cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Ivory Coast
Boma na ndale
Paumaliro, mu 2010 pakaŵa maungano gha chigaŵa. Ungano wakwamba ukacitika mwamtende ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakawona kuti ukaŵa wakufwatuka na wakugomezgeka. Pa Novembala 28, 2010, ŵakachita vigaŵa viŵiri vya chigaŵa ichi. Laurent Gbagbo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa boma ndipo wakasangana na Alassane Ouattara uyo wakaŵa nduna yikuru. Pa 2 Disembala, wupu wakuwona vya mavoti ukati Ouattara ndiyo watonda pa mavoti gha 54% na 46%. Pakuzgora, wupu wa Constitutional Council uwo ukaŵa ku chigaŵa cha Gbagbo, ukakana dango ili, ndipo boma likapharazga kuti mphaka za caru zili kujara. Muyowoyeri wa ŵasilikari ŵa charu cha Ivory Coast wakati: "Mphepete mwa nyanja, charu chapasi, na mphepete mwa mlengalenga mulije ŵanthu panji katundu".
Purezidenti Alassane Ouattara wakulongozga chalo ichi kwambira mu 2010 ndipo wakasankhikaso pa nyengo yachitatu mu Novembala 2020 pa mavoti agho ghakakanika na ŵanthu ŵaŵiri ŵakumanyikwa mu chipani chakususka a Henri Konan Bedie na a Pascal Affi N'Guessan. Boma la Achi II lakhala likulamulira dzikolo kuyambira Epulo 2022.
Ubale na vyaru vinyake
Ku Africa, caru ca Ivory Coast cikovwira kuti vinthu vyendenge makora pa nkhani za cuma na ndyali. Mu 1959, Ivory Coast yikapangiska wupu wa Entente pamoza na Dahomey (Benin), Upper Volta (Burkina Faso), Niger, na Togo; mu 1965, African and Malagasy Common Organization (OCAM); mu 1972, Economic Community of West Africa (CEAO). Gulu laumaliro ili likasintha mu 1975 kuŵa Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). Ku Ivory Coast, uko kukaŵa wupu wakucemeka Organisation of African Unity (OAU) mu 1963 na African Union (AU) mu 2000, ŵanthu ŵakuchindika mazaza gha boma na kukolerana mu mtende.
Pa caru cose capasi, caru ca Ivory Coast cikukhumba kuti paŵe vinthu vyaunenesko pa nkhani ya malonda, kusazgapo malonda gha vyakurya na vyakurya. Ntheura, charu cha Ivory Coast chili paubwezi na mawupu gha pa caru cose. Nakuti likasazgirako malango gha wupu wa United Nations nga ni Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, Protocol ya 1967, na Convention Governing Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa ya 1969. Ivory Coast yili mu wupu wa Islamic Cooperation Organization, African Union, La Francophonie, Latin Union, Economic Community of West African States, na South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone.
Mu 2015, wupu wa United Nations ukalemba vya Sustainable Development Goals (Vinthu ivyo vikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵakhalenge makora pa charu chose). Ŵakuyowoya chomene vya umoyo, masambiro, ukavu, njara, kusintha kwa nyengo, maji ghawemi, na utozi. Ŵakaŵikapo mtima comene pa nkhani ya maji ghakutowa na kuzgora maji kuŵa mchere. Ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya comene nkhani izi ndiwo ŵali kulemba fundo ya WASH. WASH yikuyowoya comene za maji ghawemi, utozi, na mauto ghawemi. Gulu ili likakhwaska chomene vigaŵa vya ku Africa kumwera kwa Sahara, chomenechomene Ivory Coast. Kuzakafika mu 2030, ŵanthu wose ŵazamuŵa na maji ghawemi ghakumwa.
Ŵankhondo
Kufika mu chaka cha 2012, vinthu vikuru ivyo vikapelekeka na ŵasilikari ŵa Ivory Coast vikaŵa masitima 10 gha T-55 (ghano ghakaŵa ghambura ntchito), masitima ghapusu ghankhondi gha AMX-13, magalimoto 34 ghakumanyiska vinthu, magalimoto 10 gha nkhondo gha BMP-1/2, magalimoto 41 gha mawilo gha APC, na vilwero vyakujumpha 36.
Mu 2012, gulu la nkhondo la Ivory Coast Air Force likaŵa na chiŵanja chimoza cha Mil Mi-24 na viŵanja vitatu vya SA330L Puma (vyeneivyo vingaŵa vyambura ntchito).
Mu 2017, charu cha Ivory Coast chikasaina phangano la UN lakukanizga vilwero vya nyukiliya.
Kugawikana kwa boma
Kwambira mu 2011, boma la Ivory Coast lili na vigaŵa 12 kweniso misumba yiŵiri yakujiyimira payekha. Vigaŵa vili kugaŵika mu vigaŵa 31, vigaŵa vili kugaŵika mu vigaŵa 108, ndipo vigaŵa vili kugaŵika mu vigaŵa 510. Nyengo zinyake, mizi yinandi yikuŵa na vikaya. Vigaŵa ivi vikupambana na vigaŵa vinyake, kweni vili na madipatimenti, vigaŵa vichokovichoko, na matawuni. Kwambira mu 2011, maboma gha vigaŵa 12 ivyo vili na mazaza ghakujiwusa ghandasankhikepo. Pa cifukwa ici, vigaŵa ivi vindambe kugwira nchito nga ni maboma.
Makhalilo gha charu
Ivory Coast ni chalo icho chili kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. Charu ichi chili na mphaka na Liberia na Guinea kumanjiliro gha dazi, Mali na Burkina Faso kumpoto, Ghana kumafumiro gha dazi, na Gulf of Guinea kumwera. Charu ichi chili pakati pa latitude 4° na 11°N, na longitude 2° na 9°W. Malo gha vyakurya ghakukwana 64.8%, ndipo gha vyakumera ghakukwana 9.1%, vyakumera vyakukhalapo 41.5%, na vyakumera vyakukhalapo 14.2%. Kufipiska maji ni suzgo likuru comene ilo caru cikukumana nalo.
Vinthu vyakupambanapambana
Mu charu ichi muli vyamoyo vyakujumpha 1,200, kusazgapo vinyama 223, viyuni 702, vinyama vyakukhwaŵa 125, vyamoyo 38 vyakukhala pa maji na pasi, na somba 111. Charu ichi chili na vyamoyo vyakupambanapambana chomene mu vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. Charu ichi chili na malo ghakusungirako vyamoyo ghankhondi na ghatatu. Malo ghakusungirako vyamoyo ghakuru chomene ni Assgny National Park.
Chuma
Ivory Coast yili na ndalama zinandi chomene pa munthu yumoza mu chigaŵa ichi (US$1,662 mu 2017) ndipo yikovwira chomene pa malonda gha vyaru ivyo vili pafupi na charu ichi. Charu ichi nchikuluta mu vyalo vya West African Economic and Monetary Union, ndipo chili na 40% ya GDP ya vyalo ivi. Cote d'Ivoire ni caru cacinayi pa vyaru ivyo vikuguliska katundu mu Africa kumwera kwa Sahara.
Charu ichi ndicho chikuguliska mbuto zinandi chomene za koko pa charu chose. Mu 2009, ŵalimi ŵa mbuto za koko ŵakasanga ndalama zakukwana madola 2.53 biliyoni kufuma ku vyakurya ivyo ŵakaguliskanga. Kweniso ku Ivory Coast kuli ŵalimi 100,000 awo ŵakagwiranga nchito ya kupanga mphira.
Kuŵa na ubwezi wakukhora na caru ca France kwambira apo caru ici cikapokera wanangwa wake mu 1960, kupangiska vyakurya vyakupambanapambana kuti vifumenge mu vyaru vinyake, na kukhozga ndalama za caru cinyake, ndivyo vyawovwira kuti vinthu vyendenge makora. Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, charu cha Ivory Coast chili na mpikisano ukuru ndipo mitengo ya khofi na koko yikukhira chomene pa charu chose. Ivi vikusazgikana na vimbundi ivyo vikuchitika mu vyaru vinyake, ndipo vikupangiska kuti ŵalimi, awo ŵakuguliska vyakurya ku vyaru vinyake, na ŵantchito ŵaŵe na masuzgo. Dipatimenti ya Ntchito ya ku United States yikupanga ndondomeko ya vinthu ivyo vikupangika na ŵana panji ŵanthu awo ŵakugwira nchito mwankhongono kwambira mu 2009.
Kufuma apo charu cha Ivory Coast chikapokera wanangwa, chuma chake chakura luŵiro chomene kuluska vyaru vinyake vinandi vya mu Africa. Chifukwa chimoza icho vingaŵira nthena ni msonkho pa vyakurya ivyo vikupelekeka ku vyaru vinyake. Vyaru vinyake nga ni Ivory Coast, Nigeria, na Kenya, vikaŵa na misonkho yinandi yayi, chifukwa awo ŵakavilamuliranga ndiwo ŵakapanganga vyakurya vinandi. Ntheura, vinthu vikaŵayenderanga makora.
Ŵanthu
Kuyana na kalembera wa pa 14 Disembala, 2021, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu chikaŵa 29,389,150, kufuma pa 22,671,331 pa kalembera wa 2014. Pa kalembera wakwamba mu 1975, ŵanthu ŵakukwana 6.7 miliyoni. Kuyana na kafukufuku uyo wakachitika pa caru cose wa Demographic and Health Surveys, ŵana awo ŵakababikanga ŵakaŵa 4.3 pa mwanakazi yumoza mu 2021 (pa tawuni pakaŵa 3.6 ndipo ku mizi pakaŵa 5.3).
Viyowoyelo
Ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero 78 mu Ivory Coast. Chifurenchi ndicho chikuyowoyeka pa sukulu ndipo ndicho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya. Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, chiyowoyero chinyake cha Chifurenchi icho chikuchemeka Nouchi, chafuma mu Abidjan ndipo chafika pa ŵanthu ŵachinyamata. Limoza mwa viyowoyero ivi ni Dyula, ilo likuyowoyeka mu vigaŵa vinandi vya charu ichi, chomenechomene kumpoto.
Mtundu wa ŵanthu
Ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinandi mu charu ichi ni Akan (42.1%), Voltaiques panji Gur (17.6%), Northern Mandés (16.5%), Kru-speaking peoples (11%), Southern Mandés (10%), na ŵanyake (2.8%, kusazgapo 100,000 Lebanese na 45,000 French; 2004). Chigaŵa chilichose chili na ŵanthu ŵakupambanapambana. Mwachiyelezgero, mu gulu la Ŵaakan muli Baoule, mu gulu la Voltaique muli Senufo, mu gulu la kumpoto kwa Mande muli Dioula na Maninka, mu gulu la Kru muli Bété na Kru, ndipo mu gulu la kumwera kwa Mande muli Yacouba.
Ŵanthu pafupifupi 77% ŵa mu charu ichi ŵakuchemeka Ŵaivori. Pakuti Ivory Coast njimoza mwa vyaru vya ku West Africa ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵanandi, ŵanthu pafupifupi 20 pa ŵanthu 3.4 miliyoni awo ŵakukhala mu charu ichi mbafuma ku Liberia, Burkina Faso, na Guinea. Pafupifupi ŵanthu 4 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ŵali kufuma ku vyaru vinyake. Ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa mba ku France, Lebanon, Vietnam, Spain, kweniso ŵamishonale ŵakufuma ku United States na Canada. Mu Novembala 2004, ŵanthu pafupifupi 10,000 ŵa ku France na vyaru vinyake ŵakachimbira ku Ivory Coast chifukwa cha kuyuzgika na gulu la ŵawukirano. Padera pa ŵanthu ŵa ku France, paliso ŵana ŵa ŵanthu ŵa ku France awo ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi.
Chisopo
Charu cha Ivory Coast chili na visopa vyakupambanapambana. Kuyana na maukaboni gha sonosono gha 2021, awo ŵakulondezga chisopa cha Chisilamu (kanandi ŵa Sunni) ŵakaŵa 42.5% ya ŵanthu wose, apo awo ŵakulondezga Chikhristu (kanandi ŵa Katolika na ŵa Evangelical) ŵakaŵa 39.8% ya ŵanthu wose. Pa ŵanthu aŵa, 12.6% ŵakaŵa ŵambura chisopa, ndipo 2.2% ŵakalondezga chisopa chautesi.
Kafukufuku munyake uyo wakachitika mu 2020, wakalongora kuti Ŵakhristu ndiwo ŵazamuŵa 44% ya ŵanthu wose, apo Ŵasilamu ŵazamuŵa 37.2%. Kweniso likati ŵanthu 8.1% mbambura kusopa, ndipo 10.5% mbakusopa mu visopa vya ku Africa. Mu 2009, U.S. Dipatimenti ya vya Boma yikati Ŵakhristu na Ŵasilamu ŵakaŵa 35 m'paka 40 peresenti ya ŵanthu, ndipo ŵanthu pafupifupi 25 peresenti ŵakasopanga visopa vyautesi.
Ku Yamoussoukro ndiko kuli tchalitchi likuru comene pa caru cose, la Basilica of Our Lady of Peace.
Umoyo
Mu 2004, ŵanalume ŵakakhaliranga na umoyo utaliko vyaka 42, ndipo ŵanakazi 47. Pa ŵana 1,000, 118 ndiwo ŵakafwanga. Pa ŵanthu 100,000, pali ŵadokotala 12. Pafupifupi cigaŵa cimoza mu vigaŵa vinayi vya caru ici cikukhala pasi pa ukavu wa madola 1.25 pa zuŵa. Pafupifupi ŵanakazi 36 pa ŵanakazi 100, ŵali kupokera nthenda iyi. Kuyana na ivyo vikachitika mu 2010, charu cha Ivory Coast chili pa nambara 27 pa vyaru vyose pa charu. Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵakukomana na HIV/AIDS chikaŵa cha nambara 19 pa vyaru vyose, ndipo mu 2012 chikaŵa pa 3.20% pa ŵanthu ŵakukhwima ŵa vyaka 15-49.
Masambilo
Mu vyaru vya ku Africa kumwera kwa Sahara, charu cha Ivory Coast ndicho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba. Kuyana na buku la The World Factbook la mu 2019, ŵanthu 89.9% ŵa vyaka 15 kuya munthazi ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba. Ŵanthu ŵanandi, comenecomene ŵanakazi, mbambura kusambira. Ŵana ŵanandi ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 6 na 10 ŵakuluta yayi ku sukulu. Ŵana ŵanandi ŵa sukulu za sekondare mbanalume. Para ŵamalizga masambiro gha ku sekondare, ŵakusambira ŵakuŵa na mwaŵi wa kulemba masambiro gha baccalauréat. Pa mayunivesite ghanyake pali Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny ku Abidjan na Université Alassane Ouattara ku Bouaké.
Sayansi
Kuyana na Unduna wa vya Masambiro ghapacanya na Kupenjerezga vya Sayansi, charu cha Ivory Coast chikupeleka ndalama zakukwana 0.13% pa GDP yake ku ntchito ya GERD. Padera pa ndalama zichoko, masuzgo ghanyake nga ni kupeleŵera kwa vinthu vya sayansi, kugaŵikana kwa mawupu gha kafukufuku, kweniso kutondeka kuvikilira na kuvikilira ivyo ŵasayansi ŵasanga. Ivory Coast yikaŵa pa nambala 114 pa Global Innovation Index mu 2021, kufuma pa nambala 103 mu 2019. Chiŵelengero cha vya sayansi mu pulani ya vyaumoyo ya 2012-2015 chikulutilira kuŵa chichoko. Mu chigaŵa cha kuzenga usambazi ukuru na urunji wa ŵanthu (63.8% ya bajeti yose ya Ndondomeko iyi), 1.2% pera ndiyo yikatumika ku kafukufuku wa sayansi. Mapulogiramu gha kafukufuku gha vyaru 24 ghakukolerana pa nkhani ya kafukufuku. Mapulogiramu agha ghakukolerana na vigaŵa vinkhondi na viŵiri vyakukhumbikwa comene mu 2012-2015, nga ni: umoyo, vinthu vyakudura, vyakurya, vyaru, cikaya, cilengiwa, muwuso, migodi na nkhongono; na tekinoloje.
Mwambo
Mtundu uliwose wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Ivory Coast uli na sumu zawo. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Ivory Coast ŵakutemwa kugwiliskira ntchito matambulara agho ghakuyowoya, comenecomene ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Appolo. Vyakwimba vya ku Ivory Coast ni zoblazo, zouglou, na Coupé-Décalé. Ŵalendo ŵanyake ŵa ku Ivory Coast awo ŵakutumbikika pa caru cose ni Magic Système, Alpha Blondy, Meiway, Dobet Gnahoré, Tiken Jah Fakoly, DJ Arafat, AfroB, Serge Beynaud na Christina Goh, ŵa ku Ivory Coast.
Maseŵera
Maseŵera agho ŵanthu ŵakutemwa comene ni bola. Chikwata cha mpira wa mpira cha amuna chakhala chikusewera mu World Cup katatu, ku Germany 2006, ku South Africa 2010, ndi Brazil mu 2014. Ku Côte d'Ivoire kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakumanyikwa pa nkhani ya maseŵero nga ni Didier Drogba na Yaya Touré. Gulu la mpira la ŵanakazi likaseŵera mu 2015 Women's World Cup ku Canada. Charu ichi chili kupokelera maseŵero ghanandi gha mu Africa, ndipo sonosono apa nkhamaseŵero gha mu Africa gha basketball mu 2013. Kumanyuma uku, mu charu ichi mukaŵa maseŵero gha ku Africa Cup of Nations mu 1984, apo timu ya Ivory Coast yikaŵa pa malo ghachinkhondi.
Gabriel Tiacoh uyo wakathamanga mamita 400 wakatora mendulo ya siliva pa maseŵera gha mamita 400 gha ŵanalume pa maseŵera gha Olimpiki gha 1984. Charu ichi chikapokelera chiphikiro cha 8 cha Jeux de la Francophonie mu 2017. Mu maseŵero gha maseŵero ghamaseŵero ghamaseŵero gha ku malo ghakutali, ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa chomene nga ni Marie-Josée Ta Lou na Murielle Ahouré.
Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa maseŵero gha rugby union, ndipo timu ya rugby union yikatora malo pa maseŵero gha Rugby World Cup mu South Africa mu 1995. Ivory Coast yili kuwina viphalizgano viŵiri vya Africa Cup: cimoza mu 1992 na cinyake mu 2015. Ivory Coast yikumanyikwa na maseŵero gha Taekwondo.
Vyakuphika
Vyakurya vya mu vyaru ivi vikuyana chomene na vyakulyeramo vya mu vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. Vyakurya vya ku Côte d'Ivoire vikusazgapo viŵiya vyakuchemeka cassava na plantains. Para munthu wakuphika mbuto, wakugwiliskira ntchito mtundu unyake wa mbuto wakuchemeka aitiu. Attiéké ni cakurya ico ŵanthu ŵakutemwa comene ico ŵakuphika na maniyu. Cakurya ico ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakurya mu misewu ni alloco, panji kuti phere lakuphika mu mafuta gha kanjawala, ndipo ŵakulyera pamoza na somba zakuphika panji masumbi. Mu chigaŵa ichi, nkhuku zikurya comene ndipo zikunowa comene cifukwa ni nyama yambura mafuta. Vyakurya vya mu nyanja ni tuna, sardine, shrimp, na bonito, ivyo vikuyana waka na tuna. Chakurya ichi chikuŵa na nyama mu msuzi.
Vyakurya vinyake ivyo ŵanthu ŵakutemwa kurya ni vyakurya ivyo ŵakuphika pachokopachoko. Kedjenou ni cakurya ico cikusazgapo nkhuku na mphangwe izo zaphikika mu ciŵiya cakujalira. Kanandi ŵakuphika mu chiŵiya chakuchemeka canary, pa moto, panji mu uvuni. Bangui ni malo agho ŵanthu ŵakumwera vinyo la mkama.
Ŵanthu ŵa ku Ivory Coast ŵali na malo ghakulyerako ghacoko waka ghakucemeka maquis. Kanandi para munthu wakurya maquis wakuŵa na nyama ya nkhuku, somba yakuzura na anyezi na tomato, kweniso attiéké panji kedjenou.
CPA Benito Ramírez
CPA “Benito Ramírez” panji Benito Ramírez nkha CPA ma Msumba kachoko mu malo gha Council Lakumanyikwa ya Vega Alta, Cuba.
Chuma
Kuyana na DMPF ya ku Camajuani, Benito Ramirez ni malo agho ghakupangiska ŵanthu kusanga nchito panji vinthu vinyake.
Msumba uwu uli mu malo gha minda yiwemi chomene, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakulima chomene. Vigaŵa vikuruvikuru ivyo ŵanthu ŵakugwilira nchito ni: vyakumera, hona, vyakurya vyakupambanapambana, na viŵeto. Mu vigaŵa vyapafupi muli mafakitale ghakujumpha 20, kusazgapo vyakurya vya nyama na vyakumwa vyakuloŵezga.
Mbiri
CPA "Benito Ramirez", CPA "13 de Marzo", na CPA "Niceto Pérez" ŵakaŵa ŵalongozgi ŵa sayansi na vyakupangapanga ŵa Camajuani mu 1996. Mu 2007, CCS "Juan Verdecia", CPA "Benito Ramirez", na Abel Santamaria ŵakapokera malumbo gha mawupu gha sayansi na vyakupangapanga.
Nkhani yakwamba ya malo agha yikamba mu 1703. Mu cigaŵa ici mukaŵa vinthu vinandi ivyo vikacitika mu vyaru vyose. Pakuyowoya za zina la malo agha, Camajuaní, pali Mabaibolo ghanandi agho ghakulongora kuti lizgu ili likafuma ku ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi.
Chigaluka chakwamba chikachitika pa Febuluwale 14, 1869, ndipo chikachitika na munthu munyake wa ku Venezuela zina lake Salomé Hernández. Ŵalongozgi ŵanyake ŵa charu ŵakamanyikwa chomene mu chigaŵa ichi, nga ni Jesús del Sol, Aquilino Tuñón na Diego Dorado.
Pa Epulero 25 mu chaka chenechichi, dokotala Juan Bruno Zayas, pamoza na ŵasilikari ŵake ŵakwamba, ŵakawuka kufuma ku msasa unyake kufupi na Vega Alta. Mu nkhondo iyi, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku malo agha ŵakafwa, nga ni Colonel Leoncio Vidal Caro, kweniso Coloneles Roberto Méndez Peñate na Rafael Casallas. Vidal ndiyo wakalongozga kuwukira kwa Santa Clara pa Malichi 23, 1896.
Mu nyengo ya muwuso wa boma, ŵanthu ŵakamba kulimbana chomene. Mu vyaka ivi, ŵantchito ŵa makuni gha shuga na hona ŵakachitanga viphikiro vyakupambanapambana kuti ŵavikilire vilato vyawo.
Pakukhumba kuti charu chiŵe na wanangwa, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu chigaŵa ichi ŵakakolerana nawo. Ŵanandi ŵa iwo ŵakapeleka umoyo wawo cifukwa ca cilato ici. Ŵanthu aŵa ni Anastasio Cárdenas Ávila, uyo wakafwa pa nkhondo ku Trinidad, na Andrés Cuevas Heredia, uyo wakafwa pa nkhondo ya ku Sierra Maestra. Cinthu cakuzirwa comene pa nkhondo iyi nchakuti mu nyengo yaumaliro ya nkhondo iyi, ŵalongozgi ŵa boma, Camilo Cienfuegos na Ernesto Che Guevara, ŵakaŵa mu caru ici.
Kufuma waka apo Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Charu cha Mexico yikambira, ŵanthu ŵa mu tawuni iyi ŵakalongora kuti mbakunozgeka kuvikilira tawuni iyi ku ŵasilikari. Ŵakaŵapo pakurwa nkhondo na vigeŵenga, ku Playa Girón, kweniso pakuparanya ŵanthu awo ŵakachitanga viheni. Ŵanthu ŵa mu chigaŵa ichi ŵakovwira ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vinyake pa nkhani ya nkhondo.
Malo
Mlonga wa Sagua la Chica na wa Camajuaní ndiwo ni maji ghakuru chomene kufupi na msumba uwu. Malo agha ghakaŵa ghambura kwenda makora, ndipo ghakaŵa na madambo ghanandi.
Chifukwa cha malo agha, zuŵa lililose ku malo agha kukuzizima chomene. Mphepo zikufuma kumafumiro gha dazi na kumpoto kwa tawuni iyi.
Ku malo agha kukulokwa maji ghakukwana mamita 1,077.6 pa chaka.
Maphunziro
Ŵanthu ŵa mu tawuni iyi ŵasanga chandulo chikuru chifukwa sono ŵali na maofesi gha madokotala, maofesi gha munthavi agho ghali na vinthu vyose vyakukhumbikwa.
Chikhalidwe
Malo agha ghali na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵali kubabikira mu malo agha nga ni Raúl Planas, Omar González, Juan Manuel García, kweniso Leoncio Yanes, na Ruperto Delgado Limendux. Iyo wakovwira kuti muzi uwu uŵe na gulu la ŵanthu ŵakwimba, vyakusanguluska, na malo ghanyake ghakusungirako vinthu vyakale.
Chikondwelero ichi chikuchitika mu chigaŵa chose cha Cuba, ndipo chikababikira mu msumba wa Remedios. Mazuŵa ghano ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa chomene chiphikiro ichi.
Portugal
Portugal, ni chalo icho chili kwa Europe.
Werdau
Werdau ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Chikumbusko cha Nkhondo ya Mbala
Chikumbusko cha Nkhondo ya Mbala (panji Abercorn Memorial) ni chikumbusko cha Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Charu Chose icho chili pa msewu wa M1 uwo ukufuma kumwera kwa msumba wa Mbala, Zambia. Chipilara cha malibwe ghaswesi ichi, nchimoza mwa vinthu vyaumaliro ivyo Edwin Lutyens wakapangiska. Ili ni cikumbusko ca ŵasilikari pafupifupi 1,500 ŵa ku Northern Rhodesia awo ŵakafwa pa nkhondo, panji cifukwa ca kupwetekeka panji kulwara, mu nyengo ya nkhondo ya ku East Africa. Mazina ghawo ghali kulembeka yayi.
Pa cikumbusko pali cimanyikwiro ico pali kulembeka kuti: "Kukumbuka ŵanalume 1467 ŵa ku Northern Rhodesia awo ŵakateŵeteranga mu gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa Britain / nga ni awo ŵakayegha ndege mu Nkhondo Yikuru / ndipo ŵakakomeka mu nkhondo / panji ŵakafwa na vilonda panji matenda / ndipo mwapadera kukumbuka ŵanalume 433 awo ŵakawa mu Northern Rhodesia // Kuno pa / 25th November 1918 / ŵasilikari ŵa Germany / mu East Africa ŵakapeleka"
Pambere Zambia yindaŵe na wanangwa mu 1964, malo agha ghakamanyikwanga na zina lakuti Abercorn, pamanyuma pa James Hamilton, Duke waciŵiri wa Abercorn, uyo wakaŵa mulaŵiliri wa British South Africa Company mu 1895 apo kampani iyi yikatora boma la North-Eastern Rhodesia. Chigaŵa ichi ndicho chikaŵa kumpoto comene kwa malo agho ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵakakhalanga kumwera kwa Africa. Ku mpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi kukaŵa mphaka na caru ca German East Africa.
Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose yikati yamba, msumba wa Abercorn ukavikilirika ku nkhondo za ku Germany. Ŵasilikari ŵa Germany ŵakati ŵaŵachimbizga, ŵakaweleraso ku Britain mu 1918. Cikumbusko ici cili pafupi na malo agho ŵasilikari ŵa ufumu wa Germany awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Paul Emil von Lettow-Vorbeck ŵakajipeleka kwa mulara wa ŵasilikari wa Britain, William F.S. Edwards pa Novembala 25, 1918, kukumalizga nkhondo ya ku East Africa.
Ŵakajipeleka pa Abercorn pati pajumpha mazuŵa ghankhondi na ghatatu kufuma apo Lettow-Vorbeck wakazomerezgera kuti ŵaleke kuwukira ku Mlonga wa Chambeshi, mtunda wa makilomita 250 kumwera. Pa cikumbusko ca kuleka nkhondo pali cikumbusko ca Chambeshi.
Manyiseni, KwaZulu Natal
Manyiseni, KwaZulu Natal ni muzi mu msumba wa Jozini, mu boma likulu la UMkhanyakude District Municipality, chigaŵa chikulu cha KwaZulu Natal, mu charu cha South Africa.
Mayrhofen
Mayrhofen ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Tyrol mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Soissons
Soissons ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Hauts-de-France, mu charu cha France mu chilwa chikulu cha Yulaya (Europe).
Werder (Havel)
Werder (Havel) ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Montenegro
Montenegro, ni chalo icho chili kwa Europe. Pali anthu pafupifupi 622 218 m'dzikoli (2017).
Werdohl
Werdohl ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Aghdzk
Aghdzk ni muzi mu chigaŵa cha Ashtarak Municipality mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Aragatsotn Province, mu charu cha Armenia.
Werl
Werl ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Wolfsegg am Hausruck
Wolfsegg am Hausruck ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Upper Austria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Ga-Ramakara, Limpopo
Ga-Ramakara, Limpopo ni muzi mu chigaŵa cha Aganang, mu Capricorn District Municipality, Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Mieders
Mieders ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Tyrol mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Serbia
Serbia (sr: Србија, Srbiya), ni chalo icho chili kwa Europe. Pali anthu pafupifupi 7 058 322 m'dzikoli (2017).
Hénin-Beaumont
Hénin-Beaumont ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Hauts-de-France, mu charu cha France mu chilwa chikulu cha Yulaya (Europe).
Ndege ya Mbala
Ndege ya Mbala (IATA: MMQ, ICAO: FLBA) ni ndege iyo yikugwira ntchito ku Mbala, Northern Province, Zambia. Msewu wa 12 uli na m'paka wa mamita 95 (312 ft) uwo ungaŵawovwira kuwukapo.
Lambersart
Lambersart ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Hauts-de-France, mu charu cha France mu chilwa chikulu cha Yulaya (Europe).
Werlte
Werlte ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Béthune
Béthune ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Hauts-de-France, mu charu cha France mu chilwa chikulu cha Yulaya (Europe).
Ga-Piet
Ga-Piet ni muzi mu chigaŵa cha Aganang, mu Capricorn District Municipality, Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Ga-Phagodi, Limpopo
Ga-Phagodi, Limpopo ni muzi mu chigaŵa cha Aganang, mu Capricorn District Municipality, Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Dada waku Rhodesia
Homo rhodesiensis ni zina ilo Arthur Smith Woodward (1921) wakalemba kuti Kabwe 1 (the "Kabwe skull" or "Broken Hill skull", also "Rhodesian Man"), ni fosili ya mu Middle Stone Age iyo yikasangika ku Broken Hill mine ku Kabwe, Northern Rhodesia (sono ni Zambia). Mu 2020, ŵakawona kuti chiwangwa ichi chili na vyaka vyapakati pa 324,000 na 274,000. Paliso vinyama vinyake vyakale vyakuyana waka..
Homo rhodesiensis s.s. appears to have diverged earlier than H. heidelbergensis s.s. (Mauer)''. H. rhodesiensis s.l. is now mostly considered a synonym of H. heidelbergensis s.l '', or perhaps then slightly larger. Other designations such as Homo sapiens arcaicus and Homo sapiens rhodesiensis have also been proposed.
Vinthu vyakusangika
Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, ku East Africa (Bodo, Ndutu, Eyasi, Ileret) na North Africa (Salé, Rabat, Dar-es-Soltane, Djbel Irhoud, Sidi Aberrahaman, Tighenif) ŵakasanga viswaswa vinandi ivyo vikuyana waka.
Bodo cranium
Chisko cha Bodo ni viswaswa vya mtundu unyake wa ŵanthu. Mu 1976 ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Jon Kalb ndiwo ŵakamusanga. Gulu la Rift Valley Research Mission likachita kafukufuku munyake uyo wakawovwira kuti ŵasange vinthu vya ku Acheulean na viswaswa vya vinyama. Alemayhew Asfaw na Charles Smart ndiwo ŵakamba kusanga visko vyapasi. Pakati pajumpha masabata ghaŵiri, Paul Whitehead na Craig Wood ŵakasanga chigaŵa chakunena cha chisko. Vigaŵa vya chiwangwa ivi vikasangika mu mlonga wa Awash ku Ethiopia. Vinthu ivi vikasangika pa malo ghakuru chomene gha mchenga, ndipo viŵiya vichoko waka ndivyo vikasangika pafupi na chitanda. Chiwangwa ichi chili na vyaka 600,000.
Morphology
Mphepete mwa chiwangwa cha Bodo nchitali comene ndipo pali viwangwa vikuruvikuru. Chiŵaro cha thupi la munthu icho chikuŵa pa malo ghakupambanapambana na thupi la munthu chikuwoneka makora chomene. Glabella njakuzingilizgika ndipo yikuwoneka makora. Nga ni Homo erectus, wongo wake ngwapacanya ndipo ukuwoneka nga ngwambura ntchito. Viwangwa ivi navyo ni vyakukhoma nga ni viwangwa vya Homo erectus. Chifukwa cha msana wake ukuru, wali na chiŵaro chikuru chomene icho chikulongora kuti wali na viŵaro vinandi. Utali wa chiŵegha uwu ungamanya yayi chifukwa chigaŵa ichi nchambura kukwana. Nangauli chiŵaro ichi chikusoŵapo, kweni tingamanya vinandi vyakukhwaskana na chamoyo ichi para tingagwiliskira ntchito viŵaro ivyo vikasangika mu 1981. Makuni gha mu mutu ghakutandazgika mwakuyana na umo munthu waliri sono. Chiŵaro cha chiŵaro ichi chili na chiŵaro chapachanya chomene icho chili mu viwangwa vya ŵanthu mazuŵa ghano..
Evolutionary significance
Chiŵiya ichi chili na kawonekero kachilendo, ndipo pali kukwesana pa nkhani ya kaŵirikaŵiri. Chiŵaro ichi chikulongora kuti munthu wali na chisko chakuyana na cha ŵanthu ŵa mazuŵa ghano. Bodo na visomba vinyake vya ŵanthu vya mu nyengo ya Pleistocene vikuwoneka kuti vikukolerana na ŵanthu ŵa mazuŵa ghano. Chifukwa chakuti ŵanthu ŵa mazuŵa ghano ŵakuyana waka na ŵanthu ŵa ku Homo erectus, ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti chisko cha Bodo, kweniso ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa ku Homo heidelbergensis, ŵakaŵa mu gulu la ŵanthu awo ŵakasintha kufuma ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Homo erectus mu nyengo ya Middle Pleistocene. Nangauli ŵanthu aŵa ŵakuyana, kweni pali mafumbo ghanandi ghakukhwaskana na uko kukafuma ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Homo heidelbergensis. Ŵanthu ŵakughanaghana kuti visko vya ŵanthu ivyo vikusangika mu viswaswa nga ni viwangwa vya Bodo ndivyo vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mazuŵa ghano ŵambe kuŵa na thupi lakuyana na ŵanthu ŵa mu nyengo yakale.
Similarities between Bodo cranium and Kabwe cranium
Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikukolerana na visko vya Bodo na Kabwe ni ivi: Vinthu vyose viŵiri ivi vili na mathupi ghakuyana waka na gha ŵanthu ŵa mazuŵa ghano. Viwangwa vyose viŵiri vili na chiwangwa chikuru chomene. Vinthu viŵiri ivi vikulongora kuti pali kukolerana pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Homo erectus na Homo sapiens. Vinthu ivi vikukolerana na ivyo vikusangika mu vinyama vinyake vya mtundu wa Homo heidelbergensis. Viyuni vya mtundu wa Bodo na Kabwe vikuwoneka kuti ni vyakale comene cifukwa vili na mikhaliro yakuyana na ya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Homo erectus. Kweni vyose viŵiri vikupambana chomene na Homo erectus pa nkhani ya umo thupi liliri, nga ni umo viwangwa vyawo viliri, umo viwangwa vyawo viliri, umo chisko chawo chiliri, kweniso umo mphuno na mathupi ghawo ghaliri. Nangauli pali vinthu vinandi ivyo vikuyana, kweni pali vinthu vinyake ivyo vikupambana pakati pa viŵeto ivi, kusazgapo chiŵaro chose cha mutu wa Bodo, comenecomene viŵaro vya kumanyuma, ivyo ni vyakukhoma comene yayi pakuyaniska na viŵeto vya Kabwe.
"Homo bodoensis"
Mu 2021, Mirjana Roksandic na ŵanyake ŵa ku Canada ŵakasachizga kuti mtundu wa H. heidelbergensis na "H. rhodesiensis" uleke kusangika, chifukwa zina lakuti rhodesiensis likuchindika Cecil Rhodes, munthu wa ku England, uyo wakakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake ŵaleke kuŵa na wanangwa wa kusankha. Ŵakalemba kuti H. heidelbergensis yose ya ku Europe ni H. neanderthalensis, ndipo H. rhodesiensis ŵakayipangiska kuŵa mtundu uphya uwo ŵakawuchema kuti "H. bodoensis". "H. bodoensis" wakwimira ŵanthu awo ŵaliko sono, kweni wakusazgapo yayi ŵanthu ŵa mazuŵa ghano na ŵanthu ŵa ku Neanderthal. Iwo ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu nyengo ya Pleistocene ŵakamba kusama chifukwa cha kusama kwa ŵanthu ŵa mu nyengo iyi. Stringer na ŵanyake ŵakakana ivyo ŵakayowoya chifukwa ŵakatondeka kulongosora umo fundo zawo zikovwilira..
Ukaboni
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Romania
Romania (ro: România), ni chalo icho chili kwa Europe. Pali anthu pafupifupi 19,638,000 m'dzikoli (2017).
Zell am Moos
Zell am Moos ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Upper Austria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Zell am Pettenfirst
Zell am Pettenfirst ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Upper Austria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Laon
Laon ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Hauts-de-France, mu charu cha France mu chilwa chikulu cha Yulaya (Europe).
Makgobane, Limpopo
Makgobane, Limpopo ni muzi mu chigaŵa cha Aganang, mu Capricorn District Municipality, Limpopo, charu cha South Africa.
Phiri la Mbala, Songwe
Phiri la Mbala ni phiri mu Tanzania. Mpande yili kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu ichi, mtunda wa makilomita 600 kumpoto-mafumiro gha dazi kwa Dodoma.
Armentières
Armentières ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Hauts-de-France, mu charu cha France mu chilwa chikulu cha Yulaya (Europe).
Wernau (Neckar)
Wernau (Neckar) ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Ireland
Ireland (ga: Éire), ni chalo icho chili kwa Europe. Pali anthu pafupifupi 4 761 865 m'dzikoli (2016).
Mieming
Mieming ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Tyrol mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Wermelskirchen
Wermelskirchen ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Wittlich
Wittlich ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Tampere
Tampere ni msumba wakusangika charu cha Finland mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
KwaMakhonyeni, KwaZulu Natal
KwaMakhonyeni, KwaZulu Natal ni muzi mu msumba wa Jozini, mu boma likulu la UMkhanyakude District Municipality, chigaŵa chikulu cha KwaZulu Natal, mu charu cha South Africa.
Jalisco
Jalisco ni nthavwa (state) iyo ikusangika mu charu cha Mexico,ndipo njimoza mwa nthavwa 32 izo zilipanga charu cha Mexico,mu nthunthu (chirwa) chikulu cha Amerika Wakumpoto.
Mbili ya Sudan
Mbiri ya charu cha Sudan yikuyowoya vya charu cha Republic of Sudan, icho mu 2011 chikazgoka charu cha South Sudan. Charu cha Sudan chili mu chigaŵa chikuru cha Africa, icho chikuchemekaso kuti "Sudan". Lizgu ili lili kufuma ku Chiarabu: بلاد السودان bilād as-sūdān, panji "charu cha ŵanthu ŵafipa", Ndipo nyengo zinyake ŵakugwiliskira nchito lizgu ili kuti ŵayowoye za chigaŵa cha Sahel ku West na Central Africa.
Charu cha Sudan icho sono chikuchemeka kuti Republic of Sudan, chikamba kuwusa mu 1956. Mu nyengo iyo yikaŵa pambere chaka cha 1899 chindafike, lizgu lakuti "Sudan" likayowoyanga chomene vya charu cha Turkey cha Sudan na Mahdist State, kweniso chigaŵa chikuru icho chikaŵa pakati pa Eguputo kumpoto na vigaŵa vya kumwera kufupi na Uganda, Kenya, na Ethiopia.
Mbiri yakwambilira ya Ufumu wa Kush, uwo ukaŵa mumphepete mwa Mlonga wa Nayelo kumpoto kwa Sudan, yikukolerana na mbiri ya Eguputo wakale, uwo ukaŵa na maufumu ghanandi. Cifukwa cakuti yikaŵa pafupi na Eguputo, Sudan yikawovwirapo pa mbiri ya vyaru vya ku Near East, pamoza na ufumu wakuzirwa wa 25 wa Eguputo na maufumu ghatatu gha Nubia, Nobatia, Makuria na Alodia. Chifukwa cha kusinthika kwa visopa, chiyowoyero chakale cha Ci-Nubian ndicho chikaŵa chakale chomene pa viyowoyero vyose vya ku Nilo-Sahara.
Apo Chisilamu chikaŵa kale mu vigaŵa ivyo vikaŵa mumphepete mwa Nyanja Yiswesi ya ku Sudan kwambira m'ma 700 C.E., chigaŵa cha Nile chikazgoka Chisilamu yayi m'paka m'ma 1400 C.E.-15 C.E., pamanyuma pakuti maufumu gha Chikhristu ghaparanyika. Ufumu wa Sennar ndiwo ukalongozganga chigaŵa chikuru cha Nile Valley na chipalamba cha kumafumiro gha dazi. Mu vigaŵa vya kumwera kukawuka maufumu ghaŵiri, Ufumu wa Shilluk wa mu 1490, na Taqali wa mu 1750, kufupi na South Sudan wa mazuŵa ghano. Ufumu wa Muhammad Ali na awo ŵakamulondezganga ndiwo ukapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵakwiyire ŵamazaza ŵa ku Turkey, Egypt, na Britain.
Kufuma apo charu cha Sudan chikapokera wanangwa mu 1956, mbiri yake yikakhwaskika na nkhondo za mukati mwa chalo, nga ni Nkhondo Yakwamba ya ku Sudan (1955-1972), Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya ku Sudan (1983-2005), Nkhondo ya ku Darfur (2003-2010), iyo yikamara na kupatuka kwa South Sudan pa 9 July 2011 ndipo pamanyuma pake nkhondo yinyake yikamba (2013-2020).
Eastern Sudan
Ku chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Sudan, gulu la Butana likawoneka cha m'ma 4000 B.C.E. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakapanganga viŵiya vyakutowa chomene, ŵakakhalanga mu nyumba zakutowa, ndipo ŵakwenera kuti ŵakaŵa ŵaliska ŵa viŵeto, ŵalovi. Gulu la Gash likamba kuzingilizga 3000 B.C.E. ndipo ni ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakasopanga mu nyengo yakale. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakapanganga viŵiya vyadongo vyakutowa ndipo ŵakenderanga ulimi na viŵeto. Malo gha Mahal Teglinos ghakaŵa ghakuzirwa chomene ndipo ghakaŵa na malo ghakukwana mahekitala 10. Mu msumba uwu mukaŵa nyumba zakuzengeka na mathipa. Makuni na vyakupimira vya makuni vikulongora kuti ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito nthowa yapachanya. Para munthu wafwa ŵakamuŵikanga malibwe gha pa dindi. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1000 C.E., gulu la Jebel Mokram likamba kuwusa. Ŵakapanganga viŵiya vyamalibwe ivyo vikaŵa na vinthu vyambura kukhumbikwa vinandi. Vingachitika kuti viŵeto vikendanga makora.
Kingdom of Kush
Mbiri yakale chomene ya kumpoto kwa Sudan yikufuma ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Eguputo, awo ŵakalongosora kuti charu icho chikaŵa kumpoto kwa mlonga chikachemekanga Kush. Kwa vilimika vyakujumpha 2,000, ufumu wakale wa Eguputo (c. 2700-2180 B.C.E.) yikaŵa na mazaza chomene pa charu chakumanjiliro gha dazi, ndipo nanga ni pamanyuma pake, ŵanthu ŵa ku Eguputo ŵakalutilira kulondezga mitheto yawo.
Antarut
Antarut ni muzi mu chigaŵa cha Ashtarak Municipality mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Aragatsotn Province, mu charu cha Armenia.
Mbili ya Sudan
Kingdom of Kush
Mu vilimika vinandi, malonda ghakaŵa ghanandi. Ŵalendo ŵa ku Eguputo ŵakanyamuranga vyakurya kuluta ku Kush na kuwelera ku Aswan na mino gha zovu, vyakununkhira, vikumba vya nyama, na malibwe ghanyake agho ŵakaghagwiliskiranga nchito nga ni majoya na visulo. Ŵalongozgi ŵa ku Eguputo ŵakatemwanga comene golide mu Nubia na ŵasilikari ŵa mu ŵasilikari ŵa Faro. Mu nyengo ya Ufumu Wakale, ŵasilikari ŵa Eguputo ŵakalutanga ku Kush. Kweni pakaŵavya uyo wakayezga kukhazikika mu chigaŵa ichi m'paka mu nyengo ya Middle Kingdom (c. 2100-1720 B.C.E.), apo Ŵaeguputo ŵakazenga vigongwe mumphepete mwa Mlonga wa Nayelo m'paka kumwera kwa Samnah mu Lower Egypt kuti ŵavikilire golide uyo wakendanga kufuma ku migodi ya ku Wawat, chigaŵa icho chili pakati pa First na Second Cataracts. Pafupifupi mu 1720 B.C.E., Ŵakenani awo ŵakakhalanga ku malo ghanyake, awo ŵakachemekanga kuti Ŵahikosi, ŵakatora charu cha Eguputo, ŵakamara muwuso wa Middle Kingdom, ŵakamara kukolerana na Kush, na kuparanya vigongwe ivyo vikaŵa mumphepete mwa Mlonga wa Nayelo. Kuti ŵamazge suzgo ilo likaŵapo apo Ŵaeguputo ŵakafumanga mu Eguputo, ufumu wa Kushite ukaŵa na mitheto yakupambana. Mu nyengo ya Ufumu Waphya (c. 1570-1100 B.C.E.), Farawo Ahmose I wakazgora Kush kuŵa chigaŵa icho chikawusikanga na Ŵaeguputo. Nangauli Eguputo wakaŵa na mazaza pa chigaŵa cha Kush m'paka ku Dambo lachinayi, kweni mabuku gha ku Eguputo ghakuyowoya za vigaŵa ivyo vikaŵa mumphepete mwa maji. Ŵalara ŵa boma ku Eguputo ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵalongozgi ŵa vigaŵa ŵagomezgekenge kwa iwo. Ŵaegupto ŵakakhazganga kuti ŵalongozgi ŵa ku Kushite ŵaŵapenge golide na ŵantchito.
Abbeville
Abbeville ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Hauts-de-France, mu charu cha France mu chilwa chikulu cha Yulaya (Europe).
Mbili ya Sudan
Kingdom of Kush
Ŵaegupto ŵakati ŵamba kulamulira caru ca Kush, ŵalara ŵa boma, ŵasofi, ŵamalonda, na ŵantchito ŵakamba kukhala mu caru ici. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kuyowoya Chieguputo. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵasambazi ŵa ku Kush ŵakamba kusopa ŵachiuta ŵa Ŵaeguputo na kuŵazengera matempile. Visopa vikalutilira kusopa mu malo agha m'paka apo Chikhristu chikambira mu vyaka vya m'ma 500 C.E. Apo Ŵaeguputo ŵakamba kutemwera ŵanthu ŵa ku vyaru vinyake, ŵanthu ŵa ku Kush ŵakajiwonanga kuti mbanthu ŵankhongono chomene.
Kuzakafika m'ma 1100 B.C.E., muwuso wa mafumu gha Ufumu uphya ukamara, ndipo boma la Eguputo likagaŵikana. Ŵaeguputo ŵakati ŵafumako, pakaŵavya mabuku panji vinthu vinyake vya ku Kush ivyo vikalembeka vyakukhwaskana na ivyo vikachitikanga mu chigaŵa ichi kwa vyaka 300. Ndipouli, kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 700 B.C.E., Kush wakazgoka ufumu wakujiyimira pawekha uwo ukawusikanga kufuma ku Napata na mathemba ghanyake agho ghakalutilira kuthereska ŵanthu mu Eguputo. Pafupifupi mu 750 B.C.E., themba la Kushite lakuchemeka Kashta likathereska Upper Egypt ndipo likaŵa fumu ya Thebes mpaka mu 740 B.C.E. Uyo wakamulondezga, Piye, wakathereska Nile Delta na kuthereska Eguputo, ndipo wakambiska muwuso wa ufumu wa 25. Piye wakambiska ufumu uwo ukawusa Kush na Thebes kwa vyaka pafupifupi 100. Cifukwa cakuti ufumu uwu ukakhwaskanga caru ca Asiriya mu vyaru vya ku Near East, pakaŵa nkhondo pakati pa Eguputo na ufumu wankhongono wa Asiriya.
Taharqa (688-663 B.C.E.), fumu yaumaliro ya ku Kush, yikathereskeka na Senakeribu wa ku Asiriya. Esarhaddon, uyo wakanjira m'malo mwa Senakeribu, wakaluta patali chomene, ndipo wakawukira Eguputo mu 674 B.C.E., wakatonda Taharqa na kuwukira charu chose. Taharqa wakacimbilira ku Nubia, ndipo Ŵaasiriya ŵakimika ŵakaronga ŵa ku Eguputo kuŵa ŵateŵeti ŵa Esarhaddon. Ndipouli, Taharqa wakawelera ku Eguputo pakati pajumpha vilimika vicoko waka, ndipo wakawuskako ufumu wa Ŵaasiriya ku Ŵaeguputo. Esarihadoni wakafwira mu msumba wake ukuru wa Nineve apo wakanozgekeranga kuwelera ku Egupto kuti wakacimbizge Ŵakushi.
Ashurbanipal, uyo wakanjira mu malo gha Esarhaddon, wakatuma mulara wa ŵasilikari na ŵasilikari ŵachoko waka, awo ŵakathereska na kufumiska Taharqa mu Eguputo. Taharqa wakafwa mu Nubia pakati pajumpha vilimika viŵiri. Munthu munyake uyo wakizira pamanyuma pake, zina lake Tantamani, wakayezga kuwukira Eguputo. Wakathereska Neko I, uyo wakaŵa muwusi uyo Ashurbanipal wakimika. Kufuma apo, Ŵaasiriya ŵakatuma ŵasilikari ŵankhongono kumwera. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Asiriya ŵakathereska ŵanthu ŵanandi, ndipo msumba wa Thebes ukaparanyika. Psamtik I, uyo wakaŵa fumu ya ku Ethiopia, wakaŵikika pa chitengo cha ufumu wa Ashurbanipal, ndipo ufumu wa Kushite ukamara.
Meroë
Ufumu unyake wa Ŵaegupto ukatondeka kuwusa caru ca Kush. Kweni mu 590 B.C.E., ŵasilikari ŵa Eguputo ŵakathereska Napata, ndipo ŵasilikari ŵa ku Kush ŵakasamira ku malo ghakukhora kumwera kwa Meroë kufupi na Dambo la Nambara 6. Kwa vilimika vinandi kufuma apo, ufumu wa Meroit ukayamba kulamulirika na Ŵaegupto yayi, ndipo pamasinda ukalamulirika na ŵa Irani, Ŵagiriki, na Ŵaroma. Pa nyengo iyo ufumu wake ukaŵa wankhongono comene mu vyaka vya m'ma 200 na 300 B.C.E., msumba wa Meroë ukaŵa kufupi na msumba wa Soba, kufupi na Khartoum, kumwera. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Meroë ŵakalutilira kulondezga mitheto ya Ŵafarao, ndipo ŵakazenganga malibwe ghakupimira ivyo ŵakachita pa nyengo ya kuwusa kwawo. Vinthu ivi na mabingu gha nyumba zacifumu, matempile, na malo ghakugezeramo ku Meroë vikulongora kuti boma likaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakagwiranga nchito na maluso ghawo. Pakuti malo agha ghakaŵa ghakutowa chomene, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakhalanga mu malo agha. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 100 B.C.E., ŵanthu ŵa mu chigaŵa ichi ŵakamba kuyowoya vilembo vya ku Eguputo.
Nthowa iyo Meroë wakendeskera ufumu yikaŵa ya kuhara yayi. Mulimo wa kandake panji mama wacifumu pakusankha ŵanakazi aŵa ukaŵa wakuzirwa comene. Vikuwoneka kuti mphumphu yikendanga kufuma kwa mubali kuya kwa mubali (panji mudumbu) ndipo yikendanga para palije mubali panji mudumbu uyo wasidika.
Nangauli Napata ndiyo yikaŵa msumba ukuru wa chisopa cha Meroë, kweni kumpoto kwa Kush kukaŵa na masuzgo ghanandi chifukwa ŵanthu ŵa ku Blemmyes, awo ŵakakhalanga kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Nayelo, ŵakaŵasuzganga. Ndipouli, Mlonga wa Nayelo ukalutilira kupeleka mwaŵi ku ŵanthu ŵa mu chigaŵa ichi kuti ŵafike ku Meditereniyani. Kweniso, Meroë wakenderanga na ŵamalonda ŵa ku Arabia na India mumphepete mwa Nyanja Yiswesi, ndipo wakachitanga vinthu nga umo ŵanthu ŵa ku Greece na India ŵakachitiranga. Kweni pali ukaboni unyake wakulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakamba kugwiliskira nchito visulo mu vyaru vinyake.
Nyengo zinyake vinthu vikendanga makora yayi pakati pa Meroë na Eguputo. Pakuzgora ivyo Meroë wakachita ku Upper Egypt, ŵasilikari ŵa Ŵaroma ŵakaluta kumwera na kuparanya Napata mu 23 B.C.E. Ndipouli, mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari ŵa Romu wakafumamo mwaluŵiro mu msumba uwu, cifukwa wakawona kuti ukaŵa ukavu comene kuti ŵanthu ŵambe kuwukhalamo.
Mu vyaka vya m'ma 100 C.E., ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Nobatia ŵakakhalanga kumpoto kwa Kushi. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakugomezga kuti ŵakaŵa ŵasilikari awo ŵakaguliskanga maluso ghawo ku Meroë kuti waŵavikilire. M'paka cha m'ma 400 C.E., Ŵaroma ŵakapelekanga ndalama ku Nobatia ndipo ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito msumba wa Meroë kuti uŵavikilire ku Ŵaeguputo.
Pa nyengo yeneyira, ufumu wakale wa Ŵameroti ukasuzgika cifukwa cakuti ufumu wankhongono wa Aksum ukafika kumafumiro gha dazi. Kuzakafika mu 350, Themba Ezana la ku Axum likapoka msumba ukuru wa Meroë na kuwuparanya.
Turku
Turku (Åbo), mzinda kwa Finland. Muli banthu pafupi-fupi 195,301 (2021).
Mbili ya Sudan
Medieval Nubia (c. 350–1500)
Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 400 C.E., ŵanthu ŵa ku Blemmy ŵakakhazikiska ufumu mu Upper Egypt na Lower Nubia, uwo ukaŵa pafupi na Talmis (Kalabsha). Kweni pambere chaka cha 450 C.E. chindafike, ŵanthu ŵa ku Nobatia ŵakaŵachimbizga kale mu Dambo la Nayelo. Paumaliro ŵanthu aŵa ŵakamba kuwusa mu ufumu wawo wa Nobatia. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 500 C.E., kukaŵa maufumu ghatatu gha ku Nubia: Nobatia kumpoto, ilo likaŵa na msumba ukuru ku Pachoras (Faras); ufumu wa pakatikati, Makuria uwo ukaŵa ku Tungul (Old Dongola), makilomita 13 kumwera kwa Dongola; na Alodia, uwo ukaŵa mukati mwa ufumu wakale wa Kushitic, uwo ukaŵa na msumba ukuru ku Soba (uno ni tawuni ya Khartoum). Ŵakazgoka Ŵakhristu mu vyaka vya m'ma 500 C.E. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 600 C.E., panyake pakati pa 628 na 642, msumba wa Nobatia ukazgoka chigaŵa cha Makuria.
Pakati pa 639 na 641, Ŵaarabu ŵa mu ufumu wa Rashidun ŵakathereska charu cha Byzantium. Mu 641 panji 642 kweniso mu 652 ŵakanjira mu Nubia, kweni ŵakaŵachimbizga. Pamanyuma, themba la Makuria na Ŵaarabu ŵakazomerezga phangano lapadera lakuti ŵaleke kuwukira charu ichi. Nangauli Ŵaarabu ŵakatondeka kuthereska Nubia, kweni ŵakamba kukhala kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Mlonga wa Nayelo, uko ŵakazenga matawuni ghanandi na kutorana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Beja. Kufuma pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 800 m'paka m'ma 1000 C.E., Chikhristu chikaŵa mu Nubia ndipo chikaŵa mu nyengo ya Golden Age. Mu 747, Makuria wakawukira Eguputo, uyo pa nyengo iyi wakaŵa wa Ŵaumaliyadi, ndipo wakawuskaso ufumu uwu mu ma 960, apo ukafika kumpoto kwa Akhmim. Makuria wakaŵa paubwezi wakukhora na Alodia, ndipo panji ici cikapangiska kuti maufumu ghaŵiri agha ghaŵe ufumu umoza. Chikhalidwe cha anthu a ku Nubia a m'zaka za m'ma 500 mpaka m'ma 1500 C.E. chakhala chikulongosoledwa kuti ndi "Afro-Byzantine", ndipo kufunika kwa "African" kumakula pakapita nthawi. Kweniso ŵanthu ŵa ku Arabia ŵakamba kutolera visambizgo vyawo. Gulu la boma ili likaŵa lakunjilirapo chomene, ndipo likajintha pa ŵamazaza ŵa ku Byzantine awo ŵakaŵako mu vyaka vya m'ma 500 na 600. Ŵanthu ŵakamba kupenta vinthu vya ku dongo, chomenechomene vithuzithuzi vya ku viliŵa. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Nubia ŵakalemba vilembo vyawo vya chiyowoyero chawo, Old Nobiin, ivyo vikajintha pa vilembo vya Chigiriki, Chigiriki, Chigiriki, na Chiarabu. Ŵanakazi ŵakaŵa na udindo wapachanya: ŵakasambiranga, ŵakaguranga, kugura na kuguliska malo, ndipo kanandi ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito chuma chawo kuti ŵapeleke ndalama ku matchalitchi. Nanga mphapu ya fumu yingaŵa ya mu mbumba ya amama ŵake, ndipo mwana wa mudumbu wa fumu ndiyo wakeneranga kuŵa muhaliri.
Kwambira kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1100 m'paka m'ma 1200, msumba ukuru wa Makuria, Dongola, ukamba kuchepa. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1300 na 1500 C.E., mafuko gha Ŵabedouin ghakawukira charu cha Sudan na kuluta ku Butana, Gezira, Kordofan, na Darfur. Mu 1365, nkhondo ya pawenenawene yikapangiska ŵanthu ŵa ku Makuria kuti ŵachimbilire ku Gebel Adda ku Lower Nubia. Kufuma apo, Makuria wakalutilira kuŵa ufumu ucoko waka. Themba laumaliro la ku Makuria likaŵa Joel, ilo likaŵako mu 1463 na 1484. Pamanyuma pa nyifwa yake, ufumu uwu ukwenera kuti ukawa. Kumwera, ufumu wa Alodia ukathereskeka na Ŵaarabu, awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Abdallah Jamma, panji Funj, ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakafuma kumwera. Vinthu ivi vikaŵako mu vyaka vya m'ma 900 C.E. (c. 1396~1494 C.E.), mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500 C.E., 1504 m'paka 1509. Ufumu wa Fazughli, uwo ukaŵako m'paka mu 1685, ndiwo ukaŵa ufumu wa Alodi.
Islamic kingdoms (c. 1500–1821)
Mu 1504, ŵanthu ŵa ku Funj ŵakakhazikiska ufumu wa Sennar. Mu 1523, apo Muyuda munyake zina lake David Reubeni wakaluta ku Sudan, caru ca Funj cikafika ku Dongola. Pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu awo ŵakasopanga visopa vya Chiyuda ŵakamba kupharazga vya chisopa cha Chiyuda pa Mlonga wa Nayelo mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500 na 1600. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵa ku Funj ŵakalutilira kusunga mitheto ya chisopa chautesi, nga nkhutora ufumu wa Chiuta panji kumwa moŵa m'paka mu ma 1800. Chisilamu cha ŵanthu ŵa ku Sudan chikapwelelera maluso ghanandi agho ghakafuma ku Chikhristu m'paka sono.
Mwaluŵiro Ŵafunj ŵakanjira mu nkhondo na Ŵaotomu, awo ŵakakora Suakin mu 1526 ndipo pamasinda ŵakaluta kumwera mumphepete mwa Mlonga wa Nayelo, m'paka ŵakafika ku chigaŵa chachitatu mu 1583/1584. Ŵasilikari ŵa Ottoman ŵakayezga kupoka Dongola mu 1585. Pamanyuma pake, Hannik, uyo wakaŵa kumwera kwa nthenda ya katara, ndiyo wakaŵa mphaka pakati pa vyaru viŵiri ivi. Pamanyuma pa kuwukira kwa Ŵaotomu, ŵakayezga kupoka ufumu wa Ajib, themba lichoko la kumpoto kwa Nubia. Nangauli Funj ŵakamukoma mu 1611/12, kweni Abdallab, uyo wakaŵa mulondezgi wake, wakapika mazaza ghakulongozga vinthu vyose kumpoto kwa uko maji gha Blue na White Nile ghakukumana.