cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Mbiri ya Kenya
2002 elections
On 27 December 2002, by 62% the voters overwhelmingly elected members of the National Rainbow Coalition (NaRC) to parliament and NaRC candidate Mwai Kibaki (b. 1931) to the presidency. Voters rejected the Kenya African National Union's (KANU) presidential candidate, Uhuru Kenyatta, the handpicked candidate of outgoing president Moi. International and local observers reported the 2002 elections to be generally more fair and less violent than those of both 1992 and 1997. His strong showing allowed Kibaki to choose a cabinet, to seek international support and to balance power within the NaRC.
Nyengo ya Paleolithic
Mu 1929, ukaboni wakwamba wakulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakaŵako kale chomene ku Kenya ukawoneka apo Louis Leakey wakabowozga minwe ya Acheulian iyo yikaŵa na vyaka pafupifupi 1 miliyoni. Pamanyuma, vinyama vinandi vyakwambilira vikasangika mu Kenya. Cinthu cikuru comene ico ŵakasanga ni Orrorin tugenensis, ca vyaka 6 miliyoni, ico ŵakakoperapo pa Tugen Hills. Ni visomba vya ŵanthu vyakukhora comene pa caru cose.
Ndondomeko ya vyaru vinandi
Mu Novembala 1997, apo boma likalutilira kufiska malango gha vyaru vinyake, vikaŵa makora kuti vipani viŵiri viŵepo. Pulezidenti Moi wakathereskeka pa chisankho cha mu Disembala 1997, ndipo chipani chake cha KANU chikasungapo chiŵelengero chikuru mu nyumba za malango.
Nyengo ya Paleolithic
Mu 1995, Meave Leakey wakathya mtundu uphya wa Australopithecus anamensis, pamanyuma pakuti ŵasanga visomba vinandi kufupi na Nyanja ya Turkana mu 1965, 1987 na 1994. Lili na vyaka pafupifupi 4.1 miliyoni.:35
East Africa Protectorate
Mu nyengo yakwambilira ya muwuso wa maboma, boma likathembanga ŵanthu awo ŵakadumbiskananga, kanandi ŵakaŵa ŵalongozgi. Apo boma likamba kulamulira ndipo ŵanthu ŵakakhumbanga kuti vinthu viŵe makora, ŵanalume ŵawukirano awo ŵakaŵa kuti ŵafuma waka ku sukulu ŵakamba kwendera lumoza na ŵalongozgi ŵalara mu mipingo ya ku malo agha.
2007 elections and ethnic violence
"Majimboism" was a philosophy that emerged in the 1950s, meaning federalism or regionalism in Swahili, and it was intended to protect local rights, especially regarding land ownership. Today "majimboism" is code for certain areas of the country to be reserved for specific ethnic groups, fuelling the kind of ethnic cleansing that has swept the country since the election. Majimboism has always had a strong following in the Rift Valley, the epicenter of the recent violence, where many locals have long believed that their land was stolen by outsiders. The December 2007 election was in part a referendum on majimboism. It pitted today's majimboists, represented by Odinga, who campaigned for regionalism, against Kibaki, who stood for the status quo of a highly centralised government that has delivered considerable economic growth but has repeatedly displayed the problems of too much power concentrated in too few hands – corruption, aloofness, favouritism and its flip side, marginalisation. In the town of Londiani in the Rift Valley, Kikuyu traders settled decades ago. In February 2008, hundreds of Kalenjin raiders poured down from the nearby scruffy hills and burned a Kikuyu school. Three hundred thousand members of the Kikuyu community were displaced from Rift Valley province. Kikuyus quickly took revenge, organising into gangs armed with iron bars and table legs and hunting down Luos and Kalenjins in Kikuyu-dominated areas like Nakuru. "We are achieving our own perverse version of majimboism," wrote one of Kenya's leading columnists, Macharia Gaitho.
Vinthu vya ku Portugal na Oman
Ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵanthu ŵakwamba ku Europe kusanda charu icho sono chikuchemeka Kenya. Vasco da Gama wakaluta ku Mombasa mu Epulero 1498. Ulendo wa Da Gama ukafika ku India (Meyi 1498), ndipo ukayambiska malonda gha ku Portugal na kumwera kwa Asia. (Kasi Republic of Venice yikamba kuwusa pawuli? Ŵakapanga ndalama zinandi pa malonda gha pakati pa Europe na Asia. Ŵasilikari ŵa Ottoman ŵakati ŵapoka msumba wa Constantinople mu 1453, ŵakakanizga ŵanthu ŵa ku Turkey kwenda pa misewu ya ku Europe na India. (Portugal yikagomezganga kuti nthowa ya pa nyanja iyo da Gama wakambiska yizamumazga masuzgo gha ndyali, gha ŵamazaza, na gha msonkho.)
2002 elections
Constitutionally barred from running in the December 2002 presidential elections, Moi unsuccessfully promoted Uhuru Kenyatta, the son of Kenya's first President, as his successor. A rainbow coalition of opposition parties routed the ruling KANU party, and its leader, Moi's former vice-president Mwai Kibaki, was elected president by a large majority.
Economic trends
Kenya witnessed a spectacular economic recovery, helped by a favourable international environment. The annual rate of growth improved from −1.6% in 2002 to 2.6% by 2004, 3.4% in 2005, and 5.5% in 2007. However, social inequalities also increased; the economic benefits went disproportionately to the already well-off (especially to the Kikuyu); corruption reached new depths, matching some of the excesses of the Moi years. Social conditions deteriorated for ordinary Kenyans, who faced a growing wave of routine crime in urban areas; pitched battles between ethnic groups fighting for land; and a feud between the police and the Mungiki sect, which left over 120 people dead in May–November 2007 alone.
Demographic trends
Between 1980 and 2000 total fecundity in Kenya fell by about 40%, from some eight births per woman to around five. During the same period, fertility in Uganda declined by less than 10%. The difference was due primarily to greater contraceptive use in Kenya, though in Uganda there was also a reduction in pathological sterility. The Demographic and Health Surveys carried out every five years show that women in Kenya wanted fewer children than those in Uganda and that in Uganda there was also a greater unmet need for contraception. These differences may be attributed, in part at least, to the divergent paths of economic development followed by the two countries since independence and to the Kenya government's active promotion of family planning, which the Uganda government did not promote until 1995.
Kenyatta tenure (1963–1978)
The minority party, the Kenya African Democratic Union (KADU), representing a coalition of small tribes that had feared dominance by larger ones, dissolved itself voluntarily in 1964 and former members joined KANU. KANU was the only party 1964–66 when a faction broke away as the Kenya People's Union (KPU). It was led by Jaramogi Oginga Odinga, a former vice-president and Luo elder. KPU advocated a more "scientific" route to socialism—criticising the slow progress in land redistribution and employment opportunities—as well as a realignment of foreign policy in favour of the Soviet Union. On 25 February 1965, Pio Gama Pinto, a Kenyan of Goan descent and freedom fighter who was detained during the colonial period was assassinated in what is recognised as Kenya's first political assassination. He was also Oginga Odinga's chief tactician and link to the eastern bloc. His death dealt a severe blow to the Oginga Odinga's organisational efforts.
East Africa Protectorate
Cinthu cinyake ico cikawovwira kuti caru ca Kenya ciŵe cakutowa ni njanji iyo yikambira ku Mombasa kuya ku Kisumu, pa Nyanja ya Victoria. Iyi yikaŵa njanji yakwamba ya ku Uganda. Boma la Britain likaghanaghana vya kuzenga njanji iyo yikakolerananga Mombasa na charu cha Uganda. Mu 1903, ŵakazenga njanji yikuru ya Uganda (iyo yikaŵa njanji iyo yikalongozgera ku Uganda) iyo yikaŵa ntchito yikuru chomene. Pakuŵa kazembe wa Kenya, Sir Percy Girouard wakawovwira chomene pakwambiska ndondomeko ya kusazgirako misewu ya njanji iyo yikalongozgera ku kuzenga misewu ya Nairobi-Thika na Konza-Magadi.
Moi regime (1978–2002)
Pamanyuma pa kukoma ŵanthu ku Garissa mu 1980, ŵasilikari ŵa Kenya ŵakacita kukoma ŵanthu ku Wagalla mu 1984 kwimikana na ŵantu ŵanandi mu cigaŵa ca North Eastern. Mu 2011, khoti likadumura kuti pachitike kafukufuku wakukhwaskana na vinthu ivi.
East Africa Protectorate
Mu 1895, boma la Britain likamba kulamulira chigaŵa ichi ndipo likati chili kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Nyanja ya Naivasha. Mu 1902, mphaka iyi yikasazgikira ku Uganda, ndipo mu 1920, chigaŵa ichi chikazgoka koloni la ufumu. Mu 1895, boma la Britain likamba kulamulira chigaŵa ichi. Mu ma 1920, ŵanthu ŵa ku India ŵakasuska kuti malo agha ghapelekeke ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe, chomenechomene ku ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain. Ŵazungu ŵakalimanga chomene khofi ndipo ŵakagwiranga ntchito za ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Kikuyu. Ŵanthu ŵa ku India na ŵa ku Europe ŵakamba kwambana.
Presidency of Uhuru Kenyatta (2013-2022)
The historical handshake in March 2018 between president Uhuru Kenyatta and his long-time opponent Raila Odinga meant reconciliation followed by economic growth and increased stability.
Ndondomeko ya vyaru vinandi
Pakutondeska ŵapharazgi kuti ŵaleke kupharazga pambere maungano gha 1992 ghandambe, kweniso pamanyuma pake, Moi wakalutilira kuyowoya kuti vyaru vinandi vikovwira kuti paŵe mphindano pakati pa mafuko. Boma lake likagwiliskiranga nchito uheni uwo ukaŵapo pakati pa ŵanthu. Mu muwuso wa Moi, ŵanthu awo ŵakalongozganga ŵasilikari ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vinandi, ndipo waliyose wakaŵanga na ŵamazaza awo ŵakalongozganga ŵasilikari. Maboma gha mu vigaŵa ghakaŵavya mazaza, ndipo ŵalongozgi ŵa vigaŵa ŵakalondezganga waka boma, ilo likalongozgekanga na pulezidenti. Mu 1990-91, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kususka ivyo boma likakhumbanga. Boma ili likathembanga Kalenjin ndipo likakhuŵilizga Ŵamaasai kuti ŵawukire Ŵakuyu. Ŵandyali ŵa boma ŵakasuskanga Ŵakikuyu kuti mbapusikizgi, ŵakaŵakanizganga kulembeska mavoti na kuŵachenjezga kuti ŵaŵapokenge katundu wawo. Mu 1993 na pamanyuma pake, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Kikuyu ŵakachimbizgika mu vikaya vyawo, ndipo kanandi ŵasilikari, ŵapolisi, na ŵalinda ŵa viŵeto ŵakaŵapo. Ivi vikapangiska kuti paŵe nkhondo ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakomeka.
Mau-Mau Uprising
A key watershed came from 1952 to 1956, during the Mau Mau Uprising, an armed local movement directed principally against the colonial government and the European settlers. It was the largest and most successful such movement in British Africa. Members of the forty group, World War II(WW2) veterans, including Stanley Mathenge, Bildad Kaggia and Fred Kubai became core leaders in the rebellion. Their experiences during the WW2 awakened their political consciousness, giving them determination and confidence to change the system. Key leaders of KAU known as the Kapenguria six were arrested on the 21st of October. They include Jomo Kenyatta, Paul Ngei, Kungu Karumba, Bildad Kaggia, Fred Kubai and Achieng Oneko. Kenyatta denied he was a leader of the Mau Mau but was convicted at trial and was sent to prison in 1953, gaining his freedom in 1961.
Ndondomeko ya vyaru vinandi
Chipani cha Forum for the Restoration of Democracy (FORD) chikawoneka nga ni chipani chakususkana na KANU, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa KANU ŵakasintha chipani. Kweni gulu la FORD, ilo likalongozgekanga na Oginga Odinga (1911-1994), wa ku Luo, na Kenneth Matiba, wa ku Kikuyu, likagaŵikana mu magulu ghaŵiri. Mu mavoti ghakwamba mu chaka cha 1992, Moi wakatora mavoti 37%, Matiba wakatora 26%, Mwai Kibaki (wa Democratic Party) 19%, ndipo Odinga 18%. Mu Nyumba ya Malamulo, KANU yikapokera vithuzi 97 pa vithuzi 188. Mu 1993, boma la Moi likazomera kusintha vinthu pa nkhani ya vyachuma, nga umo Banki ya Caru Cose na International Monetary Fund vikayowoyera.
Chigaŵa chinyake cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa, icho sono chikuchemeka Kenya, ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mwenemumo kwamba mu nyengo ya Lower Paleolithic. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ŵakafika mu chigaŵa ichi mu vyaka vya m'ma 1000 C.E., kufuma ku chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. Ku Kenya kuli mitundu yinandi ya ŵanthu, ndipo charu ichi chili pa mphambano ya mitundu ya Bantu, Nilo-Sahara, na Afro-Asia.
Moi regime (1978–2002)
Pa 1 Ogasiti, 1982, ŵasilikari ŵa pasi ŵa mu ndege, ŵakulongozgeka na Senior Private Grade-I Hezekiah Ochuka ndipo ŵakakhozgeka na ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵa ku yunivesite, ŵakayezga kupoka boma kuti ŵathereske Moi. Nkhondo iyi yikamara mwaluŵiro na ŵasilikari awo ŵakalongozgekanga na mulara wa ŵasilikari, Mahamoud Mohamed. Pamanyuma pa kuwukira boma, ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakavu ŵa ku Kenya ku Nairobi ŵakawukira na kwiba mashopu gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Asia. Robert Ouko, uyo wakaŵa mulara wa Luo mu nduna ya Moi, wakasankhika kuti wavumbure upusikizgi wa pa vigaŵa vyakuzirwa, kweni wakakomeka myezi yicoko waka pamanyuma pake. Mubali wa Moi uyo wakaŵa pafupi nayo chomene ndiyo wakakhwaskika na kukoma Ouko. Boma la Germany likamuchema kazembe wake kuti walongore kuti likususkana na "nkhaza" za boma ndipo ŵanthu ŵakupeleka ndalama ku vyaru vinyake ŵakachichizga Moi kuti wazomerezge vyaru vinyake kuti viŵepo.
Chikhalidwe cha Chiswahili ndi malonda
Munthu munyake wa ku Morocco, zina lake Ibn Battuta, wakaluta ku Mombasa mu 1331. Wakulongosora kuti Mombasa ni cirwa cikuru ico cili na makuni gha banane, mandimu na mandimu. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu msumba uwu ŵakaŵa Ŵasilamu ŵa chisopa cha Sunni, ndipo wakaŵazunura kuti "mbanthu ŵakusopa, ŵakugomezgeka, na ŵarunji". Wakayowoya kuti masisiteri ghawo ghakaŵa gha makuni ndipo ghakazengeka mwaluso. Munthu munyake uyo wakendanga mu charu cha China zina lake Zheng He, wakaluta ku Malindi mu 1418. Ngalaŵa zake zinyake zikwenera kuti zikamira kufupi na cirwa ca Lamu. Kafukufuku uyo wakacitika sonosono apa wakalongora kuti ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakakhalanga ku malo agha ŵakaŵa ŵa ku China.
Vinthu vya ku Portugal na Oman
Chifukwa chakuti Ŵapwitikizi ŵakakhalanga ku East Africa, ŵakendanga mu nyanja ya Indian Ocean na kujandizga nthowa za pa nyanja izo zikakolerananga Europe na Asia. Ngalaŵa za ŵasilikari ŵa ku Portugal zikasuzganga malonda gha ŵalwani ŵa ku Portugal mu vigaŵa vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Nyanja ya Indian, ndipo Ŵapwitikizi ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵagulirenge msonkho ukuru pa vinthu ivyo ŵakendeskanga, chifukwa chakuti ŵakakhalanga ku malo ghakutowa chomene. Kuzenga Fort Jesus ku Mombasa mu 1593 kukawovwira kuti Ŵapwitikizi ŵalutilire kulamulira chigaŵa ichi. Ŵaarabu ŵa ku Oman ndiwo ŵakasuzganga chomene Ŵapwitikizi ku East Africa. Mu 1698, ŵasilikari ŵa Oman ŵakapoka msumba wa Fort Jesus, kweni mu 1728 ŵakaluza msumba uwu. Kweni mu 1730 ŵanthu ŵa ku Oman ŵakachimbizga Ŵapwitikizi awo ŵakakhalapo ku Kenya na Tanzania. Pa nyengo iyi, Ufumu wa Portugal ukaŵa kuti waleka kale kukopeka na malonda gha vyakununkhira. (Madera agho ghakaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa Ŵapwitikizi, na malo ghanyake ghakukhala ŵanthu ghakaŵa kumwera kwa Mozambique m'paka mu 1975.)
East Africa Protectorate
Malo agha ghakaŵa ghakutowa chomene ndipo nyengo zose ŵanthu ŵakusamukiranga ku malo agha na kutimbana. Ku South Africa kukaŵavya vinthu vyakututuŵa ivyo vikakopa ŵanthu ŵanandi.
Ŵantchito pafupifupi 32,000 ŵakafuma ku Britain ku India kuti ŵakagwire nchito iyi. Ŵanandi ŵakakhalako, nga ni ŵamalonda ŵanandi ŵa ku India na ŵamalonda ŵacokoŵacoko awo ŵakawona mwaŵi wa kujura vigaŵa vya mukati mwa Kenya. Pakuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakazgoŵera kulima kuti ŵasange vyakukhumbikwa pa umoyo m'malo mwa kulima vyakurya vyakununkhira, boma likaghanaghana kuti likhozge ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe kuti ŵakhalenge mu vigaŵa vya mapiri. Njanji iyi yikawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vya mukati ŵa Europe, ŵalimi, ŵamishonale, na ŵalaŵiliri ŵa boma, ŵamanye umo ŵangachitira na wuzga, ufwiti, matenda, na njara. Ŵafrika ŵakawonanga kuti ufwiti uli na nkhongono comene pa umoyo wawo ndipo kanandi ŵakacitanga nkhaza na ŵanthu awo ŵakaghanaghananga kuti mbafwiti. Kuti ivi vileke kucitika, boma la Britain likapeleka malango ghakukanizga mauloŵevu kwambira mu 1909. Malango agha ghakapeleka wanangwa ku ŵanthu ŵa mu cigaŵa ici kuti ŵaleke kucita nkhaza.
Charu cha Kenya
Pakati pa ma 1920, Wupu wa Kikuyu Central Association (KCA) ukapangika. Gulu ili likalongozgekanga na Joseph Kengethe na Jesse Kariuki. Johnstone Kenyatta wakaŵa mulembi na mulembi wa magazini ya Mugwithania (The unifier). KCA yikakhumbanga kuti Kikuyu wose ŵaŵe mu boma limoza, kweni pakaŵa mphindano chifukwa cha mitheto, kugaŵa malo, na kukanizga ŵanakazi kukotoleka. Ŵakalimbikiraso kuti Harry Thuku wafwatulike. Thuku wakati wafwatulika, wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti wa KCA. Boma likakanizga KCA Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose yikati yamba apo Jesse Kariuki wakayaniska kusamuska ŵanthu ŵa Kikuyus awo ŵakakhalanga kufupi na malo gha ŵazungu na ndyali za Nazi za kusamuska ŵanthu.
Nyengo ya Neolithic
Pali ukaboni wakuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakasamukira ku Kenya kufuma ku chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa charu ichi m'ma 1000 B.C.E. Ŵakaŵa ŵaliska ŵa viŵeto, nga ni ng'ombe, mberere, mbuzi, na mbunda. Malo ghanyake agho ghakusangika mu nyengo iyi ni Namoratunga, agho ghali kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Nyanja ya Turkana. Malo ghanyake agho ghakaŵa na majalawe ghakuru chomene nga ni Lothagam North Pillar Site, ndigho ghakaŵa ghakwamba na ghakuru chomene ku East Africa. Pa dindi ili pali vitanda pafupifupi 580. Kufika mu 1000 B.C.E. panji kumasinda wuwo, viŵeto vikafika ku Kenya na kumpoto kwa Tanzania. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa cha Ol Doinyo Eburru pafupi na Nyanja ya Nakuru kwa vyaka vinandi, ŵakamba kuliska viŵeto.
Presidency of William Ruto (2022-)
In August 2022, Deputy President William Ruto narrowly won the presidential election. He took 50.5% of the vote. His main rival, Raila Odinga, got 48.8% of the vote. On 13 September 2022, William Ruto was sworn in as Kenya's fifth president.
Mbili ya Afilika
Mbiri ya Africa yikamba na kuwoneka kwa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa hominid, ŵanthu ŵakale na  vyaka pafupifupi 300,000 - 250,000 vyaka vyajumphapo. Mbiri yakwambilira iyo yikumanyikwa yikalembeka mu Eguputo wakale, ndipo pamasinda mu Nubia, Sahel, Maghreb, na ku Horn of Africa.
Pamanyuma pa kuzgoka kwa Sahara kuŵa mapopa, mbiri ya kumpoto kwa Africa yikakhwaskana na Middle East na Southern Europe apo banthu ŵakamba kufumako ku Cameroon (Central West Africa) mu vigaŵa vinandi vya sub-Saharan pakati pa 1000 BC na 1 AD.
Upper Paleolithic
Ŵasayansi ŵakuti nkhondo yikaŵako yayi mu nyengo yakale chomene, ndipo yikafuma mu ndyali zakusuzga chomene chifukwa ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mwakufwasa yayi. Ndipouli, ivyo vikasangika pa malo gha Nataruk mu chigaŵa cha Turkana, ku Kenya, uko kukaŵa viwangwa vya ŵanthu 27 awo ŵakafwa cifukwa ca kuwukilika na gulu linyake vyaka 10,000 ivyo vyajumpha, vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakamba kale comene kulimbana.
Benin
Buku la Alan Ryder lakuti Benin and the Europeans likulongora kuti caru ca Benin cikaguliskanga comene ŵazga yayi. Kuuyambiro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, msumba uwu ukaparanyika cifukwa ca nkhondo za ufumu na za mukati. Ndipouli, likambaso kuŵa na nkhongono mu nyengo ya Themba Oba Eresoyen na Themba Oba Akengbuda. Mu ma 1500 C.E., ŵanthu ŵa ku Benin ŵakatumizganga vyakurya nga ni phura, njovu, gemu, na salu ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal na Dutch. Mu 1897, ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵakapoka msumba uwu.
Niger Delta and Igbo
Chigaŵa cha Niger Delta chikaŵa na misumba yinandi iyo yikaŵa na maboma ghanandi. Malo agha ghakavikilirikanga na maji na vyakumera vinandi. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1700, ŵanthu ŵakamba kwenda mu chigaŵa ichi. Vyaru ivyo vikaŵa mu chigaŵa ichi vikaŵa nga ni vya ŵanthu ŵa ku Swahili ku East Africa. Ŵanyake, nga ni Bonny, Kalabari, na Warri, ŵakaŵa na mafumu. Vinyake, nga ni Brass, vikaŵa vyaru ivyo vikaŵa na maparamendi ghachoko, ndipo ku Cross River na Old Calabar, ŵamalonda ŵa Ekpe ndiwo ŵakalamuliranga. Wupu uwu ndiwo ukendeskanga malonda ndipo ukapanganga malango gha ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga nawo. Nyumba zinyake nga ni izo ŵakazenganga ku Bonny, zikamanyikwanga chomene ku America na ku Europe.
ŴaIgbo ŵakakhalanga kumafumiro gha dazi kwa dambo la Nile (kweni pamoza na ŴaAnioma kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Mlonga wa Niger). Ufumu wa Nri ukaŵako mu vyaka vya m'ma 900 C.E., ndipo Eze Nri ndiyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wake. Chikaŵa chigaŵa cha ndyali icho chikaŵa na vikaya, ndipo chikaya chilichose chikaŵa na chigaŵa na zina lake. Mu mizi mukaŵanga mazaza gha ŵanalume, ndipo nyengo zinyake ŵanakazi ndiwo ŵakalongozganga. Mu malaro gha ku Igbo-Ukwu (800 C.E.) mukaŵa vinthu vya mkuŵa ivyo vikapangika ku malo agha kweniso magalasi ghakufuma ku Eguputo na India.
Urewe
Urewe ni zina la malo gha ku Kenya agho ghakamanyikwa comene mu 1948 cifukwa ca ivyo Mary Leakey wakasanga. Wakalongosora za nyengo yakwambilira ya vyaka vya Iron Age mu chigaŵa cha Great Lakes ku Central East Africa kuzingilizga Nyanja ya Victoria.
Ethiopia
Ubwezi wakwamba na caru cinyake ca ku Europe ukamba mu 1508 na ufumu wa Portugal, uwo ukaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa Lebna Dengel. Ici cikaŵa cinthu cakuzirwa comene, cifukwa apo ufumu ukawukiranga na mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari ŵa Adal, Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi (uyo wakacemekanga "Grañ", panji "wa woko lamazere"), caru ca Portugal cikamovwira fumu ya Ethiopia mwa kutuma vilwero na ŵanalume 400, awo ŵakawovwira mwana wake Gelawdewos kuti wathereske Ahmad na kwambaso kuwusa. Nkhondo iyi yikaŵa yimoza mwa nkhondo zakwambilira izo Ufumu wa Ottoman ukachitanga.
Lower Paleolithic
Pafupifupi vyaka 1.8 miliyoni ivyo vyajumpha, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Homo ergaster ŵakalembeka kakwamba mu malibwe mu Africa. Kufuma ku Homo ergaster, Homo erectus wakasintha vyaka 1.5 miliyoni ivyo vyajumpha. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakwambilira ŵa mtundu uwu ŵakaŵa ŵachoko chomene mu wongo ndipo ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito visulo vya malibwe nga ni H. habilis. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, wongo ukakura chomene, ndipo H. erectus wakapangaso vinthu vinyake vyakuzirwa chomene. Munthu uyu ndiyo wakaŵa wakwamba kufumamo mu Africa, ndipo wakafika mu vyaru vinandi vya ku Africa na Eurasia. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti munthu wakwamba uyo wakaŵako kuwaro kwa Africa wakaŵa Homo georgicus, kweni ŵasayansi ŵanandi ŵakuti munthu wakwamba uyo wakaŵako kuwaro kwa Africa ni H. georgicus.
Egypt
Kuti ŵasilikari aŵa ŵafike pa msinkhu uwu, ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito ŵasilikari ŵa ku Turkey awo ŵakaŵa ŵazga ŵa Mamluk. Ŵanthu ŵakufwatuka ŵa ku Berber nawo ŵakalembeka. M'ma 1150, ndalama za misonkho izo ŵanthu ŵakasanganga ku minda zikakhira. Ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakagaluka na kunanga vikaya, ŵakalekeska malonda, kweniso ŵakatimbanizga mazaza gha ŵasilikari ŵa Fatimid.
Emergence of agriculture and desertification of the Sahara
Mu vigaŵa vinandi vya kumwera kwa Africa, mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵakuchemeka pygmy na Khoisan awo ŵakakoperanga na kuvulura. Ŵanthu aŵa ndiwo ŵakalemba vinthu vinyake vyakale chomene.
Swahili coast
Nangauli kale ŵanthu ŵakagomezganga kuti ŵanthu aŵa mbana ŵa Ŵaperesiya, kweni sono ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakusanda mdauko, ŵavisopa, na ŵasayansi ŵakuwona kuti ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa Ŵabantu awo ŵakenderananga na ŵamalonda Ŵachisilamu, kwambira m'ma 700 C.E. m'paka m'ma 800 C.E. Maufumu gha ku Swahili agho ghakaŵako mu nyengo yakale ghakaŵa na vipata vya malonda pa virwa, ivyo ŵanthu ŵakulemba mbiri Ŵachigiriki ŵakavizunura kuti "vigaŵa vikuruvikuru". Ŵanthu ŵa ku China awo ŵakendanga pa sitima za pa maji nga ni Mombasa, Zanzibar, na Kilwa, ŵakamanyikwanga na ŵanthu ŵa ku China awo ŵakendanga pa sitima za pa maji nga ni Zheng He kweniso ŵanthu ŵa ku Middle Ages awo ŵakamanyanga vya Chisilamu nga ni Abu Abdullah ibn Battuta. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Swahili ŵakaguliskanga chomene zovu, ŵazga, na golide. Ŵakachitanga malonda na ŵanthu ŵa ku Arabia, India, Peresiya, na China.
Egypt
Mu 1160 C.E., Ŵaeguputo awo ŵakaŵa Ŵafatisimu ŵakaŵa pafupi kuparanyika. Cifukwa ca suzgo ili, mulara wa ŵasilikari ŵa ku Kurdish zina lake Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn Yūsuf ibn Ayyūb (Saladin), pamoza na ŵasilikari ŵanyake, ŵakamba kuvikilira Ŵasilamu. Saladin wakathereska Ŵakhristu awo ŵakalutanga ku nkhondo ku mphaka za Eguputo ndipo wakapoka Yerusalemu mu 1187. Mu 1171, apo Al-Adid wakafwa, Saladin wakaŵa fumu ya Eguputo. Mu nyengo ya muwuso wake, Ŵaeguputo ŵakawelera ku chisopa cha Sunni, Cairo likazgoka malo ghakuzirwa ghakusambizgirako chisopa cha Chiarabu, ndipo ŵazga ŵa Mamluk ŵakatolekera ku Turkey na kumwera kwa Russia kuti ŵateŵetere usilikari. Ŵasilikari ŵakapelekanga msonkho ku ŵasilikari.
Madagascar and Merina
Ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero cha Austronesian ŵakamba kukhala ku Madagascar pambere vyaka vya m'ma 500 C.E. vindafike. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Austronesia ndiwo ŵakamba kulima banane na mpunga. Mu ma 1000 C.E., ŵanthu ŵa ku Arabia na ku India ŵakamba kwenda kumpoto kwa charu cha Madagascar kuti ŵaguliske vinthu vya mu nyanja ya Indian Ocean. Kuzakafika m'ma 1400, ŵamalonda ndiwo ŵakambiska Chisilamu pa chirwa ichi. Mu nyengo ya ku mafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa, charu cha Madagascar chikaŵa nga ni dowoko la ŵanthu awo ŵakendanga mu misumba yinyake ya ku Swahili nga ni Sofala, Kilwa, Mombasa, na Zanzibar.
Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500, maufumu ghanandi ghakaŵako: Ufumu wa Sakalava (wa m'ma 1600) ku nyanja ya kumanjiliro gha dazi, Ufumu wa Tsitambala (wa m'ma 1700) ku nyanja ya kumafumiro gha dazi, na Merina (wa m'ma 15) ku chigaŵa chapakati cha mapiri. Kuzakafika m'ma 1800, Merina wakaŵa na mazaza pa cirwa cose ici. Mu 1500, Ŵapwitikizi ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵanthu ŵakwamba ŵa ku Europe kufika pa cirwa ici.
Metallurgy
Ŵaeguputo ŵakasungunuranga mkuŵa mu nyengo ya Ufumu wa Farawo. Nubia ndiyo yikapanganga mkuŵa na golide. Kugwiliskira nchito golide na siliva mu Eguputo kukamba mu nyengo ya ufumu wa ufumu wa Persia.
Egypt
In 642 AD, the Rashidun Caliphate conquered Byzantine Egypt.
Mu nyengo ya ufumu wa Fatimid, caru ca Eguputo cikaŵa cakutowa comene. Ŵakakhozga madamu na migelo, ndipo ŵakamba kupanga tirigu, balere, lineni, na thonje. Ŵaeguputo ndiwo ŵakapanganga salu zinandi za salu yiwemi. Malonda ghake ghakasazgikiranga mu nyanja ya Meditereniyani na Nyanja Yiswesi. Ŵaeguputo ŵakapangaso ndalama ya golide yakucemeka dinari ya Fatimid, iyo ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito pa malonda. Ndalama zinandi zikafumanga ku msonkho uwo ŵakaŵanga nawo ŵalimi (fellahin). Ŵasilikari awo ŵakachitako nkhondo ya ku Fatimid mu 969 C.E., ndiwo ŵakaguliskanga misonkho. Ŵakaronga ŵakapelekanga chigaŵa ku ŵalongozgi ndipo ŵakasunganga ivyo vyakhalapo. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, ŵakazgoka ŵenecho ŵa malo ndipo ŵakakhalanga makora.
Central Africa
TVinthu ivyo ŵanthu ŵakufukura vinthu vyakale ŵali kusanga mu Central Africa vyaka 100,000 ivyo vyajumpha. Malo ghakukhala ŵanthu ghakasangika ku Zilum, Chad, pafupifupi makilomita 60 kumwera cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Nyanja ya Chad.
Macrobia and the Barbari City States
Macrobia ukaŵa ufumu wakale uwo ukaŵa ku mphanji ya Africa (sono ni Somalia). Likayowoyeka mu vyaka vya m'ma 400 B.C.E. Herodotus wakayowoya kuti Themba la ku Peresiya, Cambyses II, likati lakora Eguputo (525 B.C.E.), likatuma mathenga ku Makroba kuti ghazakamupe vyawanangwa vinandi. Fumu ya Macrobiya, iyo yikasoleka cifukwa ca msinkhu wake, yikamuzgora mwa kumucenjezga kuti waŵike uta wake mu woko lake: Usange Ŵaperesiya ŵangakwaniska kuwukoma, ŵangaŵa na wanangwa wa kuwukira caru cake. Kweni m'paka pa nyengo iyo, ŵakwenera kuwonga ŵaciuta cifukwa cakuti Macrobiya ŵakakana kuwukira ufumu wawo.
Sotho-Tswana
Mu 1868, wakati wataya vigaŵa vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Boers mu nyengo ya Nkhondo za Basotho; Moshoeshoe wakapempha Fumukazi Victoria kuti yipharazge kuti Lesotho (iyo yikachemekanga Basutoland) yikaŵa boma la Britain ndipo boma la Britain likaŵa ku Maseru, uko kukaŵa msumba ukuru wa Lesotho. Ŵalongozgi ŵa vigaŵa ivi ndiwo ŵakaŵa na mazaza pa vinthu vya mukati, apo Britain ndiyo wakalamuliranga vyakuthupi na kuvikilira charu. Mu 1869, ŵa ku Britain ŵakanozga vyakuti ŵamanye mphaka za Basutoland. Nangauli mafuko ghanandi ghakaŵa na vigaŵa mukati mwa Basutoland, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakayowoyanga Chisotho ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa ivyo vikapelekeka ku Orange Free State.
Macrobia and the Barbari City States
Ŵanthu ŵa ku Macrobian ŵakaŵa ŵankhongono comene ndipo ŵakamanyikwanga cifukwa ca luso lwawo lwa kuzenga na usambazi wawo wa golide.
West Africa
Mu vigaŵa vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Sahel, ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa ivi cifukwa ca kulima mphoza na mphoza. Ŵanthu awo ŵakufukura vinthu vyakale ŵakulongora kuti mu vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakhalanga mu matawuni. Ubwezi wa malonda uwo ukaŵako pambere malonda gha pakati pa Sahara na Sahara ghandambe, ukaŵako chifukwa cha umo vyakumera vya kumpoto na kumwera vikupambanirana. Ŵalimi ŵakapokeranga mchere kufuma ku ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu mapopa. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu mapopa ŵakasanganga nyama na vyakurya vinyake ku ŵaliska ŵa viŵeto na ŵalimi ŵa mu malo ghakuliskako viŵeto kweniso ku ŵalovi ŵa mu Mlonga wa Niger. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu nkhorongo ŵakapelekanga weya na nyama. Dhar Tichitt na Oualata mu Mauritania sono ni malo ghakumanyikwa chomene mu misumba yakwambilira, iyo yikaŵako m'ma 2000 B.C.E. Mu chigaŵa icho kale chikachemekanga Sahara muli malo gha malibwe pafupifupi 500. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu msumba uwu ŵakaloŵanga somba na kulima mphoza. Augustin Holl wakawona kuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Soninke awo ŵakakhalanga ku Mandé ndiwo ŵakazenga malo agha. Pafupifupi 300 B.C.E., chigaŵa ichi chikaŵa chakomira chomene ndipo ŵanthu ŵakamba kuchepa, ndipo panyake ŵakasamukira ku Koumbi Saleh. Ukaboni wa vyakuzengeka na kuyaniska vyakuzengeka vikulongora kuti Dhar Tichitt wakaŵa mu ufumu wa Ghana. Djenné-Djenno (uko sono ni Mali) wakakhalanga ŵanthu pafupifupi 300 B.C.E., ndipo msumba uwu ukaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene ŵa mu nyengo ya Iron Age. Vinthu vyamoyo vikazengeka na mathipa agho ghakawomira pa dazi. Kufika mu 250 B.C.E., Djenné-Djenno wakaŵa kuti wazgoka msumba ukuru wa msika.
Roman North Africa
Buku linyake likati: "Chifukwa chakuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakhalanga mu matawuni ghakurughakuru kweniso malo ghakurughakuru ghakasakazikanga apo Ŵaroma ŵakalamuliranga, ŵanthu ŵa ku Berber ŵakasuzgika chomene. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mwakufwasa ŵakaŵavya wanangwa wakuchita vinthu paŵekha kweniso ŵakaleka kukolerana na charu. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Berber ŵakasuskanga comene Ŵaroma. Themba la Ŵaroma zina lake Trajan likakhozga mphaka kumwera mwa kuzingilizga mapiri gha Aurès na Nemencha na kuzenga vigongwe kufuma ku Vescera (lero ni Biskra) m'paka ku Ad Majores (Henchir Besseriani, kumwera kwa Biskra). Malo agha ghakafika m'paka ku Castellum Dimmidi (lero ni Messaâd, kumwera ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Biskra). Ŵaroma ŵakamba kukhazikika mu msumba wa Sitifis (sono ni Sétif) mu vyaka vya m'ma 100 C.E., kweni kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa msumba uwu, Ŵaroma ŵakamba kwenda mu misewu yikuru ya ŵasilikari. Ŵasilikari ŵa Romu ku North Africa ŵakaŵa ŵachoko chomene, ŵakaŵa na ŵasilikari pafupifupi 28,000 mu Numidia na vigaŵa viŵiri vya Mauretanian. Kwambira mu vyaka vya m'ma 100 C.E., ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakakhalanga ku malo agha.
Macrobia and the Barbari City States
Pamanyuma pakuti Macrobia wabwangandulika, misumba yinandi yakale nga ni Opone, Essina, Sarapion, Nikon, Malao, Damo na Mosylon kufupi na Cape Guardafui yikafuma mu vyaka vya m'ma 1000 B.C.E. 500 C.E. kuti yikwane na ŵanthu ŵa ku Saba, Parthians na Axumites pa nkhani ya malonda gha Indo-Greco-Roman. Ŵakaŵa na malonda ghakurughakuru mu chigaŵa icho chikachemekanga Barbaria.
Bantu expansion
2.a = Eastern Bantu,
European colonial territories
Italy
Sokoto Caliphate
Ŵafulani ŵakaŵa ŵanthu ŵakusamukira kunyake. Ŵakafuma ku Mauritania na kwamba kukhala ku Futa Tooro, Futa Djallon, na ku vyaru vinyake vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. Kuzakafika mu vyaka vya m'ma 14 C.E., ŵakaŵa kuti ŵamba kusopa Ciislam. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500 C.E., ŵakafika ku Macina, kumwera kwa Mali. Mu ma 1670, ŵakaŵaphalira kuti ŵachitenge jihad ku ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa Ŵasilamu yayi. Nkhondo izi zikawovwira kuti paŵe vyaru vinandi nga ni Futa Toro, Futa Djallon, Macina, Oualia, na Bundu. Boma lakuzirwa comene pa maboma agha likaŵa la Sokoto Caliphate panji Ufumu wa Fulani.
Historiography of British Africa
Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose yikapangiska kuti ŵasayansi ŵanandi ŵaghanaghanirenge chomene vya nkhondo.
Sokoto Caliphate
Mu tawuni ya Gobir, Usman dan Fodio (1754-1817) wakasuska ŵalongozgi ŵa Hausa kuti ŵakulondezga chisopa chautesi cha Chisilamu kweniso kuti mbambura kwenelera. Mu 1804, wakambiska Nkhondo ya Fulani, iyo yikaŵa nkhondo ya chigaluka pakati pa ŵanthu awo ŵakakwenyelera chifukwa cha misonkho yikuru kweniso ŵakakondwa yayi na ŵalongozgi ŵawo. Ku Northern Nigeria kukaŵa nkhondo ya Jihad, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Fulani na Hausa ŵakakolerana nayo chomene. [Pakukhumbika ukaboni apa] Usman wakapanga ufumu uwo ukaŵa na vigaŵa vinyake vya kumpoto kwa Nigeria, Benin, na Cameroon, ndipo msumba wake ukuru ukaŵa Sokoto. Wakaleka nchito yake ya kusambizga na kulemba ndipo wakapeleka ufumu kwa mwana wake Muhammed Bello. Ufumu wa Sokoto ukakhala m'paka mu 1903, apo ŵa ku Britain ŵakapoka kumpoto kwa Nigeria.
Historiographic and Conceptual Problems
Kumwera kwa Sahara ku Africa. Pakuti golide ndilo likawovwira kuti Ŵasaidi ŵanjire mu Ufumu wa Songhai, ichi chikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu Ufumu uwu ŵambe kuwona ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Black nga mbanthu ŵa ku Africa. Chifukwa cha kusintha kwa kachitiro ka ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵa khungu lakuda, ŵanthu ŵa ku Maghrebi ŵa khungu lakuda ŵakaŵakoleka mwankhongono mu gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa Ismail Ibn Sharif nga ni Black Guard, chifukwa ŵakayowoyanga kuti ŵakafuma ku ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa ŵazga. Suzgo likuru ilo Mohamed (2010/2012) wakalongosora pa nkhani ya masambiro gha ku Africa ni chisopa, chisopa cha ku Orientalis, na ufumu wa ku Africa. Ŵasayansi ŵa ku Africa na ku America nawo ŵali na udindo wakukhozga fundo iyi.
Maghreb
Kuzakafika m'ma 900 C.E., umoza uwo ukaŵako cifukwa ca kuwukira kwa Cisilamu ku North Africa na kuthandazgika kwa cisopa ca Cisilamu ukamara. Pakaŵa mphindano yakuti ni njani wakeneranga kunjira mu malo gha nchimi iyi. Pakwamba, ŵa Umayyads ndiwo ŵakalongozganga ufumu wa Caliphate, ndipo msumba wawo ukaŵa ku Damaseko. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, Ŵababasi ŵakamba kuwusa msumba wa Baghdad. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Berber, ŵakaŵa ŵakujiyimira pawekha ndipo ŵakasuskanga ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake kuti ŵaleke kunjilirapo pa vinthu vyawo kweniso kuti Ŵaarabu ndiwo ŵekha ŵaŵe na mazaza pa chisopa cha Orthodox, ntheura ŵakasankha Chisilamu cha Shi'ite na cha Kharijite. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 800 na 900 C.E., maufumu ghanandi gha Kharijite ghakiza na kuwa. Kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1000 C.E., gulu la Ŵasilamu ŵakufuma ku Siriya, awo ŵakatenge ŵali kufuma kwa mwana mwanakazi wa Muhammad, zina lake Fatimah, ŵakambiska ufumu wa Fatimid ku Maghreb. Kuzakafika mu 950, ŵakaŵa kuti ŵathereska caru cose ca Maghreb, ndipo mu 969, Eguputo yose. Mwaluŵiro ŵakafumamo mu Baghdad.
Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1000 m'paka mu 1300, Ŵabedouin ŵanandi ŵakafumako ku Arabia. Pafupifupi mu 1050, ŵanthu ŵakukwana 250,000 ŵa ku Eguputo ŵakasamukira ku Maghreb. Awo ŵakalondezganga mumphepete mwa nyanja ŵakamanyikwanga kuti Banu Hilal. Awo ŵakendanga kumwera kwa mapiri gha Atlas ŵakaŵa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Banu Sulaym. Ivi vikapangiska kuti chiyowoyero cha Chiarabic chikure luŵiro chomene, kweniso kuti chiyowoyero cha Chiberberber chikhalenge makora yayi. Pamanyuma, gulu linyake la ŵanthu ŵa ku Berber ilo likachemekanga kuti Hawwara, likaluta kumwera ku Nubia, kujumpha mu Eguputo. Mu 1140 C.E., Abd al-Mu'min wakapharazga kuti ŵa Almoravid ŵazamukomeka, ndipo wakaŵapa mulandu wa uheni na vimbundi. Wakakolerana na Ŵaberi ŵa kumpoto kuti ŵarwe na Ŵalmoravid, ndipo wakaŵathereska na kupanga ufumu wa Almohad. Mu nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵa ku Maghreb ŵakamba kusopa chisopa cha Chisilamu ndipo ŵakamanya kuŵazga na kulemba, kusanda malemba gha algebra, na kugwiliskira ntchito manambara gha zero na decimals. Kuzakafika m'ma 1300, ufumu wa Almohad ukagaŵikana mu vyaru vitatu. Ufumu wa Chikhristu wa Castile, Aragon, na Portugal ndiwo ukaparanya chomene visopa vyautesi. Mu 1415, charu cha Portugal chikapoka msumba wa Ceuta, ndipo mu vyaka vyakulondezgapo, charu cha Spain na Portugal vikapoka misumba yinyake ku North Africa. Mu 1492, ku umaliro wa Nkhondo ya Granada, Spain wakathereska Ŵasilamu ku Granada, ndipo ici cikamara muwuso wa Ŵasilamu uwo ukaŵa kuti waŵa na vilimika mahandiredi ghankhondi na ghatatu kumwera kwa Iberia. . Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Tripoli ŵakaguliskanga mahachi, vilwero, na vyakuvwara vya nkhondo na mafumu gha ufumu wa Bornu.
Roman North Africa
Chifukwa chakuti malonda ghakamara, Ŵaroma ŵakaleka kulamulira. Mu vigaŵa vya mapiri na mu mapopa mukaŵa maufumu ghakujiyimira, misumba yikaparanyika, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku Berber awo ŵakasuzgikanga na Ufumu wa Roma ŵakawelera.
Swahili coast
Kale, ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakhalanga kumpoto kwa Kenya na kumwera kwa Mlonga wa Ruvuma ku Mozambique. Ŵanalume ŵa ku Arabia ŵakacemanga mphepete mwa nyanja ya Swahili kuti ni caru ca zanji (ŵachibulumutira). Template:Sfnp
Maghreb
Pakukhumba kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu mtundu wa Sanhaja ŵaŵe na chisopa cha Chiisilamu chakutowa, Abdallah ibn Yasin wakambiska gulu la Almoravid ku Mauritania na Western Sahara. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Sanhaja Berber, nga ni Soninke, ŵakasopanga visopa vyawo pamoza na Chislamu. Abdallah ibn Yasin wakasanga ŵanthu ŵakunozgeka kuzgokera ku Chiyuda ku Lamtuna Sanhaja, uko kukaŵa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Soninke kumwera na ŵa mtundu wa Zenata kumpoto. Mu ma 1040, ŵanthu wose ŵa ku Lamtuna ŵakazgoka ŵa Almoravid. Wakaŵawovwira kuti ŵalute ku Spain. Abu Bakr wakati wafwa mu 1087, ŵanthu ŵakakolerana yayi ndipo nkhondo yikasazgikira kumwera. Ici cikapangiska kuti Soninke wasanuzgikeso. Nyengo yinyake ŵanthu ŵakatenge ŵa Almoravid ndiwo ŵakaparanya Ufumu wa Ghana mu 1076, kweni sono ŵanthu ŵakugomezga yayi fundo iyi.
Kanem Empire
Mu vyaka vya m'ma 900 C.E., ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero cha Kanuri ndiwo ŵakambiska ufumu wa Kanem. Kanem wakababika cifukwa ca malonda gha mu Sahara. Ŵakapelekanga mahachi kufuma ku vyaru vya kumpoto kwa Africa kuti ŵagulire ŵazga. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1100, Humai (Hummay) ibn Salamna ndiyo wakambiska ufumu wa Asilamu wa Sayfawa. Ufumu wa Sayfawa ukawusa kwa vilimika 771, ndipo ukaŵa umoza mwa mafumu agho ghakatora nyengo yitali comene mu mdauko wa ŵanthu. Kanem wakafika pachanya chomene mu muwuso wa Mai (themba) Dunama Dibalemi ibn Salma (1210-1248). Ŵanyake ŵakuti ufumu uwu ukaŵa na ŵasilikari 40,000, ndipo ukafumanga ku Fezzan kumpoto m'paka ku Sao kumwera. Chisilamu chikakhazikika mu ufumu wa Roma. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakalutanga ku Mecca, ndipo ku Cairo kukaŵa nyumba za ŵalendo izo ŵakasungirangamo ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku Kanem.
Ufumu wa Shilluk
Ufumu wa Shilluk ukaŵa ku South Sudan kwambira mu 15th century kufuma ku chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Mlonga wa Nile, kufuma ku Lake No kufika ku 12° north latitude. Msumba wa Fashoda ndiwo ukaŵa likuru la ufumu uwu. Ufumu uwu ukazengeka pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1500 C.E. na Nyikang, uyo wakaŵa fumu yakwamba. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, Ufumu wa Shilluk ukamba kunangika chifukwa cha nkhondo izo Ufumu wa Ottoman ukambiska kweniso chifukwa cha ufumu wa Britain na Sudan.
Historiographic and Conceptual Problems
Ŵanthu ŵa ku Maghreb awo ŵakaŵa na khungu lakufipirwa ŵakakolerananga na ŵanthu ŵa ku Saadi. Ŵakusanda mdauko ŵa Shurafa ŵa mu nyengo yasono ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito vyakucitika ivi mu nkhani zakukhwaskana na kufwatulika kwa ŵazga ŵa "Hartani" (mazgu ghambura kupulikikwa, agho ghakukhumbikwira kulongosoreka makora, ndipo mbukaboni wakuti mbukaboni wakuti vinthu vikacitika nadi. Nkhani izo ŵanthu ŵa ku Shurafa ŵakalemba, zikati zamara, zikaŵa nga ni nkhani za ku America (nga ni za malonda gha ŵazga gha ku Sahara, ŵazga ŵa ku Sub-Saharan West Africa, ŵanthu ŵakufwatuka ŵa ku Maghreb awo ŵakaŵa na khungu lakufipirwa) izo ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakuchita mazuŵa ghano.
European trade, exploration and conquest
Pakati pa 1878 na 1898, vyaru vya ku Europe vikagaŵikana na kupoka vigaŵa vinandi vya Africa. Kwa vilimika 400, vyaru vya ku Europe vikagwiranga waka nchito mu malo gha malonda agho ghakaŵa mumphepete mwa Africa. Ŵanandi awo ŵakaŵako pa nyengo iyi ŵakathereskeka ndipo ŵakawelera ku nyanja. Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikapangika pa nyengo iyi vikawovwira kuti suzgo ili lileke kuŵapo. Yimoza mwa nthowa izi yikaŵa ya kupanga futi izo zikang'anamulikanga, izo zikanyanyekanga luŵiro kuluska futi. Ŵanthu ŵakamba kugwiliskira nchito comene futi. Mu 1885, Hiram S. Maxim wakapangiska futi yakuchemeka Maxim, iyo ni ciyerezgero ca futi ya mazuŵa ghano. Vyaru vya ku Europe vikasunga vilwero ivi pakati pawo pakukana kuguliska vilwero ivi ku ŵalongozgi ŵa ku Africa.
Middle Paleolithic
Vinthu vyakale ivyo vili kulembeka vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Homo sapiens (awo ŵakuchemekaso kuti "ŵanthu ŵa mazuŵa ghano" panji "ŵanthu ŵa mazuŵa ghano") ŵakakhalanga mu Africa vyaka 350,000 m'paka 260,000 ivyo vyajumpha. Vinthu vyakale chomene ivyo ŵanthu ŵakumanya kuti ni vinyama vya Homo sapiens ni Jebel Irhoud ivyo vili kufuma ku Morocco (pafupifupi vyaka 315,000 ivyo vyajumpha), Florisbad Skull wa ku South Africa (pafupifupi vyaka 259,000 ivyo vyajumpha), na Omo uyo wali kufuma ku Ethiopia (pafupifupi vyaka 233,000 ivyo vyajumpha). Ŵasayansi ŵakuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Homo sapiens ŵakamba kuŵako pakati pa vyaka 350,000 na 260,000 ivyo vyajumpha.
Roman North Africa
Christianity arrived in the 2nd century and soon gained converts in the towns and among slaves. More than eighty bishops, some from distant frontier regions of Numidia, attended the Council of Carthage (256) in 256. By the end of the 4th century, the settled areas had become Christianized, and some Berber tribes had converted en masse.
Metallurgy
Mu mapiri gha Aïr mu charu icho sono chikuchemeka Niger, ŵanthu ŵakasungunuranga mkuwa kwambura kughanaghanira ivyo vikachitikanga mu dambo la Nayelo pakati pa 3,000 na 2,500 B.C.E. Ŵakagwiliskira ntchito nthowa yakupambanapambana iyo yikaŵa mu chigaŵa ichi, kulongora kuti luso ili likafuma kuwaro yayi.
Nubia
Pafupifupi 3,500 B.C.E., ufumu wakwamba uwo ukaŵa ku Nile ukaŵa wa Ta-Seti, uwo ukaŵa kumpoto kwa Nubia. Ta-Seti wakaŵa ufumu wankhongono uwo ukaŵa mu Dambo la Nayelo pa nyengo ya 1 na 2 C.E. Ufumu uwu ukaŵa na mazaza pa ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga kufupi na msumba uwu. Ta-Seti wakaguliskanga vinthu mu vyaru vya Siriya na Palestina kweniso ku Eguputo. Ta-Seti wakatumanga golide, mkuŵa, nthenga za mbunda, makuni gha ebony, na njovu ku Ufumu Wakale. Kuzakafika m'ma 200 B.C.E., tawuni ya Ta-Seti yikamba kunangika. Pamanyuma pakuti Narmer wakakolerana na Eguputo mu 3,100 B.C.E., Farawo Hor-Aha wa mu muwuso wakwamba wakawukira tawuni ya Ta-Seti. Ta-Seti wakukolerana na gulu la ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya vya mipukutu yakale.. Maufumu ghachoko waka ghakaŵa mu chigaŵa cha Nubian cha Nile kwa vyaka vinandi kufuma mu 3,000 B.C.E. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 2000 C.E., maufumu ghakupatulika ghakakolerana chomene. Ufumu wa Sai ukaŵa kumwera kwa Eguputo, ndipo ufumu wa Kerma ukaŵa ku chigaŵa chachitatu. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1700 B.C.E., Ufumu wa Kerma ukathereska Ufumu wa Sai, ndipo ukaŵa mulwani wa Eguputo. Kerma wakaŵa mu chigaŵa icho chikaŵa kufuma ku chiziŵa chakwamba m'paka apo Mlonga wa Blue Nile, White Nile, na Atbarah ukukumana. Pakati pa 1575 na 1550 B.C.E., mu nyengo ya muwuso wa ufumu wa 17 wa ufumu wa Peresiya, ufumu wa Kerma ukawukira Eguputo. Ufumu wa Kerma ukakolerana na Ŵaigupto awo ŵakambukira ku Eguputo.
Nguniland
Mu 1828, Shaka wakakomeka na munung'una wake Dingane, uyo wakaŵavya mahara gha nkhondo na maluso gha kulongozga nga ni Shaka. Mu 1838, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Voortrekkers ŵakayezga kupoka caru ca Ŵazulu. Mu myezi yakwambilira ŵakathereskeka, kweni awo ŵakapona ŵakawungana pa Mlonga wa Ncome na kuthereska Ŵazulu. Ndipouli, Ŵavoretker ŵakaŵavya cikanga kuti ŵakhale mu caru ca Ŵazulu. Dingane wakakomeka mu 1840 pa nyengo ya nkhondo. Mubali wake Mpande ndiyo wakatora ufumu na kukhozga vigaŵa vya Ŵazulu kumpoto. Mu 1879, Britain yikawukira ufumu wa Zulu kuti yikawuse caru cose ca South Africa. Ufumu wa Zulu ukathereska nkhondo ya Isandlwana, kweni ukathereskeka ku Ulundi.
Historiographic and Conceptual Problems
Kuguliska ŵazga mu charu cha Trans-Saharan, ni nthowa iyo ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira ntchito pakulemba nkhani izo zikulongosora umo ŵanthu ŵa ku North Africa ŵakambira. Ŵanthu ŵakuyaniska magaleta na ngalaŵa za ŵazga, ndipo ŵakuyowoya kuti unandi wa ŵazga ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakatolekera ku caru ca Sahara ukuyana waka na unandi wa ŵazga ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakatolekera ku nyanja ya Atlantic. Ivyo ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuyowoya vikususkana na ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku North Africa ŵakuyowoya. Mu nyengo yakale, ku Eguputo kukaŵaso minda. Cinthu cinyake ico ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya pa nkhani iyi nchakuti ŵanthu ŵa ku vyaru vya kumafumiro gha dazi ŵakughanaghana kuti Ŵamoabu, ŵanakazi ŵankhondi, na ŵanalume ŵantchito ndiwo ŵakugonana comene. Ŵanakazi awo ŵakugonana na ŵanakazi ŵa ku Maghreb awo ŵali nga mbana ŵa ŵanthu ŵa ku Maghreb awo ŵakukhala mu vyaru vinyake ndiwo ŵakugwiliskirika ntchito. Ŵalinda aŵa ŵakalindanga nyumba izi. Nkhani iyi yikukolerana na fundo yakuti ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa ku Maghreb ŵakaŵa Ŵaberi, awo ŵakazgoka ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake chifukwa cha kupambaniskana mitundu na ŵanakazi ŵa mitundu yinyake. Nkhani ya chisopa iyo yikulongosora masuzgo agho Ŵakhristu ŵa ku Europe ŵakakumana nagho chifukwa cha malonda gha ŵazga gha ku Barbary, yikukolerana na nkhani ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakaŵa ŵazga.
Swahili coast
Ŵapwitikizi ŵakiza mu 1498. Pakukhumba kuti ŵazakaŵe na ndalama zinandi kweniso kuti ŵazakaŵe Ŵakhristu, Ŵapwitikizi ŵakamba kuwukira msumba wa Kilwa mu 1505. Cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Swahili ŵakasuskanga, Ŵapwitikizi ŵakatondeka kucita malonda. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1600, Ŵapwitikizi ŵakamba kuchepeskako mazaza ghawo pa chigaŵa cha Swahili. Na wovwiri wa Ŵaarabu ŵa ku Oman, mu 1729 Ŵapwitikizi ŵakafumapo. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, chigaŵa ichi chikazgoka chigaŵa cha ufumu wa Oman. Vinthu vikamba kwenda makora, kweni vikaŵa nga ni kale yayi.
Bornu Empire
Ŵanthu ŵa Kanuri awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Sayfuwa ŵakasamukira kumanjiliro gha dazi na kumwera kwa nyanja, uko ŵakakhazikiska ufumu wa Bornu. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1500 C.E., ufumu wa Bornu ukaŵa kuti wasanuzga na kupoka vigaŵa vinyake vya Kanem ivyo vikaŵa kuti vyatoleka na Bulala. Boma la Bornu likaŵa na chigaŵa cha Damagaram kumanjiliro gha dazi na cha Baguirmi kumwera kwa nyanja ya Chad.
Songhai
Muhammad Ture (1493-1528) ndiyo wakambiska ufumu wa Askiya. Wakakhozga vinthu ivyo Sonni Ali wakathereska. Chisilamu chikagwiliskirika nchito kuti wasazgireko mazaza ghake mwa kuphalira ŵanthu ŵa ku Mossi kuti ŵacite nkhondo, kwambaso malonda mu caru ca Sahara, kweniso kuti Khalifa wa ku Cairo uyo wakaŵa "mu mfwiri" wa Ŵababasi, wamuphalire kuti waŵe Khalifa wa ku Sudan. Wakakhazikiska msumba wa Timbuktu kuŵa malo ghakusambizgirako chisopa cha Cisilamu. Muhammad Ture wakalutilira kusanuzga ufumu wake mwa kusunkhunya ŵa Tuareg kumpoto, kuwukira Aïr kumafumiro gha dazi, na kuwukira tawuni ya Taghaza iyo yikaŵa na mchere. Wakaŵagwiliskira nchito mu malonda gha Songhay. Wakalutilira kusora ŵateŵeti ŵakugomezgeka na mbumba zawo kuti ŵaŵe ŵalaŵiliri na kuŵapa maudindo mu vigaŵa ivyo wakapoka. Ŵakaŵa na udindo wa kuzenga magulu gha nkhondo. Pakuti Songhay yikaŵa malo ghakukhala ŵanthu ŵanandi, yikaŵa yakukhora chomene nanga ni apo pakaŵa mphindano. Leo Africanus wakalongosora makora ufumu wa Askiya Muhammad. Askiya Muhammad wakathereskeka na mwana wake mu 1528. Pamanyuma pa kulimbana kukuru, mwana waumaliro wa Muhammad Ture, Askiya Daoud (1529-1582) wakatora ufumu.
European colonial territories
Portugal