cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Arkansas
Zina
Zina lakuti Arkansas pakwamba likayowoyanga vya Mlonga wa Arkansas. Lizgu ili likung'anamulika kufuma ku lizgu la Cifurenci lakuti, Arkansas, ilo ni lizgu la ŵanthu ŵanandi ilo likung'anamulika kufuma ku lizgu lakuti akansa, ilo ni lizgu la ŵanthu ŵa ku Algonquian la ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Quapaw. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵa mtundu wa Dhegiha Siouan ndipo ŵakakhala mu Arkansas ca m'ma 1200. Zina lakuti Kansa likwenera kuti likufuma ku zina la msumba wa Kansas, uwo ukathya zina la ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Kaw.
Zina ili likuzunulika na kulembeka mu nthowa zakupambanapambana. Mu 1881, boma la Arkansas likati mazgu gha mu malo agha ghakwenera kuŵa na "s" yayi (nga umo vikuŵira mu Cifurenci). Pakaŵa mphindano pakati pa ŵaŵiri ŵa mu wupu wa ŵalara ŵa boma pa nkhani ya umo mazgu ghakwenera kuyowoyekera. Ŵanyake ŵakumutemwa , ndipo ŵanji.
Mu 2007, wupu wa malango wa boma ukadumura fundo yambura kuzomerezgeka iyo yikayowoya kuti zina la boma ni Arkansas, ndipo boma la boma ili likulondezga fundo iyi.
Early history
Mu 1673, ŵanthu ŵa ku France, Jacques Marquette na Louis Jolliet, ŵakaluta ku malo agha, ndipo mu 1681, ŵanthu ŵa ku France, Robert La Salle na Henri de Tonti, nawo ŵakaluta ku malo agha. Mu 1686, Tonti wakambiska malo ghakucemeka Arkansas Post mu muzi wa Quapaw, ndipo uwu ukaŵa msumba wakwamba wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe kukhala mu chigaŵa ichi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain panji ŵa ku France ndiwo ŵakamba kupenja malo agha, ndipo ŵakacipa zina ili. Zina ili likwenera kuti likafuma ku zina la fuko la Quapaw, ilo likakhalanga musi mwa mlonga. Zina lakuti Arkansas likuzunulika na kulembeka mu nthowa zakupambanapambana. Chigaŵa ichi chikapangika kuŵa chigaŵa cha Arkansaw pa Julayi 4, 1819, ndipo pa Juni 15, 1836, chikapangika kuŵa chigaŵa cha Arkansas. Zina ili kale likaŵa /ˈɑːrkənsɔː/, /ɑːrˈkænzəs/, na ghanyake ghanandi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Arkansas ŵakujichema kuti "Arkansans" panji "Arkansawyers". Mu 1881, Nyumba ya Malamulo ya ku Arkansas yikapeleka dango la Arkansas Code 1-4-105 (lemba lakuzomerezgeka): "Pakuti pali kukhuŵara pa umo zina la boma lithu likuyowoyekera, ntchakukhumbikwa kumanya umo zina ili likuyowoyekera nadi para tikuyowoya na ŵalara ŵa boma." "Ndipo nkhani iyi yasanda makora comene na wupu wa State Historical Society na wa Eclectic Society of Little Rock, ndipo wose ŵakukolerana kuti zina ili likwenera kuzunulika makora." "Ntheura nyumba zose ziŵiri za wupu wa malango zikwenera kusankhirathu kuti zina la boma ili, ilo likuyowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵa ku France, ndilo likazunulikanga makora na ŵanthu ŵa ku India, ndipo likalembeka mu mazgu gha Chifurenchi agho ghakwimira lizgu ili. Lizgu ili likwenera kuzunulika mu vilembo vitatu, ndipo paumaliro wa vilembo ivi, 's' waleke kuzunulika, ndipo pa vilembo vyose viŵiri, 'a' waleke kuzunulika, ndipo pa vilembo vyose viŵiri, 'a' waleke kuzunulika, ndipo pa vilembo vyose viŵiri, 'a' waleke kuzunulika. Kuyowoya mazgu mwakudumura pa lizgu laciŵiri na lizgu la 'a' mu 'man' na lizgu laumaliro la 's' ni cinthu ciphya ico tikwenera kucikanizga." Ŵanthu ŵa ku chigaŵa cha Kansas kanandi ŵakuzunura mlonga wa Arkansas kuti /ɑːrˈkænzəs ˈrɪvər/, mu nthowa yakuyana waka na umo zina la chigaŵa chawo likuyowoyekera.
Mayendelo mu Malaŵi
Misewu
Kafukufuku munyake wakulongora kuti mu charu ichi mukaŵa misewu ya makilomita 15,451. Makilomita 8,496 (5,279 mi) agho ghakasidika ghakaŵa ghambura kujintha.
Arkansas
Early history
Ŵanthu awo ŵakambanga kukhalamo, nga ni awo ŵakagwiranga nchito ya kupenja vikumba, ŵakasamira ku Arkansas mu vyaka vya m'ma 1700. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito ofesi ya Arkansas Post nga ni malo ghakusungiramo katundu. Mu nyengo ya Ŵakoloni, caru ca Arkansas cikaŵa mu mawoko gha France na Spain pamasinda pa Nkhondo ya Vyaka 7, nangauli pakaŵavya uyo wakakhumbanga kuti malo agha ghaŵe gha Ŵakoloni. Mu Epulero 1783, ku Arkansas kukacitika nkhondo yimoza pera mu Nkhondo ya Kujiyimira ku America, apo ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Britain, Captain James Colbert na ŵasilikari ŵa mtundu wa Choctaw na Chickasaw, ŵakazingilizga malo agha kwa kanyengo.
Purchase and statehood
Mu 1803, Napoleon Bonaparte wakaguliska Louisiana ku United States, pamoza na chigaŵa chose cha Arkansas. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku France ŵakakhalanga ku Arkansas Post. Ŵakati ŵagura malo agha, vinthu vikamba kusintha pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa ku America na ŵa ku Arkansas. Ŵakapangana kuti ŵazga ŵaŵepo mu chigaŵa ichi, ndipo pa Julayi 4, 1819 ŵakaŵika boma la Arkansas. Mu Arkansas, ŵanthu ŵakakana kuti ŵazga ŵaŵe ŵazga, ndipo mulara wa nyumba ya malango, Henry Clay, wakazomerezga kuti ŵazga ŵaŵe ŵazga.
Mayendelo mu Malaŵi
Malo gha ku malo gha ku nyanja
Nyanja ya Nyasa (Nyanja ya Malawi) na Mlonga wa Shire (144 km) ni nthowa zikuru zakwendamo. Ku chigaŵa cha Chipoka, Salima, ku Malaŵi, kuli sitima. Ku Monkey Bay, Nkhata Bay, Nkhotakota, na Chilumba kuli maboti ghachoko.
Arkansas
Purchase and statehood
Mu Arkansas, nkhani ya wuzga yikaŵa yakusuzga chomene, ndipo yikaŵa yakusuzga kwa vyaka vinandi. Awo ŵakagwiranga nchito ya kulima vipasi ku Arkansas ŵakakhozgeranga comene wuzga, cifukwa ŵakawonanga kuti nchito ya muzga ndiyo yikaŵa yiwemi panji "yekha" yakovwira pa mulimo wa kuvuna. "Chipiri" cha kumpoto chakumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Arkansas chikaŵavya vyakurya vyakupambanapambana, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakagwiranga waka ntchito zaulimi.
Mayendelo mu Malaŵi
Malo gha ku malo gha ku nyanja
Mlonga wa Ilala ukubatikana na chirwa cha Likoma na charu cha Malawi na Mozambique. Mu 2010, ŵakajura dowoko ku Nsanje kuti likoleranenge na nyanja ya Indian Ocean. Kufumira mu 2015, dowoko ili likugwira yayi nchito cifukwa ca mapangano agho ghali kulembeka na Mozambique.
Arkansas
Purchase and statehood
Apo ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakamba kukhala mu vigaŵa vyose vya East Coast na Midwest, mu ma 1830, boma la United States likamba kufumiska mafuko ghanandi gha ku America na kughatolera ku Arkansas na Indian Territory kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Mlonga wa Mississippi.
Mayendelo mu Malaŵi
Viŵanja
Mu 2001, mu charu ichi mukaŵa maofesi gha ndege 44. Mu 2015, maofesi gha ndege ghaŵiri ghakaŵa na maulendo gha ŵanthu.
Arkansas
Purchase and statehood
Ŵakaŵafumiskaso mu 1833 apo ŵakaŵachimbizganga mu chigaŵa icho chikaŵa pasi pa Ŵachiindiya. Mu 1821, msumba ukuru ukasamuka ku Arkansas Post na kuluta ku Little Rock. Apo boma la Arkansas likapempha kuti liŵe laciŵiri ku United States, nkhani ya wuzga yikayambikaso ku Washington, D.C. Paumaliro, pamanyuma pa maora 25, khoti likakolerana na dango la Arkansas, ndipo pa Juni 15, 1836, likapokelera Arkansas kuŵa boma la nambara 25 kweniso la nambara 13. Boma la Arkansas likaŵa na suzgo la misonkho, ndipo suzgo ili likalutilira chifukwa cha suzgo la ndalama, kweniso chifukwa cha suzgo la vyachuma ilo likaŵako mu 1837.
Mayendelo mu Malaŵi
Malo ghakugimbika
total: 6
over 3,047 m: 1
Arkansas
Civil War and Reconstruction
Mu nyengo ya nkhondo, ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito ŵazga kuti ŵasange ndalama. Pa zuŵa lakwamba la nkhondo ya cikaya ya ku America mu 1860, ŵazga ŵa ku America awo ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Africa ŵakaŵa 111,115, ndipo ŵakaŵa pafupifupi 25 peresenti ya ŵanthu wose ŵa mu boma ili. Nkhondo yikati yamara, ŵanthu ŵakamba kulimbikira chomene kulima thonje, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti boma na chigaŵa ichi vileke kuŵa pa mtende na charu vyaka vinandi. Usambazi uwo ŵanthu ŵa ku Arkansas ŵakasanganga ukacitiska kuti paŵe kugaŵikana pa ndyali pakati pa Northwest na Southeast.
Ŵandyali ŵanandi ŵakasankhika kufuma mu gulu la Family, ilo likaŵa gulu lakuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu ŵa ku South ku Arkansas pambere nkhondo yindambe. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakhumbanga kuti nkhondo yileke kucitika. Apo vyaru vya ku Gulf vikafumako ku United States mu 1861, ŵimiliri ŵa ungano uwo ukacitikira ku Arkansas ŵakadumbiskana usange Arkansas nayo yikwenera kufumako ku United States. Ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Arkansas ŵakafumapo yayi mu boma ili m'paka apo Abraham Lincoln wakapempha kuti ŵatumizge ŵasilikari ku Fort Sumter kuti ŵakakome ŵanthu awo ŵakagalukira boma. Pa Meyi 6, ŵimiliri ŵa boma la Arkansas, ŵakati ŵakumbuskika na mulongozgi wa boma ili, ŵakavota kuti boma la Arkansas lileke kuŵa mu wupu wa United States na kunjira mu wupu wa Confederate States of America.
Mayendelo mu Malaŵi
Malo ghakugimbika
914 to 1,523 m: 4 (2002)
Arkansas
Civil War and Reconstruction
Boma la Arkansas likaŵa lakuzirwa comene ku ŵakugaluka, cifukwa likaŵa na mazaza pa Mlonga wa Mississippi na vigaŵa vinyake vya kumwera. Nkhondo ya ku Wilson's Creek iyo yikachitikira ku Missouri, yikawofya ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Arkansas awo ŵakaghanaghananga kuti nkhondo iyi yizamovwira kuti Ŵamwera ŵathereske luŵiro. Nkhondo izo zikachitika ku Arkansas, zikusazgapo Nkhondo ya Cane Hill, Nkhondo ya Pea Ridge, na Nkhondo ya Prairie Grove. Mu 1862, Samuel Curtis, uyo wakaŵa mulara wa ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Union, wakambukira ku Helena mu Delta. Chaka chakulondezgapo, msumba wa Little Rock ukapokeka. Boma likawuskako likuru la Confederate ku Hot Springs, ndipo kufuma apo likaweleraso ku Washington kufuma mu 1863 kufika mu 1865, mpaka nkhondo yikamara. Mu cigaŵa cose ici, nkhondo za ŵasilikari zikayuzga mizi na kuparanya misumba. Ŵakapulikiranga yayi ivyo ŵasilikari ŵa Confederate ŵakayowoyanga.
Kuyana na dango la Reconstruction Act, Congress yikayowoya kuti boma la Arkansas laweleraso ku United States mu Juni 1868, pamanyuma pakuti boma la Arkansas lazomera ivyo vyayowoyeka mu dango la 14 la mu United States. Wupu wakulongozga wa Republican ukakhazikiska mazaza gha ŵanalume (nangauli nyengo yeneyiyo ŵakakanizga ŵasilikari ŵa Confederate awo wose ŵakaŵa ŵa Democrats), sukulu ya ŵanthu wose ya ŵanthu ŵafipa na ŵazungu, na kukhazikiska malango ghakovwira kuti boma liŵe na ŵanthu ŵanandi. Boma ili likamba kulongozgeka na ŵa Radical Republicans na ŵa Unionists, ndipo ŵakalongozgekanga na Kazembe Powell Clayton, ndipo ŵakalongozga nyengo iyo vinthu vikasuzga chomene chifukwa ŵanthu ŵa ku Confederate na ŵa Ku Klux Klan ŵakalimbana na vinthu viphya, chomenechomene vya kuvota kwa ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa.
Mayendelo mu Malaŵi
Unpaved runways
total: 37
Arkansas
End of Reconstruction and late 19th century
Mu 1874, Nkhondo ya Brooks-Baxter, iyo yikaŵa pakati pa magulu gha chipani cha Republican, yikasunkhunya Little Rock na boma. Kweni nkhani iyi yikamara apo Pulezidenti Ulysses S. Grant wakalangura Joseph Brooks kuti waparanyenge ŵalwani ŵake.
Mayendelo mu Malaŵi
Unpaved runways
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 14
Arkansas
End of Reconstruction and late 19th century
Nkhondo ya Brooks-Baxter yikati yamara, boma liphya likazomerezga dango la boma, ndipo likapeleka wanangwa ku awo ŵakaŵa ku Confederate, na kumazga Reconstruction.
Mayendelo mu Malaŵi
Unpaved runways
under 914 m: 22 (2002)
Arkansas
End of Reconstruction and late 19th century
Mu 1881, boma la Arkansas likapeleka dango lakuti zina la boma ili lipharazgike mwakupambana na umo likayowoyekeranga. (Wonani Law and Government pasi apa.)
Pamanyuma pa nyengo ya Reconstruction, boma ili likamba kupokelera ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakasamira ku United States. Ŵanalume ŵa ku China, Italy, na ku Syria ŵakagwiranga nchito za mu minda mu cigaŵa ca Delta. Palije yumoza wa ŵanthu aŵa uyo wakakhala nyengo yitali ku munda; comene-comene Ŵacitchayina, cifukwa ŵakazgoka ŵamalonda ŵacoko mu matawuni ghakuzingilizga Delta. Ŵacina ŵanandi ŵakamba kucita malonda mu matawuni ghacoko, mwakuti ŵana ŵawo ŵakasambira ku koleji.
Mayendelo mu Malaŵi
Njanji
Mu 2001, njanji iyi yikaŵa na mtunda wa makilomita 797. Ili ni msewu wakudumura uwo uli na njanji.
Arkansas
End of Reconstruction and late 19th century
Kuzengeka kwa njanji kukawovwira kuti ŵalimi ŵanandi ŵafike pa msika. Vinthu vikasintha mu vigaŵa vinyake vya boma ili, nga ni Ozarks, uko ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakamba kukhala mu malo ghakupumulirako. Mwaciyelezgero, mu vilimika vicoko waka kuumaliro wa vilimika vya m'ma 1800, msumba wa Eureka Springs, ku Carroll County, ukaŵa na ŵanthu 10,000. Mu tawuni iyi mukaŵa mahotelo ghaphya na malo ghakupumulirapo agho ghakazengeka kuzingilizga visimi vya maji, ivyo ŵanthu ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ni vyakovwira pa umoyo. Mu tawuni iyi mukaŵanga maseŵero gha kucimbira pa mahaci na vyakusanguluska vinyake. Ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana ŵakakolerananga nayo comene, ndipo ŵakamba kutemweka comene nga ni umo ŵakutemwera maji ghakuzizima.
Rise of the Jim Crow laws and early 20th century
Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1880, suzgo ya vyaulimi yikakura chomene, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake ŵambe kukolerana. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1890, Ŵademocratic ku Arkansas ŵakalondezga ivyo vyaru vinyake vya kumwera vikacita, ŵakazomerezga malango agho ghakakanizganga ŵanthu ŵafipa na ŵakavu kuŵa na wanangwa wa kusankha. Mu 1891 ŵaboma ŵakazomerezga kuti paŵe mayeso gha kuŵazga na kulemba, cifukwa ŵakamanyanga kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵafipa na ŵazungu ŵaleke kuŵazgika. Pa nyengo iyo, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 25 peresenti mu caru ici ŵakamanyanga yayi kuŵazga na kulemba. Mu 1892, ŵakasintha dango la boma kuti ŵaŵike msonkho pa ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa icho, ndipo ivi vikakhwaska chomene ŵanthu ŵakavu na ŵalimi ŵacitima, ndipo ŵakafumiska ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵafipa na ŵazungu ŵanandi awo ŵakaŵa ŵakavu mu mavoti.
Mayendelo mu Malaŵi
Maulendo gha njanji na vyaru vinyake
Mzere wa makilomita 797 (495 mi), ukufuma ku mphaka wa Zambia ku Mchinji kumanjiliro gha dazi na kujumpha Lilongwe kuya ku Blantyre na Makhanga kumwera. Pa Nkaya Junction, yikukolerana na Nacala Corridor Line iyo yikuluta kumafumiro gha dazi kwizira ku Nayuchi na kuluta ku Nacala ku Mozambique. Kumanjiliro gha dazi kufuma ku Makhanga kuya ku Beira corridor ku Mozambique kwajalika cifukwa ca nkhondo ya mukati mu Mozambique.
Arkansas
Rise of the Jim Crow laws and early 20th century
Kuzakafika mu 1900, chipani cha Democratic Party chikamba kugwiliskira nchito mazina gha ŵanthu ŵacisungu pa mavoti gha mu vigaŵa na gha mu vigaŵa, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵafipa ŵaleke kunjira mu ndyali. Pa mavoti ghakwambilira pera ndipo pakaŵa mpikisano pakati pa awo ŵakakhumbanga kupika maudindo, chifukwa awo ŵakaŵa na mazaza ghose ŵakaŵa ŵa chipani cha Democratic. Boma ili likaŵa la chipani chimoza cha Democratic kwa vyaka vinandi, mpaka apo ŵakazomerezga dango la Civil Rights Act la mu 1964 na Voting Rights Act la mu 1965 kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵeso na wanangwa wakuvota.
Mayendelo mu Malaŵi
Maulendo gha njanji na vyaru vinyake
Palije nthowa yakudunjika na Tanzania chifukwa pali mphambano ya gauge. Mu 2010, mu Zambia mukaŵa nthowa yinyake yakufumira ku Mchinji kuluta ku Chipata. Ndipouli, pali nthowa yakuya ku Mozambiki iyo yili na msewu wakuyana waka. Msewu uwu ukuchemeka Nacala Corridor, ndipo ukujumpha Nayuchi na kuluta ku Nacala Port, ndipo Nsanje na kuluta ku Dona Ana Bridge na Beira. Pa nyengo ya nkhondo ya ku Mozambique, nthowa iyi yikaleka kugwira nchito ndipo yikukhumbikwira kunozgekaso.
Kusintha kwa njanji mu 2006
Mzere wa makilomita 797 (495 mi), ukufuma ku mphaka wa Zambia ku Mchinji kumanjiliro gha dazi na kujumpha Lilongwe kuya ku Blantyre na Makhanga kumwera. Pa Nkaya Junction, yikukolerana na Nacala Corridor Line iyo yikuluta kumafumiro gha dazi kwizira ku Nayuchi na kuluta ku Nacala ku Mozambique. Kumanjiliro gha dazi kufuma ku Makhanga kuya ku Beira corridor ku Mozambique kwajalika cifukwa ca nkhondo ya mukati mu Mozambique.
Arkansas
Rise of the Jim Crow laws and early 20th century
Pakati pa 1905 na 1911, ku Arkansas kukamba kwiza ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵa ku Germany, Slovakia, na Scots-Irish kufuma ku Europe. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Germany na ku Slovakia ŵakamba kukhala mu vigaŵa vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu ichi, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku Ireland ŵakamba kukhala mu vigaŵa vya kumwera kwa charu ichi. Ŵanandi ŵa ku Germany ŵakaŵa ŵa Lutere ndipo ŵa ku Slovakia ŵakaŵa Ŵakatolika. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Ireland ŵakaŵa ŵaprotesitanti ŵa ku Ulster, Scots, na Northern Borders. Mu virimika vya m'ma 1900, ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakafuma ku mafumiro gha dazi kwa Europe. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakapangiska kuti mu Delta muŵe ŵanthu ŵanandi kuluska mu vigaŵa vinyake. Mu vyaka ivi, ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵafipa ŵakasamira mu chigaŵa ichi chifukwa chakuti kukaŵa malo ghawemi ghakukanilira vyakurya na katundu wawo.
Mayendelo mu Malaŵi
Kusintha kwa njanji mu 2006
Palije nthowa yakudunjika na Tanzania chifukwa pali mphambano ya gauge. Mu 2010, mu Zambia mukaŵa nthowa yinyake yakufumira ku Mchinji kuluta ku Chipata. Ndipouli, pali nthowa yakuya ku Mozambiki iyo yili na msewu wakuyana waka. Msewu uwu ukuchemeka Nacala Corridor, ndipo ukujumpha Nayuchi na kuluta ku Nacala Port, ndipo Nsanje na kuluta ku Dona Ana Bridge na Beira. Pa nyengo ya nkhondo ya ku Mozambique, nthowa iyi yikaleka kugwira nchito ndipo yikukhumbikwira kunozgekaso.
Arkansas
Rise of the Jim Crow laws and early 20th century
Ŵakulima ŵafipa ŵakamba kuyezga kupanga wupu wa ŵalimi pamanyuma pa Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose. Ŵakapemphanga ŵabwana ŵacaru ŵa ku malo agha kuti ŵaŵapenge ndalama zinandi. Ŵazungu ŵakakhumbanga yayi kuti vinthu visinthe ndipo kanandi ŵakayezganga kutimbanizga maungano ghawo. Pa Seputembala 30, 1919, ŵazungu ŵaŵiri, kusazgapo nduna yinyake, ŵakakhumba kutimbanizga ungano wa ŵanthu ŵafipa awo ŵakakhumbanga kupanga wupu wa ŵalimi. Pamanyuma pakuti mulara wa ŵasilikari wazungu wakomeka pa ungano uwu, nkhani iyi yikathandazgika mu tawuni yose. Ŵazungu ŵanandi ŵa ku Phillips na vigaŵa vyapafupi ŵakacimbira kuti ŵakome ŵazungu, ndipo ŵakamba kuŵawukira. Kazembe Charles Hillman Brough wakapempha ŵasilikari ŵa boma kuti ŵalekeske ivyo ŵakacemanga kuti kukomeka kwa Elaine. Ŵazungu ŵakambukira mu chigaŵa chose, ŵakakoma ŵanthu ŵafipa pafupifupi 237 pambere nkhaza zikamara pa Okutobala 1. Ŵazungu ŵankhondi nawo ŵakakomeka. Kazembe uyu wakaluta na ŵasilikari aŵa ku malo agha, ndipo Pulezidenti Woodrow Wilson wakazomerezga kuti ŵagwirenge nchito ŵasilikari aŵa. Cigumula cikuru ico cikacitika mu 1927, cikazuzga malo agho ghakaŵa mumphepete mwa Mlonga wa Ouachita na milonga yinyake yinandi.
Mayendelo mu Malaŵi
Nthowa zakulumikizilana
Mu 2007, mu Malaŵi mukaŵa mafoni 175,200 na mafoni 1,051 miliyoni. Ndondomeko ya mafoni yikusangika palipose yayi. Kumanyuma uku, ŵanthu ŵakayowoyanga kuti mafoni gha ku Malawi ndigho ngakusuzga chomene mu Africa, kweni sono vinthu vikwenda makora. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugwiliskira ntchito mafoni mu misumba, ndipo vigaŵa vya ku mizi ni vichoko chomene pa vigaŵa vyose. Mu 2007, ŵanthu 139,500 ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito Intaneti, ndipo mu 2002 pakaŵa ŵantchito ŵatatu. Mu 2001, ku malo agha kukaŵa mawayilesi 14 na TV yimoza..
Maukaboni
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Arkansas
Rise of the Jim Crow laws and early 20th century
Pakulondezga dango la Pulezidenti Franklin D. Pamasinda pakuti boma la Japan laŵawukira ku Pearl Harbor, ŵanthu pafupifupi 16,000 ŵa ku Japan ŵakafumiskika ku West Coast na kuŵikika mu misasa yiŵiri ku Arkansas Delta. Msasa wa Rohwer uwo ukaŵa mu Desha County, ukaŵako kwambira mu Seputembala 1942 m'paka mu Novembala 1945. Mu msasa uwu mukaŵa ŵakayidi pafupifupi 8,475. Ku malo agha kukaŵanga ŵanthu pafupifupi 8,000.
Fall of segregation
Khoti Likuru Chomene likati kusankhana mitundu mu masukulu gha boma nkhuswa dango. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954), ŵasambiri ŵanyake ŵakagwiranga nchito ya kukolerana mu masukulu gha mu boma ili. Mu 1957, boma la Arkansas likamanyikwa chomene na ŵanthu ŵa ku Little Rock chifukwa boma likaŵavikilira ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵa mtundu wa African-American awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵasambirenge ku sukulu ya sekondare ya mu msumba uwu. Kazembe Orval Faubus wakalangura ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Arkansas kuti ŵawovwire ŵanthu awo ŵakakhumbanga kupatura ŵanthu ŵa mtundu unyake kuti ŵaleke kuzomerezga ŵana ŵasukulu 9 ŵa mtundu wa African-American kuti ŵanjire sukulu ku Little Rock. Wakati wayezgapo maulendo ghatatu kuti wayowoye na Faubus, Pulezidenti Dwight D. Eisenhower wakatuma ŵasilikari 1,000 kufuma ku 101st Airborne Division kuti ŵavikilire ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵa ku America awo ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Africa apo ŵakalutanga ku sukulu pa Seputembala 25, 1957. Pakukana kupulikira ivyo khoti likadumura, kazembe na msumba wa Little Rock ŵakadumura kuti ŵasunge masukulu ghapachanya mu cilimika cose ici. Kuzakafika mu 1959, masukulu gha ku Little Rock ghakaŵa ghakukolerana.
Boundaries
Kumwera, Arkansas wakuthyana na Louisiana, kumwera kwakumanjiliro gha dazi na Texas, kumanjiliro gha dazi na Oklahoma, kumpoto na Missouri, ndipo kumafumiro gha dazi na Tennessee na Mississippi. Ofesi ya United States Census Bureau yikulongosora kuti Arkansas ni boma la kumwera kwa United States. Mlonga wa Mississippi ndiwo uli kumafumiro gha dazi kwa chigaŵa ichi, kupaturako mu Clay na Greene, uko mlonga wa St. Francis River ndiyo ni mphaka ya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Missouri Bootheel, ndipo mu malo ghanandi, mlonga wa Mississippi wazgoka (panji kuti wazgoka wakunyoloka na munthu) kufuma pa nthowa yake yakwamba ya mu 1836.
Terrain
Kanandi Arkansas wakugaŵikana paŵiri, malo ghapachanya kumpoto na kumanjiliro gha dazi na malo ghapachanya kumwera na kumafumiro gha dazi. Malo agha ghali ku chigaŵa cha mapiri gha Ozarks na Ouachita Mountains. Kumwera kwa chigaŵa ichi kuli malo ghakucemeka Gulf Coastal Plain na Arkansas Delta. Kugaŵikana uku kungapangiska kuti malo ghagaŵikike kumpoto, kumwera, kumafumiro gha dazi, kumwera, na pakati pa Arkansas. Vigaŵa ivi ni vyakutali ndipo vikupambana na vigaŵa vinyake. Arkansas ili na vigaŵa 7 vyakupambana: Ozark Mountains, Ouachita Mountains, Arkansas River Valley, Gulf Coastal Plain, Crowley's Ridge, na Arkansas Delta, ndipo Central Arkansas nyengo zinyake yikusazgapo vigaŵa vinandi.
Chigaŵa chakumafumiro gha dazi kwa Arkansas icho chili kuyana na Dambo la Mississippi nyengo zinyake chikuchemeka Arkansas Delta. Malo agha ghakaŵa ghakuthambalara ndipo ghakaŵanga na dongo liwemi chifukwa cha maji ghanandi agho ghakendanga mu Mlonga wa Mississippi. Kufumira kutali na mlonga, ku cigaŵa ca kumwera ca kumafumiro gha dazi kwa caru ici, ku Grand Prairie, kuli malo ghakutowa comene. Vigaŵa vyose viŵiri ni vyakurya vinandi. Mumphepete mwa Delta muli malo agho ghakumanyikwa kuti Crowley's Ridge. Mumphepete mwa mapiri, Crowley's Ridge wakwera mamita 76 mpaka 152 kufuma pa mapiri agho ghakazingilizga malo agha ndipo ghakukhala mu matawuni ghakuru gha ku Arkansas.
Kumpoto chakumafumiro gha dazi kwa Arkansas ni chigaŵa cha Ozark Plateau na Ozark Mountains, kumwera kuli Ouachita Mountains, ndipo vigaŵa ivi vikupambana na Mlonga wa Arkansas; vigaŵa vya kumwera na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Arkansas vikuchemeka Lowlands. Mapiri agha ghali ku U.S. Cigaŵa ca Interior Highlands, ico cili pakati pa Rocky Mountains na Appalachian Mountains. Malo ghapachanya chomene mu chigaŵa ichi ni mapiri gha Ouachita, agho ghali pa mtunda wa mamita 839 kufuma pasi pa nyanja.
Ku Arkansas kuli mphanji zinandi, nga ni za Blanchard Springs Caverns. Wupu wa State Archeologist ukalemba malo ghakujumpha 43,000 agho Ŵamwenye ŵa ku America ŵakakhalanga, uko ŵakasoperanga, na kupanga viteŵetero. Crater of Diamonds State Park kufupi na Murfreesboro ni malo ghekha pa caru capasi agho ghali na dayamondi agho ŵanthu ŵangacimapo. Ku Arkansas kuli vigaŵa vinandi ivyo vili na malo ghakukwana mahekitala 158,444. Mu vigaŵa ivi muli malo agho ŵanthu ŵakuluta kukasopa, kukasomba, kukendera mapiri, na kuzenga misasa. Mu vigaŵa ivi mulije magalimoto panji malo ghakukanizgika.
Hydrology
Ku Arkansas kuli milonga yinandi, nyanja, na madambo. Mlonga wa Arkansas, White, na wa St. Francis River. Mlonga wa Arkansas ukwenda mu Mlonga wa Mulberry na Fourche LaFave mu chigodobu cha Mlonga wa Arkansas, uko kuli Nyanja ya Dardanelle. Mlonga wa Buffalo, Little Red, Black na Cache ni milonga iyo yikuthira mu Mlonga wa White, uwo nawo ukuthira mu Mlonga wa Mississippi. Mlonga wa Bayou Bartholomew, Saline, Little Missouri, na Caddo ni milonga iyo yikuthira mu Mlonga wa Ouachita kumwera kwa Arkansas, ndipo yikuthira mu Mlonga wa Mississippi ku Louisiana. Mlonga wa Red River ndiwo ukuyana na Texas. Ku Arkansas kuli nyanja zichoko waka na visimi vinandi: Bull Shoals Lake, Lake Ouachita, Greers Ferry Lake, Millwood Lake, Beaver Lake, Norfork Lake, DeGray Lake, na Lake Conway.
Flora and fauna
Nkhalango ya ku Arkansas yili na vigaŵa vitatu: Ozark, Ouachita-Appalachian Forests, Mississippi Alluvial and Southeast USA Coastal Plains, and the Southeastern USA Plains. Boma ili liri na vigaŵa vinkhondi na viŵiri: Arkansas Valley, Boston Mountains, Mississippi Alluvial Plain, Mississippi Valley Loess Plain, Ozark Highlands, Ouachita Mountains, na South Central Plains. Kafukufuku wa United States Forest Service mu 2010 wakalongora kuti malo ghakukwana mahekitala 7,580,000 gha ku Arkansas ni nkhorongo, panji 56% ya malo ghose gha boma ili. Vinyama ivyo vikusangika mu nkhorongo ya Arkansas ni Quercus (oak), Carya (hickory), Pinus echinata (shortleaf pine) na Pinus taeda (loblolly pine).
Vyakumera vya ku Arkansas vikupambana kuyana na nyengo na malo agho vili. Mumphepete mwa phiri ili muli makuni ghanandi agho ghakufuma ku Arkansas m'paka ku Texas. Mu cigaŵa cose ici muli makampani ghakupanga mathabwa na mapepara. Kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Arkansas, kuli Taxodium (cypress), Quercus nigra (water oaks), na hickories. Kufupi na malo agha kuli malo ghekha agho kuli makuni gha tulips. Malo gha ku mapiri gha kumpoto kwa charu ichi ghali na makuni gha oak na hickory, kweniso makuni gha Ozark white cedar, cornus, na Cercis canadensis. Ku malo ghapachanya gha mu Mlonga wa Arkansas, kuli mitundu yinandi ya viyuni vyamuthengere, nga ni Physematium scopulinum na Adiantum (maidenhair fern) pa Phiri la Magazine. Vinyama vyamuthengere vya ku Arkansas vikumanyikwa comene cifukwa ca viyuni vya white-tailed deer, elk, na bald eagle. Nyama ya White-tailed deer ndiyo ni nyama yakututuŵa ya boma.
Climate
Ku Arkansas nyengo njakuthukira comene. Nangauli ku Arkansas kulije mphaka na Gulf of Mexico, kweni uko kuli maji ghakutentha, ndiko kukupangiska kuti nyengo yiŵe yiwemi mu boma ili. Ku Arkansas, nyengo ya chihanya yikuŵa yakotcha kweniso ya chithukivu, ndipo nyengo ya chiwuvi yikuŵa yakuzizima. Ku Little Rock, nyengo yakuzizima yikufika pa 34 °C ndipo nyengo yakuzizima yikufika pa 23 °C mu mwezi wa Julayi. Mu mwezi wa Janyuwale, nyengo ya maji yikukwera kufika pa 11°C ndipo nyengo ya maji yikukhira kufika pa 32°C. Ku Siloam Springs kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa chigawochi, kutentha kwapakati pa mwezi wa Julayi ndi 89 ndi 67 ° F (32 ndi 19 ° C) ndipo mu Januwale kutentha kwapakati ndi 44 ndi 23 ° F (7 ndi -5 ° C). Chaka chilichose mu chigaŵa ichi mukuwa maji ghakukwana mamilimita 1,000 na 1,500. Kumwera kwa chigaŵa ichi kuli maji ghanandi, ndipo kumpoto kwake kukuwa. Mu chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa chigaŵa ichi mukuŵa chiwuvi chichoko waka. Ku chigaŵa cha kumwera kwa Little Rock ndiko kuli viwuvi vyakofya chomene. Ku Arkansas, nyengo yakotcha chomene ni 49 °C pa Ozark pa Ogasiti 10, 1936; nyengo yakotcha chomene ni -29 °F pa Gravette, pa Febuluwale 13, 1905.
Ku Arkansas kukucitika vinthu vyakofya comene ndipo nyengo zinyake kukuŵa mphepo. Caka cilicose cikuŵa na mphepo za ŵaleza, vivula vya mphepo, vula ya matalala, na mphepo za ciwuvi. Pakati pa mapiri gha ku Great Plains na Gulf States, ku Arkansas kukuŵavya vula mazuŵa 60. Arkansas wali mu chigaŵa chakuchemeka Tornado Alley, ndipo ntheura mu chigaŵa ichi mukachitika vindindindi vyakofya chomene mu mbiri ya United States. Nangauli Arkansas yili kutali na mphepete mwa nyanja, kweni para kwawa cimphepo cikuru, nyengo zinyake cikuŵa nga ni mphepo ya cimphepo ico cikucitiska kuti kuŵe vula yinandi mu nyengo yichoko waka, ndipo kanandi pakuŵa vindindindi vichoko.
Cities and towns
Little Rock ni msumba ukuru wa boma la Arkansas kwambira mu 1821 apo ukasinthira malo gha Arkansas Post kuŵa msumba ukuru wa chigaŵa cha Arkansas. Nyumba ya boma yikasamukira ku Hot Springs ndipo pamasinda yikaluta ku Washington mu nyengo ya Nkhondo ya pa caru ca America apo ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Union ŵakasuzga msumba uwu mu 1862, ndipo boma la boma ili likawelera ku Little Rock yayi mpaka nkhondo yikamara. Mazuŵa ghano, Little Rock na North Little Rock ni vigaŵa vikuruvikuru chomene mu chigaŵa ichi, ndipo mu 2013 mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵakukwana 724,385.
Chigawo cha Fayetteville- Springdale -  Rogers Metropolitan ndi chigawo chachiwiri chachikulu kwambiri ku Arkansas, chomwe chikukula mofulumira kwambiri chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mabizinesi komanso kukula kwa University of Arkansas ndi Walmart.
Boma ili lili na misumba 8 iyo yili na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 50,000 (kuyana na census ya mu 2010). Vili mu malo ghakupambanapambana, ni Little Rock, Fort Smith, Fayetteville, Springdale, Jonesboro, North Little Rock, Conway, na Rogers. Pa malo agha, Fort Smith na Jonesboro pera ndigho ghakaŵa kuwaro kwa mizi yiŵiri yikuru. Mizinda yinyake ya ku Arkansas yikusazgapo: Pine Bluff, Crossett, Bryant, Lake Village, Hot Springs, Bentonville, Texarkana, Sherwood, Jacksonville, Russellville, Bella Vista, West Memphis, Paragould, Cabot, Searcy, Van Buren, El Dorado, Blytheville, Harrison, Dumas, Rison, Warren, and Mountain Home.
Population
Ofesi ya United States Census Bureau yikati pa Julayi 1, 2019, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ku Arkansas chikaŵa 3,017,804, ndipo ichi chikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakwera na 3.49% kufuma pa chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu icho chikachitika mu 2010. Kuyana na census ya ku U.S ya mu 2020, Arkansas yikaŵa na ŵanthu 3,011,524.
Mu 1820, ŵanthu ŵa ku Arkansas ŵakaŵapo 15,000, kweni mu 1835 ŵakaŵapo 52,240. Mu 1836, boma likati laŵikika, ŵanthu ŵakasazgikiranga kaŵiri pa vyaka khumi. Boma ili likalutilira kukura mu vyaka 10 ivyo vikajumpha, kweni likalutilira kuchepa mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900.
Mu 1950 na 1960, ŵakalemba ciŵelengero ca ŵanthu awo ŵakafwa. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakafumanga chifukwa cha vinthu vinandi, nga ni umo minda yikapangikira na mashini, kuchepa kwa ntchito, kweniso chifukwa chakuti mu boma mukaŵavya vinthu vinyake vyakupambana na ulimi. Mu Arkansas ŵanthu ŵakasazgikirangaso, ndipo kufuma pa nyengo iyi ŵanthu ŵakasazgikirangaso comene, ndipo mu 1980 ŵanthu ŵakasazgikirangaso kufika pa 2 miliyoni. Kuyana na umo vinthu vikusinthira mu Arkansas, vyaka ivyo ŵanthu ŵakukhala, kweniso umo ŵanthu ŵakugwilira ntchito vikukolerana na umo vinthu viliri mu charu chose. Kweniso ivyo vikulongosoreka vya ŵanthu ŵachoko mu vyaru vinyake vikuyana waka na ivyo vikuchitika mu vyaru vinyake. Ku Arkansas kuli ŵanthu ŵachoko chomene ŵa ku Spain panji ŵa ku Latin America kuluska ku United States. Mu 2000, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa cha Perry, pafupi na Nogal.
Kuyana na lipoti la HUD la mu 2022, ku Arkansas kukaŵa ŵanthu ŵakukwana 2,459 awo ŵakaŵavya nyumba.
Race and ethnicity
Kuyana na kawonekero ka ŵanthu ka mu 2019, ku Arkansas, ŵanthu 72.0% ŵakaŵa ŵazungu, 15.4% ŵakaŵa ŵafipa, 0.5% ŵakaŵa ŵa ku America, 1.5% ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Asia, 0.4% ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Hawaii, 0.1% ŵakaŵa ŵa mafuko ghanyake, 2.4% ŵakaŵa ŵa mafuko ghaŵiri panji kujumpha apa, ndipo 7.7% ŵakaŵa ŵa ku America. Mu chaka cha 2011, chigaŵa ichi chikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakuwaro 80.1% (74.2% ŵakaŵa ŵazungu), 15.6% ŵakaŵa Ŵachifwiti panji Ŵafirika, 0.9% ŵakaŵa Ŵachihebere na Ŵazungu, 1.3% ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Asia, ndipo 1.8% ŵakaŵa ŵa mitundu yiŵiri panji kujumpha apa. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain panji ŵa ku Latin America, panji ŵa mtundu uliwose, ŵakaŵapo 6.6 peresenti ya ŵanthu wose. Mu 2011, 39.0% ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Arkansas awo ŵakaŵa na vyaka vyambura kukwana 1 ŵakaŵa ŵachoko. [[File:Arkansas counties by race.svg|thumb|187x187px|Map of counties in Arkansas by racial plurality, per the 2020 U.S. censusLegend
Non-Hispanic White
{{legend|#dd7e6b|40–50%}}
{{legend|#cc4125|50–60%}}
{{legend|#a61c00|60–70%}}
{{legend|#85200c|70–80%}}
{{legend|#5b0f00|80–90%}}
{{legend|#410b00|90%+}}
Black or African American
{{legend|#ffe599|40–50%}}
{{legend|#ffd966|50–60%}}
Ŵazungu ŵa ku America ŵali na ŵanthu ŵanandi ku mpoto kwa Ozarks na ku chigaŵa chapakati cha boma ili. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakukhala comene kumwera na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa boma ili. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Arkansas awo mbakufuma ku Ireland, England, na Germany ŵakukhala kumpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Ozarks kufupi na mphaka ya Missouri. Ŵasekuru ŵa ŵanthu ŵa ku Ireland awo ŵakakhalanga ku Ozark ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Scotland na Ireland, ndipo ŵanji ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Northern Ireland, Scotland, na kumpoto kwa England. Ŵasekuru ŵawo ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Great Britain na Ireland pambere Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose yindambe. Ŵanthu ŵa ku England na Scotland awo ŵakasamira ku Ireland ŵakamba kukhala mu vigaŵa vya ku mizi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku America awo ŵali kufuma ku England ŵakusangika mu chigaŵa chose ichi.
Mu 2010, kafukufuku wakukhwaskana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Arkansas wakalongora kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku America ni: 15.5%, ŵa ku Ireland 12.3%, ŵa ku Germany 11.5%, ŵa ku America 11.0%, ŵa ku England 10.1%, ŵa ku Mexico 4.7%, ŵa ku France 2.1%, ŵa ku Scotland 1.7%, ŵa ku Netherlands 1.7%, ŵa ku Italy 1.6%, na ŵa ku Ireland 1.4%.
Ŵanandi awo ŵakuti "Ŵamerica" ni ŵa ku England panji ŵa ku Scotland na Ireland. Mbumba zawo zikaŵa mu boma ili kwa nyengo yitali, kanandi zikaŵanga zindaŵeko, ntheura ŵakasankha kuti ŵaŵe waka ŵa ku America panji ŵakamanyanga yayi uko ŵakafuma. Mphapu yawo yikamba na ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru 13 ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa United States, ndipo pa cifukwa ici, ŵanandi mwa iwo lero ŵakuyowoya waka kuti mba ku America. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakuti mbakufuma ku Ireland, mbakufuma ku Scotland na Ireland.
Kuyana na kafukufuku uyo wakacitika mu America mu 2006 na 2008, ŵanthu 93.8% ŵa ku Arkansas (awo ŵakaŵa na vyaka vyakujumpha vinkhondi) ŵakayowoyanga waka Chingelezi pa nyumba. Pafupifupi 4.5% ya ŵanthu ŵa mu boma ili ŵakayowoyanga Cisipanishi pa nyumba zawo. Pafupifupi 0.7% ya ŵanthu ŵa mu boma ili ŵakayowoyanga ciyowoyero cinyake ca ku India. Pafupifupi 0.8% ya ŵanthu ŵa mu boma ili ŵakayowoyanga ciyowoyero ca ku Asia, ndipo 0.2% ŵakayowoyanga viyowoyero vinyake.
Religion
Mu 2014, Pew Research Center yikati ŵanthu 79 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ku America ŵakaŵa Ŵakhristu, ndipo ŵanandi ŵakaŵa ŵa mpingo wa Southern Baptist. Mwakupambana na vyaru vinyake, Tchalitchi cha Katolika ndilo likaŵa likuru chomene yayi ku Arkansas. Mu 2014, pa ŵanthu awo ŵakagomezganga kuti Chiuta kulije, ŵanthu 2 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵakaŵa kuti ŵakugomezga yayi kuti Chiuta waliko. Kuzakafika mu 2020, wupu wa Public Religion Research Institute ukati 71% ya ŵanthu wose mu caru ici ŵakaŵa Ŵakhristu. Ŵaprotesitanti ŵanandi na ŵa visopa vya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wakufipa ŵakalutilira kuwusa mu Arkansas.
Chuma
Mu Arkansas, ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito ndalama yayi, ndipo ku malo ghapachanya kukaŵanga minda ya viŵeto. Mu 2015, GDP ya boma ili yikaŵa $119 biliyoni. Makampani ghankhondi na limoza gha mu Fortune 500 ghali mu Arkansas, kusazgapo Walmart, Tyson Foods, J.B. Maofesi gha Hunt, Dillard's, Murphy USA, na Windstream nagho ghali mu chigaŵa ichi. Mu 2015, ndalama izo munthu waliyose wakasanganga zikaŵanga $39,107, ndipo zikaŵa pa nambara 45 mu caru cose. Mu 2011 kufika mu 2015, ndalama izo mbumba zikasanganga zikaŵanga $41,371, ndipo zikaŵanga pa nambala 49 mu caru cose. Vyakurya ivyo vikufumiskika mu charu ichi ni nkhuku na mazira, mbuto za soya, sorghum, ng'ombe, thonje, mpunga, nkhumba, na mkaka. Vinthu ivyo vikupangika mu mafakitale ni vyakurya, vinthu vya magesi, visulo, makina, na mapepara. Mu migodi ya ku Arkansas mukufuma gasi, mafuta, malibwe, bromu, na vanadium. Kuyana na CNBC, Arkansas ni boma la 20 pa maboma ghose pa charu chose pa nkhani ya bizinesi, ndipo ni lachiŵiri pa maboma ghose pa nkhani ya ndalama zakwendeskera bizinesi, lachiŵiri pa nkhani ya ndalama zakwendeskera umoyo, lachiŵiri pa nkhani ya ndalama zakwendeskera umoyo, la 11 pa nkhani ya ntchito, la 20 pa nkhani ya ndalama, la 28 pa nkhani ya ntchito za ŵanthu ŵakusambira, la 31 pa nkhani ya vinthu vyakukhumbikwa, kweniso la 32 pa nkhani ya malango ghakwendeskera bizinesi. Kufuma mu 2011, boma la Arkansas lili kukwera chomene pa malo 12 pa malo agho ŵanthu ŵakuchita bizinesi. Kuzakafika mu 2014, uwu ukaŵa msumba uwo ukaŵa na ndalama zinandi yayi.
Kufika mu mwezi wa June, 2021 chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵavya nchito chikaŵa pa 4.4%; ndipo chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵavya nchito mu mwezi wa November, 2021 chikaŵa pa 3.4%.
Industry and commerce
Vinthu vyakwamba ivyo vikacitikanga ku Arkansas vikaŵa malonda gha vikumba na ulimi, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakamba kulima viŵeto vya thonje mu malo ghakufupi na Mlonga wa Mississippi. Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo ya pa Caru Cose ku America, ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito ŵazga.
Mazuŵa ghano, ŵanthu pafupifupi 3 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ŵakugwira nchito zaulimi, kweni ni mulimo wakuzirwa comene mu vyaru ivi. Arkansas ndiyo yikupanga comene mpunga, viŵeto vya nkhuku, na viyuni vya ku Turkey, ndipo yili pa malo ghatatu pa vyakurya vya thonje, viŵeto vya nkhuku, na somba. Ku Arkansas kuli makuni ghanandi, ndipo charu ichi chili pa malo ghachinayi pa charu chose kweniso pa malo ghakwamba ku South pa nkhani ya makuni. Makampani agho ghakupanga vigaŵa vinyake vya galimoto ghakujura mafakitare ku Arkansas kuti ghapange magalimoto mu vigaŵa vinyake. Bauxite kale yikaŵa yakukhumbikwa chomene pa chuma cha boma ili, ndipo yikafumanga mu chigaŵa cha Saline.
Ntchito ya zokopa alendo ndiyofunikanso kwambiri pa chuma cha Arkansas; dzina la boma la boma "The Natural State" linalengedwa kuti liwonetsere zokopa alendo m'zaka za m'ma 1970, ndipo likugwiritsidwabe ntchito lero. Boma la Arkansas lili na malo ghakupambanapambana ghakusungirako vinthu, ndipo National Park Service yili na malo 7. Nyumba ya William Jefferson Clinton Presidential Library iyo yili ku Little Rock yikamara kuzengeka, ntheura ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakwiza mu tawuni iyi na kuzakasanga malo ghakuguliskirako mabuku mu chigaŵa cha River Market. Mizinda yinandi yikupangaso viphikiro, ivyo vikukopa ŵalendo kuti ŵamanye mitheto ya ku Arkansas, nga ni The Bradley County Pink Tomato Festival ku Warren, King Biscuit Blues Festival, Ozark Folk Festival, Toad Suck Daze, na Tontitown Grape Festival.
Mayendelo
Boma la Arkansas ndilo likulaŵilira za mendero mu chigaŵa ichi. Pali misewu yinandi iyo yikujumpha mu Little Rock, kusazgapo Interstate 30 (I-30) na I-40 (msewu wachitatu uwo ŵanthu ŵakwendamo comene mu caru ici). Mu 1924, boma la Arkansas likamba kupanga misewu yinandi. Ku Arkansas kukaŵa misewu yakwamba ya msewu wa Dollarway, ndipo yikaŵa yakwamba pa misewu yose ya Interstate Highway System. Boma ili lili na misewu yinandi, kweniso misewu yinyake 8 na misewu yinyake 20 ya ku United States. Nthowa.
Kumpoto chakumafumiro gha dazi kwa Arkansas, I-55 yikwenda kumpoto kufuma ku Memphis kuya ku Missouri, na nthowa yiphya ya ku Jonesboro (I-555). Kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Arkansas kumatumikiridwa ndi gawo la I-49 kuchokera ku Fort Smith mpaka kumayambiriro kwa Bella Vista Bypass. Chigawo cha I-49 panopa chimatsatira njira yomweyi monga gawo lakale la I-540 lomwe linkafikira kumpoto kwa I-40. Boma ili lili na misewu yikuru chomene ya 13 mu charu chose.
Ku Arkansas kuli njanji ya mtunda wa makilomita 4,430, iyo yili na makampeni gha njanji ghakukwana 26, kusazgapo njanji zitatu za Class I. Njanji zakunyamulira katundu zikugwira nchito comene kumwera ca kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Arkansas kuti ziwovwire mafakitale mu cigaŵa ici. Sitima ya Texas Eagle, iyo yikwenda na ŵanthu ŵa Amtrak, yikwenda pa malo ghankhondi mu chigaŵa cha Walnut Ridge, Little Rock, Malvern, Arkadelphia, na Texarkana.
Pali vipatala vinayi vya malonda: Clinton National Airport (kale Little Rock National Airport panji Adams Field), Northwest Arkansas Regional Airport, Fort Smith Regional Airport, na Texarkana Regional Airport, na vipatala vinyake vichoko-vikuru mu boma ili.
Ŵalaraŵalara na ŵanthu awo ŵali na suzgo la kupendera ŵakwendeska magalimoto mu malo ghakupambanapambana.
Boma
Nga umo viliri na boma la United States, mazaza gha ndyali mu Arkansas ghali kugaŵikana mu vigaŵa vitatu: wupu wakulongozga, wupu wa malango, na wupu wa ŵeruzgi. Ŵalaraŵalara wose ŵakugwira nchito kwa vilimika vinayi. Awo ŵakugwira nchito mu ofesi iyi ŵakukhala mu ofesi yiliyose kwa nyengo yichoko waka, ndipo ŵakukhala mu ofesi iyi kwa nyengo yichoko waka.
Executive
Kazembe wa boma la Arkansas ni Sarah Huckabee Sanders, wa ku Republican, uyo wakimikika pa Janyuwale 10, 2023. Mu Arkansas, ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵankhondi na umoza awo ŵakwimikika na boma ni mulara wa boma, nduna ya boma, loya wa boma, musungichuma, mulaŵiliri wa ndalama, na mulaŵiliri wa vyaru. Kazembe wakwimikaso ŵalongozgi ŵa mabungwe ghanyake gha boma, makomiti, na maofesi. Ŵabwanamkubwa ŵa ku Arkansas ŵakateŵeteranga kwa vyaka viŵiri, ndipo pamanyuma ŵakaŵasazgirako vyaka vinayi. Ŵanthu awo ŵakusankhika kuti ŵateŵetere mu maofesi agha ŵakukhala mu maofesi ghaŵiri kwa vyaka vinayi.
Ku Arkansas, mulongozgi wa boma wakusankhika mwakupambana na mulongozgi wa boma, ntheura wangaŵa wa chipani chinyake.
Legislative
Wupu wa Arkansas General Assembly ni wupu wa boma uwo uli na nyumba ziŵiri za malango, Senate na House of Representatives. Nyumba ya Senate yili na mamembara 35 kufuma ku vigaŵa ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵakuyana. Vigaŵa ivi vikusankikaso para kucitika kalembera wa ŵanthu ku United States, ndipo mu vilimika vya mavoti ivyo vikumalira pa "2", wupu wose ukuŵaso na mazaza. Pambuyo pa chisankhochi, theka la mipandoyo imadziwika kuti mipando ya zaka ziwiri ndipo imatha kusankhidwa kachiwiri mzaka ziwiri, "zigawozigawozi" siziwerengera malire a nyumba yamalamulo. Ŵanyake wose ŵakugwira nchito kwa vilimika vinayi. Ivi vikupangiska kuti mavoti ghaŵengeko pachokopachoko mwakuti hafu ya wupu uwu yikusankhikaso para pajumpha vyaka viŵiri. Mu 2012, ŵanthu ŵa ku Arkansas ŵakasankha ŵa Republican kuti ŵaŵe na mazaza ghanandi mu Nyumba ya Senate. Ŵabali ŵa ku Arkansas ŵakukhala mu Nyumba ya Malamulo kwa vyaka viŵiri. Nyumba za mu chigaŵa ichi zikugaŵika na boma la Arkansas Board of Apportionment. Mu 2012, maRepublican ghakasanga vigaŵa 51 pa 49 mu Nyumba ya Malamulo.
Chipani cha Republican chili na unandi mu Nyumba ya Wimiliri ya boma la Arkansas pamanyuma pa visankho vya mu 2012, ndipo ni chipani chakwamba kufuma mu 1874. Arkansas ndiyo yikaŵa boma laumaliro mu Confederation kuti lileke kuŵa na vipani vya Republican mu nyumba yiliyose kufuma apo nkhondo ya pakati pa vyaru vya America yikambira.
Para malango gha boma ghasintha, kafukufuku wakulongora kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakukhumba kuti vinthu vyendenge makora mu boma ŵalije nkhongono. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵa boma ŵali na mazaza ghanandi chifukwa chakuti ŵamazaza awo ŵakusoleka ŵakusinthana.
Judicial
Boma la Arkansas lili na makhoti ghankhondi: Arkansas Supreme Court, Arkansas Court of Appeals, Circuit Courts, District Courts na City Courts.
Milandu yinandi yikwamba mu khoti la ku chigaŵa, ilo likugaŵikana mu makhoti gha ku chigaŵa na makhoti gha ku chigaŵa. Makhoti gha chigaŵa gha boma ghakupanga malango pa chigaŵa chose pa chigaŵa icho chapangika na General Assembly, ndipo makhoti gha chigaŵa ghakupanga malango pa chigaŵa ichi na ŵeruzgi awo ŵakugwira ntchito ya nyengo yichoko. Pali makhoti 28 gha Circuit Court, ndipo makhoti ghose ghali na vigaŵa vinkhondi. Khoti Likuru ku Arkansas ndilo likusankha malo agho khoti ili likwenera kuzenga mulandu, ndipo palije mwaŵi wakuti khoti ili lichite apilu ku khoti likuru. Khoti Likuru Chomene la ku Arkansas lingawonaso milandu ya ku Court of Appeals para pali munthu yumoza uyo wali mu mulandu, para Court of Appeals ndiyo yapempha, panji usange khoti likuru la ku Arkansas likuwona kuti likwenera kupika mulandu uwu. Ŵeruzgi 12 ŵa khoti la apilu la Arkansas ŵakusoleka kufuma mu vigaŵa vyawo kuti ŵeruzgenge kwa vyaka 6.
Khoti Likuru Chomene la Arkansas ni khoti laumaliro mu boma ili, ndipo lili na ŵeruzgi 7 awo ŵakwimikika kwa vyaka 8. Khoti ili likakhazikiskika mu 1836 na dango la boma la Arkansas.
Federal
Ŵanalume ŵaŵiri ŵa ku Arkansas awo ŵali mu wupu wa United States, John Boozman na Tom Cotton, ni Ŵarepabulikani. Boma ili lili na mipando yinayi mu U.S. Nyumba ya Malamulo. Vipando vyose vinayi vya mu wupu wa Republican: Rick Crawford (1st district), French Hill (2nd district), Steve Womack (3rd district), na Bruce Westerman (4th district).
Politics
Kazembe wa boma la Arkansas, Bill Clinton, wakayowoya nkhani yitali pa ungano wa chipani cha Democratic National Convention mu 1988, ndipo wakakhozgera Michael Dukakis. Ŵanandi ŵakayowoya kuti ivyo wakayowoya vikaŵa vyakofya ku ivyo wakakhumbanga. Clinton wakati nkhani iyi yikaŵa "yakukhozga waka maghanoghano ghambura kwenelera". Mu 1992, wakasoleka kuŵa pulezidenti wa caru ici. Wakayowoya kuti ni "Mdemokratiki Muphya" ndipo wakagwiliskira nchito George H. W. Mu 1992, Clinton wakathereska mavoti 43.0 pa 100 gha mavoti gha Bush 37.5 pa 100 gha mavoti gha mulara wa boma Ross Perot 18.9 pa 100 gha mavoti gha mulara wa boma.
Ŵakaŵa na nkhongono chomene ku chigaŵa cha kumpoto chakumanjiliro gha dazi kwa boma ili, chomenechomene ku Fort Smith na Bentonville, kweniso kumpoto kwa Central Arkansas kuzingilizga chigaŵa cha Mountain Home. Mu vigaŵa ivi, awo ŵakakolerananga na boma la Republican ŵakasanga mavoti 90 pa 100 panji kujumpha apa, apo awo ŵakakolerananga na boma la Democratic ŵakasanga mavoti ghanandi. Pamanyuma pa chaka cha 2010, ŵasilikari ŵa Republican ŵakalutilira kuthandazgikira kumpoto na kumwera. Ŵademocrat ŵakukhala ku Little Rock, Mississippi Delta, Pine Bluff, na vigaŵa vinyake vya ku Louisiana.
Ku Arkansas, ŵanthu ŵatatu pera ndiwo ŵali kuvota ku U.S. Wupu wa Senate kufuma pa Reconstruction: Tim Hutchinson, uyo wakathereskeka na Mark Pryor; John Boozman, uyo wakathereska Blanche Lincoln; na Tom Cotton, uyo wakathereska Pryor mu 2014. Pambere chaka cha 2013 chindafike, Nyumba ya Malamulo yikaŵavya mazaza gha chipani cha Republican, chifukwa chipani cha GOP chikaŵa na mipando 51 mu Nyumba ya Malamulo ya chigaŵa ichi ndipo chikaŵa na mipando 21 (pa mipando 35) mu Nyumba ya Senate ya chigaŵa ichi. Boma la Arkansas likaŵa limoza mwa maboma ghatatu agho ghakatumizga ŵanthu ŵaŵiri ŵa chipani cha Democratic ku United States. Ŵanyake ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Florida na Virginia.
Mu 2010, ŵa Republican ŵakathereska mipando yitatu pa mipando yinayi ya ku United States. Nyumba ya Malamulo. Mu 2012, ŵakasora ŵanthu wose ŵanayi ŵa mu Nyumba ya Malamulo. Boma la Arkansas likaŵa na mazaza ghakupambanapambana pa vyaru vyose vya U.S. Wupu wa Nyumba ya Malamulo ukapangika na ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵapo pa nkhondo (Rick Crawford, Army; Tim Griffin, Army Reserve; Steve Womack, Army National Guard; Tom Cotton, Army). Apo Pryor wakathereskeka mu 2014, gulu lose la mavoti likaŵa mu mawoko gha chipani cha Republican, ndipo aka kakaŵa kakwamba kufuma apo vinthu vikasinthira.
Ku Arkansas kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakugomezga visambizgo vya Cikhristu. Ivi vikacitika pamanyuma pakuti Khoti Likuru Chomene ladumura mulandu wa Dobbs v. Wupu wakuwona vya umoyo wa ŵanakazi wa Jackson, ku Arkansas, ukaŵa yumoza wa vigaŵa vinkhondi na vinayi ivyo vikukanizga kubaba. Kuyana na dango la boma la Arkansas, munthu waliyose wali na wanangwa wa kugwira nchito. Ŵanthu awo ŵakasora boma ili ŵakakanizga nthengwa za ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi pera mu 2004, ndipo 75% ŵakakolerana nayo, nangauli dango ili likagwira ntchito yayi kufuma apo Khoti Likuru Chomene likadumulira mulandu wa Obergefell v. Hodges.
Mu Arkansas ŵakulutilira kupeleka chilango cha nyifwa. Nthowa zinyake izo ŵakutolera kuti ŵamukome ni mpando wa magesi.