cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Ethiopia
Abiy Ahmed and the Prosperity Party (2018–present)
Ubwezi pakati pa boma la federal na boma la chigaŵa cha Tigray ukasuzga chomene pamanyuma pa chisankho, ndipo pa 4 November 2020, Abiy wakayamba nkhondo ya nkhondo mu chigaŵa cha Tigray pakuzgora ku vilwero vya ŵasilikari awo ŵakakhalanga mwenemumo, ivyo vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵachimbire ku Sudan na kwamba nkhondo ya Tigray. Pa Novembala 9, 2020, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 600 ŵakakomeka mu tawuni ya Mai Kadra. Mu Epulero 2021, Eritrea yikati ŵasilikari ŵake ŵakurwa nkhondo mu Ethiopia. Kufika mu Malichi 2022, ŵanthu 500,000 ŵakafwa chifukwa cha vivulupi na njara mu Nkhondo ya Tigray, ndipo ŵanyake ŵakuti chiŵelengero ichi chikukwana 700,000-800,000 paumaliro wa 2022. Pamanyuma pa kufumiska malango ghanandi gha mtende na kuwoneseska kuti vinthu vyendenge makora, Ethiopia na ŵasilikari ŵa Tigrayan ŵakazomerezga kuti nkhondo yimare pa Novembala 2, 2022; kweni pakuti Eritrea yikaŵa chigaŵa cha phangano ili yayi, malo ghawo ghakaŵa ghambura kupulikikwa.
Boma na ndale
Charu cha Ethiopia chili na boma laparamende, ndipo nduna yikuru ndiyo ni mutu wa boma. Boma ndilo lili na mazaza ghakulongozga ndipo boma na nyumba ziŵiri za boma ndizo zili na mazaza ghakulongozga. Nyumba ya Federation ni nyumba yakudumura ya wupu wakulongozga wa vyalo viŵiri na vithuzithuzi 108, ndipo nyumba yakudumura ni Nyumba ya Wimiliri ya Ŵanthu (HoPR) na vithuzi 547. Nyumba ya Federation yikusankhika na maboma gha vigaŵa, apo ŵimiliri ŵa HoPR ŵakusankhika mwakudunjika.
Makhoti gha ku Ethiopia ghali na makhoti ghaŵiri: makhoti gha boma na gha boma. Dango la FDRE likapeleka mazaza ku Khoti Likuru Chomene ilo likwenera kuwuskapo na kuwona ivyo makhoti ghanyake gha boma ghachita. Kweniso, Khoti Likuru Chomene lingeruzga milandu mu vigaŵa vinkhondi mu vigaŵa vyose vya boma panji "mu vigaŵa ivyo vili pasi pake" usange likuwona kuti "ntchakukhumbikwa kuti urunji ufiskike makora".
Phangano la Wupu Wakulongozga likapeleka fundo zitatu: malango, vyaru na malo agho khoti likweruzgirenge.
Kuyana na ndime 78 mu Dango la 1994, wupu wa vyeruzgo ngwakujiyimira wekha pa nkhani ya malango. Kuti ivi vicitike, ŵalara ŵa boma ŵakwimika mulaŵiliri wa khoti lakulongozga. Para munthu wasankhika, wupu wakulongozga ulije mazaza ghakuwuskirapo. Ŵeruzgi ŵanyake ŵakusoleka na Federal Judicial Administration Council (FJAC) mwakuyana na fundo zakupulikikwa makora ndiposo ulongozgi wa nduna yikuru. Mu vigaŵa vyose, ŵeruzgi ŵangafumiskika yayi pa udindo wawo pekha usange ŵafumapo, ŵaswa malango gha ndyali, ŵakukolerana yayi, panji ŵakutondeka kuchita makora milimo yawo chifukwa cha ulwari. Ŵalara ŵa boma ndiwo ŵakuzomerezga kuti ŵeruzgi ŵa boma ŵafumiskike mu maofesi ghawo. Mu 2015, lipoti la Freedom House likati fundo iyi njautesi.
Mwakuyana na Democracy Index iyo yikalembeka na Economist Intelligence Unit ku United Kingdom kuumaliro wa 2010, Ethiopia ni "maufumu ghakutemwera ŵanthu", ndipo ni charu cha 118 pa vyaru 167. Charu cha Ethiopia chikakhira pa malo 13 kufuma mu 2008, ndipo lipoti la mu 2010 likati boma likakanizga ŵanthu awo ŵakususka boma, ŵapharazgi, na wupu wa ŵanthu wose pambere ŵandalute ku mavoti mu 2010.
Kwendeska boma
Mu nyengo ya boma la ku Ethiopia, ndyali za mu charu ichi zikasintha chomene. Mazuŵa ghano, chuma chake chikwendera fundo zakupambanapambana.
Mu Juni 1994, pakaŵa maungano ghakwamba gha vyaru 547. Ungano uwu ukazomera dango la fuko la Ethiopia mu Disembala 1994. Mu Meyi na Juni 1995, ku Ethiopia kukachitika maungano gha boma na gha chigaŵa. Maphwando ambiri a chipani chotsutsa anasankha kulekerera chisankhochi. Chipani cha Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) chikatonda chomene. Ŵalongozgi ŵa vyaru na ŵaboma ŵanyake ŵakaghanaghana kuti ŵa chipani cha visopa vinyake mphanyi ŵakanjilirapo. Boma lakwamba la Ethiopia ilo likalongozgeka na dango liphya likakhazikiskika mu Ogasiti 1995. Boma la Prime Minister Meles Zenawi ilo likalongozgekanga na EPRDF likakhozga fundo ya federalism ya mafuko, ndipo likapeleka mazaza ghakuru ku maboma gha vigaŵa. Mazuŵa ghano, mu Ethiopia muli vigaŵa 11 ivyo vikujiyimira vyekha. Mu nyengo ya maboma agho ghakaŵako kale, wanangwa wa ŵanthu, kusazgapo wanangwa wa kupharazga, ukaŵa na mphaka.
Ŵanthu ŵakaŵavya mwaŵi wa kuŵazga nkhani zinyake padera pa nyuzipepara za boma. Kwambira waka pa nyengo ya maungano gha mu 2005, ŵapharazgi 18 awo ŵakalemba nkhani zakususka boma ŵakakakika chifukwa cha kusopa vikozgo. Boma likagwiliskiranga ntchito malango ghakukhwaskana na kusesa kuti liwofye ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga ivyo likakhumbanga.
Boma la Meles likasankhika mu 2000 mu mavoti ghakwamba gha vyaru vinandi; kweni, mavoti agha ghakasuskika comene na ŵalaŵiliri ŵa vyaru na vyaru vinyake. Gulu la EPRDF nalo likathereska pa chisankho cha 2005 ndipo Meles wakawelera ku mazaza. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakazomera kuti paŵe mavoti, kweni ŵakususka na awo ŵakulaŵilira vinthu mu vyaru vya ku Europe na vyaru vinyake ŵakayowoya kuti mavoti agha ghakaŵa ghambura kukolerana na malango gha pa caru cose ghakukhwaskana na mavoti ghakwenelera ndiposo ghakufwatuka. Wapolisi wa ku Ethiopia wapha ŵanthu ŵakukwana 193, comenecomene mu msumba wa Addis Ababa, mu nkhaza izo zikacitika pamanyuma pa mavoti gha mu Meyi 2005. Boma likambaso kuyuzga ŵanthu mu vigaŵa; mu chigaŵa cha Oromia, boma likagwiliskira ntchito nthambuzgo, kukaka ŵanthu na nthowa zinyake kuti liŵaleke kuyowoyapo na ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga chisankho, chomenechomene awo ŵakakolerananga na chipani cha Oromo National Congress (ONC). Boma likulimbana na ŵakugaluka mu chigaŵa cha Ogaden kwamba mu 2007. Chipani chikuru chomene mu 2005 chikaŵa cha Coalition for Unity and Democracy (CUD). Pamanyuma pa kugaŵikana kwa mukati, ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵa chipani cha CUD ŵakambiska chipani chiphya cha Unity for Democracy and Justice chakulongozgeka na Mweruzgi Birtukan Mideksa. Birtukan Mideksa, wa mtundu wa Oromo, ni mwanakazi wakwamba kulongozga chipani mu Ethiopia.
Mu chaka cha 2008, maboma ghankhondi ghakwimikana nagho ghakaŵa United for Democracy and Justice (Unity for Democracy and Justice) yakulongozgeka na Judge Birtukan Mideksa, United Ethiopian Democratic Forces (United Ethiopian Democratic Forces) yakulongozgeka na Beyene Petros, Oromo Federalist Democratic Movement (Oromo Federalist Democratic Movement) yakulongozgeka na Bulcha Demeksa, Oromo People's Congress (Oromo People's Congress) yakulongozgeka na Merera Gudina, na United Ethiopian Democratic Party (Medhin Party) yakulongozgeka na Lidetu Ayalew. Pambuyo pa chisankho cha 2015, Ethiopia yataya MP yake yokhayo yotsutsa; pofika 2015 kunalibe aphungu otsutsa mu nyumba yamalamulo ya Ethiopia.
Ubale na vyaru vinyake
Kwambira ku Punt, Etiyopiya ni caru ico cikaguliskanga comene vinthu nga ni golide, mino gha zovu, vinyama vyakupambanapambana, na vyakununkhira. Ŵanandi awo ŵakulemba mdauko ŵakaghanaghana kuti vinthu vikamba kwenda makora pakati pa Ethiopia na ufumu wa Themba Tewodros II. Kufuma nyengo yira, vyaru ivi vikawonekanga kuti ni vyambura ntchito m'paka apo Suez Canal yikajulikira cifukwa ca Nkhondo ya Mahdist. Mazuŵa ghano, Ethiopia wali na ubwezi wakukhora na vyaru nga ni China, Israel, Mexico, Turkey, na India. Ubwezi na Sudan na Egypt uli pa mphindano chifukwa cha ntchito ya Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam iyo yikakwera mu 2020. Nangauli vyaru vinkhondi na cimoza (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, na Tanzania) vikasaina Nile Basin Initiative mu 2010, kweni Eguputo na Sudan ŵakakana phangano la kugaŵikana maji cifukwa ca kuchepeskeka kwa maji mu Nile Basin. Mu 2020, Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed wakachenjezga kuti "Palije nkhongono izo zingalekeska Ethiopia kuzenga damu. Usange tingakhumbikwira kuluta ku nkhondo, tinganozga ŵanthu mamiliyoni ghanandi". Ethiopia ni munyake wa Global War on Terrorism and African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA). Ku United States. Purezidenti wakale Barack Obama ndiye anali woyamba kugwira ntchito kukachezera Ethiopia mu Julayi 2015, pomwe amalankhula ku African Union, adawunikira kulimbana ndi uchigawenga wachisilamu. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Ethiopia ŵakuluta ku vyaru vya ku Europe, comenecomene ku Italy, Saudi Arabia, United Kingdom, Canada, Sweden, na Australia. Ku Ethiopia kuli Ŵayuda pafupifupi 155,300 awo ŵali kusamira ku Israel. Ŵakucemeka kuti Beta Israel. Charu cha Ethiopia nchimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vili mu Gulu la 24 (G-24), gulu la vyaru vyambura kukolerana na G77. Mu 1963, wupu wa African Unity (OAU) uwo pamasinda ukachemeka kuti African Union, ukapangika mu Addis Ababa. Kweniso ni munthazi wa wupu wa Pan African Chamber of Commerce and Industry, United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, African Standby Force na mawupu ghanandi gha pa caru cose agho ghakuwona vya Africa.
Ethiopia njimoza mwa vyaru vya mu Africa ndipo yikaŵa yumoza wa ŵimiliri ŵa wupu wa League of Nations (uno ni United Nations) kwamba waka mu 1923. Ntchito za UN mu Ethiopia ni za wovwiri wa ŵanthu na vya kuzenga. Mwaciyelezgero, gulu la UNCT ku Ethiopia lili na ŵimiliri ŵa mawupu 28 gha UN. Maofesi ghanyake gha wupu uwu ghakukolerana na wupu wa United Nations Economic Commission for Africa na African Union. Wupu wa UN ukuŵika mtima pa vinthu vyose vya mu Ethiopia, ukupeleka vilato viŵiri: Vilato vya Kukula kwa Vinthu Vyakukhalilira (SDGs) na vya Kukula kwa Charu. Ivi vikusazgapo kulimbana na ukavu, kukura kwa cuma, kusintha kwa nyengo, masambiro na wovwiri wa munkhwala, kusazgirako nchito na kuvikilira cilengiwa.
Ŵankhondo
Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Etiyopiya ŵakamba kuwusa mu nyengo yakale chomene. Cifukwa cakuti Ethiopia wali pakati pa vyaru vya ku Middle East na Africa, kwa nyengo yitali wakhala pakati pa vyaru vya kumafumiro gha dazi na vya kumanjiliro gha dazi. Mu 1579, Ufumu wa Ottoman ukayezga kusazgikira kufuma ku malo gha mumphepete mwa nyanja ku Massawa. Ŵasilikari ŵa Ufumu wa Etiyopiya ŵakathereska Ŵaeguputo mu 1876 ku Gura. Nkhondo ya ku Adwa ndiyo yikumanyikwa comene cifukwa cakuti ŵasilikari ŵa Ethiopia ŵakathereska ŵalwani ŵawo. Chikawovwira kuti Etiyopiya walutilire kuŵa charu chakujiyimira. Nkhondo iyi yikacitika pa 1 Malichi 1896 pafupi na tawuni ya Adwa.
Gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa Ethiopia ilo likalongozgekanga na Kagnew Battalion, likachitako nkhondo ya ku Korea kwambira mu 1950. Mabuku ghanyake ghakayowoya kuti ŵasilikari ŵa Ethiopia ŵakakhalako vyaka 15, kweni ghanyake ghakuti ŵakafumapo mu 1975, nga ni gulu la UN. Gulu ili likaŵa na ŵasilikari 6,037 pa nyengo ya nkhondo. Wupu wakuvikilira chalo cha Ethiopia (Ethiopian National Defence Force) ni wupu wakuvikilira chalo cha Ethiopia. Wupu wa ENDF uli na magulu ghaŵiri: Wupu wa Ethiopian Ground Forces na wa Ethiopian Air Force. Kufuma waka mu 1996, charu cha Ethiopia icho chilije nyanja, chilije ŵasilikari ŵa nkhondo, kweni mu 2018 Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed wakayowoya pa TV ya boma kuti: "Tili kuzenga ŵasilikari ŵankhongono chomene ŵa pasi na ŵa mu mlengalenga mu Africa... tikwenera kuzenga ŵasilikari ŵithu ŵa nkhondo munthazi".
Altenfelden
Altenfelden ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Upper Austria mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Ethiopia
Malango
Ndondomeko ya chalo yikuphalira ŵapolisi ŵa boma la Ethiopia (EFP). Wupu uwu ndiwo ukuvikilira umoyo wa ŵanthu pa charu chose. Wapolisi wa boma wakapangika mu chaka cha 1995, ndipo wapolisi wa boma wakwendeskeka na kazembe wa boma kufuma mu Okutobala 2000; kazembe wa boma wakupeleka lipoti ku Unduna wa vya Mtende, kweni wakasinthika pamanyuma pa kusintha kwa ndyali mu chaka cha 2018, ndipo wakuluta ku nyumba ya malango. Mu vyaka vyakumasinda, ŵapolisi ŵa boma ndiwo ŵakapharazganga mwakudunjika. Kweniso, ŵapolisi ŵa boma ŵali na wanangwa wa kuphalira ŵapolisi ŵa vigaŵa kuti ŵaŵawovwire. Gulu la ŵasilikari ŵakujiyimira pawekha ŵakuvikilira ŵanthu.
Mazuŵa ghano, kupeleka vimbundi nchinthu cakuzirwa comene, comenecomene ŵapolisi ŵa msewu. Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, ŵapolisi ŵacitaso nkhaza zinandi. Pa Ogasiti 26, 2019, vidiyo ya mwanalume uyo wali na nkhonyo uyo ŵapolisi ŵaŵiri ŵakamutimba apo mwanakazi munyake mulara wakanjiranga mu msumba wa Addis Ababa, yikathandazgika chomene. Ŵapolisi ŵakuti para ŵapolisi ŵacita vinthu viheni, ndikuti ŵakulondezga yayi fundo ya mu ndime 52 ya malango gha boma, iyo yikuti ŵapolisi awo ŵacita viheni ŵafumiskike pa nchito. Malango gha African Union gha Luanda na Robben Island panji chikalata cha United Nations cha Justice for Victims of Abuse of Power and their Basic Principles on the Use of Force & Firearms, chikukhumba kuti komiti ya Ethiopian Government Disciplinary Committee yikomane na nkhaza za ŵapolisi pa munthu yumoza na wose.
Wanangwa wa ŵanthu
Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu chifukwa cha nkhaza izo zikuchitika pakati pa mafuko. Mu 2016, ŵanthu 100 ŵakakomeka na boma mu chigaŵa cha Oromia na Amhara. Wupu wa United Nations (UN) wapempha kuti ŵalaŵiliri ŵa wupu uwu ŵafike ku Ethiopia kuti ŵamanye ivyo vyachitika, kweni boma la Ethiopia ilo likulongozgeka na EPRDF likakana. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakususka kuti ŵanthu ŵakuwukira malo ghawo na kuŵavya wanangwa wakusankha awo ŵakuŵawimira. Gulu la EPRDF ilo likulongozgeka na TPLF ndilo likapokera 100% pa mavoti agho ghakaŵa na upusikizgi.
Merera Gudina, mulongozgi wa bungwe la Oromo People's Congress, wakati caru ca East Africa cili pa "mphepete mwa nthowa". Iyo wakasazgirapo kuti: "Ŵanthu ŵakukhumba wanangwa wawo". "Ŵanthu ŵakukhuta na ivyo boma likucita kwa vilimika 25. Ŵakulimbana na vinthu nga ni kupoka malo, kuwezgera nduzga, mavoti ghakubisika, kukwera kwa mtengo wa vinthu, na vinyake vinandi. "Usange boma likulutilira kukanizga ŵanthu apo ŵanthu mamiliyoni ghanandi ŵakukhumba wanangwa wawo, (nkhondo ya pawenenawene) yingacitika". Kuyana na kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu 2003 na wupu wa National Committee on Traditional Practices ku Ethiopia, nthengwa izo zikuchitika chifukwa cha kukora ŵanthu ni 69% ya nthengwa izo zikuchitika mu charu ichi. Ŵapharazgi na ŵanthu awo ŵakuchitapo kanthu ŵakawopeka panji kukakika chifukwa cha nkhani izo ŵakalemba za nthenda ya COVID-19 mu Ethiopia.
Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Omotic Karo na Hamer awo ŵakukhala kumwera kwa Etiyopiya, ŵakuwona kuti ŵanthu ŵalara na ŵana awo ŵali na suzgo la thupi ŵakuchemeka bangi, kung'anamura "ŵambura kutowa". Ŵanyake ŵakugomezga kuti ŵana ŵambura kupendera ŵakukhwaska ŵanji. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Karo ŵakazomerezga yayi nkharo iyi mu Julayi 2012.
Mu 2013, wupu wa Oakland Institute ukalemba lipoti ilo likati boma la Ethiopia likuchichizga "ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene ŵa ku Gambela kuti ŵafumemo mu malo ghawo". Lipoti linyake likuti awo ŵakakana, ŵakaŵachitiranga nkhaza zakupambanapambana. Lipoti lakuyana waka la mu 2012 la wupu wa Human Rights Watch likulongosoraso ivyo boma la Ethiopia likacita mu 2010 na 2011 pa nkhani ya kuzenga mizi mu Gambela. Boma la Ethiopia likukana ivyo boma likuyowoya kuti likupoka malo gha ŵanthu ndipo likuwona kuti vinthu vikwenda makora mu charu ichi. Pa 23 Okutobala, 2019, ŵanthu ŵakamba kusuzgika chomene mu chigaŵa cha Oromia, chifukwa cha ivyo munthu munyake uyo wakugwira ntchito pa nkhani za wanangwa wa ŵanthu zina lake Jawar Mohammed wakayowoya. Kuyana na lipoti la boma, ŵanthu 86 ŵakafwa. Pa Meyi 29, 2020, wupu wa Amnesty International ukafumiska lipoti ilo likususka ŵasilikari ŵa Ethiopia kuti ŵakukaka ŵanthu ŵanandi na kuŵakoma kwambura mulandu. Lipoti ili likati mu 2019, ŵanthu 25 awo ŵakaghanaghanika kuti ŵakovwira gulu la Oromo Liberation Army, ŵakakomeka na ŵasilikari mu vigaŵa vinyake vya Oromia. Kweniso, pakati pa Janyuwale na Seputembala 2019, ŵanthu 10,000 ŵakakakika chifukwa cha kukayikira, ndipo ŵanandi "ŵakakomeka mwankhaza".
Wanangwa wa ŵa LGBT
Ku Ethiopia, kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha nkhukanizgika. Mwakuyana na ndime 629 ya Criminal Code, munthu uyo wakuchita vinthu vya kugonana kwa ŵanthu ŵaviŵaro vyakuyana wakulangika vyaka 15 panji umoyo wake wose. Charu cha Ethiopia nchakusuzga comene. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutinkha ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa LGBT ndipo kanandi ŵanthu ŵakuŵatambuzga chifukwa cha chisopa chawo. Ŵanthu ŵakugonana ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha ŵakamba kumanyikwa mu charu ichi kufuma waka apo boma likadandawura ku wupu wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu mu 2008, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa mtundu uwu ŵakamba kukura mu misumba yikuruyikuru nga ni Addis Ababa. Mahoteli ghanyake ghakuzirwa nga ni Sheraton Addis na Hilton Hotel ghakaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakagomezganga kuti ŵanthu ŵakwendera fundo za boma.
Tchalitchi la Orthodox la ku Ethiopia ndilo likususka chomene. Mwachiyelezgero, Dereje Negash, uyo ni munthu wakulimbikira ntchito za wanangwa wa ŵanthu, wakambiska gulu lakuti "Zim Anlem" mu 2014. Kuyana na kafukufuku uyo wakacitika mu 2007, ŵanthu 97 pa 100 ŵaliwose ku Ethiopia ŵakugomezga kuti kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha nkhwakuzomerezgeka yayi. Pa vyaru 45 ivyo vikafumbika, ici cikaŵa cigaŵa caciŵiri pa vyaru vyose ico ŵanthu ŵakukana kusambira Baibolo.
Administrative divisions
Pambere chaka cha 1996 chindafike, charu cha Ethiopia chikaŵa na vigaŵa 13, ndipo vinandi vikafuma ku vigaŵa vyakale. Pasono charu ichi chili na maboma gha vigaŵa vinandi, ndipo maboma agha ghakulaŵilira vigaŵa, vigaŵa, na vigaŵa.
Charu cha Ethiopia chili kugaŵika mu vyaru 11 ivyo vili na mafuko (kililoch, singular kilil) na misumba yiŵiri (astedader akababiwoch, singular astedader akababi), ndipo yaumaliro ni Addis Ababa na Dire Dawa. Chigaŵa ichi chili na vigaŵa 68, na vigaŵa 550 na vigaŵa vinyake.
Kweniso, ndime 39 ya Dango la Ethiopia yikupereka wanangwa ku vigaŵa vyose kuti vijipature ku Ethiopia. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵakususkana pa nkhani ya umo boma likupelekera mazaza ku boma. Makonsili ghakufiska milimo yawo kwizira mu komiti yikuru na maofesi gha vigaŵa. Ndondomeko iyi yikulongosoreka makora chomene mu wupu, wupu wakulongozga na wupu wa boma.
Makhalilo gha charu
Charu cha Etiyopiya chili pa nambara 28 pa vyaru vikuruvikuru pa charu chapasi. Malo agha ghali pakati pa dera lakwamba la kumpoto na lakwamba lakwamba la kumpoto, kweniso pakati pa dera lakwamba la kumafumiro gha dazi na lakwamba la kumafumiro gha dazi.
Cigaŵa cikuru ca Ethiopia cili ku mphanji ya Africa, iyo ni cigaŵa ca kumafumiro gha dazi comene ca caru ici. Vyaru ivyo vili na mphaka na Ethiopia ni Eritrea kumpoto, Djibouti, Somalia, Kenya, South Sudan na Sudan. Mu charu cha Ethiopia muli mapiri ghanandi na malo ghakupambanapambana agho ghakupatukana na Great Rift Valley. Malo ghakupambanapambana, nyengo, dongo, vyakumera, na malo agho ŵanthu ŵakukhala.
Charu ichi chili na vyaru vyakupambanapambana, kufuma ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi uko kuli nkhorongo na milonga yinandi, m'paka ku malo ghakucemeka Dallol kumpoto. Mapiri gha ku Ethiopia ndigho ni ghakuru comene pa mapiri ghose gha mu Africa, ndipo mu mphanji ya Sof Omar muli mphanji yikuru comene pa caru cose. Charu cha Ethiopia ndicho chili na malo ghaŵiri pa vyaru ivyo vili pa chiharo cha UNESCO mu Africa.
Nyengo
Nyengo iyo ŵanthu ŵakukhala ni nyengo ya mphepo yakuzizima iyo yikupangiska kuti vinthu visinthe. Malo ghatali gha ku Etiyopiya ghakukwana chigaŵa chikuru cha charu ichi ndipo nyengo yake njakukhoma chomene kuluska vigaŵa vinyake ivyo vili pafupi na Ekitoriya. Misumba yinandi yikuru-yikuru ya mu caru ici yili pa mtunda wa mamita 2,500 (6,562), kusazgapo misumba yikuru ya Gondar na Axum. Msumba ukuru wa Addis Ababa uli musi mwa Phiri la Entoto, ndipo uli pa mtunda wa mamita 2400. Cikaŵa na mphepo yiwemi caka cose. Pakuti nyengo ya mu Addis Ababa njimoza caka cose, nyengo za mu msumba uwu zikuthemba pa vula. Nyengo ya chiwuvi yikwamba mu Okutobala m'paka Febuluwale, nyengo ya vula yichoko yikwamba mu Malichi m'paka Meyi, ndipo nyengo ya vula yinandi yikwamba mu Juni m'paka Seputembala. Pa avereji, pa chaka kukulokwa maji pafupifupi 1,200 millimeters.
Pa zuŵa, zuŵa likuŵala pafupifupi maora 7. Nyengo ya chilangalanga ndiyo njakutowa comene pa caka, nangauli nyengo ya vula yikuru comene mu Julayi na Ogasiti, zuŵa likuŵala kwa maora ghanandi. Kutentha kwapakati pa chaka ku Addis Ababa ndi 16 ° C (60.8 ° F), ndipo kutentha kwa tsiku ndi tsiku kumakhala pafupifupi 20 ° C (68.0 ° F) chaka chonse, ndipo usiku wonse kumakhala 5 ° C (41.0 ° F).
Misumba yinandi yikuruyikuru na malo ghanyake agho ŵanthu ŵakuluta kukawona vyalo ku Ethiopia ghali pachanya chomene nga ni Addis Ababa. Mu vigaŵa vyambura kukwera chomene, chomenechomene mu vigaŵa vya pasi chomene vya Ethiopia, nyengo yingaŵa yakuzizima chomene. Dallol, mu Danakil Depression mu chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu ichi, ni malo agho kukotcha comene pa caru cose.
Charu cha Ethiopia chili pangozi chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo. Vinyake mwa vinthu ivi ni kuthukira kwa maji na kusintha kwa vula. Kusintha kwa nyengo mu nthowa izi kukupangiska kuti vyakurya vileke kuŵa vyakukhumbikwa kweniso kuti vinthu vileke kwenda makora mu charu. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Ethiopia ŵakacicizgika kuleka nyumba zawo na kuluta ku vyaru vya ku Gulf, kumwera kwa Africa na ku Europe.
Kufuma mu April 2019, Prime Minister wa Ethiopia Abiy Ahmed wakwendeska ntchito ya Beautifying Sheger, iyo yikukhumba kuchepeska masuzgo gha kusintha kwa nyengo mu Addis Ababa. Mu Meyi wakulondezgapo, boma likacita "Chiphikiro ca Sheger", kuti liwovwire ŵanthu kusanga ndalama zakukwana madola 1 biliyoni. Makampani gha njanji ghaŵiri gha ku China ghakapeleka ndalama zakwendeskera misewu 12 ya makilomita 56 mu chigaŵa cha China na Ethiopia.
Vyamoyo
Ku Ethiopia kuli vyamoyo vyakukhalapo 31. Mu nyengo yakale, ntcheŵe za ku Africa zikaŵa zakupambanapambana. Ndipouli, cifukwa ca ivyo ŵakawona ku Finicha'a, ŵakughanaghana kuti nyama iyi yili kufwa. Nkhumba ya ku Ethiopia ndiyo ŵanthu ŵakuyifufuza comene pa vinyama vyose ivyo vili pa ngozi mu Ethiopia.
Charu cha Ethiopia chili na viyuni vinandi chomene. Kufika sono, mu Ethiopia muli viyuni vyakujumpha 856, ndipo 20 mwa vyuni ivi ni vyekha ivyo vikukhala mu charu ichi. Viyuni 16 vili pa ngozi panji vili pa ngozi yikuru. Viyuni vinandi vikurya viyuni vyamuthengere nga ni Bicyclus anynana.
Kwamba kale, vyamoyo vyamuthengere vikumara mwaluŵiro mu Africa chifukwa cha kudumulika kwa makuni, nkhondo, kunangika kwa vinthu, kupenja nyama, na vinthu vinyake ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuchita. Nkhondo iyo yikatora vyaka 17, pamoza na chilangalanga, vikakhwaska makora yayi malo agho ŵanthu ŵakukhala. Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kukhala makora ni kunanga malo agho ŵakukhala. Para vinthu vyasintha mwaluŵiro, vinyama vikuŵavya nyengo yakukhazikika. Vinthu ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuchita vikupangiska kuti vinyama na vinyama vinandi visuzgike. Mu 2010, charu cha Ethiopia chikapanga matani 6,494,000 gha carbon dioxide.
Mu Ethiopia muli vyamoyo vinandi ivyo vili pangozi ya kumara. Viyuni ivyo vili pa ngozi ku Ethiopia vingagaŵika mu vigaŵa vitatu (kuyana na umo IUCN yikuviwonera): vyamoyo ivyo vili pa ngozi yikuru, vyamoyo ivyo vili pa ngozi, na vyamoyo ivyo vingaŵa na suzgo. Charu cha Ethiopia ntchimoza mwa vyaru vinkhondi na vitatu ivyo vyakumera vikupangika kufuma ku vyakumera vinyake. Ndipouli, kupasura makuni ni suzgo likuru comene ku Ethiopia, cifukwa kafukufuku wakulongora kuti makuni ghakututuka ghakupangiska dongo kunangika, vyakurya vikumara, vinyama vikumara, kweniso vyamoyo vikumara. Kuuyambiro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1900, makilomita pafupifupi 420,000 (panji 35%) gha charu cha Ethiopia ghakaŵa na makuni, kweni kafukufuku wasono wakulongora kuti makuni ghakukwana pafupifupi 11.9% ya charu ichi. Charu ichi chikaŵa pa malo gha 50.
Charu cha Ethiopia chikutaya makilomita 1,410 gha nkhorongo chaka chilichose chifukwa cha kunozga nkhuni, kuzgoka malo ghakuliskako viŵeto, kulima chomene, na kugwiliskira ntchito nkhuni za nkhorongo pakuzenga. Pakati pa 1990 na 2005, caru ici cikasoŵa makuni pafupifupi 21,000 km2. Ndondomeko za boma izo zikuchitika sono kuti zileke kuparanya makuni ni izi: kusambizga ŵanthu, kovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵambeso kukhalamo makuni, na kupeleka vinthu vinyake vyakukhumbikwa m'malo mwa makuni. Mu vigaŵa vya ku mizi, boma likupeleka vyakurya vyambura makuni na malo ghambura makuni kuti ŵanthu ŵambe kulima kwambura kuparanya makuni.
Magulu nga ni SOS na Farm Africa ghakugwira ntchito na boma na maboma gha mu vigaŵa kuti ghaŵe na ndondomeko ya kunozga nkhorongo. Boma la Ethiopia lili kupeleka ndalama zakukwana 2.3 miliyoni Euro, ndipo sonosono apa lakwamba kusambizga ŵanthu umo ŵangachepeskera kunangika kwa makuni na umo ŵangachitira kuti ŵaleke kumazga makuni. Ntchito iyi yikovwira ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 80.
Chuma
Charu cha Ethiopia chikakura chomene mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Meles Zenawi. Kuyana na IMF, charu cha Ethiopia chikaŵa na chuma icho chikukura luŵiro chomene pa charu chose, ndipo chikakura chomene pa chaka cha 2004 m'paka 2009. Mu 2007 na 2008, charu ichi ndicho chikaŵa na ndalama zinandi chomene mu Africa. Mu 2015, Banki ya Charu Chose yikayowoya kuti Ethiopia yikukura luŵiro chomene pa nkhani ya vyachuma, ndipo pakati pa 2004 na 2014, chiŵelengero cha vinthu mu charu ichi chikakura na 10.9%. Mu 2008 na 2011, vinthu vikasintha chomene mu Ethiopia chifukwa cha kukwera kwa ndalama na suzgo la ndalama. Mu Ogasiti 2011, unandi wa ndalama ukakwera kufika pa 40 peresenti chifukwa cha ndalama zambura kujikora, malipiro gha ŵateŵeti ŵa boma ghakakwera chomene kukwambilira kwa 2011, kweniso mitengo ya vyakurya yikakwera chomene. Pa 2011 ¥12, unandi wa ndalama uwo ukaŵa paumaliro wa chaka ukaŵa wa 22%, ndipo unandi wa ndalama uwo ukaŵa pa chiŵerengero chimoza ukaŵa wa 2012 ¥13 chifukwa cha ndondomeko ya ndalama.
Nangauli mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, caru cikukura comene, kweni GDP pa munthu yumoza njimoza mwa vinthu vyacoko comene pa caru cose, ndipo caru cili na masuzgo ghanandi. Ndipouli, cifukwa ca kuŵika mtima comene pa vinthu vya boma na vyakumera, ndyali ya Ethiopia yikumazga masuzgo ghake kuti yiŵe malo ghakwendeskera vinthu mu Africa. Mu chaka cha 2019 dango likapika ilo likapeleka wanangwa ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Ethiopia kuti ŵagwiliskire nchito ndalama mu vyalo vya Ethiopia. Ndondomeko ya chalo ya Ethiopia yikulongosora kuti wanangwa wakuŵa na malo ngwakuti "mboma na ŵanthu", kweni ŵanthu ŵangagura malo kwa vyaka 99, kweni ŵangaguliska yayi. Kupeleka malo kwa munthu munyake nga ni renti kwa vyaka 20, kukovwira kuti munthu uyo wakugwiliskira nchito makora malo agha ndiyo wapokere. Kugaŵira na kwendeska malo kukuwoneka nga ni malo agho vimbundi vilipo, ndipo kanandi ŵanthu ŵakukhumba kupokera vimbundi para ŵakudumbiskana nkhani zakukhwaskana na malo. Pakuti ŵanthu ŵalije malo ghakukhalamo, kanandi vinthu ivi vikuchitika kwambura kufumba awo ŵakugwiliskira nchito malo agha. Nyengo zinyake ukali na kuleka kugomezgeka vikupangiska ŵanthu kugaluka. Kweniso, vyakurya vikulutilira kuchepa mu caru ici, ndipo cichali na chilangalanga, ico cikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵafumemo mu vyaru vyawo.
Magesi
Ku Ethiopia kuli milonga yikuruyikuru 14, kusazgapo Nile. Ili lili na maji ghanandi comene mu Africa. Mu 2012, maofesi gha maji ghakapanga pafupifupi 88,2% ya nkhongono zose zakupangira magesi.
Magesi ghanyake ghakafuma ku mafuta (8.3%) na vyakununkhira (3.6%).
Maroon 5
Maroon 5 ni gulu la Rock band ilo likufumila mu chalo cha USA.
Ethiopia
Magesi
Pa ŵanthu wose awo ŵakakhalanga mu tawuni iyi, mu 2016 ŵanthu 42 ŵakaŵa na magesi. Kufumira mu 2016, magesi ghose agho ghakapangika ghakaŵa 11.15 TW⋅h ndipo ghakaŵa 9.062 TW⋅h. Magesi agho ghakafuma ku vyaru vinyake ghakaŵa 0.166 TW⋅h, ndipo ghakafuma 0 kW⋅h. Ŵanthu awo ŵakugwira nchito mu vyaru vinyake ŵalipo pafupifupi 85 peresenti. Ndipouli, nchito ya mauteŵeti yikupangiska kuti GDP yiŵe yikuru comene. Vinthu vinyake vinandi ivyo vikuchitika pa charu vikuthemba pa ulimi, kusazgapo malonda, kunozga, na kutumizga vyakurya ku vyaru vinyake. Ŵalimi ŵachoko na mabungwe ndiwo ŵakupanga vyakurya ivi, ndipo vyakurya vinandi ivyo vikupelekeka ku vyaru vinyake vikufuma ku vyaru vinyake. Vyakumera vikuruvikuru ni khofi, vipasi, mafuta, tirigu, mbuto, makuni, na mphangwe. Ethiopia nayo ni malo ghakupambanapambana gha vyakumera nga ni enset, khofi na teff.
Vinthu vyose ivyo vikupelekeka ku vyaru vinyake ni vyakurya (kupaturako golide) ndipo khofi ndilo likusangika ndalama zinandi. Ethiopia ndiyo ni caru caciŵiri pa vyakurya vikuru comene mu Africa. Kuyana na umo wupu wa United Nations ukuyowoyera, GDP ya Ethiopia pa munthu yumoza yili kufika pa $357 mu 2011.
Ulimi
Ŵanthu awo ŵakugwira nchito mu vyaru vinyake ŵalipo pafupifupi 85 peresenti. Ndipouli, nchito ya mauteŵeti yikupangiska kuti GDP yiŵe yikuru comene. Vinthu vinyake vinandi ivyo vikuchitika pa charu vikuthemba pa ulimi, kusazgapo malonda, kunozga, na kutumizga vyakurya ku vyaru vinyake. Ŵalimi ŵachoko na mabungwe ndiwo ŵakupanga vyakurya ivi, ndipo vyakurya vinandi ivyo vikupelekeka ku vyaru vinyake vikufuma ku vyaru vinyake. Vyakumera vikuruvikuru ni khofi, vipasi, mafuta, tirigu, mbuto, makuni, na mphangwe. Ethiopia nayo ni malo ghakupambanapambana gha vyakumera nga ni enset, khofi na teff.
Vinthu vyose ivyo vikupelekeka ku vyaru vinyake ni vyakurya (kupaturako golide) ndipo khofi ndilo likusangika ndalama zinandi. Ethiopia ndiyo ni caru caciŵiri pa vyakurya vikuru comene mu Africa. Kuyana na umo wupu wa United Nations ukuyowoyera, GDP ya Ethiopia pa munthu yumoza yili kufika pa $357 mu 2011.
Katundu wakutuma kuwalo
Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakuti mu charu cha Ethiopia ndimo mukababikira khofi. Vinthu ivyo vyatumizgika kufuma ku Ethiopia mu caka ca ndalama ca 2009-2010 vikaŵa USD 1.4 biliyoni. Mu charu cha Ethiopia, khofi wakusangika chomene kuluska mu charu chilichose. "Khofi ndiyo yikovwira ŵanthu pafupifupi 15 miliyoni ŵa ku Ethiopia, awo ni 16 peresenti ya ŵanthu wose. Ŵalimi ŵa kumafumiro gha dazi kwa caru ici, awo ŵakusuzgika cifukwa ca kukwera kwa mphepo, ŵakusuzgika comene mu vilimika vyasonosono apa.
Ethiopia ndiyo yili na viŵeto vikuru comene vya ng'ombe pa caru cose. Vinthu vinyake ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuguliska ni khat, golide, vinthu vya vikumba, na mafuta. Kukula kwa msika wa maluŵa kwa sonosono apa kukung'anamura kuti Ethiopia wali pafupi kuŵa yumoza wa vyakumera na maluŵa agho ghakwendeskeka chomene pa charu chose.
Kanandi ŵaliska ŵakuchita malonda ghambura kuzomerezgeka na boma. Mu vyaru vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa, malonda ghakujumpha 95 peresenti ghakwendera mu nthowa zinyake. Kuguliska ng'ombe, ngamila, mberere, na mbuzi za ku Ethiopia ku Somalia, Djibouti, na Kenya, pa chaka kukukwana madola 250 m'paka 300 miliyoni.
Kuguliska vyakurya kukuchepeska mtengo wa vyakurya, kukovwira kuti vyakurya viŵe vyakukhora, kuchepeska mphindano pa mphaka, na kukhozga umoza wa vyaru. Kweni chifukwa chakuti malonda agha ghalije malango ndiposo maukaboni, pangaŵa ngozi, nga ni para matenda ghakuthandazgika luŵiro chomene. Kweniso boma la Ethiopia likukondwa yayi na ndalama izo likusanga chifukwa cha misonkho na ndalama izo likupeleka ku vyaru vinyake. Mu vilimika vyasonosono apa, ŵanthu ŵayezga kulemba na kulongozga malonda agha.
Chifukwa chakuti makampani ghapachekha ghakukura pachokopachoko, vyakuvwara vya makuni nga ni matumba vikuŵa vyakurya vikuru ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuguliska. Vinyake ivyo ŵakuguliska ku vyaru vinyake ni vyakurya, vipasi, katoni, mkaka, mbuto, na vikumba. Pakuzenga madamu ghaphya na mapulojekiti ghakupanga magesi gha maji, Ethiopia nayo wakukhumba kutumizga magesi ku vyaru vinyake.
Ŵanandi ŵakuwona kuti maji ghanandi gha mu Ethiopia ni "mafuta ghatuŵa" ndipo khofi ni "golide lifipa".
Kweniso mu vigaŵa vinyake ivyo ŵanthu ŵakukhala viŵi yayi, mu charu cha Ethiopia muli vinthu vinandi vyakututuŵa. Ndipouli, cifukwa ca masuzgo gha ndyali mu vigaŵa ivi, vinthu vikwenda makora yayi. Mu 2008, ŵasayansi ŵa ku Ethiopia ŵakasangika na mulandu wa kusaska golide. Ŵanthu ŵanayi awo ŵakumanya vya sayansi ya vinthu vya pasi na charu ŵa ku Ethiopia ŵakakakika cifukwa ca kuguliska golide. Ŵapolisi ŵakasanga kuti golide uyo wakatoleka ku banki ya ku Ethiopia wakaŵa wa golide, ndipo ndalama izo boma likaguliskanga zikaŵa pafupifupi madola 17 miliyoni.
Mu 2011, ntchito ya kuzenga damu la Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam yikamba. Para lamara, lizamupanga nkhongono zinandi ku Ethiopia izo zingapelekeka ku vyaru vinyake.
Mayendelo
Ethiopia yili na makilomita 926 gha njanji za magetsi za 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in), makilomita 656 gha njanji ya Addis Ababa-Djibouti pakati pa Addis Ababa na Port of Djibouti (kujumpha Awash) na makilomita 270 gha njanji ya Awash-Hara Gebeya pakati pa Addis Ababa na matawuni gha Dessie/Kombolcha (nawo kujumpha Awash). Pa Ogasiti 2017, misewu yose yiŵiri iyi yikaŵa pa ntchito yakuyezgelera panji yikaŵa mu mulimo wa kuzenga. Para njanji zose ziŵiri izi zazakayamba kugwira ntchito mu 2018 na 2019, zizamovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵendenge pa mtunda wa makilomita 120 pa ora. Pakughanaghana kuti ulendo wa ŵanthu kufuma ku Addis Ababa kuluta ku Djibouti City uŵenge wa maora ghachoko waka 12 ndipo kufuma ku Addis Ababa kuya ku Dessie/Kombolcha uŵenge wa maora 6.
Pamanyuma pa mtunda wakudumura wa makilomita 270 wa msewu wa Awash/Hara Gebeya Railway, mulimo waciŵiri wa kuzenga mtunda wa makilomita 120 ukukhumba kusazgirako msewu uwu kufuma ku Dessie/Kombolcha kuya ku Hara Gebeya/Woldiya. Tikumanya yayi apo chigaŵa ichi chizamupangikira na kujura. Njanji yacitatu, ya makilomita 216 ya kumpoto nayo yikuzengeka pakati pa Mek'ele na Woldiya, kweni nchambura macitiko kuti njanji iyi yizgoke pa nyengo wuli. Misewu yose ya njanji yili mu cigaŵa ca misewu ya njanji iyo yizamuŵa na mtunda wa makilomita ghakujumpha 5,000. Pakuŵa cigaŵa cakwamba ca pulogiramu ya vilimika 10 ya kuzenga misewu, pakati pa 1997 na 2002, boma la Ethiopia likamba kuyezgayezga comene kuti liŵe na misewu yiwemi. Ntheura, kwambira mu 2015, mu Ethiopia mukaŵa misewu ya makilomita 100,000 (Federal na Regional), yose yikaŵa yakwenda pa malibwe kweniso ya malibwe. Ku Ethiopia kukaŵa ma eyapoti 58 mu 2012, ndipo 61 mu 2016. Pa malo agha, pali Bole International Airport mu Addis Ababa na Aba Tenna Dejazmach Yilma International Airport mu Dire Dawa.
Ethiopian Airlines, chiŵaro cha Star Alliance, ndiyo yikwendeska ndege mu charu ichi, ndipo yikukolerana na boma la Ethiopia. Kufuma ku Bole International Airport, ndege iyi yikwendeska ndege 102 za pa charu chose, 20 za mu charu chose, na katundu 44. Kweniso ni yimoza mwa vyamaseŵera ivyo vikukura luŵiro comene mu vyaru ivi.
Wupu wakukopa ŵalendo
Charu cha Ethiopia chikutemwa chomene vyamalonda, ndipo mu 2006, vyalo ivi vikapanga 5.5% ya GDP. Mu 2015, wupu wa European Council ukati Ethiopia ni "malo ghakutowa chomene pa charu chose". Mu 2020 pera, ŵanthu 518 000 ŵakaluta ku Ethiopia, ndipo ŵakaŵa pa nambara 126 pa charu chose. Ku Ethiopia kuli malo 9 agho ghali kulembeka na UNESCO kuti ni malo ghakukumbukika na ŵanthu wose:
Ŵanthu
Charu cha Ethiopia ndicho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene pa charu chose chapasi. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi ŵakakwera kufuma pa 38.1 miliyoni mu 1983 kufika pa 109.5 miliyoni mu 2018. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa 9 miliyoni. Kafukufuku wakulongora kuti pakati pa 1994 na 2007, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ku Ethiopia chikakuranga pa 2.6% pa chaka. Pasono, caru ici nchimoza mwa vyaru 10 ivyo vikukura comene pa caru cose. Kuzakafika mu 2060, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu pa charu chose chapasi chizamukwera kufika pa 210 miliyoni. Kuyana na umo wupu wa UN ukuyowoyera, mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, ŵanthu ŵakukhala vyaka vinandi, ndipo vyaka ivyo ŵanalume ŵakukhala ni vyaka 56 ndipo vyaka ivyo ŵanakazi ŵakukhala ni vyaka 60.
Ŵanthu ŵa ku Ethiopia ŵali na mitundu yakupambanapambana ya ŵanthu, ndipo mitundu yinandi chomene njakuti: Oromo, Amhara, Somali, na Tigray. Kuyana na kalembera wa mu 2007, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Oromo ndiwo mbanandi chomene mu Ethiopia. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Amhara ŵalipo 27.0% pa ŵanthu wose ŵa mu charu ichi, apo ŵa mtundu wa Somali na Tigray ŵalipo 6.2% na 6.1% pa ŵanthu wose ŵa mu charu ichi. Mtundu unyake uwo ukuzunulika ni: Sidama 4.0%, Gurage 2.5%, Welayta 2.3%, Afar 1.7%, Hadiya 1.7%, Gamo 1.5% na Others 12.6%.
Lady Gaga
Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta (siku lakubabikila March 28, 1986) ngwakwimba uyo wakufumila mu chalo cha USA.
Thumbwe,Chiradzulu
Thumbwe ni malo agho ghakusangika mu boma la Chiradzulu,chigaŵa cha kummwela,mu charu cha Malaŵi.
Zaone,Chiradzulu
Zaone ni malo agho ghakusangika mu boma la Chiradzulu,chigaŵa cha kummwela,mu charu cha Malaŵi.
Jicotea (Ranchuelo)
Jicotea (Ranchuelo) ni msumba mu boma la Ranchuelo, Chigaŵa cha Villa Clara, charu cha Cuba.
Letebejane
Letebejane ni muzi mu msumba wa Ephraim Mogale, mu boma likulu la Sekhukhune District Municipality, chigaŵa chikulu cha Limpopo, mu charu cha South Africa.
Bergerac, Dordogne
Bergerac, Dordogne ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Nouvelle-Aquitaine, mu charu cha France mu chilwa chikulu cha Yulaya (Europe).
Ethiopia
Ŵanthu
Ŵanthu ŵanandi mu charu ichi ŵakuyowoya ciyowoyero ca ciarabu. Ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya ChiSemiti ŵakujichema kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Habesha. Mu Chiarabu, lizgu ili (al-Ḥabasha) ndilo lili kufuma ku lizgu lakuti "Abyssinia". Kweniso, ŵanthu ŵachoko waka awo ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha Nilo-Saharan ŵakukhala kumwera kwa charu ichi, chomenechomene mu chigaŵa cha Gambela icho chili pafupi na South Sudan. Ŵanthu ŵa mitundu iyi mbanandi chomene, chomenechomene ŵa Nuer na Anuak.
El Diamante (Ranchuelo)
El Diamante (Ranchuelo) ni msumba mu boma la Ranchuelo, Chigaŵa cha Villa Clara, charu cha Cuba.
Ethiopia
Ŵanthu
Chigaŵa cha Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region chili na mitundu yakujumpha 56.
Mu 2009, ŵanthu 135,200 awo ŵakachimbilira ku Ethiopia ŵakaŵapo. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakafuma ku Somalia (ŵanthu pafupifupi 64,300), Eritrea (41,700) na Sudan (25,900). Boma la Ethiopia likakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu wose awo ŵachimbira kwawo ŵakhalenge mu misasa.
Viyowoyelo
Buku linyake likuti ku Ethiopia kuli viyowoyero 90. Ŵanthu ŵanandi mu charu ichi ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya Ŵaasiriya. Chiyowoyero ichi chikusazgapo chiyowoyero cha Oromo, icho chikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵa ku Oromo, na ChiSomali, icho chikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵa ku Somalia. Wose pamoza, ŵanthu aŵa ŵakukwana vigaŵa vitatu pa vigaŵa vinayi vya ŵanthu wose ŵa mu Ethiopia. Viyowoyero vinyake vya ku Afroasiatic ivyo vikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵanandi ni Cushitic Sidamo, Afar, Hadiyya, na Agaw, kweniso viyowoyero vya ChiSemite vya Gurage, Harari, Silt'e, na Argobba. Mu vigaŵa vinyake ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya Ciarabic, ico nchigaŵa ca ciyowoyero ca ku Africa na Asia.
Kweniso ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Omotic ndiwo ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero ivi. Viyowoyero ivi ni Aari, Bench, Dime, Dizin, Gamo-Gofa-Dawro, Maale, Hamer, na Wolaytta.
Viyowoyero vya mu mbumba ya Nilo-Sahara vikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵachoko waka awo ŵakukhala kumwera kwa charu ichi. Viyowoyero ivi ni Nuer, Anuak, Nyangatom, Majang, Suri, Me'en, na Mursi.
Chiyowoyero cha Amharic ndicho chikasambizgikanga mu masukulu gha pulayimale, kweni mu vigaŵa vinandi chiyowoyero ichi chafumiskikapo ndipo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vinyake nga ni Oromo, Somali, na Tigrinya. Nangauli viyowoyero vyose vikuzomerezgeka mwakuyana waka na dango la mu 1995 la Ethiopia ndipo chiyowoyero cha Oromo ndicho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene, kweni chiyowoyero cha Amharic ndicho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene. Vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana vya Ethiopia na misumba iyo yili na malango, vili na wanangwa wa kusankha viyowoyero vyawo. ChiAmharic chikumanyikwa nga chiyowoyelo cha boma mu chigaŵa cha Amhara, Benishangul-Gumuz, Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region, Gambela Region, Addis Ababa na Dire Dawa. Chilankhulo cha Oromo chikugwira ntchito ngati chilankhulo cha ntchito ndi chilankhulo chachikulu cha maphunziro ku Oromia, Harar ndi Dire Dawa komanso ku Oromia Zone ku Amhara Region. ChiSomali ndi chiyankhulo cha boma cha chigawo cha Somali ndi Dire Dawa, pamene Afar, Harari, ndi Tigrinya zimadziwika ngati chilankhulo cha boma m'madera awo. Sonosono apa boma la Ethiopia likapharazga kuti viyowoyero vya Afar, Amharic, Oromo, Somali, na Tigrinya ni viyowoyero vya boma vya Ethiopia. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵachali kuyowoya Chiitaliya, chomenechomene ŵachekuru. Chiyowoyero cha Amharic na Tigrinya vili na mazgu ghanyake agho ghali kufuma ku Chiitaliya.
Malemba
Ciyowoyero cikuru comene ca ku Ethiopia ni cilembo ca Ge'ez. Chiyowoyero ichi chikamba kugwiliskirika ntchito mu vyaka vya m'ma 500 na 500 B.C.E. pakulemba chiyowoyero cha Ge'ez. Mazuŵa ghano, chiyowoyero cha Ge'ez ndicho chikuyowoyeka mu matchalitchi gha Orthodox gha ku Ethiopia na Eritrea. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1980, ŵanthu ŵakamba kulemba vilembo vya ku Ethiopia mu kompyuta. Mazuŵa ghano ntchigaŵa cha Unicode nga ni Ethiopic, Ethiopic Extended, Ethiopic Supplement na Ethiopic Extended-A.
Bègles
Bègles ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Nouvelle-Aquitaine, mu charu cha France mu chilwa chikulu cha Yulaya (Europe).
Ethiopia
Malemba
Ŵanthu ŵa ku Etiyopiya ŵakugwiliskiraso ntchito vilembo vinyake. Vinthu ivi ni vilembo ivyo Bakri Sapalo wakalemba vya Chi Oromo.
Chisopa
Charu cha Etiyopiya chili paubwezi wakukhora na visopa vikuruvikuru vitatu vya Abrahamu. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 300 C.E., ufumu wa Etiyopiya ndiwo ukaŵa wakwamba kuzomerezga Chikhristu kuŵa chisopa cha boma. Chifukwa cha ivyo likadumura pa ungano wa ku Chalcedon, mu 451 Ŵamiyaphysites, awo ŵakaŵa Ŵakhristu ŵanandi chomene mu Eguputo na Etiyopiya, ŵakasuskika kuti ŵakasopanga ŵaciuta ŵamoza pera. Nangauli pasono chisopa ichi ntcha boma yayi, kweni tchalitchi la Orthodox la Tewahedo ndilo likulamulira chomene. Kweniso ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa chisopa cha Ciarabu ŵakukhala mu caru ici. Charu cha Etiyopiya ndicho chikaŵa malo ghakwamba uko ŵanthu ŵakasamukira mu nyengo ya Chisilamu. Negash ni tawuni iyo yili mu chigaŵa cha Tigray, ndipo ni malo ghakale chomene agho Ŵasilamu ŵakakhalanga mu Africa..
Kuyana na kalembera wa mu 2007, Ŵakhristu ŵalipo 62.8% (43.5% ŵa Ethiopia Orthodox, 19.3% ŵa visopa vinyake), Ŵasilamu ŵalipo 33.9%, awo ŵakulondezga visopa vyawo ŵalipo 2.6%, ndipo visopa vinyake vilipo 0.6%. Chiŵelengero cha Ŵakristu na Ŵasilamu chikukhalilira mwakuyana waka pakuyaniska na unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakalembeka vyaka vinandi ivyo vyajumpha. Ŵasilamu ŵanandi ŵali mu chisopa cha Sunni, ndipo Ŵasilamu awo ŵali mu chisopa chinyake ndiwo ni gulu lachiŵiri likuru chomene la Ŵasilamu. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa chisopa cha Sunni mba Shafi'i panji Salafi, ndipo ku malo agha kuli Ŵasilamu ŵanandi ŵa chisopa cha Sufi. Ŵasilamu ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa Afar ŵali kupanga gulu lakujipatura lakucemeka "Islamic State of Afaria".
Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakasuskanga fundo yakuti boma la Haile Selassie likapanga ndondomeko ya kupenda ŵanthu kuti charu cha Ethiopia chiwoneke nga ni charu cha Ŵakhristu. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakuwona vya Chisilamu na kulemba mabulogu ŵakuti Ŵasilamu mbanandi chomene ndipo ŵakukolerana yayi na maukaboni agho ghali pachanya apa.
Ufumu wa Axum ndiwo ukaŵa wakwamba kuzomera Chikhristu, apo Frumentius wa ku Turo, uyo wakachemekanga Fremnatos panji Abba Selama ("Wiske wa Mtende") ku Ethiopia, wakang'anamuska Themba Ezana mu vyaka vya m'ma 400. Mwakuyana na Baibolo, Cikristu cikanjira mu Etiyopiya nyengo yitali comene pambere ivi vindacitike. Tchalitchi la Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo lili mu tchalitchi la Eastern Orthodox. Ni cisopa cikuru comene pa visopa vyose vya Cikhristu, nangauli sonosono apa matchalitchi ghanyake gha P'ent'ay (Chipulotesitanti) ghazara comene. Kwambira mu 1930, Tchalitchi la Katolika ku Ethiopia lili na ŵanthu ŵacoko waka ndipo likugwirizana comene na boma la Roma. Chisilamu mu Ethiopia chikamba mu 622 C.E. apo Muhammad wakaphalira gulu la Ŵasilamu kuti ŵaleke kutambuzgika ku Mecca. Pamanyuma ŵasambiri ŵakaluta ku Abyssinia kwizira ku Eritrea, uko pa nyengo iyo kukaŵa Ashama ibn-Abjar, themba la Ŵakhristu. Kweniso ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene awo ŵakaŵa Ŵasahaba ŵakaŵa Ŵaetiyopiya.
Kuyana na kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu 2007, ŵanthu 1,957,944 mu Ethiopia ŵakulondezga visopa vyawo. Kweniso ŵanthu ŵanyake 471,861 ŵali mu visopa vinyake. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵa visopa vyose ŵakusangika mu vigaŵa vyose, kweni ŵanandi ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vinyake vya caru ici. Ŵakhristu ŵanandi ŵakukhala kumpoto kwa Amhara na Tigray, ndipo ŵanandi mwa iwo mba tchalitchi la Orthodox la Tewahedo. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa P'ent'ay ndiwo ŵakukhala chomene mu vigaŵa vya Oromia na SNNP (Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region). Ŵasilamu ku Ethiopia ŵakulondezga chisopa cha Sunni ndipo ŵakukhala ku chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi na kumpoto cha kumafumiro gha dazi. Ŵanthu awo ŵakulondezga visopa vyawo ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vyakutali kumwera na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa charu ichi, mu vigaŵa vya SNNP, Benishangul-Gumuz na Gambela.
M'paka m'ma 1980, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mtundu wa Beta Israel ŵakakhalanga ku Ethiopia. Ŵayuda pafupifupi 4,000, awo ŵakuti ni fuko lakuzgeŵa la Israyeli, ŵakukhala mu Ethiopia, pamoza na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mafuko ghaŵiri, Falash Mura na Beta Abraham. Falash Mura ni Beta Israel awo, nangauli ŵakumanyikwa kuti Mbayuda, ŵakamba kugomezga Cikhristu cifukwa ca mulimo wa umishonale. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Beta Abraham ŵakuwoneka kuti mbanthu ŵa mtundu wa Beta Israyeli awo ŵali kufuma mu nyengo ya ŵapositole. Nangauli wose ŵaŵiri ŵacali kucemeka kuti Beta Israel, kweni ŵali kutali na gulu la ŵanthu ŵa mu Israyeli. Ŵalongozgi ŵa gulu la Beta Israel ŵakuzomerezga ŵanthu ŵa Falash Mura, ndipo ŵapempha kuti ŵaŵaleke kuluta ku Israel. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Beta Abraham ŵakutemweka yayi na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake. Mu matawuni na mizi yinyake ya ku Ethiopia nga ni Wolleka, kufupi na msumba wa Gondar, Ŵayuda ŵa ku Ethiopia ŵachali ŵanandi, kweni sono ku United States kuli Ŵayuda ŵanandi ŵa ku Ethiopia.
Kukhala mu tauni
Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuluta ku vyaru vinyake, ndipo vinthu vikusintha chomene mu misumba. Mu Ethiopia, ŵanthu ŵakuluta mu misumba yinandi, ndipo nyengo ziŵiri zikulutilira kukura. Cakwamba, mu 1936-1941 mu nyengo iyo caru ca Italy cikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa Mussolini, ndipo kufuma mu 1967 m'paka mu 1975 apo ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu matawuni ŵakasazgikira katatu.
Mu 1936, charu cha Italy chikapoka charu cha Ethiopia, ndipo chikazenga vinthu vyakovwira kuti misumba yikuruyikuru yikolerane. Ici pamoza na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Italy na ŵantchito ndiwo ŵakapangiska kuti vinthu visinthe mwaluŵiro mu nyengo iyi. Nyengo yachiŵiri ya kukura yikaŵa kwamba mu 1967 m'paka mu 1975, apo ŵanthu ŵa ku mizi ŵakasamukira mu matawuni kupenja nchito na umoyo uwemi.
Mulimo uwu ukakhora chifukwa cha ndondomeko ya boma ya kusintha malo mu 1975, iyo yikawovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵakhalenge ku mizi. Ŵanthu ŵakati ŵafumako ku mizi na kuluta ku misumba, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuchepa chomene. Dango la kunozga malo likakhumbanga kusazgirako ulimi cifukwa cakuti vyakurya vikakuranga yayi pamoza na unandi wa ŵanthu mu nyengo ya 1970-1983. Ndondomeko iyi yikawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵe na mipingo yikuruyikuru ya ŵalimi. Dango ili likapangiska kuti vyakurya vyasazgikire, nangauli pali kukwesana pa cifukwa cake. Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu matawuni ŵakulutilira kukura ndipo kufuma mu 1975 m'paka mu 2000, ŵakasazgikira na 8.1%.