cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Mbili ya Afilika
Sotho-Tswana
Ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga Chitswana ŵakamba kuwusa chigaŵa ichi (kwambira ku Mlonga wa Vaal m'paka ku Botswana). Malo ghakurughakuru agha ghakakhalanga makora m'paka mu 1300 C.E. Ŵanthu wose aŵa ŵakendanga mu nthowa za malonda izo zikendanga kufuma ku Limpopo River m'paka ku Indian Ocean. Mabuku ghakwambilira ghakulongosora vya charu cha Botswana ghakalembeka mu 1824. Ivyo vikalembeka apa vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bangwaketse ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵankhongono comene mu cigaŵa ici. Mu muwuso wa Makaba II, ŵanthu ŵa ku Bangwaketse ŵakasunganga viŵeto vinandi mu malo gha mu mapopa agho ghakaŵa ghakuvikilirika. Pa nyengo iyi, mafumu ghanyake gha mu chigaŵa ichi ghakaŵa na ŵanthu 10,000 ndipo ghakaŵa na vinthu vinandi. Mu nyengo ya Mfecane, mu 1823-1843, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku South Africa ŵakanjira mu charu ichi. Nangauli Ŵangwaketse ŵakathereska ŵasilikari ŵa Bakololo mu 1826, kweni nyengo yikati yajumphapo, ŵasilikari wose ŵa ku Botswana ŵakaŵawukira, ŵakaŵatimbanizga, na kuŵasuzga. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Bakololo na Amandebele ŵakaŵawukiranga kanandi waka, ndipo ŵakatora ng'ombe zinandi, ŵanakazi, na ŵana kufuma ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Batswana. Kweni pamanyuma pa 1843, apo Ŵamandebele ŵakasamukira kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Zimbabwe, suzgo ili likamara. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1840 na 1850, ŵamalonda awo ŵakaguliskanga vinthu ku Cape Colony ŵakamba kwenda na ŵanthu ŵa ku Batswana. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Bakwena, Bangwaketse, Bangwato, na Batawana ŵakagwilira lumoza ntchito yakuguliska njovu, ndipo ndalama izo ŵakaguliskanga ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito pakuguliska mahachi na futi. Mu 1880, vinthu vikasintha chomene, ndipo Ŵabatswana ŵakamba kulamulira ŵanthu ŵa ku Bushmen, Bakalanga, Bakgalagadi, Batswapong, na mitundu yinyake. Pamanyuma pa ulendo uwu, ŵanthu ŵa ku Cape Colony ŵakamba kukhala ku mphaka za Botswana mu chigaŵa cha Transvaal. Mu 1852 gulu la mafumu gha ku Tswana ilo likaŵa na Sechele I, likathereska Ŵafrika, ndipo pamanyuma pa vyaka 8, ŵakafika pa phangano la mtende ku Potchefstroom mu 1860. Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, ŵakazomerezga kuti paŵe mphaka pakati pa South Africa na Botswana, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku Afrika na ŵa ku Batswana ŵakaguliskana vinthu na kugwira ntchito pamoza mwamtende. Mu ma 1820, ŵanthu ŵakuchimbira kwawo awo ŵakafuma ku charu cha Zulu awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Shaka, ŵakakumana na ŵanthu ŵa Basotho awo ŵakakhalanga ku mapiri. Mu 1823, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Kololo ŵakasamira kumpoto, kujumpha mu chipalamba cha Okavango na kujumpha mu mlonga wa Zambezi. Mu 1845, Ŵakololo ŵakapoka caru ca Barotseland.
Pa nyengo iyi, Moshoeshoe I wakayamba kuwusa maufumu gha Basotho gha kumwera kwa Highveld. Ŵanthu ŵakamulumba comene cifukwa ca luso lake na maluso ghake. Ulongozgi wake ukawovwira kuti mtundu wake upone ku ngozi na viyezgo ivyo vikaŵapo mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800.
Somalia
Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500, Duarte Barbosa wakalemba kuti ngaraŵa zinandi izo zikafumanga ku ufumu wa Cambaya, uwo sono ni India, zikalutanga ku Mogadishu na salu na vyakununkhira. Barbosa wakayowoyaso za unandi wa nyama, tirigu, balere, mahachi, na vipasi ivyo vikasangikanga mu misika ya mumphepete mwa nyanja. Mogadishu, msumba uwo ukaŵa pakati pa vyakupangira vinthu vya ku Eguputo na Siriya, pamoza na Merca na Barawa, ukaŵa malo ghakwendakwenda gha ŵamalonda ŵa Chiswahili ŵakufuma ku Mombasa na Malindi. Ŵamalonda Ŵachiyuda ŵakufuma ku Strait of Hormuz ŵakizanga na vyakuvwara vyawo vya ku India na vipambi ku Somali kuti ŵaguliske tirigu na nkhuni.
Bantu expansion
[[File:Bantu_Phillipson.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bantu_Phillipson.png|thumb|1 = 3000 – 1500 BC origin2 = c. 1500 BC first migrations
Central Africa
Malo gha pakati pa Africa ghakaŵa pakati pa Kilwa na mlomo wa mlonga wa Zambesi. Chifukwa chakuti malo agha ghali kutali chomene na nyanja, ŵanthu ŵakumanya vya mdauko wa ku Africa ŵakughanaghanirapo viŵi yayi vya malo agha. Kweniso yikaŵa na umoza mwa vyaru vyakupambanapambana ivyo vikaŵa na ŵasilikari ŵa ku Europe, kusazgapo Germany ku Cameroon, Britain ku Northern Cameroons, Belgium ku Congo, na France ku CAF. Cifukwa ca malo ghake, pakati pa vyaru vyakucemeka kuti Central Africa pali vyaru ivyo vikwenda mu malo gha vyaru vyakututuka. Kwambira mu 1982, suzgo likuru comene mu Central Africa ndakuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Ambazonia ŵakukhumba kujipatura. Nkhondo ya pakati pa Cameroon na Ambazonia yikakura comene mu 1992 apo Fon Gorji-Dinka wakazenga mulandu wa pa caru cose kwimikana na Cameroon, wakati caru ici cikukhala mu malo gha Ambazonia kwambura kuzomerezgeka. Pakati pajumpha vilimika 15, suzgo ili likakura comene apo boma la Abmazonia likamba kujilongora kuti ni Federal Republic of Ambazonia.
Sotho-Tswana
Padera pa kuŵa ŵalaŵiliri ŵa boma, ŵamishonale (ŵanandi ŵakaŵa Casalis na Arbousset) ŵakawovwira chomene pakulongosora kalembero ka Chisotho na kusindikizga mabuku gha Chisotho pakati pa 1837 na 1855. Baibolo lakwamba mu Chisotho likafuma mu 1878.
Nguniland
Mu nyengo ya Mfecane, panji kuti "kuswa", kukaŵa vivulupi vinandi kumwera kwa Africa. Ufumu wa Nguni wa kumpoto wa Mthethwa, Ndwandwe, na Swaziland ndiwo ukambiska nkhondo iyi chifukwa cha kusoŵa kwa vyakurya na njara. Dingiswayo wa ku Mthethwa wakati wafwa, Shaka wa ku Zulu ndiyo wakatora ufumu. Wakakhazikiska ufumu wa Zulu, ndipo wakawusa Ŵandwandwe na kusunkhunya Ŵaswazi kumpoto. Ŵandu ŵa ku Ndwandwe ni ŵa ku Swazi ŵajinjile m'cilambo capasi, mwantheura ŵa Mfecane ŵakamba kuthandazgika. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1820, Shaka wakasazgirako ufumu wake mu vigaŵa vyose vya ku Drakensberg. Wakasinthiska ŵalongozgi ŵa vyaru ivyo ŵakathereskeka na kuŵika induna. Wakaŵa na ŵasilikari ŵakugomezgeka, ŵakugomezgeka, na ŵamahara, awo ŵakamanyikwanga yayi mu chigaŵa ichi.
World War I
Pakuti chigaŵa chikuru cha charu ichi chikaŵa pasi pa maboma gha ku Europe, Nkhondo za Caru Cose zikaŵa vyakuzirwa comene mu mdauko wa Africa. Mu Africa mukaŵa nkhondo zinandi ndipo nkhondo zose ziŵiri zikacitikanga. Kweni chakuzirwa chomene ntchakuti mu vigaŵa vinandi, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Africa ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru ivyo vikaŵa pasi pawo. Mu Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose, ku Africa kukacitika nkhondo zinandi, kusazgapo nkhondo ya ku Togo, nkhondo ya ku Kamerun, nkhondo ya ku South West Africa, na nkhondo ya ku East Africa. Pa nkhondo yiliyose iyi, ŵasilikari ŵa vyaru vinyake, comenecomene ŵa ku Britain, kweniso ŵa ku France, Belgium, South Africa, na Portugal, ŵakayezga kufumiska Ŵajamani mu vyaru ivyo ŵakaŵa. Mu vyaru vyose ivi, ŵasilikari ŵa Germany ŵakaŵa ŵacoko comene, ndipo cifukwa cakuti ŵa Germany ŵakathereska vyaru vyose ivyo vikaŵa pasi pawo. Ŵasilikari ŵa Germany ku East Africa ŵakaleka kujipeleka mu nkhondo yose iyi, nangauli ŵakathereska vigaŵa vinyake mu 1917. Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose yikati yamara, caru ca France, Belgium, na Britain vikamba kulamulira vyaru ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa Germany.
Madagascar and Merina
Ŵanandi ŵakafuma ku Britain ndipo pamanyuma ŵakafuma ku France. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1600, ŵankhungu ŵakendanga chomene mu charu cha Madagascar. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, Radama I (1810-1828) wakachema ŵamishonale kuti ŵize ku Yerusalemu. Fumukazi Ranavalona I "Wakusuzga" (1828-1861) yikakanizga Ŵakhristu mu ufumu wake, ndipo Ŵakhristu pafupifupi 150,000 ŵakafwa. Mu muwuso wa Radama II (1861-1863), charu cha Madagascar chikaŵa pasi pa mazaza gha Ŵafarisi. Mu 1895, mu Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya ku France na Hova, Ŵafarisi ŵakanjira mu charu cha Madagascar, ndipo ŵakamba kulamulira chigaŵa cha Antsiranana (Diego Suarez).
Southern Africa
Ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero cha Bantu ŵakakhalanga kumwera kwa Mlonga wa Limpopo m'ma 400 C.E. Ŵakaŵa ŵalimi na ŵaliska ŵa viŵeto awo ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito visulo. Ŵakamba kusamira kumwera, ndipo ŵakugomezga kuti visulo vyakwambilira vya ku KwaZulu-Natal vikaŵako cha m'ma 1050. Gulu la kumwera chomene likaŵa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Xhosa, awo chiyowoyero chawo chikukolerana na chiyowoyero cha ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa mtundu wa Khoi-San.
Somalia
Nyumba ya Ufumu ya Almnara, Mogadishu.
Southern Africa
Mu 1904, Ŵaherero ŵakambaso kugaluka. Lothar von Trotha, mulara wa ŵasilikari ŵa Germany, wakambiska nkhondo ya Waterberg, iyo yikachimbizga ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Herero kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa mapopa gha Kalahari. Paumaliro wa 1905, pakaŵa ŵanthu 16,000 pera ŵa mtundu wa Herero. Mu 1907, gulu la Nama likathereskeka. Viŵeto vyose vya Nama na Herero na malo vikaŵa vya ŵanthu ŵachoko chomene, ndipo Nama na Herero awo ŵakakhalapo ŵakaŵa pasi pa ŵanthu aŵa. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Ovambo ndiwo ŵakeneranga kugwira nchito.
Upper Paleolithic
Pakati pa vyaka 65,000 na 50,000 ivyo vyajumpha, ŵanthu ŵakamba kukhala mu vyaru vinyake. Kuzakafika mu 10,000 B.C.E., ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Homo sapiens ŵakaŵa kuti ŵafika mu vigaŵa vinandi vya ku Africa na Eurasia. Kusakaza kwawo kukulongosoreka na maukaboni gha chiyowoyero, mitheto na majini. Kusama kwa ku Eurasia, comenecomene kusama kwa ku Western-Eurasia, kukayamba mu nyengo ya Holocene panji kale comene mu nyengo ya Paleolithic, nyengo zinyake pakati pa vilimika 30-15,000 ivyo vyajumpha, kulondezgana na kusama kwa nyengo ya Neolithic na Neolithic kufuma ku Middle East, comenecomene ku Northern Africa, Horn of Africa, na vigaŵa vikuruvikuru vya Sahel zone na East Africa. Ukaboni wakwambilira wa umo vinthu vya mu mlengalenga vikachitikiranga ni kalendara ya mwezi iyo yikasangika pa chiwangwa cha Ishango icho chili pakati pa 23,000 na 18,000 B.C.E. mu charu icho sono chikuchemeka Democratic Republic of Congo. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵakususkana na fundo iyi.
Historiographic and Conceptual Problems
Chifukwa cha kusankhana mitundu na kupatukana kwa vyaru vya mu Africa, ŵanthu ŵa ku North Africa awo ŵakukhala ku Maghreb kwa nyengo yitali, nga ni ŵanthu ŵa ku Haratin, awo ŵakukhala kumwera kwa Sahara yayi, ŵali kutali chomene na ŵanthu ŵa ku North Africa. Nangauli zina lakuti "Haratin" likamba kumanyikwa makora yayi, kweni likwenera kuti likafuma mu nyengo ya m'ma 1700 C.E. ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku Maghreb awo ŵakaŵa na khungu lakufipirwa ndiwo ŵakalizunuranga. Pambere ŵanthu ŵandambe kugwiliskira ntchito lizgu lakuti Haratin kuti ŵamanyiske ŵanthu, ndipo ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito lizgu lakuti bidan panji bayd (mutuŵa), sumr/asmar, suud/aswad, panji Sudan/sudani (mufipa/swesi) nga ni lizgu la Chiarabu ilo ŵanthu ŵa ku Maghreb ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito kuti ŵamanyiske ŵanthu ŵa khungu lakufipa. "Haratin" ni lizgu ilo ŵanthu ŵa ku Maghreb ŵakuliwona kuti likukhuŵazga. Mwachiyelezgero, ŵanthu ŵa ku chigaŵa cha kumwera kwa Morocco ŵakuliwona kuti ndakukhuŵazga. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakususka kuti Haratin ni mtundu wa ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana, kweni ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti charu cha Africa chiŵe na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana ŵakugwiliskira ntchito lizgu lakuti Haratin.
Great Zimbabwe and Mapungubwe
Ivi vikapangiska kuti nkhani ya Ŵashona yambe kujintha. Nyatsimba Mutota, fumu ya kumpoto kwa Shona ya Karanga, yikaŵa pa nkhondo. Iyo na mwana wake Mutope ŵakathereska chigaŵa cha Zimbabwe Plateau, ndipo ŵakenda kujumpha mu Mozambiki m'paka kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu ichi. Ŵakacemanga ufumu wawo kuti Wilayatu 'l Mu'anamutapah panji mwanamutapa (Fumu ya Vyaru Vyakupokeka), panji Ufumu wa Mutapa. Monomotapa ndiyo yikaŵa vimbundi vya ku Portugal. Ŵakazenga nyumba za malibwe yayi; Ŵashona ŵa kumpoto ŵakaŵa na mitheto ya kuzenga na malibwe yayi. Matope wakati wafwa mu 1480, ufumu uwu ukagaŵikana mu vigaŵa viŵiri: Torwa kumwera na Mutapa kumpoto. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Shona, Changa na Togwa, ŵakakwesananga na mbumba ya mwanamutapa. Changa wakathereska chigaŵa cha kumwera, ndipo wakazenga ufumu wa Butua uwo ukaŵa na msumba ukuru ku Khami.
Somalia
Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuguliska malaya, ambergris, na porcelain. Ŵakaŵaguliskanga ku Ufumu wa Ming ku China, uko ŵamalonda ŵa ku Somalia ndiwo ŵakendeskanga malonda pakati pa Asia na Africa. Ŵamalonda ŵa Chihindu ŵakufuma ku Surat na ŵa ku southeast Africa ŵakufuma ku Pate, ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito virwa vya Merca na Barawa ku Somalia (ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa mazaza gha maboma ghaŵiri agha) kuti ŵaguliskenge vinthu kwambura suzgo.
Southern Africa
Mu 1948, boma la South Africa likamba kulamulira ŵanthu ŵa mtundu unyake. Ivi vikaŵa vyakukolerana na ndondomeko iyo yikaŵapo kale; kweni pakaŵa mphambano pakati pa ndondomeko ya "kusintha kwapadera" (Apartheid). Apo ndyali izo zikaŵapo kale zikaŵa zakupambanapambana pakuyezgayezga kugwiliskira nchito ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu Africa, Apartheid yikaŵa visambizgo vya ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana, ndipo yikapangiska kuti paŵe kugaŵikana pakati pa ŵanthu.
Sotho-Tswana
Kuti waŵawovwire, Moshoeshoe wakaciskanga ŵamishonale ŵa ku France kuti ŵacite uteŵeti wa umishonale mu ufumu wake. Ŵamishonale awo ŵakatumika na Paris Evangelical Missionary Society ŵakapeleka ulongozgi ku Themba pa nkhani za vyaru vinyake na kovwira kuti liŵe na vilwero vyamazuŵa ghano.
Ukaboni
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North Africa
Mu 1954, Gamal Abdel Nasser wakawuskapo muwuso wa ufumu wa Eguputo mu 1952 ndipo wakamba kuwusa. Muammar Gaddafi ndiyo wakalongozga boma la Libya mu 1969 ilo likathereska Idris wa ku Libya. Gaddafi wakalutilira kuwusa mpaka apo wakafwira mu nkhondo ya ku Libya mu 2011.
Sao civilization
Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Sao ŵakakhalanga ku Central Africa kwambira m'ma 500 B.C.E. m'paka m'ma 1500 C.E. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Sao ŵakakhalanga mumphepete mwa Mlonga wa Chari kumwera kwa Nyanja ya Chad, mu caru ico pamasinda chikazgoka caru ca Cameroon na Chad. Ŵanthu aŵa ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵakwambilira kusangika mu charu cha Cameroon. Mazuŵa ghano, ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana ŵa kumpoto kwa Cameroon na kumwera kwa Chadi, chomenechomene ŵa Sara, ŵakuti ŵali kufuma ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Sao. Vinthu vya ku malo agha vikulongora kuti ŵakaŵa ŵaluso pakupanga mkuŵa, mkuŵa, na chisulo. Vinthu ivi ni vithuzithuzi vya ŵanthu na vinyama, ndalama, viŵiya vyakusungiramo ŵakufwa, viteŵetero vya pa nyumba, majuda, viŵiya vya dongo vyakutowa chomene, na mikondo. Vinthu vikuruvikuru ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Sao ŵakabowozga vikusangika kumwera kwa Nyanja ya Chad.
French Africa
Kukwambilira kwa 1857, ŵa ku France ŵakakhazikiska magulu gha ŵasilikari ŵafipa mu vyaru vya kumwera kwa Sahara. Ŵakacitako nkhondo mu caru cose ico cikalamuliranga, kusazgapo ŵasilikari 171,000 mu Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose na 160,000 mu Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 90,000 ŵakakoleka wuzga ku Germany. Ŵakaŵawovwira comene pa nkhondo iyo yikacitika ku France.
Bantu expansion
Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1000 C.E., ŵanthu ŵakamba kwenda mu chigaŵa cha Great Kei River, icho sono ni South Africa. Vipambi ivi vikaŵa vya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu, ndipo vikakuranga makora yayi mu nyengo ya chiwuvi ku Namibia na ku Western Cape. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Khoisan ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vinyake vya kumwera kwa Africa.
Sotho–Tswana
Kukula kwa maiko gha Sotho na Tswana agho ghakaŵa kumwera kwa Mlonga wa Limpopo, kukamba mu 1000 C.E. Nkhongono za mulongozgi zikathembanga pa viŵeto na kukolerana na ŵasekuru ŵake. Ici tingaciwona mu mizi iyo yili pa Toutswemogala Hill, kumpoto kwa mapiri na kumwera kwa Mlonga wa Vaal. Kumpoto cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Mlonga wa Vaal kukaŵa vyaru vyakwambilira vya Tswana ivyo vikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene. Para pawuka mphindano, ŵanthu ŵakambanga kupanga maboma ghawo.