cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Robert Mugabe
Phangano la Nyumba ya Lancaster: 1979
Phangano la Lancaster House likati wose awo ŵakanjilirapo pa Nkhondo ya ku Rhodesia ŵavomerezgane kuti paŵe mtende, ndipo kazembe wa ku Britain, Christopher Soames, wakiza ku Rhodesia kuzakawona ivyo vikachitika. Likayowoya kuti charu cha Rhodesia chichemekengeso Zimbabwe, zina ilo lili kufuma ku malo ghakuchemeka Great Zimbabwe. Phangano ili likawoneseskaso kuti ŵanthu ŵazungu ŵa mu caru ici ŵasungilire wanangwa wawo wa vya cuma na ndyali. Pakuyowoya kuti boma la ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yose likwenera kuŵa la ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yose, Carington wakaciska Mugabe kuti wacitepo kanthu pa nkhani yinyake yikuru ya ungano uwu, ya malo. Mugabe wakazomera kuvikilira katundu wa ŵanthu ŵatuŵa pa fundo yakuti maboma gha Britain na United States ghaŵawovwire ndalama mwakuti boma la Zimbabwe ligure malo ghanandi kuti ghagaŵike ku ŵanthu ŵafipa. Mugabe wakasuska fundo yakuti paŵe mtende, kweni Machel wakamuchichizga kuti wazomere. Mugabe wakalemba phangano ili, kweni wakajiwonanga kuti wapusikika, ndipo wakakhuŵara cifukwa cakuti wakatondeka kutonda ŵasilikari ŵa Rhodesia.
Kamupeni wa chisankho: 1980
Apo wakaweleranga ku Salisbury mu Janyuwale 1980, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamupokelera. Wakakhalanga mu nyumba yinyake ku Mount Pleasant, mu tawuni iyo mukaŵa ŵazungu ŵanandi. Machel wakachenjezga Mugabe kuti waleke kutinkha ŵazungu ŵa ku Rhodesia, kumucenjezga kuti para ŵazungu ŵafumako ku caru cawo para pajumpha mavoti, vingananga cuma nga umo vikaŵira ku Mozambique. Ntheura, pa nyengo ya kampeni yake ya kuvota, Mugabe wakaleka kuyowoya mazgu gha Marx na gha chipani. Mugabe wakadikhira kuti pa chisankho, ZANU yizamwimilira nga chipani chakupambana na ZAPU, ndipo wakakana pempho la Nkomo la ungano. Wakapangiska chipani cha ZANU, icho chikamanyikwanga na zina lakuti Zimbabwe African National Union Patriotic Front (ZANUPF). Ŵanthu ŵakayowoyerathu kuti ZANU-PF ndiyo yizamutonda pa vipani ivyo vikupambana mitundu. Mubali Mugabe wakaŵa wa mtundu wa Shona, uwo ukaŵa na ŵanthu 70 pa 100 wose mu charu ichi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Britain na ŵa ku Britain ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ivi vichitikenge cifukwa ca vigomezgo vya Mugabe vya Marx na mazgu ghake ghakwimikana na ŵanthu ŵazungu.
Ŵanthu ŵachi Buwa
Kugwiliskira nchito mazuŵa ghano
Mazuŵa ghano mu South Africa, ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero ivi kanandi ŵakugwiliskira ntchito viyowoyero vinyake. Ŵa Boer ndiwo mbachoko chomene pa ŵanthu awo ŵakuchemeka Ŵafrikaans, chifukwa ŵanthu ŵa ku Cape Dutch mbanandi chomene. Mu ciyowoyero ici, lizgu lakuti Afrikaans likung'anamura ŵanthu wose awo ŵakuyowoya ciyowoyero ici. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Boer mba gulu linyake ilo likuyowoya Chifurikansi.
Robert Mugabe
Kamupeni wa chisankho: 1980
Mu nyengo ya kampeni, Mugabe wakapona ku ŵanthu ŵaŵiri awo ŵakakhumbanga kumukoma. Mu nyengo yakwamba, iyo yikacitika pa Febuluwale 6, bomba likaponyeka pa nyumba yake ya Mount Pleasant, apo likaphulika pa cimati ca munda. Pa 10 February, bomba la mumphepete mwa msewu likaphulika pafupi na galimoto yake apo wakafumanga ku Fort Victoria. Mubali Mugabe nayo wakapwetekeka yayi. Mubali Mugabe wakati ŵasilikari ŵa ku Rhodesia ndiwo ŵakapangiska vinthu ivi. Kuti ŵaleke kughanaghana kuti ŵasilikari ŵa ku Rhodesia ŵachitenge vimbundi, Mugabe wakakumana na Peter Walls, mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari ŵa ku Rhodesia, ndipo wakamupempha kuti wakhalilire pa udindo wake usange ZANU-PF yingatonda. Pa nyengo iyo, Viliŵa vikakana.
Nkhondo iyi yikakhwaskika na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakachitiranga wofi ŵanthu awo ŵakavotanga, awo ŵakaŵa ZAPU ya Nkomo, United African National Council (UANC) ya Abel Muzorewa, na ZANU-PF ya Mugabe. Pakulongosora za milimo ya ZANU-PF ku mafumiro gha dazi kwa Rhodesia, Nkomo wakadandawura kuti "mazgu ghakuti kutenthemeska ngapusu. Ŵanthu ŵakopa ŵanthu. Ni wofi". Pakuwona kuti ZANU-PF yikopa ŵanthu, Mugabe wakachemeka ku nyumba ya boma. Mugabe wakawona kuti ungano uwu ukaŵa wa ku Britain kuti watimbanizge kampeni yake. Kuyana na ndondomeko ya kudumbiskana, Soames wakaŵa na mazaza gha kulekeska chipani cilicose ico cikopa ŵanthu. Wupu wakuvikilira chalo cha Rhodesia, Nkomo, Muzorewa, na ŵanyake awo ŵakamupa ulongozgi wose ŵakapempha Soames kuti waleke kunjizga ZANU-PF. Pamanyuma pa kudumbiskana, Soames wakazomera yayi, wakugomezga kuti ZANU-PF yikwenera kutonda pa chisankho ndipo kuti kuŵatondeska kungapangiska kuti ŵaleke kuŵa na mwaŵi wa kusintha mazaza.
Pa mavoti gha mu February, ZANU-PF yikasanga mavoti 63% pa mavoti gha mu chalo chose, ndipo yikasanga vithuzithuzi 57 pa vithuzithuzi 80 ivyo vikaŵa vya maboma gha ŵanthu ŵaŵisi. ZAPU yikasanga vithuzithuzi 20, ndipo UANC yikasanga vithuzithuzi vitatu. Mugabe wakasankhika kuŵa mp ku chigaŵa cha Salisbury ku Highfield. Pakuyezga kukhozga wofi na kukanizga ŵanthu ŵazungu kuti ŵaleke kucimbira, Mugabe wakawonekera pa wayilesi na kucemera kuti paŵe umoza wa caru cose, kukhazikika, na dango na ndondomeko.
Ŵanthu ŵachi Buwa
Msambilo
Movement for Christian-National Education ni wupu uwo uli na masukulu 47 gha Ŵakaboni ŵa Yehova, comenecomene mu Free State na Transvaal..
Robert Mugabe
Nduna Yakwamba ya Zimbabwe: 1980-1987
Charu cha Southern Rhodesia chikamba kujiyimira paŵekha pa April 18, 1980. Mubali Mugabe wakalapa kuŵa nduna yikuru ya caru ciphya ici pakati pa usiku.Wakayowoya pa Rufaro Stadium ku Salisbury, ndipo wakapharazga kuti charu cha Rhodesia chichemekenge "Zimbabwe". Soames wakawovwira Mugabe kuti wasinthe makora mazaza; ndipo Mugabe wakalutilira kumuwonga. Mugabe wakakhumba yayi kuti Soames wakhale mu Zimbabwe kwa virimika vinandi, ndipo wakatondeka kukhuŵilizga Britain kuti waŵe na "mulimo wakulongozga" wa vyaka viŵiri mu boma lake cifukwa ŵa ZANU-PF ŵanandi ŵakaŵa ŵambura kumanya vinandi vya muwuso. Pakuti ZANU-PF yikaŵa na wanangwa wa kuwusa yekha, kweni Mugabe wakambiska boma la umoza mwa kuchemera ŵanthu ŵa ku vipani vinyake kuti ŵanjire mu nduna zake. Mubali Mugabe wakasamira ku nyumba ya nduna yikuru ya boma ku Salisbury, iyo wakayizingilizga mwakuyana waka na umo Smith wakayizingilizgira.
Mu caru cose, ŵakawuskamo vikozgo vya Cecil Rhodes, ndipo malo na misewu ivyo vikacemekanga na mazina gha ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa ŵa mu nyengo ya makoloni vikacemeka na mazina gha ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake. Mu 1982, msumba wa Salisbury ukacemeka Harare. Mubali Mugabe wakagwiliska nchito ŵanthu ŵa ku North Korea kuti ŵanozge nyumba ya Heroes' Acre, cikumbusko na malo ghakukondwelera ŵanthu awo ŵakasuzgikanga cifukwa ca muwuso wa ŵanthu ŵachoko. Charu cha Zimbabwe chikapokeraso wovwiri ukuru kufuma ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi. Boma la United States likapeleka ndalama zakukwana madola 25 miliyoni ku Zimbabwe kwa vilimika vitatu. Boma la United Kingdom likapeleka ndalama zakwendeskera ndondomeko ya kunozga malo, ndipo likapeleka ulongozgi wa ŵasilikari kuti ŵawovwire kuti ŵasilikari ŵa ku Rhodesia na ŵasilikari ŵa ku Rhodesia ŵanjire mu gulu liphya la ŵasilikari ŵa ku Zimbabwe. Ŵalongozgi ŵa ZANLA na ZIPRA ŵakakanjira usilikari, kweni pakaŵa mphindano pakati pa magulu ghaŵiri agha. Pakuŵa Nduna Yikuru, Mugabe wakasunga Walls kuŵa mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari.
Ŵanthu ŵachi Buwa
Wayilesi
Ma wayilesi ghanyake ghakuthandazga fundo za ŵanthu ŵa ku Boer, nga ni Radio Rosestad 100.6 FM (mu Bloemfontein), Overvaal Stereo na Radio Pretoria. Wayilesi ya Boerevolk Radio, iyo yikupharazga pa Intaneti, yikovwira ŵanthu ŵa ku Boer kuti ŵapatukane na ŵanyawo.
Robert Mugabe
Nduna Yakwamba ya Zimbabwe: 1980-1987
Boma la Mugabe likalutilira kuyowoyapo za kusintha Zimbabwe kuŵa wupu wa socialist, kweni likachitapo kanthu yayi. Mwakupambana na umo Mugabe wakayowoyeranga vya socialism, ndondomeko za boma lake za bajeti zikaŵa zakusungilira vinthu, zikagwiranga nchito mu ndondomeko ya capitalist ndipo zikayowoyanga comene za kukhumbikwa kwa ndalama zakufuma ku vyaru vinyake. Apo wakaŵa pa udindo wake, Mugabe wakakhumbanga kusintha vinthu pachokopachoko kuti vileke kuŵa nga umo vikaŵira pakwamba. Kufuma mu 1980 m'paka mu 1990, chuma cha caru ici cikakura na 2.7% pa caka, kweni cikakura cifukwa ca unandi wa ŵanthu ndipo ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakasanganga zikakhira. Unandi wa ŵambura nchito ukakwera, ndipo mu 1990 ukafika pa 26%. Boma likaŵa na suzgo la ndalama pa ciŵelengero ca 10% ca GDP. Mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Mugabe, ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito pa masambiro na vya cipatala zikakura comene. Mu 1980, ku Zimbabwe kukaŵa masukulu gha sekondare 177 pera. Pa nyengo iyi, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵakumanya kulemba na kulemba chikakwera kufuma pa 62% kufika pa 82%. Ŵana ŵanandi ŵakakoleka munkhwala wa HIV kufuma pa 25% kufika pa 92%.
Ŵanthu ŵachi Buwa
Vigaŵa
Vigaŵa vya Boerestaat ("Boma la Boer") vikupangika kuŵa malo ghakukhalamo ŵa Boer/Afrikaner pera, comenecomene Orania ku Northern Cape na Kleinfontein kufupi na Pretoria.
Robert Mugabe
Nduna Yakwamba ya Zimbabwe: 1980-1987
Ŵakapanga gulu liphya la ŵalongozgi, ndipo kanandi ŵakagulanga nyumba zikuruzikuru na magalimoto ghakudura, ŵakatumanga ŵana ŵawo ku masukulu ghapadera, kweniso ŵakachitanga bizinesi. Kuti ŵaleke kuchita vinthu mwakutalulira, mu 1984 Mugabe wakalemba "ndondomeko ya ŵalongozgi" iyo yikakanizganga ŵanthu ŵalara-lara kupokera malipiro ghakujumpha limoza panji kuŵa na malo ghakujumpha maekali 50. Pakaŵaso vinyake ivyo vikachitika, ndipo Mugabe wakazomerezga Jenerale Solomon Mujuru kusazgirako bizinesi yake, ndipo wakazgoka munthu musambazi comene mu Zimbabwe. Vimbundi ivyo vikachitikanga pakati pa ŵanthu ŵamazaza vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵaleke kugomezgeka.
ZANU-PF nayo yikamba kupanga bizinesi yake, yikayambiska M&S Syndicate mu 1980 na Zidoo Holdings mu 1981. Kufika mu 1992, chipani ichi chikaŵa na katundu na bizinesi yakujumpha madola 500 miliyoni (US$75 miliyoni). Mu 1980, ZANU-PF yikagwiliskira nchito ndarama za ku Nigeria kuti yikhazikiske wupu wa Mass Media Trust, uwo ukagura kampani ya ku South Africa iyo yikaŵa na manyuzipepara ghanandi gha ku Zimbabwe. Ŵazungu awo ŵakang'anamuliranga manyuzipepara agha ŵakaŵafumiskanga mu maofesi ghawo ndipo ŵakaŵikamo ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakimikika na boma. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, manyuzipepara agha ghakazgoka malo ghakupharazgira vya chipani.
Ŵanthu ŵachi Buwa
Ŵanthu Ŵakuzirwa ŵa ku Boer
Voortrekker leaders
Kuukila kwa Chilembwe
Chilembwe chikaŵa kuwukira boma la Britain mu charu cha Nyasaland (lero ni Malawi). Mubali John Chilembwe ndiyo wakalongozganga gulu ili. Ŵalongozgi ŵa chipani ichi ŵakakhalanga kufupi na tchalitchi lake mu muzi wa Mbombwe kumwera kwa charu ichi. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakhuŵara na vinthu ivyo ŵakakanizganga ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vinyake, kusazgapo ntchito zachiwawa, kusankhana mitundu, na ivyo ŵanthu ŵakakhumbanga kufuma ku ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru ivi.I.
Robert Mugabe
Nduna Yakwamba ya Zimbabwe: 1980-1987
Apo charu cha Zimbabwe chikapokera wanangwa wake, vyaru 39% vikaŵa vya ŵanthu ŵambura kutchuka awo ŵakaŵa na minda yikuruyikuru ya ŵanthu ŵatuŵa pafupifupi 6,000, apo 4% vikaŵa vya ŵanthu ŵachiswesi awo ŵakaŵa na minda yichokoyikuru, ndipo 41% vikaŵa vyaru vya ŵanthu wose. Phangano la Lancaster House likati m'paka mu 1990, malo ghakuguliskika ghangaŵa waka "ghakunozgeka kuguliskika". Kweni ŵakazomerezganga yayi usange malo agha "ghakugwiliskirika nchito mwambura kwenelera" panji ghakukhumbikwa pa mulimo unyake. Ici cikang'anamuranga kuti boma la Mugabe likaguliskanga waka malo ghambura kwenelera. Chilato chake chikaŵa chakuti mu vyaka vitatu, mbumba za ŵanthu ŵabuluu 18,000 zizakakhale pa malo gha mahekita 2.5 miliyoni gha ŵanthu ŵatuŵa. Ivi vikeneranga kukhumba ndalama zakukwana mapaundi 30 miliyoni (US$60 million), ndipo hafu ya ndalama izi boma la United Kingdom likeneranga kupeleka kuyana na ivyo vikaŵa mu phangano la Lancaster House.
Hückeswagen
Hückeswagen ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Hoyerswerda
Hoyerswerda ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Robert Mugabe
Nduna Yakwamba ya Zimbabwe: 1980-1987
Mu 1986, Mugabe wakazgoka mulongozgi wa gulu la Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), udindo uwo wakasunga mpaka mu 1989. Pakuŵa mulongozgi wa boma la Front Line States, ilo lili pafupi na charu cha South Africa icho chikaŵa pasi pa apartheid, wakaŵa wakugomezgeka comene mu gulu la ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga apartheid.
Umo ŵanthu ŵakupambana mitundu
Pakwamba, Mugabe wakakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake ŵambeso kukolerana, ndipo wakakhumbanga kuŵa paubwezi uwemi na ŵazungu ŵa ku Zimbabwe. Wakakhumbanga kuti ŵazungu ŵaleke kufumamo mu charu chawo, ndipo wakawoneseskanga kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kopa kuti waŵasuzgenge kuti ŵaguliske katundu wawo. Wakimika ŵantchito ŵaŵiri ŵatuŵa - David Smith na Denis Norman - mu boma lake, wakakumana na ŵalongozgi ŵatuŵa mu vyakurya, makampani, migodi, na malonda, ndipo wakakondweska ŵalara ŵa boma nga ni Smith na Ken Flower na mtima wake wose. Nkhondo yikati yamara, mafuta ghakaŵa ghacilendo, ndipo vinthu vikamba kwenda makora ku Zimbabwe. Mu nyengo iyo vinthu vikendanga makora mu caru ici, ŵanthu ŵacoko waka awo ŵakaŵa ŵazungu, awo ŵakaŵa na katundu munandi ndiposo ŵakendeskanga malonda, mafakitale, na mabanki, ndiwo ŵakatumbikika comene.
Ndipouli, Ŵazungu ŵanandi ŵa ku Zimbabwe ŵakadandawura kuti ŵakaŵasankhiranga. Ŵazungu ŵanandi ŵakakwenyelera cifukwa ca kukhala mu boma la ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake ndipo ŵakafipanga mtima kuti ŵana ŵawo ŵasangenge nchito yayi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakaluta ku South Africa, ndipo mu 1980, ŵazungu pafupifupi 17,000 (pafupifupi ciŵelengero cimoza pa viŵelengero 10 vya ŵanthu wose ŵa ku Zimbabwe) ŵakaluta ku caru cinyake. Boma la Mugabe likalayizga kuti lizamovwira African National Congress na ŵasilikari ŵanyake awo ŵakasuskanga apartheid mu South Africa, kweni likaŵazomerezga yayi kuti ŵagwiliskirenge ntchito Zimbabwe pakuchita nkhondo. Pakulimbana na nkhaza za katangale na muwuso wa ŵanthu ŵatuŵa mu South Africa, boma la Mugabe likakanizga Zimbabwe kuti yileke kuchitako maseŵero gha ku South Africa. Kweniso caru ca South Africa cikayezga kutimbanizga Zimbabwe mwa kujara nthowa za malonda na kovwira ŵanthu awo ŵakususka Mugabe. Mu Disembala 1981, bomba likaphulika pa ofesi yikuru ya ZANU-PF, ndipo ŵanthu 7 ŵakafwa ndipo 124 ŵakapwetekeka. Mugabe wakapa mulandu ŵasilikari ŵazungu awo ŵakovwirika na South Africa. Wakasuska "ŵanthu ŵakususka na awo ŵakususka kusintha kwa vinthu" mu muzi wa ŵazungu, ndipo wakati nangauli ŵakasuskika yayi cifukwa ca ivyo ŵakacita kumanyuma, kweni ŵakukana kuwezgerapo mtende pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake ndipo "ŵakucita vinthu mwakukolerana na ŵa ku South Africa kuti ŵatipweteke, kutimbanizge umoza withu, kutimbanizga chuma cithu, na kuwuskapo boma ilo ine nkhulongozga". Wakasuskanga ŵasilikari pera yayi kweni ŵazungu wose cifukwa ca kuŵa na mazaza pa "nkhongono za cuma za Zimbabwe". Ndimo ŵaminisitala ŵanandi ŵa boma na ŵapharazgi ŵa nkhani ŵakawoneranga. Yumoza wa ŵaliska aŵa, Tekere, wakacitako cinthu cinyake apo iyo pamoza na ŵanalume ŵankhondi na ŵaŵiri awo ŵakaŵa na vilwero ŵakanjira mu famu iyo yikaŵa ya ŵazungu, ndipo ŵakakoma mulimi munyake mucekuru. Tekere ŵakamusanga na mulandu wa kukoma munthu, kweni Mugabe wakamufumiska mu ofesi yake.
Ŵanthu ŵakalutilira kutinkhana. Mu Disembala 1981, Wally Stuttaford, mulara wa ku mphala ya malango ya ku South Africa, ŵakamupa mulandu wa kuŵa muzga wa South Africa, ŵakamukora na kumusuzga, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵazungu ŵakwiyike. Mu Julayi 1982, ŵasilikari ŵazungu awo ŵakakhozgekanga na South Africa ŵakaparanya ndege 13 pa Thornhill. Ŵazungu ŵanandi awo ŵakaŵa ŵasilikari ŵakakakika na kutambuzgika. Ŵakaŵeruzga, kweni ŵeruzgi ŵakaŵaphalira kuti ŵalije mulandu. Nkhani yawo yikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vinandi ŵayowoyepo viheni, kweni Mugabe wakati nkhani iyi yikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye vinandi cifukwa cakuti ŵakayidi ŵakaŵa ŵazungu. Kuvikilira kwake nthambuzgo na kuyuyura ndondomeko za malango vikapweteka mbiri yake pa caru cose. Ŵazungu ŵakalutilira kucimbilira ku caru cinyake, ndipo mu vilimika vitatu kufuma apo Mugabe wakambira kuwusa, hafu ya ŵanthu wose ŵazungu ŵa ku Zimbabwe ŵakaluta ku caru cinyake. Mu 1985 pa mavoti, chipani cha Smith cha Conservative Alliance of Zimbabwe chikapokera vithuzithuzi 15 pa vithuzithuzi 20 ivyo vikapelekeka ku ŵazungu. Mugabe wakakwiya chomene na ivyo vikachitika, ndipo wakachenya ŵanthu ŵatuŵa ŵa ku Zimbabwe cifukwa ca kuleka kupera "mu nthowa yiliyose" apo ŵakalutilira kovwira Smith na ŵandyali ŵanyake ŵatuŵa awo ŵakacita "vinthu vyakofya ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Zimbabwe".
Ubale na ZAPU na Gukurahundi
Kuyana na dango liphya la charu ichi, udindo wa pulezidenti wa Zimbabwe ukaŵa wa pa mwambo pera. Mubali Mugabe wakaŵa kuti wapeleka uteŵeti uwu kwa Nkomo, kweni Nkomo wakakana. Apo ŵakateŵeteranga lumoza, pakaŵa ukali pakati pa Mugabe na Nkomo. Mugabe wakapeleka mipando yinayi ku ZAPU, kweni Nkomo wakapempha zinandi. Mwakupambana na ivi, ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa ZANU-PF ŵakayowoya kuti ZAPU yikwenera yayi kuŵa na mipando mu boma, ndipo ŵakayowoya kuti Zimbabwe yiŵe boma la chipani chimoza. Tekere na Enos Nkala ŵakaŵa ŵakusimikizga kuti palije suzgo na ZAPU. Pamanyuma pakuti Nkala wacemerezga kuti ZAPU yikomeke mwankhaza pa ungano wa ŵanthu ku Entumbane, ku malo agha kukawuka mbembe.
Mu Janyuwale 1981, Mugabe wakawuskapo Nkomo pa udindo wake mu nduna zake; iyo wakachenjezga kuti ichi chikukwiyiska awo ŵakakolerana na ZAPU. Mu February, nkhaza pakati pa ŵakukhozgera ZAPU na ZANU-PF zikawuka pakati pa gulu ilo likaŵa ku Ntabazinduna. Kufuma apo, ŵakasanga vilwero vinandi ivyo vikaŵa na mabomba na mabomba ghakwimikana na ndege pa famu ya Ascot, iyo Nkomo wakaŵa nayo. Mugabe wakayowoya kuti uwu ukaŵa ukaboni wakuti ZAPU yikunozgekera kuti yikome boma, kweni Nkomo wakakana. Pakuyaniska Nkomo na "njoka ya mu nyumba", Mugabe wakamulekeska nchito mu boma, ndipo mabizinesi, minda, na katundu wa ZAPU vikatoleka.
Ŵanalume ŵa ZANLA na ZIPRA ŵakaleka milimo yawo na kwamba kunjilirapo pa vigeŵenga. Ku Matabeleland, ŵanthu awo ŵakagalukira gulu la ZIPRA awo ŵakamanyikwanga kuti "ŵakupambana maghanoghano" ŵakachitanga unkhungu, kwiba mabasi, na kuwukira nyumba za ŵalimi. Ŵalwani aŵa ŵakapokera wovwiri kufuma ku South Africa kwizira mu gulu la ku Africa lakucemeka Operation Mute, ilo likagomezganga kuti lingapangiska kuti caru ca Zimbabwe cileke kukhazikika. Boma kanandi likayaniskanga ZIPRA na awo ŵakususka, nangauli Nkomo wakasuskanga awo ŵakususka na awo ŵakuŵawovwira. Mubali Mugabe wakazomerezga ŵapolisi na ŵasilikari kuti ŵakome ŵanthu awo ŵakususkana na boma ku Matabeleland. Mu 1982 wakambiska Gulu la Cinkhondi, gulu la ŵasilikari ilo likasambizgika na ŵanthu ŵa ku North Korea. Mu Janyuwale 1983, ŵasilikari ŵa Fifth Brigade ŵakatumika ku chigaŵa ichi, ndipo ŵakalongozga ntchito ya kutimbana, kotcha ŵanthu, kukoma ŵanthu pa wumba, na kukoma ŵanthu awo ŵakatenge ŵakukolerana na ŵakususka. Nkhondo iyi yikaŵa yikuru comene kuluska iyo yikacitika mu caru ca Rhodesia. Ŵakazenga malo ghakuponerako ŵanthu. Mubali Mugabe wakazomerezga kuti ŵanthu ŵazamusuzgika cifukwa ca vivulupi ivi, wakati "tingamanya yayi uyo ni wakususka panji yayi". Ivyo vikacitika pamanyuma pake vikamanyikwa kuti "Gukurahundi", lizgu la Cishona ilo likung'anamura "mphepo iyo yikuseŵa duru pambere vula yindize". Mu 1984, Gukurahundi wakambukira ku Matabeleland South, malo agho ghakaŵa na chilangalanga kwa vyaka vitatu. Gulu la Cinkhondi likajara mashopu ghose, likakanizga kupeleka vinthu, ndipo likakanizga ŵanthu kwenda, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵe na njara kwa myezi yiŵiri. Bishopu wa Bulawayo wakamunena Mugabe kuti wakulongozga ndondomeko ya njara. Apo ŵimiliri ŵa Katolika ŵakapeleka kwa Mugabe buku ilo likulongosora uheni uwo gulu la Fifth Brigade likacita, Mugabe wakakana ivyo likayowoya ndipo wakati ŵalongozgi ŵa visopa ŵakuleka kugomezgeka ku Zimbabwe. Wakacitiska kuti wupu wa Katolika wakuwona vya urunji na mtende mu Zimbabwe uleke kugwira nchito. Mu 1985, lipoti la wupu wa Amnesty International lakukhwaskana na Gukurahundi likakanika na Mugabe kuti ni "utesi". Mu vilimika vinayi, ŵanthu pafupifupi 10,000 ŵakakomeka, ndipo ŵanandi ŵakatimbika na kutambuzgika. Genocide Watch yikalongosora kuti ŵanthu pafupifupi 20,000 ŵakakomeka.
Boma la Britain la Margaret Thatcher likamanyanga za kukoma ŵanthu kweni likakhala chete pa nkhani iyi, kuti lileke kukwiyiska Mugabe na kutimbanizga umoyo wa ŵazungu ŵa ku Zimbabwe. Kweniso boma la United States likakana yayi, ndipo mu Seputembala 1983, pulezidenti Ronald Reagan wakapokelera Mugabe ku White House. Mu Okutobala 1983, Mugabe wakaluta ku ungano wa ŵalara ŵa boma la Commonwealth ku New Delhi, uko kukaŵavya boma ilo likayowoyapo vya Gukurahundi. Mu 2000, Mugabe wakazomera kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakomeka, ndipo wakati "ni ucindere... ukaŵa uheni ndipo vigaŵa vyose viŵiri vikaŵa na mulandu". Martin Meredith, uyo wakalemba mbiri ya umoyo wa Mugabe, wakati Mugabe na ZANU-PF ndiwo ŵekha ŵakapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵakomeke. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakulemba mbiri ya Mugabe ŵakuwona kuti Gukurahundi wakaŵa chiyezgo cha kulekeska ZAPU na ŵanthu awo ŵakamovwiranga.
Pakaŵaso nkhaza zinandi pambere mavoti gha 1985 ghandambe, ndipo ŵanthu awo ŵakakolerananga na ZAPU ŵakasuzgikanga na magulu gha ZANU-PF Youth League. Nangauli ŵakamuwofyanga, kweni ZAPU yikapokera vithuzithuzi vyose 15 mu Nyumba ya Malamulo ya Matabeleland. Kufuma apo, Mugabe wakasora Enos Nkala kuŵa mulongozgi wa ŵapolisi. Pamanyuma pake, Nkala wakakaka ŵalongozgi ŵakujumpha 100 ŵa ZAPU, kusazgapo mamembala ghankhondi na meya wa Bulawayo, wakakanizga chipani ici kucita maungano, kujara maofesi ghawo ghose, na kusisita maboma ghose agho ghakaŵa pasi pa mazaza ghawo. Kuti ŵaleke kwambaso vivulupi, mu Disembala 1987 Nkomo wakalembeska phangano la umoza umo ZAPU yikaparanyikira ndipo ŵalongozgi ŵake ŵakanjira mu ZANU-PF. Kuphatikizika kwa zipani ziŵiri izi kukasilira ZANU-PF na vithuzi 99 pa vithuzi 100 mu pharalamende, ndipo vikapangiska Zimbabwe kuŵa boma la chipani chimoza.
Kusintha kwa malango na vya cuma: 1987-1995
Kuumaliro wa 1987, Nyumba ya Malango ya ku Zimbabwe yikasintha malango gha boma. Pa Disembala 30, boma likati Mugabe ndiyo ni pulezidenti wa boma, udindo uphya uwo ukasazga maudindo gha mulongozgi wa boma, mulongozgi wa boma, na mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari. Wakaŵa na mazaza ghakupatura nyumba ya malango, kuŵika dango la nkhondo, na kwimilira mu mavoti nyengo yitali. Kuyana na Meredith, sono Mugabe wakaŵa "na mazaza pa boma ndipo wakaŵa na mwaŵi wakuwovwira ŵanthu". Pa nyengo yeneyira, ŵakafumiskapo mipando 20 iyo yikaŵa ya ŵanthu ŵatuŵa.
Mu nyengo ya mavoti gha 1990, maparamende ghakawovwira kuti paŵe maparamendi 120. Ndondomeko iyi yikapangiska kuti viŵe vyakusuzga kuti ŵanthu wose awo ŵakususka Mugabe ŵasange mazaza mu nyumba ya malango.Chipani chikuru cha opposition mu chisankho ichi chikaŵa Zimbabwe Unity Movement (ZUM), icho chikambiska mu April 1989 na Tekere; nangauli wakaŵa mubwezi wa nyengo yitali wa Mugabe, Tekere wakamususka kuti wakwendera mphiska chipani cha Zimbabwe na kukhazikiska muwuso wa ukali. Ŵanthu ŵa ZANU-PF ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakukhumba kuvota ŵaŵe ku ZUM. Cinyake nchakuti tivotere ZUM. Lekani kujikoma, vota ZANU-PF ndipo ukhale wamoyo". Mu mavoti agha, Mugabe wakasankhikaso kuŵa purezidenti na mavoti pafupifupi 80%, apo ZANU-PF yikapokera vithuzithuzi 116 pa vithuzithuzi 119 ivyo vikaŵapo.
Mubali Mugabe wakakhumbanga kuti charu cha Zimbabwe chiŵe na chipani chimoza, kweni mu 1990, wakaleka nadi ivyo wakakhumbanga chifukwa cha kusintha kwa Mozambique na vyaru vinyake vya ku Eastern Bloc. Pamanyuma pakuti boma la Marxist-Leninist likatimbanizgika mu Soviet Union na Eastern Bloc, mu 1991 ZANU-PF yikawuskamo mazgu ghakuti "Marxism-Leninism" na "scientific socialism" mu mabuku ghake. Mu chaka chenechicho, Mugabe wakajipeleka kuti wacitenge vinthu mwakuyana na ndondomeko ya msika ndipo wakazomera ndondomeko ya kusintha vinthu ya International Monetary Fund (IMF). Boma la Zimbabwe likakhumbanga kuti vinthu vya boma viŵe vya boma na kuchepeskako misonkho. Vinthu ivi vikapangiska ŵantchito kuchepeska malipiro ghawo, ndipo ŵakamba kususkika na wupu wa Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions.
Ŵanthu ŵachi Buwa
Ŵanthu Ŵakuzirwa ŵa ku Boer
Great trek
Höxter
Höxter ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Robert Mugabe
Kusintha kwa malango na vya cuma: 1987-1995
Boma la United Kingdom, la United States, na la Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace (Khomishoni ya Katolika ya Urunji na Mtende) likadandawura na ivyo likayowoya. Boma la United States, United Kingdom, International Monetary Fund, na World Bank ŵakawofya kuti usange Zimbabwe yingafiska dango ili, mbwenu yizamuleka kupeleka wovwiri ku vyaru vinyake. Pakususka fundo iyi, boma likawuskamo dango lakuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kupempha ku khoti. Mu vilimika vicoko waka vyakulondezgapo, malo ghanandi gha ŵazungu ghakapokeka. Mu Epulero 1994, nyuzipepara yinyake yikati yasanda vinthu ivi, yikasanga kuti vyose ivi vikapelekeka yayi ku ŵanthu ŵafipa awo ŵakaŵa ŵambura malo. Pakuzgora mulandu uwu, mu 1994 boma la United Kingdom, ilo likapeleka ndalama zakukwana mapaundi 44 miliyoni kuti lipeleke malo, likakanizga kupeleka ndalama.
Mu Janyuwale 1992, muwoli wa Mugabe wakafwa. Mu Epulero 1995, magazini ya Horizon yikavumbura kuti Mugabe wakaŵa na chibwezi na mulembi wake Grace Marufu kwambira mu 1987 ndipo wakababa mwana mwanalume na mwanakazi. Ŵanthu 12,000 ŵakacemeka ku ukwati uwu mu Ogasiti 1996, uwo ukacitikira ku Kutama ndipo ukacitikanga na Patrick Chakaipa, uyo wakaŵa mutu wa bishopu mulara wa Katolika ku Harare. Ciphikiro ici cikaŵa cakukwesana comene pakati pa Ŵakatolika cifukwa ca uleŵi wa Mugabe na Marufu. Kuti mbumba yake yikhalenge makora, Mugabe wakazenga nyumba yikuru ku Borrowdale. Pa mavoti gha 1995 agho ghakaŵa ghacoko comene, ZANU-PF yikasanga vithuzithuzi 147. Pambuyo pa chisankho, Mugabe wakasazgirako nduna zake kufuma pa 29 kufika pa 42 apo boma likakhozga malipiro gha mamembala gha Nyumba ya Malamulo na 133%.
Kuchepa kwa chuma: 1995~2000
Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990, chuma cha Zimbabwe chikalutilira kunangika. Kuzakafika mu 2000, umoyo wa ŵanthu ukakhira comene kuluska umo ukaŵira mu 1980; umoyo wa ŵanthu ukakhira, malipiro ghakaŵa ghacoko, ndipo unandi wa ŵanthu ŵambura nchito ukakwera comene. Kuzakafika mu 1998, unandi wa ŵambura nchito ukaŵa pafupifupi 50%. Kuzakafika mu 2009, ŵanthu ŵa ku Zimbabwe ŵakujumpha 3 panji 4 miliyoni, awo ŵakaŵa na maluso ghanandi, ŵakafumamo mu charu ichi. Mu 1997, ŵanthu awo ŵakarwa nkhondo ya kuwukira boma ŵakamba kukhumba ndalama za penshoni, ndipo mu Ogasiti 1997, Mugabe wakanozga ndondomeko ya ndalama za penshoni izo zikeneranga kukwana madola 4.2 biliyoni. Kuti ŵapeleke ndalama za penshoni iyi, boma la Mugabe likapeleka misonkho yiphya, kweni mu Disembala 1997 ŵakacita sitiroko yikuru; pamasinda pa nkani ya ZANU-PF, boma la Mugabe likamazga misonkho. Mu Janyuwale 1998, mu Harare mukawuka vivulupi cifukwa ca kusoŵa cakurya; ŵasilikari ŵakatumika kuti ŵawuskepo mtende, ndipo ŵanthu 10 ŵakafwa ndipo ŵanyake ŵanandi ŵakapwetekeka.
Mugabe wakalutilira kutemwa comene kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi pera, ndipo wakawona kuti ni "vya ku Africa yayi". Wakalongosora kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakutemwa kugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵanyawo "ŵali na nkharo yiheni chomene kuluska ya ŵanthu", kweniso "mbakuheni chomene kuluska ntcheŵe na nkhumba". Vingaŵa kuti maghanoghano agha ghakafumira ku fundo zake zakukhora, kweni ghakakhozga comene cifukwa cakuti ŵateŵeti ŵanandi ŵa boma la Britain ŵakaŵa ŵakugonana ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵanyawo. Mubali Mugabe wakamba kugomezga kuti pakaŵa "mafia gha ŵakugonana ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi pera" ndipo wose awo ŵakamususkanga ŵakaŵa ŵakugonana ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi pera. Awo ŵakususka boma la Zimbabwe ŵakasuskaso Mugabe kuti wakugwiliskira nchito ŵanthu awo ŵakutemwa kugonana na ŵanalume ŵekhaŵekha kuti watimbanizge masuzgo gha caru. Mu Ogasiti 1995, wakeneranga kujura Zimbabwe International Book Fair ku Harare, kweni wakakana mpaka apo gulu la Gays and Lesbians of Zimbabwe likafumiskira malo agha.
Mu 1996, Mugabe wakasankhika kuŵa mulongozgi wa wupu wakuvikilira chalo cha Southern African Development Community (SADC). Kwambura kudumbiskana na pharalamende, mu Ogasiti 1998 wakalangura ŵasilikari ŵa Zimbabwe kuti ŵanjire mu Democratic Republic of Congo kuti ŵateŵetere pamoza na President Laurent Kabila mu Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Congo. Pakwamba, wakaŵika ŵasilikari 3,000 pa nkhondo iyi, ndipo pamasinda ŵakakwera kufika pa 11,000. Kweniso wakaciska Angola na Namibia kuti ŵatumizge ŵasilikari ŵawo ku nkhondo. Nkhondo iyi yikapangiska kuti charu cha Zimbabwe chikumane na masuzgo gha vyachuma. Kafukufuku wakulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Zimbabwe ŵakutemwa yayi nkhani iyi. Ndipouli, mabungwe ghanandi gha ku Zimbabwe ghakasanga candulo, cifukwa boma la Kabila likaŵapa wanangwa wa kunozga migodi na makuni.
Mu Janyuwale 1999, ŵasilikari 23 ŵakakakika cifukwa ca kunozgekera kuwukira Mugabe. Boma likayezga kubisa fundo iyi, kweni yikalembeka na nyuzipepara yinyake. Pamanyuma ŵasilikari ŵakakaka ŵapharazgi aŵa na kuŵatambuzga. Ivi vikakwiyiska ŵamitundu yose, ndipo ŵa EU na vyaru vinyake vinkhondi na viŵiri ivyo vikawovwirapo, ŵakalemba makalata ghakwimira. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵa boma na ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakasuska ivyo boma likachita. Pakuzgora, Mugabe wakavikilira kugwiliskira nchito kukakika na kutambuzgika kwambura dango. Mu 1997, Tony Blair wakasankhika kuŵa nduna yikuru ya Britain pamanyuma pa vilimika 18 vya muwuso wa ŵa Conservative. Boma la Labour likayowoya kuti likukhumba yayi kuwezgerapo malipiro gha malo agho ghakalayizgika mu phangano la Lancaster House, ndipo Clare Short wakakana fundo yakuti Britain yikwenera kupeleka ndalama zakwendeskera malo. Nkharo iyi yikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vya ku Africa ŵambe kutinkha ufumu wa Britain. Mu Okutobala 1999, Mugabe wakaluta ku Britain ndipo ku London, Peter Tatchell uyo wakuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu wakayezga kumukaka. Mugabe wakagomezganga kuti boma la Britain likanozga mwadala ivyo vikacitika kuti limukhozge soni. Ivi vikakhwaska comene ubwezi pakati pa Britain na Zimbabwe, ndipo Mugabe wakadelera ivyo wakacema kuti "Blair and company". Mu Meyi 2000, boma la United Kingdom likakanizga Zimbabwe kupeleka wovwiri. Mu Disembala 1999, wupu wa IMF ukamazga kovwira Zimbabwe pa nkhani ya ndalama chifukwa cha suzgo la ndalama kweniso vimbundi.
Kuti ŵakwaniriske ivyo ŵanthu ŵakakhumbanga, mu Epulero 1999, boma la Mugabe likimika komiti ya ŵanthu 400 kuti yilembe dango liphya. Bungwe la National Constitutional Assembly, gulu la ŵanthu awo ŵakukhumba kusintha malango, ilo likakhazikiskika mu 1997, likayowoya kuti komiti iyi njambura kukolerana na boma. Wupu wa NCA ukakhumbanga kuti ndondomeko ya dango likanizgike, ndipo pa ungano wa ŵanthu wose wa mu Febuluwale 2000, ŵanthu 53 pa 100 ŵakakana, 44 pa 100 ŵakakolerana. Uwu ukaŵa utesi wakwamba wa ZANU-PF mu vyaka 20. Mubali Mugabe wakakwiya comene, ndipo wakapa mulandu ŵanthu ŵacokoŵacoko ŵa ku Zimbabwe cifukwa ca kucitiska kuti wathereskeke.
Kuwukira caru na kususka: 2000-2008
Pa maungano gha pa caru cose agho ghakacitika mu Juni 2000, maungano agha ndigho ghakaŵa ghakuzirwa comene mu Zimbabwe kwambira mu 1980. Maphwando 16 ghakanjilirapo, ndipo Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) yakulongozgeka na Morgan Tsvangirai wakaŵa na chilato chiwemi. Pa nyengo ya kampeni ya kuvota, ŵanthu ŵa MDC ŵakaŵasuzganga kanandi waka ndipo nyengo zinyake ŵakakomekanga. Bungwe la Zimbabwe Human Rights Forum likati ŵanthu 27 ŵakakomeka, 27 ŵakakoleka, 2466 ŵakakoleka, ndipo 617 ŵakakoleka, ndipo ŵanthu 10,000 ŵakacimbizgika cifukwa ca nkhaza. Ŵanthu awo ŵakawonanga ivyo vikachitikanga ku Europe ŵakati maungano agha ghakaŵa ghapusu yayi. Kuvota kukapangiska kuti ZANU-PF yiŵe na viŵelengero vya 48% na viŵelengero vya 62 vya mu nyumba ya malango ndipo MDC yiŵe na viŵelengero vya 47% na viŵelengero vya 57. Aka kakaŵa kakwamba kuti ZANU-PF yileke kusanga vigaŵa viŵiri pa vigaŵa vitatu vya wanangwa uwo ukakhumbikwanga kuti ŵasinthenge malango. ZANU-PF yikathembanga chomene ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga ChiShona mu vigaŵa vya ku mizi, ndipo yikapokelera waka chigaŵa chimoza cha mu matawuni.
Mu Febuluwale 2000, ŵasilikari ŵakamba kuwukira minda ya ŵazungu. Boma likati ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵawukira ŵakaŵa "ŵalwani" kweni ŵanandi ŵakaŵa ŵawukirano ŵambura nchito. Mugabe wakayowoya kuti kuukira uku kukacitika mwangozi kwimikana na ŵeneco ŵa vyaru ŵatuŵa, nangauli boma likapeleka ndalama zakukwana Z$20 miliyoni ku gulu la Chenjerai Hunzvi's War Veterans Association kuti licitenge mulimo wa kupoka vyaru. Ŵanyake awo ŵakacitanga na Mugabe ŵakalongosora kuti nkhondo iyi yikaŵa cilango cifukwa ca umo ŵanthu ŵazungu ŵakacitiranga kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kuvota. Mugabe wakalongosora kuti malo agha ghakapokeka na ŵanthu ŵazungu awo ŵakakhalanga mu Africa mu ma 1890. Wakalongosora kuti nkhondo iyi yikaŵa nkhondo yakwimikana na ufumu wa Britain, ndipo wakati boma la Britain likakhumbanga kuwuskapo boma lake. Mu Meyi 2000, wakafumiska dango lakuyana na Presidential Powers (Temporary Measures Act) ilo likapeleka mazaza ku boma kuti litorenge minda kwambura kulipira.
Ŵanthu ŵachi Buwa
Ŵanthu Ŵakuzirwa ŵa ku Boer
Participants in the Second Anglo-Boer War
Hoya, Germany
Hoya, Germany ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha Germany, cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya.
Kuukila kwa Chilembwe
Nkhondo iyi yikamba pa Janyuwale 23, 1915. L. Wakayama Bruce Plantation ku Magomero ndipo wakakoma ŵanthu ŵatatu ŵatuŵa. Usiku unyake, ku Blantyre kukachitika cigeŵenga ico cikaponya vilwero mu sitoro. Pa zuŵa la 24 January mulenji, ŵamazaza ŵakakolerana na gulu la ŵasilikari na kutumizga ŵasilikari ŵa King's African Rifles (KAR). Pamanyuma pakuti ŵasilikari ŵa boma ŵatondeka kuwukira msumba wa Mbombwe pa Janyuwale 25, ŵakugaluka ŵakawukira mpingo wa Cikhristu wa ku Nguludi na kuwotcha. Gulu la KAR na gulu la ŵasilikari ŵakatora Mbombwe kwambura kukumana na ŵanthu ŵakususka pa 26 January. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakagaluka, kusazgapo Chilembwe, ŵakachimbilira ku chigaŵa cha Portuguese East Africa (sono ni Mozambique). Ŵalwani pafupifupi 40 ŵakakomeka, ndipo 300 ŵakakakika; Chilembwe wakakomeka na ŵapolisi pafupi na mphaka pa Febuluwale 3.
Robert Mugabe
Kuwukira caru na kususka: 2000-2008
Kuwukira minda kukakhwaska comene ulimi. Mu 2000, mu Zimbabwe mukaŵa matani ghakujumpha 2 miliyoni gha chimanga. Kweni mu 2008, chiŵelengero ichi chikakhira kufika pa 450,000. Kuzakafika mu Okutobala 2003, wupu wa Human Rights Watch ukati hafu ya ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ici ŵakaŵa ŵambura cakurya cakukwana. Kuzakafika mu 2009, 75% ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Zimbabwe ŵakathembanga wovwiri wa vyakurya, uwo ukaŵa ukuru comene kuluska caru cilicose pa nyengo iyo. Charu cha Zimbabwe chikalutilira kunangika. Mu 2000, GDP ya charu ichi yikaŵa USD 7.4 biliyoni; mu 2005 yikaŵa kuti yachepa kufika pa USD 3.4 biliyoni. Kujikuzga kwa ndalama kukapangiska kuti paŵe suzgo la vyachuma. Kuzakafika mu 2007, caru ca Zimbabwe cikaŵa na unandi wa ndalama pa caru cose, pa 7600%. Kuzakafika mu 2008, unandi wa ndalama ukajumpha 100,000% ndipo chingwa chimoza chikaŵa chakudura chomene. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Zimbabwe ŵakathembanga ndalama izo ŵabali ŵawo ŵakuŵatumira.
Vinthu vikaŵaso makora yayi ku ŵanthu ŵanyake. Mu 2005, ŵanthu pafupifupi 80% mu Zimbabwe ŵakaŵa ŵambura nchito, ndipo mu 2008 ŵana 20% pera ndiwo ŵakasambiranga. Pakuti maji ghakaleka kwenda makora kweniso maji ghakututuka ghakaleka kwenda makora, mu 2008 kukabuka nthenda ya kolera. Kweniso suzgo la HIV/AIDS likakura chomene mu charu ichi. Mu 2008, ŵanthu ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 15 na 49 ŵakaŵa na nthenda ya HIV/AIDS. Mu 2007, wupu wakuwona vya umoyo pa caru cose (World Health Organization) ukati ŵanthu ŵa ku Zimbabwe ŵakukhala vyaka vyakujumpha 34. Vinthu vyakukondweska vya ŵanthu ŵakwendakwenda vikamara, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kupenja vinyama vyakofya. Mubali Mugabe wakasazgirako suzgo ili apo wakalangura kuti njovu 100 zikomeke kuti zipelekeke nyama pa chiphikiro cha mu Epulero 2007.
Ivyo Mugabe wakacita vikasuskika comene. Wupu wa Zimbabwe Council of Churches ukamupa mulandu wakuti wakunjizga caru mu "nkhondo" kuti walutilire kuwusa. Vyaru vinandi vya kumwera kwa Africa vikakolerana nayo pa ungano uwo ukacitikira ku Harare mu Seputembala 2001. Mu 2002, Commonwealth yikachimbizga Zimbabwe kufuma mu gulu lake; Mugabe wakapa mulandu uwu pa kusankhana mitundu kwa ŵanthu ŵaŵitima, maghanoghano agho ghakayowoyeka na Pulezidenti wa South Africa Thabo Mbeki. Mbeki wakatemwanga ndondomeko ya "kuchita vinthu mwakufwasa" pakulimbana na Mugabe, ndipo wakayezga kukanizga African Union (AU) kumupa vyeruzgo. Ungano wa ku Africa na Europe uwo ukeneranga kucitika mu Lisbon mu Epulero 2003, ukasinthika kanandi waka cifukwa cakuti ŵalongozgi ŵa ku Africa ŵakakana kwiza apo Mugabe wakakanikanga; ndipo paumaliro ukacitika mu 2007 apo Mugabe wakaŵapo. Mu 2004, EU yikakanizga Mugabe kuluta ku caru cinyake na kukanizga katundu wake. Mu 2008, boma la United States likasazgirako vyeruzgo ivi. Boma la United States na United Kingdom likapeleka fundo ku UN Security Council yakuchemera boma la Zimbabwe kuti liŵike dango lakukanizga ŵanthu kugura vilwero pamoza na kukanizga Mugabe na maboma ghanyake kwenda. Kweni boma la Russia na China likakana fundo iyi. Mu 2009, wupu wa SADC ukakhumbanga kuti vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi viwuskeko vyeruzgo ivyo vikaŵa pa Mugabe na boma lake. ZANU-PF yikayowoya kuti vyeruzgo ivi vikaŵa vyakukolerana na vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi. Carren Pindiriri wa pa Yunivesite ya Zimbabwe, wakati vyeruzgo ivi vikakhwaska yayi ntchito na ukavu mu caru ici.
Nduna yikuru ya Britain, Tony Blair, yikayowoya kuti yikakhumbanga kusintha boma ku Zimbabwe mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000 apo Mugabe wakeneranga kufumapo. Mu 2007, mulara wa ŵasilikari ŵa Britain, Charles Guthrie, wakavumbura kuti iyo na Blair ŵakadumbiskana vya kuwukira Zimbabwe. Ndipouli, Guthrie wakacenjezga kuti ŵasilikari ŵaleke kuchitapo kanthu. Mu 2013, Pulezidenti wa South Africa, Thabo Mbeki, wakati Blair nayo wakachichizga charu cha South Africa kuti chichitenge nawo "vinthu vinyake, nanga vingaŵa vya usilikari". Mbeki wakakana cifukwa wakawona kuti "Mugabe ndiyo wangawovwira pa suzgo ili". Ndipouli, muyowoyeri wa Blair wakati "wakaŵaphalirapo yayi ŵanthu kuti ŵanozgekere panji kunjilirapo pa nkhondo iyi".
Kugaŵana mazaza na chipani chakususkana na boma cha MDC:
Mu Malichi 2008, pakaŵa maungano gha pa caru cose na maungano gha purezidenti. Mu chigamulo chakwamba, chipani cha ZANU-PF chikapokera vithuzithuzi 97, apo cha MDC chikapokera vithuzithuzi 99, ndipo cha MDC    Ncube chikapokera vithuzithuzi 9. Mu mwezi wa Mailo, wupu wa Zimbabwe Electoral Commission ukapharazga ivyo vikachitika pa mavoti gha pulezidenti, ndipo ukati Tsvangirai wakapokera 47.9%, ndipo Mugabe wakapokera 43.2%. Pakuti palije uyo wakapokera 50%, ŵakaŵikapo ndondomeko yakuti paŵe kaumaliro. Mubali Mugabe wakawona kuti kutondeka kwake nkhukhozga soni munthu. Iyo wakawona kuti uwu ukaŵa cipambano kwa ŵanthu ŵa ku Western, comenecomene ŵa ku Britain, awo ŵakamususkanga. ZANU-PF yikati chipani cha MDC chikananga mavoti..
Kuukila kwa Chilembwe
Nangauli kugaluka uku kukacitika yayi, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuwona kuti kukaŵa kwapadera comene mu mbiri ya Malawi. Chigaluka ichi chikakhwaska chomene boma la Britain mu charu cha Nyasaland, ndipo pamasinda ŵakasintha vinthu vinyake. Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose yikati yamara, ŵanthu ŵa ku Malawi ŵakamba kukhumba comene kuti ŵanthu ŵa Chilembwe ŵambeso kuwukira. Chikumbukiro cha Chilembwe, icho chikulutilira kuŵa na nkharo yiwemi mu chalo, kanandi chikuzunulika na ŵandyali ŵa Malawi. Mazuŵa ghano, ŵanthu ŵakukumbukira kuwukira uku chaka chilichose ndipo Chilembwe nayo wakuwoneka kuti ni munthu wakuzirwa chomene..
Ŵanthu ŵachi Buwa
Ŵanthu Ŵakuzirwa ŵa ku Boer
Politicians
Kuukila kwa Chilembwe
Mbili
Boma la Britain likamba kulamulira chigaŵa icho sono chikuchemeka Malawi, pakati pa 1899 na 1900. Chigaŵa ichi chikaŵa pasi pa Britain mu 1891 (pakuti "British Central Africa") ndipo mu 1907, chikachemeka Nyasaland. Mwakupambana na vigaŵa vinyake vya mu Africa, uko boma la Britain likathembanga ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha, ku Nyasaland boma la Britain likathembanga ŵasilikari. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1890, boma likapoka ŵanthu ŵa ku Yao, Ngoni, na Cewa..
Robert Mugabe
Kugaŵana mazaza na chipani chakususkana na boma cha MDC:
Pamanyuma pa mavoti, boma la Mugabe likagwiliskira nchito "ŵankhondo awo ŵakaŵapo kale" pa nkhondo yakususkana na awo ŵakakolerana na Tsvangirai. Pakati pa Malichi na Juni 2008, ŵalondezgi ŵa MDC ŵakukwana 153 ŵakakomeka. Pakaŵa malipoti gha ŵanakazi awo ŵakakolerananga na MDC awo ŵakakoleleranga na ŵanthu awo ŵakakolerananga na Mugabe. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Zimbabwe ŵakachimbira kwawo cifukwa ca vivulupi. Ivi vikapangiska kuti boma la Mugabe lidumulike pa caru cose. Secretary-General wa UN Ban Ki-Moon wakadandawura cifukwa ca nkhaza izo zikacitika, ndipo wupu wa UN Security Council nawo ukazomera kuti ni "vyambura machitiko" kuti paŵe mavoti ghakufwatuka na ghakwenelera.
Ŵanthu ŵachi Buwa
Ŵanthu Ŵakuzirwa ŵa ku Boer
Spies
Kuukila kwa Chilembwe
Mbili
Ufumu wa Britain ukasintha chomene vinthu mu charu cha Nyasaland. Mu nyengo yakwambilira, ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakaluta ku vyaru vinyake na kukhazikika mu vyaru ivi, ndipo ŵakagura malo ghanandi ku ŵalongozgi ŵa ku malo agha. Malo ghanandi agho ŵakagura, comenecomene mu vigaŵa vya Shire Highlands, ghakazgoka minda ya ŵanthu ŵatuŵa uko ŵakakuliranga tiyi, khofi, katoni na hona. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakhalanga mu malo agha ŵakagwiranga ntchito za malipiro ndipo chifukwa cha ntchito izo ŵakagwiranga mu malo agha, ŵakazgoka ŵantchito. Ŵachikuda awo ŵakagwiranga nchito mu minda iyi, kanandi ŵakaŵatimbanga na kusankhana mitundu. Ŵakaŵaso na dango lakuti ŵagwirenge nchito zinandi nga ni renti, ndipo ŵakaŵachichizganga kuti ŵagwirenge nchito zinandi.
Robert Mugabe
Kugaŵana mazaza na chipani chakususkana na boma cha MDC:
Pakuzgora nkhaza izi, Tsvangirai wakafumamo mu chigaŵa chaciŵiri. Mu chigaŵa chaciŵiri, Mugabe wakapokera mavoti 85.5% ndipo nyengo yeneyiyo wakambaso kuwusa. Wupu wa SADC ndiwo ukalongozganga ndondomeko ya kugaŵikana kwa mazaza. Kuyana na phangano ili, Mugabe wakalutilira kuŵa pulezidenti apo Tsvangirai wakaŵa nduna yikuru ndipo Arthur Mutambara wa MDC wakaŵa wachiŵiri wa nduna yikuru. Boma likapambana pakati pa ŵa MDC na ZANU-PF. Nangauli vikaŵa nthena, ZANU-PF yikakhumba yayi kugaŵana mazaza, ndipo yikakhumbanga yayi kuti vinthu visinthe. Mu phangano la kugaŵikana mazaza, ŵakasintha vinthu vinyake. Kukwambilira kwa caka ca 2009, boma la Mugabe likati kuti kuti lilimbane na suzgo la kusinthasintha kwa ndalama, lizomerezge kuti madola gha ku America ndigho ghaŵe ndalama zakwendeskeka na boma. Ivi vikawovwira kuti mitengo yiŵe yakukhora. ZANU-PF yikakanizga vinandi ivyo ŵakakhumbanga kuti vichitikenge ndipo ŵakalemba dango liphya mu Malichi 2013.
Vyaka vyapamasinda: 2013-2017
Pakulongosora kuti "wazamurwa nga ni nyama yakuŵinya" kuti waŵaso na mazaza, Mugabe wakaluta ku mavoti gha 2013 na chigomezgo kuti ghaŵenge ghaumaliro. Wakagomezganga kuti para watonda pa vipharazgo, mbwenu waŵenge wakugomezgeka, ndipo wazamutonda ŵalwani ŵake ŵa ku Western. Ŵalwani ŵakagomezganga kuti maungano agha ndigho ghangaŵawovwira kufumiska Mugabe. Ŵakamulongoranga nga ni munthu mulara uyo ŵasilikari ŵakumuphalira chakuchita. Kweni munthu munyake wakati uwu mbutesi.
Mwakupambana na mu 2008, pakaŵavya ŵanthu ŵakususkana na Mugabe mu ZANU-PF. Ŵalongozgi ŵa chipani ichi ŵakaghanaghana kuti ŵaleke kuchitako vivulupi ivyo vikacitika pa nyengo ya mavoti gha mu 2008 mwakuti ŵaleke kunanga cipulikano cawo, comenecomene mu maso gha SADC. Mubali Mugabe wakaciska ŵanthu kuti ŵaleke kucita nkhaza, ndipo wakacitako viphikiro vicoko comene kuluska ivyo vikacitikanga kale, cifukwa ca ucekuru wake kweniso cifukwa cakuti wakakhumbanga kuti viphikiro ivi viŵe vikuru comene. Gulu la ZANU-PF likapeleka vyawanangwa ku ŵanthu ŵanandi, kusazgapo vyakurya na vyakuvwara.
ZANU-PF yikapokera 61% ya mavoti gha pulezidenti na vithuzithuzi vyakujumpha viŵiri pa vithuzithuzi vitatu mu nyumba ya malango. Pa mavoti agha pakaŵavya ŵanthu awo ŵakawonanga kuti ni ŵanangwa kweniso ŵarunji. Pa nyengo ya kampeni iyi, ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakolerana na MDC ŵakakhala waka chete chifukwa cha kopa kuti ŵabendezgekenge. Chipani cha MDC chikakhwaskika chomene na nyengo iyo chikaŵa mu boma, chifukwa ŵanthu ŵakatenge ntchiheni nga ni ZANU-PF. ZANU-PF yikagwiliskirangaso nchito fundo za mtundu wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa, caru, na kufwatuka, apo MDC kanandi yikayananga na ŵalimi ŵatuŵa, vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi, na vinthu vya ku mpoto nga ni wanangwa wa ŵanthu ŵa LGBT.
Ŵanthu ŵachi Buwa
Wonaniso
• Boerboel
Kuukila kwa Chilembwe
Chilembwe na Tchalitchi lake
John Chilembwe, wakababikira mu malo agha mu 1871, ndipo wakasambira pa tchalitchi la Church of Scotland ndipo pamasinda wakakumana na Joseph Booth, mishonale wa tchalitchi la Baptist. Booth wakasambizganga kuti ŵanthu wose ŵaŵe ŵakuyana waka, ndipo Chilembwe wakakondwa chomene na ivyo wakayowoya. Pa nyengo iyi, Chilembwe wakaluta ku United States kuti wakasambire vya cisopa ku Virginia. Ku malo agha, wakasangananga na ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa na America ndipo wakasambizgika nkhani za John Brown uyo wakasuskanga kusopa kwaunenesko na Booker T. Washington.
Robert Mugabe
Vyaka vyapamasinda: 2013-2017
Mu February 2014, Mugabe wakachita opareshoni ya katarakiti ku Singapore; pa kuwerako wakakondwelera zuŵa lake lakubabikira la makumi ghankhondi na ghatatu ku chiŵanja cha mpira cha Marondera. Mu Disembala 2014, Mugabe wakachimbizga wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti wake, Joice Mujuru, kumususka kuti wakakhumbanga kumuponya pasi. Mu Janyuwale 2015, Mugabe wakasankhika kuŵa Chairperson wa African Union (AU). Mu Novembala 2015, wakapharazga khumbo lake lakuti wazakasankhikeso kuŵa purezidenti wa Zimbabwe mu 2018, apo wakaŵa na vyaka 94, ndipo wakazomerezgeka kuŵa mulongozgi wa ZANU-PF. Mu Febuluwale 2016, Mugabe wakayowoya kuti walije pulani ya kufumapo ndipo waŵenge pa udindo "mpaka Ciuta wayowoye kuti 'wize.'" Mu Febuluwale 2017, pamanyuma pa zuŵa lake lakubabikira la 93, Mugabe wakayowoya kuti wafumengepo yayi panji kusora munthu wakunjira mu malo ghake, nangauli wakayowoya kuti wazomerezgenge chipani chake kusora munthu wakunjira mu malo ghake usange chawona kuti nchakwenelera. Mu Meyi 2017, Mugabe wakaluta ku Cancún, Mexico, kwa sabata yimoza kuti wakaŵepo pa ungano wa mazuŵa ghatatu wakukhwaskana na kuchepeska suzgo la masoka gha chilengiwa. Wakacita maulendo ghatatu gha ku Singapore mu 2017, ndipo Grace Mugabe wakamuchema kuti wasankhe munthu wakumuteŵetera.
Ŵanthu ŵachi Buwa
Wonaniso
• Boer goat