cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Wanangwa wa LGBT mu Zambia
The People v. Paul Kasonkomona
Munthu uyu wakasuska ivyo khoti likamuphalira, ndipo wakafumba fundo zitatu izo ŵakamuphalira: (1) "kupempha", (2) "malo gha ŵanthu wose" na "vilato viheni". Pa khoti la chigaŵa chakwamba, la Magistrate Court, mweruzgi wakadumura kuti mwanalume uyu wali na wanangwa wa kuyowoya. Boma likadandawura pa ivyo khoti likadumura.
Pa Khoti Likuru, boma likadumura kuti boma lingalongora yayi kuti ivyo munthu uyu wakachitanga pa nkhani iyi vikaŵa vyakuti "wakukhumba" yayi. Khoti likazomerezga kuti pulogiramu ya pa wayilesi iyi yingaŵa "malo gha ŵanthu wose". Khoti likakolerana yayi na boma kuti ivyo munthu uyu wakayowoya vikaŵa vya "uzaghali" chifukwa chakuti wakachiskanga ŵanthu yayi kuti ŵachitenge uzaghali kweni kuti waŵavikilire. Kweniso khoti likadumura kuti mwanalume uyu wakachitanga mwamahara na wanangwa wake wakuyowoya.
Malango gha dango
Nga ni vyaru vinyake ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa Britain, Zambia nayo yikaŵa na dango lake mu ma 1990. Fundo iyi yikususka malango ghanandi agho ghakaŵako pambere chaka cha 1964 chindafike, ndipo pali malango ghanandi agho ghakuvikilira ŵanthu ku kusankhana mitundu.. "23. [Protection from discrimination on the ground of race,etc.]
(1) Subject to clauses (4), (5) and (7), no law shall make any provision that is discriminatory either of itself or in its effect.
(2) Subject to clauses (6), (7) and (8), no person shall be treated in a discriminatory manner by any person acting by virtue of any written law or in the performance of the functions of any public office or any public authority.
(3) In this Article the expression "discriminatory" mean, affording different treatment to different persons attributable, wholly or mainly to their respective descriptions by race, tribe, sex, place of origin, marital status, political opinions colour or creed whereby persons of one such description are subjected to disabilities or restrictions to which persons of another such description are not made subject or are accorded privileges or advantages which are not accorded to persons of another such description."
Tingayowoya kuti kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha kukuvikilirika na dango la ndyali kuyana na ndime 23 ya Dango la 1996. Pakuti malango gha boma ghakuluska malango ghanyake, lekani ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵakususkika chifukwa cha kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi pera.
Ntchito za malango na kusintha
Nangauli Zambia yikukana vinthu vyose vyakukhwaskana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi awo ŵakugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi awo ŵakugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi awo ŵakugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi awo ŵakugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi awo ŵakugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi awo ŵakugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi awo ŵakugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi awo ŵakugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha. Vyose ivi vikatondeka cifukwa cakuti Zambia yikalutilira na ndondomeko yake.
Malango gha Zambia ghakukhwaskana na kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha ghapangiska kuti pa charu chose paŵe ŵanthu awo ŵakutinkhana. Boma likuleka kuvikilira umoyo wa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa LGBT, ndipo ichi chajura nthowa yakuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu uwu ŵachitire vinthu viheni ŵanthu ŵa mtundu uwu. Dipatimenti Yakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu ku United States yikati: "boma likapeleka malango agho ghakukanizga kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha ndipo likakana kusankhana mitundu. Kuyana na magulu gha LGBT, nkhaza zikacitikanga, nga umo vikaŵira na kusankhana mitundu pa nkhani ya nchito, nyumba, na masambiro. Ŵanthu awo ŵakuchitapo kanthu pa nkhani za wanangwa wa ŵanthu ŵakayowoya kuti ŵakusuzgika nyengo zose, kusazgapo kutimbanizgika na mameseji na ma-e-mail, kunanga vinthu, kusuzgika, na nkhaza."Mu Epulero 2013, Paul Kasonkomona, wakuwoneseska vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa LGBT ku Zambia, wakakakika cifukwa ca kuyowoya vya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu uwu pa TV. Kasonkomona ŵakamupa mulandu wakuti "wakupempha munthu kuti wagone nayo pa malo gha ŵanthu ŵanandi". Kweniso mu 2013, ŵanalume ŵaŵiri awo ŵakamanyanga kuti mbagonani ŵakathyapulika kuwaro kwa kilabu ya usiku. Ŵakaleka kupeleka mulandu cifukwa ca kopa kuti nawo ŵangakakika.
Mu Meyi 2014, ŵanthu ŵa mu chigaŵa cha Marapodi ku Lusaka ŵakakora ŵanakazi ŵaŵiri awo ŵakagomezgekanga kuti mbasungwana. Ŵakaŵakora ŵanakazi aŵa na kuluta nawo ku polisi na kuŵaphalira kuti ŵaŵakake.
Mu Janyuwale 2015, mwanalume munyake uyo wakaŵa gay wakawukira gulu la ŵanthu.
Boma la Zambia likakana panji likazomerezga yayi kusintha vinthu vinyake. Mu 2011, Zambia yikaŵa yimoza mwa vyaru vitatu ivyo vikaleka kupulikira upharazgi wa wupu wa Human Rights Council wa kunozga lipoti lakukhwaskana na wanangwa wa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa LGBT. Mu 2012, boma la Zambia likakana fundo yakuti ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha ŵagonanenge. Ivi vikacitika pamanyuma pa upharazgi wa UPR uwo ukacitika mu 2008. Ŵabali ŵa ku Zambia ŵakayowoya mazgu ghakulondezgapo pakususka: "pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ndiwo ŵazamumanya usange malango ghakukhwaskana na wanangwa wa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi awo ŵakutemwa kugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi awo ŵakutemwa kugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi awo ŵakutemwa kugonana na ŵanakazi. Boma likakhumbanga yayi kupeleka wanangwa uwu ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Zambia, kweni likaŵaleka kuti ndiwo ŵasankhe."Ndipouli, mu lipoti lake la mu 2018, Zambia likayowoyapo kuti ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi awo ŵakugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵanyawo ŵaleke kuŵa na mulandu. Padera pa ivi, palije ico cacitika.
Kuzomerezga ŵanthu ŵa viŵaro vyakuyana
Zambia yikuzomerezga yayi nthengwa za ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha. Mu 2006, nduna ya vya mukati Ronnie Shikapwasha yikati Zambia yingazomerezga yayi nthengwa za ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha. Mu Febuluwale 2010, wupu wa National Constitutional Conference (NCC) ukazomerezga mwakukolerana kuti paŵe dango ilo likukanizga nthengwa za ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha.
Umoyo
U.S. Dipatimenti ya vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu ya ku United States yikati "boma likakanizga ŵanthu awo ŵakugonana ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha kuchita uzaghali ndipo likakana kusankhana mitundu".
Community attitudes
Ŵanthu ŵa ku Zambia ŵakutemwa kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi pera. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Zambia ŵakulondezga chisopa chautesi ichi.
Mu 1999, wupu wa Zambia Against People with Abnormal Sexual Acts (ZAPASA) ukaŵako kuti uwovwire ŵanthu awo ŵakugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵanyawo.
Kafukufuku munyake uyo wakachitika mu 2010, wakalongora kuti pa ŵanthu ŵa mu Zambia, 2% pera ndiwo ŵakuwona kuti kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi pera nkhwakuzomerezgeka. Mu 2013, Christine Kaseba, muwoli wa pulezidenti wakale Michael Sata, wakati: "Kukhala chete pa nkhani ya ŵanalume awo ŵakugonana na ŵanalume ŵanyawo kukwenera kumara ndipo palije uyo wakwenera kusankhana chifukwa cha kugonana".
Harassment and violence
Lipoti linyake la wupu wa Global Rights na la International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission, ilo likapelekeka ku Komiti ya United Nations ya Wanangwa wa Ŵanthu, likati ku Zambia ŵanthu awo ŵakugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵanyawo "ŵali na suzgo likuru comene". Lipoti ili likati ŵanthu ŵa mtundu uwu ŵakukoleka mwambura kwenelera, "ŵakusankhana pa nkhani ya masambiro, ntchito, nyumba, na vinthu vinyake", kweniso ŵakutambuzgika. U.S. Lipoti la Dipatimenti ya Boma la 2021 pa vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu ku Zambia likuzomerezgana na fundo iyi.:
Lipoti ili likuti magulu gha LGBTQI+ ghakuphalira ŵapolisi kuti nyengo zose ŵapemphenge vimbundi ku ŵanthu awo ŵakakakika cifukwa ca kugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵanyawo.
Wupu wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu (Human Rights Watch) ukayowoya kuti ŵapolisi ŵakuchichizga ŵanthu kuti ŵachitenge mafumbo ghakukhwaskana na kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakususka maungano agha cifukwa ghakukhuŵazga comene. Wupu wa vyaumoyo wa pa caru cose na ŵadokotala ŵakuwona kuti ŵanthu aŵa ŵakuŵacitira nkhaza. Pakulongosora ivyo vikachitika mu 2014, wupu wa Amnesty International ukati ŵanalume ŵaŵiri awo ŵakaŵasuzganga kuti ŵagone mu viŵaya ŵakaŵachitiranga vinthu "ivyo vikuyana waka na kutambuzgika".
Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa LGBTQI+ ŵakuŵa pangozi ya kutambuzgika mu cikaya cifukwa ca kutimbanizgika, kusuzgika, kunanga vinthu, na nkhaza. Kuyana na lipoti la Behind the Mask, gulu la wupu wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa LGBT mu Africa, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mtundu wa LGBT mu Zambia ŵakukhala mu nyumba zawo chifukwa cha kopa kuti ŵanyawo ŵangaŵasuzga. Kuyana na lipoti ili, ŵasungwana ŵakusuzgika comene cifukwa ca umo ŵanthu ŵa ku Zambia ŵakukhala.
HIV/AIDS
Kufumira mu Julayi 2007, mu Zambia mulije mapulogiramu gha boma panji ghapadera agho ghakovwira ŵanalume awo ŵakugonana na ŵanalume ŵanyawo. Nangauli ŵanalume awo ŵakugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵanyawo ŵakuŵa pangozi yikuru ya kupokera HIV, kweni boma likuwona kuti palije suzgo na kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha.
KaNkomo, Limpopo
KaNkomo, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Mathlomelong, Limpopo
Mathlomelong, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Shimange, Limpopo
Shimange, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
KaGaula, Limpopo
KaGaula, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
KaSikhunyane, Limpopo
KaSikhunyane, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Joppie, Limpopo
Joppie, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Nkambako, Limpopo
Nkambako, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Politsi, Limpopo
Politsi, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Isaac Chilemba
Miguel Isaac Chilemba Zuze (wakababika pa 17 May 1987) ni nkhwantha ya nkhonya yaku Malaŵi uyo wakaŵa na mutu wa IBO super-middleweight kufuma mu 2010 m'paka mu 2011, ndipo wakathereska WBA (Undisputed), IBF, na WBO light-heavyweight titles mu 2016.
Ntchito yakwamba
Chilemba wakachita maseŵera ghake ghakwambilira ku Gauteng, South Africa pa 19 Okutobala 2005 pakuthereska Thamsanga Tindleni mu chigaŵa cha 2 cha chigaŵa cha 4. Wakathereska mavoti ghankhondi na ghatatu pambere wandaleke kupokera mavoti gha Willbeforce Shihepo pa 5 July 2007 ku Emperor's Palace ku Gauteng. Nkhondo iyi yikamara pa 21 November 2007 ndipo wakawina pa viphalizgano vinkhondi na cimoza. Nkhondo zinandi ziŵiri zikachitika mu chaka cha 2008 ndipo ŵakathereska David Basajjamivule na Chamunorowa Gonorenda. Nkhondo iyi yikachitikaso ku Emperor's Palace ndipo Chilemba wakalimbana na Charles Adamu uyo wakaba champions wa Commonwealth.
Nkhondo za Championship
Mu nkhondo yake yakulondezgapo Chilemba wakaluta ku heavyweight ndipo wakathereska David Basajjamivule uyo wakaŵa chigeŵenga cha WBO. Nkhondo ya Graceland Casino ku Mpumalanga yikachitika pa 13 June 2009 ndipo yikapangiska kuti wa Uganda wawine kachiŵiri. Chilemba wakalutizga pa 31 Okutobala 2009 na chiphalizgano chinyake, nyengo iyi wakatonda Doudou Ngumbu wa ku Congo uyo wakukhala ku France na kuwuska chiphalizgano cha African Boxing Union cha heavyweight kweniso chiphalizgano cha WBC International. Kujivikilira kwa mutu wa WBC kukwenera kuti kukachitika pa 26 March 2010 apo Malawian wakaluta ku England kuti wakakumane na Tony Oakey uyo wakaŵa championi wa ku Britain. Nkhondo iyi yikamara yayi pamanyuma pakuti Oakey wataya nkhondo ya ku England na Danny McIntosh. Pamanyuma pa Oakey, mulwani wakulondezgapo wa Chilemba wakaŵa Rupert van Aswegen kweni wakasankha kuleka maseŵero agha.
Mutu wa IBO World
Chilemba wakawelera ku super middleweight kuti wakumane na Michael Bolling wa ku Australia pa 19 June 2010. Nkhondo ya ku Emperor's Palace, yikapangiska kuti wa Malawi uyu watonde ndipo yikaŵa nkhonya yake yachinayi yakulondezgana apo mutu unyake ukaŵa pangozi. Chilemba wakavikilira lamba wake wa IBO pa 6 Novembala 2010 apo wakawelera ku Emperors Palace ndipo wakathereska Thomas Oosthuizen wa ku South Africa. Pa 25 February 2011 Chilemba wakaluta ku Tulsa, Oklahoma kuti wakatimbane ku United States kakwamba. Mulwani wake, Maxim Vlasov wa ku Russia uyo wakatondeka kutonda, wakatonda pa viyezgelero vyose 19 ivyo wakacitanga ndipo wakathereska Chilemba kaŵiri mu cigaŵa ca 8. Nangauli vikaŵa nthena, kweni munthu wa ku Malawi uyu wakathereska nkhondo iyi.
Butchwana
Butchwana ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Isaac Chilemba
Chilemba vs. Meroro
Chilemba wakawelera ku South Africa kuti wakasezgerepo vikondwelero vya vikondwelero.
Longvalley, Limpopo
Longvalley, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Isaac Chilemba
Chilemba vs. Bivol
Pa Ogasiti 4, 2018, Chilemba adatsutsa Dmitry Bivol pa lamba wake wa WBA light heavyweight. Bivol wakathereska 34.5% ya ma punches ghake pakuyaniska na 15.5% ya Chiilemba ndipo ŵeruzgi wose ŵatatu ŵakawona kuti Bivol ndiyo wakathereska nadi, ndipo wakalemba ma score 120-108, 120-108 na 112-112 kuti waŵe ngwazi.
Ukaboni
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Haenertsburg, Limpopo
Haenertsburg, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Hoedspruit, Limpopo
Hoedspruit, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Mariron, Limpopo
Mariron, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Tzaneen, Limpopo
Tzaneen, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Mokgolobotho
Mokgolobotho ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Bismark, Limpopo
Bismark, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Hlohlokwe, Limpopo
Hlohlokwe, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Mageva, Limpopo
Mageva, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Sunnyside, Limpopo
Sunnyside, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Jokong, Limpopo
Jokong, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Ximausa, Limpopo
Ximausa, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
KaNwamakena, Limpopo
KaNwamakena, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Jerusalem, Maruleng
Jerusalem, Maruleng ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Nkowankowa, Limpopo
Nkowankowa, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Mavele, Limpopo
Mavele, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Ritakop, Limpopo
Ritakop, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Xihoko, Limpopo
Xihoko, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Kanana, Maruleng
Kanana, Maruleng ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
United National Independence Party
United National Independence Party (UNIP) ni chipani cha ndyali mu Zambia. Chikalongozga caru kufuma mu 1964 mpaka 1991 pasi pa muwuso wa Kenneth Kaunda, ndipo likaŵa phwando limoza pera mu caru pakati pa 1973 na 1990. Pa 4 April 2021, Bishop Trevor Mwamba wakasankhika kuŵa President wa UNIP.
Mbiri
UNIP yikayambika mu Okutobala 1959 na Mainza Chona nga ni chiharo cha Zambia African National Congress (ZANC), icho chikakanizgika kumanyuma kwa chaka chenechicho. Pakwamba UNIP yikalongozgekanga na Chona chifukwa mulongozgi wa ZANC, Kaunda, wakaŵa mu jere. Kaunda wakayamba kuwusa nga ni mulongozgi wa UNIP wati wafuma mu jele mu 1960.
Mu mavoti gha chalo, UNIP yikapokera vithuzithuzi 14, mu malo ghaciŵiri, malo ghakwamba ghakatora United Federal Party (UFP). Nangauli mulongozgi wa Northern Rhodesian African National Congress Harry Nkumbula wakachita phangano lakubisika na UFP, kweni pamanyuma wakasankha kupanga boma na UNIP. Pamanyuma pa kutonda mu mavoti gha Northern Rhodesia mu 1964, apo UNIP yikatora vithuzi 55 pa vithuzi 75, Kaunda wakazgoka Prime Minister wa Northern Rhodesia, ndipo wakapangiska kuti chalo chiŵe na wanangwa pa 24 October 1964, apo wakazgoka president.
Mu ma 1968 general elections, Kaunda wakasankhika kuŵa purezidenti na 82% ya mavoti, ndipo UNIP yikapoka vithuzi 81 pa vithuzi 105 ivyo vikaŵa mu National Assembly.
Mu 1973, caru cikazgoka boma la chipani cimoza na UNIP kuŵa chipani cimoza pera ca malango, ndipo pa Ogasiti 25, 1973, ŵakalemba dango liphya. Pa maungano gha boma agho ghakaŵako mu chaka ichi, ŵanthu ŵakayowoya kuti ni "ndondomeko yaumaliro ya demokilase". Komiti Yikuru ya UNIP ndiyo yikapanganga fundo za boma. Kuyana na dango la boma, pulezidenti wa UNIP wakasankhika pa ungano wa chipani, ndipo munthu waciŵiri mu wupu wa Zambia wakaŵa mulembi mukuru wa UNIP. Ndondomeko iyi yikayowoyaso kuti mulongozgi wa UNIP ndiyo yekha wakeneranga kuŵa mulongozgi wa charu. Awo ŵakavota ŵakasankhapo yumoza pa ŵaŵiri awo ŵakasankhika na UNIP pa malo 125, ndipo pa malo ghose agha pakaŵa ŵaŵiri. Kaunda wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti na 89% ya mavoti. Mu 1978, 1983 na 1988, Kaunda wakapokera mavoti ghakukwana 80 peresenti.
Paumaliro wa 1990, demokilase ya vyaru vinandi yikambaso, ndipo UNIP yikathereskeka mu 1991 na Movement for Multi-Party Democracy (MMD); Kaunda wakathereskeka mu mavoti gha purezidenti na Frederick Chiluba, uyo wakapokera mavoti 24%.
Pamanyuma pa kusintha kwa dango ilo likakanizga Kaunda kwimilira pa udindo wa purezidenti, UNIP yikakana mavoti gha 1996, nangauli mamembala ghaŵiri ghakakanizgikana pa malo gha National Assembly. Chipani ichi chikaweleraso ku mavoti mu 2001 na mwana wa Kenneth Kaunda, Tilyenji, uyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa chalo. Mu mavoti gha National Assembly, chipani ichi chikapokera vithuzithuzi 13.
Pambere mavoti gha 2006 ghandambe, chipani ichi chikapangana na United Democratic Alliance pamoza na vyaru viŵiri vikuruvikuru vya opposition. Mulongozgi wa United Party for National Development, Hakainde Hichilema, ndiyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa chipani ichi, ndipo wakakhala wachitatu. Gulu ili likapokera vithuzi 26 pera mu Nyumba ya Malango, kufuma pa vithuzi 74 ivyo vikaŵa mu 2001.
UNIP yikasuska yayi pa chisankho cha 2008, kweni yikimika Tilyenji Kaunda kuti waŵe mulongozgi wa chalo pa chisankho cha 2011. Kaunda wakapokera mavoti ghambura kukwana 1%, ndipo wakaŵa wa nambara sikisi pa ŵanthu 10. Chipani ichi chikasoŵa malo mu Nyumba ya Malango, ndipo chikapokera waka mavoti 0.7%. Kaunda wakaluta ku mavoti mu 2015 kweni wakapokera waka mavoti ghachepera pa 1%. Tilyenji Kaunda wakalutilira kuŵa mulongozgi wa chipani ichi pa mavoti gha 2016 kweni wakapokera waka mavoti 0.24%, ndipo chipani ichi chikasoŵa malo mu Nyumba ya Malango.
Ukaboni
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Mafarana, Limpopo
Mafarana, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Mawa, Limpopo
Mawa, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Wanangwa wa ŵanthu mu Malaŵi
Mbiri ya wanangwa wa ŵanthu mu Malaŵi mu virimika vyasonosono apa njakusuzga, ndipo vinthu vikusintha comene.
M'paka mu 1994, vinthu vikaŵa makora yayi. Vinthu vikamba kwenda makora mu chaka chenechicho, pamanyuma pakuti boma la Malawi lazomera dango liphya la "kusintha vinthu" ndondomeko iyi yikapangiska kuti paŵe vyaru vinandi. Ndipouli, apo Bingu wa Mutharika, uyo wakafwa mu Epulero 2012, wakaŵa pafupi kumara kuwusa, vinthu vikamba kunangikirathu, kweni pamanyuma apo Joyce Banda, wachiŵiri wa Mutharika, wakamba kuwusa, vinthu vikamba kwenda makora..
Umo vinthu vikaŵira
Wupu wa International Foundation for the Protection of Human Rights ukati mu 2011 charu cha Malawi "chikatemwekanga kuti ni charu icho ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya mwakufwatuka".
Lipoti la mu 2010 la British High Commission likati ku Malawi "kwenda makora comene pa nkhani ya wanangwa wa ŵanthu kwambira apo boma la Malawi likambira kulamulira na vipani vinandi" mu 1994, apo dango la Malawi likamba kugwira ntchito. Lipoti la ku Britain likati dango la Malawi likuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu, kuti chalo ichi chili kulembeska ku vyaru vinandi, kweniso kuti kulije ŵakayidi ŵa ndyali mu jele la Malawi nga umo vikaŵira mu nyengo ya chipani chimoza. Lipoti ili likayowoyaso za umo vinthu vyendekera mu vyaru ivyo vili na mtende wa ndyali kweniso umo ŵanthu ŵangasangira wanangwa wa vinthu nga ni umoyo uwemi, masambiro, chakurya na urunji.
Boma likati lawona ivyo vikacitikanga ku North Africa, likacitapo kanthu mwacikanga. Ŵalara ŵa boma ŵakayowoya mazgu ghakukhuŵilizga ŵanthu kuti ŵacitire nkhaza ŵanthu ŵakuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu na ŵalongozgi ŵa wupu wa vyawo.
Ndimo vikaŵiraso na lipoti la wupu wa Human Rights Watch ilo likulongosora kuti wanangwa wa ŵanthu ku Malawi "wakanangika chomene mu 2011 apo boma la Pulezidenti Bingu wa Mutharika likachitanga vinthu mwakutalulira". Mu chaka ichi, Mutharika ′′wakasaina malango ghaphya ghakukanizga, kusazgapo chigaŵa cha 46 cha dango la milandu, ico cikovwira nduna ya vya makani kuti yikanizge mabuku agho ghakuwoneka kuti 'ghakwimikana na vyakukhumba vya ŵanthu.' ′′ Dango liphya lakukanizga ŵanthu kupeleka milandu ku ŵalara ŵa boma. Ŵasambizgi ŵa pa yunivesite na ŵana ŵa sukulu awo ŵakasuskanga boma cifukwa ca kutondeka kuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu ŵakasuzgikanga, ndipo mwana wa yunivesite uyo wakaŵa wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti wa Youth for Freedom and Democracy (YFD) wakasangika wakufwa pa sukulu ya Polytechnic na chilonda pa mutu. Nangauli ŵapolisi ŵakuti wakajikoma, kweni ŵanthu ŵakususka boma kuti likukolerana na nyifwa ya Chasowa.
The human-rights crisis in Malawi came to a head on July 20, 2011, when Malawian police killed 19 unarmed individuals who were taking part in nationwide protests against economic conditions and against the increasing repression under President Mutharika. About five hundred persons were arrested, and a number of journalists were beaten or otherwise restrained from covering the protests and atrocities.
Mutharika's aggression toward human-rights activists and other opponents of his regime continued. In September firebombs were thrown at the homes or offices of several critics of the government; in October police arrested five anti-government activists for “holding an illegal demonstration.” In March 2012, journalists and activists were warned that anyone insulting the president would be prosecuted and face jail time. On March 16, the head of the Malawi Human Rights Commission was arrested without a warrant and charged with possession of “materials with seditious words,” although no such materials were in fact found. On March 21, a leading member of the opposition party, the United Democratic Front, was arrested and charged with inciting violence.
On March 23, Human Rights Watch commented with concern on the Mutharika government's “recent surge of arrests and threats against critics,” which it described as reflecting a “broader crackdown on free speech and other basic rights.” The human-rights situation in Malawi became so dire that over the course of 2011, Britain, the United States, Germany, the World Bank, the EU, the African Development Bank, and Norway all suspended or partially froze aid to the country, in response to which an angry Mutharika refused to meet with World Bank and IMF delegations accused donor nations of providing financial support to his opponents.
In April 2012, President Mutharika died suddenly, and Vice-President Joyce Banda became president. In August 2012, Human Rights Watch noted that Malawi had “made notable progress” in human rights since the accession to the presidency of Banda, who had introduced greater media freedom, was calling for the repeal of antigay laws, and was threatening “to arrest President Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, who is wanted for war crimes by the International Criminal Court, if he tries to enter her country.” Under Banda, the donor nations that had wholly or partly suspended their aid to Malawi resumed providing support.
At a June 2012 press conference in Malawi, UN Deputy High Commissioner for Human Rights Kyung-wha Kang said that Banda had “swiftly moved to tackle many pressing human rights concerns” and praised “her strong commitment to advancing human rights and the welfare of the people of Malawi.”   Observing that “Malawi has a very progressive constitution with strong human rights provisions, and a good set of laws and institutions in place to promote and protect human rights,” Kyung-wha Kang said that “[i]t is now time to strengthen a culture of human rights and the rule of law in Government institutions and in the individuals responsible for the protection, promotion and fulfilment of the full range of human rights for the people of Malawi.” Kyung-wha Kang emphasized that Malawians, emerging “from a period of political repression,” needed “to hear from their leadership that the fundamental freedoms of expression, association and assembly will be respected fully, and to see concrete actions taken to demonstrate this commitment.”
One indication of the change in attitude toward human rights under Banda was her announcement in June 2012 that Malawi, which had been scheduled to host the African Union (AU) summit in July, would not host it if President Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, who is wanted by the International Criminal Court for war crimes, genocide, and crimes against humanity, were allowed to attend. “Malawian President Joyce Banda took a strong stance in support of justice despite tough pressure from the African Union,” said Undule Mwakasungula, director of the Malawi Centre for Human Rights and Rehabilitation. “Malawi has done right by Darfur victims today.”
Although the human-rights situation has definitely improved under Banda, “some Malawians,” according to the Voice of America, “have been accusing human rights groups of deliberately muting their criticisms of the new administration,” saying that it “has failed to respond to consumers affected by currency devaluation and price hikes.” The VOA quotes Billy Banda, executive director of the human-rights organization Malawi Watch, as saying that his and other groups “were not deliberately keeping quiet” but were instead “lobbying silently” in order to help Banda's government survive through a difficult time. “But by giving support, that does not necessarily mean that were condoning the current administration. We are urging the administration to open a window of interaction so that whenever people raise concerns they should take heed.”
The following chart shows Malawi's ratings since 1972 in the Freedom in the World reports, published annually by Freedom House. A rating of 1 is "free"; 7, "not free".
Malawi Human Rights Commission
The Malawi Human Rights Commission (MHRC) was established by the country's 1994 constitution and became fully functional in 1998 or 1999. It is charged with protecting human rights and investigating violations. The Commission has “broad powers to hear and obtain any necessary evidence, to conduct searches after obtaining a warrant issued by a magistrate, and to exercise 'unhindered authority' to visit detention center[s] 'with or without notice.'” It does not have the power to prosecute offenders, but it “can intervene in court cases and it has acted as amicus curiae.” Transparency International reported in 2004 that “the MHRC is perceived as one of the most efficient public institutions in the country.” or 1999
During the presidency of Bingu wa Mutharika, the Human Rights Commission was hampered by a lack of resources and a fear of reprisals. Even under Mutharika, however, the MHRC retained its independence, according to the Human Rights Institute of the International Bar Association, as “exhibited through the concerted efforts of the outgoing chair of the MHRC, John Kapito,” whose open criticism of Mutharika's government resulted in threats and harassment. Despite concerns about its sustainability, the MHRC continued under Mutharika “to execute its mandate to the best of its ability.”
In June 2012, UN Deputy High Commissioner for Human Rights Kyung-wha Kang said that the MHRC had “done exemplary work, including through very difficult times in the past year. It is important that the independence and broad mandate of the MHRC are maintained and respected.” Swearing in new members of the Commission in August 2012, President Banda assured them of her support for their work and of her commitment to their independence. She urged them to make the most of their “advisory role” and assured them “that nobody will be arrested by my office and I shall not hesitate to seek advice from your institution.”
Basic rights
The Malawian Constitution has often been described as very strong in its human-rights guarantees. The Bill of Rights included in the Constitution, according to the International Bar Association, explicitly protects “the rights to life, dignity, equality and the right to freedom of conscience, belief, thought and religion and to academic freedom.” It also protects “freedom of expression, freedom of information, freedom of movement and freedom of assembly. Any limit or restriction imposed on rights and freedoms must be consistent with Malawi’s obligations under international human rights law.”
Under Banda, the constitutional protections of fundamental rights are being respected by the government to a far greater degree than during Mutharika's last years. For example, Section 46 of the Penal Code, under which a cabinet minister could shut down newspapers that were considered “contrary to the public interest,” has been repealed. The Injunction Law, under which government officials enjoyed immunity from prosecution, has also been repealed.
During her June 2012 visit to Malawi, UN Deputy High Commissioner for Human Rights Kyung-wha Kang noted that there were a “number of draft laws on matters including HIV/AIDS, gender equality, and trafficking in persons that are pending consideration,” and expressed hope “that the new laws will be in line with international human rights standards.”
LGBT rights
The topic of LGBT rights has been unusually prominent, and has been the focus of great contention, during the last years of the Mutharika regime and the early months of the Banda administration.
Under Malawi's colonial-era sodomy laws, consensual same-sex behavior between men is punishable by up to 14 years in prison for men. In December 2009, under the presidency of Bingu wa Mutharika, two men were convicted of “unnatural practices between men and gross public indecency” and sentenced to 14 years at hard labor. After widespread public criticism of this harsh punishment, the president pardoned the men. In the same month, however, the parliament passed legislation that criminalized sex between women, making it punishable by as much as 5 years in prison.
Two Malawian activist groups, the Center for the Development of People (CEDEP) and the Center for Human Rights and Rehabilitation (CHRR), have long lobbied Malawian officials to change the law. In May 2012, in her first address to the nation after becoming president, Joyce Banda said that the laws against “unnatural acts and indecency” would be reviewed “as a matter of urgency,” and suggested that she would decriminalize homosexual acts by repealing Sections 153 and 156 of the Penal Code. This statement was widely noticed and applauded, with Canadian Foreign Affairs Minister John Baird praising Banda for her “commitment to repeal discriminatory legislation, including legislation that persecutes gays and lesbians.” In September 2012, however, Banda “told reporters from international media in September that Malawians might not be ready for such a change, and suggested that members of parliament should take the question of decriminalization back to their constituencies.”
In a radio debate on November 5, 2012, Justice Minister Ralph Kasambara announced a moratorium on arrests on charges of sodomy, an act that Human Rights Watch characterized as “a compromise position, which will permit parliament to debate possible legislative change.” At least part of the reason for Kasambara's action, reportedly, was a concern that Malawi's antigay law might violate the constitution's strong language about the “inherent dignity and worth of each human being” and “the rights and views of all individuals,” and that it was incompatible with the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, of which Malawi is a signatory.
Tiseke Kasambala of Human Rights Watch congratulated Malawi for taking “this bold step forward, putting respect for its own constitutional guarantees of equality front and center.” A representative of Amnesty International said that the organization “welcomes Minister Kasambara’s statement and hopes it serves as the first step towards ending discrimination and persecution based on real or perceived sexual orientation and gender identity in Malawi.” However, three days following his announcement of the moratorium, which had been fiercely criticized by Malawian church officials and by the Law Society, Minister Kasambara claimed that he had never declared any such moratorium and said “that laws carrying up to 14 years in prison for committing homosexual acts were still being enforced.”
Rights of persons under arrest
A 2012 report by the Human Rights Institute of the International Bar Association, based on observations made before Banda's accession to the presidency, noted “the use of excessive force by the police, especially in the context of handling political dissent.” The report criticized police conduct during the demonstrations in July 2011, and focused on “the suspicious death of student activist and Youth for Freedom and Democracy Vice President, Robert Chasowa,” in September 2011, pointing out that “a post-mortem report contradicted police claims that Chasowa committed suicide,” indicating rather “that his injuries were most likely due to assault.” The reported noted “with satisfaction” that Banda had “appointed a commission of inquiry to investigate Chasowa’s death.”
In July 2012, the UN Deputy High Commissioner for Human Rights Kyung-wha Kang expressed “serious concerns about ill treatment and violence, in some cases leading to death, by the police against crime suspects.” Praising Banda's government for its determination to restore public trust in the police, Kyung-wha Kang said she looked forward “to seeing this commitment backed up by concrete actions, including training and efforts to fight impunity for such violations.” As a “welcome step in the right direction” she praised the “new police complaints mechanism.”
Rights of persons on trial
During her July 2012 visit to Malawi, the UN human-rights official Kyung-wha Kang noted “shortcomings in the administration of justice in Malawi.” The MHRC has alleged “that certain members of the judiciary appear aligned to the executive and that this undermines the effectiveness of the MHRC.” Also, the Human Rights Institute of the International Bar Association noted in 2012 that the office of the Director of Public Prosecutions “is currently severely understaffed,” and lacking in experienced staffers. This causes major delays in the administration of justice, with “criminal cases...taking two to three years on average before trial.”
According to the International Bar Association, “the remuneration of judges and judicial support staff is a serious problem,” leading to concerns “that some judges might be more inclined to look to other, sometimes improper, ways of earning extra income.” Furthermore, the International Bar Association noted with concern that there is no specific qualification, training, or code of conduct for magistrates, and that most High Court and Supreme Court of Appeal judges “obtained their law degrees during the one party era, when human rights were not covered extensively in the curriculum,” a problem that the United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights and other organizations have sought to remedy by organizing “workshops and seminars on human rights for the judiciary.”
Rights of persons in prison
The UN Deputy Hugh Commissioner for Human Rights Kyung-wha Kang noted in July 2012 the persistence of a number of serious problems in Malawian prisons, including "[p]rolonged detention in severely overcrowded holding cells, due to a backlog of cases and the slow processing of bail applications." She noted that the efforts were being made to resolve this problem "and to explore alternatives to detention and imprisonment," and praised "this shift in thinking."
Human-rights groups
Malawi Watch Human Rights, founded in 1992, “is an advocacy and lobbying non-governmental organization that works in areas of political and economic governance.” Its website has not been updated since January 2011.
The Centre For The Development Of People (CEDEP) is a human-rights organization “dedicated to addressing the needs, improving the lives, and providing support for some of Malawi's most neglected minority groups through civic education, training, capacity building, networking and research.” Its members believe “that improving the welfare of minority groups, including prisoners, sex workers, and those in same-sex relationships, is crucial to the health and well-being of all peoples.”
The Human Rights Consultative Committee, founded in 1995, is a network consisting of church institutions, human-rights groups, and the Law Society of Malawi, all of which work together on advocacy, monitoring, and other activities with the goal of protecting and promoting human rights in Malawi. The home of the HRCC's acting national coordinator, was a target of an arson attack in 2011.
The Centre for Human Rights and Rehabilitation (CHRR) is another leading Malawian human rights organization, also founded in 1995.
The Institute for Policy Interaction is another Malawian human-rights group. Its director, Rafiq Hajat, was forced to go into hiding during the presidency of Mutharika. On September 3, 2011, a petrol bomb was thrown into IPI offices in Blantyre, causing considerable damage.
International treaties
Malawi is a signatory of the following international agreements: • African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights (1981)
• Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (1987)
• African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (1990)
• Convention on the Rights of the Child (1991)
• International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1993)
• International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1993)
• Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (1996)
• First Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1996)
• Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (1996)
• Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998)
• Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (2005)
• Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (2009)
• Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict (2010).
References
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Mariveni, Limpopo
Mariveni, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Sangoma, Limpopo
Sangoma, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Senakwe, Limpopo
Senakwe, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Runnymede, Limpopo
Runnymede, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
The Willows, Limpopo
The Willows, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Mabins, Limpopo
Mabins, Limpopo ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la Mopani District Municipality, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Socrates
Socrates (Σωκράτης; c. 470–399 BC) wakaŵa wavinjeru wa ku Greece wa ku Ateni uyo wakucemeka wakwamba wa vinjeru vya ku Western ndipo wakaŵa yumoza wa vinjeru vyakwambilira vya makhaliro. Socrates wakaŵa munthu wambura kupulikikwa, wakalembapo yayi mabuku ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakumumanya chifukwa cha ivyo wakalemba pamanyuma pakuti wafwa. Nkhani izi zikalembeka nga ni nkhani za kudumbiskana, ndipo Socrates na awo ŵakadumbiskananga nawo ŵakadumbiskana nkhani mu nthowa ya mafumbo na mazgoro. Nkhani za Socrates izo zikususkana zikupangiska kuti visambizgo vyake vileke kuwoneka makora. Socrates wakaŵa munthu wakuzirwa comene mu Ateni. Mu 399 B.C.E., ŵakamupa mulandu wa kuleka kusopa Ciuta na kunanga ŵawukirano. Ŵakati ŵamuzenga mulandu kwa zuŵa limoza, ŵakamuphalira kuti wakomeke. Zuŵa laumaliro la umoyo wake mu jele, wakakana wovwiri uwo ŵanthu ŵakamupa.
Ivyo Plato wakalemba ni vinyake mwa mabuku agho ghakulongosora vya Socrates. Iwo ŵakulongora umo Socrates wakawoneranga vinjeru vya ŵanthu, kusazgapo vinjeru vya ŵanthu na nkharo. Socrates wa ku Platoni wakapeleka zina lake ku fundo ya nthowa ya Socrates, kweniso ku fundo ya Socratic irony. Nthowa ya Socrate ya kufumba, panji elenchus, yikupangika na mafumbo ghafupi na mazgoro, agho ghakulongosoreka mu malemba gha Platon apo Socrates na awo ŵakayowoyanga nayo ŵakuwona fundo zakupambanapambana za nkhani panji ng'anamuro lake. Socrates wakumanyikwa cifukwa ca kuyowoya kuti walije mahara; wakatemwanga kuyowoya kuti ico wakamanya nchakuti walije mahara.
Socrates wakawovwira chomene ŵanthu ŵavinjeru mu nyengo yakale ndipo wachali kovwira ŵanthu mazuŵa ghano. Ŵasayansi ŵa ku Middle Ages na ŵa chisopa cha Ciisilamu ndiwo ŵakasambiranga vya iyo, ndipo wakawovwira comene pa nyengo ya kuwuka kwa ŵanthu ku Italy. Ŵanthu ŵakalutilira kumutemwa, nga umo vikaŵira na Søren Kierkegaard na Friedrich Nietzsche. Ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuchita pakulongosora vya Socrates mu luso, mabuku, na visambizgo vya ŵanthu ŵanandi, vyapangiska kuti waŵe munthu wakumanyikwa chomene mu visambizgo vya ŵanthu ŵa ku Western.
Uko kukafuma Baibolo na Suzgo ya Socrates
Socrates wakalembapo yayi ivyo wakasambizganga. Vinthu vyose ivyo tikumanya vyakukhwaskana na Socrates vikufuma ku ŵanthu ŵanyake. Ŵanyake mwa ŵanthu aŵa ni Plato, munthu wavinjeru, na Xenophon, uyo wakaŵa msambiri wake. Nkhani izo zikuyowoyeka mu mabuku ghakale agha zikususkana, ndipo zikupangiska kuti ŵasayansi ŵaleke kumanya makora maghanoghano gha Socrates. Mu mabuku gha Plato, Xenophon, na ŵanyake awo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito munthu uyo Socrates wakaŵa, ŵakulemba nkhani izo zikulongosora umoyo na maghanoghano gha Socrates. Lizgu lakuti Socratic dialogues (logos sokratikos) likafuma kwa Aristotle. Nangauli tikumanya yayi nyengo yeneco apo vikalembekera, kweni vinyake vikwenera kuti vikalembeka Socrates wati wafwa. Nga ni umo Aristotle wakayowoyera pakwamba, nkhani izo zikuyowoya vya Socrates ni zakukwesana.