cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Libya
Kujiyimira, Ufumu na Libya pasi pa Gaddafi
Kwambira mu 1977, ndalama izo munthu waliyose wakasanganga zikakwera kufika pa madola ghakujumpha 11,000 gha ku America, ndipo zikaŵa zakukwana madola ghankhondi mu Africa. Ivi vikacitika kwambura kutora ngongoli ku vyaru vinyake, ndipo vikawovwira kuti Libya lileke kuŵa na ngongoli. Mlonga ukuru uwu ukazengekaso kuti ŵanthu ŵasangenge maji ghawemi mu vigaŵa vinandi vya charu ichi. Kweniso ŵakaŵapa ndalama zakovwilira ŵanthu kuti ŵasambire pa yunivesite na kusanga nchito.
Ndalama zinandi izo Libiya likasanganga kufuma ku mafuta, izo zikakwera comene mu ma 1970, zikagwiliskirika nchito pa kugura vilwero na kovwira magulu gha nkhondo na vigeŵenga pa caru cose. Mu 1986, ŵasilikari ŵa boma la America ŵakatondeka kukoma Gaddafi. Paumaliro, wupu wa United Nations ukaŵika vyeruzgo pa Libya pamanyuma pa kuphulika kwa bomba pa ndege ya Lockerbie mu 1988 uko kukakoma ŵanthu 270. Mu 2003, Mubali Gaddafi wakapharazga kuti vilwero vyose vyakwambukira vya boma lake vyamara, ndipo kuti Libya wasintha nkhongono yake kuti yiŵe ya nyukiliya.
Nkhondo Yakwamba ya ku Libya
Ŵasilikari awo ŵakakolerana na Muwukirano Gaddafi ŵakathereska ŵakugaluka ku Western Libya ndipo ŵakamba kugalukira msumba wa Benghazi. Msumba wa Zawiya, uwo uli pa mtunda wa makilomita 48 kufuma ku Tripoli, ukabombwa na ndege za ŵasilikari na matangi gha ŵasilikari ndipo ŵasilikari ŵa Jamahiriya ŵakawuwukira. Wupu wa United Nations, kusazgapo Secretary General wa United Nations Ban Ki-moon na United Nations Human Rights Council, ŵakasuska ivyo vikachitika.
Mu masabata ghakulondezgapo, ŵasilikari ŵa United States ŵakaŵa panthazi pa nkhondo ya NATO ku Libya. Ŵasilikari ŵakujumpha 8,000 ŵa boma la United States ŵakaŵa mu malo agha. Pa maulendo 14,202 agho ghakacitika, pakakhwaskika vinthu pafupifupi 3,000, ndipo 716 ghakaŵa mu Tripoli ndipo 492 mu Brega. Nkhondo iyi yikaŵa na ndege za B-2 Stealth, ndipo ndege yiliyose yikaŵa na mabomba ghakukwana makilogiramu 2,000. Nkhondo iyi yikenda makora cifukwa ca wovwiri wa ŵasilikari ŵa NATO.
Pa Ogasiti 22, 2011, ŵakugaluka ŵakanjira mu Tripoli na kupoka Green Square, iyo ŵakayithya Martyrs' Square pakukumbuka awo ŵakakomeka kwambira pa Febuluwale 17, 2011. Pa 20 Okutobala 2011, nkhondo yaumaliro ya kuwukira yikamara mu msumba wa Sirte. Nkhondo ya Sirte yikaŵa nkhondo yaumaliro na yaumaliro mu Nkhondo Yakwamba ya ku Libya apo Gaddafi wakakoleka na kukomeka na ŵasilikari ŵa NATO pa 20 Okutobala 2011. Sirte ndiyo yikaŵa malo ghaumaliro agho ŵalondezgi ŵa Gaddafi ŵakakhalanga. Pa 23 Okutobala 2011, ŵanthu ŵakakondwelera kuti ŵasilikari ŵa Sirte ŵathereskeka.
Ŵanthu 30,000 ŵa ku Libya ŵakafwa pa nkhondo iyi. Kweniso wupu wa National Transitional Council ukati ŵanthu 50,000 ŵakapwetekeka.
Nyengo ya pakati pa nkhondo na Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya ku Libya
Pamanyuma pakuti ŵasilikari ŵakugomezgeka ŵathereskeka, charu cha Libya chikagaŵikana pakati pa magulu ghakupambanapambana gha ŵasilikari, agho ghakaŵa na vigaŵa, misumba na mafuko, apo boma likaŵa lakunozgeka yayi. Ŵasilikari ŵakususkana ŵakasuskananga pa nkhani za ndyali pakati pa ŵandyali ŵa chisopa cha Cisilamu na ŵalwani ŵawo. Pa Julayi 7, 2012, ŵanthu ŵa ku Libya ŵakachita mavoti ghakwamba kufuma apo boma lakale likamalira. Pa 8 Ogasiti, National Transitional Council yikapeleka mazaza ku General National Congress, iyo yikasoleka na ŵanthu wose.
Pa Ogasiti 25, 2012, ŵanthu ŵambura kuzunulika ŵakagadabura nyumba ya visopa ya Sufi iyo yikaŵa na madindi. Aka kakaŵa kaŵiri kuti malo gha Sufi ghathereskeke mu mazuŵa ghaŵiri. Ŵasilikari ŵa chisopa cha Cisilamu ndiwo ŵakachitiska vigeŵenga na kunanga vinthu vinandi, kusazgapo kuwuskapo chikozgo cha Gazelle Naked na kunanga na kunanga malaro gha Britain gha Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose kufupi na Benghazi. Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakachitanga vinthu vyambura kuzomerezgeka ŵakachitanga ivi na gulu la vigeŵenga ivyo vikakolerananga na chisopa cha Chislamu.
Pa Seputembala 11, 2012, ŵasilikari ŵa chisopa cha Islamu ŵakakhumba kuwukira ofesi ya boma la United States ku Benghazi, ndipo ŵakakoma J. Christopher Stevens, na ŵanyake ŵatatu. Ici cikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku United States na ku Libya ŵakhuŵare comene. Pa Okutobala 7, 2012, Prime Minister wa ku Libya, Mustafa A.G. Abushagur wakathereskeka cifukwa ca kutondeka kuwina kaŵiri kuti wimikike na boma. Pa 14 Okutobala 2012, General National Congress wakasora Ali Zeidan uyo wakaŵa mubali wa GNC kweniso loya wakuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu kuŵa nduna yikuru. Zeidan wakapika nchito iyi pamanyuma pakuti GNC yazomerezga nduna zake. Pa 11 March 2014, Prime Minister Zeidan wakafumapo, ndipo wakasintha na Prime Minister Abdullah al-Thani.
Nkhondo yachiwiri yapachiŵeniŵeni yikayamba mu Meyi 2014 pamanyuma pa nkhondo pakati pa maparamende agho ghakwimikana na magulu gha mafuko na magulu gha jihadist agho ghakagwiliskira nchito makora mazaza agho ghakaŵapo. Ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Islamic State ŵakawukira msumba wa Derna mu 2014 na Sirte mu 2015. Mu Febuluwale 2015, charu cha Egypt chikamba kuwukira boma la Tobruk. Mu Juni 2014, ŵakachita mavoti gha Nyumba ya Wupu Wakulongozga, wupu uphya uwo ukaŵa na mazaza ghakulongozga. Pa mavoti agha pakaŵa vivulupi kweniso ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakizako yayi ku mavoti. Ŵasekuru na ŵanangwa ŵakachita makora pa viphikiro ivi, ndipo ichi chikakwiyiska chomene ŵamazaza ŵa chisopa cha Chisilamu mu GNC, awo ŵakakumanaso na kuphalira GNC kuti ŵalutilire kuwusa, ndipo ŵakakana kuzomera Nyumba ya Wupu Wakulongozga. Awo ŵakakolerana na General National Congress ŵakanjira mu msumba wa Tripoli, ndipo ŵakapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu nyumba ya malango ŵacimbilire ku Tobruk.
Mu Janyuwale 2015, maungano ghakacitika kuti paŵe mtende. Maungano agho ghakucemeka Geneva-Ghadames ghakeneranga kuwezgerapo GNC na boma la Tobruk pa thebulu limoza kuti ŵamanye umo ŵangamazgira suzgo. Ndipouli, GNC yikapokako yayi, ico cikulongora kuti kugaŵikana kwa mukati kukakhwaska "Tobruk Camp" pera yayi, kweniso "Tripoli Camp". Nyengo yeneyiyo, uchigeŵenga mukati mwa Libya ukakuranga, ndipo ukakhwaskaso vyaru vyapafupi. Kuukira kwa zigawenga ku Bardo Museum ku Tunisia pa 18 March 2015 kukapelekeka na ŵasilikari ŵaŵiri ŵa ku Libya.
Mu 2015, wupu wa United Nations ukawovwira pa maungano ghanandi gha vyaru vinyake na kuyowoyeskana vya mtende. Wupu wa United Nations ukutovwira kuti tilutilire kukolerana na Wupu wa United Nations ku Libya (UNSMIL).
Mu Julayi 2015, SRSG Leon wakaphalira wupu wa UN Security Council umo vyalozgekera, uwo pa nyengo iyi ukaŵa kuti wafika waka pa phangano la ndyali pa Julayi 11 ilo likulongosora "ndondomeko yikuru... iyo yikusazgapo fundo zakulongozga... maofesi na nthowa zakupangira vyeruzgo kuti viwovwire pakusintha m'paka paŵe dango lakwamba". Cakulinga ca ndondomeko iyi cikaŵa cakuti "...cilato cake nchakuti paŵe boma la mazuŵa ghano, la demokilase ilo likukolerana na fundo ya kuŵikapo ŵanthu wose, dango, kugaŵikana kwa mazaza, na kucindika wanangwa wa ŵanthu". SRSG wakawonga awo ŵakanjira mu ungano uwu cifukwa ca kufiska phangano ili, wakati "Ŵanthu ŵa ku Libya ŵayowoya mwakupulikikwa makora kuti ŵakukhumba mtende". Kufuma apo, SRSG wakaphalira Wupu wa Wovwiri kuti "Libya yili mu nyengo yakusuzga" ndipo wakaciska "ŵanthu wose mu Libya kuti ŵalutilire kucitako vinthu vyakukhozga mu ndondomeko ya kudumbiskana", ndipo wakati "nkhwa kudumbiskana na kufiska phangano la ndyali pera kuti mtende ufike. Kusintha kwa mtende kuzamucitika mu Libya kwizira waka mu kuyezgayezga kukuru na kwakukolerana pakovwira boma la munthazi la kukolerana". Paumaliro wa Seputembala, ŵakaluta ku Skhirat ku Morocco.
Kweniso mu 2015, pakuŵa chigaŵa cha wovwiri wa wupu wa UN, wupu wa UN Human Rights Council ukapempha lipoti lakukhwaskana na umo vinthu viliri ku Libya ndipo Mubali Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein, mulara wa wupu wa UN wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu, wakambiska wupu wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu (OIOL) kuti ulembe lipoti lakukhwaskana na wanangwa wa ŵanthu na kunozga ndondomeko ya urunji ku Libya. Ku Libya uko kukaŵa vivulupi, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakhumbanga kuluta ku Europe. Pakati pa 2013 na 2018, ŵanthu pafupifupi 700,000 ŵakafika ku Italy pa boti, ndipo ŵanandi ŵakafuma ku Libya.
Mu Meyi 2018, ŵalongozgi ŵa ku Libya ŵakakolerana kuti pa ungano uwo ukachitikira ku Paris, ŵachitenge maungano gha pa nyumba ya malango na gha pulezidenti. Mu Epulero 2019, Khalifa Haftar wakambiska Operation Flood of Dignity, mu nkhondo ya Libyan National Army iyo yikakhumbanga kupoka vigaŵa vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa boma la National Accord (GNA). Mu Juni 2019, ŵasilikari awo ŵakakolerana na boma la Libya ilo likumanyikwa na wupu wa UN, ŵakakora Gharyan, tawuni iyo mukaŵa mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari Khalifa Haftar na ŵasilikari ŵake. Kuyana na muyowoyeri wa mawoko gha GNA, Mustafa al-Mejii, ŵasilikari ŵanandi ŵa LNA awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Haftar ŵakakomeka, ndipo 18 ŵakakoleka.
Mu Malichi 2020, boma la Fayez Al-Sarraj ilo likukhozgeka na UN likamba ntchito ya Peace Storm. Boma likayambiska ntchito iyi pakuzgora ku nkondo za LNA za Haftar. Sarraj wakati: "Tili boma lakuzomerezgeka na dango ilo likuchindika ivyo likuchita ku ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yose, kweni likujipeleka comene ku ŵanthu ŵake ndipo likuvikilira ŵanthu ŵake". Pa 28 Ogasiti 2020, BBC Africa Eye na BBC Arabic Documentaries zikavumbura kuti ndege ya drone iyo yikagwiliskirika nchito na United Arab Emirates (UAE) yikakoma ŵana ŵa sukulu 26 pa sukulu ya ŵasilikari ku Tripoli, pa 4 January. Ŵanandi ŵakaŵa ŵawukirano ndipo ŵakaŵavya vilwero. Ndege ya Wing Loong II ya ku China yikaponya mfuti ya Blue Arrow 7, iyo yikagwiranga nchito kufuma ku msasa wa Al-Khadim ku Libya. Mu Febuluwale, ndege izi izo zikaŵa ku Libya zikasamukira ku msasa wa nkhondo kufupi na Siwa, kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Eguputo. The Guardian yikafufuza na kusanga kuti UAE na Turkey ŵakuswa dango la UN pa October 7, 2020. Kuyana na lipoti ili, vyaru vyose viŵiri ivi vikatuma ndege zinandi za nkhondo ku Libya kuti vikhozge ŵanyawo.
Pa Okutobala 23, 2020, ŵakalembeska phangano lakuti ŵaleke kwambiska nkhondo.
Vyaka vya pamanyuma pa nkhondo
Mu Disembala 2021, chisankho chakwamba cha purezidenti wa charu ichi chikanozgeka, kweni chikachedweskeka kufika mu Juni 2022 ndipo pamasinda chikachedweskeka.
Fathi Bashagha wakasankhika kuŵa nduna yikuru na pharalamende mu Febuluwale 2022 kuti walongozge boma la nyengo yachilendo, kweni nduna yikuru Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh wakakana kupeleka mazaza mu Epulero 2022. Pakususka boma la Dbeibah, ŵalongozgi ŵa mafuko kufuma ku tawuni ya mu mapopa ya Ubari ŵakajara malo gha mafuta gha El Sharara, malo ghakuru chomene gha mafuta gha ku Libya, pa 18 Epulero 2022. Kujara kwa kampani iyi kukapangiska kuti mafuta ghaleke kukwana mu Libya, kweniso kukanizga kampani ya boma yakuchemeka National Oil Corp. kugwiliskira nchito mtengo wapachanya wa mafuta pa msika wa vyaru vyakupambanapambana cifukwa ca nkhondo ya Russia ku Ukraine mu 2022. Pa Julayi 2, Nyumba ya Wupu Wakulongozga yikawotcheka na ŵanthu ŵakususka.
Makhalilo gha charu
Chigaŵa cha Libya chili na malo ghakujumpha 1,759,540 sq km, ndipo ni charu cha 16 pa vyaru vyose pa charu chapasi. Ku mpoto kwa Libya kuli Nyanja ya Meditereniyani, kumanjiliro gha dazi kuli Tunisia na Algeria, kumwera kumanjiliro gha dazi kuli Niger, kumwera kuli Chad, kumwera kwa kumafumiro gha dazi kuli Sudan, ndipo kumafumiro gha dazi kuli Eguputo. Libiya lili pakati pa latitude 19° na 34° N, na longitude 9° na 26° E.
Maliri gha Libya ghali na utali wa makilomita 1,770 (1100 mi). Malo agho ghali kumpoto kwa Libya ghakuchemeka Nyanja ya Libya. Nyengo yake njakomira comene ndipo yikuyana waka na mapopa. Ndipouli, ku vigaŵa vya kumpoto kwa caru ici kuli nyengo yakuzizima ya ku Mediterranean.
Mu vigaŵa vya Libya muli vigaŵa vinkhondi na cimoza: Sahara halophytics, Mediterranean dry forests and steppe, Mediterranean forests and forests, North Sahara steppe and forests, Tibesti-Jebel Uweinat montane xeric forests, and West Sahara montane xeric forests.
Vinthu vyakutenthera vikuwoneka nga ni fuvu ilo likufuma mu viŵiya vya siroko. Ici ni mphepo ya kumwera iyo yikuputa kwa zuŵa limoza panji ghanayi mu cihanya na mu cihanya. Paliso vivula vya fuvu na vya mchenga. Mu Libya mose muli malo ghakuchemeka oases. Libiya ni yimoza mwa vyaru ivyo kuli dazi linandi kweniso vyakumara chomene pa charu chose chifukwa cha mapopa.
Mapopa gha ku Libya
Mapopa gha ku Libya, agho ghakukora chigaŵa chikuru cha charu ichi, ni malo ghakomira comene pa caru. Ku malo ghanyake, para kwajumpha vyaka vinandi, vula yikuŵavya, ndipo nanga ni mu vigaŵa vya mapiri vikuŵa viŵi yayi kuti vula yilokwe. Ku Uweinat, mu 2006 kukaŵa vula izo zikaŵako mu Seputembala 1998.
Kweniso mu mapopa gha ku Libya, nyengo yikusuzga chomene. Pa Seputembala 13, 1922, mu tawuni ya Aziziya, kumwera cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa msumba wa Tripoli, ŵakalembapo kuti mphepo yikazizima chomene. Ndipouli, mu Seputembala 2012, Wupu wa vya Munthazi pa Charu Chose ukati chilengo icho chikaŵa pa charu chose pa nyengo iyi chikaŵa 58 °C.
Ku malo agha kuli malo ghacoko waka ghambura ŵanthu, agho kanandi ghakukolerana na malo ghakurughakuru. Kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa charu ichi kuli vigaŵa vinandi vya ku Kufra. Padera pa mapiri gha mapiri, malo agha ghali na mapiri ghanandi agho ghali pafupi na mapopa gha ku Libya.
Kumwera kwake kuli mapiri gha Arkenu, Uweinat, na Kissu. Mapiri agha ghakaŵako kale comene pambere malibwe gha mchenga ghandapangike. Arkenu na Western Uweinat ni mapiri ghakupambanapambana agho ghali nga ni mapiri gha Aïr. Kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Uweinat (malo ghapacanya comene mu mapopa gha Libya) ni malo gha mchenga agho ghali pafupi na malo gha granite agho ghali kumanjiliro gha dazi.
Mu chipalamba icho chili kumpoto kwa Uweinat muli mapiri ghanandi. Mu ma 1950, ŵakati ŵasanga mafuta, ŵakasangaso maji ghanandi pasi pa Libya. Maji agho ghali mu malo ghakuchemeka Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System ghakaŵako pambere nyengo ya kuzizima ya mu nyengo ya glaciation yindambe kweniso pambere mapopa gha Sahara ghandambe. Kweniso mu malo agha muli malo gha Arkenu, agho kale ŵanthu ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ni malo ghaŵiri ghakupwetekeka.
Ndale
Ndale za ku Libya zakhala zikukangana kuyambira pomwe Arab Spring idayamba ndipo kulowererapo kwa NATO kudakhudzana ndi vuto la Libya mu 2011; vutoli lidatsogolera kugwa kwa Libyan Arab Jamahiriya ndikupha Muammar Gaddafi, pakati pa Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapachiweniweni ndi kulowererapo kwa asitikali akunja.
Nkhondo iyi yikasazgikira cifukwa ca nkhaza izo zikacitika pamanyuma pa Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru na Caru, izo zikapangiska kuti paŵe Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru na Caru mu 2014. Kulamulira kwa dziko lino kwagawikana pakati pa Nyumba ya Oimira (HoR) ku Tobruk ndi Boma la Mgwirizano wa Dziko (GNU) ku Tripoli ndi othandizira awo, komanso magulu osiyanasiyana a jihadist ndi zigawo za mafuko omwe akulamulira madera ena a dzikoli.
Pa nyengo iyi, wupu wakulongozga ukaŵa wupu wa General National Congress, uwo ukaŵa na vithuzithuzi 200. Bungwe la General National Congress (2014), ilo likukolerana na boma la Tripoli, likuyowoya kuti ni boma la GNC.
Pa Julayi 7, 2012, ŵanthu ŵa ku Libya ŵakavota pa maungano gha pa caru cose. Ŵanakazi pafupifupi 30 ndiwo ŵakasankhika kuŵa ŵa mu nyumba ya malango. Pa mavoti ghakwambilira, chipani cha National Forces Alliance, icho chikulongozgeka na nduna yikuru ya nyengo yeneyiyo Mahmoud Jibril, ndicho chikaŵa pakwamba. Chipani cha Justice and Construction, icho chili ku chigaŵa cha Muslim Brotherhood, chili na masuzgo ghanandi kuluska vipani vinyake mu Egypt na Tunisia. Likapokera vithuzithuzi 17 pa vithuzithuzi 80 ivyo vikaŵa mu vyaru vinyake.
Mu Janyuwale 2013, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kuchichizga ŵamazaza kuti ŵaŵike wupu wakunozga dango liphya. Pa nyengo iyi, boma likaŵa kuti lindasankhepo munthu wakuti waŵe mu wupu uwu.
Pa Malichi 30, 2014, wupu wa General National Congress ukazomerezga kuti paŵe Nyumba ya Wupu Wakulongozga. Wupu uphya uwu ukupeleka mipando 30 ku ŵanakazi, uzamuŵa na mipando 200 (ŵanthu awo ŵangaŵa ŵa chipani) ndipo ukuzomerezga kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Libya awo mbacilendo ŵaŵe na maudindo.
Pambuyo pa chisankho cha 2012, bungwe la Freedom House likasintha chiŵerengero cha dziko la Libya kufuma pa Not Free kufika pa Partly Free, ndipo tsopano likuwona kuti dzikoli ndi demokalase.
Mu 1973, Gaddafi wakasazga makhoti gha boma na gha Sharia. Sono makhoti gha boma ghakugwiliskira nchito ŵeruzgi ŵa Sharia awo ŵakukhala mu makhoti ghakurughakuru gha apilu. Malango ghakukhwaskana na umo munthu waliri ghakafuma mu Dango la Chisilamu.
Pa ungano wa Komiti ya vya Vyaru vya ku Mpoto pa 2 Disembala 2014, mwimiliri wapadera wa UN Bernardino León wakati Libya ni boma yayi.
Boma la nyengo yichoko likamanyikwa pa 5 February 2021, pamanyuma pakuti mamembala ghake ghasoleka na Libyan Political Dialogue Forum (LPDF). Ŵabali 74 ŵa LPDF ŵakavota pa mavoti gha ŵanthu ŵanayi awo ŵakeneranga kuŵa nduna yikuru na mulongozgi wa Komiti ya Pulezidenti. Ŵakati ŵafika pa 60 peresenti, magulu ghaŵiri agho ghakaŵa panthazi ghakaŵa pa chigaŵa chinyake. Mohamed al-Menfi, uyo wakaŵa kazembe wa Greece, ndiyo wakaŵa mutu wa wupu wa pulezidenti. Nyengo yeneyiyo, LPDF yikati Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh, wamalonda, ndiyo waŵenge nduna yikuru. Ŵalendo wose awo ŵakaŵapo pa viphikiro ivi, kusazgapo awo ŵakatonda, ŵakalayizga kuti ŵimikenge ŵanakazi pa maudindo 30 pa 100 gha mu boma. Ŵapolitiki awo ŵakasoleka kuti ŵalongozge boma la kanyengo ŵakazomera kuti ŵaleke kwimilira pa mavoti agho ghalembeka pa 24 Disembala 2021. Kweni mu Novembala 2021, Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh wakapharazga kuti wakukhumba kuŵa pulezidenti. Khoti la Apilu ku Tripoli likakana apilu ya kufumiska Dbeibeh pa udindo wake, ndipo likamuzomerezga kuti wawelere pa lisiti pamoza na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakakanizgika. Kweniso khoti likakhazikiskaso Saif al-Islam Gaddafi, mwana wa Muwusi uyu, kuŵa mulongozgi wa charu. Pa 22 Disembala 2021, Komiti Yakusankhira ku Libya yikati mavoti ghayimike mpaka pa 24 January 2022. Kumanyuma uku, komiti ya pa nyumba ya malango yikati "nkhukwaniska yayi" kuti mavoti ghachitike pa 24 Disembala 2021. Wupu wa United Nations ukachiska ŵalongozgi ŵa nyengo yichoko waka ŵa ku Libya kuti "ŵawovwire mwaluŵiro pa masuzgo ghose agho ghakuŵapo pa nkhani ya malango na ndyali, kusazgapo kuŵika pa malo ghaumaliro mazina gha awo ŵakukhumba kuŵa ŵalongozgi". Ndipouli, pa nyengo yaumaliro, mavoti ghakaŵa kuti ghalekeskeka ndipo caru cose cikakolerana kuti cilutilire kovwira na kuzomerezga boma la nyengo yicoko lakuwusika na Dbeibeh.
Kuyana na malango gha mavoti ghaphya, nduna yikuru yiphya yili na mazuŵa 21 kuti yipange kabini iyo yikwenera kukhozgeka na maboma ghakupambanapambana mu Libya. Boma ili likati lazomerezgeka, boma la umoza lizamuwuskapo maboma ghose gha ku Libya, kusazgapo boma la National Accord mu Tripoli na boma la General Haftar.
Ubale na vyaru vinyake
Ndondomeko ya vyaru vinyake ya Libya yikusintha kufuma mu 1951. Nga ni ufumu, Libya wakalutilira kuŵa na nkharo yakukolerana na vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi. Boma ili likaŵa laubwezi na vyaru vya ku Western nga ni United Kingdom, United States, France, Italy, Greece, ndipo likakhazikiska vyaru vya Soviet Union mu 1955.
Nangauli boma likawovwira ŵanthu ŵa ku Arab, kusazgapo ŵanthu ŵa ku Morocco na Algeria awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti charu cha Algeria chiŵe na wanangwa wakujiyimira pawekha, kweni likachitako yayi ndyali za ku Arab-Israel panji ndyali za ku Arab mu vyaka vya m'ma 1950 na 1960. Ufumu uwu ukaŵa wakumanyikwa cifukwa ca kukolerana comene na vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi, uku uku ukucita vinthu mwamahara mu caru cawo.
[[File:Secretary Blinken Meets with Libyan Interim Prime Minister Dabaiba (51268168314).jpg|thumb|Secretary of State Antony J. Blinken meets with Libyan interim Prime Minister Abdulhamid Dabaiba, in Berlin, Germany on June 24, 2021. [State Department photo by Ron Przysucha/ Public Domain]] Mu 1969, Muammar Gaddafi wakajara misasa ya ŵasilikari ŵa ku America na Britain na kubenekelerapo mafuta na malonda gha vyaru vinyake mu Libya.
Muwuso wa Gaddafi ukamanyikwanga na wovwiri wake ku ŵalongozgi ŵanandi awo ŵakawonekanga nga mbanthu ŵambura kuzomerezgeka na ŵamazaza ŵa ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi, kusazgapo pulezidenti wa ku Uganda Idi Amin, kazembe wa ku Central Africa Jean-Bédel Bokassa, munthu wankhongono wa ku Ethiopia Haile Mariam Mengistu, pulezidenti wa ku Liberia Charles Taylor, na pulezidenti wa ku Yugoslavia Slobodan Milošević.
Ubwezi na vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi ukaŵa wakusuzga cifukwa ca vinthu vinandi ivyo vikacitika mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Gaddafi, kusazgapo kukoma Yvonne Fletcher, wapolisi wa ku London, kuphulika kwa bomba ku West Berlin, na kuphulika kwa ndege ya Pan Am Flight 103.
Muwuso wa Gaddafi ukati waleka kupenja vilwero vyakukomera ŵanthu ŵanandi pamanyuma pa nkhondo ya ku Iraq, Saddam Hussein wakathereskeka na kweruzgika. Mu Okutobala 2010, Gaddafi wakaphepiska ku ŵalongozgi ŵa ku Africa mu zina la vyaru vya Ŵaarabu cifukwa ca kunjilirapo pa malonda gha ŵazga.
Libiya lili mu ndondomeko ya European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) ya European Union, iyo yikukhumba kusendelera ku EU na vyaru vyapafupi. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵa boma la Libya ŵakakana ivyo wupu wa European Union ukakhumbanga kuchita kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kuluta ku vyaru vinyake. Mu 2017, charu cha Libya chikasaina phangano la UN lakukanizga vilwero vya nyukiliya.
Ŵankhondo
Gulu la ŵasilikari la ku Libya likathereskeka mu Nkhondo ya ku Libya ndipo likamara. Nyumba ya ŵalamuliri ya ku Tobruk iyo yikuyowoya kuti ndiyo ni boma lakuzomerezgeka la Libya, yikayezga kuwezgerapo ŵasilikari awo ŵakumanyikwa kuti Libyan National Army. Ŵakulongozgeka na Khalifa Haftar, ŵakulongozga chigaŵa chikuru cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Libya. Mu Meyi 2012, ŵanthu pafupifupi 35,000 ŵakanjira usilikari. Boma la National Accord ilo likumanyikwa pa caru cose ilo likakhazikiskika mu 2015 lili na ŵasilikari ŵake awo ŵakanjira mu malo mwa LNA, kweni comenecomene ni magulu gha ŵasilikari ŵambura kulongozgeka ndiposo ŵambura kuwungana makora.
Kuzakafika mu Novembala 2012, ŵakawonanga kuti mwana uyu wachali mu nthumbo. Pulezidenti Mohammed el-Megarif wakalayizga kuti boma likukhumba comene kovwira ŵasilikari na ŵapolisi. Pulezidenti el-Megarif wakalanguraso kuti magulu ghose gha nkhondo gha mu caru agha ghaŵe pasi pa boma panji ghapasuke.
Houari Boumédiène
Houari Boumédiène (هواري بومدين ; ALA-LC: Hawwārī Būmadyan; Mohammed Ben Brahim Boukherouba wakababika ku Algeria pa 23 August 1932 ndipo wakafwa pa 27 December 1978. Wakaŵa mulongozgi wa chalo cha Algeria ndipo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa Revolutionary Council of Algeria kufuma pa 19 June 1965 mpaka 12 December 1976.
Wakababikira ku Guelma, ndipo wakasambira ku Islamic Institute ku Constantine. Mu 1955, wakajibatika ku gulu la National Liberation Front ndipo wakalemba zina lakuti Houari Boumediene. Wakaŵa mulara wa ŵasilikari ndipo mu 1960 wakaŵa mulongozgi wa gulu la ŵasilikari la FLN.
Libya
Kugawikana kwa boma
Kale, charu cha Libya chikaŵa na vigaŵa vitatu, Tripolitania kumpoto cha kumanjiliro gha dazi, Barka (Cyrenaica) kumafumiro gha dazi, na Fezzan kumwera cha kumanjiliro gha dazi. Cikaŵa cifukwa cakuti caru ca Italy cikaŵathereska mu Nkhondo ya ku Italy na Turkey.
Houari Boumédiène
Mu 1961, pulezidenti Ahmed Ben Bella wakamwimika kuŵa nduna ya vya kuvikilira caru. Iyo wakakolerana yayi na ivyo Ben Bella wakacita, ndipo pamanyuma pake wakamuwuskapo mu Juni 1965 na kumuŵika mu jele. Wakalekeska malango gha boma na nyumba ya malango, ndipo iyo wakaŵa mulaŵiliri wa wupu wa Revolutionary Council, uwo ukaŵa na ŵanthu 27. Ŵabali ŵanandi awo ŵakaŵa mu wupu uwu ŵakaŵa ŵasilikari. Pakwamba wakaŵa na mazaza ghanandi yayi, kweni mu 1967, ŵasilikari ŵanyake ŵakayezga kumugalukira. Mu 1971, makampani gha mafuta ghakaŵa gha boma. Kwambira mu ma 1970, boma la Algeria likamba kuwezgerapo ndyali. Ndondomeko iyi yikamara mu 1976 apo ŵakazomera dango liphya la boma. Mubali Boumediene wakambaso kuwusa ndipo wakapokera mavoti 99.46 peresenti. Wakalondezganga fundo za wupu wa Socialist na Pan-Arabist. Wakasuskanga comene Israyeli ndipo wakapeleka wovwiri ku ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga boma la Roma na awo ŵakalweranga wanangwa mu vyaru vya ku Arabia na ku Africa.
Libya
Kugawikana kwa boma
Kufuma mu 2007, Libya wali kugaŵika mu vigaŵa 22 (Shabiyat):• # Nuqat al Khams
• # Zawiya
Houari Boumédiène
Kwamba mu 1978, Boumediene wakawonekanga pachanya pa ŵanthu bweka yayi. Wakafwa pa Disembala 27, 1978, wati watondeka kupokera munkhwala wa Waldenström's macroglobulinemia. Pa nyifwa yake pakaŵa ŵanthu mamiliyoni ghaŵiri. Chadli Bendjedid ndiyo wakamusintha kuŵa pulezidenti, pakuŵa nthowa yakumazgira mphindano pakati pa ŵasilikari ŵakumanjiliro na kumalyero.
Umoyo wake na Nkhondo ya Kujiyimira
Tikumanya vinandi yayi vya umoyo wa Boumédiène. Malo agho wakababikira ghakalembeka kuti Guelma, mu muzi wa Clauzel kufupi na Guelma, panji Héliopolis, ndipo wakababika pa Ogasiti 16, 1925, Ogasiti 23, 1927, panji mu 1932. Adada ŵake ŵakayowoya mu 1965 kuti wakababika pa 23 August 1932. Zina lake la kubabikira likaŵa Mohammed Ben Brahim Boukherouba, ndipo awiske ŵakaŵa mulimi wa tirigu wambura ndalama ndipo ŵakaŵa Musulumani uyo wakayowoyanga Cifurenchi yayi. Kuyana na buku la Encyclopaedia of Islam, mbumba yake yikuyowoya Ciarabu. Wakasambira pa sukulu ya Quranic ku Guelma mpaka apo wakaŵa na vilimika 14, pamanyuma pake ku sukulu ya Arabic ku Constantine.
Libya
Kugawikana kwa boma
• # Jafara
• # Tripoli
Houari Boumédiène
Umoyo wake na Nkhondo ya Kujiyimira
Mu 1952, apo caru ca France cikaciskanga ŵanthu ŵa ku Algeria kuti ŵarwe nkhondo ya ku Indochina, Boumédiène wakaluta ku Cairo, uko wakasambira pa yunivesite ya Al-Azhar. Apa ndipo wakakumana na Ahmed Ben Bella. Wakaluta ku gulu la National Liberation Front (FLN) mu Nkhondo ya ku Algeria mu 1955, wakatora Houari Boumédiène kuŵa zina lake la nkhondo (kufumira ku Sidi Boumediène, zina la mutuŵa wa tawuni ya Tlemcen kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Algeria, uko wakateŵeteranga nga ni mulara wa ŵasilikari mu nyengo ya nkhondo, na Sidi El Houari, mutuŵa wa tawuni ya Oran iyo yikaŵa pafupi). Wakafika pa udindo wa colonel, uyo wakaŵa wapachanya chomene mu gulu la FLN, ndipo kwamba mu 1960 wakaŵa mulara wa ALN, gulu la ŵasilikari la FLN.
Wakaŵa wakutengwa kwa Anissa al-Mansali.
Libya
Kugawikana kwa boma
• # Murqub
• # Misrata
Houari Boumédiène
Pamanyuma pa ufulu
Mu 1961, Algeria yikati yapokera wanangwa wa kujisankhira, yikapharazga kuti njakujiyimira pawekha. Boumédiène na Ahmed Ben Bella ŵakawuskapo boma la Benyoucef Benkhedda na wovwiri wa ALN mu 1962. Boumédiène wakalongozganga gulu lankhongono la ŵasilikari mukati mwa boma ndipo wakapika udindo wa nduna ya vya kuvikilira na pulezidenti wa Algeria Ahmed Ben Bella, uyo wakamovwira kuti wafike pa mazaza nga ni mulara wa ŵasilikari. Boumédiène wakasankhika kuŵa wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti wa Algeria mu Seputembala 1963. Wakaleka kugomezga muwuso wa Ben Bella na maghanoghano ghake, ndipo mu Juni 1965, Boumédiène wakathereska boma.
Dango la caru na mabungwe gha ndyali vikalekeka, ndipo wakawusa kwizira mu wupu wa Revolutionary Council uwo ukaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakolerananga nayo. Ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵabwezi ŵake mu nyengo ya nkhondo, apo wakaŵa kufupi na tawuni ya Oujda ku mphaka na Morocco. Munthu munyake wakuzirwa mu gulu ili wakaŵa Abdelaziz Bouteflika, uyo wakaŵa nduna ya vyaru vinyake ya Boumédiène kufuma mu 1999 m'paka mu 2019.
Pakwamba, ŵanthu ŵakamuwonanga kuti ni mulongozgi wambura nkhongono. Wakalutilira kuŵa mulongozgi wa caru ca Algeria mpaka apo wakafwira mu 1978. Pakaŵavya masuzgo ghakuru agho ghakambira mu boma pamanyuma pa kuwukira boma mu 1967. Pamanyuma pa kuwukira boma, wakakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu wose ŵawusange.
Libya
Kugawikana kwa boma
• # Sirte
Houari Boumédiène
Ndondomeko ya mukati
Pa nkhani ya vyachuma, Boumédiène wakaleka kughanaghanira chomene vya vyalo vya ku Algeria na ivyo Ben Bella wakachitanga. M'malo mwake, wakasankha pulogiramu yakwendeskeka na boma. Pa nyengo iyo, caru ca Algeria cikaŵa na vyakurya vinandi yayi, kweni mu 1971, Boumédiène wakawoneseska kuti mafuta gha mu Algeria ghafuma ku vyaru vinyake. Kufuma apo, wakawoneseska kuti mafuta na gasi ivyo vikaŵa mu charu ichi, ivyo vikakwera comene cifukwa ca suzgo la mafuta mu 1973 vikwambiska vyakumera vikuruvikuru. Mu vyaka ivyo wakaŵa na mazaza, vinthu vikenda makora comene, kweni wakati wafwa mu ma 1980, mafuta ghakakhira chomene ndipo makampani gha boma ghakaleka kugwira makora ntchito. Boumédiène wakaŵika cisopa ca ciarabu kuŵa cisopa ca boma ndipo wakapharazga kuti cisopa caciarabu ni cisopa ca boma. Wakaŵa wakugomezgeka chomene pa nkhani ya kuzgora charu cha Algeria kuŵa chiarabu, chomenechomene pakati pa 1970 na 1977.
Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1970, pamoza na kusazgikira kwa vyamalonda vya boma na kukanizga mafuta, Boumédiène wakapharazga vyaru vyakupambanapambana, ndipo wakakhwimiska gulu la ŵamazere mu boma lake. Ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵaŵe paubwezi na gulu la Algeria Communist Party (PAGS), ilo ŵanthu ŵake ŵakakhalanga mu boma. Ku Algeria kukaŵa chipani chimoza pera.
Ndipouli, vinthu vikaŵa makora yayi pa nkhani za ndyali. Pakuŵa mulaŵiliri wa wupu wa Revolutionary Command Council, Boumédiène na ŵabwezi ŵake ŵakalongozganga mwa dango. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1970, boma likambaso kulamulira ŵanthu mwakuyana na malango gha boma. Ŵakaŵikapo mtima kuti ŵambeso kugwira ntchito mu FLN, ndipo maofesi gha boma ghakambaso kwambaso, kwambira ku maungano gha mu vigaŵa na kuluta ku maungano gha chigaŵa na ku maungano gha pa caru cose. Ndondomeko iyi yikamara na kukhazikiska dango la ndyali (1976) ilo likalongosora umo charu cha Algeria chiliri. Pambere ivi vindachitike, pakaŵa kudumbiskana mwakufwatuka pa fundo iyo boma likakhazikiska. Dango ili likakhazikiskaso udindo wa pulezidenti, uwo Boumédiène wakachita pamanyuma pa kuvota mu 1978. Pa nyengo iyo wakafwira, mu caka ici, ndyali na malango gha mu Algeria vikaŵa vya FLN. Ndondomeko iyi yikasintha yayi m'paka kuumaliro wa m'ma 1980, apo ŵandyali ŵakamba kusankhana mitundu ndipo FLN yikaleka kuŵa chipani chimoza. (Vinthu vinandi ivyo vikaŵa mu ndondomeko iyi na mu dango la Boumédiène vichalipo.) Ndipouli, mu nyengo yose ya Boumédiène, ŵasilikari ndiwo ŵakalutilira kuŵa na mazaza pa ndyali, ndipo ŵasilikari ŵakakhwaskanga maboma nga ni FLN, nyumba ya malango na boma. Ŵasilikari na ŵandyali ŵakalutilira kulimbana pa nkhani ya ndalama, ndipo Boumédiène wakaŵavikilira kuti ŵaleke kunanga boma.
Mu nyengo ya muwuso wake, charu cha Algeria chikamba kukura chomene pa nkhani ya vyachuma. Pakati pa 1962 na 1982, ŵanthu ŵa ku Algeria ŵakakwera kufuma pa 10 kufika pa 20 miliyoni, ndipo ŵanthu 45 pa 100 ŵaliwose ŵakakhalanga mu matawuni. Pa munthu yumoza, ndalama izo munthu wakapokeranga pa cilimika zikajumpha 2,000 FRF mu 1962, ndipo pasono ni 11,000 FRF. Ndipouli, likulutilira kuŵa na chipani cimoza ndipo likuŵikapo mtima comene pa vyakumera.
Ndondomeko ya vyaru vinyake
Boumédiène wakacitanga vinthu mwakuyana waka, wakalutilira kuŵa paubwezi uwemi na maboma gha Cikomyunizimu na vyaru vya ŵandyali. Mu wupu wa United Nations, wakacema kuti ŵaŵe ŵakukolerana cifukwa ca umoza uwo ulipo pakati pa vyaru vya ku mafumiro gha dazi na vyaru ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa maboma ghakulongozgeka na ŵasilikari. Wakakhumbanga kuzenga caru cacitatu ca nkhongono kwizira mu gulu la ŵanthu ŵambura kukolerana. Wakakhozgera awo ŵakalweranga wanangwa, urunji, na kuyana. Wakapeleka wovwiri ku maboma gha ku Africa na vyaru vya ma Arab, kusazgapo PLO, ANC, SWAPO na vyaru vinyake.
Charu cha Algeria chikalutilira kulimbana na Israyeli ndipo chikaŵa na mtima wa kukhumba kovwira ŵanthu ŵa ku Palestina. Kukwambilira kwa ma 1970, Boumédiène wakayowoya kuti: "Tili na Ŵapalestina, kwali mbakutambuzgika panji ŵakusuzga. Algeria yikakhozga ŵasilikari ŵa vyaru vya ma Arab na ŵasilikari ŵa ku mphepo kwimikana na Israyeli mu Nkhondo ya Mazuŵa 6 mu 1967, ndipo yikatumizga gulu la ŵasilikari ŵakukwana 150 mu Nkhondo ya Yom Kippur mu 1973, apo ndege za nkhondo za ku Algeria zikagwirako nchito pamoza na Ŵaegupto na Ŵairaqi. Kweniso likapeleka madola 200 miliyoni ku Soviet Union kuti lipeleke ndalama zakugulira vilwero ku Eguputo na Siriya. Pakuzgora wovwiri wa United States ku Israyeli mu Nkhondo ya Mazuŵa Ghatatu, Algeria wakadumura ubwezi wake na United States. Likatora cigaŵa mu kulekeska mafuta mu 1973 pamanyuma pakuti US yikovwira Israyeli mu Nkhondo ya Yom Kippur. Pakuzgora kuyana na umo Eguputo wakacitira na Israyeli, Algeria pamoza na vyaru vinyake vya Ŵaarabu ŵakasuska Anwar Sadat na kumazga ubwezi wawo na Eguputo mu 1977.
Charu cha Algeria chikaguranga vilwero vinandi ku Soviet Union.
Cinthu cakuzirwa comene ico cikacitika mu caru ici cikaŵa phangano lake la mu 1975 lakuti wawovwirenge ŵanthu ŵa ku Western Sahara kuti ŵajiyimire ŵekha, ndipo wakazomerezga ŵanthu ŵakucimbira ku Sahara na gulu la Polisario kuti ŵanjire mu caru ca Algeria. Ici cikapangiska kuti vinthu vileke kwenda makora na Morocco, nangauli pa nyengo yakwamba iyo wakaŵa na mazaza, vinthu vikaŵa makora yayi. Nkhondo ya pakati pa Morocco na Algeria na nkhani ya ku Western Sahara iyo yindamalizgike, yikaŵa vyakuzirwa comene mu ndyali ya Algeria.
Kufwa
Mu 1978, wakawonekeranga viŵi yayi. Wakati wakhala mazuŵa 39, wakafwa ku Algiers cifukwa ca nthenda ya ndopa yakucemeka Waldenström's macroglobulinemia. Nyengo zinyake mu ndyali za ku Algeria mukaŵa mphindano za umo ŵakamukomera panji kumutimba, comenecomene pamanyuma pakuti ŵanthu ŵaŵiri awo ŵakacitako vinthu ivyo vikacitika mu 1975 ku Algiers, Shah na nduna yake Asadollah Alam, nawo ŵakafwa na nthenda iyi. Nyifwa ya Boumédiène yikapangiska kuti mu Algeria muŵe mphepo ya nkhongono iyo yikaŵa yakusuzga kuyizura.
Boumédiène wakasungika mu msumba wa Algiers pa Disembala 29, 1978. Ŵanthu ŵakukwana mamiliyoni ghaŵiri ŵakiza, ndipo ŵakajara misewu. Boma la Algeria likalayizga kuti lizamulutizga kusinthiska vinthu ndipo likapharazga kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵenge na citima kwa mazuŵa 90. Nangauli pakaŵa mphindano pa nkhani ya ivyo ŵakakolerana ku Camp David, kweni pulezidenti wa ku Eguputo, Anwar Sadat, wakawonga Boumédiène ndipo wakati wakapokera makani gha nyifwa yake "na citima cikuru" ndipo wakatuma ŵimiliri kuti ŵize ku nyifwa yake. Mulongozgi wa PLO Yasser Arafat wakaluta ku dindi pamoza na mulongozgi waciŵiri wa gulu lake la Fatah, Abu Iyad, uyo wakaŵa na ubwezi wakukhora na Boumédiène. Pulezidenti wa ku United States, Jimmy Carter, wakayowoya kuti Boumédiène "wakacita mulimo wakuzirwa comene pa nkhondo ya kujithemba ya ku Algeria. Munthu waliyose wakumanya kuti wakaŵa wakujipeleka pa mulimo wake ndiposo kuti wakacitanga vinthu vinandi pakuŵa munthu wa boma. Kweni ŵanthu ŵazamumukumbuka comene cifukwa ca kufwilirapo kwake kuti waŵe na caru ca ku Algeria ico nchakujiyimira paco". Pa ungano uwu pakaŵaso ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku United States, kusazgapo Muhammad Ali. Ŵapharazgi ŵa Soviet ŵakalumba Boumédiène kuti ni "mubwezi wa Soviet Union" ndipo "wakawovwira comene kuti vinthu vyende makora mu caru ca Algeria".
Libya
Kugawikana kwa boma
• # Benghazi
• # Marj
• # Jabal al Akhdar
• # Derna
• # Tobruk
• # Nalut
• # Jabal al Gharbi
• # Wadi al Shatii
• # Al Wahat
• # Ghat
• # Wadi al Hayaa
• # Sabha
• # Murzuq
In 2022, 18 provinces were declared by the Libyan Government of National Unity (|Libyan Observer): the eastern coast, Jabal Al-Akhdar, Al-Hizam, Benghazi, Al-Wahat, Al-Kufra, Al-Khaleej, Al-Margab, Tripoli, Al-Jafara, Al-Zawiya, West Coast, Gheryan, Zintan, Nalut, Sabha, Al-Wadi, and Murzuq Basin.
Wanangwa wa ŵanthu
Kuyana na lipoti lapachaka la Human Rights Watch la mu 2016, ŵapharazgi ŵachali kukomeka na magulu ghakwimikana na boma ku Libya. Wupu uwu ukayowoyaso kuti charu cha Libya chili pasi chomene pa vyaru vyose pa nkhani ya wanangwa wa vyalo mu 2015. Pa 2021 Press Freedom Index chiŵerengero chake chikakhira kufika pa 165 pa vyaru 180. Kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha nkhwakukanizgika mu Libya.
Chuma
Chuma cha ku Libya chikuthemba comene pa ndalama izo zikufuma ku mafuta, agho ghakupanga hafu ya GDP na 97% ya vyakurya. Libiya lili na mafuta ghanandi comene mu Africa ndipo likovwira kuti pa caru cose paŵe mafuta ghapusu. Mu 2010, apo mafuta ghakaŵa pa mtengo wa madola 80 pa thumba limoza, mafuta ghakapanga 54 peresenti ya GDP. Padera pa mafuta gha pasi, vyakumera vinyake ni gasi na gypsum. Bungwe la International Monetary Fund likati GDP ya ku Libya yikakura na 122% mu 2012 na 16.7% mu 2013.
Banki ya Caru Cose yikulongosora kuti Libya ni caru ca "Vinthu Vyakovwira Ŵanthu Ŵacoko", pamoza na vyaru vinyake vinkhondi na viŵiri vya mu Africa. Ndalama zinandi izo ŵanthu ŵakusangirapo mu vyakupanga magesi, pamoza na ŵanthu ŵachoko, vikovwira kuti charu cha Libya chiŵe na GDP yikuru chomene pa munthu yumoza mu Africa. Ivi vikawovwira kuti boma la Libyan Arab Jamahiriya lipelekenge wovwiri wakukwana ku ŵanthu, comenecomene pa nkhani ya nyumba na masambiro.
Libiya likukumana na masuzgo ghanandi, kusazgapo kupeleŵera kwa maboma, kusuzgika kwa muwuso, na kusoŵa nchito. Vyaru vili na ndalama zinandi yayi ndipo vikuthemba chomene ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵa ku Libya ŵakugwiliskira nchito nchito nchito zinandi mu boma kuti ŵasange nchito. Pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 2000, boma likagwiranga nchito pafupifupi 70% ya ŵanthu wose awo ŵakagwiranga nchito.
Kuyana na unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakalembeka, unandi wa ŵambura nchito ukakwera kufuma pa 8% mu 2008 kufika pa 21% mu 2009. Kuyana na lipoti la wupu wa Arab League, ilo likukolerana na ivyo vikacitika mu 2010, ŵanakazi ŵalije nchito pa 18%, ndipo ŵanalume ŵalije nchito pa 21%. Libiya lili na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵambura kuyana maghanoghano, ŵawukirano ŵanandi ŵambura nchito, kweniso vinthu vikwenda makora yayi mu vyaru vinyake. Mu 2000, ŵanthu pafupifupi 28% ŵakaŵa na maji ghakumwa yayi. Libiya likuguliska vyakurya vyakukwana 90 peresenti, ndipo mu 2012/13 likaguliska tirigu wakukwana matani 1 miliyoni. Mu 2012, vyakurya ivyo ŵakapanga vikakwana matani 200,000. Boma likukhumba kuti mu 2020, vyakurya viŵire matani 800,000. Ndipouli, vinthu vyakuthupi na vyakuthupi vikukanizga vyakurya ivyo vyakurya ivi vikupanga. Pambere chaka cha 1958 chindafike, vyakurya ndivyo vikaŵa vyakukhumbikwa chomene mu charu ichi. Pakuti mafuta ghakasangika mu 1958, vyakurya vikamba kuchepa chomene, ndipo mu 2005 vikaŵa vyambura kukwana 5 peresenti ya GDP.
Charu ichi chikaŵa mu gulu la OPEC mu 1962. Libiya ni ciŵaro ca WTO yayi, kweni vyakuti liŵe mu wupu uwu vikamba mu 2004.
Kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1980, charu cha Libya chikaŵa chinyake mwa vyaru visambazi chomene pa charu chose. Kuuyambiro wa vyaka vya m'ma 2000, ŵalara ŵa boma la Jamahiriya ŵakachitiska vyakusintha pa vya cuma kuti Libya waŵeso na ndalama pa caru cose. Mu Seputembala 2003, wupu wa UN ukawuskapo vyeruzgo pa charu ichi, ndipo mu Disembala 2003, charu cha Libya chikapharazga kuti chilekenge kupanga vilwero vya nkhondo. Vinthu vinyake ivyo ŵakacita ni ivi: Kupempha kuti ŵanjire mu wupu wa World Trade Organization, kucepeskako wovwiri wa boma, na kupharazga vyakuti boma lipange vinthu vinyake.
Ŵalaraŵalara ŵa boma ŵakajiyimira ŵekha makampani ghakujumpha 100 agho ghakaŵa gha boma kufuma mu 2003 mu vigaŵa nga nkhunozga mafuta, vyakusanguluska, na malo, ndipo 29 mwa makampani agha ghakaŵa gha vyaru vinyake. Makampani ghanandi gha mafuta ghakawelera mu caru ici, kusazgapo Shell na ExxonMobil. Pamanyuma pakuti vyeruzgo vyamara, maulendo gha ndege ghakalutilira kukura, ndipo mu 2005 pakaŵa ŵanthu 1.5 miliyoni awo ŵakendanga pa ndege. Kwa nyengo yitali, ŵanthu ŵa ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi ŵakasuzgikanga kuluta ku Libya cifukwa ca malango ghakudunjika ghakukhwaskana na visa.
Mu 2007, Saif al-Islam Gaddafi, mwana waciŵiri mulara wa Muammar Gaddafi, wakacitako mulimo wa green development wakucemeka Green Mountain Sustainable Development Area, uwo ukacitanga kuti Cirene yiŵe malo ghakwendakwenda na kusungirako maubendezi gha Cigiriki mu cigaŵa ici.
Mu Ogasiti 2011, ŵanthu ŵakaghanaghananga kuti pakukhumbikwira vyaka 10 kuti vinthu viŵeso makora ku Libya. Nanga ni pambere nkhondo ya 2011 yindambe, vinthu vya ku Libya vikaŵa viheni comene cifukwa ca "kuzerezgeka" na boma la Gaddafi. Kuzakafika mu Okutobala 2012, chuma cha charu ichi chikawelerapo ku suzgo ilo likaŵapo mu 2011, ndipo mafuta ghakaŵaso ghanandi. Pambere nkhondo yindambe, ŵanthu ŵakapanganga mafuta ghakujumpha 1.6 miliyoni pa zuŵa. Kuzakafika mu Okutobala 2012, mafuta agho ghakapangika ghakajumpha 1.4 miliyoni pa zuŵa. Kuweleraso ku mulimo uwu kukacitika cifukwa cakuti makampani ghakurughakuru gha ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi, nga ni TotalEnergies, Eni, Repsol, Wintershall na Occidental, ghakawelera mwaluŵiro. Mu 2016, kampani iyi yikapharazga kuti mu chaka chakulondezgapo yipelekenge mafuta ghakukwana 900,000 pa zuŵa. Mu vyaka vinayi vya nkhondo, mulimo wa kupanga mafuta wachepa kufuma pa 1,6 miliyoni kufika pa 900,000.
Mlonga uwu ndiwo ni msumba ukuru comene pa caru cose. Ntchito iyi yikugwiliskira nchito maji agho ghakufuma ku fuvu la ku Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System kufuma kumwera kwa Libya kuya ku misumba iyo yili ku mphepete mwa nyanja ya Mediterranean, kusazgapo Tripoli na Benghazi. Maji agha ndigho ghakupanga maji ghakukwana 70% gha mu Libya. Mu nyengo ya nkhondo yachiŵiri ya ku Libya, iyo yikamba mu 2014 m'paka mu 2020, maji ghakaŵa ghambura ntchito ndipo nyengo zinyake ghakaŵanga na suzgo.
Kufika mu 2017, ŵanthu 60 pa 100 ŵa ku Libya ŵakaŵa na njara. Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu 1.3 miliyoni ŵakulindilira wovwiri wakovwira ŵanthu.
Ŵanthu
Libiya ni caru cikuru ico cikukhala ŵanthu ŵacoko comene, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala mumphepete mwa nyanja. Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu chikukwana 50 pa square kilometre (130/sq mi) mu vigaŵa viŵiri vya kumpoto kwa Tripolitania na Cyrenaica, kweni chikukhilira pasi pa 1 pa square kilometre (2.6/sq mi) kunyake. Ŵanthu 90 pa 100 ŵaliwose ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vichoko waka, comenecomene mumphepete mwa nyanja.
Ŵanthu pafupifupi 88% ŵakukhala mu matawuni, ndipo ŵanandi ŵakukhala mu misumba yikuru yitatu, Tripoli, Benghazi na Misrata. Libiya lili na ŵanthu pafupifupi 6.7 miliyoni, ndipo 27.7% ŵali pasi pa vyaka 15. Mu 1984, ŵanthu ŵakukwana 3.6 miliyoni.
Ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala mu charu cha Libya mazuŵa ghano ŵakujiwona kuti Mbaarabu. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Berber ku Libya, awo ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero na mitheto ya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu uwu, ndiwo ni fuko laciŵiri likuru comene ndipo ŵakusangika comene mu mapiri gha Nafusa na Zuwarah. Kweniso kumwera kwa Libya, chomenechomene ku Sebha, Kufra, Ghat, Ghadamis na Murzuk, kuli mitundu yinyake yiŵiri ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Libya: Tuareg na Toubou. Libiya ni yimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene. Mu Libya muli mafuko na mafuko pafupifupi 140.
Umoyo wa mbumba ngwakuzirwa comene ku mbumba za ku Libya, ndipo zinandi mwa mbumba izi zikukhala mu nyumba zakukwana nyumba zinandi ndiposo nyumba zinyake. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵa ku Libya ŵakakhalanga mu mahema, kweni sono ŵakukhala mu matawuni ghanandi.
Cifukwa ca ici, nthowa zawo zakale za umoyo zikuzgeŵa. Ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵa ku Libya ŵachali kukhala mu mapopa nga ni umo mbumba zawo zaŵira kwa vyaka vinandi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugwira nchito mu mafakitale na mu maofesi gha munthavi.
Wupu wa UNHCR ukati mu Janyuwale 2013, ku Libya kukaŵa ŵanthu 8,000 awo ŵakalembeka kuŵa ŵalendo, 5,500 awo ŵakalembeka yayi kuŵa ŵalendo, kweniso ŵanthu 7,000 awo ŵakapemphanga malo ghakubisamamo. Kweniso, ŵanthu 47,000 ŵa ku Libya ŵakacimbira kwawo ndipo 46,570 ŵakawelera kwawo.
Umoyo
Mu 2010, ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito pa vya umoyo zikaŵa 3.88% ya GDP. Mu 2009, pa ŵanthu 10,000, pakaŵa ŵadokotala 18.71 na ŵantchito ŵa munesi 66.95. Mu 2011, ŵanthu ŵakakhazganga kuti ŵazamukhala vyaka 74.95, panji vyaka 72.44 kwa ŵanalume na vyaka 77.59 kwa ŵanakazi.
Masambilo
Ŵanthu ŵa ku Libya ŵali na ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵakujumpha 1.7 miliyoni. Ŵanthu wose mu Libya ŵakusambira kwambura kulipiliska, ndipo sukulu iyi njakukhumbikwa m'paka ku sekondare. Mu 2010, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵakumanya kulemba na kulemba chikaŵa 89.2%.
Pamanyuma pakuti charu cha Libya chajiyimira pawekha mu 1951, yunivesite yakwamba yikamba ku Benghazi. Mu chaka cha masambiro cha 1975-76, chiŵelengero cha ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵa pa yunivesite chikaŵa 13,418. Mu 2004, chiŵelengero ichi chikakwera kufika pa ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 200,000, ndipo ŵanyake 70,000 ŵakalembeska masambiro ghapachanya gha luso na maluso. Chiŵelengero cha ŵana ŵa sukulu awo ŵakusambira masambiro ghapachanya chikukura chomene.
Kufuma mu 1975, unandi wa masukulu ghapachanya ukakura kufuma pa ghaŵiri kuya pa ghankhondi na ghaŵiri, ndipo pamanyuma pakuti masukulu agha ghaŵapo mu 1980, sono masukulu ghapachanya gha vya tekinoloje na maluso ghalipo 84 (na masukulu ghapachanya gha 12). Kwambira mu 2007, masukulu ghanyake ghapachanya nga ni Libyan International Medical University ghapangika. Nangauli pambere chaka cha 2011 chindafikepo, masukulu ghapachanya ghachoko waka ghakaŵa kuti ghazomerezgeka, kweni masukulu ghanandi gha ku Libya ghakaŵanga na ndalama za boma. Mu 1998, bajeti ya vyakusambizga yikawovwira 38.2% ya bajeti ya charu cha Libya.
Mtundu
Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa ku Libya ŵakaŵa ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana ya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Berber. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake ŵakanjira mu charu ichi, chomenechomene Ŵaarabu. Kwamba mu ma 700 C.E., ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Libya ŵakasamukira ku vyaru vya Maghreb. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa ku Turkey ŵakakhazikika ku Libya mu nyengo ya Ufumu wa Ottoman.
Mazuŵa ghano, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Libya Mbaarabu, ndipo ŵanandi ŵali kufuma ku mafuko gha Ŵabedouin nga ni Banu Sulaym na Banu Hilal. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Turkey ŵakucemeka "Kouloughlis" ndipo ŵakukhala mu mizi na matawuni. Kweniso ku Libya kuli ŵanthu ŵachoko waka awo ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa ivi, nga mba Tuareg ŵa ku Berber na Tebou ŵa ku Africa.
Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Italy awo ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi ŵakaluta ku Libya mu 1947. Ŵanandi ŵakawelera ku caru cawo mu 1970 Muammar Gaddafi wati wamba kuwusa, kweni ŵanyake ŵakawelera mu ma 2000.
Ŵalendo awo ŵakugwira nchito
Mu 2013, wupu wa UN ukati ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake ndiwo ŵakukhala mu charu ichi. Pambere nkhondo ya 2011 yindachitike, ŵanthu awo ŵakagwiranga ntchito mu vyaru vinyake ŵakaŵa pakati pa 25% na 40% (pakati pa 1.5 na 2.4 miliyoni). Kwamba kale, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakufuma ku Eguputo awo ŵakasamira ku Libya ŵakasambirako vinandi.