cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Kuyambana za mphaka mu Chigaŵa cha Luapula (Zambia)
February 1965
Ku Luapula kukacitika cinthu cinyake pa mphaka, kweni palije ico cikalembeka. Pakuti sono charu cha Congo na Zambia vikaŵa kuti vyafwatuka, nkhani iyi yikaŵa pakati pa vyaru viŵiri viphya ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa ŵasilikari.
30 April 1965
Nduna ya vya masambiro John Mwanakatwe na Alex Shapi ŵakaluta ku chigaŵa cha Mweru. Ŵakapika vilwero na kuyuzgika na ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Congo (Katangese) ŵakati ŵambuka mlonga wa Lunchinda ku Chipungu. Nangauli ŵakaŵalongosolera makora, kweni ŵakaŵapa mulandu wakuti ŵakaŵa mu caru ca Congo. Zuŵa lakulondezgapo, mulara wa boma wa ku Congo uyo wakayowoyanga Chibemba wakaŵaponoska ndipo wakaŵaphepiska cifukwa ca kuŵacitira nkhaza. Ŵakambuka Lunchinda uku ŵakumanya kuti ŵakaŵa kuti ŵachali mu caru ca Zambia, nga ni umo mapu ghakulongolera. Pa nyengo iyi, ku Chipungu kukaŵavya chipatala, ntheura ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Zambia ŵakalutanga ku chipatala cha ku Mpweto. Nanga ni ndalama za ku Belgium (Belgian Congolese franc) zikaŵa zakukwana mu chigaŵa cha Chipungu, nga umo vikaŵira mu Pweto. Fundo njakuti Mwanakatwe wakaluta ku malo ghake, nga umo mapu gha Zambia ghakulongolera.
30 September 1966
Ŵadokotala ŵaŵiri ŵa ku England, a Premoli na Bratley, pamoza na ŵanthu 22 ŵa ku Zambia, ŵakeneranga kufiska kafukufuku pa nyanja ya Tanganyika pakati pa Moliro na Nsumbu. Ŵakakakika na ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Congo (Katangese) ndipo mapu ghawo ghakapokeka. Ku Congo kukaŵa nkhondo. Mapu gha ku Zambia ghakalongora kuti malo agha ghakaŵa gha ku Zambia.
November 1966
Mulembi munyake, D. J. B. Copeland, mu kalata yake ya pa Ogasiti 18, 1966, wakakumbuka ivyo vikacitika mu 1961. Ŵantchito awo ŵakatumika na De Beers Prospecting Ltd ŵakakumana na ŵalara ŵa boma la Congo kufupi na Mpweto. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakasuskika kuti ŵakaŵa mu caru ca Congo na kupenja golide mu caru ca Moba. Ŵanthu ŵakakhuŵara cifukwa ca umo mphaka yikulongosorekera.
The Police report showed that they had been arrested at the Chisenga River near Chipunelu.
30 September 1967
Foreign Affairs Assistant Secretary Lishomwa Muuka suggested the need for a boundary commission to discuss the dispute over:
Iyo wakawona kuti nchakukhumbikwa kuti wamanye usange wakunena Cape Akalunga panji Cape Kipimbi. Wakalembera kalata mulara wa boma la Britain kuti wamuphalire uko mphaka yake yili, kweni wakaphalirika kuti palije nangauli ŵakadumbiskanapo vya mphaka mu 1927 na 1933. Vikawoneka kuti ŵa ku Britain ŵakambapo yayi kudumbiskana nkhani iyi ndipo ŵakakondwa yayi usange vyaru viŵiri ivi vingaŵa pa nkhondo cifukwa ca mphindano ya mphaka iyo iwo ŵeneco ŵakavikilira kwa vilimika vinandi.
Gallatin County, Kentucky
Gallatin County, Kentucky ni malo/komboni panji nkhalwe (county) yakusangika mu boma/nthavwa (state) ya Kentucky mu charu cha United States of America ku Amelika.
Kuyambana za mphaka mu Chigaŵa cha Luapula (Zambia)
1968
Ŵa ku Congo ŵakakwesananga pa malo gha mu mphepo na wanangwa wakwenda pa Nippon Mining, iyo yikaŵa na wanangwa wa kupoka Chipushi.
Kuyowoya mwakudumura
Nkhani ya mphaka yili mu chigaŵa cha Chienge, kumpoto kwa Zambia, mumphepete mwa Nyanja ya Mweru. Mu 1867, David Livingstone wakaluta ku chigaŵa cha Nyanja ya Mweru apo wakapenjanga uko mlonga wa Zambezi ukufuma. Pamanyuma pa ungano wa ku Berlin uwo ukacitika mu 1889, ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵa Belgian, Germany, na Britain ŵaŵe na malo agho ghakaŵa pakati pa Nyanja ya Nyasa, Mweru, Tanganyika, na Victoria. Kukwambilira kwa m'ma 1870, Reichardt na Bohn, kweniso mu 1878, gulu likuru la ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku Germany awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Wissman, ŵakaluta ku malo ghakuzingilizga Nyanja ya Mweru. Ŵabelgi ŵakaghanaghananga kale za kukolonia caru ca Congo kusazgapo cigaŵa ca kumwera kwa Nyanja ya Mweru.
Gamal Abdel Nasser
Gamal Abdel Nasser جمال عبد الناصر(1918–1970)  wakawa mlala wa chalo cha  Egypt kufuma 23 June 1956	 mpaka 22 February 1958.
Kuyambana za mphaka mu Chigaŵa cha Luapula (Zambia)
Kuyowoya mwakudumura
Harry H. Johnston wakalemba mu nyuzipepara yinyake ya ku London kuti "Cape to Cairo" ni nthowa yiwemi chomene. Dipatimenti yakuwona vya vyaru vya kuwaro yikamutuma ku Southern Africa kuti wakagwire nchito na kampani yinyake yakucemeka African Lakes Company (ALC). Ŵamishonale ŵa ku Scotland awo pakwamba ŵakakhumbanga kuti Ŵaarabu ŵaleke kuguliska ŵazga, ndipo pamasinda ŵakaguliskanga na ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ndiwo ŵakambiska kampani iyi. Johnston wakaŵa Commissioner wa African Lakes Company, ndipo boma la Britain likamutuma kuti:
Ofesi ya vyaru vya kuwaro yikatondeka kumupa ndalama zakukwana kuti walongozge caru ico cikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa Britain, ntheura Johnston wakawelera kwa Cecil Rhodes, uyo wakaŵa mulara wa British South Africa Company (BSAC), ndipo wakambiska ubwezi na iyo. Wakapempha Rhodes kuti wamovwire na ndalama. Rhodes wakacita nthena cifukwa cakuti Johnston wakawoneseskanga vyakukhumba vya British South Africa Company mu vigaŵa ivyo wakeneranga kuwusa. Rhodes wakakhumbanga kuti munthazi wanganjilira mu kampani yinyake yakuchemeka African Lakes Company, chifukwa ichi chikapangiska kuti BSAC yiŵe na mazaza pa charu cha Nyasaland. Ntheura, Rhodes wakathaska ndalama zakwendeskera boma la Johnston. Johnston wakawovwira chomene kuti chigaŵa ichi chiŵe pasi pa muwuso wa Britain. Sir Johnston wakawovwiraso pakukhazikiska nchito ya boma yakwamba mu NER, ndipo pamanyuma pake Alfred Sharpe na Robert Edward Codrington ŵakayinozga.
Johnston wakaŵa na wofi chomene na umo Ŵabelgiji na Ŵachijeremani ŵakakhwaskiranga charu cha Congo kumpoto kwa Nyanja ya Mweru. Iyo wakamanyanga kuti mu ma 1870, ŵasilikari ŵaŵiri ŵa ku Germany ŵakaluta ku malo agha ndipo wose ŵakakhumbanga kuti malo agha ghaŵe ghawo. Pakukhumba kulongora kuti boma la Britain ndilo lili na mazaza pa caru ici kweniso kuti likukhumba yayi kuti Ŵabelgiji panji Ŵachijeremani ŵanjire mu caru ici, Sir Johnston wakatuma Richard Crawshay, uyo wakaŵa ciŵinda ndipo sono ni muteŵeti wa African Lakes Company, kuti wakhazikiske malo ghakukhazikika mumphepete mwa Nyanja ya Mweru mu 1890. Crawshay wakasanga malo ku Puta, uko mlonga wa Chienge ukunjira mu Nyanja ya Mweru, ndipo wakakhazikika kwenekura. Malo agho ghakaŵa kumpoto kwa Puta ku Mpweto, ku Congo Free State, ghakaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa munthu munyake wa ku Belgium zina lake Captain Jacques. Nangauli ungano wa ku Berlin ukagaŵa vyaru vya ku Africa, kweni pakaŵavya mphaka pakati pa charu cha Congo Free State na Northern Rhodesia. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Germany ŵakati ŵafika ku Tanganyika na Zanzibar uko ŵakakhazikiskanga malo ghawo, Sir Johnston wakawona kuti ntchiwemi kukumana na mulongozgi wa ku Belgium, Kaputeni Jacques. Nangauli pakaŵa ndondomeko yakuti ŵapolisi ŵa Chienge ŵambe kutumizga makalata, kweni pakajumpha waka vyaka vinayi. Pa Meyi 12, 1894, ŵakamalizga kulemba mapangano ghakukhwaskana na mphaka pakati pa Congo Free State, pasi pa Themba Leopold la ku Belgium, na Ufumu wa Britain wa Themba George.
Wakati wasanga malo gha ku Britain, Sir Johnston wakasankha kuti wasinthe zina la Puta na kucemeka kuti Puta station Rhodesia, kuyana na zina la munyawo Cecil Rhodes. Crawshay wakakhalanga ku Rhodesia kufuma mu 1890 m'paka mu 1891 apo wakafumapo pa malo agha na kuwelera ku Blantyre ku Nyasaland.
Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa cha Nyanja ya Mweru awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Africa Lakes Company ŵakaŵa Ba Bwile panji Ba Ansa awo ŵakalongozgekanga na ŵalongozgi ŵa Mpweto, Puta, Kalembwe, na Mwabu. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga nawo kumanjiliro gha dazi ŵakaŵa Ŵashila awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Mulara Mununga, Nkula, na Nshimba. Ŵarabu ŵa kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa awo ŵakaguliskanga vilwero, mafuta gha gunpowder, na ŵazga nawo ŵakizanga kuzakatiwona. Kwa kampani ya African Lakes Company, malo ghakuzirwa comene ghakaŵa Abercorn pa nyanja ya Tanganyika na Rhodesia pa nyanja ya Mweru. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Kaputa ŵakacitanga mchere ndipo ŵakaguranga vyakurya mu vigaŵa vyakutowa. Johnston wakafipanga mtima kuti Crawshay wafumapo mwaluŵiro pa malo gha Rhodesia, ndipo wakapempha Cecil Rhodes kuti wapeleke ndalama zakwendakwenda ku malo agha na wachiŵiri wake kuti wawone umo vinthu vikaŵira. Cecil Rhodes wakazomera ndipo Alfred Sharpe, uyo wakaŵa wachiŵiri kwa Johnston, wakaluta kukawona malo agha.
Apo Alfred Sharpe wakendanga mu vigaŵa vikuruvikuru vya mu chigaŵa cha Nyanja ya Mweru, kusazgapo Rhodesia (Puta post) na Kaputa, wakasanga kuti Abdullah bin Suleiman, (uyo ŵanthu ŵa mu chigaŵa ichi ŵakumumanya kuti Selemani) mulongozgi wa Chiswahili uyo wakakhalanga pa mtunda wa makilomita 60 kufuma ku Kalungwishi, wakachimbizga ŵanthu ŵa mu chigaŵa ichi ndipo wakakhumbanga kuti mizi yinyake yipeleke mchere. Kweniso pakaŵa ukaboni wakuti ŵanthu awo ŵakaguliskanga ŵazga ŵakaŵasuzganga. Wakati wawelera ku Blantyre, Sharpe wakapeleka lipoti lakudunjika kwa Johnston. Sir Johnston wakakhumba kuti malo agha ghajulikeso ndipo wakatuma ŵantchito ŵaŵiri, Kidd na Bainbridge kuti ŵatore Rhodesia na kulutilira kulongora mazaza gha boma la Britain. Ndipouli, Kidd na Bainbridge ŵakaluta yayi ku Rhodesia, kweni ŵakazenga malo ghaphya ku Kafulwe, mtunda wa makilomita pafupifupi 20 kufuma ku malo gha Puta, mumphepete mwa mlonga wa Kalungwishi, uko kukaŵa msewu wakale wakuya ku Kazembe, makilomita pafupifupi ghatatu kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Nyanja ya Mweru. Ŵakaghanaghana kuti ŵatore zina lakuti Rhodesia, chifukwa malo ghakale agha ŵakaghaleka. Kidd na Bainbridge ŵakalutilira kuteŵetera m'paka mu 1894, apo wose ŵakafwa. Ŵanthu ŵakayowoyanga kuti ŵakaloŵeka. Mu nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵa ku Rhodesia ŵakavikilirika na mulongozgi wa boma. Mkula, uyo wakumanyikwaso na zina lakuti Nsama cifukwa ca adada ŵake, pamoza na ŵasilikari ŵanayi ŵa ku Africa ŵakalembeka kuti ŵawovwire wakusonkha ndalama.
Mu 1896, Hubert T. Harrington, uyo ŵanthu ŵakamumanyanga kuti Chiana, wakapika mazaza pa chigaŵa cha Mweru. Wakasamuskika ku malo agho Dr. Blair Watson ndiyo wakalamuliranga. Harrington wakayowoya kuti Kalungwishi ni boma la malinga ghankhongono. Kidd na Bainbridge ŵakasungika pasi pa malibwe agha. Wakazenga boti lakucemeka Scotia panji Mandala, ilo likamara kuguliskika mu 1919 na kuleka ku Chienge mu 1922. Kaŵirikaŵiri boti ili likendanga pakati pa Chienge na chilumba cha Kilwa. Pali maukaboni agho ghakulongora kuti Hube Harrington wakaŵa mubali wa mbumba ya Harrington iyo yikakhalanga ku Western Province ya Zambia. Mu 1899, Nasoro bin Suleiman, uyo wakamanyikwanga na zina lakuti Chisesa kweniso wakaŵa mubali wa Abdullah bin Suleiman, wakasuzganga ŵanthu ŵa ku Ba Bwile na Shila. Harrington wakakora Abdullah bin Suleiman na kumujalira mu jele la Kalungwishi.
Siteshoni ya Rhodesia yikajalika pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya Kidd na Bainbridge ndipo yikajulika yayi m'paka mu 1907, panyake cifukwa ca kusoŵa ŵantchito. Siteshoni iyi yikawelera ku malo ghake ghakale ku Puta, Chienge nga Boma. Awo ŵakajura Boma ili ŵakaŵa J. F. Sealy na GT Wenham ŵakakhalako vyaka vitatu. Mu 1908, siteshoni iyi yikajalika chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa ntchentche. Mu 1909-10, Alfred Sharpe wakatuma Dr. J.D. Brunton, Mr. WH Jollyman ku Chienge kuti ŵakawovwirepo pa ntchito ya kulwara nthenda ya kugona.
Ŵalongozgi awo ŵakateŵeteranga mu Chienge Boma kufuma nyengo yira ni aŵa:
1910	S Hillier 1912	G H Jones 1917	PCJ Reardon and wife (January) Reardon went mad and ended up in an asylum. 1917	VR Anley and wife (August) 1918	ACJ Elworthy (October) 1919	S Hillier (December) 1920	Matthews (March) 1920	CP Oldfield (September) 1922	Wickins and wife (April) In November 1922, the station was closed due to lack of funds. In April 1925 G H Morton reopened the station
1926	FO Hoare (December) 1927	G H Morton (October) He went mad and was sent to Cape Town asylum 1929	FO Hoare (January) 1929	March, Hoare contracted black water fever and died at Kafulwe on his way to Kawambwa. 1929	JB Thomson (June) 1930	SL Langford (January) 1932	EGF Thomson (March) 1932	SL Langford (September)
Mu 1933, siteshoni ya Chienge yikajalika chifukwa cha kusoŵa ŵantchito na ndalama ndipo chigaŵa cha nyanja ya Mweru chikasazgikana na Mporokoso.
Mu 1941, kampani ya African Lakes Company yikachita kafukufuku pa malo ghakujumpha maekala 8 mu Chienge. Gulu la ALC likaŵa na famu ku Chienge uko ŵakayowoya kuti kukaŵa mkuŵa. Malo agha ghakalembeka na Luangwa concessions, kampani ya migodi, kweni ŵakasungapo yayi ivyo ŵakagomezganga.
Ellingworth na Lewis, ŵamishonale ŵaŵiri ŵa tchalitchi la Seventh Day Adventist ŵakufuma ku Chimpempe, ŵakaluta ku Ponde Mission, iyo yikaŵa ku Kalembwe. Ŵakabira mu Nyanja ya Mweru ndipo ŵakasungika ku Ponde pa Ogasiti 31, 1952.
Chienge wakawusika kufuma ku Mporokoso mu 1933, pamanyuma kufuma ku Kawambwa ndipo mu ma 1970, Nchelenge. Mulara Mukuru wa sono wa Puta (Kasoma) wakacemeka Hillier pamanyuma pa mulaŵiliri Mr. S Hillier. Mulara Puta Kasoma wakababika mu 1910 ndipo wakimikika mu 1937 pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya Puta Mulolwa.
Chienge wakaweleraso ku boma la Kaunda UNIP mu 1973.
Pambere nyengo yakwamba ya Pulezidenti Frederick J.T. Boma la MMD la Chiluba, likakhozga chomene kuti Chienge chiŵe chigaŵa chakukwana. Dr. Katele Kalumba, uyo wakaŵa muteŵeti wa pa Nyumba ya Malamulo kweniso wachiŵiri wa nduna ya vyaumoyo kufuma mu Novembala 1991 m'paka Meyi 1996, ndipo pamanyuma wakaŵa nduna ya vyaumoyo, wakafiska. Dr. Kalumba wakaŵa na vilato viwemi. Kufuma apo wakanjilira mu boma, wakakhumbanga kuti waŵe mwimiliri wa Chienge. Pa Okutobala 30, 1996, Secretary Permanent of the Ministry of Local Government and Housing wakapeleka chikalata chakuchemeka Circular No. 25/96 icho chikati Chienge ni chigaŵa chiphya kuyana na chigaŵa cha 3 cha Local Government Act No. 22 ya 1996. Pa nyengo iyi, Bennie Mwiinga wakaŵa nduna ya boma na nyumba.
Nkhani yakulondezga ungano wa Council ya Nchelenge pa 12-13 Disembala 1996 yikati chigaŵa chiphya cha Chienge ni malo agho ghakwamba kufuma ku mlomo wa mlonga wa Kefulwa pa Nyanja ya Mweru, mphaka yikulondezga mlonga wa Kefulwa mu mzere wakunyoloka m'paka apo mlonga wa Kasinga ukusanganirana. Mphepete mwa chigaŵa ichi muli msewu wakunyoloka kumpoto-kumafumiro gha dazi m'paka uko kukukumana na mlonga wa Kapako; kufuma apo, msewu uwu uli kumpoto m'paka uko kukukumana na mphaka ya Kaputa-Nchelenge; kufuma apo, msewu uwu uli kumpoto m'paka ku mphaka ya Zambia-Zaire; kufuma apo, msewu uwu uli kumanjiliro gha dazi kufuma ku mlonga wa Musungwishi m'paka ku mphaka ya Kaputa-Nchelenge; kufuma apo, msewu uwu uli mu msewu wakunyoloka m'paka ku mphaka ya Zambia-Zaire m'paka ku mulomo wa mlonga wa Lualaba uko ukufuma mu nyanja ya Mweru. Kufuma apo, mphaka yikulondezga mphaka ya Zambia na Zaire kufupi na nyanja ya Mweru m'paka ku mlomo wa Mlonga wa Kefulwa, uko yikambira.
Masiku ghakuzilwa
1798		death of Dr De Lacerda in Chienge? 1890-1		Crawshay opened the First known British colonial post and left the service of British central Africa and abandoned Rhodesia (PUTA) station as it was later named. 1893		Dr Blair Watson arrived at Kalungwishi as tax Collector of Mweru District 1895		Major Forbes visited Kalungwishi 1900-3		Dr Watson was Civil Commissioner and Magistrate 1901		African Lakes Company opened 2 shops at Kalungwishi and Puta 1902		ALC opens a shop at Kazembe 1902		R Codrington visits Kalungwishi 1906		R Codrington visits Kalungwishi 1907		Judge Beaufort visits Chienge 1908		E Averay Jones opened a station at Kawambwa 1908		ALC opens a shop at Kawambwa 1908/9		Hut tax introduced 1909		Male labour taken to Kasama and Fort Roseberry for the salt industry; to Salisbury to work in the mines; to Congo Free State and Angola to work for the border commission 1911		Mweru-Luapula district created. It included Chienge, Kawambwa and Fort Roseberry 1911		GGP Lyons was appointed District Commissioner and Magistrate of Mweru-Luapula 1911		Nsama’s line deregistered as chiefs and Mukupa’s line took over (end of the Katele wa pe Lemba rule) 1911		Mweru Marsh Game reserve established. Natives given game licences. 1922		Chienge closed for economic reasons (lack of funds) 1928/9		Hut tax removed 1929		Luangwa concession survey 1929		Indirect rule through chiefs was introduced with the Native ordinance act 1933		Chienge amalgamated with Mporokoso district under Babemba province, later to be called northern province 1936		Native treasuries introduced 1949		Ice factory built at Mulwe village. Aluminium boats, barge and 2 motorboats 1953/4		District Education Authority formed 1957		Chienge became part of Luapula province 1908 - 28	salt trading, tree cutting, fish and game 1908 - 32	Yearly census conducted by tribe of all males, females and children 1909 - 27	Cattle was owned by Chiefs Mukupa, Puta, Chiliata, Abdullah, Sefu, Malipenga and Mupini
Trees found in the area: mulombwa, nsaninga, mukula, mupa, mwenge.
Missions in Chienge
NB. These missions are listed under Rhodesia Post (Chienge) as this was before other Bomas were established. Should not be mistaken with the current administrative structures.
Nyama iyo yikasangika ku Mweru, 1908-56
Njovu, nkharamu, nkhalamu, nyalubwe, nyerere, nyerere za mu chipalamba, nyerere za mu chipa Mu 1956, malo agho ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga ghakaŵa Chisenga Island, Mununga, na Chama.
Ŵakucita maluso
Ŵakuzenga njerwa, ŵakuzenga njerwa, ŵakuŵaja mathabwa, ŵakuzenga macanue, ŵakunozga, ŵakuzenga maboti, ŵakusazga
Malonda
Somba, vyakupangira visulo, viŵiya na mphasa, hona, kupanga maboti
Abdel Fattah el-Sisi
Abdel Fattah el-Sisi (kubabika 1954) ni mlala wa chalo cha  Egypt kufuma 8 June 2014.
Risana
Risana ni ni msumba udoko mu msumba ukulu wa Johannesburg (Chigaŵa F), mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Gauteng, charu cha South Africa, ku mmwela kwa chilwa chikulu cha Afilika.
Hosni Mubarak
Hosni Mubarak حسنى مبارك (1928–2020)  wakawa mlala wa chalo cha  Egypt kufuma 14 October 1981	 mpaka 11 February 2011.
Chigaŵa cha La Habana
La Habana (Provincia de La Habana, panji Chigaŵa cha La Habana ) ntchigawa cha Cuba. Msumba ukulu ni Havana, uwoso ni msumba ukulu wa chalo.
Madambo gha Malaŵi
This is a list of rivers in Malawi. This list is arranged by drainage basin, with respective tributaries indented under each larger stream's name.
Mohamed Morsi
Mohamed Morsi محمد مرسي (1951–2019)  wakawa mlala wa chalo cha  Egypt kufuma 30 June 2012	 mpaka 3 July 2013.
Arevik
Arevik ni muzi mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Armavir, mu charu cha Armenia.
Fouad Mebazaa
Fouad Mebazaa (kubabika 15 June 1933)   wakawa mlala wa chalo cha  Tunisia kufuma 15 January 2011 mpaka 13 December 2011.
Anwar Sadat
Anwar Sadat أنور السادات(1918–1981)15  wakawa mlala wa chalo cha  Egypt kufuma October 1970	 mpaka 2 September 1971.
Zine El Abidine Ben Ali
Zine El Abidine Ben Ali (3 September 1936 – 19 September 2019)  wakawa mlala wa chalo cha  Tunisia kufuma 7 November 1987 mpaka 14 January 2011.
Habib Bourguiba
Habib Bourguiba (3 August 1903 – 6 April 2000)   wakawa mlala wa chalo wakwamba cha  Tunisia kufuma 25 July 1957 mpaka 7 November 1987.
Horitschon
Horitschon ni msumba mu boma la Burgenland mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Illmitz
Illmitz ni msumba mu boma la Burgenland mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Arazap
Arazap ni muzi mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Armavir, mu charu cha Armenia.
Isla de la Juventud
Isla de la Juventud (Provincia de Isla de la Juventud, panji Chigaŵa cha Isla de la Juventud)  na Isla de Pinos (Provincia de Isla de Pinos, panji Chigaŵa cha Cirwa ya Payina)  ntchigawa cha Cuba. Msumba ukulu ni Nueva Gerona.
Bath County, Kentucky
Bath County, Kentucky ni malo/komboni panji nkhalwe (county) yakusangika mu boma/nthavwa (state) ya Kentucky mu charu cha United States of America ku Amelika.
Chinkhwawu cha Olduvai
Chigodobo cha Olduvai panji Oldupai ku Tanzania, ntchimoza mwa malo ghakuzirwa chomene pa charu. Chigwa cha Great Rift, icho chili pa mtunda wa makilomita pafupifupi 48 kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Serengeti Plains, chili mu chigaŵa cha Ngorongoro Conservation Area mu chigaŵa cha Olbalbal mu chigaŵa cha Ngorongoro mu chigaŵa cha Arusha. Ŵasayansi ŵa ku Britain na Kenya, a Mary na a Louis Leakey, ŵakafukura vinthu vinyake mu Olduvai Gorge. Malo agha ghali pa mbiri ya charu cha Tanzania.
Zina la dambo ili lili kufuma ku lizgu lakuti oldupai, ilo likung'anamura "malo gha sidara" chifukwa sidara ya ku East Africa (Sansevieria ehrenbergii) yikukura chomene mu dambo ili. Mumphepete mwa Nyanja ya Ndutu na Nyanja ya Masek, mtunda wa makilomita 25 kufuma ku Nyanja ya Ndutu, mu dambo ili muli vyakumera vya mu Pleistocene. Mphepete mwa phiri la Lemagrut, pali chigwa china chomwe chimagwirizana ndi chigwa chachikulu pamtunda wa makilomita 8 kuchokera pakamwa. Mumphepete mwa dambo ili muli nyanja iyo yili na visomba vinandi. Para phiri la Olmoti na la Kerimasi likufuma vyoto, vikovwira kuti visomba ivi vileke kubwanganduka.
Malo agha ghakulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵakamba kuchita vinthu mwakupambanapambana, chomenechomene pakupanga na kugwiliskira ntchito malibwe. Pambere viŵiya vindaŵeko, pakaŵa ukaboni wakuti ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu viŵaya na kupenja nyama. Kuwunjika vinthu na viwangwa vya nyama mu malo ghakupambanapambana mbukaboni wakuti ŵanthu ŵakuŵa paubwezi. Vinthu vyose ivi vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakumanya vinandi para ŵakwamba kukhala na ŵanthu.
Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakaŵako ni Homo habilis, ndipo ŵakakhalanga mu Olduvai Gorge vyaka pafupifupi 1.9 miliyoni ivyo vyajumpha. Ŵanthu awo ŵakuzunulika kuti ni ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Homo sapiens, ŵakaŵako vyaka pafupifupi 300,000 ivyo vyajumpha.
Kusanga na Kupenjerezga
Mu 1911, Wilhelm Kattwinkel, dokotala wa ku Germany, wakaluta ku Olduvai Gorge, uko wakasanga viwangwa vinandi vya hachi ilo likaŵa na minwe yitatu. Munthu munyake wa ku Germany, zina lake Hans Reck, wakaluta ku Olduvai mu 1913. Ku malo agha, wakasanga visomba vya ŵanthu ivyo pamasinda vikalembeka na radiocarbon kuti vikaŵa vya m'ma 17,000 B.C.E. Ŵakapangana kuti ŵalute maulendo ghanyake ghanayi, kweni Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose yikaŵatondeska. Nkhondo yikati yamara, apo charu cha Tanganyika chikaŵa pasi pa Britain, Louis Leakey wakaluta ku Reck ku Berlin kuti wakawone viswaswa vya Olduvai. Louis Leakey wakagomezga kuti mu Olduvai Gorge mukaŵa visulo vya malibwe, ndipo wakaghanaghananga kuti malo agha ghakaŵa ghakale chomene nga umo vikaŵira ku Kariandusi ku Kenya. Mu 1931, Reck na Donald McInnes ŵakaluta na Louis Leakey pa ulendo wake. Mary Leakey wakaluta ku malo agha mu 1935, pamoza na Louis na Percy Edward Kent. Ŵa Leakey ŵakalutaso mu 1941, 1953, 1955, na 1957.
Louis na Mary Leakey ndiwo ŵakafukura na kusanga visomba vinandi vya ŵanthu mu Olduvai Gorge. Mu Julayi 1959, pa malo agha, Mary Leakey wakasanga chiwangwa cha mtundu wa Zinjanthropus panji Australopithecus boisei. Padera pa viswaswa vinandi, mbumba ya Leakey yikasangaso visulo vya malibwe ivyo Mary wakavilemba kuti ni vya Oldowan. Mu Meyi 1960, pa malo ghakuchemeka FLK North-North, mwana wa banja la Leakey, zina lake Jonathan, wakasanga chiwangwa icho chikaŵa mtundu wa Homo habilis.
Hans Reck and Richard Hay
Nangauli Hans Reck ndiyo wakaŵa wakwamba kumanya umo mphanji iyi yiliri, kweni sono tikumanya umo mphanji iyi yiliri chifukwa cha ivyo Richard Hay wakachita. Hay wakakhala vyaka 12 wakusambira vya malo gha Olduvai, ndipo wakagwira ntchito na Mary Leakey. Buku la Hay lakuti The Geology of the Olduvai Gorge likafuma mu 1976.
Reck wakamanya kuti mu dambo ili mukaŵa visulo vikuruvikuru vinkhondi, ndipo vikachemekanga kuti viŵaro vyakwamba kufuma pa I m'paka pa V. Hay na ŵasayansi ŵanyake awo ŵakugwira ntchito mu dambo ili kufuma mu nyengo ya Reck, ŵakagwiliskira ntchito ivyo Reck wakalemba, ndipo ŵakasazgirapo fundo zakupulikikwa makora. Mu nyengo ya Reck, malo ghakugona gha viŵaro vinayi ghakaŵa gha viŵaro vinayi na vya viŵaro vinayi vya Masek, apo malo gha viŵaro vinayi gha viŵaro vinayi ghakaŵa gha viŵaro vinayi.
Kalemba ka Vipata
Chigaŵa cha stratigraphic icho chili mu chigodobu ichi chili na usani wa mamita 90, ndipo chili na tuff yakuchemeka Naabi ignimbrite. Malo agha ghakutowa comene cifukwa ca maji agho ghakukhira kufuma ku Olmoti na kunyake kumwera. Pa malo agha pali viswaswa vyakale chomene ivyo vikulongora kuti vikaŵako vyaka 1.89 mya, apo vinthu vyakuzengera malibwe vikaŵako vyaka 1.7 mya. Kweniso ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito sayansi ya fission track na paleomagnetism kuti ŵamanye nyengo iyo viŵaro vikaŵirako. Vinthu vyakukumbukika vya ŵanthu na vyakuŵikapo malibwe vikusangika nyengo zose mu dambo ili. Ŵakapanga chipalamba chakuchemeka Olbalbal Depression kumpoto cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Ngorongoro.
Bed I
Malibwe ghakukhalako agho ghali pa Naabi ignimbrite, ghakukwana mamita 2046 ndipo ghali na viswaswa vya Olmoti tuff. Malo ghanayi agho ŵanthu ŵakukhalako ghakusungika makora ghali mu malo gha bedi I, FLK na FLK North-North, kweniso DK na FLK North. Malo gha DK (kwamba kwa zina la Donald McInnes kusazgako k kwa korongo) ghali na ivyo Leakey wakuwona kuti ni libwe, kweniso vinthu vinandi na viwangwa ivyo vili na vyaka vya pakati pa 1.75 mya na 1.9 mya.
Bed II
Chiziŵa cha Olduvai chili na dongo na malibwe gha mchenga ghakukwana mamita 21 mpaka 35. Ku malo agha kuli malo ghanandi ghakusungirako visomba, kusazgapo malo ghanyake agho kuli visomba vyakuchemeka chert nodule. Ŵakasanga nkhwantha za mawoko pa malo gha EF-HR (Evelyn Fuchs-Hans Reck) na TK (Thiongo Korongo). Pa malo agha pakaŵa Australopithecus boisei (mphumphu) na nyama yinyake yakuchemeka canine.
Bedi lachitatu
Malo ghakubinkha ghatuŵa chomene gha III ghali na dongo, malibwe gha mchenga, na vibumira vya mamita 6 na 10. Pali viswaswa vichoko waka ivyo vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵakaŵako.
Bedi IV
Malo gha IV ghakupambana chomene na malo gha II agho ghali kumafumiro gha dazi kwa dambo ili. Pa malo agha, maji agha ghali na usani wa mamita 5 na mamita 8. Pa malo agha pakaŵa visulo vya visulo vinayi vyakupambanapambana, ndipo pa malo agha pakaŵa visulo vya mawoko 500 (HK (Hopwood's Korongo), apo pa malo agha pakaŵa visulo vya mawoko vya phonolite na chiwangwa cha njovu (Heberer's Gully). Pa malo gha WK (Wayland's Korongo) pakaŵa chiwangwa na chiwangwa cha chiŵegha cha Homo erectus.
Mabedi gha masek
Makona gha Masek ghakupangika na vyoto viŵiri vyakufuma ku Kerimasi. Mu malo agha, ŵakasanga minjilira yinandi ya ma quartzite. Vinthu ivyo vikusangika mu ndimba za ndimba za Oldonyo Lengai ndivyo vikupangiska kuti ndimba za ndimba za ndimba za ndimba za Ndutu ziŵe zakukhora chomene. Makuni ghakale gha Lenonyogai nagho ghakupanga Naisiusiu Beds.
Mitundu ya visomba
Viwangwa vichoko waka vya Australopithecus boisei, ivyo vikusazgapo chiwangwa, chiwangwa cha chigha, na mino ghanandi, vikasangika mu viwangwa I na II, ivyo vikulongora kuti vikaŵako pakati pa 1.1 na 2 mya. Viwangwa vya Homo habilis ivyo vikusangika kanandi chomene vikasangika mu chiŵaya I na chigaŵa cha pasi pa chiŵaya II, ndipo vikukolerana na Australopithecus boisei. Viwangwa vya Homo erectus vikasangika mu vigaŵa vya pachanya vya bedi lachiŵiri, ndipo vikaŵa nga vya Australopithecus boisei, kweni vya Homo habilis yayi.
Vyakovwira vya malibwe na awo ŵakuvipanga
Mu 1951, Louis Leakey wakalongosora za makuni gha malibwe gha Oldowan. Ŵa Leakey ŵakasanga kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito visulo vya malibwe mu dambo ili, ndipo ŵakasanga malo 11 gha Oldowan mu dambo ili, 9 mu Bed I, na 2 mu Bed II. Kweniso ŵakamanya kuti chiŵiya cha Oldowan icho ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito chikaŵa chakupambanapambana ndipo chikaŵa mu viŵaya viŵiri, vitatu, na vinayi. Vinthu ivi ni viŵiya vyakuchemeka spheroids na sub-spheroids.
Bvumbwe,Thyolo
Bvumbwe ni malo agho ghakusangika mu boma la Thyolo,Chigaŵa cha Kummwela,mu charu cha Malaŵi.
Chinkhwawu cha Olduvai
Vyakovwira vya malibwe na awo ŵakuvipanga
Padera pa malo agho ŵakasoperangamo malibwe agha, mbumba ya Leakey yikasangaso malo ghanyake agho ŵakafumiskangamo malibwe agho ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito pakupanga visulo ivi. Vinthu ivi vikafuma ku Naibor Soit Inselberg, kumpoto kwa madambo. Phonolite iyi yikafuma ku phiri la Engelosen ilo lili pa mtunda wa makilomita 5 kumpoto. Gneiss wakafuma ku Kelogi inselborg 9 km kumwera kwa kumanjiliro gha dazi.:83 ¢86
Mtundu wakwamba uwo ŵanthu ŵa ku Leakey ŵakasanga, zina lake ni Zinjanthropus boisei panji Australopithecus boisei (uyo ŵakamuthya zina lakuti Paranthropus boisei ndipo uchali kudumbiskana), ukaŵa na msana wa sagittal na mino ghakuru. Vinthu ivi vikulongora kuti ŵanthu aŵa ŵakalyanga vyakumera vyakukhora nga ni vipasi, mphonje, na njere, kweniso panji vyakumera vinandi.
Tikumanya makora yayi kuti ni mtundu wuli wa ŵanthu awo ndiwo ŵakamba kupanga vinthu vya Oldowan. Vinthu ivi vikaŵako pambere ŵanthu ŵandaŵeko, ndipo vikayananga na mtundu wa Australopithecus garhi. Vyaka 1.7 miliyoni ivyo vyajumpha, ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa mtundu wa Homo erectus ŵakamba kugwiliskira ntchito vinthu vya ku Oldowan na kupanga vinthu vya ku Acheulean.
Hunters or scavengers?
Nangauli pa Olduvai Gorge pakaŵa ukaboni wakuti ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa ichi pakati pa vyaka 1.9 na 1.7 miliyoni ivyo vyajumpha. Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵakaryanga nyama yayi. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakughanaghana kuti nyama iyo ŵakaryanga yikaŵa yinandi chomene kuluska iyo ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵakaryanga. Pa vyakurya vyose ivyo vikurya chimpanzee, viŵisi 5 pera ndivyo vikurya nyama. Ndipo nyama zinandi zikusangika yayi mu vyakurya vya ŵanthu awo ŵakuŵawukira na kuwunjika nyama. Fundo iyi yikung'anamura kuti vyakurya vinandi ivyo magulu ghose ghaŵiri ghakarya vikafuma ku vyakumera. Ntheura, tingati ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵakaŵa na vyakurya vyakuyana waka. (Wonani fundo ya pakati panji kuti bridging arguments.
Pa malo agha ŵakasangapo vizwazwa vya viyuni, somba, vyamoyo vya mu nyanja na mu nyanja, na vyamoyo vikuruvikuru. Vinthu ivi vikapangika na ŵanthu awo ŵakaphyoranga viwangwa kuti ŵasange muvi, panji ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito vinthu vinyake kuti ŵajure nyama. Pakuti pali vimanyikwiro vyakupambanapambana, ŵasayansi ŵanyake, kusazgapo Lewis Binford, ŵakughanaghana kuti ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaryanga nyama panji msana uwo ukakhalapo para ŵakoma nyama. Ŵanyake nga ni Henry Bunn ŵakugomezga kuti ŵanthu aŵa ndiwo ŵakakomeranga vinyama ivi, ndipo pamasinda vinyama vinyake vikalyanga viwangwa. Nangauli nkhani iyi yichali kudumbiskana na ŵanthu mazuŵa ghano, kweni Pat Shipman, uyo wakusanda vinthu vyakale, wakalongora kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kupenja viswaswa. Shipman wakasangaso kuti viwangwa vinandi vya nyama izi vikusangika na viwangwa vya ŵanalume na vya ŵanalume. Ichi chikulongora kuti ŵanthu aŵa ŵakalondezganga nyama izi. Fumbo lakuti, kasi kupenja nyama ku Olduvai Gorge likaŵa lakuzirwa comene ni ilo licalipo.
Chipilala cha Olduvai Gorge
Mu Julayi 2019, chikumbusko cha Olduvai Gorge chikimikika pa chipata cha Olduvai Gorge kufuma pa msewu uwo ukubatana na Ngorongoro Conservation Area na Serengeti National Park (msewu uwo ŵanthu ŵakwenda pa safari). Mung'anga Joshua Mwankunda wakambiska fundo ya kuzenga cikumbusko ca malo ghakuzirwa agha, ndipo pa nyengo yeneyiyo wakacitanga mulimo wa kucenjezga na kukopa ŵalendo ku Olduvai Gorge na ku nyumba yakusungiramo vinthu vyakale; ŵasayansi ŵa paleoanthropologists Nicholas Toth, Kathy Schick, na Jackson Njau ŵakanozga na kupeleka viswaswa vya viswaswa vya ŵanthu pa pempho la boma la Tanzania. Chipilala ichi chili na viwangwa viŵiri vikuruvikuru ivyo vili pa chikhwangwani chikuru. Viwangwa ivi ni vya Paranthropus boisei na Homo habilis, vyamoyo viŵiri ivyo vikaŵako panyengo yimoza ivyo vikasangika ku Olduvai Gorge. Viwoneskero vikuruvikuru ivyo Kijo wali kupanga vili na msinkhu wa mamita 6 na uzito wa mapaundi 5,000. Ntchito iyi yikagwiranga lumoza na wupu wa Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority (NCAA).
Olduvai Gorge Museum, iyo yili pa mtunda wa makilomita 5 kufuma pa cikumbusko ici, yili mumphepete mwa canyon pa malo agho canyon yikuru na canyon yinyake yikukumana. Malo agha ndigho ghakusungirako vinthu vyakale chomene vya ku Africa.
Malo ghakusungirako vinthu vyapasi gha IUGS
Pakuyowoya za malo agho ŵanthu ŵakukhalako kale agho ghakulongora umo ŵanthu ŵakakhalira na ivyo ŵakachitanga, wupu wa International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) ukalembapo malo agha mu buku lake la "100 geological heritage sites" pa charu chose. Wupu uwu ukuti malo agho ghali ku chigaŵa cha chiharo cha charu (IUGS Geological Heritage Site) ni "malo agho ghali na vigaŵa vya charu (geological elements) na/panji ndondomeko za sayansi za pa caru cose, agho ghakugwiliskirika nchito nga ni malo ghakuyelezgera, ndiposo/panji agho ghali kovwirapo comene pakusambizga sayansi ya vya charu".
Mondeor
Mondeor ni ni msumba udoko mu msumba ukulu wa Johannesburg (Chigaŵa F), mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Gauteng, charu cha South Africa, ku mmwela kwa chilwa chikulu cha Afilika.
Grayson County, Kentucky
Grayson County, Kentucky ni malo/komboni panji nkhalwe (county) yakusangika mu boma/nthavwa (state) ya Kentucky mu charu cha United States of America ku Amelika.
Jabing
Jabing ni msumba mu boma la Burgenland mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Bell County, Kentucky
Bell County, Kentucky ni malo/komboni panji nkhalwe (county) yakusangika mu boma/nthavwa (state) ya Kentucky mu charu cha United States of America ku Amelika.
Jois
Jois ni msumba mu boma la Burgenland mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Muhlenberg County, Kentucky
Muhlenberg County, Kentucky ni malo/komboni panji nkhalwe (county) yakusangika mu boma/nthavwa (state) ya Kentucky mu charu cha United States of America ku Amelika.
Chididi,Thyolo
Chididi ni malo agho ghakusangika mu boma la Thyolo,Chigaŵa cha Kummwela,mu charu cha Malaŵi.
Kaisersdorf
Kaisersdorf ni msumba mu boma la Burgenland mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Kenton County, Kentucky
Kenton County, Kentucky ni malo/komboni panji nkhalwe (county) yakusangika mu boma/nthavwa (state) ya Kentucky mu charu cha United States of America ku Amelika.
January,Thyolo
January ni malo agho ghakusangika mu boma la Thyolo,Chigaŵa cha Kummwela,mu charu cha Malaŵi.
Cherewani, Thyolo
Cherewani ni malo agho ghakusangika mu boma la Thyolo,Chigaŵa cha Kummwela,mu charu cha Malaŵi.
Moncef Marzouki
Moncef Marzouki (kubabika pa : 7 July 1945)  wakawa mlala wa chalo cha  Tunisia kufuma 13 December 2011 mpaka 31 December 2014.
Amasia, Armavir
Amasia, Armavir ni muzi mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Armavir, mu charu cha Armenia.
Chiguma,Thyolo
Chiguma ni malo agho ghakusangika mu boma la Thyolo,Chigaŵa cha Kummwela,mu charu cha Malaŵi.
Chimvu,Thyolo
Chimvu ni malo agho ghakusangika mu boma la Thyolo,Chigaŵa cha Kummwela,mu charu cha Malaŵi.
Chamasowa,Thyolo
Chamasowa ni malo agho ghakusangika mu boma la Thyolo,Chigaŵa cha Kummwela,mu charu cha Malaŵi.
Mazgo gha ChiTumbuka agho tanandi tikughamanya chala
1 . MAZGO GHAPUSU
Mazgo ghapusu ghamu ChiTumbuka agho ŵanandi ŵanandi ŵakughamanyisiska chomene chala ni agha:
Jennersdorf
Jennersdorf ni msumba mu boma la Burgenland mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
McLean County, Kentucky
McLean County, Kentucky ni malo/komboni panji nkhalwe (county) yakusangika mu boma/nthavwa (state) ya Kentucky mu charu cha United States of America ku Amelika.
Kemeten
Kemeten ni msumba mu boma la Burgenland mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Chigaŵa cha Santiago de Cuba
Chigaŵa cha Santiago de Cuba ntchigawa chachiŵili chikulu mu Nkhaska ya Cuba (Island of Cuba).Msumba ukulu wa chigaŵa ichi ni Santiago de Cuba uwoso ni msumba uwo una vyakuchitika vinandi vya boma.Misumba inyake yakusangika mu chigaŵa ichi ni: alma Soriano, Contramaestre, San Luis na Songo-la May.
Chipho,Thyolo
Chipho ni malo agho ghakusangika mu boma la Thyolo,Chigaŵa cha Kummwela,mu charu cha Malaŵi.
Mohamed Ennaceur
Mohamed Ennaceur (kubabika : 21 March 1934)  wakawa mlala wa chalo cha  Tunisia kufuma 25 July 2019 mpaka 23 October 2019.
Kais Saied
Kais Saied (kubabika: 22 February 1958) ni mlala wa chalo cha  Tunisia kufuma 23 October 2019.
Chiriza,Thyolo
Chiriza ni malo agho ghakusangika mu boma la Thyolo,Chigaŵa cha Kummwela,mu charu cha Malaŵi.
Beji Caid Essebsi
Beji Caid Essebsi (29 November 1926 – 25 July 2019)  wakawa mlala wa chalo cha  Tunisia kufuma 31 December 2014 mpaka 25 July 2019.
Kleinmürbisch
Kleinmürbisch ni msumba mu boma la Burgenland mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Jessamine County, Kentucky
Jessamine County, Kentucky ni malo/komboni panji nkhalwe (county) yakusangika mu boma/nthavwa (state) ya Kentucky mu charu cha United States of America ku Amelika.
Edvard Beneš
Edvard Beneš (1884–1948)  wakawa mlala wa chalo cha  Czechoslovakia kufuma 18 December 1935	 mpaka 5 October 1938.
Alashkert, Armenia
Alashkert, Armenia ni muzi mu chigaŵa chikulu cha Armavir, mu charu cha Armenia.
Chisoka,Thyolo
Chisoka ni malo agho ghakusangika mu boma la Thyolo,Chigaŵa cha Kummwela,mu charu cha Malaŵi.
Lyon County, Kentucky
Lyon County, Kentucky ni malo/komboni panji nkhalwe (county) yakusangika mu boma/nthavwa (state) ya Kentucky mu charu cha United States of America ku Amelika.
Chitengu,Thyolo
Chitengu ni malo agho ghakusangika mu boma la Thyolo,Chigaŵa cha Kummwela,mu charu cha Malaŵi.
McCracken County, Kentucky
McCracken County, Kentucky ni malo/komboni panji nkhalwe (county) yakusangika mu boma/nthavwa (state) ya Kentucky mu charu cha United States of America ku Amelika.
Folopensi,Thyolo
Folopensi ni malo agho ghakusangika mu boma la Thyolo,Chigaŵa cha Kummwela,mu charu cha Malaŵi.
Emil Hácha
Emil Hácha (1872–1945)  wakawa mlala wa chalo cha  Czechoslovakia kufuma 30 November 1938	 mpaka 15 March 1939.
Didi,Thyolo
Didi ni malo agho ghakusangika mu boma la Thyolo,Chigaŵa cha Kummwela,mu charu cha Malaŵi.
Antonín Zápotocký
Antonín Zápotocký (1884–1957)  wakawa mlala wa chalo cha  Czechoslovakia kufuma 21 March 1953	 mpaka 13 November 1957.
Chigaŵa cha Guantánamo
Chigaŵa cha Guantánamo ntchigaŵa icho chilikhala chomene ku mafumilo gha dazi mu charu cha Cuba.Msumba ukulu wa chigaŵa ichi ni Guantánamo.Misumba inyake yakusangika mu chigaŵa ichi ni: Baracoa.Chigaŵa ichi china malile na charu cha US (US Nav y Base) pa Nkhuska(Bay) ya Guantánamo.
Kobersdorf
Kobersdorf ni msumba mu boma la Burgenland mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Klingenbach
Klingenbach ni msumba mu boma la Burgenland mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Goliati,Thyolo
Goliati ni malo agho ghakusangika mu boma la Thyolo,Chigaŵa cha Kummwela,mu charu cha Malaŵi.
Ludvík Svoboda
Ludvík Svoboda (1895–1979)  wakawa mlala wa chalo cha  Czechoslovakia kufuma 30 March 1968	 mpaka 29 October 1975.
Czechoslovakia
Czechoslovakia, or Czecho-Slovakia,Czech and Slovak: Československo, Česko-Slovensko chikawa chalo cha ufumu mu chigawa cha pakati cha Europe icho chikapangika mu Okutobala 1918 apo chikayamba kujilamulila chekha kufuma ku ulamulilo wa Austria-Hungary.
Kasanthulo
Kasanthulo kanandi kakugaŵika patatu mu nthavi zikulu: Kasanthulo ka ulengiwa (nthe., Kasanthulo ka umoyo, Kasanthulo ka usungunu, na Kasanthulo ka kogodoboka ), Ivi vikuŵazga Ulengiwa wakaŵiro; kasanthuro ka unthu(nthe., kasanthuro ka chuma, kasanthuro ka wongo, na kasanthuro ka ubali), iyo yikuŵazga ŵanthu na vikaya; na kasanthuro ka ndondomeko (nthe., mahara, samuzi, na fundo za kasanthuro ka chipendeskero), izo zikuŵazga mikorano ya ndondomeko, yakulamulika na ma aksiyomu na malango. Pali kususkana kuti pala kasanthuro ka ndondomeko ni milimo ya kasanthuro nadi, chifukwa yakugomezga ukaboni chara. Kasanthuro ka kugwiliskika ni milimo yogwiliska umanyi wa kasanthuro pa milimo ya vizirwa, nthe mu uzengi na munkhara.
Vilembamo vyakudanga vya Kasanthuro ka mwaka ako kakuyana na kasanthuro ka lero kakufuma ku Eguputo na Mesopotamiya kufuma vilimika vya m'ma 3000 m'paka 1200 B.C.E. Ivyo ŵakasambira pa makani ya kasanthuro ka samuzi, Ulengiwa wa m'mtambo, na Kasanthuro ka Munkhwala vikanjira na kuwumba Kasanthuro ka Unjeru wa Ulengiwa wa Chigiriki uwo ukachitikanga mu nyengo za mwaka, ndipo mwantheura kukayezgeka mwa ndondomeko kulongosola ivyo vikuchitika mu Ulengiwa wa kukhoma kutolela vyakupangiska vyamuulengiwaso vyakupimika. Mu vyaka vyakwambilira vya vyaka vyapakati pa 400 na 1000 C.E., ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakatondeka kupulikiska maghanoghano gha Ŵagiriki. Ndipouli, mu nyengo ya Chisilamu, ŵasambizgi Ŵachigiriki ŵa ku Byzantium ŵakalimbikira chomene kuti ŵasungilire vinjeru vya Ŵagiriki. Ŵakafika na mipukutu ya Cigiriki kufuma ku Ufumu wa Byzantium uwo ukambininika mu Nyengo ya Kungweruka.
Kwambira mu 100 C.E. m'paka mu 13 C.E., mabuku gha Chigiriki na visambizgo vya chisopa cha Chiisilamu vikafika mu vyaru vya ku Western Europe. Ivi ndivyo vikapangiska kuti paŵe kusintha kwa sayansi uko kukamba mu ma 1500. Mu nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵakamba kusanga vinthu vinyake ivyo vikapambana na ivyo Ŵagiriki ŵakagomezganga. Nthowa ya sayansi yikamba kuŵa yakuzirwa comene pakusambizga ŵanthu. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, sayansi yikamba kuŵa na nkharo ya ŵanthu, ndipo lizgu lakuti "nthanthi" likasintha kuŵa "nthanthi".
Kasanthuro ka mazuŵa ghano yikugaŵika mu vigaŵa vitatu vikuru: Kasanthuro ka Ulengiwa (nga ni Kusanthura Umoyo, Kusanthura visungunu na Kusanthura magobodero), mbwe iyo yiKusanda Charu chakukhoma; Kusanthura kwa ukhaliro gha ŵanthu (nthe Kasanthuro ka chuma, Kasanthuro ka vya Wongo, na Kasanthuro ka vya Umunthu); mbwe agho ghakusanthura ŵanthu na vyaru, kweniso masanthuriro gha kundondomeka (nthe kasanthuro ka vyamahara, kasanthuro ka vya samuzi, na kasanthuro ka fundo zambula kukhoma za kusanthuro ka Chipendeskero-Chilala), ivyo kukusanda Mikorano ya kundondomeka pamoza na malango na ma'akishomu ghagho.. Pali kususkana pala visanthuro vya kundondomeka ni visanthuro nadi, chifukwa yikuthemba pa ukaboni wa vinthu yayi. Kasanthuro kakukhoma ni visandiro ivyo vikukugwilira ntchito vinjeru vya kusanthura pa milimo ya kukhoma, nga ni ku Uzengi na munkhwala.
Umanyi uphya mu kasanthuro ukwiza na kafukufuku kufuma ku ŵakasanthuro aŵo ŵakuŵa na chirato chakumanya vya Charu na khumbo la kunozga masuzgo. Kafukufuku wa kasanthuro wa mazuŵa ghano wakovwira chomene ŵanthu ndipo kanandi wakuchitika na magulu gha ŵasayansi, maboma, na makampani. Ntchito yawo yawovwira kuti paŵe ndondomeko za sayansi izo zikovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵasambire vinthu vya sayansi mwa kuŵika pakwamba vinthu vya makhaliro ghawemi, vya malonda, vya vilwero, vya umoyo, vya boma, na vya chilengiwa.
Mbiri la lizgo
Lizgu lakuti sayansi likamba kugwiliskirika ntchito mu Chingelezi chapakati m'ma 1400. Lizgu ili likung'anamura "kumanya". Lizgu ili lili kufuma ku chiyowoyero cha Anglo-Norman ndipo lili na msisi wakuti -cience, ilo lili kufuma ku lizgu Lachilatini lakuti scientia, kung'anamura "kumanya, kumanya, kupulikiska". Lizgu ili lili kufuma ku lizgu Lachilatini lakuti sciens, ilo likung'anamura "kumanya", ndipo likufuma ku lizgu Lachilatini lakuti sciō, lizgu lakuti scīre, ilo likung'anamura "kumanya".
Pali vigomezgo vyakupambana vyakukhwaskana na uko kuli kufuma lizgu lakuti sayansi. Fundo yimoza njakuti vingaŵa kuti vikamba mu ciyowoyero ico cikucemeka Proto-Italic nga ni *skije- panji *skijo-, ico cikung'anamura "kumanya". Lizgu ili likwenera kuti likafuma ku chiyowoyero chinyake chakale chomene chakuchemeka Proto-Indo-European. Fundo yinyake njakuti lizgu lakuti "sayansi" likwenera kuti likafuma ku lizgu linyake lakuti "nescire", ilo likung'anamura "kumanya yayi". Lizgu lakuti "nescire" likwenera kuti lili kufuma ku chiyowoyero cha Indo-European nga ni *sekH- mu Chilatini "secare", kung'anamura "kudumura".
Klement Gottwald
Klement Gottwald (1896–1953)  wakawa mlala wa chalo cha  Czechoslovakia kufuma 14 June 1948	 mpaka 14 March 1953.
Kalimbuka,Thyolo
Kalimbuka ni malo agho ghakusangika mu boma la Thyolo,Chigaŵa cha Kummwela,mu charu cha Malaŵi.
Kasanthulo
Mbiri yakudanga
Apo ŵanthu ŵakamba kulemba vinthu mu vyaru vyakale nga ni Eguputo na Mesopotamiya (pakati pa 3000 na 1200 B.C.E.), tikamba kusanga ukaboni wakulongora kuti vinthu vikachitikanga. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵakale ŵa ku Eguputo na Mesopotamiya ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito yayi mazgu ghakuti "Kasanthuro" na "chilengiwa", kweni ŵakachita vinandi kuti ŵasambizge ŵanthu ŵa ku Greece na ku Middle Ages. Ŵakaŵa ŵaluso chomene pa nkhani ya masamu, sayansi ya vya mu mlengalenga, na munkhwala.
Mwachiyelezgero, Ŵaeguputo ŵakwambilira ŵakamba kuŵerenga manambara kufuma pa 10 B.C.E., ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito masamu kuti ŵamazge masuzgo. Kweniso ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito minkhwala yakuchizgira na vinthu vyamasalamusi nga ni malurombo. Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira aŵa ndiwo ŵakambiska Kasanthuro iyo yikalutilira kukura.
Kohfidisch
Kohfidisch ni msumba mu boma la Burgenland mu charu cha Austria mu chilwa chikulu cha Ulaya (Europe).
Kasanthulo
Mbiri yakudanga
Ŵanthu ŵakele ŵaku Mesopotamiya ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito umanyi wa maunenesko gha visungunu vyakupambanapambana kuti ŵapangire vinthu nga ni vyakuumba, faience, gilasi, sopo, visulo, plastara wa lime, na kuvikilila vinthu kwa maji. Ŵakasambiranga vya nyama, umo vikuŵira, nkharo, na nyenyezi kuti ŵamanye ivyo vikuchitika. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Mesopotamiya ŵakakhumbanga chomene vya munkhwala ndipo mabuku ghakwambilira gha munthavi gha mu Sumeria ghakalembeka mu nyengo ya ufumu wachitatu wa Uri.
Nyengo za mwaka
Mu nyengo yakale, pakaŵavya munthu uyo wakaŵa wasayansi wa mazuŵa ghano. M'malo mwake, ŵanthu ŵakusambira chomene, awo kanandi ŵakaŵa ŵanthu ŵakuzirwa, ŵakasambiranga vinthu vyakupambanapambana vya chilengiwa para ŵali na nyengo.
Pambere ŵasayansi awo ŵakaŵa pambere Socrates wandababike ŵandambe kuyowoya kuti "phusis" panji "chilengiwa", mazgu agha ghakayowoyanga za kukura kwa vyakumera na mitheto ya fuko linyake pakusopa chiuta. Lekani ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti ŵanthu aŵa ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵakwamba kuŵa na vinjeru vyaunenesko, chifukwa ndiwo ŵakamba kupambaniska pakati pa "chilengiwa" na "malango". Ŵakawonanga na kusanda vinthu ivyo vikucitika mu cilengiwa ndipo ŵakamanya kuti vikupambana na mitheto ya ŵanthu.