cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Kwacha ya Malaŵi
Mangwenjele
Mu 1971, ndalama za tambala zakwamba zikaŵa za ndalama 1, 2, 5, 10 na 20. Mu 1986, ndalama za tambala 50 na kwacha yimoza nazo zikamba kugwiliskirika nchito. Mu Janyuwale 2007, ndalama za kwacha 5 na 10 izo zili na deti la 2006 nazo zikamba kugwiliskirika ntchito. Pa Meyi 23, 2012, ndalama za 1, 5 na 10 kwacha zikamba kugwiliskirika ntchito.
Ndalama za tambala 1 na 2 zili kupangika na mkuŵa. Ndalama ya tambala 5 njakuthwa. Ndalama za tambala 50 na kwacha yimoza zili kupangika na mkuŵa.
Kupwelelera umoyo mu Malaŵi
Kufika ku maofesi gha munkhwala
Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Malawi ŵakusuzgika na suzgo la umoyo. Pa ŵanthu wose awo ŵakukhala mu caru ici, 46% pera ndiwo ŵakukhala kufupi na malo gha cipatala. Nangauli maofesi ghanandi ghakupwelelera umoyo wa ŵanthu ghalije malipiro, kweni kanandi pakukhumbikwira ndalama zinandi kuti munthu walute ku chipatala. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakukhumbikwira wovwiri kweni ŵangakwaniska yayi kulipira ndalama zakwendakwenda, ŵakopa yayi. Para munthu wakufumako ku chipatala cha ku mizi wakuluta ku chipatala cha ku chigaŵa panji ku chipatala cha ku chigaŵa wakuluta ku chipatala cha ku msumba, vinthu vikusuzga. Sonosono apa, Medobal Healthcare yikawovwira ŵanthu awo ŵakugwira ntchito mu vyaru vinyake.
Kwacha ya Malaŵi
Ndalama za pepala
Mu 1971, ndalama ya pepala ya 1964 yikapelekeka mu ndalama za 50 tambala, 1, 2 na 10 kwacha. 5 kwacha banknotes yikapelekeka mu 1973 apo 2 kwacha banknotes yikamara. 20 kwacha banknotes yikapelekeka mu 1983. Mu 1993, ndalama za 50 kwacha zikaŵikika, ndipo mu 1993, 100 kwacha mu 1995, 200 kwacha mu 2001, 500 kwacha mu 2001 na 2000 kwacha mu Novembala 2016 kuti ŵamazge suzgo la ndalama.
Kupwelelera umoyo mu Malaŵi
Ivyo boma likucita kuti liŵawovwire
Vilato ivi vyafiskika munthowa zakupambanapambana. Mu 2002, Malawi yikalemba ndondomeko ya kuchepeska ukavu iyo yikaŵa na ndondomeko ya vyaumoyo. EHP yikapangika kufuma ku malipoti agho Wupu wa vyaumoyo pa charu chose (World Health Organization) ukapeleka mu 2002. Ntchito yake yikulaŵiska comene pa nkhani 11 izo zikukhwaska comene ŵakavu.
Mu 2004, boma la Malawi, pamoza na ŵanyawo, likanozga pulogiramu ya vilimika vinkhondi na cimoza (POW) iyo yikajintha pa EHP ndipo yikalongozga pakugwiliskira nchito ndondomeko ya umoyo wose (SWAp). Mu 2007, ndondomeko iyi yikasintha na kuŵa ndondomeko ya vyaumoyo, iyo yikamba kugwira nchito mu 2007 m'paka 2011.
Kwacha ya Malaŵi
Ndalama za pepala
As of 2008, the following banknote denominations are in circulation: Kuyana na nkhani iyo yikalembeka mu nyuzipepara ya Nyasa Times ya pa Malichi 9, 2012, mu myezi 6 iyo yikwiza, Banki ya Malawi yizamunjiska ndalama ziphya, kusazgapo ndalama za 1,000 kwacha, izo ni zinandi chomene kuluska izo zilipo sono. Kazembe Dr. Vinthu ivyo vikovwira Ligoya. Mabokosi ghaphya agha ghakaŵa ghacoko comene pakuyaniska na agho ghalipo sono. Ndalama yiphya ya 1,000 kwacha yikeneranga kusindikizgika na De La Rue.
Pa Meyi 23, 2012, nyuzipepara ya Nyasa Times yikati Reserve Bank of Malawi yikamba kugwiliskira ntchito ndalama ya 1,000 kwacha pamoza na ndalama ziphya izo ŵakakhumbanga. Ndalama ya 1,000 kwacha yikaŵa yakukwana madola 4 gha ku United States. Kwacha yiphya yikaŵa na chisko cha pulezidenti wakwamba Kamuzu Banda kunthazi ndipo kumasinda kuli chithuzithuzi cha malo ghakusungiramo tirigu gha ku Mzuzu.
Kupwelelera umoyo mu Malaŵi
Ivyo boma likucita kuti liŵawovwire
Kuwona umo vinthu vikwendera, nga ni ivyo vikuchitika na ndondomeko ya SWAp, nkhwakusuzga comene cifukwa cakuti palije ndondomeko yakulembamo ŵanthu.
Mu chaka cha 2019, Mulara wa Unduna wa vya Umoyo, Bestone Chisamile, wakati: "Kugwiliskira ntchito ndalama mu ŵanthu awo ŵali na umoyo uwemi ni nthowa yakovwira kuti vinthu vyendenge makora pa charu. Ntheura nkhuwonga comene kuti gulu la Medobal likukhumba kovwira maboma gha mu cigaŵa ici kuti ghaŵe na maluso ghakusazgirako luso lawo. Chisamile wakalongosora kuti kukhazikiskika kwa kampani iyi mu Malawi kukung'anamula kuti kupwelelera umoyo wa munthu waliyose ni udindo wa waliyose. Iyo wakati kukhazikiskika kwa Medobal mu Malawi kukovwira vyaru kuti vicitenge vinthu mwaluŵiro kwizira mu ndondomeko yiweme na yakukolerana.
Kwacha ya Malaŵi
Ndalama za pepala
Ndalama yiphya ya 20 kwacha yikaŵa na suzgo. Kuwaro kwa ndalama iyi kuli nyumba iyo yikucemeka Domasi Teacher's Training College (iyo sono yikucemeka Domasi College of Education). Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵakuti nyumba iyi ni Sukulu Yakusambizgira Ŵasambizgi ya Machinga.
Kupwelelera umoyo mu Malaŵi
Kupokera ndalama za Global Health Initiative
Kuchepa kwa ŵantchito ŵa vyaumoyo ku Malawi kukupangiska kuti ndalama za Global Health Initiatives (GHI) zileke kugwiliskirika nchito makora. Kuwonjezeka kwa ntchito zaumoyo, nga nkhulwara HIV/AIDS, kanandi kukupangiska kuti chiŵelengero cha ŵantchito awo ŵakumanya vinandi yayi pa nkhani ya munkhwala chikure. Kuyana na kafukufuku uyo wakalembeka mu 2010, apo Malawi wakapokera ndalama zinandi za GHI kufuma ku Global Fund kuti zikovwire kulimbana na AIDS, TB, na maleriya, pakaŵa kusazgikira kwa ŵasambizgi na ŵantchito pa vigaŵa vyose vya wupu wa vyaumoyo. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakugwira ntchito za ku chipatala ŵali kupokera malipiro ghanandi.
Kwacha ya Malaŵi
Ndalama za pepala
Banki ya Malawi yikunozga ndalama zake kuti ziŵe zakovwira ŵanthu ŵanandi. Kuyana na wupu wa Malawi Union of the Blind, ndalama izo zilipo sono zili na vilembo vyakudumura kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye ndalama izi, kweni vilembo ivi ni vichoko chomene kuti viŵawovwire.
Kupwelelera umoyo mu Malaŵi
Maukaboni
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Kwacha ya Malaŵi
Ukaboni
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Hissène Habré
Hissène Habré (Arabic: حسين حبري Ḥusaīn Ḥabrī, Chadian Arabic: ; ; 13 August 1942 – 24 August 2021), wakaŵa wandale wa ku Chad ndipo wakaŵa wa mulandu wa nkhondo. Wakaŵa purezidenti wa 5 wa charu cha Chad kwambira mu 1982 mpaka apo wakawuskikira mu 1990.
Wakati waŵa pulezidenti muphya wa caru ici, Habré wakambiska muwuso wa wupu umoza uwo ukawusikanga na wupu wake wa National Union for Independence and Revolution. Wakafika pa mazaza na wovwiri wa France na United States, awo ŵakapeleka masambiro, vilwero, na ndalama mu nyengo yose ya muwuso wake cifukwa cakuti wakasuskanga Muammar Gaddafi mulongozgi wa ku Libya. Wakalongozga chalo mu nyengo ya nkhondo ya ku Libya na Chad, ndipo wakatonda nkhondo ya Toyota kufuma mu 1986 mpaka 1987 na wovwiri wa France. Pakati pajumpha vyaka vitatu, Idriss Déby wakathereska Tchad mu 1990 ndipo wakachimbilira ku Senegal.
Mu Meyi 2016, khoti la pa charu chose ku Senegal likasanga Habré na mulandu wa kuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu, kusazgapo kuzgeriska, kugwiliska ntchito za uzga, na kukoma ŵanthu 40,000, ndipo ŵakamuphalira kuti wakakhale mu jele umoyo wake wose. Wakaŵa mutu wa boma wakwamba uyo wakeruzgika na khoti la caru cinyake cifukwa ca kuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu. Wakafwa pa 24 August 2021, pamanyuma pa kuyezga kuti wali na COVID-19.
Umoyo
Habré wakababika mu 1942 ku Faya-Largeau, kumpoto kwa charu cha Chad. Wakaŵa wa fuko la Anakaza la fuko la Daza Gourane, ilo nalo ni fuko la fuko la Toubou. Wakati wamalizga masambiro ghake gha ku pulayimale, wakasanga nchito mu boma la France, ndipo wakakondweska ŵalara ŵake. Wakamalizga masambiro gha ku yunivesite mu Paris, ndipo wakawelera ku Chad mu 1971. Kweniso wakasanga madigiri ghanyake ghanandi na kupokera digiri ya udokotala. Pamanyuma pa nyengo yichoko waka yakuteŵetera boma nga ni Deputy Prefect, wakaluta ku Tripoli na kunjira gulu la National Liberation Front of Chad (FROLINAT) uko wakazgoka mulongozgi wa Second Liberation Army ya FROLINAT pamoza na Goukouni Oueddei. Abba Siddick wati watora mazaza gha FROLINAT, Second Liberation Army, pakwamba pasi pa Oueddei ndipo pamanyuma pa Habré, yikapatukana na FROLINAT ndipo yikazgoka Council of Command of the Armed Forces of the North (CCFAN). Mu 1976 Oueddei na Habré ŵakakwesana ndipo Habré wakapatura gulu lake liphya la Armed Forces of the North (Forces Armées du Nord panji FAN) ku ŵalondezgi ŵa Goukouni awo ŵakamba kucemeka People's Armed Forces (Forces Armées Populaires panji FAP).
Habré wakamba kumanyikwa pa caru cose apo gulu ilo wakaŵa mulongozgi wake likawukira tawuni ya Bardaï ku Tibesti, pa Epulero 21, 1974, na kutora ŵanthu ŵatatu ŵa ku Europe kuŵa ŵakayidi. Munthu uyo ŵakamukora wakaŵa dokotala wa ku Germany, Dr. Christoph Staewen (uyo muwoli wake Elfriede wakakomeka), na ŵanthu ŵaŵiri ŵa ku France, Françoise Claustre, uyo wakumanya vya mipukutu yakale, na Marc Combe, uyo wakugwira ntchito yakovwira ŵanthu. Pa Juni 11, 1974, Staewen ŵakamufumiska pamanyuma pakuti ŵasilikari ŵa ku West Germany ŵamupa ndalama zinandi. Combe wakacimbira mu 1975, kweni nangauli boma la France likacitapo kanthu, Claustre (uyo mfumu wake wakaŵa mulara wa boma la France) wakafwatulika pa 1 Febuluwale 1977. Habré wakapatukana na Oueddei, cifukwa ca nkhani iyi (iyo yikamanyikwa kuti "nkhani ya Claustre" mu France).
Kuŵa na mazaza
Mu Ogasiti 1978 Habré wakapika maudindo gha Prime Minister wa Chad na Vice President wa Chad nga ndi chigaŵa cha mgwirizano na Gen. Ndipouli, phangano la kugaŵikana mazaza likamara yayi. Mu Febuluwale 1979, ŵasilikari ŵa Habré na ŵasilikari ŵa Malloum ŵakarwa nkhondo mu N'Djamena. Nkhondo iyi yikapangiska kuti charu cha Chad chileke kuŵa na boma. Vyaru vinyake vikayezga nthowa zinandi kuti vimazge suzgo ili, ndipo mu Novembala 1979 boma liphya likapangika, ndipo Habré wakasankhika kuŵa nduna ya vyavikiliro. Mu Disembala 1980, Habré wakatolekera ku Sudan.:354 Mu 1982, wakambaso kulimbana na boma la Chad. FAN yikapoka mazaza pa N'Djamena mu Juni ndipo yikimika Habré kuŵa mulongozgi wa boma.
Kulamula
Habré wakawusa mu charu cha Chad kwambira mu 1982 m'paka mu 1990 apo Idriss Déby wakamulekeska. Ufumu wa chipani chimoza wa Habré, nga umo ukaŵira na maparita ghanyake ghakale, ukaŵanga na kuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu. Wakakana kukoma na kutambuzga ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakamususkanga, nangauli mu 2012, khoti la United Nations' International Court of Justice (ICJ) likalangura kuti Senegal yimweruzge panji kumupeleka ku caru cinyake.
Wakati wafika pa mazaza, Habré wakambiska gulu la ŵapolisi lakucemeka Documentation and Security Directorate (DDS). Ŵanyake mwa nthowa izo DDS yikugwiliskira nchito pakusuzga ŵakayidi ni kuwotcha mathupi ghawo na vinthu vyakugolera, kuŵapopera gasi mu maso, makutu na mphuno, kuŵachichizga kumira maji, na kuŵachichizga kuti ŵajumphe milomo yawo mu viŵiya vya galimoto. Boma la Habré likacitangaso vyakukanizga ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake nga ni Sara, Hadjerai na Zaghawa, kukoma na kukora ŵanthu ŵanandi para ŵawona kuti ŵalongozgi ŵawo mbakofya ku boma.
Habré wakacimbira na ndalama za boma zakukwana $11 miliyoni, kuya ku Senegal pamanyuma pa kuwuskika mu 1990. Wakaŵikika mu jele mu 2005 mpaka apo wakakakikira mu 2013. Wakasoleka na milandu ya nkhondo na kutambuzga ŵanthu mu vilimika vinkhondi na viŵiri ivyo wakaŵira pa mazaza mu Chad, uko magulu ghakuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu ghakuti ŵanthu pafupifupi 40,000 ŵakakomeka. Wupu wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu (Human Rights Watch) ukuti ŵanthu 1,200 ŵakakomeka ndipo 12,000 ŵakayuzgika, ndipo wupu unyake wa ku Chad ukati ŵanthu 40,000 ŵakakomeka ndipo ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 200,000 ŵakayuzgika. Human Rights Watch pamanyuma pake yikati Habré ni "Pinochet wa ku Africa".
Nkhondo na Libya
Mu Julayi 1980, charu cha Libya chikapoka charu cha Chad na kupoka chigaŵa cha Aozou. Boma la United States na la France likapokelera wovwiri wa Chadi kuti likanizge ŵanthu ŵa mu charu cha Libya awo ŵakaŵa na mtima wa kuwukira boma la Muammar al-Gaddafi.:354
Mu 1980, boma la umoza likasazga phangano la ubwezi na kukolerana na Libya. Phangano ili likazomerezga boma la Chadi kupempha wovwiri ku Libya usange wanangwa wa Chadi uli pangozi.:191 Gulu la ŵasilikari la ku Libya likamba kovwira ŵasilikari ŵa boma, awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Goukouni. Mu 1983, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Libya ŵakawelera ku Chad ndipo ŵakakhalira mu charu ichi, kovwira ŵasilikari ŵa Goukouni, mpaka mu 1988.:193?? 198:354?? 356
Nangauli boma la Habré likathereska ŵalwani ŵake, kweni likaŵa na nkhongono yayi. Mu Novembala 1990, ŵakugaluka awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Idriss Déby, uyo wakaŵa mulara wa ŵasilikari ŵa ku Zaghawa, ŵakathereska ŵasilikari ŵa Habré. Ŵafarisi ŵakasankha kuleka kovwira Habré pa nyengo iyi, ndipo ŵakamulekeska ntchito. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakughanaghana kuti chifukwa icho charu cha France chikagwenthera ku Tchad chikaŵa chakuti chindanjirepo pa nkhondo izo zikaŵa mukati mwa charu cha Chad. Ŵanyake ŵakukhorwa yayi na ivyo Habré wakachita chifukwa chakuti wakakhumba yayi kuchita vinthu mwakukolerana na vyaru vinandi. Habré wakacimbilira ku Cameroon, ndipo ŵakugaluka ŵakanjira mu N'Djamena pa 2 Disembala 1990; Habré wakaluta ku Senegal.
Wovwiri wa United States na France
United States na France vikawovwira Habré, ndipo vikamuwona kuti ni munthu wakuvikilirika ku boma la Gaddafi ku Libya. Mu nyengo ya Pulezidenti Ronald Reagan, boma la United States likapeleka wovwiri ku CIA kuti wawovwire Habré kutora mazaza. Boma la United States likagwiliskiraso nchito msasa unyake mu caru ca Chad kusambizga ŵasilikari ŵa ku Libya awo ŵakakoleka.
Donald Norland, uyo wakaŵa thenga la United States ku Chad kwambira mu 1979 m'paka 1981, wakati: "Nkhukayika usange CIA yikamanya ivyo vikacitikanga. Kweni pakaŵavya kudumbiskana za ndondomeko iyi, kweniso tikaŵavya kuyowoyapo usange ivyo tikachita vikaŵa vyavinjeru".
Malipoti agho Human Rights Watch yikasanga ghakulongora kuti boma la United States likapeleka masambiro, mauthenga gha mu charu, vilwero, na wovwiri unyake ku gulu la DDS la Habré nangauli likamanyanga uheni uwo likachitanga. Mabuku agho ghakasangika mu mabuku gha DDS ghakulongosora umo ŵasambizgi ŵa boma la United States ŵakasambizgiranga ŵantchito ŵa DDS. Kuyana na Chadian Truth Commission, United States yikapelekaso DDS wovwiri wa ndalama mwezi uliwose ndipo yikagwiliskira nchito ndalama zakwendeskera maofesi gha vyenjezgo agho ghakacemekanga kuti "Mosaic" agho Chad yikagwiliskiranga nchito pakulondezga ŵanthu awo ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ŵakususka boma la Habré nangauli ŵakachimbira mu caru.
Mu cihanya ca 1983, apo Libya wakawukira kumpoto kwa Chad ndipo wakakhumbanga kuwuskapo Habré, France yikatuma ŵasilikari ŵa parachute na wovwiri wa mu mphepo, apo boma la Reagan likapeleka ndege ziŵiri za AWACS kuti ziwovwire ŵanthu. Kuzakafika mu 1987, ŵasilikari ŵa Gaddafi ŵakawerako.
Kuyowoya vya kuswa malango
Magulu ghakuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu ghakuwona kuti Habré ndiyo wakakoma ŵanthu ŵanandi, kweni unandi wawo ukumanyikwa yayi. Pa ŵanthu awo ŵakakomeka pakaŵa ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghanyake kumwera (1984), ŵa Hadjerai (1987), na ŵa Zaghawa (1989). Wupu wa Human Rights Watch ukamupa mulandu wakuti wakazomerezga kuti ŵanthu masauzandi ghanandi ŵakomeke na kutambuzgika. Habré ŵakamucemanga kuti "Pinochet wa ku Africa", pakuyowoya za Augusto Pinochet, muwusi wa ku Chile. Habre wakasayinanga yekha vyeruzgo vya nyifwa na kulaŵilira vyakuyuzga ŵanthu, ndipo ŵakamusanga na mulandu wa kunjilirapo pa kutambuzga ŵanthu na kuŵakolelera. Kuyana na nkhwantha zinyake, khoti ilo likweruzga mulandu uwu likaŵa "khoti la caru cose", nangauli ndilo likaŵa 'likuru comene' pa makhoti ghose".
Boma la Idriss Déby likakhazikiska Commission of Inquiry into the Crimes and Misappropriations Committed by Ex-President Habré, His Complices and/or Accessories in 1990, ilo likati ŵanthu 40,000 ŵakakomeka, kweni likalondezga yayi ivyo likayowoya.
Kuyezgayezga kwambiro (Initial trial attempts)
Pakati pa 1993 na 2003, boma la Belgium likaŵa na dango lakuti ŵanthu wose ŵeruzgike (Loi belge des crimes de guerre) ilo likazomerezganga kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakuswa chomene wanangwa wa ŵanthu ŵeruzgike mu makhoti gha mu charu chawo kweniso gha pa charu chose. Nangauli dango ili likawuskikapo, kweni ŵapolisi ŵakalutilira na kusanda mulandu wa Habré, ndipo mu Seputembala 2005 ŵakamupa mulandu wa kuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu, kutambuzga ŵanthu, na kuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu. Ku Senegal, uko Habré wakaŵa ku wuzga kwa vilimika 17, ŵakamujalira mu nyumba yake ku Dakar.
Pa Malichi 17, 2006, Nyumba ya Malamulo ya ku Europe yikapempha Senegal kuti yipeleke Habré ku Belgium kuti wakeruzgike. Senegal wakapulikira yayi, ndipo pakwamba wakakana ivyo wupu wa African Union ukayowoya kuti waŵapeleke kwa iyo. Wupu wa Chadian Association for the Promotion and Defense of Human Rights, ukazomerezga fundo iyi. Usange mphanyi ŵakamupeleka, mphanyi wakaŵa munthu wakwamba uyo charu chinyake chikamupeleka ku khoti chifukwa cha kuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu. Mu 2007, boma la Senegal likakhazikiska khoti lakunozga la milandu ya nkhondo kuti limweruzge Habré. Pa Epulero 8, 2008, wupu wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu wa ku Senegal ukazomerezga kusintha malango gha charu ichi kuti Habré wasangike na mulandu. Pa ungano wa wupu wa National Assembly na Senate mu Julayi 2008, ŵakazomerezga dango ilo likapeleka mazaza ku makhoti gha ku Senegal kuti gheruzgenge ŵanthu chifukwa cha milandu iyo ŵakacita mu vyaru vinyake kweniso milandu iyo ŵakacita vyaka vyakujumpha 10 kumasinda. Nduna ya vya Malango ya ku Senegal, Madicke Niang, yikimika ŵeruzgi ŵanayi.
Filimu ya mu 2007 ya Klaartje Quirijns, The Dictator Hunter, yikulongosora vya Souleymane Guengueng na Reed Brody, awo ŵakalongozga ntchito ya kuzenga mulandu Habré.
Kuyezgeka ku Chad
Pa 15 Ogasiti 2008, khoti la ku Chad likadumura kuti Habré wakomeke kwambura mulandu chifukwa cha milandu ya nkhondo na yakwimikana na wanangwa wa ŵanthu chifukwa cha ivyo ŵakamuyowoyera kuti wakagwiranga lumoza ntchito na ŵakugaluka mukati mwa Chad kuti wafumiske Déby. François Serres, loya wa Habré, wakasuska mulandu uwu pa Ogasiti 22 cifukwa cakuti ukaŵa wambura urunji ndiposo wachisisi. Kuyana na Serres, mulandu uwo upharazgi uwu ukajintha ukaŵa wambura kumanyikwa ndipo Habré wakapokera yayi uthenga uliwose wakukhwaskana na mulandu uwu.
Kuyezgeka ku Senegal
Mu 2008, boma la Senegal likasazgirako fundo yinyake iyo yikapeleka mwaŵi wakuti Habré weruzgike. Kweni pamasinda, boma la Senegal likasintha maghanoghano ghake, ndipo likapempha wovwiri wa ndalama zakujumpha 27 miliyoni za ku caru cose pambere ŵandambe kuyezga. Ici cikapangiska Belgium kuti wacimbizge khoti la International Court of Justice (ICJ) kuti liŵachichizge Senegal kuti wapeleke Habré ku Belgium panji kuti walutilire na mulandu wake. Khoti la ICJ likakana kupeleka mulandu uwu, ndipo likati para munthu waswa dango ili ndikuti wabuda. Boma la Senegal likasuskika cifukwa ca kuleka kufiska ivyo likakhumbanga pa nkhani ya ucigeŵenga, kweniso cifukwa ca kuleka kupeleka mulandu uwu ku ŵalara ŵa boma kuti ŵeruzgike. Khoti la ICJ likakana ivyo boma la Senegal likayowoya vyakuti ndarama ni zichoko kweniso kuti likususka malango gha mu charu.
Mu Novembala 2010, khoti la Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) likadumura kuti Senegal yingachita yayi mulandu uwu kwizira mu khoti la ku malo pera, ndipo likapempha kuti paŵe khoti lapadera lakweruzgira mulandu wa Habré. Mu Epulero 2011, Senegal yikakolerana kuti paŵe wupu wa ad hoc mu Africa, Chad, na vyaru vinyake.
Ndipouli, boma la Senegal likasintha maghanoghano ghake, ndipo likafumamo mu khoti ili pa Meyi 30, 2011 kwambura kulongosora. Komiti ya African Union pa nkhani ya Habré, pakunozgekera ungano wawo wakulondezgapo wa pa Juni 30, yikalemba lipoti ilo likapempha Senegal kuti yipeleke Habré ku Belgium.
Pa Julayi 8, 2011, ŵamazaza ŵa ku Senegal ŵakapharazga kuti Habré wazamumupeleka ku Chad pa Julayi 11, kweni ivi vikamara. Mu Julayi 2012, khoti la ICJ likadumura kuti Senegal yambe kweruzga Habré "kwambura kuchedwa". Bungwe la Amnesty International likapempha boma la Senegal kuti lipulikire ivyo khoti la ICJ ladumura. Khoti la pa caru cose (ICC) likakana kweruzga mulandu uwu, cifukwa milandu iyi yikacitika pambere khoti ili lindambe kuwumbika mu 2002, ndipo likulongozga waka vinthu ivyo vikacitika pamanyuma pa nyengo iyi.
Pa Juni 30, 2013, ŵapolisi ŵa ku Senegal ŵakamukora Habré ku Senegal. Pulezidenti wa Chadi, Idriss Déby, wakati kukakika kwake kukaŵa "nthowa yakulongozgera ku Africa uko kulije uheni uliwose, uko kulije maboma ghakupusa". Khoti la ku Senegal, ilo likakhazikiskika pamoza na wupu wa African Union, likamuphalira mulandu wa kusuzga ŵanthu. Mu caka ici, khoti la ku Chad likamuphalira kuti wakomeke cifukwa ca kuswa malango. Khoti ilo likeruzga mulandu wa Hissène Habré ku Senegal likuyowoyeka kuti lili na vinthu vinandi.
Pa Julayi 20, 2015, mulandu uwu ukamba. Apo wakalindiliranga kuti mulandu uwu wambike, Habré wakacemerezga kuti: "Ŵalwani ŵa boma ŵaparanyike. [Ceruzgo ici] nchinthu caucindere ico ŵandyali ŵa ku Senegal ŵakucita. Ŵapusikizgi ŵa ku Africa. Muteŵeti wa ku America". Kufuma apo, Habré ŵakamufumiska mu khoti ndipo mulandu ukayamba kwambura iyo. Pa Julayi 21, 2015, mulandu wa Habré ukasinthika kufika pa Seputembala 7, 2015, pamanyuma pakuti maloya ghake ghakana kwiza ku khoti.
Khoti Lapadera ku Senegal Likatumizga Mulandu
Pa 30 May 2016, makhoti gha ku Africa ghakasanga kuti Habré ngwakwananga cifukwa ca kucitiska uleŵi, uzga wa kugonana, na kuphalira ŵanthu 40,000 kuti ŵakomeke apo wakaŵa pulezidenti wa Chad ndipo ŵakamupa chilango cakuti wakhale mu jele la Cap Manuel ku Senegal umoyo wake wose. Uwu ukaŵa ulendo wakwamba kuti khoti lakuwovwirika na wupu wa African Union limare mulandu wa kuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu wa munthu uyo kale wakaŵa mulongozgi wa charu chinyake. Mu Meyi 2017, Mweruzgi Ougadeye Wafi wakakhozgera chilango cha umoyo wake wose kwa Habre pamoza na milandu yose iyo ŵakamupa, kupaturako wacigeŵenga. Khoti likati nkhani iyi yikakhwaska ndondomeko ya mulandu uwu, cifukwa cakuti ivyo mwanakazi uyu wakayowoya vikapelekeka mwakucedwa comene mwakuti vingaŵa nga ni mulandu wa nkhaza za kugonana izo ŵantchito ŵake ŵakacita. Pa 7 April 2020, mweruzgi ku Senegal wakapeleka kwa Habre myezi yiŵiri kuti waleke kukhala mu jele, pakuti jele ili likugwiliskirika nchito kuti ŵakayidi ŵaphya ŵa COVID-19 ŵaŵikikenge mu malo ghakupatulika. Wakati wafuma mu jele, wakawelera mu jele pa Juni 7.
Nyifwa
cHabré wakafwira ku Senegal pa 24 August 2021, sabata yimoza pamanyuma pa zuŵa lake lakubabikira la 79, wati wafika ku chipatala chikuru ku Dakar na nthenda ya COVID-19. Wakalwara apo wakaŵa mu jele sabata yimoza kumasinda. Mu mazgu, muwoli wa Habré, Fatimé Raymonne Habré, wakasimikizga kuti wali na COVID-19. Wakasungika mu dindi la Ŵasilamu la Yoff.
Neresheim
Neresheim ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Selenicë
Selenicë ni msumba mu charu cha Albania mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Bichlbach
Bichlbach ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Tyrol mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Maboma 18 ghamu Hong Kong
Uwu ni mndandanda wa maboma 18 ghamu charu cha Hong Kong.
Hani View, North West
Hani View, North West ni muzi mu msumba wa Moretele, mu boma likulu la Bojanala Platinum District Municipality, chigaŵa chikulu cha North west, mu charu cha South Africa.
Netphen
Netphen ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Redlham
Redlham ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Upper Austria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Boma la Mwense
Boma la Mwense ni boma ilo likusangika mu Chigaŵa cha Luapula mu charu cha Zambia.Mu Chigaŵa cha Luapula muli maboma 12.
Pakati na Kumanjiliro gha dazi, Hong Kong
Pakati na Kumanjiliro gha dazi ni limoza mwa maboma 18 ghamu charu cha Hong Kong.Boma ili lili mu chigaŵa cha Hong Kong Island, icho mu vyaka vya  1839–1842 chikaŵa na chiŵelengelo cha ŵanthu chakukwana 3,000 awo ŵakagaŵanika mu mizi ichoko ichoko yakukola somba apo malo ghake ghakakhalika na ŵazungu ŵakufumila ku United Kingdom  mu nkhondo yakwamba ya  Opium (1839–1842).
Swentara
Swentara (Kufuma mu chingelezi cha ku mpoto kwa America) panjiso kuti pullover, iyo yikuchemekaso kuti jersey panji jumper (mu chingelezi cha ku Britain na Australia), ni malaya ghatali, agho ghakuŵa na mwakunjira mawoko mutali, ghakuŵa ghakufuma ku vyakusona panji vyakupwanthiska. Para chakuvwara ichi chilije minjilira, kanandi chikuchemeka kuti chiŵiya chakupimira, panji chapafupi.
Pakati na Kumanjiliro gha dazi, Hong Kong
Pakati ni cigaŵa cikuru ca bizinesi na msumba ukuru wa Hong Kong. Kumanjiliro chikuphatikizapo Shek Tong Tsui, Kennedy Msumba, Sai Ying Pun, vigaŵa vya Lung Fu Shan. Chigaŵa ichi chikaŵa mu msumba wa Victoria, uwo ukaŵa msumba wakwambilira mu Hong Kong.
Mbiri
Chigaŵa chapakati, icho chikachemekanga Victoria City, ndicho chikaŵa chakwamba kuzenga misumba mu Hong Kong mu nyengo ya ukoloni. Ŵabali ŵa ku Britain ŵakaguliska malo mu Juni 1841, myezi 6 kufuma apo ŵakaŵikira ndembera ku Possession Point. Malo ghose 51 ghaguliskika ku nyumba 23 za ŵamalonda kuti ŵazengere maofesi na malo ghakusungiramo vinthu. Ŵanyake awo ŵakagura malo agha ŵakaŵa ŵa Dent, Jardine, Russell, na Olyphant. Pa nyengo iyo, misewu yiŵiri ya Albany Nullah (iyo sono ni Garden Road) na Glenealy Nullah (iyo sono ni Glenealy) yikaŵa ya ŵasilikari ŵa Britain. Pamanyuma misewu iyi yikamanyikwa kuti Government Hill.
Mu 1857, boma la Britain likasazgirako msumba wa Victoria na kugaŵa vigaŵa 7. Malo agha ni: Sai Ying Pun, Sheung Wan, Tai Ping Shan, Kumanjiliro gha dazi. Malo agha ghakaŵa gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe m'paka mu 1860 apo ŵamalonda ŵa ku China ŵakamba kugura malo gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe kuzingilizga Cochrane, Wellington na Pottinger Streets. Malo gha ku Central ndiwo ghakaŵa malo gha bizinesi ku Europe, ntheura banki yikuru ya HSBC yikafika. Chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi chikaŵa malo ghakwendeskera malonda gha ŵanthu ŵa ku China. Apo vinthu vikakwera mu cigaŵa ici, mu Febuluwale 1866 pakaŵa ungano uwo ukaŵa na mulimo wa kukhazikiska "District Watch Force".
Mu 1880, Shek Tong Tsui wakapangika, ndipo mu ma 1900, Kennedy Msumba nayo wakapangika. Kuzakafika m'ma 1890, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Hong Kong ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa ichi.
Ndyali
Mipingo ya boma ku Hong Kong ni mawupu ghakupeleka ulongozgi ku boma la Hong Kong agho ghali na mazaza ghachoko waka, ndipo ghakuzenga na kupwelelera mapaki, malo ghakujulika, vyakusanguluska, na vyakusanguluska. Wupu wa chigaŵa uwu ni Pakati na Kumanjiliro gha dazi boma wupu wakulamulira.
Chisankho cha chigawo chikuchitika zaka zinayi zilizonse. Chisankho chomaliza chinachitika pa 24 November 2019, pa nyengo kuyambira pa 1 January 2020. Ŵabali 15 ŵakusankhika kufuma mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana ndipo ŵanayi ŵakwimikika na boma. Vigaŵa vya vigaŵa ivi ni vicoko kuluska vigaŵa vya vigaŵa ivyo vikugwiliskirika nchito kanandi, ivyo vikuyana waka na vigaŵa vya mu 1857 na 1880.
Ŵanthu
Ku Hong Kong, ŵanthu ŵakukwana 251,519, ndipo chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa ichi chikakhira chomene. Pakati pa vigaŵa 18 ivi, boma la Pakati na Kumanjiliro gha dazi ndicho chili na ndalama zinandi chomene pa vigaŵa vyose. Kuyana na unandi wa mbumba izo zili mu cigaŵa ici, ni cigaŵa cacitatu pa vigaŵa vyose pa caru capasi, ndipo pali ŵanthu 2.8, pamanyuma pa boma La Wan Chai na Yau Tsim Mong.
Mu 2016, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu mu chigaŵa ichi chikakhira kufika pa 243,266 panji kukhilira pasi pa 3%.
Boma la Pakati na Kumanjiliro gha dazi chili na ŵanthu ŵakupambanapambana. 83% ŵa ŵanthu ŵa chigaŵa ichi mba ku China, ndipo mafuko ghakurughakuru ni Ŵafilipino (6%) na Ŵazungu (5%).
Kamışlı, Karataş
Kamışlı, Karataş ni msumba mu boma la Karataş mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Adana mu charu cha Turkey mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Pakati na Kumanjiliro gha dazi, Hong Kong
Chigaŵa cha charu na ndyali
Chigawochi chili pa 22.28333°N, 114.15°W, chifukwa cha malo a General Post Office ku Kumanjiliro gha dazi. Chigaŵa ichi chili na malo ghakukwana 12.4 km2. Chigaŵa ichi chili na boma la Wan Chai kumafumiro gha dazi, boma La   Kummwela, na Victoria Harbour kumpoto. Chigaŵa ichi chikusazgapo Green Island na Little Green Island, virwa viŵiri vyambura ŵanthu kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Hong Kong Island.
Vigaŵa vyakufuma kumanjiliro gha dazi kuya kumafumiro gha dazi mumphepete mwa Victoria Harbour ni: Kennedy Msumba, Sai Ying Pun, Sheung Wan, Kumanjiliro gha dazi, Admiralty na malo ghanyake.
Biberwier
Biberwier ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Tyrol mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Kgomo-Kgomo, North West
Kgomo-Kgomo, North West ni muzi mu msumba wa Moretele, mu boma likulu la Bojanala Platinum District Municipality, chigaŵa chikulu cha North west, mu charu cha South Africa.
Boma la Milenge
Boma la Milenge ni boma ilo likusangika mu Chigaŵa cha Luapula mu charu cha Zambia.Mu Chigaŵa cha Luapula muli maboma 12.
Vlorë County
Vlorë County ni msumba mu charu cha Albania mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Normandy
Normandy ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Normandy, mu charu cha France mu chilwa chikulu cha Yulaya (Europe).
Termas do Gerês
Termas do Gerês ni msumba mu charu cha Portugal. Portugal ntcharu icho chili ku Iberian Peninsula, kumwera kwa kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Europe, ndipo charu ichi chikusazgapo vyaru vya Azores, Madeira, na Virwa vya Savage.
Dertig, North West
Dertig, North West ni muzi mu msumba wa Moretele, mu boma likulu la Bojanala Platinum District Municipality, chigaŵa chikulu cha North west, mu charu cha South Africa.
Lauffen am Neckar
Lauffen am Neckar ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Boma la Mwansabombwe
Boma la Mwansabombwe ni boma ilo likusangika mu Chigaŵa cha Luapula mu charu cha Zambia.Mu Chigaŵa cha Luapula muli maboma 12.
Terras do Bouro
Terras do Bouro ni msumba mu charu cha Portugal. Portugal ntcharu icho chili ku Iberian Peninsula, kumwera kwa kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Europe, ndipo charu ichi chikusazgapo vyaru vya Azores, Madeira, na Virwa vya Savage.
Boma la Chifunabuli
Boma la Chifunabuli ni boma ilo likusangika mu Chigaŵa cha Luapula mu charu cha Zambia.Mu Chigaŵa cha Luapula muli maboma 12.
Regau
Regau ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Upper Austria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Lieberose
Lieberose ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Tocha
Tocha ni msumba mu charu cha Portugal. Portugal ntcharu icho chili ku Iberian Peninsula, kumwera kwa kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Europe, ndipo charu ichi chikusazgapo vyaru vya Azores, Madeira, na Virwa vya Savage.
Sarandë
Sarandë ni msumba mu charu cha Albania mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Reichenthal
Reichenthal ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Upper Austria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Limbach-Oberfrohna
Limbach-Oberfrohna ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Boma la Chipili
Boma la Chipili ni boma ilo likusangika mu Chigaŵa cha Luapula mu charu cha Zambia.Mu Chigaŵa cha Luapula muli maboma 12.
Dihibidung, North West
Dihibidung, North West ni muzi mu msumba wa Moretele, mu boma likulu la Bojanala Platinum District Municipality, chigaŵa chikulu cha North west, mu charu cha South Africa.
Breitenwang
Breitenwang ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Tyrol mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Liebstadt
Liebstadt ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Vlorë
Vlorë ni msumba mu charu cha Albania mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Dikebu, North West
Dikebu, North West ni muzi mu msumba wa Moretele, mu boma likulu la Bojanala Platinum District Municipality, chigaŵa chikulu cha North west, mu charu cha South Africa.
Saint-Étienne
Saint-Étienne ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, mu charu cha France mu chilwa cha Yulaya (Europe).
Tentúgal
Tentúgal ni msumba mu charu cha Portugal. Portugal ntcharu icho chili ku Iberian Peninsula, kumwera kwa kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Europe, ndipo charu ichi chikusazgapo vyaru vya Azores, Madeira, na Virwa vya Savage.
Kromkuil, North West
Kromkuil, North West ni muzi mu msumba wa Moretele, mu boma likulu la Bojanala Platinum District Municipality, chigaŵa chikulu cha North west, mu charu cha South Africa.
Boma la Chilanga
Boma la Chilanga ni boma ilo likusangika mu Chigaŵa cha Lusaka mu charu cha Zambia.Mu Chigaŵa cha Lusaka muli maboma 7.
Shkodër County
Shkodër County ni msumba mu charu cha Albania mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Mainz
Mainz ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Grenoble
Grenoble ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, mu charu cha France mu chilwa cha Yulaya (Europe).
Breitenbach am Inn
Breitenbach am Inn ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Tyrol mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Malchin
Malchin ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Souselo
Souselo ni msumba mu charu cha Portugal. Portugal ntcharu icho chili ku Iberian Peninsula, kumwera kwa kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Europe, ndipo charu ichi chikusazgapo vyaru vya Azores, Madeira, na Virwa vya Savage.
Makapanstad
Makapanstad ni muzi mu msumba wa Moretele, mu boma likulu la Bojanala Platinum District Municipality, chigaŵa chikulu cha North west, mu charu cha South Africa.
Lebotloane, North West
Lebotloane, North West ni muzi mu msumba wa Moretele, mu boma likulu la Bojanala Platinum District Municipality, chigaŵa chikulu cha North west, mu charu cha South Africa.
Mainburg
Mainburg ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Brandenberg
Brandenberg ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Tyrol mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Wikipediya ya ChiTumbuka
Wikipediya ya ChiTumbuka nthamba la Umanyi la pa Intaneti ilo munthu waliyose wangalemba, kusintha, na kufumiska nkhani mu chiTumbuka. Pa webusayiti iyi pali nkhani zakujumpha 3,000. Ili ni Baibolo ilo lili mu viyowoyero vinandi, ndipo likovwira ŵanthu kumanya vinandi mu chiyowoyero chawo, ilo likamba mu Disembala 2004.
Kafukufuku
Pa Okutobala 10, 2022, Wikipediya cha Tumbuka chili na nkhani 7,687 ndipo pali ŵanthu 7,271 awo ŵakuchitako ntchito iyi.
Reichraming
Reichraming ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Upper Austria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Maintal
Maintal ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Brandberg, Tyrol
Brandberg, Tyrol ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Tyrol mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Tirana County
Tirana County ni msumba mu charu cha Albania mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Mahlberg
Mahlberg ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Brixlegg
Brixlegg ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Tyrol mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Myanmar (Burma)
Zina lakale chikachemekanga kuti Burma,kwene pasono chikuchemeka Myanmar.Mu chaka cha 2017 chiwerengelo cha wanthu chikawa 54 miliyoni.
References
3.http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2017&ey=2019&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=64&pr1.y=6&c=518&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=
Galway, Ireland
Galway ni boma ilo pachingelezi ŵakulichema kuti county (nkhalwe), ilo lili mu chigaŵa  cha Connacht,mu chigaŵa chikulu cha  Northern and Western mu charu cha Ireland.Msumba wakumanyikwa mu boma ili ni Galway.Chalo cha Ireland chili ku mpoto kwa manjililo gha dazi gha chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Maboma ghanyake ghamu Ireland
Ireland wana ma boma ghakukwana 32.
Ried im Traunkreis
Ried im Traunkreis ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Upper Austria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Mainbernheim
Mainbernheim ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Ried im Innkreis
Ried im Innkreis ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Upper Austria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Olverton, North West
Olverton, North West ni muzi mu msumba wa Moretele, mu boma likulu la Bojanala Platinum District Municipality, chigaŵa chikulu cha North west, mu charu cha South Africa.
Moretele, North West
Moretele, North West ni muzi mu msumba wa Moretele, mu boma likulu la Bojanala Platinum District Municipality, chigaŵa chikulu cha North west, mu charu cha South Africa.
Mtayanyemba, Neno
Mtayanyemba ni malo agho ghakusangika mu boma la Neno,Chigaŵa cha Kummwela,mu charu cha Malaŵi.
Ngobi
Ngobi ni muzi mu msumba wa Moretele, mu boma likulu la Bojanala Platinum District Municipality, chigaŵa chikulu cha North west, mu charu cha South Africa.
Magdala, Germany
Magdala, Germany ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Galimoto
Galimoto iyo yili na magudumu. Makaya ghanandi ghakulongosora kuti galimoto yikwenda pa msewu, yikukwera ŵanthu 1 m'paka 8, ndipo yikwenda pa magileta ghanayi.
Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kugura magalimoto. Yimoza mwa galimoto zakwamba izo ŵanthu ŵakagura, yikaŵa ya 1908 Model T, iyo yikaŵa ya ku America. Mu United States, ŵanthu ŵakamba kukopeka na magalimoto ndipo ghakaŵa ghakuphakazga magalimoto agho ghakakwezgekanga na mahachi. Mu Europe na mu vigaŵa vinyake vya caru, ŵanthu ŵakakhumbanga magalimoto comene pamanyuma pa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose. Galimoto njakuzirwa chomene mu vyaru ivyo vili na vyakurya vinandi.
Le Havre
Le Havre ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Normandy, mu charu cha France mu chilwa chikulu cha Yulaya (Europe).
Bruck am Ziller
Bruck am Ziller ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Tyrol mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Mayo, Ireland
Mayo ni boma ilo pachingelezi ŵakulichema kuti county (nkhalwe), ilo lili mu chigaŵa  cha Connacht,mu chigaŵa chikulu cha  Northern and Western mu charu cha Ireland.Msumba wakumanyikwa mu boma ili ni Castlebar.Chalo cha Ireland chili ku mpoto kwa manjililo gha dazi gha chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Maboma ghanyake ghamu Ireland
Ireland wana ma boma ghakukwana 32.
Shkodër
Shkodër ni msumba mu charu cha Albania mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Meerane
Meerane ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Muonekera, Neno
Muonekera ni malo agho ghakusangika mu boma la Neno,Chigaŵa cha Kummwela,mu charu cha Malaŵi.
Dölsach
Dölsach ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Tyrol mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Ried in der Riedmark
Ried in der Riedmark ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Upper Austria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Mugodi wa Konkola Copper
Konkola Copper Mines (KCM) ni kampani yakuzenga na kusungunula mkuwa mu Zambia. Kampani iyi yili mu mawoko gha Vedanta Resources, kampani ya migodi iyo yili ku Mumbai na London.
Vyakupanga
Kampaniyi ndi 80% ya Vedanta Resources ndipo 20% ndi kampani ya migodi ya boma la Zambia, ZCCM Investments Holdings.
KCM yikupanga matani 2 gha mkuwa pa chaka. Ntchito ya Konkola Deep Mining Project yizamusazgirako nkhongono zake mpaka kufika pa matani 6 miliyoni pa chaka.
Vinthu vya kampani iyi ni Konkola Copper Mine, Nchanga Copper mine kufupi na Chingola, Nampundwe Pyrites Mine na Nkana Refinery ku Kitwe - the largest copper smelter in Zambia.
Meerbusch
Meerbusch ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Mugodi wa Konkola Copper
Vyakupanga
Vinthu ivi ŵakendeskanga kuluta navyo ku madoko gha Dar es Salaam ku Tanzania na Durban ku South Africa. Vyaru vikuruvikuru ivyo vikaguliskikanga ni vya ku Middle East na East Asia. Vinthu ivi ŵakaguliskanga ku Zambia.
Rouen
Rouen ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Normandy, mu charu cha France mu chilwa chikulu cha Yulaya (Europe).
Buch in Tirol
Buch in Tirol ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Tyrol mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Mugodi wa Konkola Copper
Mbili
Kampani iyi yikapharazga kuti yilije ndalama mu 2019. Paumaliro wa chaka chenechicho, ŵanthu 1,826 ŵa ku Zambia ŵakapokera chilolezo ku Khoti Likuru Chomene mu United Kingdom mu mulandu wa Lungowe v Vedanta Resources plc kuti ŵeruzge Vedanta chifukwa cha kunangika kwa maji uko kukacitika cifukwa ca KCM. Kweniso mu 2019, Khoti Likuru la ku Lusaka ku Zambia likakanizga wupu wa Konkola kuguliska katundu wake. Pa mulandu uwu, khoti likapeleka mwaŵi ku kampani yinyake yakuchemeka ZCCM Investment Holdings, iyo yikaŵa pasi pa boma, kuti yilute ku khoti lakweruzgira milandu na kampani yinyake yakuchemeka Vendanta Resources.
Moeka, North West
Moeka, North West ni muzi mu msumba wa Moretele, mu boma likulu la Bojanala Platinum District Municipality, chigaŵa chikulu cha North west, mu charu cha South Africa.
Mugodi wa Konkola Copper
Mbili
Vendanta wakazomerezga kuti pa 2021 paŵe ndalama zakumazgira suzgo lose la kunangika kwa vinthu, kwambura kuzomerezga udindo wake.
Ukaboni
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Mogogelo, North West
Mogogelo, North West ni muzi mu msumba wa Moretele, mu boma likulu la Bojanala Platinum District Municipality, chigaŵa chikulu cha North west, mu charu cha South Africa.
Meersburg
Meersburg ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Medebach
Medebach ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Meinerzhagen
Meinerzhagen ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Mathibestad, North West
Mathibestad, North West ni muzi mu msumba wa Moretele, mu boma likulu la Bojanala Platinum District Municipality, chigaŵa chikulu cha North west, mu charu cha South Africa.
One and Ten, North West
One and Ten, North West ni muzi mu msumba wa Moretele, mu boma likulu la Bojanala Platinum District Municipality, chigaŵa chikulu cha North west, mu charu cha South Africa.
Naminjale, Neno
Naminjale ni malo agho ghakusangika mu boma la Neno,Chigaŵa cha Kummwela,mu charu cha Malaŵi.
Bachi
Kaŵirikaŵiri chi bachi ni vyakuvwara vya kumtunda kwa thupi ivyo ŵanalume na ŵanakazi ŵakuvwara kuti ŵaŵe ŵakuthukira panjiso ŵamanyanda. Kanandi malaya agha ghakaŵa na minjilira yitali ndipo ghakajura panthazi na kujara na vingwe, viŵiya, na vyakukakira. Vinyake ivyo vingachitika ni vyakuphakazga, vyakuphakazgira pa chiŵegha, na vyakuvwara.
Bachi la chisoti
Bachi la chisoti (mu vigaŵa vinyake yikulembeka kuti hoody ndipo yikumanyikwaso kuti hooded sweatshirt) ni mjilira ukomi uwo uli na chisoti demelezge. Bachi la chisoti ilo lili na zipi kanandi likuŵa na mathumba ghaŵiri kunthazi, limoza ku chigaŵa chilichose cha zipper, apo vyakuvwara vya "pullover" (vyambura zipi) vikuŵa na mufu panji thumba limoza. Vinthu ivi vikuŵa na chingwe chakukongozga kuti chiŵawovwire kuti ŵaleke kutenthema. Para chavwara, chikubenekelera pachanya pa mutu, khosi, na chisko. Vipukusi vingavwara ku malo ghakupangirako vinthu vyakupambanapambana panji kuvikilira ŵanthu ku malo ghakubisamamo (kuzizima, vula, na vinyake).
Ebbs
Ebbs ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Tyrol mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Carlow, Ireland
Carlow ni boma ilo pachingelezi ŵakulichema kuti county (nkhalwe), ilo lili mu chigaŵa  cha Leinster, mu chigaŵa chikulu cha  Eastern and Midland mu charu cha Ireland.Msumba wakumanyikwa mu boma ili ni Carlow.Chalo cha Ireland chili ku mpoto kwa manjililo gha dazi gha chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Maboma ghanyake ghamu Ireland
Ireland wana ma boma ghakukwana 32.
Columbia
Columbia ntchalo icho chili khala zothambalala kwene mwakudumuka kufuma Kumpoto kwa Nthunthu la Mpoto wa Amerika mpaka Nthunthu la kummwera kwa Amerika.Ku mpoto chilipanga mphaka na nyanja ya Caribbean,Venezuela ku mafumilo gha dazi, Brazil ku mmwera kwa mafumilo ga dazi, Ecuador na Peru ku mmwera, Nyanja ya Pacific manjililo gha dazi, na Panama ku mpoto kwa manjililo gha dazi. Colombiawana maunduna 32 ndipo tauni ikulu ni Bogotá. Ukulu wake ni 1,141,748 square kilometers (440,831 sq mi), na unandi wa wanthu wakukwana  50 million.Spanish ndicho chiyowoyelo chikulu,nangauli kuliso viyowoyelo vinyake vakujumpha 70 ivo vikuyowoyeka.
References
1.Colombia in general
2.http://horalegal.inm.gov.co/
https://web.archive.org/web/20180216202647/http://www.cervantes.es/lengua_y_ensenanza/hispanismo/independencia_americana/bicentenario_independencia_calendario.htm
Riedau
Riedau ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Upper Austria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Meiningen
Meiningen ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Eben am Achensee
Eben am Achensee ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Tyrol mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Papatso, North West
Papatso, North West ni muzi mu msumba wa Moretele, mu boma likulu la Bojanala Platinum District Municipality, chigaŵa chikulu cha North west, mu charu cha South Africa.
Mronga Congo
Mronga Congo, mronga kwa Afrika.
Sespond, North West
Sespond, North West ni muzi mu msumba wa Moretele, mu boma likulu la Bojanala Platinum District Municipality, chigaŵa chikulu cha North west, mu charu cha South Africa.
Opperman, North West
Opperman, North West ni muzi mu msumba wa Moretele, mu boma likulu la Bojanala Platinum District Municipality, chigaŵa chikulu cha North west, mu charu cha South Africa.
Mwetangombe, Neno
Mwetangombe ni malo agho ghakusangika mu boma la Neno,Chigaŵa cha Kummwela,mu charu cha Malaŵi.
Rohrbach-Berg
Rohrbach-Berg ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Upper Austria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Ruigtesloot, North West
Ruigtesloot, North West ni muzi mu msumba wa Moretele, mu boma likulu la Bojanala Platinum District Municipality, chigaŵa chikulu cha North west, mu charu cha South Africa.
Roitham am Traunfall
Roitham am Traunfall ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Upper Austria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Meisenheim
Meisenheim ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Malësi e Madhe
Malësi e Madhe ni msumba mu charu cha Albania mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Mpilingizgoli (MaKompyuta)
Mpilingizgoli ni gulu la ma compyuta ayo yali pa ubali wakugaŵana mauthenga na makina gha kaŵilo kakukhoma. Makacompyuta aya yakugwiliska ntchito malango-yoyumizga mu milumikizgo ya magesi kuti yiyowoyiskane. Milumikizgo iyi yikupangika na makina yolumikizgiska nthe mawaya ya magesi, mawaya ya ungweru na ya kutumizga mauthenga mu mu mphepo. Ivyo vikupangiska kuti makina ya mipilingizgoli iyi yindandike mumitundu yakupambana pambana.
Nkhombe, Neno
Nkhombe ni malo agho ghakusangika mu boma la Neno,Chigaŵa cha Kummwela,mu charu cha Malaŵi.
Nkhokwe ya ulele
Vyakulembeka vya wanangwa, libre content, libre information, panji free information, ni mtundu uliwose wa mulimo, mulimo wa maluso, panji vinthu vinyake ivyo vikukolerana na fundo ya mulimo wa wanangwa.
Kuyowoya Mulimo wakufwatuka wa mitheto ni uwo ulije dango lakujandizga wanangwa wa ŵanthu:
kugwiliskira nchito ivyo vili mu kabuku aka ndiposo uwemi wake, kusambira na kulondezga ivyo mwasambira, Kupanga na kupeleka makope gha ivyo vili mu mabuku agha, Kusintha na kunozga ivyo vili mu mabuku agha na kuguliska. Vinthu vyawanangwa vikusazgapo milimo yose iyo yili mu malo gha ŵanthu wose kweniso milimo iyo yili na wanangwa wa kulemba na kulemba. Pakuti mu vyaru vinandi, pa fundo ya Bern Convention, awo ŵali na wanangwa wa kulemba vinthu ŵakuŵa na mazaza pa ivyo ŵakulemba, ntheura ivyo ŵali na wanangwa wa kulemba vikwenera kuŵa vyawanangwa.