cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Guinea
Wanangwa wa ŵanthu
Anastasia Gage, pulofesa wa pa Yunivesite ya Tulane, na Ronan van Rossem, pulofesa wa pa Yunivesite ya Ghent, ŵakuti mu Guinea ndimo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukomekera ŵanakazi. Mu 2009, ku Guinea, ŵanakazi ŵakujumpha 98% ŵakachitiskanga viŵaro vyawo. Ku Guinea, "pafupifupi ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yose, visopa, na mafuko" ŵakukoma ŵanakazi. Kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu 2005, wakalongora kuti ŵanakazi 96 pa 100 ŵaliwose ŵali kuchitapo opareshoni iyi.
Vyachilengiwa
Ku Guinea kuli mabomba gha bauxite ghakukwana 25% panji kujumpha apa. Muli malibwe gha dayamondi, golide, na visulo vinyake. Bauxite na alumina ni vinthu vikuru comene ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuguliska. Makampani ghanyake ghakupanga moŵa, maji, vyakumwa vyakunowa na hona. Vyaru vili na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 75 peresenti. Mu nyengo iyo charu cha Guinea chikalamuliranga na ŵa ku France, chikaŵa na vyakurya vinandi nga ni nthochi, anase, khofi, mankhwaŵa, na mafuta. Malo agha ghali na dongo, maji, na mphepo.
Kugwira Ntchito M'migodi
Ku Guinea kuli matani ghakujumpha 25 biliyoni gha bauxite, panji kuti hafu ya malo agho ghalipo pa caru cose. Vinthu vyakuthupi ivyo charu ichi chili navyo ni matani ghakujumpha 4 biliyoni gha visulo vyamahara, dayamondi, golide, na uranium. Mu vigaŵa vyose ivi, muli mwaŵi wa kupanga ndalama na malonda, ndipo "nthondo ya ku Guinea iyo njambura kukhazikika ndiposo vimbundi vikulutilira kutondeska ŵanthu kupanga ndalama zinandi".
Makampani ghakukolerana agho ghakupanga mabomba gha bauxite na alumina kumpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Guinea ghakupanga pafupifupi 80% ya ndalama za ku Guinea. Bauxite wakuzgoka aluminiyamu, ndipo pamanyuma wakuzgoka aluminiyamu. Wupu wa Compagnie des Bauxites de Guinée (CBG) ukupeleka matani pafupifupi 14 miliyoni gha bauxite ya mtundu wapachanya pa chaka. CBG ni kampani yakukolerana, 49% yili na boma la Guinea ndipo 51% yili na kampani ya Halco Mining Inc., iyo yikulongozgeka na kampani ya Alcoa (AA) iyo yikupanga aluminiyamu, Rio Tinto Group na Dadco Investments. Wupu wa CBG uli na wanangwa wakuŵa na bauxite mu chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa Guinea m'paka mu 2038. Mu 2008, ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga ntchito ya magesi ŵakajara misewu iyo CBG yikendangamo. Mu mapangano agho ŵakachita na makampani gha mafuta gha pa caru cose, Guinea wali na fundo yakuti ŵantchito ŵake ŵapelekenge magesi ku ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala kufupi. Wupu wa Compagnie des Bauxites de Kindia (CBK), uwo ni wupu wa boma la Guinea na wa RUSAL, ukupanga matani pafupifupi 2.5 miliyoni pa chaka, ndipo pafupifupi matani ghose agha ghakutumizgika ku Russia na ku vyaru vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Europe. Dian Dian, wupu wa ku Guinea na Ukraine, uwo ukupangiska bauxite, ukupangika matani 1,000,000 (1,102,311 short tons; 984,207 long tons) pa chaka. Mu 2004, kampani ya Alumina Compagnie de Guinée (ACG) iyo yikapoka kampani ya Friguia Consortium, yikapanga matani pafupifupi 2.4 miliyoni gha mafuta gha aluminiyamu. Malo agha ghakutumizga matani 750,000 gha alumina. Global Alumina na Alcoa-Alcan ŵali kulembeska mapangano na boma la Guinea kuti ŵazenge mafakitale ghakurughakuru ghakupangira alumina, agho ghali na nkhongono yakuchitira vinthu pafupifupi matani 4 pa chaka.
Mu mgodi wa Simandou muli visulo vinandi vya visulo. Mu Malichi 2010, kampani ya Anglo-Australian Rio Tinto Group na aluminiyamu yikuru chomene ya China (Chinalco) ŵakasazga phangano lakukhwaskana na mulimo wa Rio Tinto. Mu 2017, wupu wakuwona vya upusikizgi (SFO), uwo ni wupu wakuwona vya upusikizgi ku Britain, ukayambiska kafukufuku pa ivyo Rio Tinto wakachitanga mu Guinea.
Tigui Camara, uyo kale wakaŵa wamaseŵera, ni mwanakazi wakwamba mu Guinea kuŵa na kampani ya migodi iyo yikwendeskeka na ŵanthu.
Mafuta
Pamanyuma pa kumalizga kubowozga mu 2012, chisimi cha Sabu-1 chikawoneka kuti ntchakovwira yayi. Mu Novembala 2012, kampani ya Hyperdynamics, SCS, yikapangana kuti yigulitse 40% ya malo ogulitsira ku Tullow Oil, ndipo chiŵerengero cha eni ake ku Guinea chinakwera kufika pa 37% Hyperdynamics, 40% Tullow Oil, ndi 23% Dana Petroleum. Hyperdynamics yizamuŵa na nyengo m'paka Seputembala 2016, mwakuyana na phangano ilo lilipo sono, kuti yambe kubowozga pa malo ghanyake agho yikukhumba, agho ni Fatala Cenomanian turbidite fan prospect.
Ŵalendo
Vinyake ivyo vikukondweska chomene mu Guinea ni majigha agho ghali mu vigaŵa vya Basse Guinea (Lower Guinea) na Moyenne Guinea (Middle Guinea). Chigwa cha Soumba pa phiri la Kakoulima ku Kindia, Voile de la Mariée (Valo la Mkwatibwi) ku Dubreka, chigwa cha Kinkon chomwe chili pafupifupi mamita 80 (260 ft) pa Kokoula River ku Pita, mathithi a Kambadaga omwe amatha kufika mamita 100 (330 ft) nyengo yamvula pamtsinje womwewo, mathithi a Ditinn & Mitty ku Dalaba, ndi mathithi a Fetoré ndi mlatho wamwala m'chigawo cha Labe ndi ena mwa malo okopa alendo okhudzana ndi madzi.
Swindon (borough)
Swindon (borough) ni boma mu charu cha England. Charu cha England chiliso mu chigawa cha United Kingdom, ndipo chili na mphaka na Wales kumanjiliro gha dazi na Scotland kumpoto.
Kpakpale
Kpakpale ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Bamingui-Bangoran kumpoto kwa Central African Republic.
Guinea
Mayendelo
Malo ghakwendera ndege gha Conakry International Airport ndigho ni ghakurughakuru chomene mu charu ichi, ndipo ghakwendera ku misumba yinyake mu Africa na ku Europe.
Njanji iyi yikazengeka pakati pa 1904 na 1910, ndipo yikaŵaso yayi kugwira ntchito mu 1995 ndipo mu 2007 yikamara. Pakwamba, ŵakakhumbanga kunozga msewu uwu kuti uŵe wakwendamo ŵanthu ŵanandi, ndipo apo ntchito yikambanga mu 2010, ŵakayowoya kuti mulimo uwu uli kumara chifukwa cha vimbundi. Pali njanji iyo yikwendeskeka na boma iyo yikukolerana na migodi ya bauxite ya Sangarédi na dowoko la Kamsar (137 km) kweniso njanji ya m'ma 1960 iyo yikwendeskeka na Russia RusAl ku migodi ya Fria (143 km).
Pakuŵa chigaŵa cha ndondomeko ya kwambaso kuguliska migodi ya visulo pa Simandou block 1 na 2, wupu uphya uwu ukalayizga mu 2019 kuti uzamupeleka ndalama zakwendeskera mulimo wa kuzenga njanji yiphya yakuya ku Matakong pa nyanja ya Atlantic uko ŵazamuguliska ndalama zakukwana madola mabiliyoni 20 gha ku America kuti ŵazenge dowoko la maji ghakunyang'amira. Njira ya makilomita 650 njitali kuluska nthowa yinyake yakulongozgera kumwera ku Buchanan, Liberia, iyo yikawonekanga nga ni nthowa yinyake mu October 2019. Ndipouli, nthowa ya Matakong yikeneranga kuŵa mu Guinea ndipo yikeneranga kuŵa na nthowa yakwendeskera vyakurya.
Mu Guinea, magalimoto ghanyake ghali na vyaka vyakujumpha 20, ndipo magalimoto gha taxi ni magalimoto gha vipata vinayi agho mweneko wayowoya kuti ghapangike. Ŵanthu ŵa mu tawuni iyi, awo ŵalije magalimoto, ŵakugwiliskira nchito magalimoto gha tekisi na mabasi ghacoko kuti ŵendenge mu tawuni na mu caru cose. Mahachi na mbunda vikuguza magileta, comenecomene pakunyamura vinthu vya kuzenga.
Harlow
Harlow ni boma mu charu cha England. Charu cha England chiliso mu chigawa cha United Kingdom, ndipo chili na mphaka na Wales kumanjiliro gha dazi na Scotland kumpoto.
Guinea
Ŵanthu
Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu charu ichi ŵalipo 13.5 miliyoni. Msumba wa Conakry ndiwo uli na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene. Mu 2014, chiŵelengero cha ŵana awo ŵakababikanga mu Guinea chikaŵa 4.93 pa mwanakazi waliyose.
Chiyowoyero cha ku Guinea ni Chifurenchi. Mu 2018, ŵanthu 33.9% ŵakayowoyanga Chipular, ndipo ŵanthu 29.4% ŵakayowoyanga Chimandingo. Chilankhulo chachitatu chomwe chimalankhulidwa kwambiri ndi Chisu, chomwe chimalankhulidwa ndi 21.2% ya anthu mu 2018 ngati chilankhulo chawo choyamba. Viyowoyero vinyake ivyo vikuyowoyeka mu Guinea nga ni chiyowoyero cha ŵanthu ŵa ku Guinea vikakwana 16% mu 2018, kusazgapo Kissi na Kpelle.
Chisopo
Ŵanthu ŵa ku Guinea ŵalipo 85% Mbasilamu ndipo 8% Mbakhristu. Ŵanyake, Ŵasilamu na Ŵakristu wuwo, ŵakulondezga vigomezgo vya ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa.
Ŵasilamu ŵanandi ŵa ku Guinea ŵakulondezga chisopa cha Sunni, cha Maliki. Magulu gha Cikristu ghakuphatikizapo ŵa Katolika, ŵa Anglican, ŵa Baptist, ŵa Seventh-day Adventist, na ŵa Evangelical. Ŵakaboni ŵa Yehova ŵakugwira nchito mu caru ici ndipo boma likuŵamanya makora. Ku malo agha kuli cisopa ca Bahá'í. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala mu vyaru vinyake mba Chihindu, Chibuda, na ŵa chisopa cha Chitchayinizi.
Ku Nzerekore kukaŵa nkhondo za mitundu na visopa kwa mazuŵa ghatatu mu Julayi 2013. Nkhondo pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa fuko la Kpelle awo Mbakhristu panji ŵakugomezga kuti kuli vyamoyo, na ŵanthu ŵa fuko la Konianke awo Mbasilamu ndipo ŵali pafupi na fuko la Malinke, ŵakafwa ŵanthu ŵakukwana 54. Ŵanyake awo ŵakafwa ŵakaŵakoma na vilwero na kotcha ŵamoyo. Nkhaza zikamara apo ŵasilikari ŵa ku Guinea ŵakaŵikapo dango lakuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kwiza ku nyumba zawo.
Masambilo
Mu 2010, ŵanthu 41 pa 100 ŵaliwose ŵakamanyanga kuŵazga na kulemba (52 pa 100 pa ŵanalume na 30 pa 100 pa ŵanakazi). Sukulu ya pulayimale njakukakamiza kwa vyaka 6. Mu 1999, ŵanthu 40 pa 100 ŵaliwose ŵakasambiranga ku pulayimale. Ŵana, comenecomene ŵasungwana, ŵakufumiskika ku sukulu kuti ŵawovwire ŵapapi ŵawo pa nchito za pa nyumba panji zaulimi, panji kuti ŵatoreke: Mu Guinea muli "ciŵelengero cikuru comene" ca ŵana awo ŵakutengwa.
Ebola
Mu 2014, ku Guinea kukabuka nthenda ya Ebola. Lekani dipatimenti ya vyaumoyo yikakanizga kuguliska na kurya viyuni ivi. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, nthenda iyi yikathandazgika kufuma ku vigaŵa vya ku mizi kuya ku Conakry, ndipo mu Juni 2014 yikafika mu vyaru vyapafupi nga ni Sierra Leone na Liberia. Mu Ogasiti 2014, charu cha Guinea chikajara mphaka na Sierra Leone na Liberia kuti chileke kuthandazga nthenda iyi.
Apo WHO yikamalizga ndondomeko ya Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) pa 29 March 2016, lipoti la Ebola Situation Report ilo likapelekeka pa 30 March likakhozga kuti ŵanthu 5 ŵanyakeso ŵakalwara nthenda iyi mu masabata ghaŵiri agho ghakajumpha, ndipo nthenda iyi yikakhwaskana na nthenda ya Novembala 2014.
Nthenda ya Ebola yikananga nthowa zakuchizgira matenda ghanyake mu Guinea. Ŵanthu ŵakamba kuleka kuluta ku chipatala chifukwa cha kopa nthenda iyi kweniso chifukwa cha kuleka kugomezga ndopa. Kweniso chifukwa cha Ebola, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuleka kupwelelera ndopa.
Tendring District
Tendring District ni boma mu charu cha England. Charu cha England chiliso mu chigawa cha United Kingdom, ndipo chili na mphaka na Wales kumanjiliro gha dazi na Scotland kumpoto.
Guinea
Maternal and child healthcare
Chiŵerengero cha amayi omwe amafa mu 2021 pa kubadwa 100,000 ku Guinea ndi 576. Pa ciŵelengero ici, mu 2010 kukaŵa 680 ndipo mu 2008 kukaŵa 859.9 ndipo mu 1990 kukaŵa 964.7. Ŵana awo ŵakufwa para ŵandafike vyaka vinkhondi ŵakufwa pa ŵana 1,000 146, ndipo ŵana awo ŵakufwa para ŵandafike vyaka vinkhondi ŵakufwa 29. Ku Guinea, pa ŵana 1,000 awo ŵakubabika, mwanakazi yumoza ndiyo wakuŵa mama, ndipo pa ŵanakazi 26 ŵaliwose, yumoza wakufwa. Ku Guinea ndiko kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi comene awo ŵakukoma ŵanakazi.
HIV/AIDS
Paumaliro wa 2004, ŵanthu ŵakukwana 170,000 ŵakaŵa na nthenda iyi. Kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu 2001 na 2002 wakulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakusuzgika na HIV mu misumba kuluska ku mizi. Ku Conakry (5%) na mu misumba ya ku Forest Guinea (7%) iyo yili kufupi na Côte d'Ivoire, Liberia, na Sierra Leone ndiko kukaŵa nthenda iyi.
Pali vinthu vinandi ivyo vikwambiska nthenda ya HIV/AIDS ku Guinea. Vinthu ivi ni kugonana kwambura kuvikilirika, kugonana na ŵanthu ŵanandi, kuleka kuŵazga na kulemba, ukavu ukuru, mphaka zambura kukhazikika, ŵanthu ŵakuchimbira kwawo, kusoŵerwa kwa wovwiri wa boma, na kusoŵa kwa wovwiri wa munkhwala na wovwiri wa boma.
Kuŵa na njara
Kafukufuku munyake uyo wakachitika mu 2012, wakalongosora kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakulwara matenda gha matenda agha mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana. Kafukufuku uyu wakalongora kuti ŵana 139,200 ŵakaŵa na suzgo la kusoŵa chakurya, 609,696 ŵakaŵa na suzgo la kusoŵa chakurya, ndipo 1,592,892 ŵakaŵa na nthenda ya kusulura ndopa. Ŵanthu ŵakayowoya kuti vinthu ivi vikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kupwelelera ŵanyawo, ŵaleke kusanga wovwiri wa munkhwala, ŵaleke kuŵa na utozi uwemi, kweniso kuti vyakurya vileke kuŵa vyakupambanapambana.
Malaria
Maleriya ghakuthandazgika chaka chose, ndipo ghakuthandazgika chomene kwamba mu Julayi m'paka Okutobala. Ku Guinea ŵanthu ŵakulwaralwara cifukwa ca matenda agha.
COVID-19 pandemic
Munthu wakwamba uyo wakasangana na nthenda ya COVID-19 wakalembeka mu Guinea pa 13 March 2020. Paumaliro wa 2020, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakasangika na nthenda iyi chikaŵa 13,722. Pa ŵanthu aŵa, 13,141 ŵakachira, 500 ŵakaŵa ŵamoyo, ndipo 81 ŵakafwa.
Tamworth (borough)
Tamworth (borough) ni boma mu charu cha England. Charu cha England chiliso mu chigawa cha United Kingdom, ndipo chili na mphaka na Wales kumanjiliro gha dazi na Scotland kumpoto.
Test Valley
Test Valley ni boma mu charu cha England. Charu cha England chiliso mu chigawa cha United Kingdom, ndipo chili na mphaka na Wales kumanjiliro gha dazi na Scotland kumpoto.
Guinea
Maseŵera
Mu charu cha Guinea, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa comene maseŵero gha bola.
Wupu wakuwona vya maseŵero wa Guinea Football Federation ndiwo ukuchita maseŵero agha. Wupu uwu ndiwo ukwendeska timu ya mpira wa ku caru cose, na ligi ya ku caru cose. Likakhazikiskika mu 1960 ndipo likukolerana na FIFA kufuma mu 1962 na Confederation of African Football kufuma mu 1963.
Gulu la mpira la ku Guinea, lakucemeka Syli nationale (Ndlovu za ku Guinea), likucitako maseŵero gha mpira wa pa caru cose kwamba mu 1962. Ŵakamba kulimbana na East Germany. Ŵandafikepo pa chigoti cha World Cup, ndipo ŵakathereskeka na Morocco pa Africa Cup of Nations mu 1976.
Guinée Championnat National ndi chigawo chapamwamba cha mpira wa ku Guinea. Kufuma waka apo yikambira mu 1965, magulu ghatatu ghakaŵa na chilato cha kutonda mphindano za ku Guinea. Horoya AC wali na vithuzithuzi 16 ndipo ndiyo wakathereska mu 2017. Hafia FC (iyo yikamanyikwanga na zina lakuti Conakry II mu ma 1960s) yili na vithuzithuzi vyakujumpha 15. AS Kaloum Star (iyo yikamanyikwanga na zina lakuti Conakry I mu ma 1960s) yili na maudindo 13. Magulu ghose ghatatu ghali mu msumba wa Conakry.
Hafia FC yikathereska African Cup of Champions Clubs katatu, mu 1972, 1975 na 1977, apo Horoya AC yikathereska African Cup Winners' Cup mu 1978.
Jiso
Maso ni viŵaro vya mkolano wa kalaŵiskiro.
Guinea
Kutora mitala
Dango la ku Guinea likukanizga kutora ŵanakazi ŵanandi, kweni pali vinyake ivyo vikukanizgika. Mu 2020, ŵanthu pafupifupi 26% ŵakatoranga ŵanakazi ŵanandi (29% Ŵasilamu na 10% Ŵakhristu).
Kuphika
Vyakurya vya ku Guinea vikupambana kuyana na chigaŵa. Cassava wakumwa. Vyakurya vya ku Guinea ni yétissé, msuzi wa ma nuts, msuzi wa okra na chingwa cha tapalapa. Mu vigaŵa vya ku mizi, ŵanthu ŵakurya mu "mbale yikuru" na kurya na mawoko kuwaro kwa nyumba.
Borough of Swale
Borough of Swale ni boma mu charu cha England. Charu cha England chiliso mu chigawa cha United Kingdom, ndipo chili na mphaka na Wales kumanjiliro gha dazi na Scotland kumpoto.
Nykarleby
Nykarleby ni msumba wakusangika charu cha Finland mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Tameside
Tameside ni boma mu charu cha England. Charu cha England chiliso mu chigawa cha United Kingdom, ndipo chili na mphaka na Wales kumanjiliro gha dazi na Scotland kumpoto.
Thurrock
Thurrock ni boma mu charu cha England. Charu cha England chiliso mu chigawa cha United Kingdom, ndipo chili na mphaka na Wales kumanjiliro gha dazi na Scotland kumpoto.
Havant (borough)
Havant (borough) ni boma mu charu cha England. Charu cha England chiliso mu chigawa cha United Kingdom, ndipo chili na mphaka na Wales kumanjiliro gha dazi na Scotland kumpoto.
Surrey Heath
Surrey Heath ni boma mu charu cha England. Charu cha England chiliso mu chigawa cha United Kingdom, ndipo chili na mphaka na Wales kumanjiliro gha dazi na Scotland kumpoto.
Tandridge (district)
Tandridge (district) ni boma mu charu cha England. Charu cha England chiliso mu chigawa cha United Kingdom, ndipo chili na mphaka na Wales kumanjiliro gha dazi na Scotland kumpoto.
Tonbridge and Malling
Tonbridge and Malling ni boma mu charu cha England. Charu cha England chiliso mu chigawa cha United Kingdom, ndipo chili na mphaka na Wales kumanjiliro gha dazi na Scotland kumpoto.
Thanet (district)
Thanet (district) ni boma mu charu cha England. Charu cha England chiliso mu chigawa cha United Kingdom, ndipo chili na mphaka na Wales kumanjiliro gha dazi na Scotland kumpoto.
City of Sunderland
City of Sunderland ni boma mu charu cha England. Charu cha England chiliso mu chigawa cha United Kingdom, ndipo chili na mphaka na Wales kumanjiliro gha dazi na Scotland kumpoto.
Hastings
Hastings ni boma mu charu cha England. Charu cha England chiliso mu chigawa cha United Kingdom, ndipo chili na mphaka na Wales kumanjiliro gha dazi na Scotland kumpoto.
Three Rivers (district)
Three Rivers (district) ni boma mu charu cha England. Charu cha England chiliso mu chigawa cha United Kingdom, ndipo chili na mphaka na Wales kumanjiliro gha dazi na Scotland kumpoto.
London Borough of Tower Hamlets
London Borough of Tower Hamlets ni boma mu charu cha England. Charu cha England chiliso mu chigawa cha United Kingdom, ndipo chili na mphaka na Wales kumanjiliro gha dazi na Scotland kumpoto.
Mnyero
Mnyero ni mjuro pa umaliro wa mkorano wa kugaya chakurya mu vyamoyo vinyama.
Mole Valley
Mole Valley ni boma mu charu cha England. Charu cha England chiliso mu chigawa cha United Kingdom, ndipo chili na mphaka na Wales kumanjiliro gha dazi na Scotland kumpoto.
Trafford
Trafford ni boma mu charu cha England. Charu cha England chiliso mu chigawa cha United Kingdom, ndipo chili na mphaka na Wales kumanjiliro gha dazi na Scotland kumpoto.
Tewkesbury (borough)
Tewkesbury (borough) ni boma mu charu cha England. Charu cha England chiliso mu chigawa cha United Kingdom, ndipo chili na mphaka na Wales kumanjiliro gha dazi na Scotland kumpoto.
London Borough of Newham
London Borough of Newham ni boma mu charu cha England. Charu cha England chiliso mu chigawa cha United Kingdom, ndipo chili na mphaka na Wales kumanjiliro gha dazi na Scotland kumpoto.
Torbay
Torbay ni boma mu charu cha England. Charu cha England chiliso mu chigawa cha United Kingdom, ndipo chili na mphaka na Wales kumanjiliro gha dazi na Scotland kumpoto.
Stratford-on-Avon (district)
Stratford-on-Avon (district) ni boma mu charu cha England. Charu cha England chiliso mu chigawa cha United Kingdom, ndipo chili na mphaka na Wales kumanjiliro gha dazi na Scotland kumpoto.
Tunbridge Wells (borough)
Tunbridge Wells (borough) ni boma mu charu cha England. Charu cha England chiliso mu chigawa cha United Kingdom, ndipo chili na mphaka na Wales kumanjiliro gha dazi na Scotland kumpoto.
Teignbridge
Teignbridge ni boma mu charu cha England. Charu cha England chiliso mu chigawa cha United Kingdom, ndipo chili na mphaka na Wales kumanjiliro gha dazi na Scotland kumpoto.
Hart (district)
Hart (district) ni boma mu charu cha England. Charu cha England chiliso mu chigawa cha United Kingdom, ndipo chili na mphaka na Wales kumanjiliro gha dazi na Scotland kumpoto.
London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham
London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham ni boma mu charu cha England. Charu cha England chiliso mu chigawa cha United Kingdom, ndipo chili na mphaka na Wales kumanjiliro gha dazi na Scotland kumpoto.
City of Preston, Lancashire
City of Preston, Lancashire ni boma mu charu cha England. Charu cha England chiliso mu chigawa cha United Kingdom, ndipo chili na mphaka na Wales kumanjiliro gha dazi na Scotland kumpoto.
Torridge District
Torridge District ni boma mu charu cha England. Charu cha England chiliso mu chigawa cha United Kingdom, ndipo chili na mphaka na Wales kumanjiliro gha dazi na Scotland kumpoto.
Middlesbrough (borough)
Middlesbrough (borough) ni boma mu charu cha England. Charu cha England chiliso mu chigawa cha United Kingdom, ndipo chili na mphaka na Wales kumanjiliro gha dazi na Scotland kumpoto.
North Devon
North Devon ni boma mu charu cha England. Charu cha England chiliso mu chigawa cha United Kingdom, ndipo chili na mphaka na Wales kumanjiliro gha dazi na Scotland kumpoto.
Plymouth
Plymouth ni boma mu charu cha England. Charu cha England chiliso mu chigawa cha United Kingdom, ndipo chili na mphaka na Wales kumanjiliro gha dazi na Scotland kumpoto.
Borough of Redditch
Borough of Redditch ni boma mu charu cha England. Charu cha England chiliso mu chigawa cha United Kingdom, ndipo chili na mphaka na Wales kumanjiliro gha dazi na Scotland kumpoto.
Manegoto
Manegoto ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Bamingui-Bangoran kumpoto kwa Central African Republic.
Runnymede (borough)
Runnymede (borough) ni boma mu charu cha England. Charu cha England chiliso mu chigawa cha United Kingdom, ndipo chili na mphaka na Wales kumanjiliro gha dazi na Scotland kumpoto.
New Forest (district)
New Forest (district) ni boma mu charu cha England. Charu cha England chiliso mu chigawa cha United Kingdom, ndipo chili na mphaka na Wales kumanjiliro gha dazi na Scotland kumpoto.
Borough of Reading
Borough of Reading ni boma mu charu cha England. Charu cha England chiliso mu chigawa cha United Kingdom, ndipo chili na mphaka na Wales kumanjiliro gha dazi na Scotland kumpoto.
Newark and Sherwood
Newark and Sherwood ni boma mu charu cha England. Charu cha England chiliso mu chigawa cha United Kingdom, ndipo chili na mphaka na Wales kumanjiliro gha dazi na Scotland kumpoto.
Newcastle-under-Lyme (borough)
Newcastle-under-Lyme (borough) ni boma mu charu cha England. Charu cha England chiliso mu chigawa cha United Kingdom, ndipo chili na mphaka na Wales kumanjiliro gha dazi na Scotland kumpoto.
City of Milton Keynes
City of Milton Keynes ni boma mu charu cha England. Charu cha England chiliso mu chigawa cha United Kingdom, ndipo chili na mphaka na Wales kumanjiliro gha dazi na Scotland kumpoto.
Lokotoumala
Lokotoumala ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Bamingui-Bangoran kumpoto kwa Central African Republic.
Rochford (district)
Rochford (district) ni boma mu charu cha England. Charu cha England chiliso mu chigawa cha United Kingdom, ndipo chili na mphaka na Wales kumanjiliro gha dazi na Scotland kumpoto.
Metropolitan Borough of Rochdale
Metropolitan Borough of Rochdale ni boma mu charu cha England. Charu cha England chiliso mu chigawa cha United Kingdom, ndipo chili na mphaka na Wales kumanjiliro gha dazi na Scotland kumpoto.
Uttlesford
Uttlesford ni boma mu charu cha England. Charu cha England chiliso mu chigawa cha United Kingdom, ndipo chili na mphaka na Wales kumanjiliro gha dazi na Scotland kumpoto.
Borough of Rossendale
Borough of Rossendale ni boma mu charu cha England. Charu cha England chiliso mu chigawa cha United Kingdom, ndipo chili na mphaka na Wales kumanjiliro gha dazi na Scotland kumpoto.
Metropolitan Borough of Oldham
Metropolitan Borough of Oldham ni boma mu charu cha England. Charu cha England chiliso mu chigawa cha United Kingdom, ndipo chili na mphaka na Wales kumanjiliro gha dazi na Scotland kumpoto.
City of Oxford
City of Oxford ni boma mu charu cha England. Charu cha England chiliso mu chigawa cha United Kingdom, ndipo chili na mphaka na Wales kumanjiliro gha dazi na Scotland kumpoto.
North East Derbyshire
North East Derbyshire ni boma mu charu cha England. Charu cha England chiliso mu chigawa cha United Kingdom, ndipo chili na mphaka na Wales kumanjiliro gha dazi na Scotland kumpoto.
Rushcliffe
Rushcliffe ni boma mu charu cha England. Charu cha England chiliso mu chigawa cha United Kingdom, ndipo chili na mphaka na Wales kumanjiliro gha dazi na Scotland kumpoto.
Metropolitan Borough of Rotherham
Metropolitan Borough of Rotherham ni boma mu charu cha England. Charu cha England chiliso mu chigawa cha United Kingdom, ndipo chili na mphaka na Wales kumanjiliro gha dazi na Scotland kumpoto.
City of Peterborough
City of Peterborough ni boma mu charu cha England. Charu cha England chiliso mu chigawa cha United Kingdom, ndipo chili na mphaka na Wales kumanjiliro gha dazi na Scotland kumpoto.
London Borough of Redbridge
London Borough of Redbridge ni boma mu charu cha England. Charu cha England chiliso mu chigawa cha United Kingdom, ndipo chili na mphaka na Wales kumanjiliro gha dazi na Scotland kumpoto.
Rugby (borough)
Rugby (borough) ni boma mu charu cha England. Charu cha England chiliso mu chigawa cha United Kingdom, ndipo chili na mphaka na Wales kumanjiliro gha dazi na Scotland kumpoto.
North East Lincolnshire
North East Lincolnshire ni boma mu charu cha England. Charu cha England chiliso mu chigawa cha United Kingdom, ndipo chili na mphaka na Wales kumanjiliro gha dazi na Scotland kumpoto.
Nthowa zakuyowoyeskelana mu Malaŵi
Ku Malaŵi kuli maposita, mafoni, mawayilesi, wayilesi na Intaneti.
Kwakutumila ma kalata
Malawi Post Corporation ndiyo yikugwira nchito ya kutumizga makalata mu Malawi. Mabungwe ghanyake 10 ghakupeleka mapositi, nga ni DHL na FedEx, ghakugwira ntchito mu Malawi.
Richmondshire
Richmondshire ni boma mu charu cha England. Charu cha England chiliso mu chigawa cha United Kingdom, ndipo chili na mphaka na Wales kumanjiliro gha dazi na Scotland kumpoto.
Nthowa zakuyowoyeskelana mu Malaŵi
Kwakutumila ma kalata
Maofesi gha ku Malawi ghakulongozgeka na wupu wa Malawi Communications Regulatory Authority (MACRA).
Telefoni
Mafoni gha m'manja ghakumanyikwa chomene kuluska gha pa foni ku Malawi, ndipo pali ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 6.1 miliyoni awo ŵali na foni.
Borough of Pendle
Borough of Pendle ni boma mu charu cha England. Charu cha England chiliso mu chigawa cha United Kingdom, ndipo chili na mphaka na Wales kumanjiliro gha dazi na Scotland kumpoto.
Lemena
Lemena ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Bamingui-Bangoran kumpoto kwa Central African Republic.
Portsmouth
Portsmouth ni boma mu charu cha England. Charu cha England chiliso mu chigawa cha United Kingdom, ndipo chili na mphaka na Wales kumanjiliro gha dazi na Scotland kumpoto.
Nthowa zakuyowoyeskelana mu Malaŵi
Telefoni
Lipoti la International Telecommunication Union mu 2014 likulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Malawi ŵakugwiliskira ntchito mafoni gha m'manja pa ciŵelengero cakujumpha 56% ca ndalama izo ŵakupokera mwezi uliwose. Uwu ndiwo ukaŵa unandi wa malipiro agho ŵanthu ŵakasanga.
North Hertfordshire
North Hertfordshire ni boma mu charu cha England. Charu cha England chiliso mu chigawa cha United Kingdom, ndipo chili na mphaka na Wales kumanjiliro gha dazi na Scotland kumpoto.
Nthowa zakuyowoyeskelana mu Malaŵi
Telefoni
Mafoni:
- malo gha pa caru capasi gha pa satellite - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean na 1 Atlantic Ocean)
Wayilesi na TV
Wupu wa Malawi Communications Regulatory Authority (MACRA) ndiwo ukwendeska ntchito ya mawayilesi na ma TV mu Malawi.
Pali mawayilesi 45 agho ghali na layisensi, ndipo 31 mwa mawayilesi agha ghali kugwira ntchito: AM 9, FM 5 (kusangaso mawayilesi ghanyake 15), mawayilesi ghafupi gha 2 (kusangaso mawayilesi ghanyake ghatatu agho ghali mu malo ghakukhalako) (Kufuma mu 2016)
Mafoni: 2.6 miliyoni (Kufuma mu 1997)
Pali masiteshoni 20 gha wayilesi, ndipo 5 mwa masiteshoni agha ghakugwira ntchito..
Intaneti
Intaneti mu Malawi yikwendeskeka na wupu wa Malawi Communications Regulatory Authority (MACRA).
Mu Julayi 2015, ku Malawi kukaŵa ŵanthu 1.67 miliyoni awo ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito Intaneti.
Pa 2003, ŵapharazgi ŵa Intaneti ŵakaŵa 18. Kodi ya charu (top level domain) ni MW.
Ukaboni
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Redcar and Cleveland
Redcar and Cleveland ni boma mu charu cha England. Charu cha England chiliso mu chigawa cha United Kingdom, ndipo chili na mphaka na Wales kumanjiliro gha dazi na Scotland kumpoto.
Chigaŵa chavisankho cha Kumpoto, Chitipa
Kumpoto ni chigaŵa chavisankho mu Boma la Chitipa, Chigaŵa cha Kumpoto, Malaŵi. Chigaŵa cha chavisankho chikuyimilirika ndi MP wa People's Party, James Ted Kabifya Munthali.
Reigate and Banstead
Reigate and Banstead ni boma mu charu cha England. Charu cha England chiliso mu chigawa cha United Kingdom, ndipo chili na mphaka na Wales kumanjiliro gha dazi na Scotland kumpoto.
Lohja
Lohja ni msumba wakusangika charu cha Finland mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Chigaŵa chavisankho cha Kummwera, Chitipa
Kummwera ni chigaŵa chavisankho mu Boma la Chitipa, Chigaŵa cha Kumpoto, Malaŵi. Chigawochi chikuyimiridwa ndi MP wa People's Party, Werani Chilenga.
Chigaŵa chavisankho cha Kumafumiro gha dazi, Chitipa
Kumafumiro gha dazi ni chigaŵa chavisankho mu Boma la Chitipa, Chigaŵa cha Kumpoto, Malaŵi. Chigawochi chikuyimiridwa ndi MP wa Chipani cha Malaŵi Congress, Kezzie Msukwa.
Lazanguere
Lazanguere ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Bamingui-Bangoran kumpoto kwa Central African Republic.
Mbolo, Central Africa
Mbolo ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Bamingui-Bangoran kumpoto kwa Central African Republic.
Dacorum
Dacorum ni boma mu charu cha England. Charu cha England chiliso mu chigawa cha United Kingdom, ndipo chili na mphaka na Wales kumanjiliro gha dazi na Scotland kumpoto.
Chigaŵa chavisankho cha Wenya
Wenya ni chigaŵa chavisankho mu Boma la Chitipa, Chigaŵa cha Kumpoto, Malaŵi. Chigaŵa cha chavisankho chikuyimilirika ndi MP wa People's Party, Godfrey Mdulansi Munkhondya.
Crawley
Crawley ni boma mu charu cha England. Charu cha England chiliso mu chigawa cha United Kingdom, ndipo chili na mphaka na Wales kumanjiliro gha dazi na Scotland kumpoto.
London Borough of Croydon
London Borough of Croydon ni boma mu charu cha England. Charu cha England chiliso mu chigawa cha United Kingdom, ndipo chili na mphaka na Wales kumanjiliro gha dazi na Scotland kumpoto.
Chigaŵa chavisankho cha Kummwera, Karonga
Nyungwe ni chigaŵa chavisankho mu Boma la Karonga, Chigaŵa cha Kumpoto, Malaŵi. Chigawochi chikuyimiridwa ndi MP wa People's Party, Malani Mtonga.
Chigaŵa chavisankho cha Nyungwe
Nyungwe ni chigaŵa chavisankho mu Boma la Karonga, Chigaŵa cha Kumpoto, Malaŵi.
Darlington (borough)
Darlington (borough) ni boma mu charu cha England. Charu cha England chiliso mu chigawa cha United Kingdom, ndipo chili na mphaka na Wales kumanjiliro gha dazi na Scotland kumpoto.
Chigaŵa chavisankho cha Pakati, Mzimba
Pakati ni chigaŵa chavisankho mu Boma la Mzimba, Chigaŵa cha Kumpoto, Malaŵi.
Metropolitan Borough of Doncaster
Metropolitan Borough of Doncaster ni boma mu charu cha England. Charu cha England chiliso mu chigawa cha United Kingdom, ndipo chili na mphaka na Wales kumanjiliro gha dazi na Scotland kumpoto.
Dartford (borough)
Dartford (borough) ni boma mu charu cha England. Charu cha England chiliso mu chigawa cha United Kingdom, ndipo chili na mphaka na Wales kumanjiliro gha dazi na Scotland kumpoto.
Chigaŵa cha Henga
Mbili
Pakwamba Henga wakacemekanga Henga-Phoka, kweni wakasintha.
Chigaŵa chavisankho cha Kumpoto kwa kumafumiro gha dazi, Mzimba
Kumpoto kwa kumafumiro gha dazi ni chigaŵa chavisankho mu Boma la Mzimba, Chigaŵa cha Kumpoto, Malaŵi.
Dorset (unitary authority)
Dorset (unitary authority) ni boma mu charu cha England. Charu cha England chiliso mu chigawa cha United Kingdom, ndipo chili na mphaka na Wales kumanjiliro gha dazi na Scotland kumpoto.
Dover (district)
Dover (district) ni boma mu charu cha England. Charu cha England chiliso mu chigawa cha United Kingdom, ndipo chili na mphaka na Wales kumanjiliro gha dazi na Scotland kumpoto.
Comoros
Comoros, mwaboma, Mkolelanako wa Comoros, ni caru cakujiyimira paŵekha ico cili na virwa vitatu ku Southeastern Africa. Msumba wake ukuru ni Moroni. Chisopa icho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakulondezga, kweniso chisopa cha boma, ni Chisilamu cha Sunni. Charu cha Comoros chikapharazga kuti chafwatuka ku France pa Julayi 6, 1975. Charu ichi chili mu wupu wa vyaru vya maarabu, ndipo ndico nchigaŵa cimoza pera mu caru ca maarabu ico cili mu cigaŵa ca kumwera. Charu ichi chili mu wupu wa African Union, Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, na Indian Ocean Commission. Charu ichi chili na viyowoyero vitatu: Shikomori, Chifurenchi na Chiarabic.
Charu ichi chili na virwa vikuruvikuru vitatu na virwa vichoko vinandi. Virwa vyose vya Comoro ni vya mapiri. Mayotte wakakana kujipatura ku France mu 1974, ndipo wakulutilira kulamulirika na France. Boma la France likakanira ivyo wupu wa United Nations Security Council ukayowoya vyakuti Comoros ndiyo yili na mazaza pa cirwa ici. Mayotte wakazgoka chigaŵa cha ku France mu 2011 pamanyuma pa referendum iyo yikapokeka na ŵanthu ŵanandi.
Virwa vya Comoros vili na malo ghakukwana 1,861 km2. Mu 2019 ŵanthu ŵakukwana 850,886.
Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakakhalanga mu virwa vya Comoros ŵakaŵa ŵanthu ŵa ku Austronesian na Malagasy. Charu ichi chikaŵa pasi pa ufumu wa France mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800 pambere chindaŵe na wanangwa mu 1975. Mu caru ici muli maboma ghakujumpha 20 agho ghayezga kutimbanizga boma. Kweniso charu ichi chili na masuzgo ghakuru chomene pa nkhani ya ndalama, ndipo chili pa chigaŵa chapasi chomene pa charu chose. Mu 2008, ŵanthu pafupifupi hafu ŵakakhalanga pasi pa ukavu wa US$1.25 pa zuŵa.
Zina
Zina lakuti Comoros lili kufuma ku lizgu la Chiarabu lakuti قمر qamar ("mwezi").
Settlement
Mwakuyana na vidokoni, jinni (mzimu) wakaponya libwe lakuzirwa, ilo likapangiska moto ukuru. Ici cikazgoka phiri la Karthala, ilo likapangiska cirwa ca Grande Comore. Ŵanyake ŵakuti Themba Solomoni nalo likaluta ku chirwa ichi.
Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakaluta ku malo agha ŵakafuma kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa, ku Arabia, ku Persian Gulf, ku Malaŵi, na ku Madagascar. Ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga ciyowoyero ca Bantu ŵakakhalanga pa virwa ivi kufuma waka apo ŵanthu ŵakambira kukhazikika, ndipo ŵakwenera kuti ŵakiza na ŵazga.
Vyaru vya Comoros vikupangika mu vigaŵa viŵiri. Nyengo yakwambilira iyo ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga pa chirwa ichi ni nyengo ya Dembeni (cha m'ma 700 C.E. m'paka 10 C.E.). Kwambira mu nyengo ya 11 m'paka 15 C.E., malonda na ŵanthu ŵa ku Madagascar kweniso ŵamalonda ŵa ku Swahili Coast na Middle East ŵakakura chomene. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Comoros ŵali kufuma ku chirwa cha Arabia, chomenechomene ku Hadhramaut.
Medieval Comoros
Mbiri yikulongora kuti mu 632, ŵanthu ŵa pa chirwa ichi ŵakati ŵapulika vya cisopa ca Ciisilamu, ŵakatuma nthumi yawo, Mtswa-Mwindza, ku Mecca. Kweni apo iyo wakafikanga, nchimi ya Ciisilamu, Muhammad, yikaŵa kuti yafwa. Ndipouli, wakati wakhalako nyengo yicoko waka ku Mecca, wakawelera ku Ngazidja ndipo wakadangilira kuti ŵanthu ŵa pa cirwa ici ŵambe kusopa Cisilamu.
Mu mabuku ghakwambilira gha ku East Africa, mabuku gha Al-Masudi ghakulongosora nthowa zakwendamo malonda za chisopa cha Chisilamu, kweniso umo Ŵasilamu ŵakenderanga mumphepete mwa nyanja na virwa ivi. Ŵakapelekaso cisopa ca Ciislam ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Zanj kusazgapo Comoros. Apo Comoros yikakuranga mumphepete mwa nyanja ya East Africa, ŵakazenga visopo vikuru na vichoko wuwo. Virwa vya Comoros vikaŵa vya ŵanthu ŵa ku Swahili ndipo vikaŵa malo ghakurughakuru ghakwendeskera malonda, kweniso ghakaŵa na misumba yinandi ya malonda nga ni Kilwa, ku Tanzania, Sofala (malo agho ŵakaguliskiranga golide ku Zimbabwe), Mozambique, na Mombasa ku Kenya.
Ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ŵakiza ku virwa vya ku Indian Ocean kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1400 C.E. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ŵakamba kwiza ku virwa ivi na boti la Vasco da Gama mu 1503. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500 C.E., virwa ivi vikapeleka vyakurya ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ku Mozambique.
Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1500, ŵalongozgi ŵa ku malo agha ŵakamba kuthereska Ŵachidachi na Ŵapwitikizi. Muhaliri wake Said bin Sultan wakasazgirako mazaza gha Ŵaarabu ŵa ku Oman mu cigaŵa ici, ndipo wakasamuskira boma lake ku Zanzibar. Ndipouli, Comoros ghakaŵa ghacilendo, ndipo nangauli virwa vitatu vikuruvikuru vikaŵa vyakukolerana, kweni cirwa cikuru comene, Ngazidja, cikagaŵika mu maufumu ghanandi.
Apo ŵa ku Europe ŵakamba kutemwa virwa vya Comoros, ŵanthu ŵa ku virwa ivi ŵakamba kugwiliskira nchito makora mwaŵi uwu, ndipo pakwamba ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito maboti agho ghakalutanga ku India, comene-comene gha Cingelezi, ndipo pamanyuma ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito ŵazga mu virwa vya ku Mascarenes.
European contact and French colonisation
Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Madagascar, comenecomene Betsimisaraka na Sakalava, ŵakamba kuwukira virwa vya Comoros kuti ŵasange ŵazga ndipo virwa ivi vikabwangandulika cifukwa vyakurya vikaparanyika ndipo ŵanthu ŵakakomeka, ŵakatolekera ku wuzga panji ŵakacimbilira ku Africa. Ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga pa virwa ivi na ŵazga awo ŵakafuma ku virwa vikuruvikuru. Mu 1865, ku Comoros, ŵanthu pafupifupi 40% ŵakaŵa ŵazga.
France yikamba kulamulira ku Comoros pakutora Mayotte mu 1841 apo Sakalava uyo wakaŵa sultan Andriantsoly [fr] (uyo wakamanyikwaso na zina lakuti Tsy Levalo) wakalemba phangano la April 1841, ilo likapeleka cirwa ku boma la France.
Mu 1886, Mwali wakaŵikika pasi pa kuvikilirika na Ŵafarisi. Mu chaka chenechicho, Sultan Said Ali wa ku Bambao, uyo wakaŵa yumoza wa mafumu gha Ngazidja, wakaŵika chilumba ichi mu mawoko gha Ŵafalansa. Mu 1908, virwa ivi vikaŵa na boma limoza (Colonie de Mayotte et dépendances) ndipo vikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa kazembe mukuru wa ku Madagascar. Mu 1909, Sultan Said Muhamed wa ku Ndzwani wakaleka ufumu wake na kwamba kulamulira ku France. Mu 1912, boma la Madagascar likamara kulamulira virwa ivi.
Mu 1973, ŵakazomerezgana na France kuti Comoros yiŵe yakujiyimira paŵekha mu 1978, nangauli ŵimiliri ŵa boma la Mayotte ŵakazomerezga kuti charu ichi chiŵe pamoza na France. Pa virwa vyose vinayi, ŵakacita phangano la ŵanthu wose. Vyaru vitatu vikazomera kuti vijiyimire vyekha, kweni vyaru vinyake vitatu vikazomera yayi. Ndipouli, pa Julayi 6, 1975, nyumba ya malango ya Comoros yikapeleka dango lakuti charu ichi chiŵe na wanangwa wakujiyimira. Ahmed Abdallah wakapharazga wanangwa wa Comorian State (État comorien; دولة القمر) ndipo wakaŵa purezidenti wakwamba. Ŵacifurenci ŵakazomera boma liphya ili.
Kujilamulila (1975)
Vyaka 30 vyakulondezgapo vikaŵa vyamahara. Pa 3 Ogasiti, 1975, mwezi umoza yayi kufuma apo boma likapokera wanangwa, pulezidenti Ahmed Abdallah wakawuskika pa udindo wake na kuwuskako munthu munyake uyo wakaŵa wa United National Front of the Comoros (FNUK) zina lake Said Mohamed Jaffar. Pakati pajumpha myezi yichoko waka, mu Janyuwale 1976, Jaffar wakawuskika pa udindo na kwamba kuteŵetera nga nduna yake ya vya kuvikilira charu, Ali Soilih.
Mu nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵa ku Mayotte ŵakavota katatu kuti ŵafumeko ku France. Pa ungano wakwamba uwo ukacitika pa virwa vyose pa 22 Disembala 1974, ŵanthu 63.8% ŵakakolerana kuti Mayotte walutilire kuŵa na ubwezi na France. Virwa vitatu ivyo vikakhalako, ivyo vikawusikanga na Pulezidenti Soilih, vikamba kulondezga fundo za wupu wakulongozga na wa kusama. Pa Meyi 13, 1978, Bob Denard, uyo wakapemphekaso na wupu wa French Intelligence Service (SDECE), wakawelera kuti wawuskemo pulezidenti Soilih na kuwezgerapo Abdallah na wovwiri wa maboma gha France, Rhodesia na South Africa. Ali Soilih ŵakamukora na kumukoma masabata ghacoko waka pamanyuma pake.
Mwakupambana na Soilih, muwuso wa Abdallah ukaŵa na muwuso wa wupu wakulongozga na kukolerana na Chisilamu cha maluso ndipo chalo ichi chikasinthika zina kuŵa Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros (République Fédérale Islamique des Comores; République القمر الإتحادية الإسلامية). Bob Denard wakaŵa mulaŵiliri wakwamba wa Abdallah Abderamane; wakucemeka "Viceroy of the Comoros", ndipo nyengo zinyake wakawonekanga nga ni munthu wankhongono wa boma. Kufupi comene na South Africa, uko kukawovwiranga "ŵalinda ŵa pulezidenti", wakazomerezga kuti Paris wajumphe dango la pa caru cose lakukanizga boma la apartheid kwizira mwa Moroni. Kweniso wakambiska gulu la ŵasilikari ŵakugwilira nchito pa msonkho kufuma ku virwa ivi. Abdallah wakalutilira kuŵa pulezidenti mpaka mu 1989 apo wakawopa kuti boma lingamuwukira, ndipo wakalemba dango lakuti ŵapolisi ŵa boma, awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Bob Denard, ŵaleke kuvikilira ŵasilikari. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yicoko waka, Abdallah wakakomeka mu ofesi yake na mulara wa ŵasilikari uyo wakaŵa na citima, kweni pamanyuma pake ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakayowoya kuti ŵakamuwukira na futi. Nangauli Denard nayo wakapwetekeka, kweni ŵanthu ŵakukayika usange uyo wakakoma Abdallah wakaŵa msilikari uyo wakaŵa pasi pake.
Pakati pajumpha mazuŵa ghacoko waka, ŵasilikari ŵa ku France ŵakamutolera ku South Africa. Said Mohamed Djohar, mubali mulara wa Soilih, wakazgoka purezidenti, ndipo wakateŵetera mpaka Seputembala 1995, apo Bob Denard wakawelera na kuyezga kupoka boma. Pa nyengo iyi, caru ca France cikaŵawovwira na ŵasilikari ŵa parachute na kucicizga Denard kuti wajipeleke. Ŵacifurenci ŵakamufumiska Djohar na kuluta nayo ku Reunion, ndipo Mohamed Taki Abdoulkarim, uyo wakawovwirika na boma la Paris, wakaŵa pulezidenti. Wakalongozga caru kufuma mu 1996, mu nyengo ya masuzgo gha ŵantchito, kukanizgika kwa boma, na nkhondo za kulekana, mpaka apo wakafwira mu Novembala 1998. Wakalongozgeka na Pulezidenti wa nyengo yichoko Tadjidine Ben Said Massounde.
Virwa vya Ndzwani na Mwali vikajiyimira vyekha mu 1997, pakukhumba kuwezgerapo muwuso wa France. Kweni caru ca France cikakana, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti ŵasilikari ŵa boma na ŵakugaluka ŵakumane. Mu Epulero 1999, Colonel Azali Assoumani, Chief of Staff wa Army, wakapoka mazaza mwa kuwukira boma kwambura kuthiska ndopa, na kuwuskapo Pulezidenti wa nyengo yeneyiyo Massounde, chifukwa cha kupeleŵera kwa ŵalongozgi mu suzgo. Uwu ukaŵa utimbanizgi wa 18 wa Comoros kufuma apo charu ichi chikapokera wanangwa mu 1975.
Azali wakatondeka kukhozga mazaza ghake na kwambaso kulamulira virwa ivi. Wupu wa African Union, pasi pa muwuso wa Pulezidenti Thabo Mbeki wa ku South Africa, ukaŵika vyeruzgo pa Ndzwani kuti wawovwirepo pa kudumbiskana na kupembuzga. Kuyana na fundo za Fomboni Accords, izo ŵalongozgi ŵa virwa vyose vitatu ŵakalemba mu Disembala 2001, zina la boma ili likasinthika kuŵa Union of the Comoros. Mulara wa wupu uwu, nangauli wakusankhika pa maungano gha pa caru cose, kweni wakusankhika kufuma pa cigaŵa cilicose ca virwa ivi.
Azali wakafumapo mu boma mu 2002 kuti wakaŵepo pa mavoti gha pulezidenti wa Comoros, ndipo wakathereska. Pa nyengo iyo boma la Comoros likaŵa na mazaza pa charu chose, Azali wakaŵa mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari ndipo nyengo zose wakaŵanga wa demokilase yayi. Mu 2005, boma likapeleka dango lakuti wupu uliwose ukwenera kuchita mulimo wake. Mu 2006, Ahmed Abdallah Mohamed Sambi ndiyo wakathereska mavoti. Azali wakachindika ivyo vikachitika pa mavoti, ndipo ici cikawovwira kuti paŵe mtende na demokilase mu virwa ivi.
Kwambira apo Comoros yikapokera wanangwa kufuma ku France, pakaŵa ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 20 awo ŵakayezga kutimbanizga boma.
Pambuyo pa chisankho cha kumapeto kwa chaka cha 2010, wachiwiri kwa purezidenti wakale Ikililou Dhoinine adaloledwa kukhala purezidenti pa 26 Meyi 2011. Munthu wa chipani chakulongozga, Dhoinine wakawovwirika na pulezidenti wa sono Ahmed Abdallah Mohamed Sambi. Dhoinine, uyo wakasambira vya munkhwala, ni pulezidenti wakwamba wa Comoros kufuma ku cirwa ca Mwali. Pambuyo pa zisankho za 2016, Azali Assoumani, kuchokera ku Ngazidja, adakhala purezidenti kwa nthawi yachitatu. Mu 2018 Azali wakachita referendum pa kusintha kwa malango agho ghangazomerezga kuti pulezidenti wateŵetere nyengo ziŵiri. Vinthu ivi vikapokelereka nangauli ŵakususkana navyo ndipo ŵakamukana. Mu April 2019, Azali wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti.
Mu Januwale 2020, mavoti gha chalo cha Comoros ghakaŵa gha chipani cha President Azali Assoumani, Convention for the Renewal of the Comoros, CRC. Pakakhumbikwiranga kuti paŵe ŵanthu ŵanandi mu Nyumba ya Malamulo, ico cikang'anamuranga kuti nkhongono zake zikasazgikiranga. CRC yikapoka malo 17 pa malo 24 mu nyumba ya malango.
Mu 2021, Comoros yikalemba na kuzomerezga phangano lakukanizga vilwero vya nyukiliya.
Mu 2023, Comoros yikacemeka kuŵa mulendo wambura kunjira mu ungano wa G7 ku Hiroshima.
Makhalilo gha charu
Virwa vya Comoros ni Ngazidja (Grande Comore), Mwali (Mohéli) na Ndzwani (Anjouan), ivyo ni virwa vikuruvikuru vitatu mu Comoros. Virwa ivi vikumanyikwa na mazina ghawo mu ciyowoyero ca ku Comoros, nangauli ŵanthu ŵa ku vyaru vinyake ŵakugwiliskira nchito mazina ghawo gha Cifurenchi. Msumba ukuru wa Moroni uli pa Ngazidja. Chirwa ichi chili mu nyanja ya Indian Ocean, pakati pa Africa (pafupi na Mozambique na Tanzania) na Madagascar.
Charu ichi chili na malo ghakukwana 1,861 km2, ndipo ni chimoza mwa vyaru vichoko chomene pa charu chapasi. Comoros nayo wali na malo ghakukwana 320 km2 (120 sq mi) mu nyanja zake. Virwa ivi vili na mapiri ghatali kweniso tumapiri tuchokotuchoko.
Virwa vikuruvikuru ivi vili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene nga ni ivi:
Ngazidja ni msumba ukuru comene pa virwa vyose vya Comoros. Kweniso ni cirwa ciphya comene, ntheura pasi lake lili na malibwe. Cirwa ici chili na mapiri ghaŵiri, Karthala (ghakugolera) na La Grille (ghakugolera), ndipo palije dowoko liwemi. Mwali, uyo msumba wake ni Fomboni, ni cirwa cicoko comene pa virwa vikuruvikuru vinayi. Ndzwani, uwo msumba wake ukuru ni Mutsamudu, uli na kawonekero ka katatu ako kakupangika na mapiri ghatatu gha Shisiwani, Nioumakele na Jimilime agho ghakufuma pa Phiri la Ntingui. Virwa vya Comoros vikaŵako cifukwa ca vimalibwe ivyo vikuphulika. Phiri la Karthala, ilo lili pa Ngazidja, ndilo lili pachanya chomene mu charu ichi. Mu chigaŵa ichi ndimo muli nkhorongo yikuru comene ya ku Comoros. Kartala ni phiri ilo lili na vimalibwe vinandi chomene pa charu chapasi. Mu 2005 apo phiri ili likawa, ŵanthu 40,000 ŵakachimbira, ndipo chiziŵa icho chikaŵa mu phiri ili chikabwanganduka.
Virwa vya Comoros vikumanyikwaso kuti ni Îles Éparses panji Îles éparses de l'océan indien (Virwa Vyakupambanapambana mu Nyanja ya Indian). Virwa vya Glorioso vikaŵa pasi pa boma la Comoros pambere chaka cha 1975 chindafike. Banc du Geyser, ni cirwa ico kale cikaŵa mu Comoros Archipelago, kweni sono cili pasi pa maji. Virwa vya Comoros na France vicali kuwona kuti Banc du Geyser ni cigaŵa ca Glorioso Islands, ntheura ni cigaŵa ca cigaŵa cake ca cuma.
Climate
Nyengo iyi njakuthukira ndipo nyengo zikupambana. Mu mwezi wa Malichi, nyengo yakuzizima chomene pa nyengo ya vula (iyo yikuchemeka kuti kashkazi/kaskazi, kung'anamura chivula cha kumpoto, icho chikamba mu Novembala m'paka Epulero), ndipo mu nyengo yakuzizima chomene, nyengo yakuzizima iyo yikufuma mu Meyi m'paka Okutobala, kuzing'anamura chivula cha kumwera. Virwa ivi vikusuzgika na chimphepo.
Biodiversity
Mu Disembala 1952, cisomba cinyake cakucemeka coelacanth cikasangikaso mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Comoros. Ŵanthu ŵakagomezganga kuti mtundu uwu wa viyuni uli na vyaka 66 ndipo ukafwa kale chomene m'paka mu 1938, apo ukawonekera pa nyanja ya South Africa. Pakati pa 1938 na 1975, vikoko 84 vikakoleka na kulembeka.
Protected areas
Mu Comoros muli malo ghakukwana 6 ghakusungirako vyamoyo nga ni Karthala, Coelacanth, na Mitsamiouli Ndroudi pa Grande Comore, Phiri la Ntringui na Shisiwani pa Anjouan, na Mohéli National Park pa Mohéli. Virwa vya Karthala na Phiri la Ntrigui ni vyakumera vyapacanya comene pa virwa ivi. Virwa vya Coelacanth, Mitsamiouli Ndroudi, na Shisiwani ni vyakumera vya mu nyanja ivyo vikuvikilira virwa vya mumphepete mwa nyanja. Malo ghakusungirako vinyama gha Mohéli ghakusazgapo malo gha pa mtunda na gha mu nyanja.
Boma
Boma la Comoros lili na boma la pulezidenti, ndipo pulezidenti wa Comoros ni mutu wa boma na wa boma. Pa Disembala 23, 2001, boma la Comoros likakolerana na dango ili. Boma la Comoros likaŵa la ŵasilikari, ndipo apo Azali Assoumani wakapelekanga mazaza kwa Ahmed Abdallah Mohamed Sambi mu Meyi 2006, likaŵa lakukondweska chomene.