சிறு_பனிக்கட்டிக்_காலம்
குறிப்புகள்
^ Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie (1971). Times of Feast, Times of Famine: a History of Climate Since the Year 1000. Barbara Bray. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. ISBN 0-374-52122-0. OCLC 164590. Jump up ^ Matthes FE (1939). "Report of the committee on glaciers". Transactions of the American Geophysical Union: 518–23. Matthes described glaciers in the Sierra Nevada of California that could not have survived the hypsithermal, in his opinion; his usage of "Little Ice Age" has been superseded by "Neoglaciation". Jump up ^ Michael Mann (2003). "Little Ice Age" (PDF). In Michael C MacCracken and John S Perry. Encyclopedia of Global Environmental Change, Volume 1, The Earth System: Physical and Chemical Dimensions of Global Environmental Change. John Wiley & Sons. Retrieved 17 November 2012. Jump up ^ Lamb, HH (1972). "The cold Little Ice Age climate of about 1550 to 1800". Climate: present, past and future. London: Methuen. p. 107. ISBN 0-416-11530-6. (noted in Grove 2004:4). Jump up ^ Earth observatory (Glossary L–N ed.). USA: Nasa. Jump up ^ "1.4.3 Solar Variability and the Total Solar Irradiance - AR4 WGI Chapter 1: Historical Overview of Climate Change Science". Ipcc.ch. Retrieved 2013-06-24. Jump up ^ "Glossary I-M". NASA. Retrieved 2011-02-28. ^ Jump up to: a b "Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis". UNEP/GRID-Arendal. Retrieved 2007-08-02. Jump up ^ AR4 WG1 Section 6.6: The Last 2,000 Years, 2007. Jump up ^ Jones, Philip D. (2001). History and climate: memories of the future?. Springer. p. 154. Jump up ^ According to JM Lamb of Cambridge University the little ice age was already underway in Canada and Switzerland and in the wider North Atlantic region in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries ^ Jump up to: a b c Miller et al. 2012. "Abrupt onset of the Little Ice Age triggered by volcanism and sustained by sea-ice/ocean feedbacks" Geophysical Research Letters 39, January 31: abstract and link on AGU website (accessed 31 January 2011) ^ Jump up to: a b Was the Little Ice Age Triggered by Massive Volcanic Eruptions? ScienceDaily, Jan. 30, 2012 (accessed 21 May 2012) Jump up ^ "Worldwide glacier retreat". RealClimate. Retrieved 2007-08-02. Jump up ^ Oerlemans, Johannes Hans Oerlemans (2005). "Extracting a Climate Signal from 169 Glacier Records". Science 308 (5722): 675–7. Bibcode:2005Sci...308..675O. doi:10.1126/science.1107046. . Retrieved 2009-12-25. Jump up ^ Hendy, E.; Gagan, M.; Alibert, C.; McCulloch, M.; Lough, J.; Isdale, P. (2002). "Abrupt decrease in tropical Pacific sea surface salinity at end of Little Ice Age". Science 295 (5559): 1511–1514. Bibcode:2002Sci...295.1511H. doi:10.1126/science.1067693. . edit Jump up ^ Ogilvie, A. E. J.; Jónsson, T. (2001). Climatic Change 48: 9. doi:10.1023/A:1005625729889. edit Jump up ^ "About INQUA:Quaternary Science (By S.C. Porter)". INQUA. Retrieved 2010-05-06. ^ Jump up to: a b c Jonathan Cowie (2007). Climate change: biological and human aspects. Cambridge University Press. p. 164. ISBN 978-0-521-69619-7. Jump up ^ Stone, Richard (2004-11-19). "Iceland's Doomsday Scenario?". Science 306 (5700): 1278–81. doi:10.1126/science.306.5700.1278. . Jump up ^ [1][dead link] Jump up ^ "SVS Science Story: Ice Age". NASA Scientific Visualization Studio. Retrieved 2007-08-02. Jump up ^ "Arquivo de eventos históricos - Página 4 - MeteoPT.com - Fórum de Meteorologia". MeteoPT.com. 2012-07-17. Retrieved 2013-06-24. ^ Jump up to: a b c Lamb, Hubert H. (1995). "The little ice age". Climate, history and the modern world. London: Routledge. pp. 211–241. ISBN 0-415-12734-3. Jump up ^ Cullen, Karen J. (30 May 2010). Famine in Scotland: The 'Ill Years' of The 1690s. Edinburgh University Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-7486-3887-1. Jump up ^ Ewanu, Elizabeth; Nugent, Janay (2 November 2008). Finding the Family in Medieval and Early Modern Scotland. Ashgate. p. 153. ISBN 978-0-7546-6049-1. ^ Jump up to: a b Broecker WS (February 2000). "Was a change in thermohaline circulation responsible for the Little Ice Age?". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97 (4): 1339–42. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.1339B. doi:10.1073/pnas.97.4.1339. PMC 34299. . Jump up ^ National Park Service Jump up ^ Cronin, T. M.; Dwyer, G. S.; Kamiya, T.; Schwede, S.; Willard, D. A. (2003). "Medieval Warm Period, Little Ice Age, and 20th Century Climate Variability from Chesapeake Bay". Global and Planetary Change 36 (1–2): 17–29. Bibcode:2003GPC....36...17C. doi:10.1016/S0921-8181(02)00161-3. ^ Jump up to: a b c Reiter P (2000). "From Shakespeare to Defoe: malaria in England in the Little Ice Age". Emerging Infect. Dis. 6 (1): 1–11. doi:10.3201/eid0601.000101. PMC 2627969. . Jump up ^ Kam-biu Liu; Caiming Shen; Kin-sheun Louie (2001). "A 1,000-Year History of Typhoon Landfalls in Guangdong, Southern China, Reconstructed from Chinese Historical Documentary Records". Annals of the Association of American Geographers 91 (3): 453–464. doi:10.1111/0004-5608.00253. Jump up ^ Kenyon W.A., Turnbull J.R. (1971). The Battle for James Bay. Toronto: Macmillan Company of Canada Limited. Jump up ^ Whitehouse, David (2003-12-17). "Stradivarius' sound 'due to Sun'". BBC. Jump up ^ TV series "Connections" by James Burke ^ Jump up to: a b c Template:Harvn Jump up ^ Behringer, Wolfgang (1999-09-01). "Climatic Change and Witch-hunting: the Impact of the Little Ice Age on Mentalities". Climatic Change (Springer Netherlands) 43 (1): 335–351. doi:10.1023/A:1005554519604. ^ Jump up to: a b c Macdougall, Douglas (2004). Frozen Earth: The Once and Future Story of Ice Ages. University of California Press. p. 225. ISBN 0-520-24824-4. ^ Jump up to: a b Earth Environments: Past, Present and Future, by David Huddart & Tim Stott, p. 863 (quoted), 2010, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 0470749601, 9780470749609 Jump up ^ Earth Environments: Past, Present and Future, by David Huddart & Tim Stott, p. 863 (quoted), 2010, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 0470749601, 9780470749609; see also this 1980 article by Burroughs in the New Scientist Jump up ^ John E. Thornes, John Constable (1999). John Constable's skies: a fusion of art and science. Continuum International. p. 32. ISBN 1-902459-02-4. Jump up ^ "Kilsyth Curling". Retrieved 2010-09-11. Jump up ^ "The Story so Far !!!". Gourock Curling Club. 2009. Retrieved 2010-09-11. Jump up ^ David A. Hodella, Mark Brennera, Jason H. Curtisa, Roger Medina-Gonzálezb, Enrique Ildefonso-Chan Canb, Alma Albornaz-Patb, Thomas P. Guilderson (March 2005). "Climate change on the Yucatan Peninsula during the Little Ice Age". Quaternary Research 63 (2): 109. Bibcode:2005QuRes..63..109H. doi:10.1016/j.yqres.2004.11.004. Unknown parameter |urlold= ignored (help) Jump up ^ Johnson, T.C., Barry, S., Chan, Y., Wilkinson, P. (2001). "Decadal record of climate variability spanning the past 700 yr in the Southern Tropics of East Africa". Geology 29: 83–6. Bibcode:2001Geo....29...83J. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0083:DROCVS>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0091-7613. Jump up ^ Holmgren, K., Tyson, P.D., Moberg, A., Svanered, O. (2001). "A preliminary 3000-year regional temperature reconstruction for South Africa". South African Journal of Science 97: 49–51. Jump up ^ Kreutz, K.J., Mayewski, P.A., Meeker, L.D., Twickler, M.S., Whitlow, S.I., Pittalwala, I.I. (1997). "Bipolar changes in atmospheric circulation during the Little Ice Age". Science 277 (5330): 1294–96. doi:10.1126/science.277.5330.1294. Jump up ^ Khim, B.-K.; Yoon H. I.; Kang C. Y.; Bahk J. J. (November 2002). "Unstable Climate Oscillations during the Late Holocene in the Eastern Bransfield Basin, Antarctic Peninsula". Quaternary Research 58 (3): 234–245. Bibcode:2002QuRes..58..234K. doi:10.1006/qres.2002.2371. Jump up ^ http://waiscores.dri.edu/MajorFindings/MayewskiRes.html Jump up ^ http://igloo.gsfc.nasa.gov/wais/pastmeetings/abstracts00/Das.htm Jump up ^ D.M. Etheridge, L.P. Steele, R.L. Langenfelds, R.J. Francey, J.-M. Barnola, V.I. Morgan. "Historical CO2 Records from the Law Dome DE08, DE08-2, and DSS Ice Cores". Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tenn. Jump up ^ M. Angeles Bárcena, Rainer Gersonde, Santiago Ledesma, Joan Fabrés, Antonio M. Calafat, Miquel Canals, F. Javier Sierro, Jose A. Flores (1998). "Record of Holocene glacial oscillations in Bransfield Basin as revealed by siliceous microfossil assemblages". Antarctic Science 10 (3): 269–85. doi:10.1017/S0954102098000364. Jump up ^ Rhodes et al: "Little Ice Age climate and oceanic conditions of the Ross Sea, Antarctica from a coastal ice core record". Clim. Past, 8, 1223–1238, 2012. Jump up ^ Erica J. Hendy, Michael K. Gagan, Chantal A. Alibert, Malcolm T. McCulloch, Janice M. Lough, Peter J. Isdale (22 February 2002). "Abrupt Decrease in Tropical Pacific Sea Surface Salinity at End of Little Ice Age". Science 295 (5559): 1511–4. Bibcode:2002Sci...295.1511H. doi:10.1126/science.1067693. . Jump up ^ Pollack, H. N., Huang, S., Smerdon, J. E. (2006). "Five centuries of climate change in Australia: the view from underground". J. Quaternary Sci. 21 (7): 701–6. Bibcode:2006JQS....21..701P. doi:10.1002/jqs.1060. Jump up ^ Nunn, P.D. (2000). "Environmental catastrophe in the Pacific Islands around AD 1300". Geoarchaeology 15 (7): 715–40. doi:10.1002/1520-6548(200010)15:7<715::AID-GEA4>3.0.CO;2-L. Jump up ^ Winkler, Stefan (2000). "The 'Little Ice Age' maximum in the Southern Alps, New Zealand: preliminary results at Mueller Glacier". The Holocene 10 (5): 643–647. doi:10.1191/095968300666087656. Retrieved 2010-06-27. Jump up ^ Villalba, R. (1990). "Climatic fluctuations in Northern Patagonian during the last 1000 years as inferred from tree-rings records". Quaternary Research 34 (3): 346–60. Bibcode:1990QuRes..34..346V. doi:10.1016/0033-5894(90)90046-N. Jump up ^ Villalba, R (1994). "Tree-ring and glacial evidence for the medieval warm epoch and the Little Ice Age in southern South America". Climatic Change 26 (2–3): 183–97. doi:10.1007/BF01092413. Jump up ^ Sébastien Bertranda, Xavier Boësa, Julie Castiauxa, François Charletb, Roberto Urrutiac, Cristian Espinozac, Gilles Lepointd, Bernard Charliere, Nathalie Fage (2005). "Temporal evolution of sediment supply in Lago Puyehue (Southern Chile) during the last 600 yr and its climatic significance". Quaternary Research 64 (2): 163. Bibcode:2005QuRes..64..163B. doi:10.1016/j.yqres.2005.06.005. Jump up ^ Inka Meyer, Sebastian Wagner. "The Little Ice Age in Southern South America: Proxy and Model Based Evidence". Springer Netherlands. Retrieved 2010-02-09. Jump up ^ Thompson, L.G., Mosley-Thompson, E., Davis, M.E., Lin, P.-N., Henderson, K. and Mashiotta, T.A. 2003. Tropical glacier and ice core evidence of climate change on annual to millennial time scales. Climatic Change 59: 137-155. ^ Jump up to: a b Araneda, A., F. Torrejón, M. Aguayo, L. Torres, F. Cruces, M. Cisternas, R. Urrutia (2007). "Historical records of San Rafael glacier advances (North Patagonian Icefield): another clue to 'Little Ice Age' timing in southern Chile?". The Holocene 17 (7): 987–98. doi:10.1177/0959683607082414. Jump up ^ Bond et al., 1997 Jump up ^ "Abrupt Climate Changes Revisited: How Serious and How Likely?". USGCRP Seminar. US Global Change Research Program. 23 February 1998. ^ Jump up to: a b http://www.nature.com/ncomms/journal/v3/n6/full/ncomms1901.html, Wanamaker et al. (2012). Surface changes in the North Atlantic meridional overturning circulation during the last millennium ^ Jump up to: a b Kaufman, D. S.; Schneider, D. P.; McKay, N. P.; Ammann, C. M.; Bradley, R. S.; Briffa, K. R.; Miller, G. H.; Otto-Bliesner, B. L.; Overpeck, J. T.; Vinther, B. M.; Abbott, M.; Axford, M.; Bird, Y.; Birks, B.; Bjune, H. J. B.; Briner, A. E.; Cook, J.; Chipman, T.; Francus, M.; Gajewski, P.; Geirsdottir, K.; Hu, A.; Kutchko, F. S.; Lamoureux, B.; Loso, S.; MacDonald, M.; Peros, G.; Porinchu, M.; Schiff, D.; Seppa, C.; Seppa, H.; Arctic Lakes 2k Project Members (2009). "Recent Warming Reverses Long-Term Arctic Cooling". Science 325 (5945): 1236–1239. doi:10.1126/science.1173983. . edit "Arctic Warming Overtakes 2,000 Years of Natural Cooling". UCAR. September 3, 2009. Retrieved 19 May 2011. Bello, David (September 4, 2009). "Global Warming Reverses Long-Term Arctic Cooling". Scientific American. Retrieved 19 May 2011. Jump up ^ Radiative Forcing of Climate Change: Expanding the Concept and Addressing Uncertainties, National Research Council, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., p. 29, 2005. Jump up ^ Sunspot Activity at 8,000-Year High Space.com Astronomy October 27, 2004 Jump up ^ Geoffrey Parker, Lesley M. Smith (1997). The general crisis of the seventeenth century. Routledge. pp. 287, 288. ISBN 978-0-415-16518-1. Jump up ^ Crowley, Thomas J. (2000-07-14). "Causes of Climate Change Over the Past 1000 Years". Science 289 (5477): 270–7. Bibcode:2000Sci...289..270C. doi:10.1126/science.289.5477.270. . Jump up ^ Robock, Alan (1979-12-21). "The "Little Ice Age": Northern Hemisphere Average Observations and Model Calculations". Science 206 (4425): 1402–4. Bibcode:1979Sci...206.1402R. doi:10.1126/science.206.4425.1402. . Jump up ^ "A Chilling Possibility - NASA Science". Science.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2013-06-24. Jump up ^ Hopkin, Michael (November 29, 2006). "Gulf Stream weakened in 'Little Ice Age'". Nature News. Jump up ^ Villanueva, John Carl (2009-10-19). "Little Ice Age". Universe Today. Retrieved 2010-09-22. Jump up ^ Pittenger, Richard F.; Gagosian, Robert B. (October 2003). "Global Warming Could Have a Chilling Effect on the Military" (PDF). Defense Horizons (National Defense Univ Washington DC Center for Technology and National Security Policy) 33. Retrieved 2010-09-22. Jump up ^ Leake, Jonathan (2005-05-08). "Britain faces big chill as ocean current slows". The Times (London). Retrieved 2010-05-11. Jump up ^ "Hot Planet — Cold Comfort". Alan Alda in Scientific American Frontiers. Only a Little Ice Age. 16 February 2005. PBS. Jump up ^ Ravilious, Kate (2006-02-27). "Europe's chill linked to disease". BBC. Jump up ^ Ruddiman, William F. (2003). "The anthropogenic greenhouse era began thousands of years ago". Climatic Change 61 (3): 261–293. doi:10.1023/B:CLIM.0000004577.17928.fa. ^ Jump up to: a b "Evidence for the Postconquest Demographic Collapse of the Americas in Historical CO2 Levels". American Meteorological Society through Allenpress.com. 2006. Retrieved 2010-02-01. Jump up ^ R.J. Nevle et al., "Ecological-hydrological effects of reduced biomass burning in the neotropics after A.D. 1500," Geological Society of America Meeting, Minneapolis MN, October 11, 2011. abstract. Popular summary: "Columbus' arrival linked to carbon dioxide drop: Depopulation of Americas may have cooled climate," Science News, November 5th, 2011. (access date 2-1-2012) Jump up ^ Bergeron, Louis (2008-12-17). "Reforestation helped trigger Little Ice Age, researchers say". Stanford News Service. ^ Jump up to: a b Melissa Free, Alan Robock (1999-08-27). "Global Warming in the Context of the Little Ice Age". Rutgers University, originally published in Journal of Geophysical Research. Retrieved 2010-01-03. Jump up ^ B. G. Hunt (2006-05-11). "The Medieval Warm Period, the Little Ice Age and simulated climatic variability (abstract)". Climate Dynamics, cited through Springer. Retrieved 2010-01-03.