yakumanyikwa nga ni LC4 Chaise Lounge Chair, na ALC-3001. Vyose viŵiri vili kupangika na vikumba vya visulo.
Umoyo Wakwambilira (1887-1904)
Charles-Édouard Jeanneret wakababika pa 6 Okutobala 1887 ku La Chaux-de-Fonds, tawuni yichoko mu chigaŵa cha Neuchâtel, kumpoto cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Switzerland, mu mapiri gha Jura, makilomita 5 kufuma ku France. Msumba uwu ukaŵa wa mafakitale, ndipo ukapanganga mawoko. Mu tawuni ya La Chaux-de-Fonds mukaŵa nyumba ya Loge L'Amitié, iyo yikaŵa na visambizgo vyakukhwaskana na makhaliro, umoyo wa ŵanthu, na vinjeru vya ŵanthu. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, Le Corbusier wakayowoya kuti fundo izi ni "zinthu ivyo nkhusankha" ndiposo "manyanipo kale comene, ndipo ni zakukhora mu maghanoghano ghane, nga ni ivyo vili mu buku la visambizgo vya cisopa". (Mu 1920, wakalemba zina lakuti Le Corbusier.) Adada ŵake ŵakaŵa ŵamisiri ndipo ŵakasoranga mabokosi na mawotchi, ndipo amama ŵake ŵakasambizganga kwimba piyano. Mubali wake mulara, Albert, wakaŵa wakwimba viŵeya. Wakasambiranga ku sukulu iyo ŵakasambizgiranga vinthu vya Fröbeli.
Nga umo vikaŵira na Frank Lloyd Wright na Mies van der Rohe, Le Corbusier wakaŵavya masambiro gha kuzenga. Wakakopeka na luso lwa kuwoneka; apo wakaŵa na vilimika 15, wakanjira sukulu ya vya matalente mu tawuni ya La-Chaux-de-Fonds, iyo wakasambizganga vya matalente ghakukhwaskana na kupanga maora. Pakati pajumpha vilimika vitatu, wakasambira ku yunivesite ya ku Budapest na Paris. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, Le Corbusier wakalemba kuti L'Eplattenier ndiyo wakamuzgora "munthu wa mu nkhorongo" ndipo wakamusambizga umo wangapangira vithuzithuzi. Kanandi adada ŵake ŵakalutanga nayo ku mapiri ghakuzingilizga tawuni. Pamanyuma, wakalemba kuti: "Nyengo zose tikakweranga mapiri, ndipo tikazgoŵera kuwona vinthu vinandi". Msambizgi wake wa vyakuzenga ku sukulu ya Art School wakaŵa René Chapallaz, uyo wakawovwira chomene pakunozga nyumba za Le Corbusier. Pamanyuma, wakayowoya kuti msambizgi wake wa vya maluso, L'Eplattenier ndiyo wakamupangiska kuti wasankhe vyakuzenga. Wakalemba kuti: "Nkhatinkhanga chomene vyakuzengeka na ŵanthu awo ŵakazenganga. "... Nkhaŵa na vyaka 16, nkhapokelera cheruzgo na kupulikira. Nkhasambira vya kuzenga".
Ulendo na nyumba zakwamba (1905-1914)
Le Corbusier wakamba kujisambizga yekha mwa kuluta ku layibulare kuti wakasambirenge vya vyakuzengeka na vinjeru vya ŵanthu. Mu 1905, iyo pamoza na ŵana ŵanyake ŵaŵiri, mwakulongozgeka na msambizgi wawo, René Chapallaz, ŵakanozga na kuzenga nyumba yawo yakwamba, Villa Fallet, kwa Louis Fallet, uyo wakaŵa mubwezi wa msambizgi wake Charles L'Eplattenier. Nyumba iyi yikaŵa yikuru chomene, ndipo yikaŵa na mtenje wakudumuka mu kawonekero ka mapiri gha ku Alps. Cifukwa cakuti nyumba iyi yikaŵa yakukondweska, wakazenga nyumba ziŵiri zakuyana waka, za Villas Jacquemet na Stotzer.
Mu Seputembala 1907, wakaluta ku Italy, ndipo mu nyengo ya chiwuvi wakafika ku Budapest na ku Vienna. Apo wakaŵa ku Florence, wakaluta ku Florence Charterhouse ku Galluzzo, ndipo wakakondwanga chomene. Pamanyuma, wakalemba kuti: "Nkhukhumba kukhala mu selo lawo. "Iyi yikaŵa nthowa yiwemi comene yakuzengera nyumba za ŵantchito". Wakaluta ku Paris, ndipo kwa myezi 14 pakati pa 1908 na 1910 wakagwiranga nchito ya kujambura mu ofesi ya Auguste Perret, uyo wakaŵa wakwamba kugwiliskira nchito simenti yakukhozga mu nyumba za ŵanthu. Pakati pa Okutobala 1910 na Malichi 1911, wakaluta ku Germany ndipo wakagwira nchito kwa myezi yinayi mu ofesi ya Peter Behrens, uko Mies van der Rohe na Walter Gropius nawo ŵakagwiranga nchito na kusambira.
Mu 1911, wakambaso ulendo wa myezi yinkhondi pamoza na mubwezi wake August Klipstein; nyengo iyi wakaluta ku Balkan ndipo wakaluta ku Serbia, Bulgaria, Turkey, Greece, kweniso ku Pompeii na Rome, ndipo wakalemba mu mabuku ghakujumpha 80 ivyo wakawona, kusazgapo viphambano vinandi vya Parthenon, ivyo pamanyuma pake wakalemba mu buku lake lakuti Vers une architecture (1923). Wakalongosora ivyo wakawona pa ulendo uwu mu mabuku ghake ghanandi.
Mu 1912, wakamba kuzenga nyumba yiphya ya ŵapapi ŵake, iyo yikaŵa pafupi na La-Chaux-de-Fonds. Nyumba ya Jeanneret-Perret yikaŵa yikuru kuluska nyumba zinyake, ndipo yikaŵa yapachanya chomene. Malo gha mukati ghakanozgekanga kuzingilizga ntchindamiro zinayi za chipinda chakulyeramo mu pakati, ndipo ghakalongosoranga umo vinthu vizamuŵira mu nyumba zake. Ntchito iyi yikaŵa yakudura comene kuluska umo wakaghanaghaniranga; ŵapapi ŵake ŵakacicizgika kufumamo mu nyumba iyi mu vilimika khumi, na kusamukira ku nyumba yambura kuzirwa. Ndipouli, cifukwa ca ivyo vikacitika, ŵakamupa nchito ya kuzenga nyumba yapachanya comene mu muzi wapafupi wa Le Locle, kwa munthu munyake musambazi, Georges Favre-Jacot. Le Corbusier wakapanga nyumba yiphya mu mwezi umoza pera. Nyumba iyi yikaŵa yakutowa chomene ndipo yikaŵa na luŵaza lutali kuti paŵe ungweru.
Nyumba ya Domino na Nyumba ya Schwob (1914-1918)
Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose, Le Corbusier wakasambizganga pa sukulu yake yakale ku La-Chaux-de-Fonds. Wakasambira chomene vya umo ŵanthu ŵakuzengera nyumba. IMu Disembala 1914, pamoza na injiniya Max Dubois, ŵakamba kusanda mwakupwelelera umo ŵangagwiliskira ntchito simenti yakukhozga. Pakwamba wakasanga konkire mu ofesi ya Auguste Perret, uyo wakaŵa wakwamba kupanga konkire mu Paris, kweni sono wakakhumbanga kuyigwiliskira ntchito mu nthowa ziphya.
Pamanyuma, wakalemba kuti: "Chingwe cakukhozga cikanovwira kuti niŵe na vinthu vyakupambanapambana, kweniso kuti niŵe wakukhazikika. Ivi vikamovwira kuti wacite pulani ya nyumba ya Dom-Ino (1914-15). Chiyelezgero ichi chikaŵa na mapulagi ghatatu gha konkire agho ghakaŵa na mizati 6 ya konkire yakukhora. Pakwamba, ŵakazenganga nyumba zinandi za kanyengo kachoko pamanyuma pa Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose. Mu kalata iyo wakalemba, wakati ni "nthowa yakuzengera iyo yikukolerana na mapulani ghanandi. Iyo wakalemba kuti: "Ici cikovwiranga kuti vipata viŵe pa malo ghose pa nyumba panji mukati". Mu nyumba iyi, ŵanthu ŵakawonanga yayi kuwaro kwa nyumba, kweni ŵakasunganga makuni ghakupambanapambana. Le Corbusier wakati walemba patent, wakapangaso nyumba zinandi izo zikaŵa na mabokosi ghatuŵa. Nangauli vinyake mwa vinthu ivi vikazengeka yayi, kweni vikalongosora makora umo wakazengera nyumba izo zikaŵa za mu vyaka vya m'ma 1920. Mu 1927, wakalemba buku lakuti Five Points of a New Architecture. Mu vyaka 10 ivyo vikalondezgana na ivi, wakajura nyumba iyi kuti yileke kukolerana na viliŵa, kweniso wakajura mapulani na visalu.
Mu Ogasiti 1916, Le Corbusier wakapika mulimo ukuru comene wa kuzenga nyumba ya Anatole Schwob, uyo wakaŵa na mawoko ghafupi. Wakaŵa na ndalama zinandi ndipo wakaŵa na wanangwa wa kupanga nyumba pera yayi, kweni wakapangaso vyakukongoletsera mukati na kusankha vinthu vinyake. Pakulondezga ulongozgi wa Auguste Perret, wakazenga nyumba iyi na simiti yakukhozga ndipo wakazuzga malo agho ghakaŵapo na njerwa. Pakati pa nyumba iyi pakaŵa bokosi likuru la konkire ilo likaŵa na mizati yiŵiri, ilo likalongoranga umo wakawoneranga maonekedwe gha vinthu. Pakati pa nyumba iyi pakaŵa holo yikuru yakuzura na makandulo. Mu Julayi 1916, wakalembera Auguste Perret kuti: "Mukuwona kuti Auguste Perret ndiyo wakanovwira chomene kuluska Peter Behrens".
Ivyo Le Corbusier wakakhumbanga vikakolerananga yayi na maghanoghano na bajeti ya uyo wakakhumbanga kumovwira. Schwob wakaluta ku khoti ndipo wakakana kuti Le Corbusier wasangike pa malo agha, panji kuyowoya kuti ndiyo wakazenga. Le Corbusier wakazgora kuti: "Kwali mukukhumba panji yayi, kweni nyumba yinu yili na mazgu ghane". Le Corbusier wakaŵa wakukondwa comene na nyumba iyi ndipo wakalembapo vithuzithuzi mu mabuku ghake ghanandi.
Kupenta, Cubism, Purism na L'Esprit Nouveau (1918-1922)
Mu 1917, Le Corbusier wakasamira ku Paris ndipo wakamba kugwira ntchito ya kuzenga nyumba pamoza na mubali wake Pierre Jeanneret.
Mu 1918, Le Corbusier wakakumana na Amédée Ozenfant, uyo wakaŵa na mzimu wakuyana na wake. Ozenfant wakamukhwimiska kuti wapange vithuzi, ndipo wose ŵakamba kwenderana. Ŵakakananga kuti Cubism njambura mahara ndiposo "yautesi", ndipo wose ŵaŵiri ŵakalembapo fundo yawo yakucemeka Après le cubisme. Ozenfant na Le Corbusier ŵakamba kulemba mabuku gha L'Esprit Nouveau.
Mu magazini yakwamba, mu 1920, Charles-Edouard Jeanneret wakalemba zina lakuti Le Corbusier (zina la sekuru wake, Lecorbésier) kulongora kuti wakagomezganga kuti munthu waliyose wangajipangaso yekha. Mu nyengo yira, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamanyanga zina limoza, comenecomene ku Paris.
Pakati pa 1918 na 1922, Le Corbusier wakazengapo yayi, kweni wakaŵika mtima wake wose pa nkhani ya umo vinthu vikalengekera. Mu 1922, iyo na mubali wake Pierre Jeanneret ŵakajura studio ku Paris pa 35 rue de Sèvres. Ŵakazenga nyumba ya kuzenga pamoza. Mu 1927 m'paka 1937, ŵakateŵeteranga lumoza na Charlotte Perriand pa studio ya Le Corbusier-Pierre Jeanneret. Mu 1929, ŵanthu ŵatatu aŵa ŵakanozga chigaŵa cha "House fittings" pa chiphikiro cha Decorative Artists Exhibition ndipo ŵakapempha kuti paŵe gulu la ŵanthu awo ŵakateŵeteranga pa malo agha. Komiti ya Vyakutozga yikakana. Ŵakaleka ntchito iyi ndipo ŵakambiska bungwe la Union des artistes modernes ("Union des artistes modernes": UAM).
Nyengo yichoko waka, wakasanda nyumba za mbumba yimoza. Yumoza wawo wakaŵa Citrohan. Zina la nyumba iyi likulongora kuti Le Corbusier wakakhumbanga kugwiliskira ntchito nthowa na vinthu ivyo vikapangika mu nyumba iyi.
Kuyana na Kafukufuku wa Vyakulemba nyumba (1920-1923)
Mu 1922 na 1923, Le Corbusier wakajipeleka kukhozgera fundo zake ziphya za kuzenga na kunozga matawuni mu nkhani izo zikalembeka mu L'Esprit Nouveau. Pa ungano wa Paris Salon d'Automne mu 1922, wakalongosora ivyo wakakhumbanga kuzakachita pa msumba wa Ville Contemporaine, uwo uzamuŵa na ŵanthu mamiliyoni ghatatu. Mu 1923, wakalemba buku lake lakwamba, Towards an Architecture. Wakayowoya fundo zakukhwaskana na umo vinthu vizamuŵira munthazi, ndipo wakati: "Nyengo yikuru yayamba waka. Pali mzimu uphya. Pali milimo yinandi iyo yikucitika mu mzimu uphya, comenecomene mu vyakupangapanga. Vinthu ivyo vikuzengeka sono vikukoma ŵanthu. Mazgu ghakuti "nthowa" ngautesi. Kavwaliro nkhukolerana kwa visambizgo ivyo vikupangiska mulimo wose wa nyengo yinyake kuŵa wambura kusuzga kuwuwona. Nyengo yithu yikupanga kawonekero kake zuŵa lililose. Maso ghithu, mwacitima, ghakumanya yayi umo ghakuwonera". Vithuzithuzi vinandi na vithuzithuzi ivyo vili mu buku ili vikafuma ku malo ghanyake agho ghakusangika na ŵanthu ŵanandi yayi.
L'Esprit Nouveau Pavilion (1925)
Le Corbusier na ŵanyake ŵakapika malo agho ghakaŵa kuseri kwa Grand Palais. Malo agha ghakaŵa na makuni ghanandi, ndipo awo ŵakawoneleranga ŵakazomerezgekanga yayi kudumura makuni, ntheura Le Corbusier wakazenga nyumba yake na khuni pakati, ilo likafumanga pa mtenje. Nyumba iyi yikaŵa yakutowa chomene ndipo yikaŵa na luŵaza na mawindo. Mu chipinda ichi mukaŵa vithuzithuzi vichoko waka vya ŵanthu awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti vinthu viŵe makora. Awo ŵakalongozganga chiphikiro ichi ŵakakwiya comene ndipo ŵakazenga mpanda kuti ŵaleke kuwona malo agha. Le Corbusier wakachita apilu ku Unduna wa vya Maluso, uwo ukalangura kuti ŵakome mpanda uwu.
Padera pa vyakuvwara, mu nyumba iyi mukaŵa 'Plan Voisin' iyo wakalemba, iyo yikaŵa ndondomeko ya kuzengaso chigaŵa chikuru cha Paris. Iyo wakakhumbanga kuti malo ghakuru gha kumpoto kwa Seine ghazgulike na mabuludogi na kunjizga misewu yifinyi, vikhwangwani, na nyumba mu malo mwa vigongwe vikuruvikuru vya makwelero 60 ivyo vikaŵa nga ni mphinjika. Ŵandyali na ŵamalonda ŵa ku France ŵakamususka, nangauli ŵakakolerana na fundo za Taylor na Ford. Ndondomeko iyi yikaŵa kuti yindaghanaghanirikepo, kweni yikapangiska kuti paŵe kudumbiskana za umo ŵangachitira na ŵanthu ŵakusuzgika awo ŵakakhalanga mu mizi ya ku Paris.
Ŵanandi awo ŵakasuskanga nyumba iyi ŵakayiseka, kweni Le Corbusier wakalemba kuti: "Cinthu cimoza nchakuti, mu 1925 pakaŵa mphindano pakati pa vinthu vyakale na viphya. Para caka ca 1925 cajumphapo, awo ŵakutemwa vinthu vyakale ŵazamuŵa kuti ŵafwa... Cinthu cikuluta panthazi cifukwa ca kuyezgayezga, ndipo cakuzirwa comene pa nkhani iyi nchakuti 'vyaphya' ndivyo vicitikenge".
The Decorative Art of Today (1925)
Mu 1925, Le Corbusier wakasazga nkhani zakukhwaskana na luso lwa kujitozga kufuma mu "L'Esprit Nouveau" mu buku lakuti L'art décoratif d'aujourd'hui (The Decorative Art of Today). Buku ili likaŵa lakukhozga maghanoghano gha ŵanthu pa nkhani ya kutozga vinthu. Fundo yake yikuru, iyo yikuyowoyeka kanandi waka mu buku ili, njakuti: "Vikuto vya mazuŵa ghano vikutowa yayi". Wakasuska mwakukondwa masitayelo agho ghakaŵa pa ungano uwo ukacitika mu 1925 (Exposition of Decorative Arts). Chisopa cha vinthu vyakutowa chili mu suzgo yikuru. Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuluta ku malo ghanthena agha. Iyo wakazunura buku la mu 1912 la Adolf Loos, ilo lili na mutu wakuti "Ornament and Crime", ndipo wakazunurapo mazgu gha Loos ghakuti: "Para ŵanthu ŵakukura chomene, mbwenu vinthu vikusintha". Wakasuska umo ŵanthu ŵakachitiranga vinthu mu nyengo yakale, ndipo wakati "Louis Philippe na Louis XVI moderne". Ŵakaŵa na mitundu yakupambanapambana. Ŵakaphikanga vyakurya viwemi chomene". Wakasuska masitayelo ghakupambanapambana agho ghakapelekeka pa ungano uwu, agho ghakafuma ku China, Japan, India na Persia. Mazuŵa ghano, pakukhumbikwa nkhongono kuti munthu wakhozge mitheto ya ku Western. Wakasuska "vinthu vyakuzirwa na vyambura kuzirwa ivyo vikaŵa pa mashelufu" mu masitayelo ghaphya. Wakasuzga "masikini gha silika, malibwe gha marble agho ghakusintha, viŵiya vyamalibwe, masiliva gha ku Byzantium na ku Orient... Tiyeni tileke waka!"
Buku ili likaŵa la ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga masitayelo ghakupambanapambana gha vyakujitozga. Mu m'ma 1930, nga umo Le Corbusier wakayowoyera, vinthu vya Louis Philippe na Louis XVI ivyo vikaŵa mu nyumba na mapepara gha maluŵa gha mitundu yakutowa, vikasinthika na masitayelo ghanyake. Pachoko na pachoko, visambizgo vya Le Corbusier vya umo vinthu vikaŵira vikamba kusintha. Mu 1966, nkhwantha ya vya mdauko, Bevis Hillier, yikasintha mazina agho Le Corbusier wakalemba mu buku lake lakuti, 1925 Expo: Arts Deco. Kufuma apo, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuzunura kalembero aka kuti Art Deco.
Malo Ghankhondi Ghakulongosolera Nyumba za Villa Savoye (1923-1931)
Chifukwa chakuti Le Corbusier wakaŵa wakumanyikwa chomene chifukwa cha ivyo wakalemba kweniso chifukwa cha chiphikiro icho chikachitika mu 1925, ŵanthu ŵakamupa ntchito yakuzenga nyumba 12 mu Paris. Mu nyumba izi mukaŵa nyumba ya La Roche na Albert Jeanneret (1923-1925), iyo sono ni Fondation Le Corbusier; nyumba ya Guiette ku Antwerp, Belgium (1926); nyumba ya Jacques Lipchitz; nyumba ya Cook, na nyumba ya Planeix. Mu 1927, German Werkbund yikamuchema kuti wakazenge nyumba zitatu mu msumba wa Weissenhof kufupi na Stuttgart. Iyo wakalongosora makora comene mulimo uwu mu buku lake lakucemeka Five Points of Architecture.
Chaka chakulondezgapo wakamba kuzenga nyumba ya Villa Savoye (1928-1931), iyo yikazgoka yimoza mwa nyumba zakumanyikwa chomene za Le Corbusier. Nyumba iyi yili mu muzi wa Poissy, ndipo yili pakati pa makuni na utheka ukuru. Malo ghakusungirako vinthu (malo ghakusungirako magalimoto, vipinda vya ŵateŵeti, na chipinda chakugezeramo) ghali kusi kwa nyumba. Ŵalendo ŵakunjira mu nyumba iyo yili na malo ghakukwera. Vipinda vya kugona na vyakusungiramo vinthu vya mu nyumba iyi vili kuzingilizga munda wakudikanya. Pa mtenje pakaŵa makwelero agho ghakalongozgera ku chipinda cha pasi.
Villa Savoye wakalongosora mwakudumura fundo zinkhondi izo wakalongosora mu L'Esprit Nouveau na mu buku lakuti Vers une architecture, ilo wakalemba mu ma 1920. Chakwamba, Le Corbusier wakawuskapo chigaŵa chikuru cha nyumba iyi, ndipo wakawovwira kuti yiŵe yakukhora. Mu nyumba iyi mukaŵa vinthu viŵiri ivyo wakakhumbanga kulongosora. Chinthu ichi chikaŵa chakuti nyumba iyi yiŵe na visalu vyambura kujima, kung'anamura kuti yiŵe na viliŵa vyambura kujima, ivyo vikakhumbikwanga nga umo munthu wakakhumbiranga. Mu chipinda chachiŵiri cha nyumba ya Villa Savoye muli mawindo ghatali agho ghakulazga ku munda ukuru uwo uli pafupi. Cinthu cacinkhondi cikaŵa munda wa pa mtenje uwo ukaŵa wakunozga malo agho ghakaŵa pa mtenje. Pa nyumba iyi pakaŵa malo ghakukwera agho ghakaŵa pa mtenje. Chikhwangwani chakutowa ichi chikukumbuska umo ŵanthu ŵakugwilira ntchito pa sitima izo zikwenda pa nyanja.
Mu 1930, Le Corbusier wakalemba mu buku lake la Precisions kuti: "Pulani iyi njakutowa, ndipo yikukolerana na ivyo nyumba iyi yikukhumba. Malo agha ndigho ghakwenera kuti ghakaŵa mu msumba wa Poissy. Ni sumu na malemba, ivyo vikukhozgeka na luso". Nangauli nyumba iyi yikaŵa na masuzgo, kweni yikaŵa yakumanyikwa chomene ndipo yikaŵa yimoza mwa vinthu ivyo Le Corbusier wakalemba.
Mpikisano wa League of Nations ndi Pessac Housing Project (1926-1930)
Cifukwa ca nkhani izo wakalemba mu magazini ya L'Esprit Nouveau, na ivyo wakacita pa ungano wa 1925 wakucemeka Decorative Arts Exposition, kweniso nkhani izo wakapharazganga za mzimu uphya wa vyakuzenga, Le Corbusier wakaŵa wakumanyikwa comene mu caru ca vyakuzenga. Mu 1926, wakaluta ku ungano wa kuzenga ofesi yikuru ya Wupu wa Vyaru ku Geneva. Pakaŵa mapulojekiti 337. Vikawoneka kuti mulimo wa Corbusier ndiwo ukaŵa wakwamba kwa awo ŵakanozga nyumba izi, kweni ŵakati ŵajumphapo nyengo yitali, ŵeruzgi ŵakamanya kuti palije uyo wangasankhika. Le Corbusier wakadandawura yayi; wakapharazga vilato vyake ku ŵanthu mu nkhani na nkhani kuti walongore mwaŵi uwo wupu wa League of Nations ukataya.