Mbili
Methods
Ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi, ŵanthu ŵakumanya mdauko ŵakamba kulemba mdauko mu vyaka vya m'ma 1600 na 1800, chomenechomene ku France na Germany. Mu 1851, Herbert Spencer wakalongosora nthowa izi: "From the successive strata of our historical deposits, they [Historians] diligently gather all the highly colored fragments, pounce upon everything that is curious and sparkling and chuckle like children over their glittering acquisitions; meanwhile the rich veins of wisdom that ramify amidst this worthless debris, lie utterly neglected. Cumbrous volumes of rubbish are greedily accumulated, while those masses of rich ore, that should have been dug out, and from which golden truths might have been smelted, are left untaught and unsought" By the "rich ore" Spencer meant scientific theory of history. Meanwhile, Henry Thomas Buckle expressed a dream of history becoming one day science: "In regard to nature, events apparently the most irregular and capricious have been explained and have been shown to be in accordance with certain fixed and universal laws. This have been done because men of ability and, above all, men of patient, untiring thought have studied events with the view of discovering their regularity, and if human events were subject to a similar treatment, we have every right to expect similar results" Contrary to Buckle's dream, the 19th-century historian with greatest influence on methods became Leopold von Ranke in Germany. He limited history to "what really happened" and by this directed the field further away from science. For Ranke, historical data should be collected carefully, examined objectively and put together with critical rigor. But these procedures "are merely the prerequisites and preliminaries of science. The heart of science is searching out order and regularity in the data being examined and in formulating generalizations or laws about them." "As Historians like Ranke and many who followed him have pursued it, no, history is not a science. Thus if Historians tell us that, given the manner in which he practices his craft, it cannot be considered a science, we must take him at his word. If he is not doing science, then, whatever else he is doing, he is not doing science. The traditional Historian is thus no scientist and history, as conventionally practiced, is not a science." Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, ŵanthu ŵakusambira mdauko ŵakaŵikanga chomene mahara yayi pa nkhani za kutemwera charu, izo kanandi zikalumbanga mtundu panji ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuwona kuti mdauko ni sayansi yayi, kweni ni luso. Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakasambizganga chomene vya mdauko wa ŵanthu ŵakaŵa ŵasambizgi ŵanandi, kusazgapo Fernand Braudel, E. H. Carr, Fritz Fischer, Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, Hans-Ulrich Wehler, Bruce Trigger, Marc Bloch, Karl Dietrich Bracher, Peter Gay, Robert Fogel, Lucien Febvre, na Lawrence Stone. Ŵanandi awo ŵakasambizganga vya mdauko wa ŵanthu ŵakamanyikwanga chomene chifukwa cha umo ŵakenderanga. Braudel wakasazga mdauko na geography, mdauko wa Bracher na political science, mdauko wa Fogel na economics, mdauko wa Gay na psychology, mdauko wa Trigger na archeology, uku Wehler, Bloch, Fischer, Stone, Febvre, na Le Roy Ladurie ŵakasazga mdauko na sociology, geography, anthropology, na economics. Ndipouli, nthowa izi zikatondeka kupanga fundo ya mdauko. Mpaka sono pali fundo yimoza pera ya mdauko iyo yikayowoyeka na munthu munyake wakulemba mdauko. Ivyo tikugomezga pa nkhani ya mdauko vikalembeka na ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya vinandi pa nkhani iyi. Sonosono apa, sayansi ya nkhani za mu digito yamba kuwona umo ŵangagwiliskira ntchito kompyuta kuti ŵafumbisiske mafumbo ghakukhwaskana na mdauko kweniso umo ŵangasambilira vya mu digito.