cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Mbili
Historians
Professional and amateur historians discover, collect, organize, and present information about past events. They discover this information through archeological evidence, written primary sources, verbal stories or oral histories, and other archival material. In lists of historians, historians can be grouped by order of the historical period in which they were writing, which is not necessarily the same as the period in which they specialized. Chroniclers and annalists, though they are not historians in the true sense, are also frequently included.
Mbili yapakwambilila
Mdauko wa ŵanthu ni ivyo ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Homo sapiens ŵakacita kumasinda pa caru cose capasi, ndipo vyose ivi vili kusungika mu mabuku. Pakuyowoya za "mbiri yakale", awo ŵakusanda mdauko ŵakung'anamura kumanya vinthu ivyo vikachitika kale chomene mu malo agho mulije maukaboni panji umo ŵanthu ŵakupulikiskira yayi umo vinthu vikalembekera. Para munthu wakusanda vithuzithuzi, vyakujambura, na vinthu vinyake, wangasanga fundo zinyake nangauli palije ivyo vili kulembeka. Kwambira mu ma 1900, ŵanthu ŵakughanaghana kuti para munthu wakusambira vya mdauko wakwamba wakwenera yayi kuzomerezga kuti ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵalutilire kukhala mu vyaru vinyake, nga ni vyaru vya ku Sub-Saharan Africa na America. Ŵasayansi ŵanyake ŵakususka kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi ndiwo ŵakulemba chomene mdauko. Mu 1961, E. H. Carr wakalemba kuti: "Para ŵanthu ŵaleka kughanaghanira waka vya mazuŵa ghano, ŵakwamba kughanaghana vya ivyo vikaŵachitikira kumasinda ndiposo ivyo viŵachitikirenge munthazi. Mbiri yikwamba na kuphalirana mitheto; ndipo mitheto yikung'anamura kuphalirana mitheto na masambiro gha ivyo vikacitika kale. Mabuku agho ghakalembeka kumasinda ghakwamba kusungika kuti ghazakovwire miwiro yakunthazi." Fundo iyi yikusazgapo ivyo ŵanthu ŵakutemwa nga ni ŵanthu ŵa ku Australia na New Zealand Māori, kweniso ivyo ŵanthu ŵakalemba pambere ŵandafike ku Europe.
References
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Economic
Although economic history has been well established since the late 19th century, in recent years academic studies have shifted more and more toward economics departments and away from traditional history departments. Business history deals with the history of individual business organizations, business methods, government regulation, labour relations, and impact on society. It also includes biographies of individual companies, executives, and entrepreneurs. It is related to economic history. Business history is most often taught in business schools.
Social
Social history, sometimes called the new social history, is the field that includes history of ordinary people and their strategies and institutions for coping with life. In its "golden age" it was a major growth field in the 1960s and 1970s among scholars, and still is well represented in history departments. In two decades from 1975 to 1995, the proportion of professors of history in American universities identifying with social history rose from 31% to 41%, while the proportion of political historians fell from 40% to 30%. In the history departments of British universities in 2007, of the 5723 faculty members, 1644 (29%) identified themselves with social history while political history came next with 1425 (25%). The "old" social history before the 1960s was a hodgepodge of topics without a central theme, and it often included political movements, like Populism, that were "social" in the sense of being outside the elite system. Social history was contrasted with political history, intellectual history and the history of great men. English historian G. M. Trevelyan saw it as the bridging point between economic and political history, reflecting that, "Without social history, economic history is barren and political history unintelligible." While the field has often been viewed negatively as history with the politics left out, it has also been defended as "history with the people put back in".
Potential shortcomings in the production of history
Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakumanya mdauko ŵakugomezga kuti para ŵanthu ŵakulemba mdauko ŵakuŵa na maghanoghano ghakupambanako chifukwa vinthu ivyo vikuchitika mu mdauko vikung'anamulika munthowa zakupambanapambana. Constantin Fasolt wakati mdauko ukuyana waka na ndyali chifukwa cha kukhala chete. Wakayowoyaso kuti: "Ivyo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya pa nkhani ya umo mbiri na ndyali vikukolerana vikuthemba pa fundo yakuti ŵanthu awo ŵakusanda mdauko ŵakukhwaskika na ndyali". Kuyana na Michel-Rolph Trouillot, ndondomeko ya mdauko yili kufuma mu mabuku gha mdauko, ntheura para ŵanthu ŵakhala chete panji ŵakuluwa vinthu vinyake vya mdauko, ŵangaŵa kuti ŵakumanya makora umo ŵanthu ŵakukumbukirana. Vinthu ivyo vikaleka kulembeka mu Baibolo vingachitika munthowa zinandi ndipo vingatimbanizga chomene mbiri. Kweniso munthu wangataya mwadala panji mwangozi. Ŵanthu ŵakumanya mdauko ŵali kulemba mazgu ghanandi agho ghakulongosora umo munthu wakuchitira para waleka kupulika nkhani za mu Baibolo. Mulembi wa mdauko wa m'ma 1900, zina lake Gerda Lerner, wakalongosora umo ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵakakhwaskikira na ivyo ŵanakazi ŵakachita.
Kuyowoya
Pali nthowa zakupambanapambana izo tingalongosolera mdauko, kusazgapo nyengo, mitheto, vigaŵa, na nkhani. Vinthu ivi vikupambana yayi, ndipo kanandi vikupambana. Ŵanthu awo ŵakusanda mdauko ŵangasanda nkhani zakupambanapambana, nangauli mazuŵa ghano ŵanthu ŵakutemwa chomene nkhani zakupambanapambana. Malo agho ghakuchemeka Big History ghakususkana na fundo iyi, ndipo ghakukhumba kuti vinthu vichitikenge mu charu chose. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakusambira mdauko na chilato chakuti ŵamanye vinandi, kweni nyengo zinyake ŵakusambiraso chifukwa cha kukhumba kumanya waka.
Bias in school teaching
In many countries, history textbooks are sponsored by the national government and are written to put the national heritage in the most favorable light. For example, in Japan, mention of the Nanking Massacre has been removed from textbooks and the entire Second World War is given cursory treatment. Other countries have complained. Another example includes Turkey, where there is no mention of the Armenian Genocide in Turkish textbooks as a result of the denial of the genocide.
Geographical locations
Particular geographical locations can form the basis of historical study, for example, continents, countries, and cities. Understanding why historic events took place is important. To do this, historians often turn to geography. According to Jules Michelet in his book Histoire de France (1833), "without geographical basis, the people, the makers of history, seem to be walking on air". Weather patterns, the water supply, and the landscape of a place all affect the lives of the people who live there. For example, to explain why the ancient Egyptians developed a successful civilization, studying the geography of Egypt is essential. Egyptian civilization was built on the banks of the Nile River, which flooded each year, depositing soil on its banks. The rich soil could help farmers grow enough crops to feed the people in the cities. That meant everyone did not have to farm, so some people could perform other jobs that helped develop the civilization. There is also the case of climate, which historians like Ellsworth Huntington and Ellen Churchill Semple cited as a crucial influence on the course of history. Huntington and Semple further argued that climate has an impact on racial temperament.
Bias in school teaching
Academic historians have often fought against the politicization of the textbooks, sometimes with success.
Potential shortcomings in the production of history
Munthu munyake wakumanya mdauko wakwendakwenda, William Cronon, wakayowoya nthowa zitatu zakumazgira kusankhana maghanoghano na kuvikilira nkhani zaunenesko na zakugomezgeka..
Viyowoyero
Mu chiyowoyero cha Chingelezi, chiyowoyero cha ku China (史 vs. (Tumbuka) sono ni mazgu ghapadera agho ghakung'anamura mbiri ya ŵanthu kweniso nkhani izo zikuyowoyeka. Mu viyowoyero vya mazuŵa ghano nga ni Chijeremani, Chifurenchi, kweniso viyowoyero vinandi vya Chijeremani na Chigiriki, mazgu agha ghakung'anamulika kuti "mbiri". Munthu wakumanya mdauko wakuzunulika kuti "wakusanda mdauko" mu 1531. Mu viyowoyero vyose vya ku Europe, mazgu ghakuti "mbiri" ghakung'anamura "ivyo vikachitikira ŵanthu" kweniso "kusanda ivyo vikachitika". Lizgu lakuti historical likusangika mu Baibolo kufuma mu 1661, ndipo historic likusangika mu Baibolo kufuma mu 1669.
Methods
Ŵakumanya mdauko ŵa Marx, nga ni Eric Hobsbawm, E. P. Thompson, Rodney Hilton, Georges Lefebvre, Eugene Genovese, Isaac Deutscher, C. L. Wakayama R. James, Timothy Mason, Herbert Aptheker, Arno J. Mayer, na Christopher Hill ŵayezga kuti ŵasimikizge fundo za Karl Marx mwa kusanda mbiri kufuma ku fundo za Marx. Pakuzgora ng'anamuro la Marxist la mdauko, ŵa mbiri nga ni François Furet, Richard Pipes, J. C. Kuŵa wakukondwa. D. Kuŵa wakukondwa. Clark, Roland Mousnier, Henry Ashby Turner, na Robert Conquest ŵakulongosora umo ŵanthu ŵakuwonera mdauko. Ŵasayansi ŵa mbiri ya ŵanakazi nga ni Joan Wallach Scott, Claudia Koonz, Natalie Zemon Davis, Sheila Rowbotham, Gisela Bock, Gerda Lerner, Elizabeth Fox-Genovese, na Lynn Hunt, ŵayowoyapo kuti nchakuzirwa kusambira ivyo ŵanakazi ŵakakumana navyo kumanyuma. Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, ŵanthu awo ŵakugomezga kuti vinthu vyasintha kufuma ku vinyake ŵakukayikira usange ivyo ŵanthu ŵakusambira mu mbiri yakale ni vyaunenesko. Mu buku lake la mu 1997, Richard J. Evans wakavikilira mbiri. Buku linyake ilo wakalemba mu 1994 (The Killing of History) likayowoyaso umo ŵanthu ŵakasuzgikira pa nkhani ya mdauko.
Viyowoyero
Mbiri ya ŵanthu yikafuma mu chiyowoyero cha Anglo-Norman ndipo yikaŵa mu Chingelezi chapakati. Lizgu ili likusangika mu buku la Ancrene Wisse ilo likalembeka mu 1300, kweni likuwoneka kuti likaŵa lizgu lakupharazgika comene m'ma 1400. Mu Chingelezi chapakati, ng'anamuro la mbiri ni "mbiri". Mazgu agha ghakung'anamura kuti "mulimo wa kumanya vinthu ivyo vikachitika kale; kulemba panji kusambira vinthu ivyo vikachitika kale, chomenechomene nkhani za ŵanthu". Mu nyengo ya Renaissance, mazgu agha ghakaŵaso na ng'anamuro linyake, ndipo Francis Bacon wakagwiliskira ntchito lizgu ili mu Chigiriki m'ma 1500 apo wakalembanga vya mdauko. Kwa iyo, historia yikaŵa "kumanya vinthu ivyo vikulongosoreka na malo na nyengo", ndipo ŵanthu ŵakamanyanga vinthu ivi chifukwa cha ivyo ŵakakumbukanga (apo sayansi yikaŵa na vinjeru, ndipo sumu zikaŵanga na maghanoghano ghakupambanapambana).
World
It has led to highly controversial interpretations by Oswald Spengler and Arnold J. Toynbee, among others.
Environmental
Environmental history is a new field that emerged in the 1980s to look at the history of the environment, especially in the long run, and the impact of human activities upon it. It is an offshoot of the environmental movement, which was kickstarted by Rachel Carson's Silent Spring in the 1960s.
Nationalism
At the university level, historians debate the question of whether history belongs more to social science or to the humanities. Many view the field from both perspectives.
Methods
Ku China kukaŵa mitheto ya mdauko kweniso nthowa zakugwiliskira ntchito mdauko. Mulimo wa kulemba mbiri ya ŵanthu ku East Asia ukambika na Sima Qian (145-90 B.C.E.), uyo wakalemba buku lakuti Records of the Grand Historian (Shiji). Chifukwa cha ivyo wakalemba, Sima Qian wakumanyikwa na zina lakuti Dada wa mbiri ya ku China. Ŵasayansi ŵa ku China awo ŵakalembako mbiri ya mafumu ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito buku lake la Shiji pakulemba mabuku gha mdauko.
Gender
Gender history is a subfield of History and Gender studies, which looks at the past from the perspective of gender. The outgrowth of gender history from women's history stemmed from many non-feminist historians dismissing the importance of women in history. According to Joan W. Scott, "Gender is a constitutive element of social relationships based on perceived differences between the sexes, and gender is a primary way of signifying relations of power", meaning that gender historians study the social effects of perceived differences between the sexes and how all genders use allotted power in societal and political structures. Despite being a relatively new field, gender history has had a significant effect on the general study of history. Gender history traditionally differs from women's history in its inclusion of all aspects of gender such as masculinity and femininity, and today's gender history extends to include people who identify outside of that binary. LGBT history deals with the first recorded instances of same-sex love and sexuality of ancient civilizations, and involves the history of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) peoples and cultures around the world.
Bias in school teaching
In the United States, textbooks published by the same company often differ in content from state to state. An example of content that is represented different in different regions of the country is the history of the Southern states, where slavery and the American Civil War are treated as controversial topics. McGraw-Hill Education for example, was criticized for describing Africans brought to American plantations as "workers" instead of slaves in a textbook.
Nationalism
The teaching of history in French schools was influenced by the Nouvelle histoire as disseminated after the 1960s by Cahiers pédagogiques and Enseignement and other journals for teachers. Also influential was the Institut national de recherche et de documentation pédagogique, (INRDP). Joseph Leif, the Inspector-general of teacher training, said pupils children should learn about historians' approaches as well as facts and dates. Louis François, Dean of the History/Geography group in the Inspectorate of National Education advised that teachers should provide historic documents and promote "active methods" which would give pupils "the immense happiness of discovery". Proponents said it was a reaction against the memorization of names and dates that characterized teaching and left the students bored. Traditionalists protested loudly it was a postmodern innovation that threatened to leave the youth ignorant of French patriotism and national identity.
Methods
Pakususkana na fundo yakuti mdauko ni sayansi, ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya mdauko nga ni Hugh Trevor-Roper, John Lukacs, Donald Creighton, Gertrude Himmelfarb, na Gerhard Ritter ŵakayowoya kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya mdauko ŵakughanaghana kuti mdauko ni luso. Ŵasayansi ŵa ku France awo ŵakasambizganga vya mdauko ŵakamba kulemba vya mdauko wa ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵako kale. Ŵanthu ŵakumanya vya mdauko nga ni Herbert Butterfield, Ernst Nolte na George Mosse ŵakayowoyapo kuti fundo za mu mdauko ni zakuzirwa. Ŵanthu ŵa ku America awo ŵakasanda mdauko ŵakawona kuti ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake, mitundu yinyake, na ŵanthu ŵamitundu yinyake ŵakaŵa ŵambura kuzirwa. Nkhani yinyake iyo yikayowoyeka pamanyuma pa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose yikaŵa yakuti Alltagsgeschichte. Ŵasayansi ŵanyake nga ni Martin Broszat, Ian Kershaw, na Detlev Peukert, ŵakayezga kuwona umo umoyo ukaŵira mu nyengo ya Nazi.
Viyowoyero
TLizgu lakuti mdauko likufuma ku historía (ἱστορία ). Ndico cifukwa cake Aristotle wakalemba mazgu agha mu buku lake lakuti History of Animals. Lizgu lakwamba lakuti, ?? στωρ likusangika kale mu sumu za Homer, Heraclitus, chilapo cha Ŵaateni, na mu malemba gha Boeotic (mu dango, "mweruzgi" panji "kaboni", panji ghanyake ghakuyana waka). Lizgu Lachigiriki ili likang'anamulika kufuma ku Chilatini kuti historia, kung'anamura "kupenjerezga, kupenjerezga, kupenda, kulongosora, kulongosora vinthu ivyo vikachitika kale, kulemba mbiri, kulongosora vinthu ivyo vikachitika kale". Mbiri inachokera ku Chilatini (mwina kudzera ku Old Irish kapena Old Welsh) kupita ku Old English monga stær ("mbiri, nkhani, nkhani"), koma liwu ili silinagwiritsidwe ntchito kumapeto kwa nyengo ya Old English. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo, apo Chilatini chikazgokanga Chifurenchi chakale (na Anglo-Norman), historia yikamba kuwoneka nga ni istorie, estoire, na historie, ndipo yikamba kumanyikwa kuti: "mbiri ya vinthu ivyo vikachitika mu umoyo wa munthu (kwamba mu vyaka vya m'ma 1200), chikhwangwani, nkhani ya vinthu ivyo vikachitika mu gulu la ŵanthu panji ŵanthu wose (1155), vyakuchitika vya mdauko (c. 1240), umo ŵanthu ŵakasinthira, sayansi (c. 1265), nkhani ya vinthu vyaunenesko panji vyakubisika, nkhani (c. 1462)".
Judgement
Since the 20th century, Western historians have disavowed the aspiration to provide the "judgement of history". The goals of historical judgements or interpretations are separate to those of legal judgements, that need to be formulated quickly after the events and be final. A related issue to that of the judgement of history is that of collective memory.
Scholarship vs teaching
A major intellectual battle took place in Britain in the early twentieth century regarding the place of history teaching in the universities. At Oxford and Cambridge, scholarship was downplayed. Professor Charles Harding Firth, Oxford's Regius Professor of history in 1904 ridiculed the system as best suited to produce superficial journalists. The Oxford tutors, who had more votes than the professors, fought back in defense of their system saying that it successfully produced Britain's outstanding statesmen, administrators, prelates, and diplomats, and that mission was as valuable as training scholars. The tutors dominated the debate until after the Second World War. It forced aspiring young scholars to teach at outlying schools, such as Manchester University, where Thomas Frederick Tout was professionalizing the History undergraduate programme by introducing the study of original sources and requiring the writing of a thesis.
Bias in school teaching
In several countries history textbooks are tools to foster nationalism and patriotism, and give students the official narrative about national enemies.
Military
Military history concerns warfare, strategies, battles, weapons, and the psychology of combat. The "new military history" since the 1970s has been concerned with soldiers more than generals, with psychology more than tactics, and with the broader impact of warfare on society and culture.
Mbiri ya Tanzania
Charu cha Tanzania icho chili ku Afilika, chikamba mu 1964, apo charu ichi chikapangika kufuma ku chigaŵa chikuru cha Tanganyika na chigaŵa cha Zanzibar. Charu ichi chikaŵa chigaŵa cha German East Africa kufuma mu 1880 m'paka mu 1919 apo chikaŵa pasi pa League of Nations. Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose, msumba uwu ndiwo ukaŵa malo ghakuliskako ŵasilikari ŵa Britain, ndipo ŵakapelekanga ndalama, vilwero, na ŵasilikari. Mu 1947, charu cha Tanganyika chikaŵa pasi pa boma la Britain, ndipo chikalutilira kulamulira m'paka apo chikapokera wanangwa mu 1961. Chirwa cha Zanzibar chikaŵa malo ghakwendeskera malonda, ndipo pamanyuma pake Ŵapwitikizi ŵakamba kulamulira charu cha Oman.
Nyengo ya Chitsulo
Pafupifupi vyaka 2000 ivyo vyajumpha, ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga Chibantu ŵakamba kufuma ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Afilika. Magulu agha ghakaŵa na maluso ghakunozga visulo, ulimi, na fundo ziphya zakukhwaskana na ndyali. Ŵakapokeleraso ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Kushiti awo ŵakakhalako pambere iwo ŵandababike, kweniso ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakayowoyanga Chikhoisan. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, ŵaliska ŵa viŵeto ŵa ku Nile ŵakafika mu chigaŵa ichi, ndipo ŵakalutilira kwiza m'paka mu ma 1800.
Julius Nyerere, mulongozgi wa wanangwa na "baba wa taifa" wa Tanganyika (baba wa mtundu wa Tanganyika), wakawusa chalo kwa virimika vinandi, apo Abeid Amaan Karume, wakawusa Zanzibar nga ni president na vice president wa United Republic of Tanzania. Nyerere wakati wafumapo pa udindo mu 1985, vinthu vikasintha pa ndyali na vyachuma. Wakasoleka na Pulezidenti Ali Hassan Mwinyi.
Kulima mu vyaru vinyake kukamba
Britain, kwizira mwa mulongozgi wake David Gordon Hines, wakaciska kuti kulima kwa makoperative kukhazikiskike kuti kovwire kuti ŵalimi ŵaŵeso na ndalama zinandi. Ŵalimi aŵa ŵakaguliskanga vyakurya vyawo ku ŵamalonda ŵa ku India pa mtengo wapasi. Kuuyambiro wa m'ma 1950, pa caru cose pakaŵa makoperati ghakujumpha 400. Makampani ghakapanga "magulu" gha ŵanthu ŵa mu vigaŵa vyawo ndipo ghakapanga mafakitale gha makuni gha makuni gha makuni gha makuni, mafakitale gha khofi, na vyakumetera hona. Chinthu chikuru icho chikawovwira chomene ŵanthu ŵa ku Tanzania ni mashopu gha khofi gha ku Moshi agho ghakakopanga ŵanthu ŵanandi kufuma ku vyaru vinyake.
Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose
Pambere nkhondo yindambe, caru ca German East Africa cikaŵa cakunozgeka kulimbana na cilicose ico cingacitika kwambura kunozgekera. Mu chaka chakwamba cha nkhondo, Ŵachijeremani ŵakaŵa ŵankhongono comene mwakuti ŵakamba kuwukira vigaŵa vya ŵazengezgani ŵawo. Mwaciyelezgero, kanandi ŵakasuzganga njanji za ku British East Africa. Nkhondo yikati yamba, ŵanthu ŵakamanyanga yayi umo ŵasilikari ŵa Germany ŵakaŵa ŵankhongono. Mulara wa ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain, Jan Smuts, uyo wakadangiliranga ŵasilikari ŵa ku East Africa kwamba mu 1916, wakati ŵakaŵa Ŵachijeremani 2,000 na Ŵaaskari 16,000. Mu 1913, ŵanalume ŵambura kutengwa ŵakaŵapo 3,500 (panji kuti pakaŵavya ŵasilikari ŵa ku Germany). Kweniso, ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ici awo ŵakaŵa ŵakujumpha 7,000,000, ŵakaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi comene kuti ŵagwirenge nchito. "Palije cifukwa ca kukayikira kuti Ŵaciroma ŵakagwiliskira nchito comene vinthu ivi mu myezi pafupifupi 18 iyo yikajumphapo kufuma apo nkhondo yikambira mpaka apo ŵasilikari ŵakamba kuwukira caru cawo".
Kulima mu vyaru vinyake kukamba
Ndondomeko iyi yikamba mu 1946 ndipo yikamara mu 1951.
Kudziyimira pawokha ndi Mgwirizano wa Tanganyika ndi Zanzibar
Pa 26 Epulero, 1964, charu cha Tanganyika chikakolerana na charu cha Zanzibar ndipo chikazgoka United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar. Pa Okutobala 29, mu chaka chenechichi, charu ichi chikamba kuchemeka United Republic of Tanzania. Zina lakuti Tanzania likusazgikana na mazina gha Tanganyika na Zanzibar ndipo pakwamba likaŵa na ng'anamuro lililose yayi. Kuyana na umo vinthu viliri, boma la Zanzibar lili na wanangwa wa kujilongozga.
Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose
Kweniso malo gha ku German East Africa ghakaŵa ghakusuzga chomene ku ŵasilikari ŵa Britain na ŵanyawo. Ku mumphepete mwa nyanja kukaŵa malo ghacoko waka ghakukwana ghakukhilirapo, ndipo kukaŵa vyakumera vinandi. Ku chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kukaŵa nyanja na mapiri ndipo ŵanthu ŵakasuzgikanga chomene. Ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Belgian Congo ŵakeneranga kujumpha mu Uganda. Kumwera, mlonga wa Ruvuma ukendanga pera. Ku mpoto, kukaŵa waka malo ghamoza agho ghakaŵa ghakukwana makilomita ghankhondi na ghatatu pakati pa mapiri gha Pare na Phiri la Kilimanjaro, ndipo kuno ŵasilikari ŵa Germany ŵakasunkhunyika kwa myezi 18..
Malo ghakulongozgeka na UN
Ŵanji ŵati ŵamanya kuti charu cha Tanganyika chili pasi pa mawupu gha wupu wa United Nations, Ŵanandi ŵakamba kukhumba kuti vinthu vyende makora. Fundo ya Britain yakuti "kucita vinthu mwakucepa" yikamba kuwoneka kuti njambura kwenelera ndipo yikamara mu vilimika vicoko waka pambere caru cindaŵe na wanangwa. Maofesi gha UN ghankhondi ghakaluta ku Tanganyika, ndipo UN yikapokera makalata ghakukwana mahandiredi ghanandi, kweniso nkhani zinandi izo zikayowoyeka pa maungano gha ku New York pakati pa 1948 na 1960. Wupu wa UN na ŵanthu ŵa ku Afilika awo ŵakagwiliskira nchito wupu uwu kuti ŵafiske vilato vyawo, ndiwo ŵakapangiska kuti Tanganyika waŵe wakujiyimira payekha. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Afilika aŵa ŵakaluta ku maungano ku Tanganyika pamoza na ŵimiliri ŵa UN. Pakaŵa ŵalimi, ŵantchito ŵa mu matawuni, ŵantchito ŵa boma, na ŵalongozgi ŵa vigaŵa na ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa awo ŵakalombanga ku UN pa nkhani izo zikakhumbikwiranga kuchitapo kanthu mwaluŵiro. Paumaliro, ŵanthu ŵa ku Afilika ndiwo ŵakaŵa na mazaza pa ndyali. Chilato chawo chikaŵa chakuti ŵanthu ŵa mu Afilika ŵalute panthazi pa ndyali. Wakawumbika mu 1929 nga ni wupu wa ŵateŵeti ŵa boma ŵa ku Afilika mu Dar es Salaam na Zanzibar. Gulu ili likasinthika zina kuti Tanganyika African Association (TAA) mu 1948 ndipo likaleka kunjilirapo pa vya ku Zanzibar.
Boma la Britain pamanyuma pa Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose
Britain na Belgium ŵakasazga phangano lakukhwaskana na mphaka pakati pa Tanganyika na Ruanda-Urundi mu 1924.
In 1919, the population was estimated at 3,500,000.
Vyakuchita vya umoyo na masambiro
Mu 1926, boma likapeleka wovwiri ku masukulu agho ghakacitiskikanga na ŵamishonale. Kweni mu 1935, bajeti ya vya masambiro mu charu chose cha Tanganyika yikaŵa madola 290,000 gha ku America pera.
Ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana
Mu 1957, matawuni 15 pera ndigho ghakaŵa na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 5,000. Charu cha Tanganyika chikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana, ntheura chikaŵa chapadera chomene pa charu chose. Ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵako mu 1957 ŵakaŵa 123,310 ndipo ŵakasangika mu vyaru ivi: 95,636 ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Asia na Ŵaarabu (ŵakaŵa 65,461 ŵakaŵa ŵa ku India, 6,299 ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Pakistan, 4,776 ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Goan, na 19,100 ŵakaŵa Ŵaarabu), 3,114 ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Somalia, na 3,782 ŵakaŵa ŵa mitundu yinyake. Ŵazungu, awo ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Europe (Ŵacigiriki, Ŵachitaliya, Ŵachigiriki, na Ŵachijeremani) na ŵa ku South Africa, ŵakaŵa 20,598. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Tanganyika ŵakasuzgikanga cifukwa ca mitundu yawo kweniso cuma. Ndondomeko yawo yikaŵa yakuti ŵaŵikengepo ŵanyawo ŵa ku Europe kuti ŵakhozge chuma cha caru ici. Kweni Ŵanung'una ŵakeneranga kupulikira ivyo Ŵafrika ŵakakhumbanga.
Kudziyimira pawokha ndi Mgwirizano wa Tanganyika ndi Zanzibar
Pa nyengo iyi, ŵasilikari ŵa Tanganyika ŵakagaluka ndipo Julius Nyerere wakapempha Britain kuti watume ŵasilikari. Ŵasilikari ŵa Royal Marines ŵakatumika kufuma ku England kwizira ku Nairobi, ndipo ŵasilikari 40 ŵakakhira pa sitima ya nkhondo yakuchemeka HMS Bulwark. Ŵakapharazga kwa myezi yinandi na ŵasilikari awo ŵakendanga mu vyaru vyose. Nkhondo iyi yikati yamara, ŵasilikari ŵa Royal Marines ŵakafumapo ndipo ŵasilikari ŵa Canada ŵakamba kuŵawovwira.
Mbiri Yaposachedwapa
Pa 19 March 2021, Wachiŵiri kwa Pulezidenti Samia Suluhu Hassan wakaŵa pulezidenti muphya pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya mwamabuci ya Pulezidenti John Magufuli. Wakaŵa mwanakazi wakwamba kuŵa purezidenti wa Tanzania..
Ivyo ŵasayansi ŵasanga sonosono apa
Mu Febuluwale 2021, akatswiri ofukula zakale aku Poland ochokera ku Yunivesite ya Jagiellonian adalengeza kuti apeza zojambula zakale za miyala yokhala ndi zifaniziro za anthu omwe ali bwino pamalo otetezera miyala a Amak??hee 4 ku Swaga Swaga Game Reserve ku Tanzania..
Kulimbana na Maji Maji
Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakwiya, ndipo mu 1902, ŵakamba kulimbana na ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵachichizganga kugwira ntchito za wuzga. Nkhondo iyi yikamara mu Julayi 1905 apo Matumbi ŵa ku Nandete ŵakalongozgeka na Kinjikitile Ngwale ŵakagalukira ŵamazaza ŵa ku malo agha (akida) ndipo mwamabuci ŵakamba kusanuzgika kufuma ku Dar Es Salaam kuya ku mapiri gha Uluguru, Kilombero Valley, Mahenge na Makonde plateaus, Ruvuma mu chigaŵa chakumwera chomene na Kilwa, Songea, Masasi, na kufuma ku Kilosa kuya ku Iringa mpaka ku mafumiro gha dazi kwa Nyanja ya Nyasa. Kuwukira uku kukafika pachanya mu nyengo ya Maji Maji mu 1905-1907. Nkhondo iyi yikati yamara, ŵanthu pafupifupi 300,000 ŵa ku Afilika ŵakafwa na njara. Kafukufuku wakulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakasuzgikanga comene cifukwa ca mitheto yawo.
Mbiri Yakwambilira ya Mphepete mwa Nyanja
Mu 1498, Vasco da Gama, uyo wakafuma ku Portugal, ndiyo wakaŵa munthu wakwamba wa ku Europe kufika ku Afilika. Mu 1505 Ŵapwitikizi ŵakapoka cirwa ca Zanzibar. Ŵapwitikizi ŵakalutilira kuwusa mpaka mu ma 1800, apo Ŵaarabu ŵa ku Oman ŵakamba kukhala mu chigaŵa ichi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Oman awo ŵakakhalanga mumphepete mwa nyanja ŵakathereska Ŵapwitikizi kumpoto kwa mlonga wa Ruvuma. Pakukhumba malo agha, Sultan Seyyid Said wa ku Oman wakasamuskira msumba wake ukuru ku msumba wa Zanzibar mu 1840. Wakafika pa chirwa ichi na kupanga nthowa zakwendakwenda izo zikendanga m'paka ku Nyanja ya Tanganyika na Central Africa. Mu nyengo iyi, Zanzibar yikazgoka malo ghakurughakuru gha malonda gha ŵazga mu nyanja ya Indian Ocean. Chifukwa cha muwuso wa Ŵaarabu na Ŵaperesiya, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Europe ŵakatondeka kupulikiska umo ŵanthu ŵa ku Swahili ŵakakhalira. Ndipouli, mu vyaka 40 ivyo vyajumpha, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuleka kupulikiska makora chiyowoyero ichi chifukwa ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakumanya kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Swahili ŵali kufuma ku Afilika.
Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose
Mu 1914, caru ca Germany cikamba nkhondo mwa kuwukira msumba wa Tanga. Ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵakamba kuwukira tawuni iyi mu Novembala 1914, kweni ŵasilikari ŵa Jenerale Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck ŵakaŵathereska pa Nkhondo ya Tanga. Mu Janyuwale 1915, ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Britain ŵakanjira mu caru ca Mafia Island. Ndipouli, "ciwukirano ico cikacitikira ku Tanga na nkhondo zinandi zicoko comene izo zikalondezgana na ici, [vikalongora] nkhongono za... [Ŵasilikari ŵa Germany] ndipo vikalongora kuti pakwenera kuŵa ŵasilikari ŵankhongono comene pambere ŵandambe kupoka [Afirika Wakumafumiro gha Dazi kwa Germany]. Cinthu ca mtundu uwu cikeneranga kulindilira nyengo yiwemi pa nkhondo za ku Europe na kunyake. Kweni mu Julayi 1915, ŵasilikari ŵaumaliro ŵa Germany ŵakaluta ku Southwest. Ŵafrika ŵakajipeleka ndipo ŵasilikari awo ŵakakhumbikwiranga ŵakasangika". Ŵasilikari ŵa Britain kufuma kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi na kumwera ca kumanjiliro gha dazi na ŵa Belgian kufuma kumpoto kwa kumanjiliro gha dazi ŵakamba kuwukira na kuthereska ŵasilikari ŵa Germany kwamba mu Janyuwale 1916. Mu Okutobala 1916, Jenerale Smuts wakalemba kuti: "Kupatulako ku Mahenge Plateau, [Ŵajeremani] ŵali kutaya cigaŵa cilicose ciwemi panji cakuzirwa ca malo ghawo.".
Boma la Britain likalongozganga ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha
Mu 1926, Wupu Wakulongozga ukaŵa na ŵanthu 7 (ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake) na ŵanthu 13 awo ŵakazomerezgekanga na boma. Mu 1945, ŵanthu ŵakwamba ŵa ku Afilika ŵakimikika mu wupu uwu. Wupu uwu ukapangika mu 1948 pasi pa Kazembe Edward Twining, ndipo ukaŵa na ŵanthu 15 (7 ŵa ku Europe, 4 ŵa ku Afilika, na 4 ŵa ku India) kweniso ŵanthu 14 ŵa boma. Julius Nyerere became one of the unofficial members in 1954. Mu 1955, wupu uwu ukaŵaso na ŵanthu 44 (10 ŵa ku Europe, 10 ŵa ku Afilika, 10 ŵa ku India, na ŵimiliri 14 ŵa boma) kweniso ŵanthu 17 ŵa boma.
Nyengo Yakunthazi ya Malibwe na Nyengo ya Malibwe
Vyaka pafupifupi 10,000 kumasinda mu nyengo ya malibwe, ŵanthu ŵakagomezganga kuti mu Tanzania mukaŵa ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga na ŵanthu awo ŵakakoperanga. Pakati pa vilimika 4,000 na 3,000 ivyo vyajumpha, mu nyengo iyo yikumanyikwa kuti nyengo ya viŵeto, ŵaliska ŵa viŵeto awo ŵakendanga na ng'ombe, mberere, mbuzi, na mbunda ŵakiza ku Tanzania kufuma kumpoto. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Savanna Pastoral Neolithic (awo ŵanthu ŵawo ŵakwenera kuti ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero cha ku Southern Cushitic) na Elmenteitan (awo ŵanthu ŵawo ŵakwenera kuti ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero cha ku Southern Nilotic) ndiwo ŵakamanyikwa. Luxmanda ni malo ghakurughakuru comene na ghakumwera comene agho ghakumanyikwa na ŵanthu ŵa ku Tanzania.
Nyengo ya Malibwe
Mu mphanji ya Mumba, kumpoto kwa Tanzania muli vinthu vya mu nyengo ya pakati pa nyengo ya malibwe (MSA) m'paka mu nyengo yaumaliro ya malibwe (LSA). Mu nyengo iyi, ŵasayansi ŵanandi ŵakumanya umo ŵanthu ŵakugwilira ntchito mazuŵa ghano.
Ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana
Mu nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Afilika ŵakaŵa ŵateŵeti ŵa boma, ŵantchito, ŵantchito, na ŵakulima vyakurya. Kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakaŵa ŵalimi ŵambura ntchito ndipo ŵakapanganga vyakurya vinandi yayi. Ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga makora yayi, ŵakavwaranga makora yayi, kweniso vinthu vikaŵa makora yayi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Asia na Ŵaarabu ŵakaŵa ŵamitundu yakupambanapambana ndipo ŵakaguliskanga vinthu vinandi. Ŵazungu ŵakaŵa ŵamishonale, ŵateŵeti ŵa boma, kweniso ŵakaŵa na minda, migodi, na mabizinesi ghanyake. Ŵazungu ndiwo ŵakapanganga vyakurya vinandi.
Mbiri Yaposachedwapa
Mu 1998, boma la United States likaponya mabomba mu msumba wa Dar Es Salaam, ndipo linyake mu Nairobi, Kenya. Mu 2004, chindindindi icho chikachitika ku nyanja ya Indian Ocean, chikapangiska tsunami mumphepete mwa nyanja ku Tanzania. Cingalaŵa cinyake ico cikanyamuliranga mafuta cikaŵa mu dowoko la Dar Es Salaam, ndipo cikananga maji.
Boma ili likakura mwaluŵiro chomene ndipo likakhwaska vigaŵa vyose. Mu 1967, boma likaŵa na nchito yikuru comene mu caru ici cifukwa ca kucitiska kuti caru cose ciŵe cawo. Wakawovwiranga pa vyose, kwambira pa malonda gha malonda gha malonda gha vyakurya na vyakurya, na kuphika. Ici cikapangiska kuti paŵe vimbundi. Ndondomeko zinonono za boma na misonkho yinandi iyo ŵakaŵikanga ŵalara ŵa boma, vikapwetekaso comene cuma. Ndalama zinandi za boma zikagwiliskirika nchito mwambura kwenelera. Nkhongono ya kugura yikamba kuchepa comene, ndipo nanga ni vinthu vyakukhumbikwa pa umoyo vikamba kusoŵa. Ŵalara ŵa boma ŵakasanganga vimbundi vikuru chomene chifukwa cha kupeleka vimbundi. Ivi vikapangiska kuti paŵe vimbundi. Ŵalara ŵa boma ŵakamba kumanyikwa na zina lakuti Wabenzi ("ŵanthu ŵa Benz"). Kuzakafika pakati pa 1979, vimbundi vikafika paheni chomene chifukwa chuma chikamba kunangika.
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Boma la Britain pamanyuma pa Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose
Mulara wakwamba wa boma la Britain pamanyuma pa Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose wakaŵa Sir Horace Archer Byatt CMG, uyo wakasankhika na Royal Commission pa 31 January 1919. Mu Janyuwale 1920, chigaŵa ichi chikapika zina lakuti Tanganyika Territory. Mu Seputembala 1920, Dango la mu 1920 likakhazikiska mphaka za chigaŵa ichi, wupu wa Executive Council, na maofesi gha kazembe na mulara wa ŵasilikari.. Kazembe wakapanganga malango mwakuyana na dango m'paka mu 1926.
Mbiri Yaposachedwapa
Ndipouli, chipani icho chili na mazaza pa charu chose chikatonda pa mavoti uku vinthu vikaŵa makora yayi ndipo wakwimilira wake Benjamin William Mkapa wakalapizga kuŵa purezidenti muphya wa Tanzania mu mavoti gha vyaru vinandi pa 23 November 1995. Paumaliro wa chaka cha 2000, pakaŵa masankho agho ghakatimbanizgika, ndipo mu Janyuwale 2001, boma likakoma ŵanthu 35 na kupweteka 600.. Mu Disembala 2005, Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti wachinayi kwa nyengo ya vyaka vinkhondi.
Ndondomeko ya tirigu wa Tanganyika
Boma la Britain likaghanaghana vyakuti likure tirigu kuti lipeleke vyakurya ku Britain, uko kukaŵa nkhondo, kweniso ku Europe, uko ŵasilikari ŵa vyaru vyakupambanapambana ŵakalindiliranga kuti ŵathereske paumaliro wa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose. Mulimi munyake wa ku America wa ku Tanganyika, zina lake Freddie Smith, ndiyo wakalaŵiliranga, ndipo David Gordon Hines ndiyo wakalaŵiliranga ndalama. Chigaŵa ichi chikaŵa na malo ghakukwana 50,000 acres (202 km2) mu vidika vya Ardai kufupi na Arusha; 25,000 acres (101 km2) pa Phiri la Kilimanjaro; na 25,000 acres (101 km2) kulazga ku Ngorongoro kumanjiliro gha dazi. Makina ghose ghakafuma ku United States, kusazgapo mathirakitala 30, viŵiya vyakulimira, na viŵiya vyakulimira 30. Pakaŵa ŵalongozgi ŵa vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi awo ŵakagwiranga ntchito zaulimi na kuzenga. Ŵanandi mwa ŵantchito aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵazga ŵa nkhondo ŵa ku Italy ŵakufuma ku Somalia na Ethiopia. Mu vigaŵa vya Ardai mukaŵa vyakurya vinandi yayi, kweni mu vigaŵa vya Kilimanjaro na Ngorongoro mukaŵa vyakurya vinandi.
Mbiri Yaposachedwapa
Mu 2015, pamanyuma pa nyengo ya vyaka khumi ya purezidenti Jakaya Kikwete, John Magufuli ndiyo wakathereska pa chisankho cha purezidenti.. Mu Okutobala 2020, pulezidenti Magufoli wakasankhikaso pa chisankho icho chikaŵa na upusikizgi na viheni vinandi kuyana na ivyo ŵakususka ŵakayowoya. Chipani cha Chama cha Mapinduzi (CCM) chili na mazaza kwambira apo charu chikapokera wanangwa mu 1961. Ndilo gulu la ndyali ilo laŵapo nyengo yitali comene mu Africa. Purezidenti waliyose wa Tanzania wakwimira chipani ichi. Malinga ndi bungwe la Human Rights Watch, kuyambira chisankho cha Pulezidenti John Magufuli mu December 2015, Tanzania yakhala ikuchepa kwambiri kulemekeza ufulu wa kulankhula, kusonkhana ndi kusonkhana
Tanganyika (1850–1890)
Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakamba kusanda malo agha pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1800. Mu 1848, mishonale wa ku Germany, Johannes Rebmann, wakaŵa munthu wakwamba wa ku Europe kuwona Phiri la Kilimanjaro. Richard Burton na John Speke, awo ŵakaŵa ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain, ŵakambukira ku Nyanja ya Tanganyika mu Juni 1857. Mu Janyuwale 1866, David Livingstone, uyo wakaŵa mishonale wa ku Scotland, wakaluta ku Zanzibar kukapenja maji gha mu Mlonga wa Nayelo. Pamanyuma pakuti wakakhala vyaka vinandi kwambura kuyowoyeskana na ŵanthu ŵa kuwaro, ŵakamusanga pa Novembala 10, 1871. Henry Morton Stanley, uyo wakatumika na nyuzipepara ya New York Herald kuti wamusange, wakamutawuzga na mazgu ghakumanyikwa comene ghakuti: "Dr. Livingstone, kasi?" Mu 1877, gulu lakwamba la ŵanthu ŵa ku Belgium ŵakiza ku Zanzibar. Mu 1879, ŵakazenga siteshoni ku Kigoma kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Nyanja ya Tanganyika. Masiteshoni ghose ghaŵiri agha ghakazengeka na zina la Comite D'Etudes Du Haut Congo, gulu ilo likaŵa lakwamba la Congo Free State. Mu 1884, boma la Germany likamba kukolerana na vyaru vinyake. Karl Peters, uyo wakambiska wupu wakucemeka Society for German Colonization, wakacita mapangano ghanandi agho ghakazomerezganga ŵalongozgi ŵa mafuko kuti ŵagaŵire malo ku ŵanthu aŵa. Mu 1885, boma la Fumu Otto von Bismarck likapeleka civikiliro ku kampani ya German East Africa Company iyo yikapangika na Peters.
Pa ungano wa ku Berlin mu 1885, boma la Belgium likakondwa comene cifukwa ca umo boma la Kigoma likakhazikiskikira na kupelekera vyakurya kufuma ku Zanzibar na Bagamoyo. Kuyana na umo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakughanaghanira, pa ungano wa ku Berlin, caru ca Afilika cikagaŵikana yayi, kweni ŵakawoneseska kuti maboma gha vyaru vinyake na maboma ghanyake gha vyaru vinyake ghaŵe na malango ghakwendeskera vinthu. Apo ŵa ku Belgium ŵakamba kutemwa chomene Mlonga wa Congo, ŵa ku Britain na Germany ŵakamba kutemwa chomene vyaru vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Afilika ndipo mu 1886 ŵakagaŵikana chigaŵa cha East Afilika. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, boma la Congo Free State likapeleka ku Germany chigaŵa cha Kigoma (malo ghake ghakale chomene mu Central Africa) na chigaŵa chilichose cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Nyanja ya Tanganyika.
Mbiri Yakwambilira ya Mphepete mwa Nyanja
Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikukhala mu matawuni agha vikulongora kuti ghakafuma ku ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha. Ndipo ciyowoyero ico ŵakayowoyanga, Ciswahili (ico sono ni ciyowoyero ca caru cose ca ku Tanzania), nchimoza mwa viyowoyero vya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ivyo vikamba kucitika kumpoto kwa Kenya pambere Ŵaarabu ŵandambe kuŵapo mu cigaŵa ici. Pakwamba kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1000 C.E., matawuni gha Chiswahili ghakachitanga malonda ghanandi chomene ndipo ghakakumananga na ŵanthu ŵa ku Afilika awo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vya mukati na awo ŵakaguliskanga nawo mu nyanja ya Indian Ocean. Kufuma cha m'ma 1200 m'paka 1500 C.E., tawuni ya Kilwa Kisiwani (Kilwa), ku mphepete mwa nyanja ya kumwera kwa Tanzania, yikaŵa yikusambazi comene na yankhongono comene pa tawuni izi. Kuuyambiro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1400, Ibn Battuta, uyo wakaŵa mulendo wa ku North Africa, wakaluta ku Kilwa ndipo wakati ni msumba uwemi chomene pa charu chose. Chisilamu chikamba kugwira ntchito ku Swahili mu vyaka vya m'ma 800 panji 900 C.E.
Boma la Britain likalongozganga ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha
Mu 1929, Kazembe Cameron wakafumiska dango lakucemeka Native Courts Ordinance No. 5, ilo likawuskapo makhoti agha mu mawoko gha makhoti gha mu vyaru vinyake na kunozga nthowa yakuti kazembe ndiyo wapemphenge dankha.
Kudziyimira pawokha ndi Mgwirizano wa Tanganyika ndi Zanzibar
Zanzibar yikapokera wanangwa wake kufuma ku United Kingdom pa 10 Disembala, 1963, nga ni boma lachifumu ilo likulongozgeka na Sultan wake. Pa 12 Janyuwale 1964, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Afilika ŵakagalukira themba la ku Zanzibar ndipo boma liphya likapangika na mulongozgi wa ASP, Abeid Karume, uyo wakaŵa purezidenti wa Zanzibar kweniso mulongozgi wa Revolutionary Council. Mu mazuŵa ghakwambilira gha nkhondo iyo yikamanyikwa kuti Zanzibar Revolution, Ŵaarabu na Ŵahindi pakati pa 5,000 na 15,000 ŵakakomeka. Mu nyengo ya vivulupi vinandi, ŵalondezgi ŵa John Okello ŵakakolelera ŵanthu ŵanandi na kuparanya nyumba na vinthu vinyake. Mu masabata ghacoko waka, cigaŵa cimoza mu vigaŵa vinkhondi vya ŵanthu ŵakafwa panji kucimbira.
Kulimbana na Maji Maji
Ŵachijeremani ŵakakhalira mu malo agha kwambira mu 1897 ndipo ŵakasintha comene umoyo wa ŵanthu. Ŵamishonale ŵakaŵawovwira comene ndipo ŵakayezga kuti ŵaparanyirethu visambizgo vya ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha, comenecomene ŵakawotcha nyumba za mahoka uko ŵanthu ŵakasopanga mizimu ya ŵasekuru ŵawo. Ici cikaŵa cambura kuluwika panji kugowokereka; nkhondo yakwamba iyo yikacitika pa Uwereka mu Seputembala 1905 pasi pa muwuso wa Count Gustav Adolf von Götzen, nyengo yeneyiyo yikasintha kuŵa nkhondo yikuru comene na kukoma ŵanthu kwambura kupambaniska na kukoma ŵanthu ŵanandi pa vigaŵa vyose. Nkhondo iyi yikamanyikwa kuti Nkhondo ya Maji-Maji, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku Ngoni ndiwo ŵakathereskeka comene.
Kupanga njanji
Mu 1928, njanji ya Tabora na Mwanza yikajulika. Mzere kuchokera ku Moshi mpaka ku Arusha unatsegulidwa mu 1930.
Kudziyimira pawokha ndi Mgwirizano wa Tanganyika ndi Zanzibar
Mu 1954, Julius Nyerere, msambizgi wa sukulu uyo wakaŵa yumoza wa ŵanthu ŵaŵiri pera ŵa ku Tanganyikans awo ŵakasambira pa yunivesite, wakambiska chipani cha ndyali (Tanganyika African National Union (TANU). Pa Disembala 9, 1961, Tanganyika yikajiyimira pawekha, nangauli themba la Britain likalutilira kuŵa Fumukazi ya Tanganyika. Pa Disembala 9, 1962, boma la Republican likamba kulamulira ndipo Mwalimu Julius Kambarage Nyerere wakaŵa pulezidenti wakwamba wa Tanganyika.
Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose
Kuyana na phangano la ku Versailles, caru ca Germany cikapeleka malo ghake ghose agho ghakaŵa ku vyaru vinyake, kusazgapo German East Africa. Ŵasilikari 3,443 ŵa Britain ŵakafwa pa nkhondo, ndipo 6,558 ŵakafwa na matenda. Chiŵelengero chakuyana na cha Belgium chikaŵa 683 na 1,300.. Ŵajeremani ŵakataya ŵanthu 734 ŵa ku Europe na 1,798 ŵa ku Afilika.
Ivyo ŵasayansi ŵasanga sonosono apa
Pa vithuzithuzi ivyo vikasangika pa malo agha, pakaŵa mitu ya ng'ombe, mutu na singo ya nkhalamira, na ng'ombe. Vinthu ivi vikalembeka vyaka vinandi ivyo vyajumpha. Ŵakufukura vinthu vyakale ŵakaghanaghananga kuti vithuzithuzi ivi vingaŵa kuti vikulongosora za kaluso ka ŵanthu ŵa ku Sandawe, nangauli visopa vyawo vya mazuŵa ghano vikulongosora yayi umo ŵanthu ŵakuwonera mbaŵala.
Mbiri Yaposachedwapa
Mu Okutobala 1985, Nyerere wakapeleka mazaza kwa Ali Hassan Mwinyi, kweni wakalutilira kuwusa chipani cha Chama cha Mapinduzi (CCM), nga ni Chairman mpaka 1990, apo wakapeleka mazaza agha kwa Mwinyi.
Boma la Britain likalongozganga ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha
Kazembe Byatt wakawovwira kuti maboma gha mu Afilika ghaŵeso na nkhongono. Wakazomerezga kuti mu 1922 mabungwe gha ndyali ghapangike nga ni African Civil Service Association ya ku Tanganyika Territory, iyo mu 1929 yikazgoka Tanganyika African Association ndipo pamasinda yikaŵa chigaŵa chikuru cha gulu la ndyali. Kuyana na malango gha mu 1923, ŵalongozgi ŵanyake awo ŵakamanyikwanga ŵakaŵa na mazaza ghachoko waka.
Tanganyika (1850–1890)
Charu cha Tanganyika chikaŵa na malo na ndyali zinandi chomene, kweni chikaŵako yayi pambere Ufumu wa Wupu Wakulongozga undafike. Ntheura, ico cikuyowoyeka apa ni mbiri ya cigaŵa ico cikeneranga kuzgoka Tanzania. Chigaŵa chinyake cha chigaŵa cha Great Lakes, ndiko kuti, kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Nyanja ya Victoria, chikaŵa na maufumu ghachoko waka, chomenechomene Karagwe na Buzinza, agho ghakaŵa pasi pa mazaza gha vyaru vyapafupi nga ni Rwanda, Burundi, na Buganda.
Boma la Britain likalongozganga ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha
Sir Donald Cameron wakaŵa kazembe wa Tanganyika mu 1925. "Mulimo wake... ukaŵa wakuzirwa comene pakusintha ndyali za boma, comenecomene pakuyezgayezga kukhazikiska ndondomeko ya 'Ulamuliri Wambura Kuŵa Wakudunjika' kwizira mu ŵamazaza ŵa cikaya". Wakasuskanga comene fundo za Kazembe Byatt zakukhwaskana na muwuso wambura kwenelera Native Administration Memorandum No. 1, Principles of Native Administration and their Application.
World War II
Pakati pajumpha mazuŵa ghaŵiri kufuma apo Nazi yikapokelera Poland, Britain yikapharazga nkhondo ndipo ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ku Tanganyika ŵakaphalirika kuti ŵakakake ŵanalume ŵa ku Germany awo ŵakakhalanga ku Tanganyika. Boma la Britain likawopanga kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vya Axis aŵa ŵangayezga kovwira ŵasilikari ŵa Axis ndipo Ŵachijeremani ŵanyake awo ŵakakhalanga mu Dar es Salaam ŵakayezga kuti ŵafumemo mu charu ichi kweni ŵakakanizgika na Roald Dahl na gulu lichoko la ŵasilikari ŵa Tanganyikan ŵa King's African Rifles.
Mbiri Yaposachedwapa
Mu 2008, ku Zanzibar kukaŵa suzgo la magesi, ndipo mu 2008 ku Zanzibar kukaŵa suzgo la magesi.
German East Africa
Ŵakaleka kulimbana na Ŵachijeremani mu vigaŵa vya mukati, ndipo ŵakamba kwambaso kuwungana mu German East Africa. Ŵakalutilira kucita nkhaza na mazaza ghawo kwambura kuzirwiska malango na mitheto ya uko ŵakakhalanga. Apo boma la Germany likapelekanga vyakurya, njanji, na misewu ku Tanganyika, ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakasuskanga ŵanthu ŵa ku Afilika. Pakati pa 1891 na 1894, ŵanthu ŵa Hehe awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Chief Mkwawa ŵakalimbana na Ŵachijeremani. Pamanyuma pa nkhondo ya ŵasilikari, Mkwawa wakajikoma mu 1898.
Mbiri Yaposachedwapa
Nyerere wakambiska cisopa ca ku Afilika, panji Ujamaa, kung'anamura'mbumba.' Boma la Nyerere likapangiska Ujamaa kuŵa visambizgo ivyo vikulongozga chitukuko cha chalo cha Tanzania; 'boma likadumulira dala malo gha mu matawuni kuti likanizge na kukanizga kuti vinthu vileke kwenda makora...malo ghakuru gha mu matawuni gha mu Tanzania, Dar es Salaam, ghakaŵa ghakusuzgika comene kwa virimika vinandi, comenecomene cifukwa cakuti ghakaŵa 'chakukumbuska Nyerere vya kuhara uko kukacitika mu nyengo ya ukoloni.
Mbiri Yakwambilira ya Mphepete mwa Nyanja
Ŵalendo na ŵamalonda ŵakufuma ku Persian Gulf na Western India ŵakendanga mu vyaru vya ku East Africa kwambira mu vyaka vya m'ma 1000 C.E. Malemba gha Cigiriki nga ni Periplus of the Erythraean Sea na Ptolemy's Geography ghakalongosora vya misika iyo yikaŵa mumphepete mwa nyanja. Vinthu ivyo vikusangika mu nyengo ya Ŵaroma vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakaguliskanga vinthu, ndipo buku la Ptolemy's Geography likuti msumba wa Rhapta ukaŵa msumba wa ndyali. Ŵakufukura vinthu vyakale ŵandamanye uko kukaŵa msumba wa Rhapta, nangauli ŵanandi ŵakugomezga kuti ukaŵa pasi pa maji gha mu Mlonga wa Rufiji. Pa mabuku ghakale agha pakaŵavya nkhani zinandi izo zikulongosora vya malo agha.
Boma la Britain pamanyuma pa Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose
The administration of the Territory continued to be carried out under the terms of the mandate until its transfer to the Trusteeship System under the Charter of the United Nations by the Trusteeship Agreement of 13 December 1946.
Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose
Cifukwa cakuti wakaŵa kutali na Germany, Jenerale Von Lettow wakalutilira kucita nkhondo ya nkhondo mu 1917. Mu Disembala, ŵasilikari ŵa Germany awo ŵakaŵa kuti ŵachalipo ŵakafumamo mu tawuni iyi na kwambuka Mlonga wa Ruvuma kuluta ku Mozambique. Ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakaŵa 320 na Askari 2,500. Mu myezi yinkhondi na umoza ya 1917, Ŵachijeremani 1,618 na Ŵaaskari 5,482 ŵakakomeka panji kukakika. Mu Novembala 1918, ŵasilikari ŵake ŵakakhalako ŵakajipeleka kufupi na ku Mbala, Zambia, ndipo ŵakaŵa na ŵanthu 155 ŵa ku Europe, 1,165 ŵa ku Askari, 2,294 ŵa ku Afilika, na ŵanakazi 819 ŵa ku Afilika.