cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Confucius
Umoyo wakwamba
Kong wakafwa apo Confucius wakaŵa na vilimika vitatu, ndipo Confucius wakalereka na anyina Yan Zhengzai (顏徵在) mu ukavu. Pamasinda, anyina ŵakafwa apo ŵakaŵa na vilimika 40. Apo wakaŵa na vyaka 19, wakatora mwanakazi munyake zina lake Qiguan, ndipo pakati pajumpha chaka, ŵakaŵa na mwana wawo wakwamba, Kong Li. Qiguan na Confucius ŵakaŵa na ŵana ŵasungwana ŵaŵiri, yumoza wakafwa apo wakaŵa mwana ndipo munyake zina lake wakaŵa Kong Jiao.
Confucius wakasambira mu masukulu gha ŵanthu bweka, uko wakasambiranga maluso 6.
Confucius wakababikira mu gulu la ŵanthu ŵakuchemeka shi (士). Ŵakayowoya kuti wakagwiranga nchito zinandi za boma apo wakaŵa na vyaka vya m'ma 20, kweniso wakaŵa wakulemba mabuku na kupwelelera mberere na mahachi. Para anyina ŵafwa, Confucius (wa vilimika 23) wakayowoyeka kuti wakalira kwa vilimika vitatu, nga ni umo ŵakacitiranga kale.
Ndale
Mu nyengo ya Confucius, ufumu wa Lu ukalongozgekanga na mbumba ya mafumu. Mu nyumba ya kazembe mukaŵa mbumba zitatu za ŵanthu ŵakuchindikika. Mbumba ya Ji yikaŵa na udindo wa "Nduna ya Ŵanthu", iyo yikaŵaso "Nduna Yikuru". Mbumba ya Meng yikaŵa na udindo wa "Nduna ya Ntchito". Mu cihanya ca, Muwukirano munyake, zina lake Yang Hu, wakawukira mbumba ya Ji na kupoka mazaza. Ndipouli, mu cihanya ca, Mbumba zitatu izi zikaŵa kuti zafumiska Yang Hu mu Lu. Pa nyengo iyi, Confucius wakaŵa kuti wamanyikwa comene cifukwa ca visambizgo vyake, ndipo mbumba zikamanya kuzirwa kwa nkharo yiwemi na urunji, mwakuti zileke kugomezgeka ku boma. Ntheura, mu caka ici, Confucius wakasankhika kuŵa kazembe wa msumba. Pamanyuma, wakazgoka nduna yakuwona vya vigeŵenga.
Confucius wakakhumbanga kuwezgera mazaza gha boma kwa fumu mwa kuwuskapo vigongwe vya msumba ivyo vikaŵa vya mbumba zitatu. Mu nthowa iyi, wangakhazikiska boma lakuŵa na mazaza. Ndipouli, Confucius wakagomezganga waka pa ndyali cifukwa wakaŵa na mazaza yayi pa nkhani ya nkhondo. Mu, Hou Fan, kazembe wa Hou, wakagalukira fumu yake ya mbumba ya Shu. Nangauli mbumba za Meng na Shu zikatondeka kuzingilizga Hou, kweni munthu munyake wakugomezgeka wakawukira ŵanthu ŵa Hou na kuchichizga Hou Fan kuti wachimbilire ku chigaŵa cha Qi. Vinthu vikwenera kuti vikamwendera makora Confucius cifukwa ici cikapangiska kuti Confucius na ŵasambiri ŵake ŵakhorweske ŵanthu ŵacindami kuti ŵaparanyenge mizi yawo. Paumaliro, pamanyuma pa cilimika cimoza na hafu, Confucius na ŵasambiri ŵake ŵakakhorweska mbumba ya Shu kuti yiparanye viliŵa vya Hou, mbumba ya Ji kuti yiparanye viliŵa vya Bi, ndipo mbumba ya Meng kuti yiparanye viliŵa vya Cheng. Cakwamba, mbumba ya Shu yikalongozga ŵasilikari kuluta ku msumba wawo wa Hou na kubwangandura viliŵa vyake. mu.
SPamanyuma pake, Gongshan Furao (uyo wakumanyikwaso na zina lakuti Gongshan Buniu), uyo wakaŵa wa mbumba ya Ji, wakawukira na kuwusa ŵasilikari ŵa ku Bi. Nyengo yeneyiyo wakawukira msumba wa Lu. Kumanyuma uku, Gongshan wakaluta kwa Confucius kuti waŵe nayo lumoza, ndipo Confucius wakawona kuti ni mwaŵi wakwendeskera fundo zake, kweni paumaliro wakaleka. Confucius wakazomerezga yayi kuti ŵanthu ŵachitenge viwawa, nangauli mbumba ya Ji yikaŵa na mazaza pa boma la Lu kwa vyaka vinandi. Creel (1949) wakayowoya kuti, mwakupambana na muwukirano Yang Hu, Gongshan wakwenera kuti wakakhumbanga kuparanya mbumba zitatu zakuthupi na kuwezgerapo mazaza gha fumu. Ndipouli, Dubs (1946) wakayowoya kuti Viscount Ji Huan ndiyo wakachiska Gongshan kuti waparanyenge linga la Bi. Mulimose umo vinthu vikaŵira, Gongshan wakawonekanga kuti ni munthu wakunyoloka uyo wakalutilira kuvikilira boma la Lu, nangauli wakacimbira.
Pa nyengo ya kugaluka kwa Gongshan, Zhong You wakasunga kazembe na ma Viscount ghatatu pamoza pa nyumba ya ufumu. Zhong You wakaŵa yumoza wa ŵasambiri ŵa Confucius ndipo Confucius wakanozga vyakuti waŵe kazembe wa mbumba ya Ji. Confucius wakati wapulika za ciwukirano ici, wakapempha Viscount Ji Huan kuti wazomerezge kuti kazembe na nyumba yake yacifumu ŵafumemo mu nyumba yake. Pamanyuma, ŵalongozgi ŵa mbumba zitatu na fumu ŵakawelera ku nyumba ya fumu ya ku Ji na kukwelera ku Wuzi Terrace. Confucius wakaphalira ŵasilikari ŵaŵiri kuti ŵadangilire kuwukira ŵakugaluka. Pa ŵasilikari ŵaŵiri aŵa, yumoza wakaŵa muteŵeti wa mbumba ya Ji, kweni ŵakatondeka kukana ulongozgi uwu apo ŵakaŵapo na Duke, Viscounts, na khoti. Ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakaŵalondezga na kuŵathereska pa nkhondo ya ku Gu. Nyengo yeneyiyo, mbumba ya Ji yikaparanya viliŵa vya msumba wa Bi.
Ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakawelera nyuma ŵakati ŵamanya kuti ŵagalukirenge boma na fumu yawo. Kwizira mu ivyo Confucius wakacita, ŵalara ŵa boma la Bi ŵakagalukira fumu yawo, ntheura vikapangiska Viscount Ji Huan kuti waparanye viliŵa vya Bi (pakuti mphanyi vikaŵa na ŵakugaluka aŵa) panji kuzomera kuti ndiyo wakacitiska suzgo ili. Dubs (1949) wakayowoya kuti cakucitika ici cikavumbura umo Confucius wakawoneranga vinthu, maluso ghake gha ndyali, ndiposo umo wakawoneranga mikhaliro ya ŵanthu.
Apo nyengo yikakwana yakuti ŵabwangandure viliŵa vya msumba wa Meng, kazembe wakakhumbanga yayi kuti viliŵa vya msumba wake vibwanganduke. Zuozhuan wakukumbuka kuti kazembe wakaphalira ŵanthu kuti ŵaleke kubwangandura viliŵa vya msumba uwu, cifukwa wakati ichi chingapangiska kuti Cheng waŵe wambura kuvikilirika na boma la Qi. Nangauli Viscount Meng Yi wakalayizga kuti waleke kunjilirapo pa nkhondo, kweni wakaleka kufiska ivyo wakalayizga.
Pamanyuma, Duke Ding wakalongozgana na ŵasilikari ŵake kukaka msumba wa Cheng, kweni wakatondeka. Ntheura, Confucius wakatondeka kufiska ivyo wakakhumbanga, kusazgapo kuwezgerapo muwuso wa fumu. Wakaŵa na ŵalwani ŵankhongono mu boma, comenecomene Viscount Ji Huan, cifukwa ca ivyo wakacita. Kuyana na buku la Zuozhuan na Shiji, Confucius wakafumako ku caru cake mu after his support for the failed attempt of dismantling the fortified city walls of the powerful Ji, Meng, and Shu families. He left the state of Lu without resigning, remaining in self-exile and unable to return as long as Viscount Ji Huan was alive.
Kuchimbizgika mu uzga
Shiji wakayowoya kuti boma la Qi ilo likaŵa pafupi nalo likafipanga mtima kuti Lu waŵenge wankhongono chomene apo Confucius wakaŵa mu boma la Lu. Kuyana na nkhani iyi, Qi wakakhumbanga kutimbanizga ndondomeko ya Lu mwa kutuma mahachi 100 na ŵasungwana 80 ŵakutowa kuti ŵakambe kuvina. Duke wakacitanga waka vyakusanguluska ndipo wakagwira nchito yayi kwa mazuŵa ghatatu. Confucius wakakhuŵara comene ndipo wakakhumbanga kuleka Lu na kupenja mwaŵi uwemi, kweni para wangafumapo mwaluŵiro mbwenu nkharo yiheni ya fumu yingavumbukwa. Ntheura Confucius wakalindilira kuti kazembe uyu wapange ubudi ucoko. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yicoko waka, kazembe uyu wakaleka kutuma kwa Confucius cigaŵa ca nyama iyo wakeneranga kupeleka sembe mwakuyana na kaluso, ndipo Confucius wakagwiliskira nchito mwaŵi uwu kuti waleke nchito yake na caru ca Lu.
Confucius wakati wafumapo, wakamba ulendo utali kuzingilira vyaru vya kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa China. Ku makhoti gha mu vyaru ivi, wakalongosoranga vigomezgo vyake vya ndyali kweni wakaviwona yayi kuti vikufiskika.
Kuwelerani ku nyumba
Apo wakaweranga, Confucius wakawovwiranga ŵalara ŵa boma ku Lu, kusazgapo Ji Kangzi, pa nkhani za muwuso na kuswa malango.
Wakaŵa na citima comene cifukwa ca nyifwa ya mwana wake na ŵasambiri ŵake, ndipo wakafwa na nthenda iyi apo wakaŵa na vilimika 71 panji 72. Confucius wakasungika mu dindi la Kong Lin ilo lili mu chigaŵa cha Qufu mu chigaŵa cha Shandong. Manda ghakwambilira agho ghakazengeka pa Mlonga wa Sishui, ghakaŵa ghakuyana na nkhwantha. Kweniso kunthazi kwa cikumbusko pali malo gha njerwa agho ŵanthu ŵakupelekerapo vyakununkhira na vipasi.
Filosofi
Nangauli ŵanthu ŵa ku China ŵakulondezga cisopa ca Confucianism, kweni ŵanandi ŵakuti cisambizgo ici nchambura kuzomerezgeka na ŵantu. Ndipouli, awo ŵakukhozgera cisambizgo ici ŵakuti nangauli cisambizgo ca Confucian cikuyowoya vya caru, kweni cikujintha pa cisambizgo ca cisopa. Chisopa cha Confucian chikudumbiskana vya umoyo wa munthazi na ivyo vikuchitika kuchanya, kweni chikuyowoyapo yayi vya vinthu vyauzimu ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuviwona kuti ni vyakuzirwa chomene pa nkhani ya chisopa.
Mu buku lake la Analects, Confucius wakujiyowoya kuti ni "munthu uyo wakapharazga kwambura kupanga cinthu". Iyo wakuŵika mtima comene pa nkhani ya kusambira, ndipo cilembo ca ku China ico cikung'anamura kusambira (學) ndico cikujura nkhani iyi. M'malo mwa kughanaghana vya kuzenga fundo za mu Baibolo, iyo wakakhumbanga kuti ŵasambiri ŵake ŵamanye makora mabuku ghakale chomene mwakuti ŵamanye umo ŵangalongosolera masuzgo agho ŵanthu ŵakukumana nagho mazuŵa ghano.
Makhaliro
Cimoza mwa visambizgo vikuru comene vya Confucius cingaŵa cakuti ciyelezgero ca munthu yumoza nchakuzirwa comene kuluska malango ghakudunjika. Visambizgo vyake vya makhaliro vikayowoyanga comene za kujisambizga, kuyezga ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa na makhaliro ghawemi, ndiposo kumanya umo munthu wangacitira vinthu m'malo mwa kumanya malango. Ntheura, fundo za Confucius zingawoneka nga ni za nkharo yiwemi. Visambizgo vyake vikuthemba pa fundo zakupulikikwa yayi, ndipo fundo zaurunji na nthowa zake zikuyowoyeka mwakudunjika yayi. Kuti tipulikiske ivyo wakasambizganga, tikwenera kusanda nkhani yose. Cakuwonerapo ciwemi nchakuti: "廄焚. 子退朝，曰：傷人乎？不問馬.
Apo viŵaya vikawotcheka, Confucius wakati wawerako ku nyumba yacifumu, wakati: 'Kasi walipo uyo wapwetekeka?' Wakafumbapo yayi za mahachi." Para Confucius wakuleka kufumba za mahachi, wakulongora kuti munthu wavinjeru wakuzirwiska chomene ŵanthu kuluska katundu.
Zi Gong [musambiri] wakafumba kuti: 'Kasi pali lizgu limoza ilo lingalongozga munthu mu umoyo wake wose?' Fumu yikazgora kuti: 'Wuli pakuyowoya za 'kuwezgera'? Lekani kuphalira ŵanyinu vinthu ivyo imwe mungatemwa yayi'." Kanandi ŵanthu awo ŵakulondezga fundo za Confucius ŵakuzirwiska yayi vinthu viwemi ivyo munthu wakuchita. Kucita vinthu viwemi na ŵanji kukwamba na kughanaghana vinthu viwemi na vyaunenesko. Munthu uyo wali na nkharo yiwemi kwambura kumanya vinthu, wangasuzgika, ndipo kucita nkharo yiwemi kwambura mtima wose ni urunji waunenesko yayi. Kuŵa na umanyi ndiposo mtima wakufikapo nkhwakuzirwa cifukwa ca munthu; munthu muwemi wakutemwa kusambira cifukwa ca kusambira ndiposo urunji cifukwa ca urunji.
Fundo ya Confucius yakukhwaskana na nkharo, nga umo yiliri mu nkhani ya lǐ (禮), yikukolerana na fundo zitatu zakuzirwa za umoyo: (a) viphikiro vyakukhwaskana na kupeleka sembe ku ŵasekuru na ŵachiuta ŵamitundu yakupambanapambana, (b) vinthu vya ndyali na vya ndyali, na (c) nkharo ya zuŵa na zuŵa. Ŵanyake ŵakagomezganga kuti liyi likafuma kuchanya, kweni Confucius wakadidimizga kuti liyi likapangika na ŵanthu ŵavinjeru. Ivyo wakayowoya pa nkhani ya lǐ vikulongora kuti lizgu ili likung'anamura vinthu vyose ivyo munthu wakuchita kuti waŵe na umoyo uwemi.
Mu nyengo yakwambilira ya Chikonfyushasi, lǐ wakachitanga vinthu vyakwenelera pa nyengo yakwenelera; wakayezganga kusungilira fundo izo zilipo kuti vinthu viŵe makora, na kuziphwanya kuti vinthu viŵe makora. Para munthu wakusambira mu Baibolo, wakuŵa na mikhaliro yiwemi iyo yikovwira kuti waŵe na nkharo yiwemi.
Mu cisopa ca Confucian, lizgu lakuti li likuyana comene na lizgu lakuti yì (義), ilo likujintha pa fundo yakuti munthu wakuŵa wakuyana na munyake. Yì lingang'anamulika kuti urunji, nangauli lingang'anamura ico nchakwenelera kucita mu nyengo yinyake. Lizgu ili likupambana na ivyo munthu wakucita cifukwa ca kujighanaghanira yekha. Nangauli munthu wangaŵa muheni yayi usange wakulondezga vyakukhumba vyake pera, kweni wangaŵa muwemi ndiposo murunji usange wakulondezga nthowa iyo yikovwira ŵanthu ŵanandi. Ntheura chilato cha yì nkhucita ico nchiwemi cifukwa ca cifukwa ciwemi.
Nga umo kachitiro ka vinthu kuyana na lǐ kakwenera kukolerana na khumbo la kulondezga yì, ntheura yì wakukolerana na fundo yikuru ya rén (仁). Rén wali na mikhaliro yinkhondi yakuzirwa: kucita vinthu mwamahara, kuŵa na mtima wakupa, kuŵa wakugomezgeka, kulimbikira, na lusungu. Lizgu lakuti Rén likung'anamura kuti munthu wakucita makora milimo yake ku ŵanji, ndipo kanandi likung'anamulika kuti "lusungu", "mtima wacitemwa", panji "mtima wacitemwa". Fundo za Confucius zikukolerana na lusungu na kupulikiska ŵanji, m'malo mwa kulondezga malango gha Ciuta. Kuti munthu waŵe na maghanoghano ghakwenelera pa nkhani ya "rén" mwakuti wachitengepo kanthu mwamahara, chikaŵa chiwemi chomene kuluska kuŵa na nkharo ya "yi". Confucius wakati nkharo yiwemi njakwenelera. Mwachiyelezgero, munthu uyo ngwakupa wakupeleka mwakuyana na ndalama izo wakukhumbikwira, kweni wakupeleka zinandi yayi panji zichoko.
Moemaneng, Free State
Moemaneng, Free State ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Thabo Mofutsanyana District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Free State, charu cha South Africa.
Confucius
Vya ndale
Fundo za Confucius za ndyali zikujintha pa fundo zaurunji. Wakayowoya kuti boma liwemi ni ilo likulongozga kwizira mu "maluso" (lǐ) na nkharo yiwemi ya ŵanthu. Wakalongosora kuti ici nchimoza mwa vinthu vyakuzirwa comene: "Usange ŵanthu ŵakulongozgeka na malango, ndipo ŵakukhumba kuti ŵalangike mwakuyana waka, ŵayezgenge kuti ŵaleke kulangika, kweni ŵakucita soni yayi. Usange ŵakulongozgeka na nkharo yiwemi, ndiposo usange ŵakukhumba kuti vinthu viŵayenderenge umo ŵakukhumbira, ŵazamukhozgeka soni yayi, kweniso ŵazamuŵa ŵarunji". (Ŵerengani 2.3, tr. M'malo mwake, ŵakasuzgikanga. "Mtima wa soni" uwu ni mulimo uwo munthu wakuchita, apo cilango cikulondezgapo yayi para wacita cinthu ciheni, kweni para wacita mwakuyana na dango. [Pakukhumbika ukaboni apa]
Confucius wakalaŵiska ku mazuŵa ghakwambilira, ndipo wakaciska Ŵachinayi, comenecomene awo ŵakaŵa na mazaza gha ndyali, kuti ŵacitenge nga ni umo ŵakacitiranga kale. Mu nyengo iyo kukaŵa kugaŵikana, vivulupi, na nkhondo pakati pa ŵamazaza, iyo wakakhumbanga kuwezgerapo Ufumu wa Kuchanya (天命) uwo ukakolerananga "charu" (天下, "chose icho chili kusi ku kuchanya") na kupeleka mtende na usambazi ku ŵanthu. Chifukwa chakuti kawonero kake ka vinthu viwemi na vyakukondweska ŵanthu kakaŵa ka kuwuskako ŵanthu ŵa mu nyengo yakale, kanandi Confucius wakuwoneka kuti wakutemwa chomene vinthu vyachikale, kweni para tingawona mwakupwelelera ivyo wakuyowoya, tingamanya kuti wakagwiliskiranga ntchito malango na maluso gha mu nyengo yakale kuti waŵike maghanoghano ghake pa ndyali. Ŵazamuŵa ŵalongozgi awo ŵakujipeleka ku ŵanthu ŵawo, ŵakuyezgayezga kuti vinthu viŵayenderenge makora, ndipo ŵazamupharazga mikhaliro yiwemi m'malo mwa kuŵika malango na malango ghakwenelera.
Nangauli Confucius wakakhozgera fundo yakuti fumu yiwemi ndiyo yilongozgenge boma, kweni fundo zake zikaŵa na fundo zinandi zakukanizgira ŵamazaza mazaza ghawo. Wakayowoya kuti unenesko ukwenera kulongosoreka mu kayowoyero, ndipo kugomezgeka nkhwakuzirwa comene. Nanga ni para munthu wakuyowoya, nyengo zose wakwenera kuyowoya unenesko. Confucius wakagomezganga kuti usange muwusi wakukhumba kulongozga makora, ntheura ntchakukhumbikwa yayi kuŵika malango. Pakuyowoya za ubwezi uwo ukaŵanga pakati pa fumu na ŵanthu ŵake (panji pakati pa dada na mwana wake), wakalongora kuti nchakuzirwa comene kucindika ŵamazaza. Ici cikang'anamuranga kuti awo ŵali pasi ŵakwenera kuphalira awo ŵakuŵalongozga usange ŵakuwona kuti ŵakucita cinthu ciheni. Confucius wakagomezganga kuti munthu wakwenera kulongora ciyelezgero ciwemi. Usange munthu wakulongozga makora, ntchakukhumbikwa yayi kumukanizga panji kumulanga.
Sumu na ndakatulo
Confucius wakaciska comene sumu kuti ziŵe zakovwira pakusopa. Nkhwantha yinyake zina lake Li Zehou, yikati cisopa ca Confucian cikujintha pa maluso. Ŵanthu ŵakugomezga kuti maluso agha ndigho ghakovwira munthu waliyose kuti waŵe na umoyo uwemi. Cifukwa ca fundo iyi, Confucius wakagomezganga kuti "nyimbo zikukolerana pakati pa kucanya na caru capasi; maluso ni ndondomeko ya kucanya na caru capasi". Mwantheura, kwimba sumu mu maluso kukupangiska kuti vinthu viŵe makora.
Buku la Shijing na la Classic of Music ndilo likawovwira chomene ŵanthu kuti ŵamanye sumu za Confucius. Buku la Shijing ndimoza mwa mabuku ghakale chomene gha Chikonfyushasi. Ŵanthu ŵakuti Confucius ndiyo wakalemba mabuku agha. Mu buku lake la Analects, Confucius wakalongosora kuzirwa kwa luso pa umo ŵanthu ŵangakulira:
Chiharo
Pamanyuma ŵasambiri na ŵalondezgi ŵake ŵanandi ŵakazgora visambizgo vya Confucius kuŵa malango na vyakucita. Ŵasambiri ŵa Confucius na muzukuru wake yumoza pera, Zisi, ŵakalutilira kusambira vinjeru vya ŵanthu. Ivi vikawovwira kuti visambizgo vya Confucius vifike na ku ŵasambiri awo ŵakazgoka ŵantchito mu nyumba zacifumu ku China.
Ŵalondezgi ŵaŵiri ŵa Confucius awo ŵakamanyikwa comene ŵakayowoya fundo zakupambana comene. Mu vyaka vinandi pamanyuma pa nyifwa yake, Mencius (孟子) na Xunzi (??子) wose ŵakalemba visambizgo vyakuzirwa ivyo vikulongosora fundo izo Confucius wakasambizga. Mencius Wakalongosora uwemi uwo uli mu ŵanthu nga ni umo ŵanthu ŵakughanaghanira pa nkhani ya nkharo  Buku la Confucius likavumbura fundo zaunenesko na zakukhumbikwa pa umoyo wa ŵanthu. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, mabuku ghawo pamoza na mabuku ghanyake ghakaŵa nga ni Analects.
Kusintha uku mu kaghanaghaniro ka Confucius kukaŵa kwakuyana waka na kusanduka kwa Legalism, uko kukawonanga kuti kusopa kwa mwana ni kupenja vyakukhumba vya iyomwene, ndipo kukaŵa kwakovwira yayi kuti muwusi wapange boma lakwenelera. Kuyana yayi pakati pa visambizgo viŵiri ivi kukakura comene mu apo boma la Qin likapoka caru cose ca China. Li Si, nduna yikuru ya muwuso wa Qin, wakapangiska Qin Shi Huang kuti waleke kughanaghana kuti ŵanthu ŵa Confucius ŵapelekenge malo ghakuyana waka na gha muwuso wa Zhou. Ŵalongozgi ŵa Confucius ŵakati ŵafika pa fundo yawo, Li Si wakakoma ŵasambizgi ŵanandi ŵa Confucius na kotcha mabuku ghawo.
Mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Han na Tang, fundo za Confucius zikamba kumanyikwa chomene. Mu muwuso wa Wudi, mabuku gha Confucius ghakazgoka visambizgo vya ufumu ndipo ghakaŵa ghakwenelera kuŵazgika pa viyezgelero vya uteŵeti wa boma. ndipo ivi vikalutilira mpaka kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800. Apo chisopa cha Mohism chikapulikikwanga yayi mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Han, ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga chisopa ichi ŵakaŵa ŵa Legalism, awo Confucian wakati ŵali kuchigwiliskira ntchito, visambizgo vya Laozi, awo ŵakaŵikapo mtima pa vinthu vyauzimu. Ŵanthu ŵakagomezganga chomene fundo za Confucius kweniso ŵamazaza awo ŵakasambizgika na Confucius mu muwuso wa Ming na Yuan, nangauli Kublai Khan wakakananga kuŵapa mazaza gha vigaŵa.
Mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Song, nkhwantha yinyake zina lake Zhu Xi wakasazgirapo fundo za cisopa ca Dao na ca Chibuda mu cisopa ca Confucian. Mu umoyo wake wose, ŵanthu ŵakamupulikiskanga yayi Zhu Xi, kweni pamanyuma pakuti wafwa, maghanoghano ghake ghakazgoka maghanoghano gha ŵanthu ŵa visopa vinyake pa nkhani ya ng'anamuro la mabuku gha Confucius. Ŵanthu awo ŵakusanda mdauko mazuŵa ghano ŵakuti Zhu Xi wali kulenga chinthu chinyake chakupambana na ichi. Chikhulupiriro cha Neo-Confucian chikalutilira mu China, Japan, Korea, na Vietnam m'paka mu ma 1800. Ŵamishonale ŵa Yesuit ndiwo ŵakang'anamura mabuku gha Confucius mu viyowoyero vya ku Europe. Munthu wakwamba uyo wakang'anamura Baibolo ili wakaŵa Michele Ruggieri, uyo wakawelera ku Italy mu 1588 ndipo wakalutilira kung'anamura apo wakakhalanga ku Salerno. Matteo Ricci wakamba kulemba ivyo Confucius wakaghanaghananga, ndipo gulu la ŵa Jesuit - Prospero Intorcetta, Philippe Couplet, na ŵanyake ŵaŵiri - ŵakafumiska mabuku ghakung'anamura mabuku gha Confucius mu 1687. François Noël, wakati watondeka kukhorweska Clement XI kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku China ŵakusopa ŵasekuru ŵawo na Confucius yayi, wakamalizga kulemba buku la Confucius ku Prague mu 1711, ndipo wakalemba mabuku ghanyake na kung'anamura mabuku gha Mencius. Ŵanthu ŵakughanaghana kuti mabuku agha ghakaŵa ghakuzirwa chomene ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe, chomenechomene ku ŵanthu awo ŵakagomezganga kuti Chiuta waliko kweniso ku ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵasambizgenge vinthu vyaunenesko.
Mu nyengo yithu yino, visambizgo vya Confucianism, nga ni New Confucianism, vichalipo, kweni mu nyengo ya Cultural Revolution, visambizgo vya Confucianism kanandi vikasuzgikanga na ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa mu chipani cha Communist Party cha China. Ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵavinjeru na ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵambe kususka chisopa cha Confucian m'ma 1900.
Ŵasambiri ŵa mu vyaru vinyake vya ku Asia ŵakusambira mabuku gha Confucius, chomenechomene ŵa ku China nga ni Korea, Japan, na Vietnam. Vigaŵa vinandi vya caru ici vicali kucita ciphikiro ici caka cilicose.
Ŵanthu ŵa ku Tibet ŵakutemwa kusopa Confucius, uyo ni themba lituŵa kweniso wakumanya vya masalamusi, kuwukwa, na vya nyenyezi. Ŵanthu ŵa chisopa cha Chibuda ŵakumuwona kuti wakusambira kuwukwa kwa Buddha Manjushri (ndipo vinjeru ivi vikaluta ku Tibet kwizira mwa Mfumukazi Wencheng), apo ŵanthu ŵa chisopa cha Bon ŵakumuwona kuti ni Tonpa Shenrab Miwoche, uyo wakambiska chisopa ichi.
Ŵa Ahmadiyya ŵakugomezga kuti Confucius wakaŵa nchimi ya Ciuta, nga umo vikaŵira na Lao-Tzu na ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuzirwa ŵa ku China.
Mu nyengo yithu yino, cinthu cinyake cakucemeka Asteroid 7853, "Confucius", cikacemeka na zina la munthu munyake wa ku China.
Walondezgi
Confucius wakamba kusambizga ŵanthu apo wakaŵa na vilimika 30, ndipo wakasambizga ŵasambiri ŵakujumpha 3,000, ndipo 70 ŵakaŵa ŵankhongono comene. Ŵasambiri ŵake na gulu la ŵanthu awo ŵakalondezganga chisambizgo cha Confucius ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵankhongono chomene mu nyengo ya Nkhondo za ku Europe na America. Munthu munyake wakulemba mdauko zina lake Sima Qian, wakalemba vya ŵasambiri ŵa Confucius. Sima Qian wakalemba mazina gha ŵasambiri 77 mu buku lake, apo Kongzi Jiayu wakalemba mazina 76. Mabuku ghaŵiri agha ghakuzunura mazina gha ŵasambiri 96. Mabuku gha Analects ghakuzunura mabuku 22 ndipo Mencius wakulemba 24.
Confucius wakatoranga ndalama yayi, ndipo wakapemphanga waka kuti waliyose uyo wakukhumba kuŵa msambiri wake wamupenge nyama yakomira. Zigong, msambiri wake, wakati msambizgi wake wakacitiranga ŵasambiri ŵake vinthu nga umo ŵadokotala ŵakucitira na ŵalwari. Ŵanandi ŵakafumanga ku Lu, uko kukaŵa kwawo kwa Confucius, ndipo pakaŵa ŵasambiri 43, kweni wakazomera ŵasambiri kufuma mu vyaru vyose vya ku China. Confucius wakawonanga kuti ivyo ŵasambiri ŵake ŵakasambiranga ni vyakuzirwa yayi, ndipo wakazomerezganga ŵanthu ŵakuchindikika, ŵanthu bweka, na ŵakugaluka nga ni Yan Zhuoju na Gongye Chang. Ŵasambiri ŵake awo ŵakaŵa ŵasambazi ŵakeneranga kupeleka ndalama zakukwana na usambazi wawo.
Msambiri uyo Confucius wakatemwanga comene wakaŵa Yan Hui, uyo wakwenera kuti wakaŵa yumoza wa ŵanthu ŵakavu comene. Mwakupambana na Yan Hui, Sima Niu wakafuma ku mbumba ya fuko la Song. Mu visambizgo vya Confucius, ŵasambiri ŵakamanya makora fundo na nthowa za boma. Kanandi wakadumbiskananga na ŵasambiri ŵake, ndipo wakazirwiskanga chomene nkhani za mdauko, sumu, na maluso. Confucius wakasambizganga kuti tikwenera kugomezgeka ku fundo za mu Baibolo m'malo mwa kugomezgeka ku vinjeru vithu. Nangauli Confucius wakaŵasuska cifukwa ca nkharo zawo, kweni ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa ŵakakondwa comene na fundo yakuti ŵaŵe na ŵamazaza ŵakugomezgeka awo ŵakasambizgika makhaliro ghawemi. Nakuti msambiri wake zina lake Zilu wakafwa apo wakavikiliranga fumu yake ku Wey.
Yang Hu, uyo wakaŵa pasi pa fuko la Ji, ndiyo wakawusa boma la Lu kwambira mu 505 m'paka mu 502. Cifukwa ca ici, ŵasambiri ŵakwamba ŵa Confucius ŵakimikika mu mauteŵeti gha boma. Ŵasambiri ŵanyake ŵa Confucius ŵakamba kuŵa na maudindo ghapacanya, ndipo ŵanyake Confucius ndiyo wakaŵapa. Apo Confucius wakaŵa na vilimika 50, mbumba ya Ji yikaŵa kuti yakhozga mazaza ghawo mu caru ca Lu. Nangauli mbumba ya Ji yikacitanga vinthu ivyo Confucius wakakolerana navyo yayi, kweni ŵasambiri ŵa Confucius ŵakasanganga nchito zinandi. Confucius wakalutilira kukumbuska ŵasambiri ŵake kuti ŵalutilire kugomezgeka ku fundo zawo ndipo wakakananga awo ŵakachitanga nthena yayi..
Visual portraits
Palije vithuzithuzi vya Confucius ivyo vilipo mazuŵa ghano, ndipo vikulongora waka umo wakawonekeranga mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Han. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakujambura vithuzithuzi ivyo vikulongora umo wakakumaniranga na Laozi. Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakulongora kuti Confucius wakaŵa munthu muwemi chomene. Mu mutu wakuti "Vinthu Vyakuwaro" muli mazgu ghakwambilira gha Confucius mu buku la Zhuangzi, Wakamalizga kuzingilira mu 3 C.E., pati pajumpha nyengo yitali kufuma apo Confucius wakafwira. Cithuzithuzi cakale comene ca Confucius cavumbukwa mu dindi la fumu ya Han, Marquis of Haihun (kufwa ). Chithuzithuzi ichi ŵakachijambura pa khuni ilo likaŵa pa gilasi la mkuŵa.
Mu nyengo yakale, ŵanthu ŵakachitanga kuŵika vithuzithuzi mu tempile la Confucius. Kweni mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Hongwu Emperor (Taizu) wa muwuso wa Ming, ŵakawona kuti chithuzithuzi cha Confucius chikwenera kuŵa mu tempile la ku tawuni yake ya Qufu mu Shandong. Mu visopa vinyake, Confucius wakuzunulika pa libwe. Mu 2006, China Confucius Foundation yikapempha kuti paŵe chithuzithuzi cha Confucius chakuyana na cha Wu Daozi.
Cikhuni ca ku South Wall mu khoti la Supreme Court of the United States cikulongora Confucius nga ni msambizgi wa mtende, kusambira, na nkharo yiwemi.
Vinthu vyautesi
Pali mafilimu ghaŵiri agho ghakulongosora vya umoyo wa Confucius: la Confucius la mu 1940 ilo Tang Huaiqiu ndiyo wakalilemba, na la Confucius la mu 2010 ilo Chow Yun-fat ndiyo wakalilemba.
Malo ghakukumbukirako
Awo ŵakulondezga chisopa cha Confucian ŵakutemwa kuchita viphikiro vya kukumbukira Confucius chaka chilichose. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, kaluso aka kakamara kwa vyaka vinandi mu charu cha China, uko chipani cha Communist na boma vikazomerezganga kuti ivyo Confucius na Confucianism ŵakagomezganga vikukolerana na ivyo ŵanthu ŵakugomezga. Ntheura, viphikiro vyose ivi vikakanizgika. Mu ma 1990, ŵakaŵaso na ciphikiro ici. Pakuti pasono ŵanthu ŵakuwona kuti ntchakuzirwa kusopa mbiri na mitheto ya ku China, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuŵapo nanga ŵangaŵa ŵa chipani cha Communist.
Ku Taiwan, uko chipani cha Nationalist Party (Kuomintang) chikakhozgeranga chomene vigomezgo vya Confucius pa nkhani ya makhaliro na nkharo, boma likukhozgera kaluso ka kukumbukira Confucius (祭孔). Nangauli ni holide ya caru cara, kweni yikuwoneka pa kalendara yiliyose, nga ni umo viliri na Zuŵa la Ŵadada panji Khisimasi ku vyaru vya ku Western.
Ku South Korea, pa zuŵa la kubabika kwa Confucius na pa zuŵa la nyifwa yake, ŵakuchita viphikiro vikuruvikuru vya Seokjeon Daeje.
Ŵana
Ŵana ŵa Confucius ŵakamanyikwanga kanandi waka na kucindikwa na maboma ghacifumu. Ŵakapika udindo wa marquis maulendo 35 kufuma apo ŵakacitira Gaozu mu muwuso wa Han, ndipo ŵakakwezgeka kuŵa duke maulendo 42 kufuma mu muwuso wa Tang mpaka mu muwuso wa Qing. Themba Xuanzong la ku Tang ndilo likaŵa lakwamba kumupa zina lakuti "Duke Wenxuan" Kong Suizhi wa muwiro wa 35. Mu 1055, Themba Renzong la ku Song likapeleka zina lakuti "Duke Yansheng" kwa Kong Zongyuan wa muwiro wa 46.
Mu nyengo ya muwuso wa muwuso wa Southern Song, Duke Yansheng Kong Duanyou wakachimbilira kumwera pamoza na Emperor Song ku Quzhou ku Zhejiang, apo muwuso wa Jin (1115-1234) uwo ukakhazikiskika mwasonosono kumpoto ukimika Kong Duanyou mubali wake Kong Duancao uyo wakakhala ku Qufu kuŵa Duke Yansheng. Kufuma pa nyengo iyi m'paka mu muwuso wa Yuan, kukaŵa mafumu ghaŵiri gha Yansheng, limoza kumpoto ku Qufu ndipo linyake kumwera ku Quzhou. Themba Kublai Khan la muwuso wa Yuan likamuchema kuti wawelere ku Qufu. Mbumba ya kumwera yikaleka kuŵa na zina ili chifukwa chakuti Kong Zhu wakakana, ntheura mbumba ya kumpoto yikalutilira kuŵa na zina lakuti Duke Yansheng. Munthavi wa kumwera ukakhala mu msumba wa Quzhou, uko ŵakukhala m'paka lero. Ŵana ŵa Confucius mu Quzhou pera ŵalipo 30,000. Muwuso wa Hanlin Academy wa Wujing boshi 五經博士 ukapelekeka ku munthavi wa kumwera ku Quzhou na Fumu ya Ming apo munthavi wa kumpoto ku Qufu ukaŵa na zina lakuti Duke Yansheng. Mulongozgi wa cigaŵa ca kumwera ni 孔祥 Kong Xiangkai.
Mu 1351, mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Fumu Toghon Temür wa muwuso wa Yuan, mwana waciŵiri wa muwuso wa Kong Huan (孔??) Kong Shao (孔昭) wakasama kufuma ku China kuya ku Korea mu muwuso wa Goryeo, ndipo wakapokelereka makora na Mfumukazi Noguk (muwoli wa Themba Gongmin uyo wakababika ku Mongolia). Wakati waŵa mwenekaya wa charu cha Korea, wakasintha zina lake kufuma pa "昭" kuŵa "紹", 1329–1397), ntheura wakambiska mbumba ya Changwon Gong , malo agho ŵakakhalanga ghakaŵa ku Changwon, South Gyeongsang Province. Kufuma apo, mbumba iyi yikamba kuŵa na maudindo ghapachanya mu muwuso wa Joseon. Mu 1794, mu nyengo ya Themba Jeongjo, mbumba iyi yikasintha zina kuŵa Gokbu Gong  Ku Qufu uko kukababikira Confucius.
Ŵana ŵake ŵakumanyikwa ni Gong Yoo (zina lake leneko Gong Ji-cheol (공지철)) na Gong Hyo-jin (공효진); na ŵanthu nga ni Gongchan (zina lake leneko Gong Chan-sik (공찬식)), Minzy (zina lake leneko Gong Min-ji (공민지)), kweniso ŵadadavyara, awo ŵakwimba ŵanthu. Gong Ok-jin (공옥진).
Nangauli mu China mukaŵa kusintha kwa muwuso, kweni zina lakuti Duke Yansheng likapelekeka ku miwiro yakulondezgapo ya mphapu yake m'paka apo likamara kulembekera mu 1935. Munthu waumaliro uyo wakaŵa na zina ili, Kung Te-cheng wa mu muwiro wa 77, ndiyo wakasankhika kuŵa Mulara wa Kupeleka Sembe kwa Confucius. Kung Te-cheng wakafwa mu Okutobala 2008, ndipo mwana wake, Kung Wei-yi, uyo wakaŵa wa nambara 78, wakafwa mu 1989. Muzukuru wa Kung Te-cheng, Kung Tsui-chang, uyo wakaŵa wa mu mzere wa 79, wakababika mu 1975. Mudumbu wa Te-cheng, Kong Demao, wakukhala ku China ndipo wali kulemba buku lakulongosora ivyo vikamucitikira apo wakakuranga mu nyumba ya mbumba yake ku Qufu. Mudumbu munyake, Kong Deqi, wakafwa wacali mwana mucoko. Ŵana ŵanandi ŵa Confucius ŵachali kukhala mu msumba wa Qufu.
H. wakaŵa wa mphapu ya Confucius. H. Kung, wakaŵa Mulara wa Boma la China. Yumoza wa ŵana ŵake, Kong Lingjie(孔令傑), wakatora Debra Paget uyo wakababa Gregory Kung (孔德基).
Mbumba ya Confucius, ya Kong, ndiyo yili na ŵanthu ŵanandi comene pa caru capasi. Mbumba iyi yili mu muwiro wake wa nambara 83, ndipo yili kufuma kwa Confucius. Wupu wakuwona vya miwiro ya ŵanthu (Confucius Genealogy Compilation Committee, CGCC) ukati Confucius wali na ŵana mamiliyoni ghaŵiri, ndipo ŵanthu pafupifupi mamiliyoni ghatatu. Pa ŵanthu aŵa, masauzandi ghanandi ghakukhala kuwaro kwa China. Mu vilimika vya m'ma 1400, munthu munyake wa fuko la Kong wakaluta ku Korea, uko mazuŵa ghano kuli ŵanthu ŵakukwana 34,000 awo mbana ŵa Confucius. Yumoza wa ŵanthu aŵa wakachimbira ku Qufu mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yakukhora ya ku China mu 1940, ndipo paumaliro wakakhazikika ku Taiwan. Paliso minthavi yinyake ya mbumba ya Kong iyo yikang'anamukira ku Cisilamu pamanyuma pa kutengwa ku ŵanakazi ŵa Cisilamu, mu Dachuan mu cigaŵa ca Gansu mu ma 1800, ndiposo mu 1715 mu Xuanwei mu cigaŵa ca Yunnan. Ŵanandi mwa Ŵasilamu awo ŵali kufuma kwa Confucius ŵali kufuma ku nthengwa ya Ma Jiaga (馬甲??), mwanakazi Musulumani, na Kong Yanrong (孔??), muwiro wa 59 wa Confucius mu chaka cha 1480, ndipo ŵakusangika pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa Hui na Dongxiang. Mu mdauko uphya uwu muli Ŵasilamu. Kong Dejun (孔德軍) ni nkhwantha ya Chisilamu yakufuma ku chigaŵa cha Qinghai.
Cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵakutemwa comene mbumba ya Confucius, ku China kukaŵa pulogiramu ya kuyezga DNA ya ŵanthu awo ŵakamanyikwanga kuti ŵali mu mbumba za Confucius. Ivi vingawovwira kuti ŵasayansi ŵamanye kuti ŵana ŵanalume ŵa Confucius ŵali na chikhomozomu chakuchemeka Y. Usange mphapu ya munthu yikufuma ku dada kuya ku mwana, kufuma mu nyengo ya Confucius, ŵanalume wose mu mbumba iyi ŵaŵenge na chikhomozomu chakuyana waka na cha munthu uyo ŵali kufuma kwa iyo. Chilato cha kuyezgelera majini chikaŵa chakuti kovwire ŵanthu awo ŵali ku chigaŵa chinyake mu charu cha China awo ŵali kutaya mbiri yawo kuti ŵalongore kuti mbanthu ŵa mu mbumba yawo. Ndipouli, mu 2009, maofesi ghanandi ghakazomera yayi kuyezga DNA. Bryan Sykes, pulofesa wa sayansi ya majini pa Yunivesite ya Oxford, wakapulikiska fundo iyi. Ni fumbo la sayansi pera yayi". Pakwamba, ŵanthu ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵasazgireko ŵanthu ŵaphya mu mbumba ya Confucius. Ŵabali awo ŵakachimbilira ku Taiwan ŵakakhwaskika yayi na DNA.
Mu 2013, ŵanthu ŵa mu mbumba yinyake ŵakachita kafukufuku wa DNA ndipo ŵakasanga kuti wose ŵakaŵa na chikhomozomu chakuyana na cha Y.
Buku la Confucius genealogy la nambara 5 na laumaliro likasindikizgika na CGCC. Chikavumbukwa pa ungano uwo ukacitikira ku Qufu pa Seputembala 24, 2009. Pa nyengo iyi, ŵanakazi nawo ŵalipo..
Mabuku
See and  for extensive bibliographies
Abensberg
Abensberg ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Thorisong, Free State
Thorisong, Free State ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Thabo Mofutsanyana District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Free State, charu cha South Africa.
Kgubetswana, Free State
Kgubetswana, Free State ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Thabo Mofutsanyana District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Free State, charu cha South Africa.
Mashaeng
Mashaeng ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Thabo Mofutsanyana District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Free State, charu cha South Africa.
Old Location, Free State
Old Location, Free State ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Thabo Mofutsanyana District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Free State, charu cha South Africa.
Altdorf bei Nürnberg
Altdorf bei Nürnberg ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Fouriesburg
Fouriesburg ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Thabo Mofutsanyana District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Free State, charu cha South Africa.
Fateng-Tse-Ntsho, Free State
Fateng-Tse-Ntsho, Free State ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Thabo Mofutsanyana District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Free State, charu cha South Africa.
Abenberg
Abenberg ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Paul Roux, Free State
Paul Roux, Free State ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Thabo Mofutsanyana District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Free State, charu cha South Africa.
Altenburg
Altenburg ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Aalen
Aalen ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Altensteig
Altensteig ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Arlington, Free State
Arlington, Free State ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Thabo Mofutsanyana District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Free State, charu cha South Africa.
Vuka, Free State
Vuka, Free State ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Thabo Mofutsanyana District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Free State, charu cha South Africa.
Altena
Altena ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Arneburg
Arneburg ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Reitz, Free State
Reitz, Free State ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Thabo Mofutsanyana District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Free State, charu cha South Africa.
Arendsee
Arendsee ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Altenkirchen
Altenkirchen ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Lindley, Free State
Lindley, Free State ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Thabo Mofutsanyana District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Free State, charu cha South Africa.
Chigaŵa cha Kajana
Kajana ni Kata (Chigaŵa) mu chigaŵa cha Kigoma mu charu cha Tanzania. Mu 2016 chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu mu ward iyi chikaŵa 14,731.
Altentreptow
Altentreptow ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Chigaŵa cha Kajana
Malo
Kajana wakusazgapo Phiri ya Kifizi.
Msumba
Kata vikusazgapo 12 msumba:
Ntha, Free State
Nthe ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Thabo Mofutsanyana District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Free State, charu cha South Africa.
Viyowoyero vya ku South Africa
Pafupifupi viyowoyero 35 vya ku South Africa vikuyowoyeka mu charu ichi, ndipo viyowoyero 11 ivi ni viyowoyero vya boma: ChiNdebele, ChiPedi, ChiSotho, ChiSwati, ChiTsonga, ChiTswana, ChiVenda, ChiXhosa, ChiZulu, ChiAfrikaans, na ChiNgelezi. Nangauli viyowoyero vichoko waka ndivyo vikuzunulika, kweni Dango la South Africa likuvikilira viyowoyero ivi. Chiyowoyero cha Mawoko cha ku South Africa ntchakuzomerezgeka na dango, kweni ni chiyowoyero cha boma yayi nangauli pakaŵa kampeni na fundo za mu nyumba ya malango kuti chiŵe chiyowoyero ichi.
Viyowoyero vyambura kuzomerezgeka na vyambura kuzirwa ni ivi: ChiKhoekhoegowab, Chi!Orakobab, ChiXirikobab, ChiNantonguuki, Chi!Xunthali, na ChiKhwedam; na viyowoyero vinyake vya ku Africa, nga ni ChiPhuthi, ChiHlubi, ChiBhaca, ChiLala, ChiNhlangwini (ChiZansi), ChiNrebele (ChiSumayela), ChiMpondo/ChiMpondro, ChiMpondomise/ChiMpromse/Chimpomse, ChiLobedu, ChiPulana, ChiPai, ChiKutswe, ChiṰokwa, ChiHananwa, ChiThonga, ChiLaNgomane, ChiKgalagari, ChiRhonga, ChiKopa (Chikgaga), na vinyake. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku South Africa ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vinandi, ndipo kanandi awo ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero ivi ŵakuŵa na mphambano pakati pa viyowoyero vyawo.
Chiyowoyero cha ŵanthu
Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku South Africa ŵakuyowoya ciyowoyero ca Cizulu (pafupifupi 23 peresenti). Cingelezi ndico ciyowoyero caciŵiri pa viyowoyero vyose mu caru ici (9.6%), kweni cikupulikikwa mu misumba yinandi, ndipo ndico cikuyowoyeka comene mu boma na mu wayilesi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku South Africa ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero chimoza mwa viyowoyero viŵiri vikuruvikuru vya chiyowoyero cha Bantu: chiyowoyero cha Sotho ʹTswana (chenechicho chikusazgapo viyowoyero vya Southern Sotho, Northern Sotho na Tswana), panji chiyowoyero cha Nguni (chenechicho chikusazgapo viyowoyero vya Zulu, Xhosa, Swati na Ndebele). Pa vigaŵa vyose viŵiri ivi, viyowoyero ivyo vikuyowoyeka mu vigaŵa ivi vikupulikikwa na uyo wakuyowoya chiyowoyero chinyake.
Chiyowoyero cha Tsotsitaal icho pakwamba chikachemekanga kuti "Flaaitaal" chikafuma ku chiyowoyero cha Afrikaans, icho chili kufuma ku chiyowoyero cha Chidachi. Ŵanthu 61 pa 100 ŵaliwose awo mbatuŵa ndipo 76 pa 100 ŵaliwose awo mbanthu ŵa mtundu unyake ndiwo ŵakuyowoya Cisipanishi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuwona kuti lizgu ili likung'anamura "ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinandi", chifukwa likuyowoya vya ŵanthu ŵa viyowoyero vinyake, ŵanandi awo mbana ŵa ŵazga awo ŵakafuma ku vyaru vinyake ivyo vikaŵa ku chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa.
Ŵanthu awo ŵakafuma ku vyaru vinyake awo ŵakakhalanga ku Batavia, nawo ŵakaluta ku Cape, ndipo ŵakakhwaska chomene chiyowoyero cha Afrikaans, chomenechomene chiyowoyero cha Malaŵi. Uyo wakambiska chisopa cha Cisilamu ku Cape, Sheikh Abadin Tadia Tjoessoep (uyo wakumanyikwa na zina lakuti Sheikh Yusuf) ndiyo wakaŵa wakwamba. Hajji Yusuf wakaŵa munthu wakuzirwa wa ku Indonesia wa fuko la fumu. Wakaŵa muzukuru wa Sultan Alauddin wa ku Gowa, mu charu cha Makassar, Nusantara. Yosefe pamoza na ŵalondezgi ŵake 49 kusazgapo ŵawoli ŵaŵiri, ŵanakazi ŵaŵiri na ŵana 12, ŵakapokelereka ku Cape pa 2 Epulero 1694 na kazembe Simon van der Stel. Ŵakaŵasunga pa famu ya Zandvliet, kuwaro kwa msumba wa Cape Town, kuti ŵaleke kuŵakhwaska ŵazga ŵa VOC. Ndipouli, ivyo Yosefe wakakhumbanga vikenda makora yayi, ndipo malo agho wakakhalanga (ghakachemekanga Macassar) ghakazgoka malo ghakusungirako ŵazga. Kufuma ku malo agha, uthenga wa cisopa ca Cisilamu ukathandazgika ku ŵazga ŵa ku Cape Town. Chinthu chakuzirwa chomene ntchakuti Ŵasilamu ŵa ku Cape ŵakamba kulemba mabuku ghakwambilira mu Chiarabic, agho ghakalembeka mu Chiarabic. Kweniso chikaŵa chiyowoyero cha ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Griqua (Xiri panji Griekwa).
ChiAfrikaans chikayowoyekaso chomene pakati na kumpoto kwa charu ichi, nga chiyowoyero chachiŵiri (panji chachitatu panji chachinayi) na ŵanthu ŵa mu South Africa awo mbanthu ŵa mitundu ya SiNtu.
Pa kalembera wa 2011, ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero ichi ŵakaŵa nga ni aŵa:
Viyowoyero vinyake vyakuzirwa mu South Africa
Viyowoyero vinyake ivyo vikuyowoyeka mu charu cha South Africa, ivyo vindazunulike mu Dango, ni KheLobedu, SiNrebele, SiPhuthi, kweniso viyowoyero vinyake nga ni Fanakalo (chiyowoyero icho chikuyowoyeka mu migodi), na Tsotsitaal panji S'Camtho.
Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakufuma ku vyaru vya ku Europe, Africa, China, na ku India (chifukwa cha ndyali za ku Britain) ŵakamba kuyowoya viyowoyero vinandi mu vyaru vinyake vya ku South Africa. Mu vyaru vyakale ivyo ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake ŵakukhala, muli ŵanthu ŵa viyowoyero ivi: Chigiriki, Chigujarati, Chihindi, Chiputukezi, Chitamili, ChiTelugu, Chibhojpuri, Chiawadhi, Chiurdu, Chiyidish, Chiitaliya, kweniso ŵanthu ŵachoko waka awo ŵakuyowoya Chiholandi, Chifurenchi, na Chijeremani. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya Chitchayinizi, kweni awo ŵiza sono mu charu ichi ŵakuyowoya Chitchayinizi.
Viyowoyero ivi vingagwiliskirika ntchito mu viyowoyero vinyake para ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero ivi. Cakuzirwa comene nchakuti viyowoyero ivi vikucita milimo yikuru comene mu vigaŵa vinyake ivyo vikukolerana comene na ciyowoyero na kakhaliro ka ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero ivi.
Chiphwitikizi ndicho chikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku Portugal, comenecomene ku Madeira, ndipo pamasinda ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake ŵakufuma ku Angola na Mozambique ŵakati ŵafumako ku Portugal.
Sonosono apa, ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya ku North, Central na West Africa ŵafika mu South Africa, chomenechomene mu misumba yikuruyikuru, chomenechomene mu Johannesburg na Pretoria, kweniso mu Cape Town na Durban.
Chiyowoyero ichi chikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Roma ku South Africa.
Ndondomeko za mu Dango
Chaputara 1 (Vinthu vyakwendeskera Dango), chigaŵa 6 (Mazgu) cha Dango la Charu cha South Africa ndicho chikupangiska kuti boma liŵe na ndondomeko ya viyowoyero.
Pa 16 Disembala, 1996, pulezidenti Nelson Mandela wakalemba buku lakwamba ilo lili na mazina gha viyowoyero. Chisotho chikung'anamura Southern Sotho, ndipo isiNdebele chikung'anamura Southern Ndebele. Dango lakwamba la mu 1993 likayowoya vya Chisotho sa Leboa, apo Dango la mu 1996 likati "Sepedi" ndilo lizamuŵa lizgu la chiyowoyero cha Northern Sotho.
Petsana, Free State
Petsana, Free State ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Thabo Mofutsanyana District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Free State, charu cha South Africa.
Rosendal, Free State
Rosendal, Free State ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Thabo Mofutsanyana District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Free State, charu cha South Africa.
Agra District, India
Agra District, India ndimoza mwa maboma 75 ghamu chigaŵa chikulu cha Uttar Pradesh mu charu cha India mu chilwa chikulu cha Asia.
Mamafubedu, Free State
Mamafubedu, Free State ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Thabo Mofutsanyana District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Free State, charu cha South Africa.
Etah District, India
Etah District, India ndimoza mwa maboma 75 ghamu chigaŵa chikulu cha Uttar Pradesh mu charu cha India mu chilwa chikulu cha Asia.
Arnstein
Arnstein ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Arnis (town)
Arnis (town) ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Aichtal
Aichtal ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Mathura District, India
Mathura District, India ndimoza mwa maboma 75 ghamu chigaŵa chikulu cha Uttar Pradesh mu charu cha India mu chilwa chikulu cha Asia.
Kasganj District, India
Kasganj District, India ndimoza mwa maboma 75 ghamu chigaŵa chikulu cha Uttar Pradesh mu charu cha India mu chilwa chikulu cha Asia.
Arnstadt
Arnstadt ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Bolata
Bolata ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Thabo Mofutsanyana District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Free State, charu cha South Africa.
Arnsberg
Arnsberg ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Kaushambi District, India
Kaushambi District, India ndimoza mwa maboma 75 ghamu chigaŵa chikulu cha Uttar Pradesh mu charu cha India mu chilwa chikulu cha Asia.
Aichach
Aichach ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Botjhabelo, Free State
Botjhabelo, Free State ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Thabo Mofutsanyana District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Free State, charu cha South Africa.
Hathras District, India
Hathras District, India ndimoza mwa maboma 75 ghamu chigaŵa chikulu cha Uttar Pradesh mu charu cha India mu chilwa chikulu cha Asia.
Leratswana, Free State
Leratswana, Free State ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Thabo Mofutsanyana District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Free State, charu cha South Africa.
Allahabad District, India
Allahabad District, India ndimoza mwa maboma 75 ghamu chigaŵa chikulu cha Uttar Pradesh mu charu cha India mu chilwa chikulu cha Asia.
42nd Hill, Free State
42nd Hill, Free State ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Thabo Mofutsanyana District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Free State, charu cha South Africa.
Ahrensburg
Ahrensburg ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Mau District, India
Mau District, India ndimoza mwa maboma 75 ghamu chigaŵa chikulu cha Uttar Pradesh mu charu cha India mu chilwa chikulu cha Asia.
Boiketlo, Free State
Boiketlo, Free State ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Thabo Mofutsanyana District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Free State, charu cha South Africa.
Aken (Elbe)
Aken (Elbe) ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Dinkweng, Free State
Dinkweng, Free State ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Thabo Mofutsanyana District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Free State, charu cha South Africa.
Allstedt
Allstedt ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Agra, India
Agra, India ndimoza mwa maboma 75 ghamu chigaŵa chikulu cha Uttar Pradesh mu charu cha India mu chilwa chikulu cha Asia.
Albstadt
Albstadt ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Sejwalejwale, Free State
Sejwalejwale, Free State ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Thabo Mofutsanyana District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Free State, charu cha South Africa.
Bergsig, Free State
Bergsig, Free State ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Thabo Mofutsanyana District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Free State, charu cha South Africa.
Azamgarh District, India
Azamgarh District, India ndimoza mwa maboma 75 ghamu chigaŵa chikulu cha Uttar Pradesh mu charu cha India mu chilwa chikulu cha Asia.
Allendorf (Lumda)
Allendorf (Lumda) ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Pratapgarh District, India
Pratapgarh District, India ndimoza mwa maboma 75 ghamu chigaŵa chikulu cha Uttar Pradesh mu charu cha India mu chilwa chikulu cha Asia.
Ha-Rankopane, Free State
Ha-Rankopane, Free State ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Thabo Mofutsanyana District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Free State, charu cha South Africa.