cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Visankho mu Zambia
Pambere kujilamulia
Mu 1954, apo pakaŵa kusintha kwa malango, chiŵelengero cha malo ghakusankhika mu Northern Rhodesian Legislative Council chikakwera kufika pa 12. Mu 1954, chipani cha Federal Party chikathereska pa vigaŵa 10. Pa mavoti gha mu 1958, chipani cha United Federal Party (UFP) chikathereska ŵanthu ŵanandi.
Dango la "Lennox-Boyd" likapangiska kuti wupu wa wupu wakulongozga uŵe na ŵanthu 22. Chikaŵa na mipando 12 ya "ŵanthu wose" ndipo ŵanandi ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Europe, mipando 6 ya "ŵanthu ŵapadera" iyo yikaŵa ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa, mipando yiŵiri ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa, na mipando yiŵiri ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe. Gulu la UFP likalutilira kuŵa na mipando yinandi, ndipo likapokera mipando 13. Pa nyengo ya maungano gha mu 1962, pakaŵaso ndondomeko yinyake iyo yikapangiska kuti paŵe maungano gha vyaru viŵiri. Nangauli UFP yikapokera vithuzithuzi vinandi, kweni United National Independence Party (UNIP) na Northern Rhodesian African National Congress (NRANC) ŵakamanya kupanga boma.
Pa maungano ghakulondezgapo mu 1964, maungano agha ghakacitikanga mwakuyana na ndondomeko yiphya. Chilato chake chikaŵa cha UNIP, icho chikapokera vithuzithuzi 55 pa vithuzithuzi 75, ndipo Kenneth Kaunda wakazgoka nduna yikuru, ndipo pamasinda wakazgoka purezidenti apo Zambia yikaŵa yakujiyimira pawekha pa Okutobala 24, 1964.
Pamasinda pa ufulu
Pa ma general elections mu 1968 pakaŵa mavoti ghakwamba gha purezidenti, apo Kaunda wakathereska mulongozgi wa Zambia African National Congress (NRANC) Harry Nkumbula na mavoti 82%. Vipinda 10 ivyo vikaŵa vyakukhalira mu Nyumba ya Malango vikafumiskikapo ndipo chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakasankhika chikafika pa 105. UNIP yikapokera vithuzi 81.
Guosa
Kusambira Ciyowoyero
Chiyowoyero cha Guosa chili na mazgu ghakupambanapambana. Mazgu ghanandi ghakung'anamulika na vilembo, nga ni é (plural), ng (present progressive), lá (perfective aspect), na kà (volitive). Palije nkhani. Zina likufuma pa zina. Palije ndondomeko ya kalembero iyo yikulongora kuti munthu ni mwanalume panji mwanakazi. Kanandi mazgu gha Guosa ghakulembeka na mazgu ghanyake.
Visankho mu Zambia
Pamasinda pa ufulu
Mu 1973, caru cikazgoka boma la chipani cimoza; pa viwoneskero vya boma mu caka cenecici, Kaunda wakathereskeka na ŵanthu yayi, ndipo ŵanthu 89% ŵakazomera. Sono Nyumba ya Malango yikaŵa na vithuzithuzi 125, ŵanthu 10 awo ŵakimikika na pulezidenti, kweniso mulara wa Nyumba ya Malango. Nangauli UNIP ndiyo yikaŵa chipani pera, kweni ŵanthu ŵatatu pera ndiwo ŵakakhalanga pa mpando uliwose. Ndondomeko yeneyiyi ndiyo ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito pa maungano gha 1978, 1983 na 1988, ndipo Kaunda wakasankhikaso nyengo yiliyose.
Ourem
Ourem ni msumba mu charu cha Portugal. Portugal ntcharu icho chili ku Iberian Peninsula, kumwera kwa kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Europe, ndipo charu ichi chikusazgapo vyaru vya Azores, Madeira, na Virwa vya Savage.
Visankho mu Zambia
Pamasinda pa ufulu
Pa chisankho cha 2011, chipani cha Patriotic Front (PF) Michael Sata wakasankhika kuŵa purezidenti na mavoti 42%, apo chipani cha PF chikaŵa chipani chikuru chomene mu National Assembly, ndipo chikapokera vithuzithuzi 60. Pambuyo pa imfa ya Sata mu 2014, chisankho china cha pulezidenti chinachitika mu 2015 ndipo chinapambana ndi Edgar Lungu wa PF, yemwe analandira 48% ya mavoti.
Ndondomeko yakusankha
Mu Zambia, munthu wakwenera kuŵa na vyaka 18 kuti waŵe na wanangwa wa kuvota. Awo ŵakukhumba kuvota ŵakwenera kuŵa na makadi gha boma na makadi gha awo ŵakukhumba kuvota.
Amarante Municipality, Portugal
Amarante Municipality, Portugal ni msumba mu charu cha Portugal. Portugal ntcharu icho chili ku Iberian Peninsula, kumwera kwa kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Europe, ndipo charu ichi chikusazgapo vyaru vya Azores, Madeira, na Virwa vya Savage.
Visankho mu Zambia
Mlongozgi wa charu
Pakati pa 1991 na 2016, pulezidenti wakasankhika mu chigaŵa chimoza pera. Ndipouli, pambere mavoti gha mu 2016 ghandambe, boma likaŵa na vigaŵa viŵiri.
KwaQunwane
KwaQunwane ni muzi mu msumba wa Big Five Hlabisa, mu boma likulu la UMkhanyakude District Municipality, chigaŵa chikulu cha KwaZulu Natal, mu charu cha South Africa.
Radeberg
Radeberg ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Alençon
Alençon ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Normandy, mu charu cha France mu chilwa chikulu cha Yulaya (Europe).
Visankho mu Zambia
Mlongozgi wa charu
Kufika mu 2016, para pulezidenti wafwa, ŵakachitanga mavoti ghachokoghachoko kuti ŵasankhe pulezidenti uyo wazamukhala mu malo agha vyaka vinkhondi. Ndipouli, mu 2015, boma likasintha malango gha boma kuti paŵe wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti uyo wazamukhala mu malo agha vyaka vinkhondi.
Kirchdorf in Tirol
Kirchdorf in Tirol ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Tyrol mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Visankho mu Zambia
Nyumba ya Malango
Pa mamembala 164 gha National Assembly, 156 ŵakusankhika na ndondomeko ya first-past-the-post mu vigaŵa vya mamembala ghamoza, ndipo ŵanyakeso 8 ŵakusoleka na purezidenti na Speaker na Deputy speaker yumoza wakusankhika kufuma kuwaro kwa National Assembly. Awo ŵakukhumba kunjira mu wupu wakulongozga ŵakwenera kuŵa na vyaka 21.
Ma Referendum
Kufuma apo charu cha Zambia chikapokera wanangwa mu 1964, pakaŵa ma referendamu ghaŵiri. Mu 1969, ŵanthu 85 pa 100 ŵaliwose ŵakazomerezga kuti paŵe maungano gha ŵanthu wose. Mu 2016, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakolerana na fundo iyi, kweni ŵakaŵapo ŵachoko chomene.
Ukaboni
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Guosa
Mazina
Vimanyikwiro vinyake vya Ciguosa vikupambana na mazgu ghanyake mu ciyowoyero ici, pakuti vikusintha kuyana na umo munthu wakuyowoyera. Kweni viŵaro vya munthu vikupambana yayi, ndipo munthu wangapambaniska pakati pa viŵaro vya mwanakazi na vya mwanalume. Mazgu ghakulondezgapo agha, ni mazina gha mazina gha ŵanthu. Zina mwa mazina agha ghakumanyikwa makora yayi, ntheura tikumanya yayi mazina agho ghakuzunurika. Lizgu lakuti us likapangika na mazgu ghakuti -wan. Nangauli lizgu lakuti posessive kanandi likulongosoreka na lizgu lakuti pronoun, kweni mazgu ghakuti nke "of" ghangang'anamuraso kuti posession.
Kolsassberg
Kolsassberg ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Tyrol mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Guosa
Vinthu ivyo vikulongosora
Vinthu ivyo vikuyowoyeka mu ciyowoyero ca Guosa ni vigaŵa vyakupambana yayi, ndipo vyose pamoza vikucemeka kuti ni mazgu agho ghakulongosora vinthu. Kweni mazgu ghanyake ghakulongosora waka ivyo vikuchitika.
Ku Guosa kuli madigiri ghanayi gha kupambaniska. Lizgu lakuti jù "vinandi" likusangika pakuyaniska lizgu ili na lizgu linyake: rámá "chiwemi" → rámá jù "chiwemi". Lizgu ili likusazga waka mazgu ghakuti khà "very" na jù: rámá jù khà "best" (lit. Paumaliro, pali cigaŵa cacinayi ca kupambaniska vinthu. Nangauli lizgu lakuti superlative likulongora kuti munthu uyo wali na nkharo yiwemi ni muwemi comene mu gulu linyake, kweni lizgu lakuti category ilo likulongora kuti munthu wali na nkharo yiwemi kuluska superlative likulongora kuti munthu uyo wali na nkharo yiwemi ni muwemi comene mu gulu lose.
Vilembo
Ku Guosa, vilembo vyose vili na nthowa yimoza; palije kukolerana. Pali lizgu la ciyowoyero ici, wù, kweni likugwiriskirika nchito para pali lizgu la munthu. Kweni para mazgu ghakuyowoya za chinthu chinyake, ŵakugwiliskira ntchito lizgu lakuti wù yayi, ndipo lizgu ili likuyana waka na lizgu lakuti verb. Yaniskani mazgu ghakuti mò wù mámbézè "Ndine themba" na mò rámá "Nili makora".
Pali vigaŵa vinandi ivyo vikusintha umo mazgu ghakuyowoyekera, umo ghakuyowoyekera, na umo ghakupulikikwira. Kanandi vilembo ivi vikuŵa kunthazi kwa mazgu agho vikusintha, kweni vilembo vya lá vikulondezga waka mazgu.
Boma la Sikongo
Boma la Sikongo ni boma ilo likusangika mu Chigaŵa cha Manjililo gha Dazi mu charu cha Zambia.Mu Chigaŵa cha Manjililo gha Dazi gha Zambia muli maboma 15.
Guosa
Vilembo
Lizgu lakuti lá likulembeka mu nthowa yakupambana, ndipo likupangiska kuti lizgu ili liŵe nga ni lizgu lakulembeka kale. Vinthu ivi vingaŵaso vyakuwoneka.
Manambara
Guosa wali na nambala ya khumi. Manambara ghakulondezgapo agha:
Boma la Mongu
Boma la Mongu ni boma ilo likusangika mu Chigaŵa cha Manjililo gha Dazi mu charu cha Zambia.Mu Chigaŵa cha Manjililo gha Dazi gha Zambia muli maboma 15.
Traun
Traun ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Upper Austria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Guosa
Manambara
The number multiples of one hundred are created by using the reduplicated gogo root. These numbers are not treated as compounds, unlike the number 11–99.
Ga-Ramakara
Ga-Ramakara ni muzi mu chigaŵa cha Aganang Rural District, mu Capricorn District Municipality, Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Guosa
Manambara
The ordinal numbers are formed by using the preposition nke.
Kolsass
Kolsass ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Tyrol mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Benedita, Portugal
Benedita, Portugal ni msumba mu charu cha Portugal. Portugal ntcharu icho chili ku Iberian Peninsula, kumwera kwa kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Europe, ndipo charu ichi chikusazgapo vyaru vya Azores, Madeira, na Virwa vya Savage.
Radevormwald
Radevormwald ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Dzoraglukh
Dzoraglukh ni muzi mu chigaŵa cha Aparan Municipality mu  chigaŵa chikulu cha Aragatsotn Province, mu charu cha  Armenia.
Radeburg
Radeburg ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Guosa
Kulemba Mazgu
ò - munthu, munthu uyo wakuzunulika na lizgu ili. Mu vilembo vinandi, ici ni è.
ì - ni lizgu na lizgu la munthu kufuma ku lizgu panji lizgu linyake:
Mu Chiguosa, mazgu ghanandi ghakufuma mu vilembo viŵiri ivi pera.
Kugwiliskira Ntchito
Ŵasambizgi ŵa Guosa ŵakasambizganga pa Yunivesite ya Abuja. Nthowa ya AI yakung'anamulira malemba kufuma ku Chingelezi kuya ku Chiguosa nayo yilipo pa intaneti.
Tollet
Tollet ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Upper Austria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Kufstein
Kufstein ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Tyrol mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Vernon, Eure
Vernon, Eure ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Normandy, mu charu cha France mu chilwa chikulu cha Yulaya (Europe).
Sikwakwaneni, KwaZulu Natal
Sikwakwaneni, KwaZulu Natal ni muzi mu msumba wa Big Five Hlabisa, mu boma likulu la UMkhanyakude District Municipality, chigaŵa chikulu cha KwaZulu Natal, mu charu cha South Africa.
Vierzon
Vierzon ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Centre-Val de Loire, mu charu cha France mu chilwa chikulu cha Yulaya (Europe).
Dreux
Dreux ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Centre-Val de Loire, mu charu cha France mu chilwa chikulu cha Yulaya (Europe).
Treubach
Treubach ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Upper Austria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Boma la Sioma
Boma la Sioma ni boma ilo likusangika mu Chigaŵa cha Manjililo gha Dazi mu charu cha Zambia.Mu Chigaŵa cha Manjililo gha Dazi gha Zambia muli maboma 15.
Ga-Rampuru
Ga-Rampuru ni muzi mu chigaŵa cha Aganang Rural District, mu Capricorn District Municipality, Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Timelkam
Timelkam ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Upper Austria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Ranis
Ranis ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Poland
Poland (pl: Polska), ni chalo icho chili kwa Europe. Muli banthu pafupi-fupi 38 437 000 (2016). Warszawa, ndiwo msumba wukulu wa boma mu Poland.
Traunkirchen
Traunkirchen ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Upper Austria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Rahden
Rahden ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Düsseldorf
Düsseldorf, mzinda kwa Germany. Muli banthu pafupi-fupi 612,178 (2015).
Ramstein-Miesenbach
Ramstein-Miesenbach ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Olivet, Loiret
Olivet, Loiret ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Centre-Val de Loire, mu charu cha France mu chilwa chikulu cha Yulaya (Europe).
Hérouville-Saint-Clair
Hérouville-Saint-Clair ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Normandy, mu charu cha France mu chilwa chikulu cha Yulaya (Europe).
Mabhokisini, KwaZulu Natal
Mabhokisini, KwaZulu Natal ni muzi mu msumba wa Big Five Hlabisa, mu boma likulu la UMkhanyakude District Municipality, chigaŵa chikulu cha KwaZulu Natal, mu charu cha South Africa.
Joué-lès-Tours
Joué-lès-Tours ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Centre-Val de Loire, mu charu cha France mu chilwa chikulu cha Yulaya (Europe).
Mabundeni, KwaZulu Natal
Mabundeni, KwaZulu Natal ni muzi mu msumba wa Big Five Hlabisa, mu boma likulu la UMkhanyakude District Municipality, chigaŵa chikulu cha KwaZulu Natal, mu charu cha South Africa.
Tumeltsham
Tumeltsham ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Upper Austria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Saint-Jean-de-Braye
Saint-Jean-de-Braye ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Centre-Val de Loire, mu charu cha France mu chilwa chikulu cha Yulaya (Europe).
Essen
Essen, mzinda kwa Germany. Muli banthu pafupi-fupi 582.624 (2015).
Rain (Lech)
Rain (Lech) ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Längenfeld
Längenfeld ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Tyrol mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Lisieux
Lisieux ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Normandy, mu charu cha France mu chilwa chikulu cha Yulaya (Europe).
Ajaccio
Ajaccio ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Corsica, mu charu cha France mu chilwa chikulu cha Yulaya (Europe).
Convinfobox/pri2
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Kundl
Kundl ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Tyrol mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Hlabisa, KwaZulu Natal
Hlabisa, KwaZulu Natal ni muzi mu msumba wa Big Five Hlabisa, mu boma likulu la UMkhanyakude District Municipality, chigaŵa chikulu cha KwaZulu Natal, mu charu cha South Africa.
Dortmund
Dortmund, mzinda kwa Germany. Muli banthu pafupi-fupi 586,181 (2015).
Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, mu charu cha France mu chilwa chikulu cha Yulaya (Europe).
Ga-Rametlwana
Ga-Rametlwana ni muzi mu chigaŵa cha Aganang Rural District, mu Capricorn District Municipality, Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Damplaats
Damplaats ni muzi mu chigaŵa cha Aganang Rural District, mu Capricorn District Municipality, Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Ga-Mmathongwana
Ga-Mmathongwana ni muzi mu chigaŵa cha Aganang Rural District, mu Capricorn District Municipality, Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Radolfzell am Bodensee
Radolfzell am Bodensee ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Radebeul
Radebeul ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Ladis
Ladis ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Tyrol mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Cologne
Cologne, mzinda kwa Germany. Muli banthu pafupi-fupi 1,060,582 (2015).
Renchen
Renchen ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Rendsburg
Rendsburg ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Tarsdorf
Tarsdorf ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Upper Austria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Rennerod
Rennerod ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Łobez
Łobez, mzinda kwa Poland. Muli banthu pafupi-fupi 10,066 (2019).
KwaHlabisa, KwaZulu Natal
KwaHlabisa, KwaZulu Natal ni muzi mu msumba wa Big Five Hlabisa, mu boma likulu la UMkhanyakude District Municipality, chigaŵa chikulu cha KwaZulu Natal, mu charu cha South Africa.
Le Petit-Quevilly
Le Petit-Quevilly ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Normandy, mu charu cha France mu chilwa chikulu cha Yulaya (Europe).
Sudan
Sudan (Chingelezi: /suːˈdɑːn/ panji /suːˈdæn/; Arabic: سودان, romanized: Sūdān), mwalamulo Republic of Sudan (Arabic: جمهورية سودان, romanized: Jumhūriyyat Sūdān), ni chalo icho chili ku North East Africa. Charu ichi chili kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Central African Republic, kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Chad, kumpoto kwa Egypt, kumpoto kwa Eritrea, kumwera kwa Ethiopia, kumwera kwa Libya, kumwera kwa South Sudan, na ku Nyanja Yiswesi. Mu 2022, ŵanthu ŵakukwana 45.7 miliyoni Charu ichi chili na malo ghakukwana 1,886,068 square kilometres (728,215 square miles), ndipo ntchigaŵa chachitatu mu Africa. Charu ichi chikaŵa chikuru chomene pa vyaru vya mu Africa na vyaru vya Arab League m'paka apo South Sudan yikapatukira mu 2011. Msumba wake ukuru ni Khartoum, ndipo msumba wake ukuru ni Omdurman.
Mbiri yikulongora kuti Ufumu wa Kerma (c. 2500-1500 B.C.E.), Ufumu Waphya wa Eguputo (c. 1500 BC~1070 BC), na Ufumu wa Kush (c. 785 BC~350 AD). Pamanyuma pakuti Kush wabwangandulika, ŵanthu ŵa ku Nubia ŵakamba kulamulira mu maufumu ghatatu gha Ŵakhristu gha Nobatia, Makuria, na Alodia. Pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1400 na 1500, ŵanthu ŵa ku Arabia ŵakamba kukhala mu vigaŵa vinandi vya mu Sudan. Kwambira mu ma 1500 m'paka m'ma 1800, chigaŵa chapakati na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Sudan chikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa Funj, apo Darfur wakaŵa kumanjiliro gha dazi ndipo Ottomans kumafumiro gha dazi. Mu 1811, Mamluks ŵakakhazikiska boma ku Dunqulah, ilo likaŵa likuru la malonda gha ŵazga. Mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Ŵaeguputo na Ŵaturuki mu charu cha Sudan, mu 1820, ŵanthu ŵakaguliskanga ŵazga mu vigaŵa vya kumpoto na kumwera. Kwambira mu ma 1800, caru cose ca Sudan cikathereskeka na Ŵaegupto awo ŵakalongozgekanga na ufumu wa Muhammad Ali. Nkhondo iyi yikati yacitika, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Eguputo na Britain ŵakathereska ŵasilikari ŵa ku Eguputo. Mu 1899, ku Britain, Eguputo wakazomera kugaŵana mazaza pa Sudan na Britain. Nakuti charu cha Sudan chikaŵa pasi pa Britain. Nkhondo ya ku Eguputo ya mu 1952 yikawuskapo muwuso wa ufumu ndipo yikati ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵafumemo mu Eguputo na Sudan. Muhammad Naguib, yumoza wa ŵalongozgi ŵaciŵiri ŵa cigaluka ici, ndiposo pulezidenti wakwamba wa Egupto, uyo wakaŵa wa ku Sudan ndipo wakakulira mu Sudan, wakaŵika pakwamba kuti boma la Sudan liŵe na wanangwa wa kujilongozga. Chaka chakulondezgapo, ku Eguputo na ku Sudan, United Kingdom yikakolerana na ivyo Eguputo wakakhumbanga. Pa Janyuwale 1, 1956, charu cha Sudan chikamba kujiyimira paŵekha.
Boma la Jaafar Nimeiry likamba kulamulira charu cha Sudan. Ici cikapangiska kuti paŵe kugaŵikana pakati pa boma la kumpoto kwa caru ici, na ŵavisopa vya Cisilamu na Ŵakhristu ŵa kumwera. Nkhondo iyi yikamba pakati pa ŵasilikari ŵa boma, awo ŵakakolerananga na gulu la National Islamic Front (NIF), na ŵakugaluka ŵa ku South Sudan, awo gulu lawo likuru chomene ni Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA). Pakati pa 1989 na 2019, muwuso wa ŵasilikari wa vyaka 30 uwo ukalongozgekanga na Omar al-Bashir ndiwo ukalamuliranga Sudan ndipo ukachitanga viheni vinandi pa wanangwa wa ŵanthu, kusazgapo kutambuzga, kutambuzga ŵanthu ŵachoko waka, kutemwera vigeŵenga pa caru cose, na kukoma ŵanthu ŵanandi mu Darfur kwambira mu 2003 mpaka 2020. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti boma ili likakoma ŵanthu pakati pa 300,000 na 400,000. Chiwonetsero chinabuka mu 2018, chofuna kuti Bashir achoke, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti boma liwonongeke pa 11 April 2019 ndipo Bashir anamangidwa.
Chisilamu chikaŵa chisopa cha boma la Sudan ndipo malango gha Chisilamu ghakaŵako kwambira mu 1983 m'paka mu 2020 apo charu chikazgoka charu cha charu. Sudan ni yimoza mwa vyaru vyakutukuka yayi ndipo yili pa malo 172 pa Human Development Index mu 2022. Chuma chake chimadalira kwambiri ulimi chifukwa cha ziletso zapadziko lonse lapansi komanso kudzipatula, komanso mbiri yakusakhazikika kwamkati ndi ziwawa zamagulu. Charu chose cha Sudan ntchakomira ndipo ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 35 peresenti mbakavu. Charu cha Sudan chili mu wupu wa United Nations, Arab League, African Union, COMESA, Movement of Non-Aligned and the Organization of Islamic Cooperation.
Kwiza kwa zina
Zina lakuti Sudan ni zina ilo likapelekeka ku chigaŵa chikuru cha Sahel, kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa charu cha Sudan. Pakwamba, zina lakuti Sudan likang'anamuranga chigaŵa icho chikaŵa kufupi na nyanja ya Atlantic kufuma ku Senegal m'paka kumpoto cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa.
Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni
Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha French Guiana, mu charu cha France mu chilwa chikulu cha Yulaya (Europe).
Aix-en-Provence
Aix-en-Provence ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, mu charu cha France mu chilwa chikulu cha Yulaya (Europe).
Avignon
Avignon ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, mu charu cha France mu chilwa chikulu cha Yulaya (Europe).
Sudan
Kwiza kwa zina
Zina ili lili kufuma ku lizgu la Chiarabu lakuti bilād as-sūdān (بلاد السودان), panji "Charu cha Ŵachibulumutira". Ili ni zina linyake la malo agho ŵanthu ŵakukhala. Pambere ivi vindachitike, Ŵaeguputo ŵakale ŵakachemanga charu cha Sudan kuti Nubia na Ta Nehesi panji Ta Seti.
Rerik
Rerik ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Bastia
Bastia ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Corsica, mu charu cha France mu chilwa chikulu cha Yulaya (Europe).
Sudan
Charu cha Sudan (pambere c. 8000 B.C.E.)
Kuzakafika mu vyaka vya m'ma 1000 B.C.E., ŵanthu ŵa mu nyengo ya Neolithic ŵakakhalanga mu vikaya vyakukhora vya mathipa, ndipo ŵakalondezganga vyakurya na viŵeto. Neolithic peoples created cemeteries such as R12. During the fifth millennium BC, migrations from the drying Sahara brought neolithic people into the Nile Valley along with agriculture.
Stavanger
Stavanger, mzinda kwa Norway. Muli banthu pafupi-fupi 201,353.
Mphakathini, KwaZulu Natal
Mphakathini, KwaZulu Natal ni muzi mu msumba wa Big Five Hlabisa, mu boma likulu la UMkhanyakude District Municipality, chigaŵa chikulu cha KwaZulu Natal, mu charu cha South Africa.
Strasbourg
Strasbourg ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Grand Est, mu charu cha France mu chilwa chikulu cha Yulaya (Europe).
Hartavan
Hartavan ni muzi mu chigaŵa cha Aparan Municipality mu  chigaŵa chikulu cha Aragatsotn Province, mu charu cha  Armenia.
Matshamnyama
Matshamnyama ni muzi mu msumba wa Big Five Hlabisa, mu boma likulu la UMkhanyakude District Municipality, chigaŵa chikulu cha KwaZulu Natal, mu charu cha South Africa.
Toulon
Toulon ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, mu charu cha France mu chilwa chikulu cha Yulaya (Europe).
Oslo
Oslo, mzinda kwa Norway. Muli banthu pafupi-fupi 925,242.
Sudan
Charu cha Sudan (pambere c. 8000 B.C.E.)
The population that resulted from this cultural and genetic mixing developed a social hierarchy over the next centuries which became the Kingdom of Kush (with the capital at Kerma) at 1700 BC. Anthropological and archaeological research indicates that during the predynastic period Nubia and Nagadan Upper Egypt were ethnically and culturally nearly identical, and thus, simultaneously evolved systems of pharaonic kingship by 3300 BC.
Ufumu wa Kush (c. 1070 BC~350 AD)
Ufumu wa Kush ukaŵa ufumu wakale wa ku Nubia uwo ukaŵa pa malo agho mukakumananga Mlonga wa Blue Nile na White Nile, kweniso Mlonga wa Atbarah na Nile. Likakhazikiskika mu nyengo ya Bronze apo ufumu uphya wa Eguputo ukamara.
Fumu Kashta ("Mkhushite") yikati yaluta ku Eguputo mu vyaka vya m'ma 700 B.C.E., mathemba gha Kushite ghakawusa nga ni mafaro gha muwuso wa Ŵaeguputo wa vyaka pafupifupi 100 pambere Ŵaasiriya ŵandaŵathereske. Pa nyengo iyo Ŵakushi ŵakaŵa ŵankhongono comene, ŵakathereska ufumu uwo ukafumanga ku caru ico sono cikucemeka South Kordofan m'paka ku Sinayi. Farawo Piye wakayezga kusazgirako ufumu wake mu vyaru vya ku Near East, kweni themba la ku Asiriya, Sarigoni II, likamutondeska.
Pakati pa 800 B.C.E. na 100 C.E. ŵakazenga mapiramidi gha Nubian, pakati pawo pali El-Kurru, Kashta, Piye, Tantamani, Shabaka, mapiramidi gha Gebel Barkal, mapiramidi gha Meroe (Begarawiyah), mapiramidi gha Sedeinga, na mapiramidi gha Nuri.
Baibolo likuyowoya za ufumu wa Kush kuti ndiwo ukaponoska Ŵaisrayeli ku ukali wa Ŵaasiriya. Nkhondo iyo yikacitika pakati pa Farawo Taharqa na Senakeribu themba la Asiriya yikaŵa yakuzirwa comene mu mbiri ya caru ca kumanjiliro gha dazi. Esarihadoni, uyo wakanjira mu malo gha Senakeribu, wakaluta patali comene ndipo wakawukira Egupto kuti wawuske caru ca Levant. Wakacita nthena cifukwa wakacimbizga Taharqa mu caru ca Lower Egypt. Taharqa wakachimbilira ku Upper Egypt na Nubia, uko wakafwira pakati pajumpha vyaka viŵiri. Ŵaegupto ŵakamba kulamulirika na Ŵaasiriya, kweni ŵakaleka kupulikira. Kufuma apo, themba Tantamani, ilo likakanjira mu malo gha Taharqa, likayezgapo kaumaliro kupoka caru ca Lower Egypt kwa Neko I, uyo wakaŵa kuti wawelerapo ku ufumu wake. Wakathereska msumba wa Memfisi na kukoma Neko. Ashurbanipal, uyo wakanjira mu malo gha Esarhaddon, wakatuma ŵasilikari ŵanandi ku Egupto kuti ŵakambeso kuwusa. Wakathereska Tantamani kufupi na Memfisi ndipo wakati wamulondezga, wakapoka msumba wa Thebes. Nangauli Ŵaasiriya ŵakafumako mwaluŵiro ku Upper Egypt pamanyuma pa vinthu ivi, kweni Thebes wakajipeleka kwa Psamtik I, mwana wa Neko. Ici cikapangiska kuti Ufumu wa Nubia uleke kuwuskika, ndipo ukalutilira kuŵa ufumu ucoko uwo ukaŵa ku Napata. Msumba uwu ukaparanyika na Ŵaeguputo ca. 590 B.C.E., ndipo nyengo yichoko waka pamanyuma paumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 300 B.C.E., Ŵakushi ŵakasamukira ku Meroë.
Medieval Christian Nubian kingdoms (c. 350–1500)
Paumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 400 C.E., Ŵablemmyes ŵakakhazikiska ufumu uwo ukakhala nyengo yichoko waka mu Upper Egypt na Lower Nubia, ndipo panyake ukaŵa kuzingilizga Talmis (Kalabsha). Kweni pambere chaka cha 450 C.E. chindafike, Ŵanobatiya ŵakaŵachimbizga kale mu Dambo la Nayelo. Paumaliro ŵanthu aŵa ŵakamba kuwusa mu ufumu wawo wa Nobatia. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 500 C.E., pakaŵa maufumu ghatatu gha ku Nubia: Nobatia kumpoto, ilo likaŵa na msumba ukuru ku Pachoras (Faras); ufumu wapakati, Makuria uwo ukaŵa ku Tungul (Old Dongola), makilomita 13 kumwera kwa Dongola; na Alodia, uwo ukaŵa mu ufumu wakale wa Kushitic, uwo ukaŵa na msumba ukuru ku Soba (uno ni tawuni ya Khartoum). Ŵakazgoka Ŵakhristu mu vyaka vya m'ma 500 C.E. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 600 C.E., panyake pakati pa 628 na 642, Nobatia wakazgoka chigaŵa cha Makuria.
Pakati pa 639 na 641, Ŵaarabu ŵa mu ufumu wa Rashidun ŵakathereska charu cha Byzantium. Mu 641 panji 642 kweniso mu 652 ŵakanjira mu Nubia, kweni ŵakaŵachimbizga. Pamanyuma, fumu ya Makuria na Ŵaarabu ŵakakolerana kuti ŵaleke kuwukira caru cawo. Nangauli Ŵaarabu ŵakatondeka kuthereska Nubia, kweni ŵakamba kukhala kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Mlonga wa Nayelo. Kufuma pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 700 m'paka m'ma 1100, ufumu wa Chikhristu wa Nubia ukaŵa na nkhongono chomene. Mu 747, Makuria wakawukira Eguputo, uyo pa nyengo iyi wakaŵa wa Ŵaumaliyadi, ndipo wakawuskaso ufumu uwu mu ma 960, apo ukafika kumpoto kwa Akhmim. Makuria wakaŵa paubwezi wakukhora na Alodia, ndipo panji ici cikapangiska kuti maufumu ghaŵiri agha ghaŵe ufumu umoza. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Nubia awo ŵakakhalanga mu nyengo yakale ŵakachemekanga "Afro-Byzantine", kweni ŵakakhwaskikanga chomene na ŵanthu ŵa ku Arabia. Gulu la boma ili likaŵa lapakati chomene, ndipo likajintha pa ŵamazaza ŵa ku Byzantine ŵa mu vyaka vya m'ma 500 na 600. Ŵanthu ŵakamba kupenta vinthu vya ku dongo, chomenechomene vithuzithuzi vya ku viliŵa. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Nubia ŵakalemba vilembo vya chiyowoyero chawo, Old Nobiin, ivyo vikajintha pa vilembo vya Chigiriki, Chigiriki, Chigiriki, na Chiarabu. Ŵanakazi ŵakaŵa na udindo wapachanya: ŵakasambiranga, ŵakaguranga, kugura na kuguliska malo, ndipo kanandi ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito chuma chawo kuti ŵapeleke ndalama ku matchalitchi. Nanga mphapu ya fumu yingaŵa ya mu mbumba ya amama ŵake, ndipo mwana wa mudumbu wa fumu ndiyo wakeneranga kuŵa muhaliri.
Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1100 na 1200, msumba ukuru wa Makuria, Dongola, ukamba kuchepa. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1400 na 1500, mafuko gha Ŵabedouin ghakaŵa mu vigaŵa vinandi vya ku Sudan, ndipo ŵakaluta ku Butana, Gezira, Kordofan, na Darfur. Mu 1365, nkhondo ya pawenenawene yikapangiska ŵanthu ŵa ku Makuria kuti ŵachimbilire ku Gebel Adda ku Lower Nubia. Kufuma apo, Makuria wakalutilira kuŵa ufumu ucoko waka. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yitali kufuma apo themba Joel likawusira, charu cha Makuria chikamara. Malo gha mumphepete mwa nyanja kufuma kumwera kwa Sudan m'paka ku tawuni ya Suakin ghakaŵa gha Adal Sultanate mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500. Kumwera, ufumu wa Alodia ukathereskeka na Ŵaarabu, awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Abdallah Jamma, panji Funj, ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakafuma kumwera. Vinthu ivi vikaŵako mu vyaka vya m'ma 900 C.E. (c. 1396~1494 C.E.), mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500 C.E., 1504 m'paka 1509. Ufumu wa alodian ungapona mu ufumu wa Fazughli, uwo ukakhalapo m'paka mu 1685.
Ufumu wa Sennar na Darfur (c. 1500–1821)
Mu 1504 Ŵafunj ŵakakhazikiska Ufumu wa Sennar, uwo ukaŵa chigaŵa cha Abdallah Jamma. Mu 1523, apo Muyuda munyake zina lake David Reubeni wakaluta ku Sudan, caru ca Funj cikafika ku Dongola. Pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga ku Nile ŵakamba kupharazga vya cisopa ca Cisilamu. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵa ku Funj ŵakalutilira kusunga mitheto iyo yikaŵa ya chisopa chautesi, nga nkhutora ufumu wa Chiuta panji kumwa moŵa m'paka mu 1800. Chisilamu cha ŵanthu ŵa ku Sudan chikasungilira maluso ghanandi agho ghakafuma ku Chikhristu m'paka sono.
Mwaluŵiro Ŵafunj ŵakanjira mu nkhondo na Ŵaotomu, awo ŵakakora Suakin mu 1526 ndipo pamasinda ŵakaluta kumwera mumphepete mwa Mlonga wa Nayelo, m'paka ŵakafika ku chigaŵa chachitatu mu 1583/1584. Ŵasilikari ŵa Ottoman ŵakayezga kupoka Dongola mu 1585. Pamanyuma pake, Hannik, uyo wakaŵa kumwera kwa nthenda ya katara, ndiyo wakaŵa mphaka pakati pa vyaru viŵiri ivi. Pamanyuma pa kuwukira kwa Ŵaotomu, ŵakayezga kupoka ufumu wa Ajib, themba lichoko la kumpoto kwa Nubia. Nangauli Funj ŵakamukoma mu 1611/1612, kweni Abdallab, awo ŵakamulondezganga, ŵakapika mazaza ghakulongozga vinthu vyose kumpoto kwa uko maji gha Blue na White Nile ghakukumana.
Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1700, ufumu wa Funj ukafika paheni chomene, kweni mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ukamba kuchepa. Kuwukira boma mu 1718 kukapangiska kuti muwuso wa mafuko usinthe, ndipo mu 1761 panji 1762, boma la Hamaj likamba kulamulira. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yichoko waka, ufumu uwu ukamba kupasuka; ndipo kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ukaŵa waka mu chigaŵa cha Gezira. Kuwukira boma kwa mu 1718 kukapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵambe kulondezga chisopa cha Cisilamu, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi ŵambe kuŵa Ŵarabu. Kuti ŵaŵe na mazaza pa ŵanthu ŵa ku Arabia, Funj ŵakamba kusambizga ŵanthu ŵa ku Umayyad. Kumpoto kwa uko maji gha Blue na White Nile ghakusanganirana, kufupi na Al Dabbah, ŵanthu ŵa ku Nubia ŵakasankha mtundu wa Aarabu ŵa ku Jaalin. M'paka m'ma 1800, Chiarabu ndicho chikaŵa chiyowoyero chikuru chomene mu chigaŵa chapakati pa milonga ya Sudan na mu chigaŵa chikuru cha Kordofan.
Turkiyah na Mahdist Sudan (1821-1899)
Mu 1821, muwusi wa ku Eguputo, Muhammad Ali, wakawukira na kuwukira kumpoto kwa Sudan. Nangauli Muhammad Ali wakaŵa fumu ya Eguputo mu nyengo ya Ufumu wa Ottoman, kweni wakajiwonanga kuti ni khedive wa Eguputo. Pakukhumba kuti Sudan nayo waŵe chigaŵa chake, wakatuma mwana wake wacitatu Ismail (uyo wakwenera kutimbanizgika yayi na Isma'il Pasha uyo wazunulika kunthazi) kuti wakawuske caru ici, ndipo pamanyuma pake wakaciŵika mu Eguputo. Padera pa Shaiqiya na Darfur sultanate mu Kordofan, ŵakamususka yayi. Mwana wa Ibrahim Pasha, Ismaʻil, ndiyo wakalutilira kuthereska Eguputo. Mu nyengo ya muwuso wake, charu cha Sudan chikathereskeka.
Ŵalaraŵalara ŵa boma la Egypt ŵakanozga vinthu vinandi mu caru ca Sudan, comenecomene kumpoto kwa caru ici, comenecomene pa nkhani ya ulimi wa milonga na ulimi wa katoni. Mu 1879, maufumu ghakuru ghakachimbizga Ismail na kwimika mwana wake Tewfik Pasha. Uheni wa Tewfik ukapangiska kuti 'Urabi wagomezge kuti Khedive wafwa. Tewfik wakapempha ŵasilikari ŵa Britain kuti ŵamovwire. Charu cha Sudan chikakhala mu mawoko gha boma la Khedivial, na maboma agho ghakacitanga vinthu mwambura kwenelera ndiposo uheni.
Langkampfen
Langkampfen ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Tyrol mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Sudan
Turkiyah na Mahdist Sudan (1821-1899)
Kufuma apo wakapharazgira vya Mahdiyya mu Juni 1881 m'paka apo msumba wa Khartoum ukaparanyikira mu Janyuwale 1885, Muhammad Ahmad wakalongozga nkhondo yakuluska ya nkhondo yakwimikana na boma la Turk-Egypt ku Sudan, ilo likamanyikwanga kuti Turkiyah. Muhammad Ahmad wakafwa pa Juni 22, 1885, myezi 6 pera kufuma apo ŵakathereskera Khartoum. Pamanyuma pa kulimbana na ŵasilikari ŵake, Abdallahi ibn Muhammad, na wovwiri wa Baggara ŵa kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Sudan, wakathereska ŵakususka ŵanyake na kuŵa mulongozgi wa Mahdiyah. Wakati wakhozga mazaza ghake, Abdallahi ibn Muhammad wakatora udindo wa Khalifa (wakulondezgapo) wa Mahdi, wakambiska boma, ndipo wakasora Ansar (ŵeneawo kanandi ŵakaŵa Baggara) kuŵa ma emirs pa chigaŵa chilichose.
Mu nyengo ya Mahdiyah, vinthu vikaŵa makora yayi mu chigaŵa ichi, chifukwa cha nkhaza izo Khalifa wakachitanga kuti wawuse charu chose. Mu 1887, ŵasilikari ŵa Ansar ŵakukwana 60,000 ŵakanjira mu Etiyopiya, ndipo ŵakafika m'paka ku Gondar. Mu Malichi 1889, fumu Yohannes IV ya ku Etiyopiya yikaluta ku Metemma. Kweni Yohannes wakati wafwa pa nkhondo, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Etiyopiya ŵakawerako. Abd ar-Rahman an-Nujumi, mulara wa ŵasilikari ŵa Khalifa, wakayezga kuti wawukire Eguputo mu 1889, kweni ŵasilikari ŵa ku Eguputo awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Britain ŵakathereska ŵasilikari ŵa Ansar ku Tushkah. Cifukwa ca kutondeka kwa nkhondo ya Ŵaegupto, ŵasilikari ŵa Ansar ŵakathera. Ŵa Belgian ŵakalekeska ŵanthu ŵa Mahdi kuwukira Equatoria, ndipo mu 1893, ŵa Italiya ŵakathereska ŵalwani ŵa Ansar ku Agordat (mu Eritrea) na kuŵachichizga kuti ŵafumemo mu Ethiopia.
Remseck am Neckar
Remseck am Neckar ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Taufkirchen an der Trattnach
Taufkirchen an der Trattnach ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Upper Austria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Remire-Montjoly
Remire-Montjoly ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha French Guiana, mu charu cha France mu chilwa chikulu cha Yulaya (Europe).
Mpembeni, KwaZulu Natal
Mpembeni, KwaZulu Natal ni muzi mu msumba wa Big Five Hlabisa, mu boma likulu la UMkhanyakude District Municipality, chigaŵa chikulu cha KwaZulu Natal, mu charu cha South Africa.
Rethem
Rethem ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Sudan
Turkiyah na Mahdist Sudan (1821-1899)
Mu ma 1890, ŵa ku Britain ŵakayezga kuwezgerapo mazaza ghawo pa Sudan, mwantheura ŵakambaso kulamulira mu zina la Khedive wa ku Egypt, kweni mu unenesko ŵakacitanga vinthu nga ni caru ca Britain. Kuuyambiro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1890, ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain, France, na Belgium ŵakamba kudokera maji gha Nile. Britain wakafipanga mtima kuti maboma ghanyake ghacitenge vinthu mwambura kwenelera mu Sudan na kupoka malo agho ghakaŵa pasi pa Eguputo. Padera pa fundo za ndyali izi, Britain wakakhumbanga kuti wakhozge Nile kuti waleke kunanga chiziŵa cha Aswan. Herbert Kitchener wakalongozga nkhondo yakwimikana na Mahdist Sudan kufuma mu 1896 mpaka 1898. Nkhondo ya Kitchener yikamalira pa Nkhondo ya Omdurman pa Seputembala 2, 1898. Chaka chimoza pamanyuma, Nkhondo ya Umm Diwaykarat pa 25 November 1899 yikapangiska kuti Abdallahi ibn Muhammad wafwe, ndipo nkhondo ya Mahdist yikamara.
Ga-Keetse
Ga-Keetse ni muzi mu chigaŵa cha Aganang Rural District, mu Capricorn District Municipality, Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Sudan
Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (1899–1956)
Mu 1899, Britain na Egypt ŵakakolerana kuti Sudan walongozgekenge na kazembe uyo wakimikika na Eguputo. Nakuti caru ca Sudan cikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa boma. Ŵanalume ŵa ku Britain ŵakaŵa ŵakukhumbisiska kuti ŵamazge ndondomeko iyo yikamba mu muwuso wa Muhammad Ali Pasha ya kuwunganya Nile Valley pasi pa ŵalongozgi ŵa ku Eguputo. [Pakukhumbika ukaboni apa]
Pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵa mu vigaŵa vya ku Sudan ŵakasuzgikanga kuti ŵamanye mphaka ya charu ichi na Abisini. Mu 1905, mulongozgi wa chigaŵa ichi, Sultan Yambio, wakaleka kurwa nkhondo na ŵasilikari ŵa Britain awo ŵakakhalira mu chigaŵa cha Kordofan. Boma la Britain likalutilira kulamulira mu Sudan, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakamba kulimbana na boma la Egypt. Mu 1914, boma la Ottoman likati lamara, Sir Reginald Wingate wakatumika ku Sudan mu Disembala. Hussein Kamel wakapharazgika kuŵa Sultan wa ku Egypt na Sudan, nga umo vikaŵira na mubali wake Fuad I. Ŵakalutilira kukhumba boma limoza la ku Egypt na Sudan nanga ni apo ufumu wa Egypt ukasinthika zina kuŵa Ufumu wa Egypt na Sudan, kweni Saad Zaghloul ndiyo wakalutilira kukhuŵara na ivyo ŵakakhumbanga mpaka apo wakafwira mu 1927.
Taiskirchen im Innkreis
Taiskirchen im Innkreis ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Upper Austria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Sudan
Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (1899–1956)
From 1924 until independence in 1956, the British had a policy of running Sudan as two essentially separate tMalo gha kumpoto na kumwera. Kukomeka kwa kazembe wa Anglo-Egyptian Sudan ku Cairo ndiko kukacitiska kuti boma la Wafd ilo likasoleka liŵe na ŵasilikari. Gulu la ŵasilikari ŵaŵiri mu msumba wa Khartoum likasinthika zina kuŵa Sudan Defence Force (SDF) ilo likateŵeteranga pasi pa boma la Sudan. Ŵa Wafist ŵakakana fundo yakuti Sarwat Pasha wakhalenge na Austen Chamberlain ku London. Kweni Cairo wakakhumbikwiranga ndalama. Ndalama za boma la Sudan zikafika pachanya mu 1928 pa £6.6 million, pamanyuma pa kusinthasintha kwa Wafdist, na kupoka kwa mphaka za Italy kufuma ku Somaliland, London wakadumura kuchepeska ndalama mu nyengo ya suzgo yikuru. Vinthu vinandi ivyo ŵakaguliskanga ku Britain vikapangiska kuti ku Khartoum kuŵe suzgo la ndalama.
Mussolini wakalongosora makora kuti wangakananga yayi kuwukira Abyssinia kwambura kuwukira Eguputo na Sudan. Ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Britain ŵakanozgekera kuti ŵavikilire cigaŵa ici, ico cikaŵa cakusuzga comene. Mthenga wa ku Britain wakajandizga Italy kuti waleke kukolerana na Egypt na Sudan. Kweni Mahmoud wakaŵa movwiri wa Mufti Mukuru wa ku Yerusalemu.
Boma la Sudan likacitako nkhondo ya ku East Africa. Gulu la Sudan Defence Force likakhazikiskika mu 1925. Mu 1940, ŵasilikari ŵa Italy ŵakakora Kassala na vigaŵa vinyake vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Somaliland. Mu 1942, SDF yikawovwiraso pa nkhondo ya ku Italy iyo yikacitika na ŵasilikari ŵa Britain na ŵa Commonwealth. Kazembe waumaliro wa Britain wakaŵa Robert George Howe.
Nkhondo ya ku Eguputo iyo yikacitika mu 1952, yikalongora kuti caru ca Sudan capokera wanangwa. Pakumazga muwuso wa ufumu mu 1953, ŵalongozgi ŵaphya ŵa ku Eguputo, Mohammed Naguib, uyo nyina wakaŵa wa ku Sudan, na Gamal Abdel Nasser, ŵakagomezganga kuti nthowa yimoza pera ya kumazgira muwuso wa Britain mu Sudan yikaŵa yakuti Eguputo waleke kujilambika. Kweniso Nasser wakamanyanga kuti cikaŵa cakusuzga kuti Eguputo wambe kuwusa caru cikavu ca Sudan para capokera wanangwa. Kweni ŵa ku Britain ŵakalutilira kovwira mu ndyali na vya ndyali muhaliri wa Mahdist, Abd al-Rahman al-Mahdi, uyo ŵakagomezganga kuti walekelerenge kuyuzgika na Ŵaeguputo kuti charu cha Sudan chiŵe na wanangwa wa kusankha. Rahman wakaŵa wakwenelera kucita nthena, kweni boma lake likaŵa lambura mahara pa nkhani za ndyali. Ŵaegupto na Britain wose ŵakamanya kuti vinthu vikwenda makora yayi, ntheura ŵakasankha kuzomerezga vigaŵa vyose vya Sudan, kumpoto na kumwera kuti viŵe na wanangwa wa kuvota usange vikukhumba kujiyimira paŵekha panji kufumamo kwa Britain..
Matoury
Matoury ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha French Guiana, mu charu cha France mu chilwa chikulu cha Yulaya (Europe).
Sudan
Kujiyimira (1956~pano)
Kuvota kukacitika ndipo pakapangika nyumba ya malango ya demokilase ndipo Ismail al-Azhari wakasankhika kuŵa nduna yikuru yakwamba na kulongozga boma lakwamba la ku Sudan. Pa Janyuwale 1, 1956, pa ciphikiro capadera ico cikacitikira mu Nyumba ya Ufumu, ndembera za Eguputo na Britain zikakhira ndipo ndembera yiphya ya Sudan, yakuŵa na viyuni, vyamabuluu na vyafipa, yikakwezgeka na nduna yikuru Ismail al-Azhari.
Mgwaqeni, Kwa Zulu Natal
Mgwaqeni ni muzi mu msumba wa Big Five Hlabisa, mu boma likulu la UMkhanyakude District Municipality, chigaŵa chikulu cha KwaZulu Natal, mu charu cha South Africa.
Mthwadlana, KwaZulu Natal
Mthwadlana, KwaZulu Natal ni muzi mu msumba wa Big Five Hlabisa, mu boma likulu la UMkhanyakude District Municipality, chigaŵa chikulu cha KwaZulu Natal, mu charu cha South Africa.
Sudan
Kujiyimira (1956~pano)
Mu 1972, phangano la Addis Ababa likawovwira kuti nkhondo ya kumpoto na kumwera yimare. Ivi vikapangiska kuti nkhondo ya pawenenawene yimare kwa vyaka 10, kweni ŵasilikari ŵa ku America ŵakaleka kugwiliskira ntchito ndalama pa mulimo wa kuzenga Jonglei Canal. Ivi vikaŵa vyakukhumbikwa chomene kuti maji gha mu chigaŵa cha Upper Nile ghaleke kunjira mu maji, kweniso kuti paleke kuŵa suzgo la vinthu vyakuthupi kweniso kuti paleke kuŵa njara yikuru pakati pa mafuko gha ku malo agha, chomenechomene Dinka. Mu nyengo ya nkhondo ya pawenenawene iyo yikati yacitika, caru cawo cikapokeka, kupokeka, na kotcheka. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa fuko ili ŵakakomeka pa nkhondo ya pa cikaya iyo yikatora vilimika vyakujumpha 20. M'paka m'ma 1970, vyakurya vinandi vya ku Sudan vikagwiliskirika ntchito mu charu. Mu 1972, boma la Sudan likamba kutemwera vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi, ndipo likakhumbanga kuti vyakurya na vyakurya vinyake vifumiskike mu vyaru vinyake. Kweni mu ma 1970, mitengo ya vinthu yikakhira, ndipo vinthu vikamba kunangika mu Sudan. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo pera, ndalama izo ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito pakunozga vyakurya zikakwera. Mu 1978, IMF yikadumbiskana na boma za ndondomeko ya kusintha vinthu. Ici cikakhozga comene vyakurya ivyo vikupelekeka ku vyaru vinyake. Ici cikapangiska kuti ŵaliska ŵa viŵeto ŵa ku Sudan ŵasuzgikenge comene (wonani ŵanthu ŵa ku Nuba). Mu 1976, gulu la Ansars likayezga kutimbanizga boma, kweni likatondeka. Kweni mu Julayi 1977, Pulezidenti Nimeiry wakakumana na mulongozgi wa Ansar, Sadiq al-Mahdi, ndipo ivi vikajura nthowa yakuti paŵe mtende. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakakika cifukwa ca ndyali ŵakafwatulika, ndipo mu Ogasiti, ŵanthu wose ŵakususkana na boma ŵakafwatulika.
Bashir era (1989–2019)
Pa Juni 30, 1989, Colonel Omar al-Bashir wakalongozga boma la nkhondo kwambura kuthiska ndopa. Boma liphya la ŵasilikari likakanizga vyaru vinyake vya ndyali ndipo likambiska dango la chisopa cha Cisilamu. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, al-Bashir wakayezga kukanizga magulu gha ŵasilikari, vyaru vya ndyali, na manyuzipepara ghakujiyimira pawekha, kweniso wakakaka ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa ŵa ndyali na ŵamutolamakani. Pa Okutobala 16, 1993, al-Bashir wakajiŵika kuŵa "Mukuru wa Boma" ndipo wakasesa wupu wa Revolutionary Command Council. Al-Bashir ndiyo wakaŵa na mazaza gha kuwusa na kusora malango.
Mu 1996, iyo wakaŵa yekha uyo wakaŵa wakwenelera kusankhapo. Charu cha Sudan chikaŵa na chipani chimoza icho chikaŵa pasi pa National Congress Party (NCP). Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990, Hassan al-Turabi, uyo pa nyengo iyo wakaŵa mulaŵiliri wa Nyumba ya Malango, wakawungana na magulu gha chisopa cha Cisilamu ndipo wakachema Osama bin Laden kuti wize mu caru ici. Pamanyuma pake, boma la United States likalemba kuti Sudan ni boma ilo likuwovwira vigeŵenga. Pamanyuma pakuti ŵasilikari ŵa Al-Qaeda ŵaponya mabomba pa ofesi ya ufumiskiri wa ku United States ku Kenya na Tanzania, ŵasilikari ŵa United States ŵakamba ntchito ya Operation Infinite Reach ndipo ŵakakoma fakitare ya Al-Shifa, iyo boma la United States likagomezganga kuti yikupanga vilwero vya vyamizimu. Nkhongono ya Al-Turabi yikamba kuchepa, ndipo ŵanji awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti vinthu viŵe makora ŵakayezga kusintha umo charu cha Sudan chikaŵira. Charu ichi chikagwiranga nchito kuti cikhozge ŵakususka ŵake mwa kufumiska ŵanthu ŵa ku Egypt ŵa Islamic Jihad na kukhuŵilizga bin Laden kuti wafumeko.
Mgangado
Mgangado ni muzi mu msumba wa Big Five Hlabisa, mu boma likulu la UMkhanyakude District Municipality, chigaŵa chikulu cha KwaZulu Natal, mu charu cha South Africa.
Sudan
Bashir era (1989–2019)
Pambere chisankho cha 2000 chindachitike, al-Turabi wakapeleka dango lakukanizga mazaza gha pulezidenti, ndipo al-Bashir wakalangura kuti boma lileke kugwira ntchito. Apo al-Turabi wakaciskanga ŵanthu kuti ŵaleke kucita nawo phangano na gulu la Sudan People's Liberation Army, al-Bashir wakaghanaghananga kuti ŵakukhumba kuwuskapo boma. Hassan al-Turabi ŵakamujalira mu jele mu chaka chenechicho.
Reutlingen
Reutlingen ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Sudan
Bashir era (1989–2019)
Mu Febuluwale 2003, gulu la Sudan Liberation Movement/Army (SLM/A) na Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) mu Darfur ŵakanyamura vilwero, ŵakasuska boma la Sudan kuti likusuzga ŵanthu ŵa ku Sudan awo ŵakaŵa Ŵarabu yayi. Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, nkhondo iyi yikucemeka kuti ni kukoma ŵanthu, ndipo Khoti la ku Hague (ICC) lili kupeleka malango ghaŵiri kuti al-Bashir wakomeke. Gulu la ŵanthu ŵakuchemeka Janjaweed, ilo likuyowoya Ciarabu, likuyuyulika cifukwa ca vinthu viheni ivyo likucita.
KwaMkenkethe, KwaZulu Natal
KwaMkenkethe, KwaZulu Natal ni muzi mu msumba wa Big Five Hlabisa, mu boma likulu la UMkhanyakude District Municipality, chigaŵa chikulu cha KwaZulu Natal, mu charu cha South Africa.
Sudan
Bashir era (1989–2019)
Pa 9 Janyuwale 2005, boma likasaina phangano la Nairobi Comprehensive Peace Agreement na Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) na chilato cha kumazga Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya ku Sudan. Wupu wa United Nations Mission in Sudan (UNMIS) ukakhazikiskika na UN Security Council Resolution 1590 kuti uwovwire pakugwiliskira nchito ndondomeko iyi. Phangano la mtende likaŵa chakukhumbikwa kuti paŵe referendum ya mu 2011: chilato chake chikaŵa chakuti South Sudan yipatulike. Gulu la Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) ndilo likaŵa na mazaza pa Eastern Front. Pambuyo pa mgwirizano wamtendere, malo awo adatengedwa mu February 2004 pambuyo pa kuphatikiza kwa Fulani wamkulu ndi Beja Congress ndi Rashaida Free Lions yaying'ono. Pa Okutobala 14, 2006, boma la Sudan likasaina phangano la mtende na gulu la Eastern Front ku Asmara. Pa Meyi 5, 2006, pakalembeka phangano la mtende la ku Darfur, ilo likakhumbanga kumazga nkhondo iyo yikatora vyaka vitatu. Nkhondo ya Chad na Sudan (2005-2007) yikamba pamanyuma pakuti nkhondo ya Adré yikapangiska kuti Chad yipharazge nkhondo. Ŵalongozgi ŵa ku Sudan na Chad ŵakalembeska phangano ku Saudi Arabia pa 3 May 2007 kuti ŵaleke kurwa nkhondo ya ku Darfur iyo yikaŵa pa mphaka ya makilomita 1,000.
Mu Julayi 2007, mu caru ici mukaŵa maji ghanandi agho ghakatimba ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 400,000. Kwambira mu 2009, nkhondo izo zikuchitika pakati pa mafuko gha visopa ku Sudan na South Sudan zakoma ŵanthu ŵanandi.
Kugaŵa na kuwezgerapo
Nkhondo ya ku Sudan ku South Kordofan na Blue Nile mu ma 2010s pakati pa Army of Sudan na Sudan Revolutionary Front yikamba nga nkhukwesana pa chigaŵa cha Abyei icho chili na mafuta ghanandi mu myezi yakulondezgapo pambere South Sudan yindaŵe na wanangwa mu 2011, nangauli yikukolerana na nkhondo ya ku Darfur iyo yili kumalizgika. Ivyo vikacitika pamanyuma pake vikacemeka kuti Sudanese Intifada, ndipo vikamara mu 2013 apo al-Bashir wakalayizga kuti wazamusankhikaso yayi mu 2015. Pamanyuma wakaleka kufiska ivyo wakalayizga ndipo wakakhumba kuwuskika mu 2015, ndipo wakawina cifukwa cakuti ŵakususka ŵakazomerezga yayi kuti mavoti ghaŵenge ghakufwatuka yayi. Kuvota kukaŵa kwacoko comene, 46%.
Pa January 13, 2017, pulezidenti wa ku United States, Barack Obama, wakalembapo dango ilo likawuskapo vyeruzgo vinandi ivyo boma la Sudan likakanizga. Pa 6 Okutobala 2017, purezidenti wa US Donald Trump wakamazga vyeruzgo vinandi ivyo vikaŵapo pa charu ichi na mafuta, katundu wakunjira na kunjilira mu vyaru vinyake.
Dibeng, Aganang
Dibeng, Aganang ni muzi mu chigaŵa cha Aganang Rural District, mu Capricorn District Municipality, Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Trondheim
Trondheim, mzinda kwa Norway. Muli banthu pafupi-fupi 198,219 (2019).