cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Buchanan County, Missouri
Buchanan County, Missouri ni msumba uchoko panji nkhalwe (county pachingelezi) iyo ikusangika mu boma likulu la Missouri mu charu cha United States of America. Boma likulu la Missouri lina tumisumba 115 mukwati mwake (counties).
Mbili ya Zambia
Mbiri ya Zambia yili na vigaŵa vinandi, kwamba pa nyengo iyo yikaŵa pasi pa Britain m'paka apo yikafwatukira ku Britain pa Okutobala 24, 1964. Northern Rhodesia yikazgoka chigaŵa cha Britain mu malo agho sono ni Zambia mu 1888, ndipo yikapharazgika kuti ni boma la Britain mu 1924. Pakati pajumpha vyaka vinandi, vyaru vya Southern Rhodesia, Northern Rhodesia, na Nyasaland vikasazgikana na kuzgoka British Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland.
Kuzakafika mu 1960, Harold Macmillan, nduna yikuru ya Britain, yikati muwuso wa ŵasilikari ŵa caru ca Africa uli pafupi kumara. Paumaliro, mu Disembala 1963, wupu uwu ukamara, ndipo pa Okutobala 24, 1964, Republic of Zambia yikapangika kufuma ku Northern Rhodesia.
Prehistoric era
Ivyo ŵanthu ŵakufukura mu Dambo la Zambezi na ku Kalambo Falls vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakamba kukhala mu malo ghakupambanapambana. Vinthu vinyake ivyo ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito pa malo ghakukhalapo pafupi na maji gha Kalambo, ŵali kusanga kuti ni vyaka vyakujumpha 36,000.
Viwangwa vya munthu wa ku Broken Hill, ivyo vikusangika pakati pa vyaka 300,000 na 125,000 B.C.E., vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ndiwo ŵakakhalanga mu malo agha.
Khoisan na Batwa
Ŵanthu ŵa ku Khoisan na Batwa ndiwo ŵakakhalanga mu charu cha Zambia m'paka cha m'ma 300 C.E. apo ŵanthu ŵa ku Bantu ŵakamba kukhala mu malo agha. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakugomezga kuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Khoisan ŵakafuma ku East Africa ndipo ŵakamba kukhala kumwera vyaka pafupifupi 150,000 ivyo vyajumpha. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Twa ŵakagaŵikana mu magulu ghaŵiri: Kafwe Twa ŵakakhalanga kufupi na Kafue flat apo ŵa mtundu wa Lukanga Twa ŵakakhalanga kufupi na Lukanga Swamp. Vinthu vinandi ivyo vikalembeka mu miyala vyakale ku Zambia, nga ni vyakujambura vya mu miyala vya ku Mwela, mphanji za Mumbwa, na mphanji za Nachikufu, vikulongora kuti ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵalwani. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Khoisan, chomenechomene ŵa mtundu wa Twa, ŵakakhalanga pamoza na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu awo ŵakaliskanga viŵeto mu charu cha Central na Southern Africa.
The Bantu (Abantu)
Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu panji Abantu (ŵanthu awo ŵakung'anamura ŵanthu) ni ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene ndipo ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vinandi vya kumafumiro gha dazi, kumwera, na ku Central Africa. Cifukwa cakuti Zambia yili pa mphambano ya Central Africa, Southern Africa, na African Great Lakes, ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu Zambia mazuŵa ghano ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vitatu ivi.
Vinthu vinandi ivyo vikacitika mu vigaŵa vitatu ivi vikacitika nyengo yimoza. Ntheura, nga ni umo viliri na vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa, mbiri ya Zambia yingalembeka mwakudumura yayi. Mbiri yakwambilira ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Zambia yikusangika mu mabuku agho ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya pamulomo, ŵakufukura vinthu vyakale, na mu mabuku agho ŵanthu awo ŵakalembako yayi ndiwo ŵakalemba.
Bantu origins
Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ŵakakhalanga ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. Pakati pajumpha vyaka 4,000 na 3,000, ŵakamba kuthandazgika mu vyaru vinandi. Cinthu ici cikacemeka Bantu Expansion, ico nchimoza mwa vinthu vikuru comene ivyo ŵanthu ŵakasamira mu caru. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ndiwo ŵakamba kunjizga visulo mu vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ŵakendanga mu nthowa ziŵiri: yimoza yikaŵa ya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwizira mu Congo Basin ndipo yinyake yikaŵa ya kumafumiro gha dazi kwizira mu Nyanja zikuru za ku Africa.
First Bantu settlement
Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa mtundu wa Bantu awo ŵakiza ku Zambia ŵakafuma kumafumiro gha dazi na kwiza ku Africa.
Malo ghakuru gha Ba-Ila. Ŵasayansi ŵakuwona kuti ŵanthu aŵa ŵakutemwa chomene masamu chifukwa cha umo ŵakuchitira.
Ŵakafika mu nyengo ya 1 C.E. Ŵanyake mwa ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Tonga (ŵakucemekaso kuti Ba-Tonga, "Ba-" kung'anamura "ŵanalume") na ŵa Ba-Ila na magulu ghanyake agho ghakakhalanga kufupi na kumwera kwa Zambia kufupi na Zimbabwe. Kuyana na mabuku gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Ba-Tonga, ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ŵakafuma kumafumiro gha dazi kufupi na "nyanja yikuru".
Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Ba-Tumbuka nawo ŵakamba kukhala mu vigaŵa vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Zambia na Malawi.
Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira aŵa ŵakakhalanga mu mizi yikuruyikuru. Ŵakaŵavya mulongozgi panji mulongozgi ndipo ŵakateŵeteranga lumoza na kovwirana pakunozga vyakurya. Ŵanthu ŵakasamukanga kanandi waka chifukwa chakuti charu chikamba kunangika chifukwa cha kulima vyakumera. Ŵakaŵaso na viŵeto vikuruvikuru ivyo vikaŵa vyakuzirwa chomene mu umoyo wawo.
Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ku Zambia ŵakaŵa ŵakujitemwa comene. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakumana nawo ŵakakondwa comene na umo ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakhalira. Ŵamishonale ŵakwambilira ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakakhazikika kumwera kwa Zambia ŵakawona kuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ŵakaŵa ŵakujiyimira paŵekha.
"Usange munthu [wa ku Tonga] wakukhumba vilwero vya nkhondo, kuvina, panji vya mu nyumba, wakuluta ku mapiri na kukumba mpaka wasange visulo. Wakusongonora visulo ivi na kupanga nkhwantha, vyakulimira, na vinthu vinyake vyakovwira. Wakotcha makuni na kupanga makala gha makuni. Viŵiya ivyo wakugwiliskira ntchito ni vikumba vya nyama, ndipo viŵiya vyake ni dongo, ndipo viŵiya vyake ni visulo. Wakuwumba, kuwotcha, kupanga, na kucita milimo yose iyo wakucita".
Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi ŵakaguliskanga vinthu ku malo ghakuchemeka Ingombe Ilede (kung'anamura ng'ombe yakugona mu Chi-Tonga chifukwa khuni la baobab likuwoneka nga ni ng'ombe) ku Southern Zambia. Ingombe Ilede ndiyo yikaŵa malo ghakuzirwa chomene ghakwendeskera malonda gha mafumu gha ku Great Zimbabwe.
Vinthu ivyo ŵakaguliskanga ku Ingombe Ilede vikaŵa: salu, mphete, golide, na mabangili. Vinthu vinyake vikafuma ku vigaŵa ivyo sono ni kumwera kwa Democratic Republic of Congo na Kilwa Kisiwani, apo vinyake vikafuma ku vigaŵa vyakutali nga ni India, China, na vyaru vya Ŵaarabu. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500, Ŵapwitikizi nawo ŵakiza ku Africa.
Kuchepa kwa ufumu wa Great Zimbabwe, chifukwa cha mpikisano wa malonda kuchokera ku maufumu ena a Kalanga/Shona monga Khami ndi Mutapa, kunatanthauzira kutha kwa Ingombe Ilede.
Second Bantu settlement
Nangauli pali ukaboni wakuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Bemba panji AbaBemba ŵali na ubwezi wakukhora na Ufumu wa Kongo kwizira mwa Mwene Kongo VIII Mvemba uyo wakaŵa fumu ya BaKongo, kweni ukaboni uwu ulipo yayi.
Luba-Lunda States
Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bemba, pamoza na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake nga ni Lamba, Bisa, Senga, Kaonde, Swaka, Nkoya na Soli, ndiwo ŵakakhalanga mu Ufumu wa Luba ku Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Malo agho Ufumu wa Luba ukakhalanga ghakaŵa na ŵanthu ŵakulima na ŵantchito ŵa visulo kwamba m'ma 300 C.E. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, ŵanthu aŵa ŵakasambira kugwiliskira nchito mikwawu, vyakuponyera visulo, kupanga maboti, kujura migelo mu mathipa, na kupanga madamu gha mamita 2.5.
Ntheura ŵakamba kuguliska somba, mkuŵa, na visulo, kweniso mchere kuti ŵaguliske vinthu ku vigaŵa vinyake vya mu Africa nga ni Swahili Coast na ku Portugal. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1400, ufumu wa Luba ukafuma mu ŵanthu aŵa.
Ufumu wa Luba ukaŵa ufumu ukuru uwo ukaŵa na boma likuru kweniso mafumu ghachoko waka. Chikaŵa na mawupu ghakurughakuru gha malonda agho ghakakolerananga nkhorongo za mu Congo Basin na mapiri gha ku Copperbelt Province, agho sono ghali na vinthu vinandi. Mu ufumu uwu, ŵanthu ŵakazirwiskanga comene maluso, ndipo ŵantchito nawo ŵakazirwiskikanga comene.
Mabuku gha Ufumu gha ku Luba nagho ghakasangika makora. Nkhani yinyake yakumanyikwa ya umo ŵanthu ŵa ku Luba ŵakababikira yikulongosora mphambano pakati pa mitundu yiŵiri ya mafumu gha ku Luba.
Nkongolo Mwamba, fumu yiswesi, na Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, karonga wa mtundu wakufipa. Nkongolo Mwamba ni mulongozgi wa nkhaza na wakuloŵera, Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, fumu yakuzika. Nkongolo the red ni munthu wambura nkharo, munthu uyo wakurya pa wumba, wakuloŵera, ndipo wakumanya yayi kujikora, apo Mbidi Kiluwe ni munthu wakujivikilira, wakutemwa nkharo yiwemi; wakurya yayi pa wumba, wakulamulira kayowoyero kake na kacitiro kake, ndipo wakujipatura ku makhaliro ghaheni na viheni vya ŵanthu bweka. Nkongolo Mwamba wakwimira nkhaza, apo Mbidi Kiluwe wakulutilira kuŵa munthu wacitemwa ndiposo walusungu".
Lunda, nga ni boma la Luba, nalo likaguliskanga vinthu ku nyanja za Atlantic na Indian Ocean. Na muwuso wa Mwaant Yaav Naweej wakambiska nthowa zakwendera ku nyanja ya Atlantic ndipo wakambiska kukolerana na ŵamalonda ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakakhumbanga ŵazga na vyakurya vya mu nkhorongo.
Vyaru vya Luba-Lunda vikamara chifukwa cha malonda gha ŵazga gha ku Atlantic kumanjiliro gha dazi na ku Indian Ocean kumafumiro gha dazi. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Chokwe, awo ŵakaŵa ŵabali ŵa Luvale ndipo ŵakakhalanga ku Lunda, ŵakasuzgikanga na ŵazga awo ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakakhumbanga, kweni ŵakati ŵafumako ku Lunda, ŵakazgoka ŵamalonda ŵa ŵazga. Paumaliro Ŵachokwe ŵakathereskeka na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake kweniso Ŵapwitikizi.
Ivi vikapangiska kuti Ufumu wa Luba-Lunda uparanyike, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakambukira ku vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana vya Zambia kufuma ku Democratic Republic of Congo. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Zambia ŵali kufuma ku mbumba ya Luba-Lunda na ku vyaru vinyake vya ku Central Africa.
The Maravi Confederacy Mu ma 1200, pambere boma la Luba-Lunda lindambe, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ŵakamba kusama kufuma ku Congo kuya ku nyanja ya Mweru. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakagomezganga kuti ŵakaŵa ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga ku Upemba, Democratic Republic of Congo. Kuzakafika m'ma 1400, magulu agha ghakacemekanga Maravi, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa comene ŵakaŵa ŵa Chewa.
Mu 1480 Ufumu wa Maravi ukakhazikiskika na Kalonga (mkulu wa Maravi) kufuma ku phiri clans umoza mwa mafuko ghakuru na ghanyake agho ni Banda, Mwale na Nkhoma. Ufumu wa Maravi ukaŵa kufuma ku nyanja ya Indian Ocean na kujumpha mu charu icho sono ni Mozambique m'paka ku Zambia na vigaŵa vinandi vya Malawi. Gulu la ndyali la ŵanthu ŵa ku Maravi likaŵa nga ni ŵanthu ŵa ku Luba ndipo ŵakagomezganga kuti ŵakafuma ku malo agha.
Kweniso ŵakacitanga na kutumizga visulo. Mu 1590 C.E., Ŵapwitikizi ŵakayezgayezga kuti ŵatore malonda gha ku Maravi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Maravi ku Lundu ŵakakwiya chomene na ivyo ŵakachita ndipo ŵakafumiska ŵasilikari ŵa WaZimba. Ŵa WaZimba ŵakathereska matawuni gha Tete, Sena, na matawuni ghanyake gha ku Portugal.
Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Maravi ŵakamba kusuzgika chifukwa cha kulimbana kwa mtundu uwu, kuwukira kwa Ŵangoni, na kuwukira kwa ŵazga kufuma ku Yao.
Ufumu wa Mutapa na Mfecane Apo caru ca Great Zimbabwe cikaŵa mu suzgo. Yumoza wa ŵakaronga ŵake, Nyatsimba Mutota, wakafumako ku ufumu uwu na kupanga ufumu uphya wakucemeka Mutapa. Mwene Mutapa, kung'anamura "Wakupankhura Vyaru", ndiyo wakapika zina ili pamoza na mafumu ghanyake agho ghakiza pamanyuma pake.
Ufumu wa Mutapa ukaŵa pakati pa milonga ya Zambezi na Limpopo, mu vigaŵa ivyo sono ni Zambia, Zimbabwe, na Mozambique. Mu nyengo iyi, Mutapa wakaŵa kuti wapoka chigaŵa cha Dande ku Tonga na Tavara. Ufumu wa Mutapa ukaguliskanga vinthu mu nyanja ya Indian Ocean na ŵanthu ŵa ku Swahili. Ŵakafumiskanga golide na njovu mu vyaru vya ku Asia.
Nga umo vikaŵira na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakakhalanga ku Maravi, Mutapa nayo wakasuzgika na ŵamalonda ŵa ku Portugal. Ubwezi wawo ukafika pachanya apo Ŵapwitikizi ŵakayezga kuti ŵajinthe vinthu vya mu ufumu wawo. Ivi vikakwiyiska chomene Ŵasilamu ŵa ku Swahili awo ŵakakhalanga mu msumba uwu. Ivi vikawovwira kuti Ŵapwitikizi ŵambe kuwukira ufumu wa Eguputo na kuwukira migodi ya golide na misewu yakufumira ku vigaŵa vya ku Eguputo. Ŵapwitikizi ŵakathera chifukwa cha matenda agho ghakawira mu mlonga wa Zambezi.
Mu ma 1600, mphindano za mukati na nkhondo za mukati zikapangiska kuti Mutapa waleke kwenda makora. Paumaliro, Ŵapwitikizi ŵakathereska ufumu uwu, ndipo pamasinda ŵakawukira maufumu ghanyake gha Ŵashona.
Julian Cobbing wakayowoya kuti ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakaguliskanga ŵazga kweniso awo ŵakayezganga kuti ŵajikorenge vinthu mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana vya mu Africa, ndiwo ŵakambiska nkhondo. Ici tingaciwona na nkhondo ya WaZimba iyo yikacitika mu Maravi, iyo yikati yatonda Ŵapwitikizi, yikalutilira kuŵa ya nkhondo.
Ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ndiwo ŵakapangiska kuti Ufumu wa Rozvi, uwo ukaŵa wa Mutapa, uŵeko. Mulongozgi wa mafuko gha Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, wakaŵa yumoza wa ŵalongozgi ŵankhongono comene mu South-Central Africa. Mu muwuso wake, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Rozvi ŵakathereska Ŵapwitikizi na kuŵachimbizga ku malo agho ŵakaguliskiranga vinthu mumphepete mwa mlonga wa Zambezi.
Kweni ciyelezgero cakumanyikwa comene pa nkhani iyi nchakuti Ŵazulu ŵakamba kulamulira na Shaka. Ŵanthu ŵa ku England awo ŵakakhalanga ku Cape ŵakamba kuŵasuzga chomene ndipo Ŵazulu ŵakamba kuŵa ŵankhondo. Ŵazulu ŵakasazgikiranga mwa kupokelera ŵanakazi na ŵana ŵa mafuko agho ŵakathereska. Usange ŵanalume ŵa mafuko agha ŵakapona, ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito nthowa za ŵasilikari ŵa Ŵazulu kuti ŵawukire mafuko ghanyake.
Ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵafumemo mu vikaya vyawo, nkhondo na kuwukira mu vyaru vya kumwera, pakati na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa. Ŵanguni awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Zwagendaba ŵakambuka mlonga wa Zambezi kulazga kumpoto. Ŵangoni ndiwo ŵakakoma ufumu wa Maravi uwo ukaŵa kuti wanangika kale. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mtundu wa Nguni ŵakamba kukhala mu vigaŵa ivyo sono ni Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, na Tanzania, ndipo ŵakakolerana na mitundu yinyake iyo yikaŵa pafupi.
Ku Western Zambia, gulu linyake la ŵanthu ŵa ku South Africa awo ŵakukhala ku Sotho-Tswana ŵakuchemeka Kololo, ŵakathereska ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha awo ŵakafuma ku charu cha Luba na Lunda. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Luyana ŵakakhazikiska ufumu wa Barotse pa malo agho mukaŵa maji gha Zambezi ŵakati ŵafika kufuma ku Katanga. Mu nyengo ya Kololo, chiyowoyero cha Kololo chikapelekeka ku Luyana m'paka apo Luyana wakagalukira na kuwuskapo Kololo. Pa nyengo iyi chiyowoyero cha Luyana chikaluwa ndipo chiyowoyero chiphya cha hybrid chikawoneka.
Paumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, Ŵambunda ŵanyake ŵakasamukira ku Barotseland, Mongu. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Aluyi na mulongozgi wawo, Litunga Mulambwa, ŵakazirwiskanga comene Mbunda cifukwa ca luso lwawo lwa kurwa nkhondo.
Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Zambia ŵakakhala mu vigaŵa ivyo ŵakukhala sono.
Colonial period
Mu 1888, Cecil Rhodes, uyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa vyamalonda na ndyali ku Central Africa, wakapokera wanangwa wa kusanga migodi ku ŵalongozgi ŵa ku malo agha. Mu caka cenecici, vyaru vya Northern na Southern Rhodesia, ivyo sono ni Zambia na Zimbabwe, vikapharazgika kuti ni vyaru vya Britain. Pakwamba, malo agha ghakaŵa gha British South Africa Company (BSAC) ya ku Rhodes, iyo yikakhumbanga yayi kuwona chigaŵa ichi.
Cinthu cakuzirwa comene ico cikapangiska kuti caru ici ciŵe na ndalama zinandi cikaŵa mkuŵa. Munthu munyake wa ku America, zina lake Frederick Russell Burnham, ndiyo wakabowozga vinthu ivi. Mu 1895, wakadangilira na kulaŵilira mulimo ukuru wa Northern Territories (BSA) Exploration Co. uwo ukalongora kuti mu Central Africa mukaŵa mkuŵa. Pa mlonga wa Kafue, uwo ukaŵa ku Northern Rhodesia, Burnham wakawona kuti malo agha ghakupambana na malo ghanyake gha mkuwa agho wakagwirapo nchito ku United States.
Pa nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose, mu 1940, ŵantchito ŵa mu migodi ŵakaleka kugwira ntchito. Pakumanya kuti vinthu ivyo ŵakapanga vikaŵa vyakuzirwa comene pa nkhondo, ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵapike malipiro ghanandi. Ŵaganyu ŵa ku Africa ŵakalondezgapo. Nanga ni apo nkhondo yikaŵa kuti yindambe, pakaŵa kudumbiskana vya kunjizga ma Rhodesia ghaŵiri agha, kweni boma la Britain likalekeska. Paumaliro, mu 1953, vyaru vyose viŵiri ivi vikasazgikana na Nyasaland (sono ni Malawi) na kupanga Central African Federation. Ku Northern Rhodesia ndiko kukaŵa masuzgo ghanandi agho ghakaŵapo mu vyaka vyaumaliro vya wupu uwu. Pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵachiteko vinthu mu boma, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakawopanga kuti ŵalutilirenge kulamulira.
Pa vigaŵa viŵiri, mu Okutobala na Disembala 1962, pakaŵa mavoti ghanandi gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa mu wupu wakulamulira. Pa 31 Disembala, 1963, chiphapha ichi chikamara, ndipo Northern Rhodesia yikazgoka Republic of Zambia pa 24 Okutobala, 1964.
Kujiyimila
Apo Zambia wakapokera wanangwa wake, wakaŵa na masuzgo ghanandi. Pa caru cose, pakaŵa ŵanthu ŵacoko waka ŵa ku Zambia awo ŵakasambizgika makora ndipo ŵakaŵa ŵakwenelera kwendeska boma. Vyaru vinandi ivyo vili kufupi na Zambia vikaŵa vyakulongozgeka na ŵazungu.
Chipani cha United National Independence Party (UNIP) chikapambana pa mavoti agho ghakachitika pambere charu chindambe kujiyimira, ndipo chikapokera vithuzithuzi 55 pa vithuzithuzi 75. Chipani cha African National Congress cha ku Zambia chikapokera vithuzithuzi 10, ndipo chipani cha National Progressive Party chikapokera vithuzithuzi vyose 10 ivyo vikaŵa vya ŵazungu. Kenneth Kaunda wakasankhika kuŵa nduna yikuru, ndipo pamasinda mu chaka chenechicho wakaŵa pulezidenti.
Kaunda wakapulikira fundo ya wupu wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu ku Africa, yakuyana na ya Julius Nyerere wa ku Tanzania. Ndondomeko za vya cuma zikaghanaghaniranga comene vya kunozga vyaru, ndipo boma likakhazikiskanga cipani cimoza.
Kuyana na muwuso wa chipani cimoza
Mu 1968, Kaunda wakasankhikaso kuŵa pulezidenti. Mu vilimika vyakulondezgapo, Zambia yikamba kulamulira na cipani cimoza. Mu 1972, magulu ghose gha ndyali, kupaturako UNIP, ghakazomerezgeka yayi. Ndondomeko iyi yikapangiska kuti paŵe boma la chipani chimoza ilo likuŵa na wanangwa wakuwungana. Chikaŵa na pulezidenti wankhongono na wupu wa National Assembly. Komiti Yikuru ya UNIP ndiyo yikapanganga fundo za boma. Boma likalondezganga fundo za komiti yikuru. Pa maungano gha boma, ŵanthu ŵekha awo ŵakasankhika na UNIP ndiwo ŵakazomerezgekanga. Nangauli pakaŵavya mphindano pakati pa vipani, kweni ŵanthu ŵakamba kulimbana chomene kuti ŵatore malo mu UNIP. Pa mavoti gha pulezidenti, munthu yekha uyo wakazomerezgekanga kwimilira wakaŵa uyo wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti wa UNIP pa ungano ukuru wa chipani. Ntheura Kaunda wakasankhikaso mu 1973, 1978, 1983, na 1988 kwambura kususkika.
Ndipouli, ici cikang'anamuranga kuti pakaŵavya kususkana na dango la chipani cimoza mu caru panji mukati mwa UNIP. Sylvester Mwamba Chisembele uyo wakaŵa nduna ya Western Province (kale yikaŵa Barotse Province) pamoza na ŵalongozgi ŵa UNIP kufuma ku vigaŵa 7 pa vigaŵa 8 ŵakakhazikiska komiti ya ŵanthu 14. Cakulinga ca Komiti ya 14 iyo yikaŵa na ŵalongozgi ŵaŵiri kufuma mu vigaŵa vyose 7 cikaŵa cakuti paŵe wupu wa ŵalongozgi ŵaŵiri kufuma mu chigaŵa chilichose. Usange ivi vicitikenge, mphanyi nkhongono zose izo Pulezidenti Kaunda wakaŵa nazo zikamara. Komiti ya 14 yikaluta ku ungano ku State House uko Pulezidenti Kaunda wakazomera kughanaghanira fundo zawo. Ndipouli, pamasinda wakazomerezga yayi kuti Komiti ya 14 yiŵepo, ndipo Sylvester Chisembele wakathereskeka. Pamanyuma Chisembele wakaweleraso ku nduna ya vyaru nga nduna yakuwona vya chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi ndipo pamanyuma pa vyaka viŵiri mu 1977 wakasamukira ku chigaŵa cha Copperbelt uko vinthu vikaŵa makora yayi, chomenechomene chifukwa cha mavoti agho ghakaŵa pafupi kuchitika. Simon M. Kapwepwe na Harry Mwaanga Nkumbula, awo pambere boma la chipani chimoza lindambe kulamulira, ŵakaŵa ŵalongozgi ŵa UPP na ANC. Ndipouli, chiyezgo chawo cha kupempha Pulezidenti Kaunda kuti waŵe pulezidenti pa tikiti ya UNIP chikatondeka cifukwa wose ŵakakanizgika na kulekeskeka cifukwa ca ivyo Pulezidenti Kaunda wakacita. Simon Kapwepwe na Harry Nkumbula ŵakasuska ivyo vikachitika mu 1978 apo Pulezidenti Kaunda wakasankhika ku Khoti Likuru, kweni ivyo ŵakachita vikaŵa vyambura phindu.
Chuma na suzgo la mkuŵa
Pamanyuma pakuti Zambia wapokera wanangwa wake, wakamba kulondezga fundo za ku mphepete. Pa nyengo iyi, vinthu vikendanga makora yayi. Makampani ghanyake ghakaŵa gha boma ndipo ghakazgoka mabungwe ghakurughakuru gha boma. Boma likakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu ŵafiske ivyo likukhumba kwizira mu vyakurya ivyo likaguliskanga. Pakwamba, vyose vikenda makora ndipo chuma chikakura. Kweni pakati pa ma 1970, vinthu vikamba kunangika chomene. Mu nyengo ya pakati pa 1975 na 1990, chuma cha Zambia chikakhira na 30%.
Kuti ŵamarane na suzgo ili, Zambia yikatora ngongoli zinandi kufuma ku International Monetary Fund na World Bank mu cigomezgo cakuti mtengo wa mkuwa ukwelerengeso mwaluŵiro, m'malo mwa kusintha vinthu.
Ndondomeko ya vyaru vinyake
Pa caru cose, ŵanthu ŵa mu Zambia ŵakakolerana na awo ŵakususka muwuso wa ŵazungu. Mu vyaka 10 vyakulondezgapo, wupu uwu ukawovwira magulu nga ni National Unions for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) mu nyengo ya nkhondo ya ku Angola na nkhondo ya pawenenawene, Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU) mu Southern Rhodesia, na African National Congress (ANC) mu kulimbana kwawo na apartheid mu South Africa, na South-West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO) mu kulimbana kwawo kuti Namibia yipoke wanangwa. Kweniso ku Zambia ndiko kukachitika maungano ghanyake. Mwaciyelezgero, ofesi yikuru ya ANC yikaŵa ku Lusaka, ndipo ZAPU yikaŵa na msasa wa ŵasilikari mu Zambia. Ici cikapangiska kuti paŵe masuzgo gha vyaumoyo, cifukwa caru ca South Africa na Southern Rhodesia vikapoka vinthu mu Zambia.
Ntchito za ku Rhodesia zakususkana na chigaluka zikafika mu Zambia pamanyuma pakuti ŵanthu ŵa Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) ŵakakoma ndege ziŵiri za Vickers Viscount (Air Rhodesia Flight 825 pa 3 September 1978 na Air Rhodesia Flight 827 pa 12 February 1979) na mabomba gha SA-7 gha Soviet. Pakuwezgera cifukwa ca kuwombera ndege ya 825 mu Seputembala 1978, mawupu gha Rhodesian Air Force ghakawukira gulu la ZIPRA pa famu ya Westlands kufupi na Lusaka mu Okutobala 1978, kuchenjezga ŵasilikari ŵa Zambia pa wayilesi kuti ŵaleke kunjilirapo.
Nkhondo izo zikacitika na caru ca Rhodesia zikapangiska kuti mphaka za Zambia na caru ici zijarike. Ndipouli, siteshoni ya Kariba iyo yili pa Mlonga wa Zambezi, yikaŵa na magesi ghakukwana kuti charu chiŵe na magesi. TAZARA, njanji yakuya ku dowoko la ku Tanzania la Dar es Salaam, iyo yikazengeka na wovwiri wa ku China, yikawovwira kuti Zambia yileke kuthemba njanji iyo yikendanga kumwera kwa South Africa na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Angola.
Nkhondo za mukati mu caru ca Mozambique na Angola zikacitiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵacimbilire ku Zambia.
Ku vyaru vinyake, Zambia wakaŵa yumoza wa vyaru ivyo vikukolerana yayi (Non-Aligned Movement, NAM), ndipo mu 1970 ku Lusaka kukacitika ungano wa ŵalara ŵa vyaru. Kenneth Kaunda wakaŵa mulongozgi wa gulu ili mu 1970-1973. Pakati pa vyaru vya NAM, Zambia yikaŵa pafupi comene na Yugoslavia. Kuwaro kwa NAM, Zambia nayo wakaŵa paubwezi na China.
Mu Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya ku Congo, Zambia yikawovwira Zimbabwe na Congo kweni yikaŵapo yayi.
Umaliro wa muwuso wa chipani chimoza
Ŵanthu ŵakakhuŵara comene cifukwa ca muwuso wa chipani cimoza ndiposo suzgo la cuma. Mu 1981, mu caru cose mukacitika viwawa vinandi. Boma likakaka ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵa wupu uwu, kusazgapo Frederick Chiluba. Mu 1986 na 1987, ku Lusaka na ku Copperbelt kukaŵaso viwawa. Ivi vikalondezgana na vivulupi ivyo vikacitika mu 1990 cifukwa ca kukwera kwa mtengo wa vyakurya. Mu chaka chenechicho, wayilesi ya boma yikati Kaunda walekeskeka na ŵasilikari. Ici cikaŵa cautesi, ndipo ciyezgo ca kuwukira boma ku Zambia mu 1990 cikatondeka.
Kaunda wakawona kuti ntchakukhumbikwa kusintha vinthu. Iyo wakalayizga kuti wazamunozga vyaru vinandi ndipo wakalekeska vyaru ivyo vikazomerezgekanga yayi. Ici cikapangiska kuti paŵe vipani viphya 11. Pa ŵanthu aŵa, ŵakumanyikwa comene ni Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD), awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Frederick Chiluba, uyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa wupu wa vyamalonda. Pamanyuma pakuti maboma ghaphya ghakanjilirapo, ŵanthu ŵakazomerezga yayi kuti paŵe mavoti gha vipani vinandi.
Frederick Chiluba na MMD
Paumaliro, mu 1991, ŵakalemba dango liphya la boma. Ŵanthu ŵakatenge mavoti agha nga wanangwa kweniso ngaurunji, ndipo Chiluba wakapokera 76% ya mavoti gha pulezidenti.
Nangauli Chiluba wakaŵa mulongozgi wa wupu wa vyachuma, kweni wakaŵa ku woko lamalyero la Kaunda. Na wovwiri wa International Monetary Fund na World Bank, uko Zambia wakaŵa na ngongoli zinandi, wakawoneseska kuti vinthu vyendenge makora mu vyaru vyawo mwa kukanizga boma kunjilirapo, kuwoneseska kuti mabungwe gha boma ghawelere ku maboma ghawo, nga ni vyamkuŵa, na kuwuskapo wovwiri pa vinthu vyakupambanapambana, comenecomene tirigu.
Apo boma la chipani cimoza likamara mu 1991, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakagomezganga kuti Zambia yizamuŵa na demokilase. Ndipouli, ivyo ŵakaghanaghananga vikaŵa vyambura kupulikikwa chifukwa cha umo MMD yikachitira na ŵakususka. Vinthu vyakukayikiska ivyo vikachitika pa nkhani ya kusintha malango na kukaka ŵanthu awo ŵakususka ndyali, vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵadandawurenge.
Kuwukira boma
Mu 1993, nyuzipepara ya boma ya The Times of Zambia, yikalemba nkhani yakukhwaskana na pulani ya UNIP ya kuwukira boma mwakuyana na dango yayi. Ndondomeko iyi yikasazgapo vivulupi vya mu vyalo, kukhozgera nkhaza, na kwambiska viwawa vya ŵanthu ŵanandi. UNIP yikakana yayi kuti pali pulani iyi, kweni yikayowoya kuti yikaŵa cigaŵa ca ndondomeko yawo yayi, kweni maghanoghano gha ŵanthu ŵankhaza mu chipani. Boma likapharazga kuti kuli suzgo yikuru ndipo ŵanthu 26 ŵakajalirika mu jele. Pa ŵanthu aŵa, 7 kusazgapo mwana wa Kenneth Kaunda zina lake Wezi Kaunda ŵakeruzgika na milandu yakususkana na wanangwa wa boma. Ŵanyake wose ŵakaŵafumiska.
Pambere vyaru vindachite mavoti mu 1996, UNIP yikakolerana na vipani vinyake vinkhondi na cimoza. Kenneth Kaunda wakaŵa kuti wafumapo kale mu ndyali, kweni pamanyuma pa suzgo mu chipani chifukwa cha "Zero Option Plan", wakawelera, ndipo wakasintha Kesby Musokotwane. Kufuma apo, boma la Chiluba likasintha dango la boma, ndipo likazomerezga yayi kuti ŵanthu awo ŵapapi ŵawo mbazengezgani ŵa Zambia ŵaŵe pulezidenti. Mazgu agha ghakaŵa ghakuyowoya na Kaunda, uyo ŵapapi ŵake wose ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Malawi. Pakususka, UNIP na ŵabwezi ŵake ŵakacicizga mavoti, agho Chiluba na MMD ŵakatonda.
Mu 1997, vinthu vikasintha. Pa Okutobala 28, boma likayezga kutimbanizga boma, ndipo gulu la ŵalongozgi ŵa ŵasilikari likapoka wayilesi ya boma, ndipo ŵakapharazga uthenga wakuti Chiluba ni pulezidenti yayi. Nkhondo iyi yikamara cifukwa cakuti Chiluba wakapharazgaso kuti kuli suzgo. Munthu yumoza wakafwa pa nyengo ya mulimo uwu. Ŵapolisi ŵakakora ŵanthu ŵakukwana 84 awo ŵakasuskika kuti ŵakakhwaskika. Ŵanyake mwa ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa Kenneth Kaunda na Dean Mungomba, mulongozgi wa chipani cha Zambia Democratic Congress. Ŵanthu ŵakasuska na kususka ivyo ŵakachita, ŵakati ni vyambura kuzomerezgeka mu Zambia na kuwaro kwa charu. Kaunda wakafwatulika mu Juni chaka chakulondezgapo, kweni ŵasilikari 44 awo ŵakachitako chipani ichi ŵakeruzgika kuti ŵakomeke mu 2003.
Chisankho cha 2001
Pambere ŵandalute ku mavoti mu 2001, Chiluba wakayezga kusintha malango gha boma kuti wazakaŵepo pa mavoti ghachitatu. Iyo wakacicizgika kuti walekepo pa fundo iyi pamanyuma pa kugazgana kufuma mukati mwa chipani kweniso ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Zambia. Wakayezga kusintha malango gha boma kuti wazakaŵepo pa mavoti ghachitatu mu 2001, kweni wakaleka ntchito iyi pamanyuma pa kugazgana kukuru. Munthu uyo wakamusankhira malo wakaŵa Levy Patrick Mwanawasa.
Kufuma mu 2008
Kufuma mu 2011 mpaka 2014, pulezidenti wa Zambia wakaŵa Michael Sata, mpaka apo Sata wakafwira pa 28 Okutobala 2014. Wakaŵa mulongozgi waciŵiri wa Zambia uyo wakafwira pa udindo wake pamanyuma pa Levy Mwanawasa mu 2008. Rupiah Banda wakaŵa purezidenti wa Zambia pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya Mwanawasa kufuma mu 2008 mpaka 2011. Wakathereskeka na Michael Sata mu 2011. Pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya Sata, Vice President Guy Scott, wa ku Zambia uyo wakafuma ku Scotland, ndiyo wakaŵa President wa Zambia. Pa 24 Janyuwale 2015, wakapharazga kuti Edgar Chagwa Lungu watonda pa chisankho kuti waŵe pulezidenti wa 6. Mu mwezi wa Ogasiti 2016 pa chisankho cha Zambia, pulezidenti Edgar Lungu wakathereskeka mu chigaŵa chakwamba. Chipani chakususka chikaŵa na milandu ya upusikizgi ndipo chipani cha Patriotic Front (PF) chikakana ivyo chipani cha UPND chikayowoya.
Pa chisankho cha pulezidenti mu Ogasiti 2021, mulongozgi wa chipani chakususka Hakainde Hichilema wakathereska pulezidenti Edgar Lungu. Pa 24 Ogasiti 2021, Hakainde Hichilema wakalapa kuŵa purezidenti muphya wa Zambia.
Ulëz
Ulëz ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Dibër mu charu cha Albania mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Maria Neustift
Maria Neustift ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Upper Austria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Saleh Kebzabo
Ntchito yandale
Kebzabo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa wupu wa Chadian Press Agency, wa Democratic Movement for the Restoration of Chad (MDRT), ndipo wakaŵa mulembi wa Jeune Afrique na Demain l'Afrique. Kufuma apo, wakambiska nyuzipepara ya N'Djaména Hebdo, iyo yikaŵa nyuzipepara yakwamba ya ku Chad. Wakaŵa kazembe mu Douala, Cameroon, kweni wakachimbizgika mu Cameroon na Pulezidenti Paul Biya cifukwa ca kukhozgera Ahmadou Ahidjo, uyo wakaŵa mulara wa Biya.
Wakaŵa yumoza wa awo ŵakambiska chipani cha UNDR mu Disembala 1992. Mu Epulero 1993, pamanyuma pa Ungano wa Vyaru Vyose, wakasankhika kuŵa Nduna ya vya Malonda na Makampani mu boma la Nduna Yikuru Fidèle Moungar. Boma ili likakhalako myezi 6 pera pambere Wupu Wakulongozga (CST) undazomerezge kuti boma ili lileke kugomezgeka.
Mu Seputembala 1995, Kebzabo ŵakamukora na kumujalira mu jele kwa mazuŵa ghankhondi. Pambere ŵandamukore, nyumba yake ŵakayipenja kwambura dango usiku wa pa Ogasiti 30. Kebzabo wakafwatulika pamanyuma pakuti ŵakususka ŵakadandawura cifukwa ca kukakika kwake, ndipo wakadandawura ku ŵalara ŵa boma awo ŵakaŵa na mulandu.
Malo ghakwamba agho Kebzabo wakugwilira nchito ni mu Mayo-Kebbi. Wakaŵa wakwimilira pa mavoti gha June 1996, ndipo wakaŵa wachitatu na mavoti 8.61%. Pambuyo pa kupambana kwa Déby, Kebzabo adakhala Nduna Yowona Zakunja ku Chad mu Ogasiti 1996, ndipo adagwira ntchitoyi mpaka pomwe adasankhidwa kukhala Nduna Yowona Ntchito Zapagulu, Mayendedwe, Nyumba ndi Kukula Kwa Mizinda pa Meyi 21, 1997. Wakasankhika ku National Assembly nga ni munthu wa UNDR mu chigaŵa chakwamba cha ma parliamentary election mu 1997, nangauli wakakhala mu boma ndipo wakakhumba yayi kukhala pa mpando wake.
In the presidential election, held on May 20, 2001, he placed third with 7% of the vote. In late May he was twice detained briefly by police, along with five other opposition candidates.
In the April 2002 parliamentary election, Kebzabo was elected to the National Assembly as a UNDP candidate from Léré constituency in Mayo-Dallah Department, and he became President of the Democratic Parliamentary Group during the parliamentary term that followed the election.
Kuyana na Kabzabo, pa Febuluwale 3, 2008, apo ŵasilikari ŵakiza ku nyumba ya Kabzabo ku N'Djamena, apo ŵasilikari ŵa boma ŵakarwa nkhondo na ŵakugaluka, Kabzabo wakaŵa pa ulendo. Wakati ŵasilikari ŵakawombera munung'una wake. Mu pharazgo ilo wakalemba pa Febuluwale 26, iyo pamoza na mulongozgi munyake wa chipani cha opposition, Wadel Abdelkader Kamougué, ŵakalembapo pharazgo ilo likati "kuŵikapo mtima mwaluŵiro kuti paŵe kudumbiskana kwa chalo chose", kufwatura ŵalongozgi ŵatatu ŵa chipani cha opposition awo ŵakakakika, pamoza na kafukufuku wa pa caru cose pa ivyo vyacitika, ndiposo kuti paŵavye kukoma ŵanthu mwaluŵiro.
Nangauli UNDR njumoza wa wupu wa Coordination of Political Parties for the Defense of the Constitution (CPDC), ndipo CPDC yikasankha kunjira mu boma la Prime Minister Youssouf Saleh Abbas mu mwezi wa Epulero 2008, Kebzabo wakakana kunjira mu boma, wakati wakukhumba kuti munyake wa chipani chake wanjire mu boma. Kebzabo wakayowoya kuti ntchito ya chipani chake mu UNDR yikamusuzga pa nyengo iyo; wakalongosora kuti nchito iyi yikaŵa "cizgoŵi cakukhozga" ndipo wakati wakambaso kunozgekera maungano gha pa caru cose gha 2009.
Mu Ogasiti 2021, Saleh Kebzabo, wakususka chomene muwuso wa pulezidenti wakale wa Chadi Idriss Déby Itno, uyo wakakomeka mu Epulero 2021 na ŵakugaluka, wakasankhika kuŵa wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti wa komiti yakunozga "mtende wa chalo chose" kuti walongozge ku mavoti gha pulezidenti na malango mu Chadi.
Leipzig
Leipzig ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Kızıllar, Kozan
Kızıllar, Kozan ni msumba mu boma la Kozan mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Adana mu charu cha Turkey mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Spielberg, Styria
Spielberg, Styria ni msumba mu boma la Styria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Peshkopi
Peshkopi ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Dibër mu charu cha Albania mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Morelia
Morelia ni msumba wakumanyikwa uwo mpando wake ni Morelia, mu nthavwa (panji state) ya Michoacán,  mu charu cha   Mexico.
Mörfelden-Walldorf
Mörfelden-Walldorf ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Moringen
Moringen ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Jackson County, Missouri
Jackson County, Missouri ni msumba uchoko panji nkhalwe (county pachingelezi) iyo ikusangika mu boma likulu la Missouri mu charu cha United States of America. Boma likulu la Missouri lina tumisumba 115 mukwati mwake (counties).
Sankt Kathrein am Hauenstein
Sankt Kathrein am Hauenstein ni msumba mu boma la Styria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Ponte de Lima
Ponte de Lima ni msumba mu charu cha Portugal. Portugal ntcharu icho chili ku Iberian Peninsula, kumwera kwa kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Europe, ndipo charu ichi chikusazgapo vyaru vya Azores, Madeira, na Virwa vya Savage.
Kızlarsekisi, Kozan
Kızlarsekisi, Kozan ni msumba mu boma la Kozan mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Adana mu charu cha Turkey mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Maria Schmolln
Maria Schmolln ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Upper Austria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Kazembe
Kazembe ni ufumu uwo uli ku Zambia, kumwera kwa Congo. Kwa vyaka vyakujumpha 250, Kazembe wakaŵa ufumu wa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Kiluba-Chibemba, awo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero cha ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Eastern Luba-Lunda ŵa kumwera kwa Africa. Malo agha ghakaŵa pa misewu ya malonda, ndipo ghakaŵa na maji ghanandi, vyakumera vinandi, na ŵanthu ŵanandi.
Ŵakumanyikwa na zina lakuti Mwata panji Mulopwe, ilo likung'anamura kuti 'Mulongozgi Mulara,' ndipo pa chiphikiro cha Mutomboko icho chikuchitika chaka chilichose, ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa chomene mu Luapula Valley na mu Nyanja ya Mweru mu Zambia.
==Mbili ==
Umo Ŵanthu ŵa ku Luba-Lunda-Kazembe Ŵakafuma
Around 1740 the first Mwata, Ng'anga Bilonda of the Luba-Lunda Kingdom Wakalongozgeka na Mwata Yamvo (panji 'Mwaant Yav') makilomita 300 kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Luapula mu DR Congo, wakaluta na gulu la ŵalondezgi ŵake kukaskera kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Mutanda uyo wakakoma wiske Chinyanta na asibweni ŵake mwa kuŵabira mu Mlonga wa Mukelweji. 'Mwata' pakwamba wakaŵa mutu wakuyana na 'General'.
Ŵakati ŵamara kuthereska Mutanda, gulu ili likalutilira kusama kumanjiliro gha dazi pasi pa Mwata Kazembe II Kanyembo Mpemba, ŵakambuka Mlonga wa Luapula ku Matanda, ŵakathereska ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakamanyikwanga kuti Ŵashila mu Dambo la Luapula, ndipo ŵakimika ŵanthu ŵakuchemeka Luba panji Lunda kuŵa ŵalongozgi ŵawo. Nangauli Lunda na Luba ŵakiza na mitheto na mitheto yawo (nga umo ŵakacitiranga na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Luba), kweni ŵakamba kuyowoya ciyowoyero ca Ŵemba, awo nawo ŵakafuma ku Congo.
Ufumu uwu ukafuma ku nyanja ya Mweru na Mofwe Lagoon, kweniso ku vinthu vyakuthupi, kusazgapo mkuwa ku Katanga, kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Luapula. Ŵapwitikizi ŵakatenge Mwata Kazembe wakaŵa na ŵasilikari 20,000, ndipo malo ghake ghakaŵa kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Mlonga wa Lualaba (mphepete mwa ufumu wa Mwata Yamvo wa kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Luba-Lunda na maufumu ghanyake gha Luba kumpoto kwake) na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu cha Luba-Bemba. (Wonani mapu.)
Durrës County
Durrës County ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Durrës mu charu cha Albania mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Kazembe
Maulendo gha ku Portugal
Padera pa malonda, Ŵapwitikizi ŵakagomezganga kuti ŵapangenge nthowa yakujumphira mu charu ichi, iyo yikayaniskenge vigaŵa vyawo vya Angola kumanjiliro gha dazi na Mozambique kumafumiro gha dazi.
Maulendo agha ghakaŵa:
Pontével
Pontével ni msumba mu charu cha Portugal. Portugal ntcharu icho chili ku Iberian Peninsula, kumwera kwa kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Europe, ndipo charu ichi chikusazgapo vyaru vya Azores, Madeira, na Virwa vya Savage.
Kazembe
Maulendo gha ku Portugal
Kweni vyose ivi vikaŵa vyambura ntchito. Mwata Kazembe III Lukwesa Ilunga na IV Kanyembo Keleka Mayi ŵakakana ivyo Ŵapwitikizi ŵakakhumbanga kuchita kuti ŵambiske mubungwe uwo ukaŵa na mazaza pa msewu wa Atlantic na Indian Ocean. (Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, Fumu ya Zanzibar na Msiri yikamba kulamulira nthowa iyi, ndipo Msiri ndiyo yikaŵa pakwamba.
Ulendo wa David Livingstone
Mu 1867, munthu munyake uyo wakendanga mu Africa, zina lake David Livingstone, wakaluta kukawona chigaŵa chakumwera kwa Nile. Kufuma ku 'Nyasaland' (Malawi) na kujumpha kumwera kwa Nyanja ya Tanganyika, wakenda mu vyaru ivyo ŵanthu ŵakaguliskanga ŵazga. Wakalutilira kulazga kumwera kufupi na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa nyanja. Mwata Kazembe VII wakaphalirika kuti wafika ndipo wakamupokelera ku msumba wake wa Kanyembo kufupi na mphepete ya kumpoto kwa Mofwe Lagoon: "Nyumba ya m'malo ya Casembe - ŵanyake ŵangayichema kuti nyumba yachifumu - ni malo ghakukwana mamita 300 na mamita 200. Yili pafupi na chivundikiro cha mathipa gha msinkhu ukuru. Mkati mwake, uko Casembe wakanipa ntchindi zikuru, muli nyumba yikuru ya Casembe, na nyumba zinandi za ŵateŵeti ŵa pa nyumba. Nyumba ya Fumukazi yili kuseri kwa nyumba ya mulara, ndipo muli nyumba zinandi. Kasembe wakakhala panthazi pa nyumba yake pa mpando wakulingana wakukhala pa makuni gha nkhalamu na nkharamu. Wakavwara salu ya buluu na yituŵa ya Manchester yakupatulika na mphonje zakuzura na maluŵa ghaswesi, ndipo wakanozgekera mu makuni ghakuru mwakuti wawoneke nga ni crinoline pa chigaŵa chakupambanapambana.
—kufuma mu buku la The Last Journals of David Livingstone ku Central Africa kufuma 1865mpaka kufwakwake.
Livingstone wakalemba kuti muwuso wa Mwata Kazembe VII ukaŵa wankhongono comene. Cifukwa ca nkhaza izi, cikaŵa cakusuzga kuti waŵe na ŵanalume 1,000. Iyo wakawona kuti ufumu uwu ukaŵa wakukondwa yayi nga umo Ŵapwitikizi ŵakayowoyera. Chaka chakulondezgapo wakizaso kwa Mwata, ndipo ndiyo wakamba kumuphalira kuti Chambeshi, Lake Bangweulu, Luapula, Lake Mweru, na Luvua-Lualaba ni maji ghamoza. Ivi vikapangiska kuti Livingstone walute ku Bangweulu, kufuma apo ku Lualaba uko wakaghanaghananga kuti kunganjira mu Mlonga wa Nayelo, na ku Tanganyika, kufuma apo wakawelera ku Bangweulu na kufwa pakati pajumpha vyaka vinkhondi.
Ŵamalonda ŵa ku Arabia na Swahili
Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1700 na 1800, ŵamalonda ŵa ku Arabia na Swahili ŵakalutanga ku Mwata Kazembe kukaguliska mkuwa, njovu, na ŵazga. Ŵanthu ŵakendanga mu misewu ya malonda nga ni iyo yikafumanga ku Zanzibar kwizira ku Ujiji pa Nyanja ya Tanganyika. Livingstone wakakhalanga kumwera ca kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Nyanja ya Tanganyika cifukwa ca nkhondo pakati pa Tippu Tip (Ahmed bin Mohamed, uyo Livingstone wakamuchemanga kuti Tipo Tipo) na mulongozgi wa cigaŵa ici. Wakati wafika ku nyumba ya Mwata Kazembe wakasanga munthu munyake zina lake Mohamad Bogharib uyo wakaŵa kuti wiza mazuŵa ghachoko waka kumasinda kuzakapenja njovu, kweniso Mohamad bin Saleh (uyo wakachemekangaso Mpamari), uyo wakaŵa kuti wakhalako vyaka 10, chifukwa Mwata wakakana kumuzomerezga kuti wafumeko. Nangauli ŵakaguliskanga ŵazga, kweni Livingstone wakendanga nawo ndipo ŵakamovwiranga.
Kufuma mu ma 1860, ufumu uwu ukamba kunangika, chifukwa Msiri uyo wakaŵa mu Garanganza (Katanga) ndiyo wakambiska malonda gha mkuwa na zovu. M'paka apo wakafwira mu 1890, Msiri wakanjilirapo pa muwuso wa Mwata Kazembe.
Division between British and Belgian territories
Msiri wakati wafwa, mu 1894 cigaŵa ca Luapula cikagaŵikana pakati pa Britain. Nkhorongo ya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Luapula na Nyanja ya Mweru yikazgoka cigaŵa ca kumpoto kwa kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Rhodesia. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵa boma ku Belgium ŵakati ŵakoma Msiri, ŵakasoŵa cakucita. Ŵakasora ŵakaronga, awo ŵakasankhika kufuma pa ŵalongozgi ŵa Msiri yayi (awo pakwamba ŵakaŵa pasi pa Mwata Kazembe) kweni kufuma pa awo Ŵaluba-Lunda ŵakaŵachemanga kuti 'ŵenecho wa charu' awo ŵakaŵa panthazi pawo. Ŵalongozgi ŵa boma la Belgium ku Mweru-Luapula ŵakajibisa na vifukwa vya maluso. Ichi chikasazgapo kuzenga fuko kufuma ku fuko la Bena Ngoma.
Iron County, Missouri
Iron County, Missouri ni msumba uchoko panji nkhalwe (county pachingelezi) iyo ikusangika mu boma likulu la Missouri mu charu cha United States of America. Boma likulu la Missouri lina tumisumba 115 mukwati mwake (counties).
Kazembe
Division between British and Belgian territories
Ŵalongozgi ŵa ku Belgium ŵakati ŵamba kulamulira kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Luapula, Mwata Kazembe wakaŵaso na mazaza pa charu chose, kweni ku chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi pera.
Mücheln (Geiseltal)
Mücheln (Geiseltal) ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Kazembe
Ufumu wa Britain ukapangiska ŵanthu kuti ŵambe kulamulira
Nangauli Mwata Kazembe X wakasayina phangano la BSAC lakukhwaskana na migodi na phangano la Britain ilo Alfred Sharpe wakamupa mu 1890, ndipo wakazomerezga kuti Dan Crawford uyo wakaŵa mishonale wa ku Britain wize kuzakamuwona, kweni apo Blair Watson uyo wakaŵa wakusonkheska msonkho wa BSAC wakakhalanga pa Mlonga wa Kalungwishi mu 1897, Mwata Kazembe wakakana kuzomerezga kuti ndembera ya Britain yikwambike pa caru cake panji kuti ŵanthu ŵake ŵapokere msonkho.
Mwata Kazembe X wakaluta kumwera na kwambukira ku sirya linyake la mlonga kuti wakabisame mu nyumba ya Johnston Falls Mission iyo yikendeskeka na Mr. na Mrs. Anderson ŵa gulu la ŵamishonale la Dan Crawford. (Cakuzizika nchakuti, vyaka viŵiri kumasinda, Mwata Kazembe X wakayezga kuti waŵe na mubali wa Anderson uyo wakaŵa mubali wakwambilira pa Mambilima, H. J. Wakayama Pomeroy, wakakomeka, kweni wakatondeka.)
Dan Crawford na Alfred Sharpe ŵakaŵa mu suzgo yakuyana waka mu 1890-91 na Msiri (wonani nkhani iyi). Pa nyengo iyi, Charles Swan, uyo wakaŵa mulara wa Crawford, wakaciska Msiri kuti waleke kukolerana na ivyo Sharpe wakayowoya. Pakati pajumpha cilimika cimoza, Msiri wakakomeka na ŵa ku Belgium, ndipo cigaŵa ici cikaŵa mu suzgo yikuru. Mbumba ya Anderson yikacita mwakupambana na Swan. Apo Mr. Anderson wakasunganga ŵanalume ŵa Mwata Kazembe pa Mambilima, Mrs. Anderson wakaluta na Mwata Kazembe yekha ku ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ku msumba wake ukuru uwo ukawotcheka, wakati "mumucitire lusungu". Ŵanalume ŵa ku Britain ŵakakondwa comene na ivyo Mwata wakacita na kuzomera kuwusa kwawo.
Mwata Kazembe X wakazengaso msumba wake wa Mwansabombwe. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain ŵakatora vinthu vinandi vyakale na vyakuzirwa vya ŵanthu ŵa ku Luba kufuma ku nyumba ya themba. Mu 1920, ŵahaliri ŵake ŵakaviŵika ku National Museum of Southern Rhodesia ku Bulawayo, mtunda wa makilomita 1000, uko vikalembeka kuti 'Codrington Collection'. Ŵalipo.
Pamanyuma pa nkhondo iyi, Mwata Kazembe X na awo ŵakamulondezganga ŵakagwiranga lumoza nchito na BSAC na awo ŵakamulondezganga, awo ŵakaŵa British District Commissioners, ndipo mu nthowa yinyake ŵakathaska muwuso wake. Mu nyengo ya ufumu wa Britain, ŵanthu ŵa mu mbumba ya Mwata Kazembes ŵakaŵa na mazaza chifukwa boma la Britain likalongozganga ŵanthu kwizira mu ŵalongozgi.
The coming of missionaries
Cifukwa ca wovwiri wa Dan Crawford, Mwata Kazembe X wakazomera kufumiska ŵamishonale mu dambo ili, comenecomene ŵa Christian Missions in Many Lands na London Missionary Society (LMS) awo ŵakatuma Livingstone ku Africa. Mu 1900, LMS Mbereshi Mission yikaŵa pa mtunda wa makilomita 10 kufuma ku Mwansabombwe. Pa malo agha, ŵakazenga masukulu, tchalitchi, na chipatala, kweniso ŵakasambizganga ŵanthu kupanga njerwa na kuzenga. Ŵaprotesitanti na Ŵakatolika ŵanyake ŵakazenga masukulu na vipatala mu Luapula Valley na mumphepete mwa nyanja iyi.
Nangauli pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1900, ufumu wa Mwata Kazembe ukaŵa kuti wabisika na migodi ya mkuwa ya ku Elisabethville (Lubumbashi) na Copperbelt, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mtundu wa Luba-Lunda-Kazembe ŵakamanyikwa mu misumba iyi na Lusaka.
Structure of the kingdom
Pakuyana na ufumu wa Luba, Mwata Kazembe ni fumu ndipo wakuŵa na ŵalongozgi ŵalara na ŵalongozgi ŵa vigaŵa. Ŵalongozgi ŵalara ni Lukwesa, Kashiba, Kambwali na Kanyembo. Mwata wakwimika ŵalongozgi aŵa kufuma mu mbumba yake ndipo para wafwa, yumoza wa ŵalongozgi aŵa wangakwezgeka. Ŵalongozgi ŵa vigaŵa vinyake ŵakuchindika Mwata Kazembe.
Kweniso mwakuyana na kaluso ka Luba, Mwata Kazembe wakalamuliranga kwizira mu wupu uwo mu nyengo ya ukoloni ukazgoka 'Superior Native Authority' (Ulamuliro Wapachanya wa Ŵanthu ŵa ku Lunda). Gulu la LNA ndilo likaŵa lankhongono comene mu Luapula-Mweru. Ntchito yake yikeneranga kuphalirika ku ŵalara ŵa boma la Britain awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵakhalenge ku Kawambwa uko kukaŵa chimphepo kweniso malo ghakutowa. Pakakhumbikwanga zuŵa lose kuti ŵalute ku malo agha mwaluŵiro.