cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Makhoti ghamu Malaŵi
Makhoti ghakumanyikwa
Pambere charu chindambe kujiyimira paŵekha mu 1964, mu 1962, khoti linyake likasintha malango gha khoti la mu 1933. Pamanyuma pa wanangwa, dango ili likasinthika zina kuŵa Dango la Makhoti Ghakale, 1962. Makhoti gha mu vigaŵa agha ghakaŵa ghekha yayi, nga umo vikaŵira na malango gha mu 1933. Dango ili likawovwira kuti mulandu uwu weruzgike mwaurunji, kweniso kuti munthu waŵe na wanangwa wa kuzenga mulandu ku khoti likuru. Dango la mu 1962 likati dango lakwendera maluso likwenera kugwira ntchito pekha usange ndakukolerana na malango ghanyake ghakulembeka. Dango ili likalongosora makora kuti pa milandu ya kuswa malango, makhoti agha ghakeneranga kulondezga malango gha malango agho ghakaŵako kale, m'malo mwa malango gha malango gha malango gha malango gha malango gha ŵanthu. Dango la mu 1963 likapeleka wanangwa wakuti ŵakweruzgika mwakuyana na maghanoghano gha khoti. Kweniso mu 1962, ŵeruzgi ŵa vigaŵa ŵakaleka kuŵa na mazaza ndipo ŵakaloŵeskeka na ŵeruzgi awo ŵakasambizgika malango.
Kufuma mu 1970, Dango la 1969 (Local Courts (Amendment) Act) likasintha ndondomeko ya makhoti. Likakhazikiska makhoti ghatatu gha vigaŵa na khoti lakwamba la apilu ilo likaŵa pachanya pa makhoti gha vigaŵa viŵiri agho ghakakhazikiskika na Dango la mu 1962, ndipo likaŵapa mazaza ghakweruzgira milandu (kusazgapo milandu yose ya kukoma ŵanthu na ya upusikizgi iyo yikakhwaska ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa). Makhoti ghanthena agha ghakaŵa gha vigaŵa viŵiri, makhoti ghakupambanapambana gha ku malo agha, makhoti ghakupambanapambana gha ku malo agha, na makhoti ghakupambanapambana gha ku malo agha. Pa milandu yose iyi, khoti ili likaŵa na mazaza pa milandu ya ŵanthu wose kweniso ya milandu ya vigeŵenga. Nangauli malango gha mulandu agho ghakalembeka mu Dango la ku Malawi, agho ghakafuma mu dango la mu 1930 ghakaŵa ghambura kusintha ndipo ghakaŵa ghakukolerana na Khoti Likuru na makhoti ghakumanyikwa na ŵanthu wose, kweni milandu yikenderanga mwakupambana mu makhoti agha. Makhoti ghakumanyikwa ghakugwiliskira nchito waka vigaŵa vya dango la milandu ivyo mulaŵiliri wa vya urunji wakalangura ndipo ghali na ndondomeko yawo. Iwo ŵakalondezganga yayi malango ghakuyana na agho khoti likulondezga, kweni ŵakalondezganga malango gha mu vigaŵa vyawo. Kanandi ŵakweruzgika pa khoti ilo ŵakasankhanga yayi.
TPulezidenti wa Malawi na Chief Traditional Courts Commissioner ŵakaŵa na mazaza ghakulongozga makhoti agha na kughanaghanirapo milandu, ndipo maloya ghakazomerezgekanga yayi kuvikilira ŵanthu awo ŵakakika. Nangauli pakaŵavya wanangwa wakudandawura ku Khoti Likuru, kweni nduna ya vyeruzgo ndiyo yikadandawura ku Khoti Likuru la Vyakudandawura. Ŵakumangalika ŵakaŵa na wanangwa yayi wa kuchema ŵakaboni. Ŵeruzgi ndiwo ŵakasankha (mu nkhani ya Chirwas, ŵakakana), ndipo ŵakapika yayi fundo zakudumura za ivyo ŵakayimbikira mulandu pambere mulandu undayezgeke. Vinthu ivi vikawuskapo fundo zinyake za urunji izo zikaŵa mu Dango la mu 1962, ndipo (mu vigaŵa vinyake) vikawelera ku malango agho ghakaŵa mu Dango la mu 1933. Kwambira mu Novembala 1971, Dango la Makhoti Ghakutemwera, likazomerezga Nduna ya vya Malango kuti yilongozge kuti makhoti ghanyake gha Chikaya ghategherezge milandu iyo waliyose panji wose awo ŵakususkana nayo mba ku Africa yayi. Dango ili likayowoyangaso kuti mulandu uliwose wa ku khoti la kaluso ungakanikaso yayi pa apilu cifukwa ca suzgo la ndondomeko, ndiposo kuti Chief Traditional Courts Commissioner ndiyo wakweruzgenge nkhani yiliyose yakususkana na dango la "kweruzga mwaurunji" kwambura kughanaghanira vya malango. Nangauli makhoti ghakumanyikwa kuti ghakulondezga malango gha ku Malawi, kweni ghakaŵa na wanangwa wa kuchita nthena mwakuyana na malango gha mu charu ichi. Pa khoti lililose pakaŵa mulongozgi, uyo kanandi wakaŵa mulongozgi, ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵatatu (ŵalongozgi) awo ŵakamanyikwanga kuti ŵeruzgi, na loya yumoza. Ŵalara ŵa makhoti na awo ŵakeruzganga milandu, awo ŵakeneranga kuchindikika na kumanya makora malango gha mu chigaŵa icho khoti ili likenderanga, ŵakimikikanga na Nduna ya vya Malango, Banda. Mubali uyo wakaŵa mulara wa makhoti ghakurughakuru na mulara wa makhoti ghakurughakuru mu vigaŵa ivi, pamanyuma pa kudumbiskana na mulongozgi wa chigaŵa cha Malawi Congress Party, ŵakamuphalira kuti waŵasankhe. Ndondomeko iyi yikawovwiranga kuti awo ŵimikika ŵachitenge vinthu mwakukolerana na fundo za boma.
Nangauli ŵanthu ŵakayowoya kuti dango ili likapangika mu 1969 cifukwa ca ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakasuskanga ndondomeko ya vyeruzgo, pamanyuma pakuti boma likutondeka kupeleka cilango pa mulandu wakwamba wa kukoma ŵanthu ŵa ku Chilobwe, kweni ndondomeko iyo yikaŵapo yikaŵa kuti yikususkika kale. Banda wakagwiliskiranga ntchito makhoti ghanandi kuti wakhazikiske ndondomeko ya malango mu Malawi. Paumaliro, makhoti ghakazgoka nthowa yikuru yakulondezgera malango mu Malawi. Mu makhoti agha, ŵapolisi ŵakaŵa na mazaza ghanandi kuluska mu makhoti ghapachanya.
Milandu Yikuru ya ku Khoti la Chikaya
Milandu yiŵiri yikuru yikulongora umo makhoti ghakumanyikwa na ŵanthu ghakaŵawovwilira kuti ŵaleke kuyowoya na awo ŵakususka boma la Banda. Panyake suzgo likuru comene ilo likapangiska kuti makhoti gha malango gha mu Malawi ghaleke kwendera malango agha likaŵa mu 1976 apo Albert Muwalo (uyo wakumanyikwaso na zina lakuti Albert Muwalo Nqumayo), Secretary General wa Malawi Congress Party na Focus Gwede, uyo wakaŵa mulara wa ŵapolisi, ŵakeruzgika kuti ŵakayezga kukoma Pulezidenti Banda. Ŵanalume ŵaŵiri aŵa ŵakakolerananga comene na ndyali za boma izo zikaŵa na nkhaza comene mu vyaka vya m'ma 1970, kweni mulandu wawo ukaŵa wakuti ŵakakhumbanga kuwiskira pasi boma ili. Banda wakayowoya kuti para munthu wakukhumba kupoka boma wakwenera kuyowoya waka, kweni pakaŵavya ukaboni wakuti munthu uyu wakachita nadi nthena. Ukaboni wakukwana wakususkana na ŵanalume aŵa ukaŵa wakuti ŵakaŵa na vilwero. Ndipouli, khoti ili likazomerezga makalata ghatatu ghambura maukaboni agho ghakaŵasuskanga ŵanalume aŵa. Kuti wamanye chifukwa cha mulandu uwu, khoti likati Muwalo wakaŵa na vithuzi vya ŵaminisitala awo ŵakachimbira ku Malawi pamanyuma pa suzgo la nduna za boma mu 1964 na mabuku agho khoti likati ghakaŵa ghakubendera boma. Khoti likati para munthu wali waka na vithuzi vya ŵanthu awo ŵakagalukira boma la Malawi, ndikuti ni muwukirano. Pakaŵaso "ukaboni" ucoko comene wakususkana na Gwede, kweni wose ŵaŵiri ŵakakomeka cifukwa ca upusikizgi. Muwalo wakapayikika, kweni Gwede ŵakamulekelera ndipo wakakhala mu jere mpaka mu 1993.
Nkhani ya Orton Chirwa na muwoli wake, Vera, nayo yikalongora kuti ndondomeko iyi njambura urunji. Paumaliro wa mulandu uwu mu 1983, ŵeruzgi ŵacoko waka awo ŵakaŵa na luso lwa vya malango, ŵakasuska ivyo khoti likadumura, kweni ŵeruzgi ŵanandi awo ŵakaŵa ŵalongozgi ŵa ndyali ŵakakana. Nkhani iyi yikakhwaska Chirwa, uyo wakaŵa loya ndipo wakaŵa nduna ya vya malango mpaka apo boma likakanizgikira mu 1964. Wakacimbira ku Malawi kuya ku Tanzania, uko wakazenga cipani ca ndyali pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa ku Malawi awo ŵakaŵa ku wuzga. Pa nyengo iyo ŵakeruzgikanga, ŵakayowoya kuti ŵakakoleka ku Zambia mu Disembala 1981. Ici, pamoza na mulandu wakuti ŵakanozga vyakuti ŵathereske boma kuwaro kwa Malaŵi, vikeneranga kuti vikang'anamuranga kuti makhoti ghakurughakuru ghakaŵa na mazaza yayi. Mulandu uwu mphanyi ukaŵa kuti uchali ku Khoti Likuru ku Malawi, kweni khoti ili likakhumbanga ukaboni wakuti wali na mulandu. Mulandu wakususkana na boma uwo khoti la Southern Region Traditional Court likadumura mu 1983, ukajintha pa malemba agho ŵakasanga apo ŵakakakika, kweniso ukaboni wa wapolisi wakuti malemba agha ghakalembeka na Orton Chirwa. Mazgu agho Orton Chirwa wakalemba, agho ŵakaghanaghana kuti ghakaŵa ghambura kulembeka, kweniso nkhani iyo wakalemba pa tepi, nayo ghakaŵa ukaboni. Ŵa Chirwa ŵakazomerezgeka yayi kuchema ŵakaboni ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake, ndipo wose ŵakeruzgika kuti ŵakomeke. Pa apilu ku National Traditional Court of Appeal, khoti lakwamba likakana kuzomerezga ŵakaboni ŵa kuvikilira, kuzomerezga mazgu ghambura kulembeka na kuzomerezga wapolisi kuŵa kaboni, ndipo ŵeruzgi ŵachoko waka ŵakazomera yayi kuti kupanga malemba ghambura kulembeka na mawoko ghakaŵa nga ni usambazi. Kweniso khoti la apilu likati nangauli makhoti ghakumanyikwa na malango ghakupambana, kweni ghakaŵa na wanangwa wa kweruzga ŵa Chirwa. Kweni Orton Chirwa wakafwira mu jere mu 1992. Vera Chirwa wakafuma mu jere mu 1993 pamanyuma pa kukhala mu jere vyaka vyakujumpha 11, ndipo nyengo zinandi wakaŵanga yekha.
Kusintha kwa mu 1994
Pa nyengo ya kusintha kwa demokilase, mu Okutobala 1993, loya mukuru wa boma wakalekeska ntchito ya makhoti ghatatu gha chigaŵa na khoti lakwamba la apilu. Kulekerathu nchito yawo kwa nyengo yitali kukaŵa nga ni para ŵamara. Pa Meyi 18, 1994, Dango liphya likati lanjira ntchito, likakhazikiska makhoti agho ghakapulikizganga milandu yakukhwaskana na malango gha cikaya. Ŵalongozgi ŵa makhoti ghakurughakuru ŵakimikika kuŵa ŵeruzgi ndipo makhoti ghawo ghakazgoka makhoti gha ŵeruzgi. Makhoti ghanandi ghakale agho ghakazgoka makhoti gha ŵeruzgi ghakaleka kugwira ntchito. Dango la 1994 likazomerezga kuti malango gha kakhaliro ndi chigaŵa chakukhumbikwa mu ndondomeko ya malango ndipo likapeleka malango gha kakhaliro agho ghangaŵa na mazaza ghachoko pa milandu ya wanangwa wa wanangwa wa wanangwa wa wanangwa wa wanangwa wa wanangwa wa wanangwa. Kweni pambere chaka cha 2011 chindafike, pakaŵavya malango agho ghakapanga makhoti agha.
Ndondomeko ya Khoti la M'zipatala ya 2011
Mu 2007, boma la Malawi likakhazikiska komiti kuti yiwoneso usange vingachitika kuti makhoti ghakulondezga malango gha mu charu ghaŵeso. Boma likati lamara kughanaghanirapo fundo izi, likapeleka dango lakuti makhoti gha mu vigaŵa ghaŵikengepo milandu yinyake. Mu 2011, khoti la ku malo likapanga makhoti gha ku malo agho ghakupwelelera chomene milandu ya kusesa kweniso kusesa. Ŵandyali na ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Malawi ŵakususka dango ili, ndipo ŵakuliwona nga ni ndondomeko ya makhoti gha Kangaroo agho ghangagwiliskirika nchito pa nkhani za ndyali. Ibrahim Matola wa United Democratic Front wakati makhoti ghapelekenge mazaza ghanandi ku ŵalongozgi ŵa vigaŵa ndipo ghangasintha kuŵa "ndondomeko ya nkhaza". Mulongozgi wa chipani chakususka John Tembo wakususka ndondomeko iyi pakuti yikukolerana yayi na demokilase ya vyaru vinandi. Chipani cha Malawi Congress Party nacho chikanena kuti ndondomeko iyi njambura kuzomerezgeka na dango. Mulara wa milandu wa ku Malawi, Anthony Kamanga, wakususka fundo iyi, ndipo wakuti Dango la Malawi likuzomerezga kuti makhoti gha mu vigaŵa vyawo ghagwirenge nchito mwakufupiskako. Nduna ya vya Malango ya ku Malawi, George Chaponda, nayo wakuvikilira dango ili, wakuyowoya kuti milandu yikuru yizamweruzgika yayi na makhoti gha mu charu ichi. Chaponda wakuti mapulani agha ngakutemweka na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Malawi, ndipo awo ŵakumususka ŵakukolerana yayi na umo charu ichi chikambira.
Dango ili likaŵa na makhoti gha vigaŵa viŵiri: makhoti gha chigaŵa agho ghakaŵa mu vigaŵa vyose 27 vya Malawi, chomenechomene ku mizi, na makhoti gha chigaŵa gha apilu. Pa mulandu uwu, khoti likuru likulongozgeka na makhoti gha cigaŵa. Khoti lililose la ku malo agha na la District Appeals Local Court liŵenge na mulaŵiliri, uyo wakwenera kuŵa loya yayi, kweni wali na masambiro ghakwenelera, wakuyowoya makora Cingelezi, ndiposo wakumanya makora malango gha cikaya ndiposo ciyowoyero ca mu cigaŵa ico khoti ili likuteŵetera. Kweniso makhoti gha mu vigaŵa ivi ghakuŵa na ŵanthu awo ŵakupeleka ulongozgi pa nkhani ya malango gha cikaya. Uyo wakuwona vya ndalama wakwenera kuŵa na vyaka 50. Makhoti gha ku malo agha ghakaŵavya mazaza pa milandu ya ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa na malo panji malo ghakukhalapo, kuhara katundu uyo wakeneranga kulongozgeka na ŵabonda, nkhani za ufwiti, panji za udindo wa mulongozgi. Ici cikovwira kuti upusikizgi ulutilire. Ŵanthu ŵakudandawura kuti makhoti gha ku malo agha, agho ghakuchemeka makhoti ghakumanyikwa na ŵanthu wose, ghakulipira ndalama zinandi chomene kuti ghamare mphindano.
Ukaboni
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Ŵanthu mu Malaŵi
Nkhani iyi yikulongosora vya ŵanthu ŵa ku Malawi, kusazgapo unandi wa ŵanthu, mtundu, masambiro, umoyo wa ŵanthu, chuma, chisopa na vinyake.
Zina lakuti Malawi lili kufuma ku ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Maravi awo ŵakafuma kumwera kwa charu cha Congo vyaka 600 ivyo vyajumpha. Ŵakati ŵafika kumpoto kwa Nyanja ya Malawi, mbumba ya Maravi yikagaŵikana. Ŵa Chewa ŵa mazuŵa ghano, ŵakasamira kumwera kwa nyanja iyi. Ŵanyake awo ŵakaŵa ŵasekuru ŵa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Nyanja ŵakasamira kumwera kwa charu ichi.
Kuzakafika mu 1500, mafuko ghaŵiri agha ghakaŵa kuti ghaŵa na ufumu uwo ukambira kumpoto kwa msumba wa Nkhotakota m'paka ku Mlonga wa Zambezi kumwera, kufuma ku Nyanja ya Malawi kumafumiro gha dazi m'paka ku Mlonga wa Luangwa ku Zambia kumanjiliro gha dazi.
Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakafumanga mu vyaru vinyake na kuwelera ku vyaru vinyake. Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, ŵanthu ŵakupambana mitundu. Ndipouli, pa caru cose pali mphindano. Nangauli pakaŵa mphindano, kweni pasono palije mphindano pakati pa mafuko, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuwona kuti Malawi ni charu chawo. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Malawi ŵakukhala ku mizi ndipo ŵakutemwa yayi nkhaza.
Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Chewa ndiwo ŵali na ciŵelengero cikuru ca ŵanthu mu chigaŵa capakati; ŵanthu ŵa fuko la Nyanja ndiwo ŵali na ciŵelengero cikuru kumwera, ndipo ŵa fuko la Tumbuka ŵali kumpoto. Kweniso, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mtundu wa Tonga ŵakukhala kumpoto; Ŵangonizi awo ŵakafuma ku Zulus awo ŵakafuma ku South Africa kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1800 ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vya kumpoto na vyapakati; ndipo Ŵayao, awo ŵanandi mwa iwo Mbasilamu, ŵakukhala kumwera kwa charu ichi. Ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghanyake awo ŵakakhalanga mu caru ici ŵakafumako ku Mozambique.
Ŵanthu
Kuyana na ivyo vikalembeka mu buku la World Population Prospects mu 2022, ŵanthu wose awo ŵakaŵa mu charu ichi ŵakaŵa 19,889,742 mu 2021, apo mu 1950 ŵakaŵa 2 881 000. Mu 2010, chiŵelengero cha ŵana ŵa vyaka 15 kukhilira pasi chikaŵa 45.8%, 51.1% ŵakaŵa na vyaka vyapakati pa 15 na 65, ndipo 3.1% ŵakaŵa na vyaka 65 panji kujumpha. Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu pa charu chose na viŵelengero vya ŵanthu pa charu chose (Census 09.03.2018).
Kafukufuku wa UN
Manambara agha ghalipo masauzandi ghanandi. Vinthu vyakupambanapambana vya UN.
Vinthu vyakuzirwa
Ku Malaŵi, vinthu vikuruvikuru vikulembeka viŵi yayi. Webusayiti ya Our World in Data yili na maukaboni agho ghakulongora umo vinthu viliri pa charu chose.
Kubaba na kubabika
Chiŵelengero cha ŵana awo ŵakubaba (TFR) (Chiŵelengero cha ŵana awo ŵakukhumba) na chiŵelengero cha ŵana awo ŵakubabika (CBR): Fertility data as of 2016 (DHS Program):
Vinthu vinyake vyakukhwaskana na ŵanthu
Chiwerengero cha anthu otsatirawa chikuchokera ku CIA World Factbook pokhapokha ngati tawonetsa zina.
Visopa
Ŵaprotesitanti 33.5% (ŵakuphatikizapo Tchalitchi la Central Africa Presbyterian 14.2%, Seventh Day Adventist/Baptist 9.4%, Pentecostal 7.6%, Anglican 2.3%), Roman Catholic 17.2%, Christian 26.6%, Muslim 13.8%, traditionalist 1.1%, other 5.6%, none 2.1% (2018 est.)
Life expectancy at birth
male: 69.33 years female: 75.59 years (2022 est.)
Ratio of medical doctors to general population
1 Doctor/65,000 Malawians
Major infectious diseases
Manyani: opa 21 March 2022, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) yikapeleka chenjezgo la ulendo wa poliyo mu Africa; Malawi sono yikuwoneka kuti yikupweteka chomene awo ŵakwenda chifukwa cha matenda gha poliyo agho ghali kufuma ku katemera (cVDPV); poliyo uyo wali kufuma ku katemera (VDPV) ni nthenda ya poliyo iyo yikaŵa mu katemera wa poliyo ndipo yikasintha mu nyengo ndipo yikuchita nga ni virasi ya mu thengere panji iyo yikuchitika mu naturel; ichi chikung'anamura kuti yingathandazgika mwaluŵiro ku ŵanthu awo ŵalije katemera wa poliyo ndipo ŵakukumana na vyoto panji vyoto vya mu mphepo, nga ni para munthu wakunyunyamura, wa munthu uyo wali na nthenda iyi (cVDPV); CDC yikusachizga kuti munthu waliyose uyo walije katemera wa poliyo, uyo walije katemera, uyo walije katemera, panji uyo wali na katemera wakukwana yayi, panji uyo walije katemera wa poliyo wakwenera kupokera katemera yumoza pambere wandalute ku charu chinyake; CDC yikusachizga kuti munthu waliyose uyo wali na katemera
Literacy
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
White Malawians
Ŵazungu ŵakukwana 7,400 ndiwo ŵali mu cigaŵa ici. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu Malaŵi mba ku England na Scotland, kweni ŵalipo ŵachoko waka awo ŵali kufuma ku Netherlands, France, Italy, Greece, Spain, Portugal, Middle East, Belgium, Scandinavia, panji Germany. Ŵazungu ŵa ku Malawi ŵakukhala ku Lilongwe, Dedza, Dowa, Blantyre, Kasungu, Mchinji, Nkhotakota, Ntcheu, Ntchisi, Salima, Chitipa, Karonga, Likoma, Mzimba, Nkhata Bay, Rumphi, Balaka, Chikwawa, Chiradzulu, Machinga, Mangochi, Mulanje, Mwanza, Nsanje, Thyolo, Phalombe, Zomba, na Mzuzu.
Ukaboni
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Marano di Napoli
Marano di Napoli ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Campania, mu charu cha Italy mu chilwa chikulu cha Yulaya (Europe).
Diest
Diest ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Flemish Brabant mu charu cha Belgium mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Patrick Kalilombe
Patrick Augustine Kalilombe (28 August 1933 - 25 September 2012) wakaŵa mulembi wa vya cisopa wa Katolika uyo wakaŵa bishopu wa Lilongwe kufuma mu 1972 mpaka 1979.
Kalilombe wakababikira ku Mua, Malawi [Nyasaland]. Mu 1958, wakimikika kuŵa wasembe pamoza na Ŵadada Ŵatuŵa, ndipo wakanjira mu sukulu ya Kachebere mu 1964, ndipo wakasankhika kuŵa mulara mu 1968. Mu 1972, wakimikika kuŵa bishopu wa Diocese ya Lilongwe ku Malawi, kweni mu 1976 pakawuka mphindano pakati pa tchalitchi na boma la Hastings Banda. Kuyana na Kalilombe mweneco, tchalitchi likasuskika kuti "likapanganga magulu ghakubendera agho ghakacitanga vinthu mwakubisilizga ndipo ghakacitanga vinthu mwakwimikana na chipani na kuleka kucindika na kupulikira Mulara wa umoyo wose". Kalilombe wakapempheka kuti wafumemo mu caru ici, ndipo wakati wawerako mu Julayi 1976, ŵakamujalira mu nyumba. Ndipouli, wakaleka yayi kuŵa bishopu mu 1979. Margaret Hebblethwaite wakati: "Vyaka vinandi vikati vyajumphapo, mabishopu gha ku Malawi ghakazomerezga kuti Kalilombe wawelere yayi".
Kalilombe wakasanga PhD ku University of California, Berkeley pambere wandambe uteŵeti wa ku Third World Lecturer ku Mission Department ya Selly Oak Colleges ku Birmingham. Mu 1987 wakazgoka Mulaŵiliri wa Ecumenical Centre for Black and White Christian Partnership.
Ŵakamulongosolera kuti wakaŵa "wakutemweka comene ku Ŵakatolika ŵa ku Britain".
Ukaboni
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Isabel Apawo Phiri
Isabel Apawo Phiri ni nkhwantha ya vya cisopa ya ku Malawi ndipo wakumanyikwa na milimo yake pa nkhani ya wanangwa wa wanalume na mwanakazi, HIV/AIDS, na vya cisopa ca ku Africa. Iyo ni movwiri wa Secretary wa World Council of Churches kufuma mu 2012.
Umoyo na masambiro
Phiri, wa mtundu wa Chewa, wakababikira ku Malawi ndipo wakakulira mu tchalitchi la Central African Presbyterian. Wali na digiri ya bachelor mu vya masambiro kufuma ku University of Malawi, master mu vya masambiro gha chisopa kufuma ku University of Lancaster ku England na PhD kufuma ku University of Cape Town ku South Africa. Ku South Africa ndiko wakamba kusambira vya cisopa ca ŵanakazi na cisopa ca wanangwa. Pa nkhani ya cisambizgo cake ca ucimi, wakasanda umo ŵanakazi ŵa mtundu wa Chewa ŵakacitiranga vinthu na cisopa cawo ku Malawi. Wakalemba buku lake lakwamba, ilo likaŵa buku lakwamba lakulembeka na mwanakazi wakusambira vya cisopa wa ku Malawi.
Ntchito
Phiri ni msambizgi. Ŵanthu ŵakumuwona kuti ni "mama" wa gulu la ŵasambizgi ŵa vya cisopa ŵa ŵanakazi ŵa ku Africa ku Malawi. Wakachitapo chigaŵa pa chiphikiro cha Circle mu 1989 ndipo wakambiska Circle ku Malawi mu 1993, ndipo ungano wake wakwamba ukachitikira ku nyumba yake ku Chirunga mu 1994. Wakakolerana na ŵasambizgi ŵanyake ŵatatu ŵa pa Yunivesite ya Malawi kuti ŵasande na kulemba nkhani za ŵanakazi. Mu 1995, wakalongosora ivyo ŵakasanga pa kafukufuku wawo wakukhwaskana na nkhaza za kugonana pa sukulu ya pa yunivesite iyi. Nyumba yake yikaŵa yakuzura na malibwe ndipo ofesi yake yikanangika. Pamasinda, ŵakamuwofya kuti ŵamufumiskenge mu mpingo wa Blantyre Synod of the Presbyterian Church of Central Africa cifukwa cakuti "wakaciskanga ŵanakazi ŵa mu matchalitchi kuti ŵapenje urunji". Chifukwa cha vinthu ivi, Phiri wakafumako ku Malawi kuya ku Namibia mu 1996. Phiri wakakhwimiskaso kuti ŵanakazi ŵaŵikike pa udindo waulongozgi wa tchalitchi ku Blantyre, ndipo wakalimbana na ndondomeko ya tchalitchi iyi ya kukanizga ŵanakazi kuŵa na udindo waulongozgi wa tchalitchi mu 1995.
Phiri wakaŵa msambizgi wa theoloji na visambizgo vya cisopa pa Chancellor College ya University of Malawi, pambere wandaŵe Professor wa African Theology na Dean wa School of Religion, Philosophy and Classics pa University of KwaZulu-Natal ku Pietermaritzburg. Wakasambizgaso ku Zomba Theological College ndipo wakaŵa mulembi wa Journal of Gender and Religion in Africa. Kufuma mu 2002 mpaka mu 2007 wakaŵa mulaŵiliri wa wupu wa Circle of Concerned African Women Theologians. Wakateŵeteraso nga ni mulaŵiliri wa Komiti ya Wupu wa pa Charu Chose ya Visopa pa Nkhani ya Masambiro na Kusambizga Ŵanthu vya Chiuta.
Phiri wakutemwa chomene vya cisopa ca ku Africa, cisopa ca ŵanakazi na HIV/AIDS. Wakaŵa mulaŵiliri wa vya cisopa wa Africa Bible Commentary, ndipo wakalemba nkhani za Ruth, Rape, The Bible and Polygamy, and Weddings and Lobola.
Mu Disembala 2017, ŵalara ŵa boma la Israel ŵakamukora pa ndege ya Ben Gurion kwa maora ghankhondi na ghatatu ndipo ŵakamukanira kunjira mu Israyeli kuti wakaŵepo pa ungano wa cisopa ku Yerusalemu. Cifukwa ico ŵakapelekera pa nyengo iyo cikaŵa cakuti "Kukanizga ŵanthu kuluta ku caru cinyake mwambura kuzomerezgeka", nangauli pamasinda ŵakayowoya kuti cifukwa cakuti WCC yikazomerezga kuti Ŵaisrayeli ŵaleke kuluta ku caru ici. Olav Fykse Tveit, mulembi mukuru wa WCC, wakalemba mazgu ghakuti "ntchinthu chambura kumanyikwa" ndipo wakati "WCC yikudandawura comene cifukwa cakuti Ŵaisrayeli ŵakususkana na ivyo WCC yikucita kuti paŵe mtende na urunji ku Ŵapalestina na Ŵaisrayeli". Mu Okutobala 2018, khoti la apilu la ku Yerusalemu likakanizga boma kuti Phiri wanjire mu charu ichi.
Mu 2018, Phiri wakawonekeranga pa chiphikiro chakuchemeka "Faith in Gender Justice" ku Nyumba ya Malamulo ya ku Scotland, pamoza na chithuzi na mazgu ghake ghakuti: "Theology ya uchimi yanovwira kuti niŵe wakugomezgeka pa nkhani ya urunji wa ŵanalume na ŵanakazi". Wakacema ŵalongozgi ŵa cisopa kuti ŵaleke kucita nkhaza pa ŵanakazi. Mu 2020 na 2021, Phiri wakakhwaskika na mabuku gha WCC pa nkhani ya kuzgorapo pa masuzgo gha umoyo na vyachuma gha nthenda ya COVID-19 na kuvikilira wanangwa wa katemera.
Landen
Landen ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Flemish Brabant mu charu cha Belgium mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Leuven
Leuven ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Flemish Brabant mu charu cha Belgium mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Benevento
Benevento ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Campania, mu charu cha Italy mu chilwa chikulu cha Yulaya (Europe).
Tienen
Tienen ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Flemish Brabant mu charu cha Belgium mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Vilvoorde
Vilvoorde ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Flemish Brabant mu charu cha Belgium mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Cava de' Tirreni
Cava de' Tirreni ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Campania, mu charu cha Italy mu chilwa chikulu cha Yulaya (Europe).
Scherpenheuvel-Zichem
Scherpenheuvel-Zichem ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Flemish Brabant mu charu cha Belgium mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Zoutleeuw
Zoutleeuw ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Flemish Brabant mu charu cha Belgium mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Portici
Portici ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Campania, mu charu cha Italy mu chilwa chikulu cha Yulaya (Europe).
Fulata Moyo
Fulata Lusungu Mbano Moyo ni nkhwantha ya vya cisopa ya ku Malawi ndipo wakuvikilira wanangwa wa banakazi.
Umoyo na masambiro
Fulata Mbano wakababikira kumpoto kwa Malaŵi, ku chigaŵa cha Mzimba. Sekuru wake, Songea, wakaŵa mulongozgi wa nkhondo. Zina lake lakuti Fulata likung'anamura kuti wakababika na malundi ghakwamba. Adada ŵake ŵakambiska mpingo wawo pamanyuma pakuti ŵandamuzomerezge mu matchalitchi ghanyake chifukwa cha kutora mitala.
Moyo wakasuzgika comene apo wakaŵa mwana. Wakakulira mu muzi ucoko wakucemeka Engcongolweni Lazaro Jere ndipo wakasambiranga ku tawuni yapafupi, Ekwendeni. Wakasambira ku sukulu ya Roman Catholic, Marymount Girls Secondary School, pambere wandambe masambiro ku University of Malawi, Chancellor College.
Moyo wakamalizga masters degree mu Christian thought, systematic and feminist theology kufuma ku University of Zimbabwe mu 1993, ndipo wakapokera PhD kufuma ku School of Religion and Theology ku University of KwaZulu-Natal mu South Africa mu 2009, pakudodoliska pa ethics, gender and religion, kusazgapo ntchito zinyake za kafukufuku ku Yale University's Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS. Wakasambiraso umo wangapharazgira ŵanthu na kuŵasambizga fundo za Viktor Frankl..
Ntchito
Moyo wakaŵa movwiri wa masambiro pa sukulu ya vya cisopa na vya cisopa pa yunivesite ya KwaZulu-Natal, ndipo pamanyuma wakaŵa yumoza wa ŵasambizgi pa yunivesite ya Malawi mu dipatimenti ya vya cisopa na vya cisopa. Kweniso wakacitako mulimo wa Tamar Campaign, uwo ukakhumbanga kumazga nkhaza za ŵanakazi na ŵana. Wakachita kafukufuku wa ŵanthu mu Malaŵi, ndipo wakagomezganga kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu banja lakwamba "ŵangamba kulamulira ŵana ŵawo", kweni wakakhuŵara chomene kuwona kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kulamulira ŵana ŵawo chifukwa cha Chikhristu. Pa nyengo iyi, caru cikaŵa pa suzgo likuru comene la HIV/AIDS, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti wacite kafukufuku pa nkhani ya kugonana. Wakafumba kuti waŵe wasembe mu tchalitchi la Presbyterian kweni "wakakanika".
Moyo wakagwiranga nchito ku World Council of Churches nga ni Program Executive for Women in Church and Society kufuma mu 2007 mpaka 2019. Iyo wakakhalanga ku Geneva ndipo wakalaŵiliranga mulimo wa "A Just Community of Women and Men". Wakachiska matchalitchi kuti ghachitenge upharazgi wa "Thursdays in Black" wakususkana na nkhaza na kukaka ŵanthu, uwo ukafuma ku gulu la Mothers of the Disappeared ku Argentina ilo likachitanga viyezgelero pa Plaza de Mayo pa Lachinayi, na Women in Black ku Israel.
Mu chaka cha masambiro cha 2016/2017, Moyo wakaŵa msambizgi wakuwona vya ŵanakazi na visopa vya ku Africa ku Harvard Divinity School, uko wakapangiska Ethic of Care kuti yovwire ŵanthu ŵavisopa kuti ŵamanye umo ŵangachitira na ŵanakazi awo ŵakuguliskika. Wakagwiraso lumoza nchito na Elisabeth Schüssler Fiorenza pa nkhani ya kusanda vinthu vya ŵanakazi. Mu chaka cha 2018, wakasankhika kuŵa mu gulu la ŵanthu ŵakujiyimira pawekha kuti ŵawonepo ndondomeko na ndondomeko za UNAIDS zakumazgira na kugega nthambuzgo.
Mu 2020, Moyo wakambiska bungwe la "Stream", ilo lili kulembeska ku US ndipo likovwira na kusambizga ŵanthu awo ŵakuguliskika.
Moyo ni yumoza wa banakazi ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakumanya vya cisopa, wakayamba ku Nairobi ndipo wakawuskaso Malawi chapter ndipo wakaŵa Secretary wa Board for Theological Studies mu 1996. Wakaŵa General Coordinator kufuma mu 2007 mpaka 2013. Kweniso ni muteŵeti wa gulu la Community Voices in Peace and Pluralism mu Africa, na Board of Life and Peace Institute mu Sweden. Ni muwusi wa komiti ya AfriAus iLEAC.
Kulemba
Moyo wakalemba buku la AfricaPraying: buku ilo likulongosora umo ŵanthu ŵangasambizgira na kusambizga pa nkhani ya HIV-AIDS. Wakalemba buku lakuti Women Writing Africa: Eastern African Region, ilo likafuma ku Feminist Press mu 2007. Wakaŵa mulembi wa magazini ya Ecumenical Review mu 2012 na International Review of Mission mu 2015.
Umoyo wa munthu
Moyo wakatorana na Solomon Moyo mpaka apo wakafwira na kansa ya chiwindi mu 1999. Wakalemba ivyo vikachitika apo wakagowokera mfumu wake..
Ukaboni
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Parma
Parma ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Emilia-Romagna, mu charu cha Italy mu chilwa chikulu cha Yulaya (Europe).
Bologna
Bologna ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Emilia-Romagna, mu charu cha Italy mu chilwa chikulu cha Yulaya (Europe).
Reggio Emilia
Reggio Emilia ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Emilia-Romagna, mu charu cha Italy mu chilwa chikulu cha Yulaya (Europe).
Rimini
Rimini ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Emilia-Romagna, mu charu cha Italy mu chilwa chikulu cha Yulaya (Europe).
Ferrara
Ferrara ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Emilia-Romagna, mu charu cha Italy mu chilwa chikulu cha Yulaya (Europe).
Ravenna
Ravenna ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Emilia-Romagna, mu charu cha Italy mu chilwa chikulu cha Yulaya (Europe).
Ercolano
Ercolano ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Campania, mu charu cha Italy mu chilwa chikulu cha Yulaya (Europe).
Morocco
Morocco, mwalamulo, Ufumu wa Morocco, ni chalo icho chili mu chigaŵa cha Maghreb kumpoto kwa Africa. Charu ichi chili na nyanja ya Mediterranean kumpoto na Atlantic Ocean kumanjiliro gha dazi. Charu cha Mauritania chili kumwera kwa Western Sahara. Morocco nayo wakukhumba malo gha Ceuta, Melilla, na Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera, kweniso virwa vichoko ivyo vikulongozgeka na Spain. Charu ichi chili na malo ghakukwana 446,300 km2 panji 710,850 km2, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakukwana 37 miliyoni. Chisopa chake ni Chisilamu, ndipo viyowoyero vyake ni Chiarabic na Chiberber. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Morocco ŵakusazgako mitheto ya ku Arab, Berber, Africa na Europe. Msumba ukuru wa Rabat ni Casablanca.
Mu chigaŵa icho ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu nyengo ya Paleolithiki vyaka vyakujumpha 300,000 ivyo vyajumpha, ufumu wakwamba wa Morocco ukaŵako mu 788. Kufuma apo, ufumu uwu ukawusika na mafumu ghanandi, ndipo ukafika pachanya chomene mu 11 na 12 C.E., mu nyengo ya Almoravid na Almohad. Kwamba mu ma 700 C.E., ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Morocco ŵakasamukira ku vyaru vya Maghreb. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1400 na 1500 C.E., caru ca Morocco cikasuzgika cifukwa cakuti caru ca Portugal cikapoka vigaŵa vinyake vya caru ici. Ŵanalume ŵa ku Marinid na Saadi ŵakakananga kuwusika na ŵamitundu yinyake, ndipo Morocco ndiyo yikaŵa charu cha kumpoto kwa Africa icho chikapona ku muwuso wa Ottoman. Mu 1631, muwuso wa 'Alawi, uwo ukuwusa caru mpaka lero, ukayamba kuwusa ndipo mu vilimika viŵiri vyakulondezgapo, ukakura comene mu vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi. Chifukwa chakuti charu cha Morocco chili pafupi na mulomo wa Nyanja ya Meditereniyani, ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakamba kukhumba kumanya vinandi vya charu ichi. Mu 1912, France na Spain ŵakagaŵa charu ichi mu vigaŵa viŵiri. Pakati pajumpha nyengo, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuwukira boma la Morocco, ndipo mu 1956, charu ichi chikamba kujiwusa chekha.
Morocco yikuphalira boma la Sahara kuti ndilo likulamulira chigaŵa cha Western Sahara, ndipo yikucichema kuti Southern Provinces. Mu 1975, Spain wakati wazomera kuti malo agha ghapelekekenge ku Morocco na Mauritania, nkhondo ya ŵasilikari yikamba. Mu 1979, charu cha Mauritania chikapoka malo agha, kweni nkhondo yikalutilira. Mu 1991, ŵakakolerana kuti ŵaleke kuwombera lumoza, kweni nkhani ya muwuso yikaŵa kuti yindamalizgike. Mazuŵa ghano, caru ca Morocco cili na vigaŵa viŵiri pa vigaŵa vitatu vya caru ici.
Zina
Lizgu lakuti Morocco lili kufuma ku zina la msumba wa Marrakesh, uwo ukaŵa msumba ukuru wa ufumu wa Almoravid, Almohad, na Saadian. Zina lakuti Marrakech likufuma ku lizgu lakuti amur n Yakuš, ilo likung'anamura "chigaŵa, chigaŵa, layizgo, chivikiliro". Lizgu lakuti amur n Ṛebbi, apo Rebbi ni lizgu linyake la Ciuta (lakufuma ku lizgu la Ciarabu lakuti رَبِّي (rabbī) "Fumu yane") likung'anamura "kuvikilirika na Ciuta". Zina la mazuŵa ghano la Marrakech mu Chiberberi ni Mṛṛakc. Mu Cithuruki, caru ca Morocco cikucemeka Fas, zina ilo lili kufuma ku msumba wakale wa Fes. Ndipouli, mu vigaŵa vinyake vya Chisilamu, nga umo vikaŵira mu mabuku gha Chiarabu gha ku Eguputo na Middle East pambere vyaka vya m'ma 1900 vindakwane, zina ilo ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito pakuyowoya vya Morocco likaŵa Murrakush (مراكش).
Zina ili lichali kugwiliskirika nchito mazuŵa ghano mu viyowoyero vinyake nga ni Chiperesiya, Chiurdu, na Chipunjabi. Zina lakuti Morocco ilo lili mu Chingelezi, lili kufuma ku lizgu lakuti Marruecos ilo lili mu Cisipanishi. Zina la Cisipanishi ili ndilo likapangiska kuti mu chiyowoyero cha ku Tuscany ŵalembe lizgu lakuti Morrocco.
Nkhani za mu nyengo yakale
Chigaŵa icho sono chikuchemeka Morocco chili na ŵanthu kwamba mu nyengo ya Paleolithiki. Buku linyake likulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa ichi kale chomene. Mu nyengo ya Paleolithiki, caru ca Maghreb cikaŵa cakupambika comene kuluska umo ciliri mazuŵa ghano. Vyaka vikwi makumi ghaŵiri na viŵiri ivyo vyajumpha, ŵanthu ŵa ku Aterian ŵakalongozgeka na ŵanthu ŵa ku Iberomaurusian. Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikulongora kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakakomeka ku Iberomaurusian "Mechta-Afalou" ŵakayananga na awo ŵakakomeka ku Europe. Chikhalidwe cha Iberomaurusian chinaloŵa m'malo mwa Chikhalidwe cha Beaker ku Morocco.
Ŵasayansi ŵati ŵasanda DNA ya mitochondrial, ŵakasanga kuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Berber na Saami ŵa ku Scandinavia ŵakukolerana chomene. Ukaboni uwu ukukhozgera fundo yakuti ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa cha Franco-Cantabrian kumwera cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Europe, ŵakasamukira kumpoto kwa Europe.
Stediyamu ya Siliva, Lilongwe
Sitediyamu ya Silver ni sitediyamu ya vigaŵa vinandi mu Lilongwe, Malawi. Pasono yikugwiliskirika nchito comene pa maseŵera gha bola, pa kilabu na Silver Strikers ya Super League ya Malawi. Sitediyamu iyi yikukwana ŵanthu 20,000.
Ukaboni
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Morocco
Nkhani za mu nyengo yakale
Mu nyengo yakwambilira ya nyengo yakale, Ŵafenikiya ŵakaguguzira kumpoto cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa na Morocco mu charu cha Mediterranean, ndipo ŵakakhazikiska malo ghakusungirako ŵanthu. Mogador wakaŵa msumba wa Ŵafenikiya mu vyaka vya m'ma 500 B.C.E. Pamasinda, caru ca Morocco cikazgoka cigaŵa ca ŵanthu ŵa ku Northwest Africa awo ŵakakhalanga mu caru ca Carthage, ndiposo cigaŵa ca ufumu wa Carthage. Ufumu wakwambilira wa ku Morocco uwo ukaŵa wakujiyimira wekha ukaŵa wa ku Mauretania, pasi pa Themba Baga. Ufumu wakale uwu (wambura kutimbanizgika na Mauritania) ukaŵa wakutowa mu 225 B.C.E. panji kumasinda. Mu 33 B.C.E., Mauretania wakaŵa pasi pa Ufumu wa Roma. Themba Claudius likapoka charu cha Mauretania mu 44 C.E., ndipo chikaŵa chigaŵa cha Ŵaroma icho chikalamuliranga na kazembe wa ufumu.
Mu nyengo ya "masoka gha mu vyaka vya m'ma 300 C.E"., vigaŵa vinyake vya Mauretania vikathereskeka na Ŵaberi. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 300 C.E., Ŵaroma ŵakalamuliranga waka misumba yichoko waka ya mumphepete mwa nyanja, nga ni Septum (Ceuta) mu Mauretania Tingitana na Cherchell mu Mauretania Caesariensis. Mu 429 C.E., apo Ŵandalyos ŵakaparanya chigaŵa ichi, ufumu wa Roma ukataya vinthu ivyo ukaŵa navyo mu Mauretania. Mu ma 530 C.E., Ufumu wa Romu wa kumafumiro gha dazi, uwo ukaŵa pasi pa Ufumu wa Byzantium, ukambaso kulamulira msumba wa Septum na wa Tingi.
Maziko ndi nyengo yoyambirira ya Chisilamu
Ŵanthu ŵa ku Berber ŵakamba kusopa chisopa cha Chiisilamu, kweni ŵakasungilira malango ghawo. Kweniso ŵakapelekanga msonkho ku boma liphya la Cisilamu. Ufumu wakwamba wa Chisilamu uwo ukaŵa wakujiyimira wekha mu chigaŵa cha Morocco, ukaŵa wa Nekor, uwo ukaŵa mu mapiri gha Rif. Wali kukhazikiskika na Salih I ibn Mansur mu 710, nga ni ufumu wa Umayyad. Pamanyuma pa kuwukira kwa Ŵaberi mu 739, Ŵaberi ŵakapanga vyaru vinyake vyakujiyimira nga ni Miknasa wa Sijilmasa na Barghawata. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti Idris ibn Abdallah wakachimbilira ku Morocco apo Ŵababasi ŵakakoma ŵanthu ŵa mu fuko lake ku Iraq. Wakakhorweska mafuko gha Ŵaberi ŵa ku Awraba kuti ghaleke kugomezgeka ku ŵachihalifa ŵa Abbasid ku Baghdad ndipo wakambiska ufumu wa Idrisid mu 788. Ŵa Idrisidi ŵakakhazikiska msumba wa Fes kuŵa msumba wawo ukuru, ndipo Morocco ukazgoka malo ghakusambizgirako Ŵasilamu ndiposo ufumu ukuru wa mu chigaŵa. Mu 927, ufumu wa Fatimid na ŵabwezi ŵawo ŵa Miknasa ŵakawuskapo ufumu wa Idrisid. Miknasa wakati wapatura ubwezi na Ŵafatemidi mu 932, ŵakathereskeka na Maghrawa wa Sijilmasa mu 980.
Maufumu na mafumu gha Ŵaberi
Kwambira mu ma 1100, ufumu unyake wa Ŵaberi ukawuka. Mu nyengo ya ufumu wa Sanhaja Almoravid na wa Masmuda Almohad, Morocco ndiyo wakaŵa na mazaza pa vyaru vya Maghreb, al-Andalus, na Western Mediterranean. Kwambira mu ma 1300, ŵanthu ŵa mafuko gha Banu Hilal ŵakasamukira mu charu ichi. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1300 na 1400, Ŵamarini ŵa ku Berber ku Zenata ndiwo ŵakaŵa na mazaza ku Morocco ndipo ŵakayezgayezga kuti ŵachitenge nga umo ŵakachitiranga Ŵalmohad. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Wattasid ndiwo ŵakaŵalondezga. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500, nkhondo ya Reconquista yikamara ndipo Ŵasilamu ŵanandi na Ŵayuda ŵakachimbilira ku Morocco.
Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500, Ŵapwitikizi ŵakakhumbanga yayi kuti ŵalutilire kuchita malonda mu nyanja ya Atlantic.
Nyengo yakwambilira
Mu 1549, chigaŵa ichi chikathereskeka na mafumu ghachiarabu agho ghakayowoya kuti ghakafuma kwa ntchimi ya Chisilamu, Muhammad. Ku mpoto kwa Morocco kukaŵa nkhondo ya ku Spain, ndipo ŵabwezi ŵa Ufumu wa Ottoman ŵakasuzgikanga kuluta kumanjiliro gha dazi.
Pamanyuma pa kugaŵikana kwa ndyali na kulimbana mu nyengo ya kuchepa kwa muwuso wa Saadi, Morocco wakakoleranaso na Alawi (panji Alaouite) Sultan al-Rashid mu 1660s, uyo wakatora Fez mu 1666 na Marrakesh mu 1668. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Alawi ŵakakhozga malo ghawo, ndipo nangauli ufumu uwu ukaŵa ucoko kuluska maufumu ghanyake mu cigaŵa ici, kweni ukaŵa usambazi comene. Pakususkana na mafuko gha ku malo agha, Ismail Ibn Sharif (1672-1727) wakamba kupanga boma limoza. Na gulu lake la Jaysh d'Ahl al-Rif (Riffian Army) wakambaso kuwukira Tanger kufuma ku ŵa ku England awo ŵakaleka msumba uwu mu 1684 na kufumiska ŵa ku Spain mu Larache mu 1689. Mu 1769, Ŵapwitikizi ŵakaleka Mazagão, malo ghawo ghaumaliro mu Morocco. Ndipouli, Ŵasipanya ŵakathereska Melilla mu 1775.
Morocco ndiyo yikaŵa caru cakwamba kuzomerezga kuti United States ni caru cakujiyimira mu 1777. Apo Nkhondo Yakwamba ya ku America yikambanga, ŵankhondo ŵa ku Barbary ŵakamba kuwukira sitima za ŵamalonda za ku America. Pa Disembala 20, 1777, Sultan Mohammed III wa ku Morocco wakapharazga kuti ngalaŵa za ŵamalonda za ku America zizamuŵa pasi pa muwuso wa boma la Morocco ndipo zizamwenda makora. Phangano la Ubwezi la Morocco na America, ilo likalembeka mu 1786, ndilo ni phangano lakale comene la ubwezi la United States.
French and Spanish protectorates: 1912 to 1956
Apo caru ca Europe cikamba kupanga vinthu vinyake, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuzunura comene vyaru vya kumpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa cifukwa ca umo vikanjiliranga. Mu 1830, caru ca France cikalongora kuti cikukhumba comene Morocco, cifukwa ca mphaka ya caru cake ca Algeria, kweniso cifukwa ca malo agho caru ici cili nagho. Mu 1860, pakaŵa mphindano pa nkhani ya Ceuta. Spain ndiyo yikathereska msumba uwu, ndipo yikapoka msumba unyake wa Ceuta. Mu 1884, Spain wakapanga malo ghakulondezgana na nyanja ku Morocco. Mu 1904, caru ca France na Spain vikagaŵikana malo mu Morocco. Ufumu wa United Kingdom ukati wamanya kuti France ndiyo yikulongozga caru ca Germany, ufumu uwu ukacita wofi comene. Nkhani iyi yikamara pa ungano wa ku Algeciras mu 1906. Nkhondo ya ku Agadir iyo yikacitika mu 1911, yikanangiska vinthu pakati pa maboma gha ku Europe. Phangano la Fez ilo likachitika mu 1912, likapangiska kuti Morocco waŵe pasi pa boma la France. Spain wakalutilira kulamulira vigaŵa vya mumphepete mwa nyanja. Mu phangano lenelili, Spain wakajilambika kuti ndiyo wavikilirenge vigaŵa vya kumpoto na kumwera kwa Sahara.
Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakanjira mu Morocco. Ŵanyake ŵakagura malo ghakurughakuru gha vyakurya, apo ŵanyake ŵakanozga vyakusungiramo vinthu na kunozga migodi. Magulu agho ghakaŵa na vilato ivi ghakalutilira kukhuŵilizga caru ca France kuti cikhozge mazaza ghake pa Morocco. Mulara wa boma la France, kazembe mukuru Hubert Lyautey, wakatemwanga comene mitheto ya ku Morocco ndipo wakakhumbanga kuti caru cose ciŵe na sukulu za mazuŵa ghano. Ŵasilikari ŵanandi ŵa ku Morocco (Goumiers panji ŵasilikari na ŵasilikari) ŵakateŵeteranga mu gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa ku France mu Nkhondo Yakwamba na Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose, kweniso mu gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa ku Spain mu Nkhondo ya pa Caru ya ku Spain na pamanyuma pake. Muzga wakamara mu 1925. Pakati pa 1921 na 1926, ŵanthu ŵa ku Berber ŵakagaluka mu mapiri gha Rif, ndipo Abd el-Krim ndiyo wakadangiliranga. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Spain ŵakagwiliskira nchito mabomba na gasi kuti ŵaleke kuzomerezga kuti charu cha Rif chiŵe na wanangwa. Ŵakaleka ŵasilikari ŵakujumpha 13,000 pa nkhondo ya Annual mu Julayi na Ogasiti 1921 pera. Paumaliro, mu 1927, ŵasilikari ŵa ku France na Spain ŵakaŵakoma. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Spain na France ŵakakomeka ŵanthu 52,000 ndipo ŵa ku Riffi 10,000 ŵakafwa.
Mu 1943, chipani cha Istiqlal (Independence Party) chikapangika kuti chiŵe na wanangwa wa kujiyimira pawekha, na wovwiri wa United States. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Morocco ŵakagwiliskira nchito mawupu gha ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga kutali na vyaru vinyake kuti ŵaŵawovwire kumazga muwuso wa ŵakoloni. Chipani cha Istiqlal ndicho chikalongozganga gulu ili.
Mu 1953, boma la France likati lafumiska Sultan Mohammed V ku Madagascar na kumupa ufumu Mohammed Ben Aarafa. Nkhaza zikuru comene zikacitikira mu msumba wa Oujda, uko ŵanthu ŵa ku Morocco ŵakasuzga ŵanthu ŵa ku France na ŵa ku Europe. Mu 1955, France likazomerezga kuti Mohammed V wawelere ku Morocco, ndipo chaka chakulondezgapo, ŵakamba kudumbiskana kuti charu cha Morocco chiŵe na wanangwa. Mu Malichi 1956, charu cha Morocco chikamba kujiyimira paŵekha. Pakati pajumpha mwezi umoza, caru ca Spain cikapeleka malo ghake ghakulongozga kumpoto kwa Morocco ku caru ciphya ici, kweni cikalutilira kuŵa na malo ghaŵiri (Ceuta na Melilla) agho ghakaŵa mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Mediterranean. Sultan Mohammed wakaŵa fumu mu 1957.
Post-independence
Pa nyifwa ya Mohammed V, Hassan II wakaŵa fumu ya Morocco pa 3 March 1961. Mu 1963, boma la Morocco likachita mavoti ghakwamba. Ndipouli, Hassan wakapharazga kuti kuli suzgo yikuru ndipo wakalekeska ntchito ya Nyumba ya Malamulo mu 1965. Mu 1971, pakaŵa ciyezgo cakuti ŵathereske fumu na kukhazikiska boma. Komiti ya unenesko iyo yikapangika mu 2005 kuti yamanye umo ŵanthu ŵakasuzgikiranga pa nyengo iyo wakalamuliranga, yikati pali milandu pafupifupi 10,000, kusazgapo nyifwa mu jele na kusunkhunyika. Ŵanthu 592 ŵakakomeka mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Hassan, kuyana na komiti ya unenesko.
Faenza
Faenza ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha Emilia-Romagna, mu charu cha Italy mu chilwa chikulu cha Yulaya (Europe).
Morocco
Post-independence
Pakati pajumpha nyengo yicoko waka, ŵasilikari ŵa Morocco na Algeria ŵakakumana ku Western Sahara. Morocco na Mauritania ŵakagaŵikana Western Sahara. Nkhondo pakati pa ŵasilikari ŵa Morocco na ŵasilikari ŵa Polisario yikalutilira kwa vilimika vinandi. Nkhondo iyo yikatora nyengo yitali yikatimbanizga ndalama za Morocco. Mu 1983, Hassan wakawuskapo mavoti agho ghakeneranga kucitika cifukwa ca masuzgo gha ndyali na suzgo la vya cuma. Mu 1984, Morocco wakafumamo mu wupu wa African Unity pakususkana na umo SADR yikazomerezgekera. Gulu la Polisario likati likakoma ŵasilikari ŵakujumpha 5,000 ŵa ku Morocco pakati pa 1982 na 1985.
Mu ma 1990, boma la Morocco likasintha vinthu ndipo mu 1997 likaŵa na nyumba ziŵiri zakulongozga. Themba Hassan II likafwa mu 1999 ndipo mwana wake, Mohammed VI ndiyo wakatorapo malo ghake. Iyo ni munthu wakusintha vinthu mwamahara, ndipo wacitiska kuti vinthu viŵe makora pa umoyo wa ŵanthu.
Mu 2002, Mohammed VI wakaluta ku Western Sahara. Mu 2007, Morocco wakavumbura ndondomeko ya wupu wa United Nations yakupeleka wanangwa ku Western Sahara. Gulu la Polisario likakana ndondomeko iyi ndipo likapeleka fundo yake. Morocco na Polisario ŵakadumbiskana na UN mu msumba wa New York kweni ŵakakolerana yayi. Mu 2010, ŵasilikari ŵakanjira mu msasa wa ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga boma ku Western Sahara.
Mu 2002, Morocco na Spain ŵakakolerana kuti ŵaŵepo pa nkhani ya Perejil. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Spain ŵakatora cirwa ico kanandi ŵanthu ŵakukhalamo yayi pamanyuma pakuti ŵasilikari ŵa ku Morocco ŵafika na kuŵika mahema na ndembera. Mu 2005, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Africa ŵakakhumba kuti ŵanjire mu vigaŵa vya Melilla na Ceuta. Ŵalendo ŵanandi ŵambura kuzomerezgeka ŵakafumiskika ku Morocco. Mu 2006, pulezidenti wa Spain, Zapatero, wakaluta ku vigaŵa vinyake vya Spain. Wakaŵa mulongozgi wakwamba wa Spain mu vilimika 25 kuti walute ku malo agha. Chaka chakulondezgapo, fumu ya Spain, Juan Carlos I, yikiza ku Ceuta na Melilla, ndipo ichi chikakwiyiska chomene Morocco.
Mu 2011-2012 ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakalongoreka mu Rabat na mu misumba yinyake kuti ŵapemphe kusintha ndyali na dango liphya ilo lingakanizga mazaza gha fumu. Mu Julayi 2011, Themba likathereska ŵanthu ŵanandi pa kafukufuku wakukhwaskana na dango liphya ilo likayowoya kuti liŵawovwire kumazga vivulupi ivyo vikachitika mu nyengo ya Arab Spring. Nangauli Mohammed VI wakachitanga vyakusintha, kweni ŵanthu ŵakalutilira kukhumba kuti vinthu visinthe. Mu Meyi 2012, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakaluta ku ungano wa ŵamalonda ku Casablanca. Awo ŵakanjira pa ungano uwu ŵakasuska boma chifukwa cha kutondeka kusintha vinthu.
Makhalilo gha charu
Morocco wali na mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Atlantic iyo yikuluta ku Nyanja ya Mediterranean. Charu ichi chili na mphaka na Spain kumpoto (mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Mediterranean na mphaka na malo ghatatu gha ku Spain, Ceuta, Melilla, na Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera). Pakuti Morocco ndiyo wakwendeska chigaŵa chikuru cha Western Sahara, mphaka yake ya kumwera yili na Mauritania.
Malire gha charu ichi ghakumanyikwa pa charu chose ghali pakati pa latitude 27° na 36°N, na longitude 1° na 14°W. Para tikusazgako Sahara, Morocco yili pakati pa 21° na 36°N, na 1° na 17°W (Chingwe cha Ras Nouadhibou chili kumwera kwa 21° na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa 17°).
Chigaŵa chikuru cha Morocco chili na mapiri. Mapiri gha Atlas ghali pakatikati na kumwera kwa charu ichi. Mapiri gha Rif ghali kumpoto kwa charu ichi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vyose viŵiri ivi mba Ŵaberi. Na makilomita 446,550 (172,414 sq mi), Morocco kwambura Western Sahara ni chalo cikuru ca makumi ghankhondi na ghaŵiri na cinayi pa vyaru vyose. Charu cha Algeria chili kumafumiro gha dazi na kumwera kwa kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Morocco, nangauli mphaka pakati pa vyaru viŵiri ivi yili kujara kufuma mu 1994.
Mapiri gha Rif ghakutambazga chigaŵa icho chili mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Meditereniyani kufuma kumpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi mpaka kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi. Mapiri gha Atlas ghakuthandazga charu ichi kufuma kumpoto cha kumafumiro gha dazi m'paka kumwera cha kumanjiliro gha dazi. Chigaŵa chikuru cha kumwera kwa charu ichi chili mu mapopa gha Sahara. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala kumpoto kwa mapiri agha, apo kumwera kuli Western Sahara, malo agho ghakaŵa ghakukolerana na Spain ndipo ghakaŵako mu 1975 (wonani Green March). Morocco wakuti Western Sahara nchigaŵa cake ndipo wakucichema kuti Southern Provinces.
Msumba ukuru wa Morocco ni Rabat, ndipo msumba ukuru chomene ni Casablanca. Mu tawuni zinyake izo zikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 500,000 pa kalembera wa ku Morocco wa mu 2014, mukaŵa Fes, Marrakesh, Meknes, Salé na Tangier.