cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Charu chakale cha South Africa
Chiyowoyelo
Vinthu ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kuyowoya viyowoyero vinyake. Pa Okutobala 1, 1895, Alfred Fernandez Harington wakasankhika kuŵa msambizgi wa Cingelezi pa sukulu ya Staats Model School ku Pretoria. Kuyowoya ciyowoyero cilicose ca ku caru cinyake kukaŵa na cilango ca mulandu na cilango ca ndalama zakukwana mapaundi 20 pa mulandu uliwose. Vyaka vinandi kumasinda, ŵa ku Britain nawo ŵakakanizga ŵanthu kuyowoya Cingelezi. chiyowoyero cha Chidachi. Wupu wa Volksraad ukafumiska dango la nambara 207 ndipo ukachichizga Mulara wa vya masambiro kuti walondezge dango la chiyowoyero icho chikazomerezganga kuyowoya Chidachi pera. Pa Julayi 30, 1888, chiyowoyero cha Chidachi ndicho chikaŵa chiyowoyero cha boma pera, kweniso chikagwiranga ntchito mu khoti, masukulu, malonda, na mu vyaru vinyake. Viyowoyero vinyake vyose vikaŵa vya "ŵalendo".
Nkhondo na Mapela na Makapaan, 1854
Hendrik Potgieter wakasankhika pa ungano wa mu 1849 kuŵa mulara wa ŵasilikari umoyo wake wose, ndipo pakukhumba kugega mphindano, cikaŵa cakukhumbikwa kwimika ŵasilikari ŵatatu awo wose ŵakaŵa na mazaza ghakuyana. Pa Disembala 16, 1852, Andries wakafwa ndipo mwana wake, Piet Pretorius, wakasankhika kuŵa mulara wa vigaŵa vya Lydenburg na Zoutpansberg.
John Saka
Pulofesa John Danwell Kalenga Saka ndiye wachiwiri kwa mkulu wa yunivesite ya Mzuzu yemwe adalowa m'malo mwa Dr.Robert Ridley yemwe adachotsa ntchito zake mu 2017.
Charu chakale cha South Africa
Nkhondo na Mapela na Makapaan, 1854
Mu 1853, Herman Potgieter wakacemeka ku Mapela kuti wawovwirepo pa kukoma njovu. M'malo mwake, Mapela wakalongozga Ŵaburu awo ŵakamanyanga kanthu yayi kuti ŵamukome. Ŵasilikari ŵanandi ŵakawukira gulu la Potgieter, ŵakakoma Andries, ndipo ŵakaguguzira Herman pachanya pa kaphiri, uko ŵakamukoma. Ŵakati ŵamara kupulura viŵaro vyake, ŵakaleka.:43 Pa nyengo yeneyiyo, mulongozgi wa Ndebele zina lake Magobane (uyo Ŵaburu ŵakamumanyanga kuti Makapaan) wakakoma ŵanakazi na ŵana awo ŵakalutanga ku Pretoria. Ŵalongozgi ŵaŵiri aŵa ŵakakolerana kuti ŵakomenge ŵanthu wose ŵa ku Europe mu vigaŵa vyawo na kusunga viŵeto vyawo.
Jenerale Piet Potgieter wakanyamuka na ŵanalume 100 kufuma ku Zoutpansberg ndipo Mulara Jenerale Pretorius wakafumako ku Pretoria na ŵanalume 200. Ŵasilikari ŵara ŵakati ŵafika, ŵakamba kuwukira Magobane ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ŵakawelera ku mphanji zawo za mu mapiri uko ŵakakhalanga. Ŵaburu ŵakaŵasunga mu mphanji zawo ndipo ŵanakazi na ŵana ŵanandi ŵakafuma.
Ŵana ŵacekuru ŵa mafuko agha ŵakaŵasunganga mu nyumba za Ŵaburu kuti ŵaŵapwelelere m'paka ŵafike pa msinkhu wakukwana. Ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakaweleranga na ŵana wose aŵa ku chigaŵa chakufupi na kwawo kuti ŵakalembeske na kuŵapa mbumba yinyake ya Ŵaburu.
John Saka
Wakababikira ku Malawi ndipo wakasambira pa Chancellor College, University of Malawi na University of East Anglia (PhD, Chemistry). Pamanyuma wakazgoka nkhwantha ya Physical Chemistry pa University of Malawi mu 1986 apo wakazgoka Professor mu 2002. Wakimikika kuŵa Vice Chancellor wa University of Malawi pa 2 December 2013. Kweniso ni mulongozgi wa Malawi National Examinations Board.
Charu chakale cha South Africa
Nkhondo na Mapela na Makapaan, 1854
Pakuti kukaŵa ŵanthu awo ŵakaguliskanga ŵazga na vigeŵenga vinyake ivyo vikaguliskanga ŵana, munthu waliyose uyo wakasangika na mwana wambura kulembeska wakaŵa na mulandu. Kanandi ŵana aŵa ŵakaŵachemanga kuti "oorlams" chifukwa ŵakamanyanga makora mitheto ya ku Netherlands. Ŵana aŵa, nanga ŵangaŵa kuti ŵafika vyaka 16, ndipo ŵakuŵa ŵanangwa kwiza na kuluta umo ŵakukhumbira, kanandi ŵakaŵavya mwaŵi wakuweleraso ku cikaya cawo na ciyowoyero cawo, ndipo padera pa kuŵa na cakurya na pakugona, ŵakaŵapatanga ku fuko lawo.
John Saka
Ukaboni
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Charu chakale cha South Africa
Nkhondo na Mapela na Makapaan, 1854
Pakati pa ŵanthu awo ŵakafwa pa nkhondo iyi pakaŵa Mulara Mukuru Potgieter. Mulara wa ŵasilikari uyu wakakomeka na munthu wakukoma ŵanthu pa mphingilizgo ndipo thupi lake likasangika na mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari Paul Kruger. Ivyo vikakhalapo vya gulu la ŵasilikari, awo sono ŵakaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa Jenerale Pretorius, vikaŵa pa Mapela. Apo ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakafikanga ku Mapela, ŵanthu wose ŵakachimbira. Ŵakasanga magileta ghacoko waka, vyakuvwara vyakukakika na ndopa, mabokosi na vinthu vinyake pa malo ghanyake pafupi na tawuni ya Mapela. Mapela na ŵasilikari ŵake ŵakacimbira ndipo ŵakaŵavya futi na vilwero.
Nkhondo ya Cigaŵa, 1861-1864
Mulara wa ŵasilikari Stephanus Schoeman wakazomera yayi fundo ya Volksraad ya pa Seputembala 20, 1858, iyo yikati ŵanthu ŵa mu Tchalitchi la Reformed of South Africa ŵakwenera kuŵa ŵenekaya ŵa ZAR. Pa cifukwa ici, Paul Kruger ŵakamukana kuŵa mwenekaya wa caru cawo ndipo ŵakamuzomerezga yayi kucita ndyali. Mulara wakwendakwenda van Rensburg wakacema ungano wapadera wa wupu wa Dutch Reformed Church, uwo pamasinda ukazomerezga kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu mpingo uwu ŵasopenge.
Nkhondo ya Sekhukune, 1876
Mu 1876, pakawuka nkhondo pakati pa ZAR na Bapedi cifukwa ca kwiba viŵeto na kunanga malo. Pa Meyi 16, 1876, wupu wa Volksraad ukapharazga nkhondo kwa Sekhukune. Nkhondo yikamba mu Julayi 1876. Burgers, uyo wakaŵa pulezidenti wa ZAR, wakalongozga ŵasilikari ŵakukwana 2,000 ndipo ŵakalongozgana na ŵasilikari ŵanandi ŵa ku Swaziland. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Swaziland nawo ŵakanjilirapo pa nkhondo iyi kuti ŵawovwire Mampuru, uyo Sekhukune wakamuwuskapo pa udindo wake.
Nkhondo yakwamba yikacitika pa Botsabelo Mission Station pa Julayi 13, 1876, na Johannes Dinkwanyane, munung'una wa Sekhukune. Ŵasilikari ŵa Boer ŵakalongozgekanga na Coetzee ndipo ŵakalongozgekanga na ŵasilikari ŵa Swazi. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Swaziland ŵakacita cinthu cakuzizika na kuwukira, apo Ŵaburu ŵakajikora. Ŵakati ŵawona ivi, ŵanthu ŵa ku Swaziland ŵakakana kupeleka vinthu ku Ŵaburu. Ŵalondezgi ŵa Dinkwanyane nawo ŵakajipeleka pamanyuma pa kampeni iyi.
Nkhondo Yakwamba ya ku Boer, 1880-1881
Pa Epulero 12, 1877, ŵa ku Britain ŵakalemba chikalata chakuchemeka "Annexation of the S. A. Wakutemweka wane. Republic ku Ufumu wa Britain". Mu chikalata ichi, ŵa Britain ŵakati caru ici nchambura kukhazikika, nchambura kwendeskeka makora, nchambura ndalama, ndipo cili pafupi kurwa nkhondo ya pa cikaya. Nangauli boma la ZAR likakhumba yayi kuti ŵanthu ŵalutilire kulamulira ŵekha, kweni likakhumbanga kuti charu ichi chiŵe chigaŵa cha Ufumu wa Britain.
Boma la ZAR likamanya kuti dango ili likaŵa lakusuzga ndipo likakana. M'malo mwa kupharazga nkhondo, caru ici cikaghanaghana vyakutuma ŵimiliri ku United Kingdom na United States kuti ŵakasuskire. Kweni ivi vikaŵavya candulo, ndipo Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Ŵaburu yikamba pa Disembala 20, 1880. Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Ŵabura yikaŵa yakwamba kufuma apo ku America kukaŵa Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Ŵabura.
Pa nyengo iyi, ŵakavwaraso yunifomu ya khaki, ndipo iyi yikaŵa nyengo yakwamba ya umaliro wa yunifomu ya Redcoat. Nkhondo ya ku Laing's Nek ndiyo yikaŵa nyengo yaumaliro kuti gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain liŵike ndembera zawo mu nkhondo. Phangano la Pretoria la 1881 likalembeka pa 3 Ogasiti 1881 ndipo likazomerezgeka pa 25 Okutobala 1881 na ZAR, uko Zuid Afrikaansche Republiek yikumanyikwa na zina lakuti "Transvaal Territory". Mu 1884 pa ungano wa Pretoria, pa ungano wa London, boma la Britain likamazga muwuso wa charu cha South Africa.
Boma la Britain, mu ungano wa ku London, likazomera zina lakuti South African Republic. Pa Febuluwale 27, 1884, Hercules Robinson, Paul Kruger, Stephanus Jacobus du Toit na Nicolaas Smit ŵakalembapo pa ungano uwu ku London. Mu 1885, ŵakasanga malo ghanandi agho pakaŵa golide. Ŵanthu ŵa ku ZAR ŵakaŵa ŵalimi, ŵakagwiranga migodi yayi. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵachemanga kuti "ŵalendo". Kuzakafika mu 1897, ŵanthu awo ŵakafuma ku vyaru vinyake ŵakaŵa kuti ŵaguliska ndalama zakukwana mapaundi 300,000,000 mu minda ya golide ya ZAR.
Nkhondo ya Malaboch, 1894
Nkhondo ya Malaboch yikacitika pakati pa Mulara Malaboch (Mmaleboho, Mmaleboxo) wa ŵanthu ŵa Bahananwa (Xananwa) na boma la South African Republic (ZAR) ilo likalongozgekanga na mulara wa ŵasilikari Piet Joubert. Malaboch wakakana kupeleka msonkho ku Transvaal pamanyuma pakuti boma la Britain lawezgera mabura mu 1881. .
Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Mabuwa, 1899-1902
Ŵabali ŵa ku Britain ŵakamba kuwukira ZAR mu Disembala 1895 apo ŵakachita nkhondo ya Jameson, kweni ŵakatondeka. Ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵakamba kukhozga ŵasilikari na ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa pafupi na mphaka, ndipo ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵalendo 60,000 ŵa mu ZAR ŵaŵe na wanangwa wa kuvota. Kruger wakakana ivyo Britain likakhumbanga ndipo wakapempha kuti ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵafumemo mu ZAR. Apo ŵa ku Britain ŵakakana, Kruger wakaŵaphalira kuti ŵarwe nkhondo na Britain.
Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya ku Boer yikaŵa yakukondweska comene ku ŵasilikari ŵa Britain kweniso ku ufumu wose wa Britain. Ŵanakazi na ŵana ŵakakhalanga mu misasa yakuyuzgirako ŵanthu. Cifukwa ca vinthu viheni ivyo vikacitikanga mu misasa iyi, ŵanakazi 4,177 na ŵana 22,074 ŵa vyaka kusi kwa 16 ŵakafwa.
Phangano la Vereeniging likalembeka pa Meyi 31, 1902. Phangano ili likawuskapo boma la ZAR na Orange Free State, ilo likaŵa la ŵanthu ŵakuchemeka Boer. Pa Meyi 20, 1903, Wupu wa Inter Colonial Council ukakhazikiskika kuti uwuse vyaru ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa boma la Britain. Ŵa Boer ŵakapika mazaza gha kujimira ŵekha ndipo ŵakaŵapa mu 1906 na 1907. Mu 1910, charu cha South Africa chikaŵa mu wupu wa Union of South Africa.
Kuwukira kwa Maritz, 1914-1915
Chigaluka cha Maritz chikaŵa chigaluka icho chikachitika ku South Africa mu 1914 apo Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose yikambanga. Boma ili likalongozgekanga na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Boer awo ŵakapanga boma la kanyengo kachoko ndipo ŵakakhumbanga kukhazikiskaso charu cha South Africa mu chigaŵa cha Transvaal. Ŵanandi awo ŵakaŵa mu boma la South Africa ŵakaŵa Ŵaburu awo ŵakarwa nkhondo na Ŵamaritz. Boma ili likakolerana na boma la Germany, ilo likarwa nkhondo na Britain na South Africa. Ŵasilikari ŵa Boer ŵakendanga mu vyaru vya kumwera kwa Africa. Kuzakafika mu 1915, chigaluka ichi chikaŵa kuti chamara, ndipo awo ŵakalongozganga gulu ili ŵakapika ndalama zinandi na kujalirika mu jele.
Makampani gha vyachuma na vya mendero
Mu 1886 apo ŵanthu ŵakasanga golide ku Witwatersrand, vinthu vikasintha chomene mu charu ichi. Mu chaka chenechichi, msumba wa Johannesburg ukazengeka nga ni tawuni ya migodi ya golide. Mu vilimika 10, tawuni iyi yikazgoka msumba ukuru comene wa kumwera kwa Africa, ndipo yikajumpha Cape Town.
Ŵakati ŵasanga golide, ŵakazenga njanji mu ZAR. Misewu ya kumafumiro gha dazi na kumanjiliro gha dazi mu ZAR, comenecomene ya kufuma ku Pretoria kuya ku Lourenço Marques mu Portuguese East Africa, yikazengeka na Dutch-South African Railway Company. Kuzenga msewu wa Pretoria-Lourenço Marques kukawovwira kuti ZAR yiŵe na malo gha ku dowoko agho ghakaŵa pasi pa Ufumu wa Britain yayi.
Ndembera
Ndembera ya South Africa yikaŵa na mphonje zitatu zakuthwa, zakufipirwa, zituŵa na za buluu (zakuyana na ndembera ya Netherlands) na mphonje yibhiriji pa chiŵegha, ndipo yikamanyikwanga na zina lakuti Vierkleur (Chingelezi: "Mitundu yinayi"). Nangauli dango ilo likalongosoranga za ndembera likaŵa lakuti pa chikhuni palembeke mazgu ghakuti "Eendracht maakt macht" ("Umoza ukupangiska nkhongono", mazgu gha charu), kweni ivi vikachitikanga viŵi yayi. Kufuma apo, vilembo ivi vikaŵa mu ndembera ya South Africa kufuma mu 1928 m'paka 1994.
Niger
Niger panji ŵa Niger  , mwalamulo Charu cha Niger  (République du Niger, Jamhuriyar Nijar), ni caru ico cili mu West Africa. Charu ichi chili na mphaka na Libya kumpoto, Chad kumafumiro gha dazi, Nigeria kumwera, Benin na Burkina Faso kumwera, Mali kumanjiliro gha dazi, na Algeria kumpoto. Charu ichi chili na malo ghakukwana 1,270,000 km2 (490,000 sq mi), ndipo ntchikuru chomene ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. Vyaru vyakujumpha 80 pa 100 vya ku Africa vili mu chipalamba cha Sahara. Ŵasilamu pafupifupi 25 miliyoni ŵakukhala kumwera na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa caru ici. Msumba wa Niamey uli kumwera ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Niger.
Niger njimoza mwa vyaru vikavu comene pa caru cose. Vigaŵa vinyake vya caru ici ivyo vikaŵa vyambura mapopa, nyengo zinyake vikaŵanga na njara na mapopa. Chuma cha ŵanthu ŵakuzengeka pa ulimi, ndipo ŵanyake ŵakuluta ku vyaru vinyake kukaguliska vyakurya. Charu ichi chili na masuzgo ghachitukuko chifukwa cha malo ghambura maji, mapopa, ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kuŵazga viŵi yayi, ŵanthu awo ŵakulimbana na ŵasilikari, kweniso ŵanthu awo ŵali na ŵana ŵanandi chomene pa charu chose chifukwa chakuti ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira ntchito nthowa zakulera yayi.
Brown Chimphamba
Brown Chimphamba ni nkhwantha ya vya masambiro, wantchito wa boma na wa ndyali wa ku Malawi. Wakaŵa mwimiliri wa United Nations. Wakaŵaso wapampando wa komiti iyo yikachitiska referendum ya 1993 iyo yikamalizga muwuso wa Malawi Congress Party ya Hastings Banda. Wakaŵaso wachiŵiri kwa mulongozgi wa Yunivesite ya Malawi.
Niger
Zina
Zina ili likufuma ku mlonga wa Niger uwo ukwenda mu chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa charu ichi. Zina ili likufuma ku lizgu la Tuareg lakuti n'eghirren, ilo likung'anamura 'maji ghakwenda.' Kuyowoyekera kwake ni /niːˈʒɛər/ mu Chifalansa, apo mu Chingelezi chikuyowoyeka /ˈnaɪdʒər/.
Brown Chimphamba
Ufulu wa masambilo mu 2011
Wakaŵa mulongozgi wa wupu wa Academic Freedom Commission mu 2011, apo pulezidenti uyo wakasankhika mwa demokilase Bingu Mutharika wakasuzgika na ŵasambizgi ŵa UNIMA. Ivi vikacitika cifukwa cakuti Dr. Blessings Chinsinga wakacemeka na Inspector General wa ŵapolisi Peter Mukhito kuti wazakayaniske ivyo Chinsinga wakacita mu kilasi la sayansi ya ndyali vyakukhwaskana na kugaluka kwa ku Tunisia mu 2011 uko kukapangiska kuti pulezidenti Hosni Mubarak wathereskeke. Vikacitiska kuti Dr. Blessings Chinsinga, Jessie Kabwila-Kapasula, Gaston Kanchedzera, Edge Kanyongoro na Franz Amin ŵafumiskike. Kweniso vikapangiska kuti ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵa pa Yunivesite ya Malawi ŵambe kususka. Wupu wa ŵanthu 6 uwo ukalongozgekanga na Prof. Brown Chimphamba, wakacemeka na Mutharika 'kuti wayowoye za wanangwa wa masambiro, kusanda ico cikupangiska suzgo ili na kupempha nthowa zakumazgira suzgo la kunthazi'.
Niger
Prehistory
Viŵiya vyamalibwe, vinyake vikaŵako kale comene mu 280,000 B.C.E., vikasangika ku Adrar Bous, Bilma na Djado kumpoto kwa Agadez Region. Vinyake mwa vinthu ivi vikukolerana na visopa vya Aterian na Mousterian ivyo vikaŵako mu nyengo ya Middle Paleolithic, ivyo vikaŵako ku mpoto kwa Africa cha m'ma 90,000 B.C.E. Ŵanthu ŵakughanaghana kuti ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakhalanga nga mbalovi. Mu nyengo yakale, nyengo ya mu chipalamba cha Sahara yikaŵanga yakuthukira kweniso yakupambika vyakurya vinandi, ndipo ŵanthu awo ŵakufukura vinthu vyakale ŵakuyichema kuti "Chipalamba cha Green Sahara".
Nyengo ya Neolithic yikamba mu 10,000 BC; nyengo iyi yikasintha vinthu vinandi, nga ni umo ŵakazengera viŵiya vya dongo (nga umo vikaŵira ku Tagalagal, Temet na Tin Ouffadene), kuŵeta ng'ombe, na kusunga ŵakufwa mu vibumira vya malibwe. Nyengo yikati yasintha pakati pa 4000 na 2800 B.C.E., caru ca Sahara cikamba kufota pacoko na pacoko, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakamba kukhala mu vigaŵa vya kumwera na kumafumiro gha dazi. Ŵanthu ŵakamba kulima, kulima tirigu, na viŵiya vya dongo. Vinthu vya visulo na mkuŵa vikaŵako mu nyengo iyi. Vinthu ivyo vikasangika ku Azawagh, Takedda, Marendet na Termit Massif. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Kiffian (pafupifupi 8000-6000 B.C.) na ŵa ku Tenerian (pafupifupi 5000-2500 B.C.), awo ŵakakhalanga ku Adrar Bous na Gobero, uko ŵasanga viwangwa vya ŵanthu, ŵakakura comene mu nyengo iyi.
Empires and kingdoms in pre-colonial Niger
Mu vyaka vya m'ma 400 B.C.E., cigaŵa ico lero ni Niger cikaŵa cigaŵa ca malonda. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tuareg ŵakendanga kufuma kumpoto, ndipo ŵakendanga na ngamila mu chipalamba. Ŵanthu ŵakalutilira kusamukira ku vyaru vya kumwera kwa Africa na ku vyaru vya kumpoto kwa Africa, ndipo Chisilamu chikamba kuthandazgika. Ŵarabu ŵakawukira caru ca North Africa mu vilimika vya m'ma 700 C.E., ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵasamire kumwera. Mu nyengo iyi, mu Sahel mukaŵa maufumu ghanandi. Nkhani yakulondezgapo yikulongosora umo maufumu ghanyake ghakaŵira.
Mali Empire (1200s–1400s)
Ufumu wa Mali ukaŵa ufumu wa Mandinka uwo ukayambika na Sundiata Keita (r. 1230 ⁇ 1255) mu 1230 ndipo ukakhalako mpaka 1600. Nga umo vyayowoyekera mu buku la Sundiata, Mali yikaŵa chigaŵa cha ufumu wa Sosso, uwo ukafumako ku ufumu wa Ghana. Kufuma apo, Mali wakathereska Sosso pa nkhondo ya Kirina mu 1235 na Ghana mu 1240. Kufumira ku chigaŵa icho chikaŵa pafupi na mphaka ya Guinea na Mali, ufumu uwu ukakuranga mu nyengo ya mathemba ghakulondezgana ndipo ukafika pa mphepete mwa msewu wa malonda wa Trans-Sahara, ndipo ukafika pa mtunda ukuru chomene mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Mansa Musa (r. 1312–1337). Pa nyengo iyi, vigaŵa vinyake ivyo sono ni chigaŵa cha Tillabéri mu Niger vikaŵa pasi pa Ŵamali. Mansa Musa, uyo wakaŵa Musilamu, wakacita haji mu 1324-1325, ndipo wakawovwira kuti Chisilamu chisanuzgike mu ufumu wake. "Vikuwoneka kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakalutilira kulondezga visambizgo vyawo vya chisopa chautesi m'malo mwa kusopa chisopa chautesi". Ufumu ukamba "kuwelera pasi" mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500, chifukwa cha kulimbana kwa awo ŵakeneranga kuŵa mafumu, mathemba ghambura nkhongono, kwendeska malonda gha ku Europe ku mphepete mwa nyanja, na kugaluka kwa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Mossi, Wolof, Tuareg na Songhai. Ufumu wa ku Mali ukalutilira m'paka m'ma 1600.
Songhai Empire (1000s–1591)
Ufumu wa Songhai ukacemeka kuyana na mtundu wawo, Songhai panji Sonrai, ndipo ukaŵa mu Mali, mumphepete mwa mlonga wa Niger. Songhai wakamba kukhala mu cigaŵa ici mu virimika vya m'ma 700 na vya m'ma 800; ndipo mu virimika vya m'ma 1000, Gao (uyo kale ukaŵa msumba ukuru wa ufumu wa Gao) ndiyo yikaŵa msumba ukuru wa ufumu uwu. Kufuma mu 1000 mpaka 1325, ufumu wa Songhai ukaŵa pa mtende na ufumu wa Mali, uwo ukaŵa kumanjiliro gha dazi. Mu 1325 Songhai wakathereskeka na Mali mpaka apo yikapokereraso wanangwa wake mu 1375. Mu nyengo ya themba Sonni Ali (r. 1464 ⁇ 1492) Songhai wakatora ndondomeko yakusazgikira iyo yikatora malo ghapachanya chomene mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Askia Mohammad I (r. 1493 ⁇ 1528); pa nyengo iyi ufumu ukakura kufuma ku Niger-bend heartland, kusazgapo kumafumiro gha dazi uko vigaŵa vinandi vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Niger vikawa pasi pa muwuso wake, kusazgapo Agadez uyo wakathereskeka mu 1496. Ufumu uwu ukatondeka kulimbana na kuwukira kwa ufumu wa Saadi wa ku Morocco ndipo ukathereskeka pa nkhondo ya ku Tondibi mu 1591; pamanyuma ukagaŵikana mu maufumu ghachokochoko.
Sultanate of Aïr (1400s–1906)
Mu 1449 kumpoto kwa Niger, Sultanate of Aïr wakapangika na Sultan Ilisawan, uyo wakakhalanga ku Agadez. Pakwamba, msumba uwu ukaŵa waka malo ghakusungirako malonda gha ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Hausa na ŵa mtundu wa Tuareg. Mu 1515, Aïr wakathereskeka na Songhai, ndipo wakalutilira kuŵa cigaŵa ca ufumu uwu mpaka apo ukamalira mu 1591. Mu vyaka vyakulondezgapo, ufumu uwu "ukwenera kuti ukayamba kuchepa" cifukwa ca nkhondo za pakati pa mafuko. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakati ŵafika pa malo agha, msumba wa Agadez ukaŵa mu mahami ndipo Ŵafalansa ndiwo ŵakamba kuwupoka.
Kanem–Bornu Empire (700s–1700s)
Ku mafumiro gha dazi, ufumu wa Kanem ⁇ Bornu ukaŵa na mazaza pa malo agho ghakaŵa pafupi na Nyanja ya Chad. Mzinda uwu ukasangika na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Zaghawa mu vyaka vya m'ma 800 C.E. ndipo ukaŵa ku Njimi, kumpoto cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa nyanja iyi. Ufumu uwu ukakuranga pachokopachoko, kusazgapo nyengo ya muwuso wa Sayfawa uwo ukamba mu 1075 pasi pa Mai (mfumu) Hummay. Ufumu uwu ukafika pachanya chomene mu vyaka vya m'ma 1200, chifukwa cha kulimbikira kwa Mai Dunama Dibbalemi (r. 1210 ⁇ 1259), ndipo ukakura "wakusambazga" chifukwa cha kuwusa kwake kwa ma Trans-Saharan malonda; vigaŵa vinandi vya kumafumiro gha dazi na kumwera-kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Niger, kusazgapo Bilma na Kaouar, vikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa Kanem mu nyengo iyi. Ŵamalonda Ŵaarabu ndiwo ŵakiza na cisopo ca Cisilamu mu caru ici mu virimika vya m'ma 1100, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kusopa cisopo ici. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1400, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bulala ŵakasuzga Kanem kuti wafumire kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Nyanja ya Chad, uko kukamanyikwanga kuti Ufumu wa Bornu. Ufumu uwu ukawusanga mu tawuni ya Ngazargamu, iyo sono ni mphaka ya Niger na Nigeria. Bornu "wakakura comene" mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Mai Idris Alooma (wakababika ca mu 1575-1610) ndipo wakathereskaso vigaŵa vinandi vya Kanem, lekani ufumu uwu ukacemekanga kuti 'Kanem ⁇ Bornu'. Kuzakafika mu vilimika vya m'ma 1600 na vya m'ma 1700, ufumu wa ku Bornu ukaŵa kuti 'ukumara,' ndipo ukaweleraso ku Nyanja ya Chad.
The Hausa states and other smaller kingdoms (1400s–1800s)
Pakati pa Mlonga wa Niger na Nyanja ya Chad kukaŵa uthemba wa Hausa, uwo ukazingilizga cigaŵa ca Hausaland ico pamanyuma cikazgoka mphaka ya Niger na Nigeria. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Hausa ŵakuyowoyeka kuti ni ŵanthu awo ŵakafuma ku mpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi, ndipo ŵakamba kuŵa ŵanthu ŵakupambana mu vyaka vya m'ma 900 na 1400. Ŵakazomera chisopa cha Chisilamu kufuma mu vyaka vya m'ma 1400, ndipo nyengo zinyake visopa ivi vikaŵanga pamoza na visopa vinyake, ndipo vikapangiska kuti visopa ivi viŵe vyakupambana. Magulu ghanyake gha ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Hausa nga ni Azna, ghakaleka kusopa chisopa cha Chisilamu. (Chigaŵa cha Dogondoutchi chikulutilira kuŵa na ŵanthu awo ŵakugomezga kuti kuli vyamoyo). Maufumu gha ku Hausa ghakaŵa ghakukolerana yayi, kweni ghakaŵanga na maufumu ghakupambanapambana agho ghakaŵanga ghakupambana. Ŵakaŵanga na gulu la ŵakaronga ndipo ŵakacitanga vinthu mwakuyana na umo ŵanthu ŵakenderanga. Mathemba gha Ŵahausa ghakasankhikanga na ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa ŵa mu caru ndipo ghakaŵanga na mazaza ghakufumiskapo. Maufumu gha ku Hausa ghakaŵa na vigaŵa vinkhondi na viŵiri ivyo vikapangika na ŵana ŵankhondi na yumoza ŵa Bawo. Bawo wakaŵa mwana yekha wa Daurama na Bayajidda (Abu Yazid kuyana na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakumanya mdauko) awo ŵakafuma ku Baghdad. Maufumu ghankhondi na ghatatu gha ku Hausa ghakaŵa Daura, Kano, Rano, Zaria, Gobir, Katsina na Biram. Nkhani iyi yikulongosoraso kuti Bawo wakaŵa na ŵana ŵanayi na mwanakazi munyake, ndipo ndiwo ŵakambiska mtundu wa 'Banza (wambura kuzomerezgeka) Bakwai': Zamfara, Kebbi, Nupe, Gwari, Yauri, Ilorin na Kwararafa. Boma linyake lichoko chomene ilo likaŵa la Konni, likaŵa la Birni-N'Konni.
The Fulani (also called Peul, Fulbe etc.), a pastoral people found throughout the Sahel, began migrating to Hausaland during the 1200s–1500s. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Fulani ŵakakondwa yayi na chisopa cha Chisilamu icho chikaŵako pa malo agha. Munthu munyake wakusambira chomene wa mtundu wa Fulani, zina lake Usman Dan Fodio (wakafuma ku Gobir) wakati mu 1804 wakambiska chisopa cha Chisilamu. Wati wathereska vigaŵa vinandi vya Hausaland (kweni ufumu wa Bornu ukaŵa kuti ngwambura kukolerana na ufumu wake yayi), mu 1809 wakapharazga ufumu wa Sokoto. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa mtundu wa Hausa ŵakapona cifukwa cakuti ŵakacimbilira kumwera, nga ni ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Katsina awo ŵakasamira ku Maradi, kumwera kwa Niger. Vinyake mwa vyaru ivi vikasuzga Caliphate ndipo nyengo ya nkhondo yikamba, vyaru vinyake (nga ni Katsina na Gobir) vikalutilira kujiyimira paŵekha, apo kunyake vikapangika vyaru viphya (nga ni Sultanate of Tessaoua). Ufumu wa Caliphate ukalutilira kukhalako mpaka apo "wakatimbanizgika comene" cifukwa ca kuwukira kwa mulongozgi wa nkhondo Rabih az-Zubayr, uyo wakakhalanga ku Chad, ndipo paumaliro ukawira mu mawoko gha Ŵabritish mu 1903, ndipo pamasinda caru cake cikagaŵikana pakati pa Britain na France.
Maufumu ghanyake ghacoko mu nyengo iyi ni ufumu wa Dosso, uwo ukaŵako mu 1750, uwo ukalimbana na muwuso wa Hausa na Sokoto.
Colonial (1900–58)
Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800 ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa ku Europe ŵakaluta ku malo agho ghakachemeka Niger, nga ni Mungo Park (mu 1805 ⁇ 06), Oudney-Denham-Clapperton expedition (1822 ⁇ 25), Heinrich Barth (1850 ⁇ 55; na James Richardson na Adolf Overweg), Friedrich Gerhard Rohlfs (1865 ⁇ 67), Gustav Nachtigal (1869 ⁇ 74) na Parfait-Louis Monteil (1890 ⁇ 92).
Vyaru vinyake vya ku Europe vikaŵa kale na virwa vinyake mu Africa, ndipo mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, vikamba kughanaghanira vyakumukati mwa caru ici. Ndondomeko iyi yikamanyikwa na zina lakuti 'Chisulo cha ku Africa' ndipo yikamara na ungano uwo ukacitikira ku Berlin mu 1885. Pa ungano uwu, vyaru ivyo vikaŵa na mazaza ghakupambanapambana vikalongosora umo vyaru vya mu Africa vikwenera kugaŵikana. Pa cifukwa ici, caru ca France cikapoka cigaŵa ico cikaŵa mu mphepete mwa Mlonga wa Niger (cigaŵa ico lero ni Mali na Niger). Kufuma apo, caru ca France cikamba kuwusa nadi caru ici. Mu 1897, msilikari wa ku France Marius Gabriel Cazemajou wakatumika ku Niger; iyo wakafika ku Sultanate of Damagaram mu 1898 ndipo wakakhala ku Zinder ku khoti la Sultan Amadou Kouran Daga ⁇. Wakakomeka pamanyuma pakuti Daga wakawopanga kuti wangakolerana na mulongozgi wa nkhondo Rabih az-Zubayr wa ku Chad. Mu 1899-1900, France yikanozga maulendo ghatatu ghakuluta ku vyaru vya ku Africa. Maulendo agha ghakaŵa gha Ŵamitundu kufuma ku French Congo, Foureau-Lamy kufuma ku Algeria na Voulet kufuma ku Timbuktu. Ŵasilikari ŵatatu aŵa ŵakakumana ku Kousséri (kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Cameroon) ndipo ŵakathereska ŵasilikari ŵa Rabih az-Zubayr pa nkhondo ya ku Kousséri. Gulu la Voulet-Chanoine "likasuzgika na nkhaza", ndipo "likamanyikwanga chomene" chifukwa cha kupoka vinthu, kupoka, kukolelera na kukoma ŵanthu ŵa ku Niger. Pa 8 May 1899, pakuwezgera cifukwa ca kukana kwa fumukazi Sarraounia, kapitawo Voulet na ŵanalume ŵake ŵakakoma ŵanthu wose ŵa mu muzi wa Birni-N'Konni, ndipo ici cikaŵa "cinthu cakofya comene mu mbiri ya French colonial". Macitiro gha Voulet na Chanoine ghakapangiska "mbuwu" ndipo Paris wakeneranga kunjilirapo; apo Lieutenant-Colonel Jean-François Klobb wakakumana na gulu ili pafupi na Tessaoua kuti waŵafumiskeko udindo, wakakomeka. Lt. Paul Joalland, uyo kale wakaŵa mulara wa Klobb, na Lt. Paumaliro Octave Meynier ndiyo wakambiska gulu ili, pamasinda pa kugaluka uko kukakoma Voulet na Chanoine.
Boma la ŵasilikari la Niger likapangika mu Disembala 1904 ku Upper Senegal na Niger (pamanyuma ku Burkina Faso, Mali na Niger) ndipo likuru lake likaŵa Niamey. Mpaka wa ku Britain na Nigeria ukamara mu 1910, pakuti vyaru viŵiri ivi vikaŵa kuti vyakolerana kale mu mapangano gha pakati pa 1898 na 1906. Msumba wa boma ili ukasamuskikira ku Zinder mu 1912 apo boma la Niger likapatukana na la Upper Senegal na la Niger, ndipo likasamuskikira ku Niamey mu 1922 apo Niger yikazgoka boma la Ŵafalansa ku West Africa. Malire gha Niger ghakaŵikika mu vigaŵa viŵiri ndipo ghakaŵikika pa malo ghake mu ma 1930. Mu nyengo iyi vinthu vikasintha mu vigaŵa vinyake. Vigaŵa vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa mlonga wa Niger vikapelekeka ku Niger mu 1926-1927, ndipo apo boma la Upper Volta (lero ni Burkina Faso) likamara mu 1932-1947, vigaŵa vinandi vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu ichi vikasazgikira ku Niger.
Ŵafalansa ŵakagwiliskira nchito muwuso wambura kulongosoka, kuti ŵalutilire kuwusa mu nyengo ya ŵakoloni, uku ŵakuzomera kuwusa kwa Ŵafalansa. Zarma wa ku ufumu wa Dosso wakazomera kuwusika na Ŵafalansa, ndipo wakaŵagwiliskiranga nchito nga mbalwani kuti ŵarwe na ŵanthu ŵa ku Hausa na ŵanyakhe awo ŵakakhalanga kufupi na iwo. Ŵakawona kuti boma la France likukhumba kuwukira, nga ni kuwukira kwa Kobkitanda mu chigaŵa cha Dosso (1905 ⁇ 06), uko wakalongozgekanga na Alfa Saibou, na kuwukira kwa Karma mu chigodobu cha Niger (December 1905 ⁇ March 1906) uko wakalongozgekanga na Oumarou Karma. Nangauli Ŵafalansa ŵakakhozgeranga ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga waka kumwera, kweni ŵakasuzgikanga chomene na Ŵatuwareg ku mpoto. Ŵakafika ku Agadez mu 1906. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tuareg ŵakalutilira kulimbana na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Kaocen, ndipo ŵakagalukira boma. Pa nyengo iyi, Ag Mohammed Wau Teguidda Kaocen wakadangiliranga gulu la ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Senussi. Ŵafalansa ŵakakhazikiska boma la ŵanthu ŵambura kugomezgeka, ndipo "kuwelera pasi na kulekeka" kwa cigaŵa ca kumpoto kwa caru ici kukalutilira, ndipo kukaŵaso njara. Nangauli charu ichi chikaŵa "chambura kukhazikika", kweni vinthu vikasintha mu Niger mu nyengo ya Ufumu wa Ŵaroma. Vinthu vyakuti viwovwire ŵanthu kusanga cakurya vikapangika pamanyuma pa njara zikuru izo zikaŵako mu 1913, 1920, na 1931.
Pa nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose, apo caru ca France cikaŵa mu mawoko gha Nazi, Charles de Gaulle wakalemba chikalata chakucemeka kuti Brazzaville Declaration, ico cikayowoya kuti ufumu wa France uzamumalizgika na boma la France. Boma la France, ilo likaŵako kufuma mu 1946 m'paka mu 1958, likapeleka wanangwa ku ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa Britain kuti ŵaŵe ŵenekaya ŵa charu cha France. Pa nyengo iyi ndipo chipani cha Nigerien Progressive Party (Parti Progressiste Nigérien, panji PPN, icho pakwamba chikaŵa chigaŵa cha African Democratic Rally, panji Rassemblement Démocratique Africain  ⁇  RDA) chikapangika pasi pa ulongozgi wa msambizgi wakale Hamani Diori, nga ni chipani cha Movement Socialiste Africain-Sawaba (MSA), icho chikalongozgekanga na Djibo Bakary. Pamanyuma pa Dango la Ŵapharazgi ŵa ku vyaru vinyake (Loi Cadre) la pa 23 Julayi 1956 na kukhazikiskika kwa boma la Fifth French Republic pa 4 Disembala 1958, charu cha Niger chikamba kuŵa na mazaza ghekha mu French Community. Pa Disembala 18, 1958, boma la Niger likapangika ndipo Hamani Diori ndiyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa boma ili. Mu 1959 boma likakanizga MSA cifukwa ca kutinkha comene ŵanthu ŵa ku France. Pa 11 July 1960, Niger yikasankha kuti yifumemo mu French Community ndipo yikamba kujiyimira payekha pa 3 August, 1960 nyengo ya pakati pa usiku. Ntheura Diori wakaŵa pulezidenti wakwamba wa charu ichi.
Diori years (1960–74)
Kwa vyaka 14 vyakwambilira vya ufumu wa Niger, boma likaŵa na chipani chimoza icho chikaŵa pasi pa Hamani Diori. M'ma 1960 ŵanthu ŵakasambira vinandi yayi pa nkhani ya masambiro, kweniso vinthu vikasintha pa nkhani ya chuma na mafakitale. Diori wakazomerezga kuti ku France kuŵe migodi ya uranium ku Arlit ndipo wakawovwira France pa nkhondo ya ku Algeria. Mdauko wa vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa ukaŵa "uwemi", kupaturako Dahomey (Benin), cifukwa ca mphindano ya mphaka. Mu nyengo yose iyi, boma la Niger likaŵa na chipani chimoza pera, ndipo Diori wakapona pa chiŵembu icho chikachitika mu 1963 na chiyezgo cha kumukoma mu 1965; viŵembu vinandi ivi vikachitikanga na gulu la Djibo Bakary la MSA-Sawaba ilo likambiska chigaluka mu 1964. Mu ma 1970, masuzgo gha vyachuma, njara, na milandu ya vimbundi na kuleka kunozga makora vyakurya, vikapangiska kuti boma liwukirepo ndipo boma la Diori likathereskeka..
First military regime (1974–1991)
Wupu uwu ukapangika na Col. Seyni Kountché na gulu la ŵasilikari lakucemeka Conseil Militaire Supreme, ndipo Kountché wakalutilira kuwusa caru mpaka apo wakafwira mu 1987. The first action of the military government was to address the food crisis. Nangauli boma la Diori likafwatura ŵakayidi awo ŵakakhalanga mu jele chifukwa cha ndyali, kweni wanangwa wa ŵanthu na wanangwa wa ŵanthu "ukalutilira kunangika". Pakaŵaso viyezgo vya kupoka boma (mu 1975, 1976 na 1984) ivyo vikatimbanizgika, ndipo awo ŵakavipangiska ŵakalangika.
Kountché wakakhumbanga kupanga "bungwe lakukhozga ŵanthu", ilo likasanganga ndalama zinandi kufuma ku migodi ya uranium ku Agadez Region. Makampani gha boma ghakapangika, nyumba zinandi zikapangika (kuzenga misewu, masukulu, na malo ghakusungirako umoyo), ndipo pakaŵaso vimbundi mu mawupu gha boma, ivyo Kountché wakaleka yayi kulanga. M'ma 1980, Kountché wakamba kucepeskako mazaza gha ŵasilikari, ndipo boma likamba kucepeskako mazaza gha ŵasilikari, na kuyezgayezga kuti boma liŵe nga ni ŵanthu. Chuma chikamba kukwera chomene apo mitengo ya uranium yikakhira, ndipo boma la IMF likamba kukanizga ŵanthu kugura vinthu vyawo, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa mu Nigeria ŵakane. Mu 1985, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tuareg ŵakagaluka ku Tchintabaraden. Kountché wakafwa mu Novembala 1987 cifukwa ca kansa ya mu wongo, ndipo wakasinthika na mulongozgi wake wa ŵasilikari, Col. Ali Saibou uyo wakazomelezgeka kuŵa mulongozgi wa Supreme Military Council pamanyuma pa mazuŵa ghanayi.
Saibou wakawuskapo vinthu vinyake ivyo vikacitikanga mu nyengo ya Kountché (nga ni polisi ya cisisi na kuŵika malango pa vinthu ivyo vikuyowoyeka mu nyuzipepara), ndipo wakambiska ndondomeko ya kusintha vinthu mu ndyali iyo yikalongozgekanga na gulu limoza (Mouvement National pour la Société du Développement, panji MNSD). Boma lakwamba likaŵa la Ŵaroma, ndipo lachiŵiri likaŵa la Ŵaroma. General Saibou wakazgoka pulezidenti wakwamba wa Second Republic pamanyuma pakutonda pa chisankho cha pulezidenti pa 10 December 1989.
Mulimo wa Pulezidenti Saibou wa kuwongolera kusintha vinthu mu ndyali watondeka cifukwa ca ivyo ŵamalonda na ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵakukhumba kuti paŵe demokilase ya vipani vinandi. Pa 9 February, 1990, ku Niamey kukaŵa chiwawa icho chikapangiska kuti ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵatatu ŵakomeke, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti boma na vyaru vinyake viŵachichizge kuti ŵasinthe vinthu. Kuumaliro wa 1990, boma la Saibou likazomera ivyo ŵakakhumbanga. Pa nyengo iyi, masuzgo ghakambaso mu chigaŵa cha Agadez apo gulu la ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tuareg likalukira tawuni ya Tchintabaraden (uyo ŵanyake ŵakughanaghana kuti ndiwo ŵakambiska kuwukira kwa mtundu wa Tuareg), ivyo vikapangiska kuti ŵasilikari ŵakome ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene. (Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakumanya yayi unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakakomeka, kweni ŵanyake ŵakughanaghana kuti ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakwana 70 panji 1,000).
National Conference and Third Republic (1991–1996)
Msonkhano wa National Sovereign wa mu 1991 unabweretsa demokalase ya zipani zambiri. Kwambira pa Julayi 29 mpaka pa Novembala 3, pa ungano wa caru cose uwu pakawungana ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yose kuti ŵapeleke ulongozgi wakukhwaskana na umo vinthu viŵirenge mu caru. Pa ungano uwu pakaŵa Prof. André Salifou ndipo wakapangiska pulani ya boma lakusintha vinthu; ilo likaŵikika mu Novembala 1991 kuti lilongozge vinthu vya boma mpaka apo maboma gha Third Republic ghakaŵikira mu Epulero 1993. Pamanyuma pa ungano wa National Sovereign Conference, boma la nyengo yichoko waka likalemba dango la chalo ilo likasintha dango la chipani chimoza ilo likaŵako mu 1989, ndipo likapeleka wanangwa ku ŵanthu ŵanandi. Ndondomeko yiphya ya malango yikazomerezgeka pa 26 Disembala 1992. Pamanyuma pa ichi, chisankho cha pulezidenti chikachitika ndipo Mahamane Ousmane wakaba pulezidenti wakwamba wa Third Republic pa 27 March 1993. Mu nyengo ya Ousmane, boma likasintha kankhondi na kankhondi, ndipo mu 1995 kukaŵa mavoti gha wupu wa malango.
Nkhaza mu Agadez Region zikalutilira mu nyengo iyi, ivyo vikapangiska kuti boma la Niger lisayinire phangano la mtende na ŵakugaluka ŵa Tuareg mu 1992. Kweni phangano ili likaŵa lawaka chifukwa cha kususkana pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tuareg. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa mtundu wa Toubou ŵakakwiya na ivyo boma la Niger likacita ku vigaŵa vyawo. Iwo ŵakatenge boma la Niger likutondeka kovwira ŵanthu ŵa mtundu uwu. Mu Epulero 1995, boma likasazga phangano la mtende na gulu la ŵanthu ŵakugaluka ŵa mtundu wa Tuareg, ndipo likazomerezga kuti ŵasilikari ŵanyake awo kale ŵakagalukiranga boma ŵaŵapokelere mu gulu la ŵasilikari, ndipo na wovwiri wa caru ca France, ŵakawovwire ŵanyake kuti ŵambeso umoyo uwemi.
Second military regime and third military regime (1996–1999)
Cifukwa cakuti boma likaŵa kuti lindambe kwendera fundo zake, ŵasilikari ŵakacitapo kanthu; pa Janyuwale 27, 1996, Col. Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara wakadangilira kuwukira uko kukawuskapo Pulezidenti Ousmane na kumazga muwuso wa Third Republic. Maïnassara wakalongozga wupu wa Conseil de Salut National (National Salvation Council) uwo ukapangika na ŵasilikari awo ŵakaŵapo pa nyengo ya myezi 6, apo ŵakanozga dango la chalo ndipo likapelekeka pa 12 May 1996.
Mu myezi yakulondezgapo, pakaŵaso upharazgi wapadera. Maïnassara wakanjira mu kampeni nga ni munthu wakujiyimira payekha ndipo wakathereska chisankho pa 8 Julayi 1996, chisankho ichi chikawonekanga kuti ntchiheni, chifukwa komiti ya chisankho yikasinthika pa kampeni. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo, Maïnassara wakambiska pulogiramu ya privatization yakuzomerezgeka na IMF na World Bank iyo yikaŵapangiska kuŵa ŵasambazi ŵanji awo ŵakamulondezganga, kweni wupu wa ŵamalonda ukakana. Pamanyuma pa mavoti ghaupusikizgi mu 1999, gulu lakuwukira boma likati lilekerethu kukolerana na boma la Maïnassara. Mu nyengo zambura kumanyikwa (panji kuti wakakhumbanga kucimbira mu caru), Maïnassara wakakomeka pa 9 Epulero 1999 pa Airport ya Niamey.
Maj. Daouda Malam Wanké wakayamba kuwusa, ndipo wakapangiska National Reconciliation Council kuti yilongozge pa kulemba dango la chalo la French-style semi-presidential. Ndondomeko iyi yikapelekeka pa Ogasiti 9, 1999, ndipo pamasinda pa Okutobala na Novembala pakachitika visankho vya pulezidenti na vya nduna. Ŵalongozgi ŵa vyaru ŵakayowoya kuti visankho vikachitika mwawanangwa. Pamanyuma pake Wanké wakaleka nchito ya boma.
Fifth Republic (1999–2009)
Wati wawina masankho mu Novembala 1999, Pulezidenti Tandja Mamadou wakalapa pa 22 Disembala 1999 nga ni pulezidenti wakwamba wa Fifth Republic. Mamadou wakawovwira kuti vinthu vyende makora pa nkhani ya ndyali, kweniso kuti vinthu vyende makora pa nkhani ya ndyali. Mu Ogasiti 2002, ku Niamey, Diffa, na Nguigmi kukacitika vivulupi mu misasa ya ŵasilikari, ndipo mu mazuŵa ghacoko waka boma likamazga vivulupi. Pa Julayi 24, 2004, kukacitika masankho gha boma kuti ŵasankhe ŵimiliri awo ŵakimikika na boma. Chisankho ichi chikalondezgana na chisankho cha pulezidenti, apo Mamadou wakasankhikaso kwa nyengo yachiŵiri, ntheura wakaŵa pulezidenti wakwamba wa chalo ichi kuwina visankho vyakulondezgana kwambura kuwuskika na ŵasilikari. Wupu wakulongozga na wupu wa malango vikalutilira kuyana na umo vikaŵira mu nyengo yakwamba ya pulezidenti: Hama Amadou wakasoleka kuŵa nduna yikuru ndipo Mahamane Ousmane, mulongozgi wa chipani cha CDS, wakasoleka kuŵa mulongozgi wa wupu wa malango (parliament) na ŵanyake.
Mu 2007, ubale pakati pa Pulezidenti Tandja Mamadou na nduna yake "wakatimbanizgika", ivyo vikapangiska kuti mu Juni 2007 wasinthike na Seyni Oumarou pamasinda pa voti ya kuwoneseska kuti palije chigomezgo mu Nyumba ya Malamulo. Pulezidenti Tandja Mamadou wakakhumbanga kuti nyengo ya kuwusa kwake yilute panthazi mwa kusintha dango ilo likakanizganga ŵanthu kuwusa nyengo yitali. Awo ŵakakolerana na fundo yakuti boma likhale kwa nyengo yitali, ŵakakolerana na gulu la ŵanthu ŵakucemeka kuti "Tazartche" (kufuma ku lizgu la Chihausa ilo likung'anamura "kukhala nyengo yitali"), kweni ŵakasuskika na gulu la ŵanthu ŵakucemeka kuti "anti-Tazartche" ilo likaŵa na ŵanthu ŵakulimbana na boma kweniso ŵakususka boma.
Ku mpoto kwa caru ici kukawuka viwawa vya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tuareg mu 2007. Mu 2009, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakoleka ndipo ŵakamanyikwa kuti mbanthu ŵambura kugomezgeka. Vuto la "kukhazikika" kwa chitetezo m'chigawochi likuganiziridwa kuti ndilo linapangitsa kuti gulu la Al-Qaeda mu Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) likhazikike m'dzikoli.
Fourth military regime (2009–2010)
Mu Febuluwale 2010, ŵasilikari ŵakakhazikiska boma la Salou Djibo, chifukwa chakuti Tandja wakakhumbanga kusazgirako nyengo iyo wakhalenge mu boma. Wupu wakulongozgeka na Djibo, ukacita ndondomeko ya kusintha kwa vinthu, ndipo ukasora dango la chalo, na kupanga mavoti mu 2011.
Seventh Republic (2010–)
Pamanyuma pa kupika dango la chalo mu chaka cha 2010 na kusankhika kwa pulezidenti chaka chimoza pamanyuma, Mahamadou Issoufou wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti wakwamba wa chalo cha 7th Republic; ndipo wakasankhikaso mu chaka cha 2016. Ndondomeko iyi yikapangiska kuti paŵe muwuso wa mulongozgi yumoza, uwo ukalekeka chaka chimoza kumanyuma. Mu 2011, boma likakhumba kumupoka, kweni likamutondeska ndipo ŵalongozgi ŵake ŵakakakika. Nyengo iyo Issoufou wakaŵa paudindo yikamanyikwa na masuzgo agho ghakaŵapo chifukwa cha nkhondo iyo yikachitikanga ku Libya na kumpoto kwa Mali, uchigaluka uwo ukachitikanga kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Niger na al-Qaeda na Islamic State, uchigaluka wa Boko Haram uwo ukachitikanga ku Nigeria uwo ukafika na kumwera cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Niger, na kugwiliskira ntchito charu cha Niger nga ni charu icho ŵanthu ŵakujumphamo kuti ŵalute ku charu chinyake. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku France na America ŵakovwira Niger kulimbana na masuzgo agha..
Pa Disembala 27, 2020, ŵanthu ŵa ku Nigeria ŵakaluta ku mavoti pamanyuma pakuti Issoufou wapharazga kuti wafumengepo pa udindo, na kunozga nthowa kuti vinthu viŵe makora. Pakaŵavya uyo wakasangika na voti yinandi, kweni Mohamed Bazoum ndiyo wakasanga 39.33%. Kuyana na dango la chalo, pa 20 February 2021, pakachitika chisankho chachiŵiri, ndipo Bazoum wakapokera 55.75% ya mavoti ndipo uyo wakususka (ndipo kale wakaŵa pulezidenti) Mahamane Ousmane wakapokera 44.25%, kuyana na ivyo komiti ya chisankho yikayowoya.
Makhalilo gha charu
Charu ichi chili ku West Africa ndipo chili pakati pa Sahara na vigaŵa vya kumwera kwa Sahara. Charu ichi chili kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Nigeria na Benin, kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Burkina Faso na Mali, kumpoto kwa Algeria na Libya, ndipo kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Chad.
Charu ichi chili pakati pa 11° na 24°N, kweniso pakati pa 0° na 16°E. Munda wake ngwakuti 1,267,000 square kilometres (489,191 sq mi) ndipo 300 square kilometres (116 sq mi) ni maji. Ici cikung'anamura kuti ni caru cikuru comene kuluska ca France, ndipo nchigaŵa ca nambara 21 pa caru cose.
Charu ichi chili na mphaka na vyaru 7, ndipo chili na utali wa makilomita 5,697. Mphepete mwa nyanja iyi muli charu cha Nigeria icho chili na mtunda wa makilomita 1,497. Charu cha Chad chili kumafumiro gha dazi, ndipo chili pa mtunda wa makilomita 1,175. Charu cha Algeria chili kumpoto-kumanjiliro gha dazi, ndipo cha Mali chili pa mtunda wa makilomita 821. Charu cha Niger chili na mphaka na Burkina Faso pa 628 km (390 mi) na Benin pa 266 km (165 mi) na kumpoto-mpoto-kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Libya pa 354 km (220 mi).
Malo gha pasi chomene ni pa Mlonga wa Niger, ndipo ghakukwera mamita 200. Malo ghapachanya chomene ni Mont Idoukal-n-Taghès mu mapiri gha Aïr.
Climate
Ku malo ghanyake, nyengo ya kotcha na ya chipalamba yikupangiska kuti moto uŵeko kanandi. Kumwera kwa caru ici kuli malo ghakuzizima agho ghakukhala mumphepete mwa Mlonga wa Niger. Malo agha ghakaŵa mapopa, ndipo kumwera kukaŵa mapiri, kumpoto kukaŵa mapiri.
Biodiversity
Charu cha Niger chili na vigaŵa vinkhondi: Savanna ya Sahelian Acacia, Savanna ya West Sudan, Savanna ya Lake Chad, South Saharan steppe and woodlands, na West Saharan montane xeric woodlands.
Kumpoto kwa caru ici kuli mapopa na malo ghanyake ghambura mapopa. Vinyama vinyake ivyo vikukhala mu chigaŵa ichi ni viyuni nga ni viyuni vya addax antelope, oryx, gazelle, ndipo ku mapiri kuli mberere za mtundu wa Barbary. Ku chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa charu ichi, kuli malo ghakucemeka Aïr and Ténéré National Nature Reserve.
Vinyama vinyake vyamuthengere ni njovu, njati, mphoyo, mphoyo za mu thengere, na mphoyo za ku mphepete. Giraffe wa ku West Africa wakusangika kumpoto uko wali na ŵanthu ŵanandi comene.
Ŵanyake ŵakuti mapulaneti ghanyake gha pa charu chapasi
Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti pali vinyake ivyo vikuzingilira charu chapasi. Ŵanyake ŵakayowoyapo, kweni pakaŵavya uyo wakakolerana nawo. Kwambira mu ma 1800, ŵasayansi ŵakuyezgayezga kupenjerezga vinyake ivyo vikuwoneka nga ni mwezi, kweni ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakukayika usange kuli mwezi.
Nangauli mwezi ndiwo ni mwezi wekha uwo uli pa charu chapasi, kweni pali vinthu vinyake ivyo vili pafupi na charu chapasi. Ŵakuvichema kuti "miyezi" yaciŵiri ya caru capasi panji "minimoons".
469219 Kamoʻoalewa, ni cinthu cinyake ico cikasangika pa Epulero 27, 2016. Apo likuzingilira dazi, 469219 Kamoʻoalewa likuwoneka kuti likuzingilira caru capasi. Ni mtunda utali comene kuti uŵe munthazi wa caru capasi, kweni ni ciyelezgero ciwemi comene na cakukhazikika ca munthazi, mtundu unyake wa NEO. Vikuwoneka kuti vikuzingilira malo ghanyake padera pa caru capasi, nga ni umo viliri na asteroid 3753 Cruithne. Ma Trojan gha pa caru capasi, nga ni 2010 TK7, ni ma NEO agho ghakuzingilira dazi (kwambura caru capasi) pa nthowa yimoza na caru capasi, ndipo ghakuwoneka nga ghakulongozga panji kulondezga caru capasi mu nthowa yimoza.
Niger
Boma na ndyali
Pa Okutobala 31, 2010, boma liphya la Niger likazomerezgeka. Likawuskaso ndondomeko ya kuwusa ya pulezidenti ya mu 1999 (Fifth Republic) apo pulezidenti wakusankhika na ŵanthu wose kwa vilimika vinkhondi, ndipo nduna yikuru iyo yikwimikika na pulezidenti ndiyo yikucita mulimo wa kuwusa.
Ŵanyake ŵakuti mapulaneti ghanyake gha pa charu chapasi
Vinthu vinyake vichoko ivyo vikuzingilira zuŵa vingazingilira charu chapasi kwa nyengo yichoko waka. Kufika mu 2020, viyelezgero viŵiri pera ivyo vikukhozgeka ni 2006 RH120 mu malo ghakuzingilira charu chapasi mu 2006 na 2007, na 2020 CD3 mu malo ghakuzingilira charu chapasi mu 2018 na 2020.
Niger
Boma na ndyali
Pa 26 May 2009, Pulezidenti Tandja wakathura nyumba ya malango pamanyuma pakuti khoti la malango la boma la boma la Malawi likanizga ndondomeko ya kupanga referendum pa nkhani ya kuzakazomerezga kuti waŵepo paudindo kachitatu. Mwakuyana na dango la boma, mu myezi yitatu yikeneranga kufika nyengo yakuti ŵasole nyumba ya malango yiphya. Ivi vikapangiska kuti paŵe kulimbana pakati pa Tandja, uyo wakakhumbanga kuti wamalizge mazaza ghake agho ghakaŵa gha nyengo yichoko waka, na awo ŵakamususkanga, awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti wafumeko pa udindo wake para nyengo yake yachiŵiri yamara mu Disembala 2009. Wonani 2009 Nigerien constitutional crisis. Ŵasilikari ŵakapoka boma, ndipo Pulezidenti Tandja ŵakamujalira mu jele, ŵakamupusikizgira kuti wali na vimbundi.
Ŵanyake ŵakuti mapulaneti ghanyake gha pa charu chapasi
Mwezi wa Petit
Munthu wakwamba uyo wakayowoyapo kuti kuli mwezi unyake wa pa caru capasi ni Frédéric Petit, mulara wa Toulouse Observatory, uyo mu 1846 wakapharazga kuti wasanga mwezi unyake. Kweniso Lebon na Dassier ku Toulouse, kweniso Larivière ku Artenac Observatory, ŵakayowoyapo kuti kukaŵa mise pa Malichi 21, 1846.
Petit wakayowoya kuti mwezi wachiŵiri uwu uli na nyengo ya maora 2 na maminiti 44. Kweni ŵanyake ŵakakana. Kutalika kwa mtunda uwu kukuyana waka na mtunda uwo ndege zinandi za mazuŵa ghano zikukwera, kweniso ukuyana waka na mtunda uwo charu chili mukati. Mu 1861, Petit wakalemba nkhani yinyake yakulongosora ivyo wakawona mu 1846. Fundo iyi nayo yikatondeka kukhozgeka.