cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Santa Cruz de Tenerife
Tarih
Kastilya Krallığı adına Kanarya Adalarını fetheden İspanyol asker Alonso Fernández de Lugo tarafından Real de la Santa Cruz adıyla haç dikilerek kutsandı. Bu haç Iglesia de la Concepción adlı kilisede tutulur ve her yıl 3 Mayıstaki Haç Gününde tören için çıkartılır. İspanyollar fethetmek üzere 1494 nisanında 2000 piyade ve 200 atlı ile adayı işgal ettiler. Adanın yerli halkı Guançeler ile işgalci İspanyol askerleri arasında Birinci Acentejo Savaşı patlak verdi. İyi silahlanmış eğitimli bir orduyla 1495 yılında Tenerife'ye geri dönen Alonso Guançeleri yenerek şehri fetheder.
Daha sonra şehir, Kanarya Adaları'nın ana limanı ve tüm Atlantik Okyanusu'ndaki en önemli limanlardan biri haline geldi.
Demografi
Santa Cruz de Tenerife belediye sınırları içinde nüfusu (2013 tahmini itibarıyla) 206,593 kişidir ve nüfus yoğunluğu 1,400 kişi/km² olur. Kentle birleşik varoşları ile şehirsel bölge nüfusu 538,000 kişidir. Santa Cruz de Tenerife belediye sınırları içinde nüfusun gelişmesi şu gösterimde izlenebilir:
Cümbüş
Cümbüş, Zeynel Abidin Cümbüş tarafından 20. yüzyıl başlarında geliştirilmiş olan telli bir müzik aletidir. Sap kısmı gövde ile bağlandığı noktadan ayrılabilmektedir. Bu şekilde yalnız telleri değiştirilerek mandolin, gitar gibi birçok enstrümana çevrilebilir. Genel yapısı banjoya ve uda benzer. Gövdesinin bazı kısımları alüminyumdan yapılır. Göğüs tahtası deriden bir sazla kaplıdır. Diğer telli sazlar gibi mızrapla çalınır.
Santa Cruz de Tenerife
Kardeş şehirler
Santa Cruz de Tenerife'nin şu şehirlerle kardeş şehir ilişkisi bulunmaktadır:
Cümbüş
Görünüm
Teknesi yuvarlaktır ve metaldendir. 12 teli vardır (yani altı çift tel). Sapı perdesizdir. Teller çeliktendir.
Santa Cruz de Tenerife
Karnaval
Her yıl düzenlenen Santa Cruz Karnavalı (İspanyolca: Carnaval de Santa Cruz de Tenerife), şehrin en çok ilgi. O dünyanın ikinci büyük karnaval olmanın bir üne sahiptir.
Resimler
Santa Cruz de Tenerife
How Would You Like to Be the Ice Man?
How Would You Like to Be the Ice Man?, 1899 yılı Amerika Birleşik Devletleri yapımı komedi türünde sessiz film. Filme aynı adlı bir şarkının adı verilmiştir.
Vandallar Savaşı
Vandallar Savaşı, Haziran 533 - Mart 534 döneminde Bizans İmparatorluğu ile Vandal Krallığı arasında yapılan, Vandal Krallığı'nın yenilip ortadan kaldırılması ile sonuçlanan ve çoğunluğu modern Tunus'ta yer alan savaştır. Bu savaş kendini tüm Roma İmparatoru olarak gören Bizans İmparatoru (veya Doğu Roma İmparatoru) I. Justinianus'un Batı Roma İmparatorluğu'nun batıdaki arazileri tekrar eski sınırlarına kadar eline geçirmek amacı ile giriştiği bir seri muharebeden oluşan savaşların ilki idi.
Germen asıllı olup Kavimler Göçü sırasında Avrupa'da İspanya'ya göç eden Vandallar Batı Roma İmparatorluğu elinde bulunan Kuzey Afrika'ya (özellikle eski Kartaca ve modern Tunus'a) 5. yüzyıl başında göçüp; bu arazileri ellerine geçirip burada Kartaca merkezli bir bağımsız Vandal Krallığı kurmuşlardı. Vandal Krallığı'nın ilk kralı olan Genserik gayet güçlü bir donanma kurup donattı. Bu güçlü donanma ile Akdeniz sahillerine korsan saldırıları düzenlemeye başladı. 465'te bu donanma ile Roma şehrini vurdu ve talan etti. 468 kendisine saldırmak amacı ile imparatorluğun hazırladığı gayet büyük bir istila ordusunu mağlup edip dağıttı. Genserik'in ölümünden sonra Doğu Roma İmparatorluğu ile Vandal Krallığı arasındaki ilişkiler daha barışçıl oldu. Ancak Vandalların İsa'nın tanrısallığının inkâr eden Aryanizm mezhebine gayet koyu bir inançla bağlanmaları ve bu mezhebe karşı Kalkedon Konsili ile ortaya çıkmış Hristiyanlığa inanan bu arazilerde yerleşmiş olan halka zaman zaman din değiştirmek için dinsel baskılar ve zulümler yapmaları dolayısıyla Vandallar ve Bizans İmparatorluğu'nun arası çatışmalı idi.
Justinianus 532'de doğuda Sasaniler'e karşı imparatorluk sınırlarını güvenceye alabilmişti. Kuzey Afrika'daki Vandal Krallığı'na saldırıda bulunmak ve onların yönettiği arazileri tekrar Roma idaresi altına almak hedefi idi. Bunun için birçok yeni ticari asker kaydederek bir sefer ordusu hazırlamaya başladı ve bu ordu komutanlığına kendine yakın olan Belisarius'u getirdi. Bu sırada I. Justinianus teşviki ve hatta direkt desteği ile Vandal Krallığı'nın uçlarında bulunan Trablusgarp Eyaleti ve Sardinya Adası Kartaca'daki merkezi idareye karşı isyana başladı. Bu isyanlarla uğraşıp bunları bastırmak için yeni kral Gelimer Vandal donanmasının büyük bir filosunu ve ordunun büyük bir kısmını kardeşi Tzazon komutasına vererek bu eyaletlere gönderdi. Bu ayaklanmalarla uğraşmakta olan Vandal kralının Bizanslıların savaş hazırlıklarından dikkatini ayırmasına neden olduğu gibi ayaklanmayı bastırmak için gönderilen deniz filosu ve ordu kısmı Vandal Krallığı'nın Bizans ordu ve donanmasına karşı savunma gücünü epeyce zayıflattı.
Bizans İmparatorluğu'nun Vandal Krallığı'nı istila etme sefer ordusu ve donanması Konstantinopolis'ten Haziran 533 sonlarında ayrıldı. Bu sefer donanması ve ordusu ve Yunan yarımadası kıyılarından güney İtalya sahillerinden dolanarak Kartaca'ya yakın Afrika sahiline "Kaputvada" mevkine Eylül başında erişip karaya çıkmaya başladı. Bu çıkartma Vandal Kralı Gelimer'e büyük bir sürpriz oldu. Vandal Kralı Gelimer geride kalan ordusu yanında, Kartaca ve etrafından yeni asker topladı ve Bizans ordusu ile 13 Eylül 533'te Kartaca yakınlarında Ad Decimum Muharebesi'ne girişti. Bu muharabeden önce Kral Gelimer gayet ayrıntılı bir plan yaparak, kardeşlerini iki koldan yanlardan düşmanın arkasına geçirip Bizans ordusu sarmaya almak ve imha etmeyi öngörmüştü. Fakat Bizans ordusunun Hun asıllı ticari askerlerden oluşan bir güçlü birliği bu iki kola sırayla üstün gelerek ve komutanlarını öldürerek bu planın uygulanmasını önlediler. Gelimer ve Vandal ordusu Kartaca'yı da Bizanslılara bırakarak kaçtı.
Tam bu sırada kralın kardeşi Tzazon Sardinya'dan ordusu ile Tunus'a döndü. Vandallar Kral Gelimer ve kardeşi Tzazon komutasında Aralık'ta tekrar Kartaca'ya doğru ilerlemeye başladılar. Bizanslılar ordusu ve Vandal Krallığı ordusu bu sefer Kartaca'nın 50 km batısında Tricamarum Muharebesi'ne giriştiler. Bizans süvarileri yaptıkları taarruzların üçüncüsünde kralın kardeşi ve ortak Vandal komutanı olan Tzazon'u öldürdüler. Moralini kaybeden Kral Gelimer muharabe meydanından kaçarak bir uzak ve sapa yollu bir dağ kalesine sığındı. Burada Bizans güçleri tarafında blokaja uğratıldı. 534 ilkbaharında Vandal Kralı Gelimer Bizans güçlerine teslim oldu.
Belisarius eline geçirmiş olduğu Vandal Krallığı hazinesi ve esir olmuş Vandal Kralı Gelimer ile birlikte Konstantinopolis'e geri döndü. Kendisine gayet şatafatlı antik Roma usulü bir "Zafer Alayı" tertip edildi. Eski antik Roma eyaleti olan Kuzey Afrika'nın Vandal Krallığı yönetimi altında bulunan kısmı Bizans İmparatorluğu'na bağlandı ve "Afrika praetoria idaresi" adı verilerek bir Bizans eyaleti oldu.
Vandal Krallığı'nın kurulması
<!-- Bati Roma İmparatorluğu'nun tedricen çökmesi ve yıkılması sureci içinde 5. yüzyıl başlarında Germen asıllı Vandallar kavmi ve onlara yakından bağlı Alanlalr kavmi Batı Roma İmparatorluğu'na hukuken feodarati olarak tabi bir devlet olarak ama gerçekte bağımsız olarak İber Yarımadası'na giocup yerlesip bir Vandallar devleti kurmuşlardı.
429'da Roma "Afrika Ust-Eyaleti (dioecēsis)" Romalı valisi olan Bonifacius imparatorluk süresi 425-455 döneminde Bati Roma İmparatoru olan III. Valentinian'a (karşı isyan bayrağı açtı. Batı Roma İmparatorluk orduları hükmü altında olduğu arazilerini tekrar istila edip geri almasından korkan Bonifacius İber Yarımadası'nda Kral Geiseric]] krallık yaptığı Romalılardan yarı bağımsız olan Vandallar'dan yardım istedi. Bu yardımı sağlamayı kabul eden Vandal Kralı Geiseric İber Yarımadası'nda yaşayan 80,000 kadar Vandal kavminden olan nüfus ile bu yarımadadan ayrılıp Cebelitarik Boğazı'nı geçip Afrika kıtasına geçmek için bir göç başlattı ve böylece Vandallar yarımadayı terk ettiler.
Throughout this period, the Vandals survived several Roman attempts at a counterstrike: the Eastern Roman general Aspar had led an unsuccessful expedition in 431, an expedition assembled by the Western emperor Majorian (r. 457–461) off the coast of Spain in 460 was scattered or captured by the Vandals before it could set sail, and finally, in 468, Geiseric defeated a huge joint expedition by both western and eastern empires under Basiliscus. In the aftermath of this disaster, and following further Vandal raids against the shores of Greece, the eastern emperor Zeno (r. 474–491) concluded a "perpetual peace" with Geiseric (474/476). -->
533'de kadar Vandal-Bizans ilişkileri
<!-- The Vandal state was unique in many respects among the Germanic kingdoms that succeeded the Western Roman Empire: instead of respecting and continuing the established Roman socio-political order, they completely replaced it with their own. Whereas the kings of Western Europe continued to pay deference to the emperors and minted coinage with their portraits, the Vandal kings portrayed themselves as fully independent rulers. The Vandals also consciously differentiated themselves from the native Romano-African population through their continued use of their native language and peculiar dress, which served to emphasize their distinct social position as the elite of the kingdom. In addition, the Vandals—like most Germanics, adherents of Arianism—persecuted the Chalcedonian majority of the local population, especially in the reigns of Huneric (r. 477–484) and Gunthamund (r. 484–496). The emperors at Constantinople protested at this, but the peace held for almost sixty years, and relations were often friendly, especially between Emperor Anastasius I (r. 491–518) and Thrasamund (r. 496–523), who largely ceased the persecutions.
In 523, Hilderic (r. 523–530), the son of Huneric, ascended the throne at Carthage. Himself a descendant of Valentinian III, Hilderic re-aligned his kingdom and brought it closer to the Roman Empire: according to the account of Procopius (The Vandalic War, I.9) he was an unwarlike, amiable person, who ceased the persecution of the Chalcedonians, exchanged gifts and embassies with Justinian I (r. 527–565) even before the latter's rise to the throne, and even replaced his image in his coins with that of the emperor. Justinian evidently hoped that this rapprochement would lead to the peaceful subordination of the Vandal state to his empire. However, Hilderic's pro-Roman policies, coupled with a defeat suffered against the Moors in Byzacena, led to opposition among the Vandal nobility, which resulted in his overthrow and imprisonment in 530 by his cousin, Gelimer (r. 530–534). Justinian seized the opportunity, demanding Hilderic's restoration, with Gelimer predictably refusing to do so. Justinian then demanded Hilderic's release to Constantinople, threatening war otherwise. Geiseric was unwilling to surrender a rival claimant to Justinian, who could use him to stir up trouble in his kingdom, and probably expected war to come either way, according to J. B. Bury. He consequently refused Justinian's demand on the grounds that this was an internal matter among the Vandals.
Diplomatik hazırlıklar ve Trablusgarp ve Sardinya'da ayaklanmalar
Soon after his seizure of power, Gelimer's domestic position began to deteriorate, as he persecuted his political enemies among the Vandal nobility, confiscating their property and executing many of them. These actions undermined his already doubtful legitimacy in the eyes of many, and contributed to the outbreak of two revolts in remote provinces of the Vandal kingdom: in Sardinia, where the local governor, Godas, declared himself an independent ruler, and shortly after in Tripolitania, where the native population, led by a certain Pudentius, rebelled against Vandal rule. Although Procopius' narrative makes both uprisings seem coincidental, Ian Hughes points out the fact that both rebellions broke out shortly before the commencement of the Roman expedition against the Vandals, and that both Godas and Pudentius immediately asked for assistance from Justinian, as evidence of an active diplomatic involvement by the Emperor in their preparation.
In response to Godas' emissaries, Justinian detailed Cyril, one of the officers of the foederati, with 400 men, to accompany the invasion fleet and then sail on to Sardinia. Gelimer reacted to Godas' rebellion by sending the bulk of his fleet, 120 of his best vessels, and 5,000 men under his own brother Tzazon, to suppress it. The Vandal king's decision played a crucial role in the outcome of the war, for it removed from the scene the Vandal navy, the main obstacle to a Roman landing in Africa, as well as a large part of his army. Gelimer also chose to ignore the revolt in Tripolitania for the moment, as it was both a lesser threat and more remote, while his lack of manpower constrained him to await Tzazon's return from Sardinia before undertaking further campaigns. At the same time, both rulers tried to win over allies: Gelimer contacted the Visigoth king Theudis (r. 531–548) and proposed an alliance, while Justinian secured the benevolent neutrality and support of the Ostrogothic Kingdom of Italy, which had strained relations with the Vandals over the ill treatment of the Ostrogoth princess Amalafrida, the wife of Thrasamund. The Ostrogoth court readily agreed to allow the Roman invasion fleet to use the harbour of Syracuse in Sicily and establish a market for the provisioning of the Roman troops there.
Karşılıklı askeri güçler
Justinian selected one of his most trusted and talented generals, Belisarius, who had recently distinguished himself against the Persians and in the suppression of the Nika riots, to lead the expedition. As Ian Hughes points out, Belisarius was also eminently suited for this appointment for two other reasons: he was a native Latin-speaker, and was solicitous of the welfare of the local population, keeping a tight leash on his troops. Both these qualities would be crucial in winning support from the Latin-speaking African population. Belisarius was accompanied by his wife, Antonina, and by Procopius, his secretary, who wrote the history of the war.
According to Procopius (The Vandalic War, I.11), the army consisted of 10,000 infantry, partly drawn from the field army (comitatenses) and partly from among the foederati, as well as 5,000 cavalry. There were also some 1,500–2,000 of Belisarius' own retainers (bucellarii), an elite corps (it is unclear if their number is included in the 5,000 cavalry mentioned as a total figure by Procopius). In addition, there were two additional bodies of allied troops, both mounted archers, 600 Huns and 400 Heruls. The army was led by an array of experienced officers, among whom the eunuch Solomon was chosen as Belisarius' chief of staff (domesticus) and the former praetorian prefect Archelaus was placed in charge of the army's provisioning. The whole force was transported on 500 vessels manned by 30,000 sailors under admiral Calonymus of Alexandria, guarded by ninety-two dromon warships. The traditional view, as expressed by J.B. Bury, is that the expeditionary force was remarkably small for the task, especially given the military reputation of the Vandals, and that perhaps it reflects the limit of the fleet's carrying capacity, or perhaps it was an intentional move to limit the impact of any defeat. Ian Hughes however comments that even in comparison with the armies of the early Roman Empire, Belisarius' army was a "large, well-balanced force capable of overcoming the Vandals and may have contained a higher proportion of high quality, reliable troops than the armies stationed in the east".
On the Vandal side, the picture is less clear. The Vandal army was not a professional and mostly volunteer force like the East Roman army, but comprised every able-bodied male of the Vandal people. Hence modern estimates on the available forces vary along with estimates on the total Vandal population, from a high of between 30,000–40,000 men out of a total Vandal population of at most 200,000 people (Diehl and Bury), to as few as 25,000 men—or even 20,000, if their losses against the Moors are taken into account—for a population base of 100,000 (Hughes). Despite their martial reputation, the Vandals had grown less warlike over time, having come to lead a luxurious life amidst the riches of Africa. In addition, their mode of fighting was ill suited to confronting Belisarius' veterans: the Vandal army was composed exclusively of cavalry, lightly armoured and armed only for hand-to-hand combat, to the point of neglecting entirely the use of bows or javelins, in stark contrast to Belisarius' heavily armoured cataphracts and horse archers.
The Vandals were also weakened by the hostility of their Roman subjects, the continued existence among the Vandals of a faction loyal to Hilderic, and by the ambivalent position of the Moorish tribes, who watched the oncoming conflict from the sidelines, ready to join the victor and seize the spoils. -->
Belisarius'un Afrika'ya ordusu ve gemilerle gitmesi
From Methone, the fleet sailed up the Ionian Sea to Zacynthus, from where they crossed over to Italy. The crossing took longer than expected due to lack of wind, and the army suffered of lack of fresh water when the supplies they had brought aboard went bad. Eventually, the fleet reached Catania in Sicily, from where Belisarius sent Procopius ahead to Syracuse to gather intelligence on the Vandals' activities. By chance, Procopius met a merchant friend of his there, whose servant had just arrived from Carthage. The latter informed Procopius that not only were the Vandals unaware of Belisarius' sailing, but that Gelimer, who had just dispatched Tzazon's expedition to Sardinia, was away from Carthage at the small inland town of Hermione. Procopius quickly informed Belisarius, who immediately ordered the army to re-embark and set sail for the African coast. After sailing by Malta, they reached Cape Caputvada on the eastern shore of modern Tunisia some 162 Roman miles (240 km) south from Carthage. -->
Kartaca üzerine ilerleme ve Ad Decimum Muharebesi
<!-- When the Roman fleet reached Africa, a council was held aboard Belisarius' flagship (The Vandalic War, I.15), where many of his officers advocated an immediate attack on Carthage itself, especially since it was the only fortified city in the Vandal realm, the walls of the other cities having been torn down to prevent a rebellion. Belisarius, however, mindful of the fate of the 468 expedition and wary of an encounter with the Vandal fleet, spoke against it. Thus the army disembarked and built a fortified camp to spend the night.
Belisarius knew that success for his expedition relied on gaining the support of the local population, which had largely retained its Roman identity and to which he presented himself as a liberator. Thus on the next day of the landing, when some of his men stole some fruit from a local orchard, he severely punished them, and assembled the army and exhorted them to maintain discipline and restraint towards the native population, lest they abandon their Roman sympathies and go over to the Vandals. Belisarius' pleas bore results, for, as Procopius reports (The Vandalic War, I.17), "the soldiers behaved with moderation, and they neither began any unjust brawls nor did anything out of the way, and [Belisarius], by displaying great gentleness and kindness, won the Libyans to his side so completely that thereafter he made the journey as if in his own land".
Then the Roman army began its march north, following the coastal road. 300 horse under John the Armenian were detached as an advance guard some 3 miles (4.5 km) in front of the main army, while the 600 Huns covered the army's left flank. Belisarius himself with his bucellarii led up the rear, to guard against any attack from Gelimer, who was known to be in the vicinity. The fleet followed the army, sailing along the coast. The first town they encountered was Syllectum, which was captured by a detachment under Boriades by a ruse. In an attempt to sow division among the Vandals, Belisarius gave a letter written by Justinian and addressed to the Vandal nobles to a captured Vandal messenger, in which the emperor claimed to be campaigning on behalf of the legitimate king Hilderic against the usurper Gelimer. As the messenger was too afraid to deliver the letter, this ploy came to nothing.
Gelimer, in the meantime, upon learning of the Romans' arrival, immediately notified his brother Ammatas in Carthage to assemble the Vandal forces in the vicinity, as well as to execute Hilderic and his relatives, while his secretary Bonifatius was ordered to load the royal treasure on a ship and sail for Spain if the Romans won. Deprived of his best troops, which were with Tzazon, Gelimer contented himself with shadowing the northward march of the Roman army, all the while preparing a decisive engagement before Carthage, at a place called Ad Decimum ("at the tenth [milepost]") where he had ordered Ammatas to bring his forces. The Romans advanced through Thapsus, Leptis Parva and Hadrumetum to Grasse, where for the first time they engaged in a skirmish with the scouts of Gelimer's army. After exchanging blows, both parties retired to their camps. From Grasse, Belisarius turned his army westwards, cutting across the neck of the Cape Bon peninsula. This was the most dangerous part of the route to Carthage, with the fleet out of sight.
Thus, on the morning of 13 September, the tenth day of the march from Caputvada, the Roman army approached Ad Decimum. There Gelimer planned to ambush and encircle them, using a force under his brother Ammatas to block their advance and engage them, while 2,000 men under his nephew Gibamund would attack their left flank, and Gelimer himself with the main army would attack from the rear and completely annihilate the Roman army. In the event, the three forces failed to synchronize exactly: Ammatas arrived early and was killed as he attempted a reconnaissance with a small force by the Roman vanguard, while Gibamund's force was intercepted by the Hunnic flank guard and was utterly destroyed. Unaware of all this, Gelimer marched up with the main army and scattered the Roman advance forces present at Ad Decimum. Victory might have been his, but he then came upon his dead brother's body, and apparently forgot all about the battle. This gave Belisarius the time to rally his troops, come up with his main cavalry force and defeat the disorganized Vandals. Gelimer with the remainder of his forces fled westwards to Numidia. The Battle of Ad Decimum ended in a crushing Roman victory, and Carthage lay open and undefended before Belisarius. -->
Belisarius'un Kartaca'ya girişi ve Gelimer'in karşı taarruzu
<!-- It was only by nightfall, when John the Armenian with his men and the 600 Huns rejoined his army, that Belisarius realized the extent of his victory. The cavalry spent the night at the battlefield. In the next morning, as the infantry (and Antonina) caught up, the whole army made for Carthage, where it arrived as night was falling. The Carthaginians had thrown open the gates and illuminated the city in celebration, but Belisarius, fearing a possible ambush in the darkness and wishing to keep his soldiers under tight control, refrained from entering the city, and encamped before it. In the meantime, the fleet had rounded Cape Bon and, after learning of the Roman victory, had anchored at Stagnum, some 7.5 km from the city. Ignoring Belisarius' instructions, Calonymus and his men proceeded to plunder the merchant settlement of Mandriacum nearby.
Tatanka
Tatanka, şu anlamlara gelebilir:
Vandallar Savaşı
Belisarius'un Kartaca'ya girişi ve Gelimer'in karşı taarruzu
On the morning of the next day, 15 September, Belisarius drew up the army for battle before the city walls, but as no enemy appeared, he led his army into the city, after again exhorting his troops to show discipline. The Roman army received a warm welcome from the populace, which was favourably impressed by its restraint. While Belisarius himself took possession of the royal palace, seated himself on the king's throne, and consumed the dinner which Gelimer had confidently ordered to be ready for his own victorious return, the fleet entered the Lake of Tunis and the army was billeted throughout the city. The remaining Vandals were rounded up and placed under guard to prevent them from causing trouble. Belisarius dispatched Solomon to Constantinople to bear the emperor news of the victory, but expecting an imminent re-appearance of Gelimer with his army, he lost no time in repairing the largely ruined walls of the city and rendering it capable of sustaining a siege.
[[Dosya:AR 50 Denarii - Vandals - Gelimer - Carthage.jpg|küçükresim|sağ|250px|Gelimer'in bastirdigi "50 denari" Vandal sikkesi]
During the following weeks, while Belisarius remained in Carthage strengthening its walls, Gelimer established himself and the remnant of his army at Bulla Regia. By distributing money he had managed to cement the loyalty of the locals to his cause, and sent messages recalling Tzazon and his men from Sardinia, where they had been successful in re-establishing Vandal authority and killing Godas. While waiting for Tzazon's arrival, the Vandal king's army also increased by the arrival of more and more fugitives from the battle of Ad Decimum, as well as by a contingent of his Moorish allies. Most of the Moorish tribes of Numidia and Byzacena, however, sent embassies to Belisarius, pledging allegiance to the Empire. Some even offered hostages and asked for the insignia of office traditionally awarded to them by the emperor: a gilded silver staff and a silver crown, a white cloak, a white tunic, and a gilded boot. Belisarius had been furnished by Justinian with these items in anticipation of this demand, and duly dispatched them along with sums of money. Nevertheless it was clear that, as long as the outcome of the war remained undecided, neither side could count on the firm loyalty of the Moors. During this period, messengers from Tzazon, sent to announce his recovery of Sardinia, sailed into Carthage unaware that the city had fallen and were taken captive, followed shortly after by Gelimer's envoys to Theudis, who had reached Spain after the news of the Roman successes had arrived there and hence failed to secure an alliance. Belisarius was also reinforced by the Roman general Cyril with his contingent, who had sailed to Sardinia only to find it once again in possession of the Vandals.
As soon as Tzazon received his brother's message, he left Sardinia and landed in Africa, joining up with Gelimer at Bulla. The Vandal king now determined to advance on Carthage. His intentions are not clear; the traditional interpretation is that that he hoped to reduce the city by blockading it, but Ian Hughes believes that, lacking the reserves for a protracted war of attrition, he hoped to force Belisarius into a "single, decisive confrontation". Approaching the city, the Vandal army cut the aqueduct supplying it with water, and attempted to prevent provisions from arriving in the city. Gelimer also dispatched agents to the city to undermine the loyalty of the inhabitants and the imperial army. Belisarius, who was alert to the possibility of treachery, set an example by impaling a citizen of Carthage who intended to join the Vandals. The greatest danger for defection came from the Huns, who were disgruntled because they had been ferried to Africa against their will and feared being left there as a garrison. Indeed, Vandal agents had already made contact with them, but Belisarius managed to maintain their allegiance—at least for the moment—by making a solemn promise that after the final victory they would be richly rewarded and allowed to return to their homes. Their loyalty however remained suspect, and, like the Moors, the Huns probably awaited to see who would emerge as the victor and rally to him. -->
Tricamarum Muharebesi ve Gelimer'in teslim olması
<!-- After securing the loyalty of the populace and the army, and completing the repairs to the walls, Belisarius resolved to meet Gelimer in battle, and in mid-December marched out of Carthage in the direction of the fortified Vandal camp at Tricamarum, some 28 km from Carthage. As at Ad Decimum, the Roman cavalry proceeded in advance of the infantry, and the ensuing Battle of Tricamarum was a purely cavalry affair, with Belisarius' army considerably outnumbered. Both armies kept their most untrustworthy elements—the Moors and Huns—in reserve. John the Armenian played the most important role on the Roman side, and Tzazon on the Vandal. John led repeated charges at the Vandal centre, culminating in the death of Tzazon. This was followed by a general Roman attack across the front and the collapse of the Vandal army, which retreated to its camp. Gelimer, seeing that all was lost, fled with a few attendants into the wilds of Numidia, whereupon the remaining Vandals gave up all thoughts of resistance and abandoned their camp to be plundered by the Romans. Like the previous battle at Ad Decimum, it is again notable that Belisarius failed to keep his forces together, and was forced to fight with a considerable numerical disadvantage. The dispersal of his army after the battle, looting heedlessly and leaving themselves vulnerable to a potential Vandal counter-attack was also an indication of the poor discipline in the Roman army and the command difficulties Belisarius faced. As Bury comments, the expedition's fate might have been quite different "if Belisarius had been opposed to a commander of some ability and experience in warfare", and points out that Procopius himself "expresses amazement at the issue of the war, and does not hesitate to regard it not as a feat of superior strategy but as a paradox of fortune".
A Roman detachment under John the Armenian pursued the fleeing Vandal king for five days and nights, and was almost upon him when he was killed in an accident. The Romans halted to mourn their leader, allowing Gelimer to escape, first to Hippo Regius and from there to the city of Medeus on Mount Papua, on whose Moorish inhabitants he could rely. Belisarius sent 400 men under the Herul Pharas to blockade him there. Belisarius himself made for Hippo Regius, where the Vandals who had fled to various sanctuaries surrendered to the Roman general, who promised that they would be well treated and sent to Constantinople in spring. Belisarius was also fortunate in recovering the Vandal royal treasure, which had been loaded in a ship at Hippo. Bonifatius, Gelimer's secretary, was supposed to sail with it to Spain, where Gelimer too would later follow, but adverse winds kept the ship in harbour and in the end, Bonifatius handed it over to the Romans in exchange for his own safety (as well as a considerable share of the treasure, if Procopius is to be believed). Belisarius also began to extend his authority over the more distant provinces and outposts of the Vandal kingdom: Cyril was dispatched to Sardinia and Corsica with Tzazon's head as proof of his victory, John was sent to Caesarea on the coast of Mauretania Caesariensis, another John was sent to the twin fortresses of Septem and Gadira, which controlled the Straits of Gibraltar, and Apollinarius to take possession of the Balearic Islands. Aid was also sent to the provincials in Tripolitania, who had been subject to attacks by the local Moorish tribes. Belisarius also demanded the return of the port of Lilybaeum in western Sicily from the Ostrogoths, who had captured it during the war, as it too had been part of the Vandal kingdom. An exchange of letters followed between Justinian and the Ostrogoth court, through which Justinian was drawn into the intrigues of the latter, leading to the Roman invasion of Italy a year later.
Meanwhile, Gelimer remained blockaded by Pharas at the mountain stronghold of Medeus, but as the blockade dragged through the winter, Pharas grew impatient. He attacked the mountain stronghold, only to be beaten back with the loss of a quarter of his men. While a success for Gelimer, it did not alter his hopeless situation as he and his followers remained tightly blockaded and began to suffer from lack of food. Pharas sent him messages calling upon him to surrender and spare his followers the misery, but it was not until March that the Vandal king agreed to surrender after receiving guarantees for his safety. Gelimer was then escorted to Carthage.
-->
Belisarius'un zafer kutlamaları
<!-- Belisarius would not remain long in Africa to consolidate his success, as a number of officers in his army, in hopes of their own advancement, sent messengers to Justinian claiming that Belisarius intended to establish his own kingdom in Africa. Justinian then gave his general two choices as a test of his intentions: he could return to Constantinople or remain in Africa. Belisarius, who had captured one of the messengers and was aware of the slanders against him, chose to return. He left Africa in the summer, accompanied by Gelimer, large numbers of captured Vandals—who were enrolled in five regiments of the Vandali Iustiniani ("Vandals of Justinian") by the emperor—and the Vandal treasure, which included many objects looted from Rome 80 years earlier, including the imperial regalia and the menorah of the Second Temple. In Constantinople, Belisarius was given the honour of celebrating a triumph—the first to be celebrated in Constantinople since its foundation and the first granted to a private citizen in over five and a half centuries —and described by Procopius:
And there was booty—first of all, whatever articles are wont to be set apart for the royal service—thrones of gold and carriages in which it is customary for a king's consort to ride, and much jewelry made of precious stones, and golden drinking cups, and all the other things which are useful for the royal table. And there was also silver weighing many thousands of talents and all the royal treasure amounting to an exceedingly great sum, and among these were the treasures of the Jews, which Titus, the son of Vespasian, together with certain others, had brought to Rome after the capture of Jerusalem. [...] And there were slaves in the triumph, among whom was Gelimer himself, wearing some sort of a purple garment upon his shoulders, and all his family, and as many of the Vandals as were very tall and fair of body. And when Gelimer reached the hippodrome and saw the emperor sitting upon a lofty seat and the people standing on either side and realized as he looked about in what an evil plight he was, he neither wept nor cried out, but ceased not saying over in the words of the Hebrew scripture: "Vanity of vanities, all is vanity." And when he came before the emperor's seat, they stripped off the purple garment, and compelled him to fall prone on the ground and do obeisance to the Emperor Justinian. This also Belisarius did, as being a suppliant of the emperor along with him.
Gelimer was given an ample estate in Galatia, and would have been raised to patrician rank if he had not steadfastly refused to renounce his Arian faith. Belisarius was also named consul ordinarius for the year 535, allowing him to celebrate a second triumphal procession, being carried through the streets seated on his consular curule chair, held aloft by Vandal warriors, distributing largesse to the populace from his share of the war booty. -->
Afrika'da Bizans yönetim sisteminin kurulması ve Afrika praetoria idaresi Savaşları
<!-- Immediately after Tricamarum, Justinian hastened to proclaim the recovery of Africa: Our predecessors did not deserve this favor of God, as they were not only not permitted to liberate Africa, but even saw Rome itself captured by the Vandals, and all the Imperial insignia taken from thence to Africa. Now, however, God, in his mercy, has not only delivered Africa and all her provinces into Our hands, but the Imperial insignia as well, which, having been removed at the capture of Rome, He has restored to us.
Despite Justinian's intentions and proclamations, however, Roman control over Africa was not yet secure. During his campaign, Belisarius had secured most of the provinces of Byzacena, Zeugitana and Tripolitania. Further west, on the other hand, imperial control extended in a series of strongholds captured by the fleet along the coast as far as Constantine, while most of the inland areas of Numidia and Mauretania remained under the control of the local Moorish tribes, as indeed had been the case under the Vandal kings. The Moors initially acknowledged the Emperor's suzerainty and gave hostages to the imperial authorities, but they soon became restive and rose in revolt. The first imperial governor, Belisarius' former domesticus Solomon, who combined the offices of both magister militum and praetorian prefect, was able to score successes against them and strengthen Roman rule in Africa, but his work was interrupted by a widespread military mutiny in 536. The mutiny was eventually subdued by Germanus, a cousin of Justinian, and Solomon returned in 539. He fell, however, in the Battle of Cillium in 544 against the united Moorish tribes, and Roman Africa was again in jeopardy. It would not be until 548 that the resistance of the Moorish tribes would be finally broken by the talented general John Troglita. -->
40 Yaş Altı 40
40 Yaş Altı 40, Fortune dergisi editörleri tarafından her sene belirlenen en etkili genç girişimci liderler ve yöneticiler listesidir.
Toplumsal ve ekonomik alanda projeler üreten girişimcilerin ortak yönü, işbitiricilik, kendine güven, planlı hareket etme ve ileriyi görme olarak nitelendirilebilir.
Nimetli, Seben
Nimetli, Bolu ilinin Seben ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.
Tarihçe
Köy, 1928 yılından beri aynı adı taşımaktadır.
Coğrafya
Bolu iline 57 km, Seben ilçesine 3 km uzaklıktadır.
Kayapınar, Taşköprü
Kayapınar, Kastamonu ilinin Taşköprü ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.
Tarihçe
Köyün adı, 1928 yılı kayıtlarında Gerze olarak geçmektedir.
Coğrafya
Köy, Kastamonu il merkezine 82 km, Taşköprü ilçe merkezine 40 km uzaklıktadır.
The Dude's Experience with a Girl on a Tandem
The Dude's Experience with a Girl on a Tandem, (diğer adı; The Dude and the Bathing Girl) 1898 yılı Amerika Birleşik Devletleri yapımı, komedi türünde sessiz film.
Film, Ağustos 1898 tarihinde American Mutoscope and Biograph Company tarafından çekilmiştir. Film Far Rockaway, Queens, New York City ve New York'ta çekilmiştir. Filmin konusu sahilde tandem bisikleti kullanan bir genç etrafında geçmektedir.
Doğa Rutkay
Doğa Rutkay Kamal (30 Ekim 1978, Ankara), Türk oyuncudur. Tiyatro oyuncusu Rutkay Aziz'in kızıdır.
Kariyeri
2000 senesi Mimar Sinan Üniversitesi Devlet Konservatuvarı Tiyatro Bölümü mezunu. 3 adet tiyatro oyunu, 3 filmi, 8 adet TV dizisi, 2 adet TV filmi, 6 adet TV programı var. "Card Finans" reklamında rol almıştır, TRT 1'de bir talk show yapmıştır. 2014'te Kanal D'de yayımlanan Buyur Burdan Bak programını sunmuştur. Günümüzde ise, Show TV'de yayımlanan Güldür Güldür Show adlı programda Yeter karakteri ile rol almaktadır.
Özel hayatı
Doğa Rutkay, 3 Eylül 2014 tarihinde Kerimcan Kamal ile evlendi. Bu evlilikten ikiz çocukları oldu.
NGC 586
NGC 586, Yeni Genel Katalog'da yer alan bir galaksidir. Gökyüzünde Balina takımyıldızı yönünde bulunur. Sa tipi bir sarmal galaksidir. İngiliz astronom William Herschel tarafından 1785 yılında 47,5 cm (18,7 inç) çaplı aynalı tip bir teleskopla keşfedilmiştir.
Leandro Barbosa
Leandro Mateus Barbosa (d. 28 Kasım 1982, Sao Paulo), Novo Basquete Brasil kulüplerinden Franca Basquetebol Clube'de forma giyen Brezilyalı basketbolcu. 2003 NBA Seçmeleri'nde San Antonio Spurs tarafından seçildi. Seçimin ardından Phoenix Suns takas edildi. Ayrıca 2007 yılında Yılın En İyi Altıncı Oyuncusu Ödülü'ne lâyık görülmüştür.2002 ve 2006 FIBA Dünya Kupası'nda Brezilya millî basketbol takımında oynamıştır. Brezilya, 2002'de sekizinci olurken 2006 yılında on dokuzuncu olmuştur. Lakabı  The Brazilian Blur dur.
Minna Haapkylä
Minna-Maria Erika Haapkylä (d. 10 Haziran 1973), Finlandiyalı aktris. 1999 yapımı Veikko Aaltonen filmi Rakkaudella Maire ile Jussi Ödülü kazanmıştır. Yine 2009 yapımı Jörn Donner imzalı The Interrogation yer aldığı başarılı bir yapımdır. Haapkylä kendisi gibi oyuncu Hannu-Pekka Björkman 2002-2014 arası evli kalmış, iki çocuk sahibidir. Haapkylä'nın kız kardeşi Joanna Haartti'de oyuncudur.
Zirkon
1 . Zirkonyum'un doğal durumunda bulunan en önemli birleşiği (ZrSiO4); renksiz, sarı, yeşil, kahverengi türleri olan doğal ve saydam, değerli taş. 2 . Sinterleme sonucu mono kristal fazdan polikristalin kübik forma dönüşen, kübik zirkonya (CZ), kuyumculukta terminoloji hatası olarak zirkon tabiri yerleşmiştir. Hâlbuki zirkonyum oksit yani zirkonya (ZrO<SUB>2</SUB>) derivesidir.
3. Nezosilikat grubuna ait bir mineraldir. Felsik karakterdeki magmada bolca bulunur. Bünyesinde Hafniyum isotopunun yanı sıra radyoaktif uranyum ve radyojenik kurşun isotoplarını da bulundurur. Bu sebeple mineral, radyometrik yaşlandırma yöntemlerinde kullanılır. Batı Avustralya'da bulunan Narryer Gnays bölgesinden alınan örneklerden çıkan zirkon minerallerinden ölçülen U-Pb izotop oranıyla Dünya'nın yaşı 4.404 milyar yıl olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu bölgeden elde edilen zirkonlar, Dünya'nın en yaşlı zirkonları olarak yorumlanmıştır. Bu yorum iz element ölçümleriyle de desteklenmiştir.
NGC 587
NGC 587, Yeni Genel Katalog'da yer alan bir galaksidir. Gökyüzünde Dürbün takımyıldızı yönünde bulunur. SBb tipi bir çubuklu sarmal galaksidir. Alman astronom Heinrich d'Arrest tarafından 1862 yılında 27,94 cm (11 inç) çaplı mercekli tip bir teleskopla keşfedilmiştir.
Commodore International
Commodore International 1953-1995, New York, Bronx'ta bir daktilo tamir atölyesi açarak işe başlayan Jack Tramiel tarafından 2 yıl sonra Toronto'da kurulan bir bilişim şirketidir. 1970'li yıllara kadar mekanik daktilolarla uğraşan Commodore, bu dönemde elektronik hesap makineleri işine girdi.
En büyük rakibi olan Texas Instruments ile sürdüğü fiyat savaşının ardından, yetmişli yılların ortasında yarı iletken firması MOS Technology'i satın aldı. MOS'un kıdemli mühendisi Chunk Peddle o sıralarda 6502 mikro işlemcisi üzerinde çalışıyordu. Bilindiği gibi bu mikro işlemci Commodore Pet, Commodore 64, Apple II ve Atari 800 gibi pek çok ünlü 8 bit bilgisayarda kullanılmıştı. Fakat ilk olarak Kim-1 isimli klavye ve 16'lı (hexadecimal) göstergesi olan bir single board bilgisayarda kullanıldı. Bu Commodore firmasının mikro bilgisayar dünyasına girişi demekti.
1982 yılında Commodore firması ünlü Commodore 64'ü piyasaya sürdü. Bu bilgisayar Texas Instuments ve pek çok diğer firmanın piyasadan silinmesini sağlayacak kadar ucuz ve başarılı bir bilgisayardı. 20 milyondan fazla üretildi ve Commodore'un gülü firmasına 1 milyar dolara yakın para kazandırdı. Başarının doruğunda Jack Tramiel firmanın büyük hissedarlarından Irvin Gould ile anlaşmazlığa girdi ve Commodore'dan ayrıldı. Tramiel firmadan ayrıldıktan sonra bir şirket kurarak Atari firmasını satın aldı.
Bundan sonra Commodore daha az başarılı olan C-128, Plus 4 gibi bilgisayarlar üretti. Stratejik hatalar yapmaya başlayan firma halen unutulamayan Amiga ile canlanmaya çalıştı. Fakat Amiga'da PC uyumluluğu olmadığı için Commodore firmasını kurtarmaya yetmedi ve Commodore 30 Ağustos 1995'te kapandı. Ardından Alman Escom şirketi sadece 12 ay dayanabileceği bir Commodore macerasına girdi.
1995'te Escom, Commodore International'ın varlıklarına 14 milyon dolar ödedi. Commodore ve Amiga operasyonlarını ayrı bölümlere ayırdı ve Avrupa'da satılan bir PC hattında Commodore marka adını kullanmaya başladı. Ancak, kısa süre sonra aşırı büyüme nedeniyle para kaybetmeye başladı, 15 Temmuz 1996'da iflas etti ve tasfiye edildi.
Temmuz 2004'te Tulip, Commodore adını kullanan yeni bir ürün serisi duyurdu. 2004'ün sonlarında Tulip, Commodore ticari markalarını Yeahronimo Media Ventures'a 22 milyon € karşılığında sattı. Satış, aylarca süren görüşmelerden sonra Mart 2005'te tamamlandı. Yeahronimo Media Ventures kısa bir süre sonra kendisini Commodore International Corporation olarak değiştirdi ve Commodore markasını yeniden başlatmayı amaçlayan bir operasyon başlattı. Şirket, Gravel ürün serisini piyasaya sürdü: Commodore markasının kalkmasına yardımcı olma umuduyla Wi-Fi ile donatılmış kişisel multimedya oynatıcılar piyasaya çıktı.
Commodore'un ABD'nin Pennsylvania'daki West Cheste'da eski merkezi şu anda QVC'nin merkezidir.
Şubat 2017'de Braunschweig'de 2000'e kadar çalışanı olan Avrupa'daki Commodore üretim tesisini anmak üzere yaklaşık 200 Commodore ürünü için bir sergi odası açıldı.
Bu gün bile unutulmayan Commodore 64, bilgisayar dünyasında bir döneme damgasını vuran en önemli yapı taşlarından biridir.
Yelpazekuyruk
Yelpazekuyruk (Cisticola juncidis), ötleğengiller familyasından küçük bir kuş türü.
İlhami Çetin (Edirne doğumlu)
İlhami Çetin (d. 15 Ağustos 1931, Uzunköprü, Edirne), Türk profesör.
Yelpazekuyruk
Özellikleri
Bu kuşlar zor duyulur ve görülürler, boyutları yaklaşık olarak 10 cm'dir. Kolayca tanınmazlar, üreme mevsimlerinde kendilerini çimenlerden ender olarak çıkarırlar.
İlhami Çetin (Edirne doğumlu)
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Elektrik-Elektronik Fakültesi Elektrik makineleri Anabilim dalı emekli profesörüdür. Galatasaray Lisesi'ni bitirmiştir. Almanya Karlsruhe Teknik Üniversitesinde Elektrik Mühendisliği tahsili görmüştür. Almanya, İsviçre ve İngiltere'de Elektrik Mühendisi olarak 8 yıl çalışmıştır. Viyana Teknik Üniversitesinde doktorasını tamamlamıştır.
Yelpazekuyruk
Özellikleri
Sık sık sulara yakın, uzun otlaklık alanlarda bulunurlar. Böcekçil kuşlardır.
Erkek yelpazekuyruklar çok eşlidirler. Yaptıkları yuvalara dişiler 3 ila 6 yumurta bırakırlar.
İlhami Çetin (Edirne doğumlu)
1965 yılında Türkiye'ye dönmüş, ODTÜ'nde yardımcı profesör olarak çalışmaya başlamıştır. Elektrik makineleri üreten fabrikalarda danışmanlık ve fabrika müdürlüğü görevlerinde bulunmuştur. 1971 yılında İ.T.Ü.'de doçent olarak görev yapmaya başlamış, daha sonra görev yeri, 1981 yılında Elektrik Elektronik Fakültesinden İşletme Fakültesine değiştirilmiştir. 1983 yılında İşletme Fakültesinde profesör olmuştur. 26 Temmuz 1978 tarihli Danıştay kararıyla Elektrik Elektronik Fakültesine profesör olarak atanmıştır. 1998 yılında yaş haddinden emekli olmuştur.
Yelpazekuyruk
Dağılımları
Güney Avrupa, Afrika, Afrika'nın çöller ve yağmur ormanları dışında, güney Asya ve Kuzey Avustralya'nın aşağılarında dağılım gösterirler.
İlhami Çetin (Edirne doğumlu)
Fransızca, Almanca ve İngilizce dillerini ileri seviyede bilmektedir.
Yelpazekuyruk
Dağılımları
Genellikle yerleşiktirler, ancak Doğu Asya populasyonları kışları daha ılıman güneylere göçerler.