cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Kromosom Y
Kromosom Y nyaéta kromosom panangtu kelamin di lolobana mamalia, kaasup manusa. Ieu kromosom diwangun ku 60 juta pasang basa, nu di antarana aya gén SRY nu ngahirupkeun tumuwuhna téstis.
Mamalian lolobana boga sapasang kromosom kelamin dina unggal sélna (najan aya platipus anu boga lima pasang). Nu jalu boga hiji kromosom Y jeung hiji kromosom X, sedengkeun nu bikang boga dua kromosom X wungkul. Lian ti gén SRY, dina kromosom Y ieu aya gén-gén lianna anu dipikabutuh pikeun produksi spérma anu normal.
Aya ogé anu cacad, misalna lalaki anu boga dua kromosom X jeung hiji kromosom Y ("XXY", baca sindrom Klinefelter) atawa hiji kromosom X jeung dua kromosom Y (baca sindrom XYY). Aya deui wanoja nu boag tilu kromosom X atawa hiji kromosom X (tanpa Y, "X0", baca sindrom Turner). Aya/euweuhna kromosom Y mangrupa salah sahiji uji pikeun nangtukeun jenis kelamin.
Saméméh kromosom Y
Vertebrata éktotermik loba nu teu boga kromosom kelamin, sarta ayana ditangtukeun ku lingkungan, lain génétik. Misalna baé réptil, kelamin gumantung kana suhu inkubasi mangsa disileungleuman; nu séjénna malah hérmaprodit (boga gamét jalu jeung bikang dina jero awakna).
Asal-usul
Numutkeun téori évolusi, kromosom X jeung Y mimiti misah tina sapasang kromosom idéntik kira-kira 300 juta taun kaliwat, nu disebut autosom. Nalika éta mamalia karuhun ngahasilkeun variasi alél dina 'lokus kelamin' (sex locus), mangka éta organisme jadi jalu. Kromosom nu mawa ieu alél robah jadi kromosom Y, sedengkeun pasangan anu séjénna robah jadi kromosom X. Salajengna, gén-gén anu mangpaat pikeun jalu sarta bahya atawa teu guna pikeun bikang mekar dina kromosom Y atawa pindah ka kromosom Y dina prosés translokasi.
Inhibisi rékombinasi
Gén-gén dina kromosom Y dijaga tina rékombinasi jeung kromosom X; 95% kromosom Y manusa teu bisa rékombinasi. Gén-gén anu penting pikeun jalu ngagunduk deukeut gén-gén panangtu kelamin, sarta neken (suprési) rékombinasi dina ieu bagian, sabab rékombinasi antara kromosom X jeung Y kabuktian bahya - ngahasilkeun jalu tanpa gén-gén penting nu saméméhna aya dina kromosom X jeung bikang anu euyeub ku gén-gén teu penting atawa malah bahya nu saméméhna aya di kromosom Y. <!--
Shrinking
With time, larger and larger areas became unable to recombine with the X chromosome. This caused its own problems: without recombination, the removal of harmful mutations from chromosomes becomes increasingly difficult. With no ability to remove the harmful mutations, only fortuitous mutations that permanently turned these coding regions off would give their bearer an advantage over those with still-functioning, harmful genes. This gradually turned large swaths of the chromosome into genetic junk; this was eventually removed from the Y chromosome.
Pringamba, Pandanarum, Banjarnegara
Pringamba nyaéta salah sahiji désa di Kacamatan Pandanarum, Kabupatén Banjarnegara, Propinsi Jawa Tengah, Indonésia.
Kromosom Y
Shrinking
Today, the human Y chromosome itself contains only 86 working genes, compared to close to 1000 working genes on the X chromosome. In some animals, Y degradation is even more severe. The dunnart, a marsupial carrying a 10-12 Mb Y chromosome, has only four characterised genes; among them the SRY gene, is the smallest known mammalian Y chromosome.
Gene conversion
In 2003, researchers from MIT discovered a process which may slow down the process of degradation. They found that human Y chromosome is able to "recombine" with itself, using palindrome base pair sequences. Such a "recombination" is called gene conversion or recombinational loss of heterozygosity (RecLOH).
In the case of the Y chromosomes, the palindromes are not junk DNA; these strings of bases contain functioning genes important for male fertility. Most of the sequence pairs are greater than 99.97% identical. The extensive use of gene conversion may play a role in the ability of the Y chromosome to edit out genetic mistakes and maintain the integrity of the relatively few genes it carries. In other words, since the Y chromosome is single, it has duplicates of its genes on itself instead of having a second, homologous, chromosome. When errors occur, it can use other parts of itself as a template to correct them.
Findings were confirmed by comparing similar regions of the Y chromosome in humans to the Y chromosomes of chimpanzees, bonobos and gorillas. The comparison demonstrated that the same phenomenon of gene conversion appeared to be at work more than 5 million years ago, when humans and the non-human primates diverged from each other.
Future evolution
After only an SRY (or other sex-determining) gene remains from the whole Y chromosome, there are the following possibilities: -->
Kromosom Y manusa
Kromosom Y manusa diwangun ku 58 juta pasang basa (kira 0,38% tina total DNA dina sél manusa) nu ngandung 86 gén nu nyandi ukur 23 protéin anu béda. Trait anu diturunkeun ngaliwatan kromosom Y disebut holandric traits.
Kromosom Y manusa teu bisa ngalaman rékombinasi jeung kromosom X, iwal bagian leutik pseudoautosomal dina telomér (nu ngawengku 5%-an panjang kromosom). <!--These regions are relics of ancient homology between the X and Y chromosomes. The bulk of the Y chromosome which does not recombine is called the "NRY" or non-recombining region of the Y chromosome. It is the SNPs in this region which are used for tracing direct paternal ancestral lines.
More common
No vital genes reside only on the Y chromosome, since 50% of humans (females) do not have Y chromosomes. The only well-defined human disease linked to a defect on the Y chromosome is defective testicular development (due to deletion or deleterious mutation of SRY). However, having two X-chromosomes and one Y-chromosome has similar effects. On the other hand, having Y-chromosome polysomy has other effects than masculinization.
Defective Y-chromosome
This results in the person presenting a female phenotype even though that person possesses an XY karyotype (i.e., is born with female-like genitalia). The lack of the second X results in infertility. In other words, viewed from opposite direction, the person goes through defeminization but fails to complete masculinization.
The cause can be seen as an incomplete Y chromosome: the usual karyotype in these cases is 46X, plus a fragment of Y. This usually results in defective testicular development, such that the infant may or may not have fully formed male genitalia internally or externally. The full range of ambiguity of structure may occur, especially if mosaicism is present. When the Y fragment is minimal and nonfunctional, the child usually is a girl with the features of Turner syndrome or mixed gonadal dysgenesis.
XXY
Klinefelter's syndrome (47, XXY) is not an aneuploidy of the Y chromosome, but a condition of having an extra X chromosome. It usually results in defective postnatal testicular function, but as the extra X does not seem to be due to direct interference with expression of Y genes. The mechanism is not fully understood.
XYY
It is possible for an abnormal number (aneuploidy) of Y chromosomes to result in problems.
47,XYY syndrome is caused by the presence of a single extra copy of the Y chromosome in each of a male's cells. 47,XYY males have one X chromosome and two Y chromosomes, for a total of 47 chromosomes per cell. Researchers have found that an extra copy of the Y chromosome is associated with increased stature and an increased incidence of learning problems in some boys and men, but the effects are variable, often minimal, and the vast majority do not know their karyotype. When chromosome surveys were done in the mid-1960s in British secure hospitals for the developmentally disabled, a higher than expected number of patients were found to have an extra Y chromosome. The patients were mischaracterized as aggressive and criminal, so that for a while an extra Y chromosome was believed to predispose a boy to antisocial behavior (and was dubbed the "criminal karyotype"). Subsequently, in 1968 in Scotland the only ever comprehensive nationwide chromosome survey of prisons found no overrepresentation of 47,XYY men, and later studies found 47,XYY boys and men had the same rate of criminal convictions as 46,XY boys and men of equal intelligence. Thus, the "criminal karyotype" concept is inaccurate and obsolete.
Rare
The following Y-Chromosome-linked diseases are rare, but notable because of their elucidating of the nature of the Y-chromosome.
More than two Y chromosomes
Greater degrees of Y chromosome polysomy (having more than one extra copy of the Y chromosome in every cell, e.g., XYYYY) are rare. The extra genetic material in these cases can lead to skeletal abnormalities, decreased IQ, and delayed development, but the severity features of these conditions are variable.
XX male syndrome
XX male syndrome occurs when there has been a recombination in the formation of the male gametes, causing the SRY-portion of the Y chromosome to move to the X chromosome. When such an X chromosome contributes to the child, the development will lead to a male, because of the SRY gene.
Genetic genealogy
In human genetic genealogy (the application of genetics to traditional genealogy) use of the information contained in the Y chromosome is of particular interest since, unlike other genes, the Y chromosome is passed exclusively from father to son. See www.smgf.org for more information. Mitochondrial DNA, maternally inherited, is used in an analogous way to trace the maternal line.
ZW-chromosomes
Other organisms have mirror image sex chromosomes: the female is "XY" and the male is "XX", but by convention biologists call a "female Y" a W chromosome and the other a Z chromosome. For example, female birds, snakes, and butterflies have ZW sex chromosomes, and males have ZZ sex chromosomes. -->
Daptar dékade
Ieu mangrupa daptar dékade nu miboga artikel kalayan informasi nu leuwih loba ngeunaannana.
Pamonoran, Dolok Sigompulon, Padang Lawas Kalér
Pamonoran nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Dolok Sigompulon, Kabupatén Padang Lawas Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Pasar Simundol, Dolok Sigompulon, Padang Lawas Kalér
Pasar Simundol nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Dolok Sigompulon, Kabupatén Padang Lawas Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Pingit Lor, Pandanarum, Banjarnegara
Pingit Lor nyaéta salah sahiji désa di Kacamatan Pandanarum, Kabupatén Banjarnegara, Propinsi Jawa Tengah, Indonésia.
Sinduaji, Pandanarum, Banjarnegara
Sinduaji nyaéta salah sahiji désa di Kacamatan Pandanarum, Kabupatén Banjarnegara, Propinsi Jawa Tengah, Indonésia.
Kincang, Rakit, Banjarnegara
Kincang nyaéta salasahiji désa di Kacamatan Rakit, Kabupatén Banjarnegara, Propinsi Jawa Tengah, Indonésia.
Siguga, Dolok, Padang Lawas Kalér
Siguga nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Dolok, Kabupatén Padang Lawas Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Bandar Udara Internasional Arlanda
Bandara Arlanda-Stockholm, nyaéta hiji bandara internasional nu perenahna di Munisipalitas Sigtuna, Swédia, deukeuteun kota Märsta, kurang leuwih 42 km di béh kaléreun Stockholm tur ampir 40 km, ku jalan mobil, di béh wétan kiduleun Uppsala. Lamun maké karéta mah jarakna ti Uppsala téh leuwih deukeut, sedengkeun jarak ti jeung ka puseur Stockholm mah sarua baé boh maké jalan mobil atawa jalur karéta.
Bandara ieu perenahna di County Stockholm, propinsi Uppland. Bandara ieu mangrupa bandara panggedéna di Swédia – taun 2006 mah mangrupa bandara panggedéna katilu di nagara Nordik – tur boga 17.91 juta panumpang taun 2007. Bandara ieu ogé mangrupa salah sahiji tina tilu puseur Sistim Pausahaan Penerbangan Scandinavia.
Adipasir, Rakit, Banjarnegara
Adipasir nyaéta salah sahiji désa di Kacamatan Rakit, Kabupatén Banjarnegara, Propinsi Jawa Tengah, Indonésia.
Cheng Ho
Cheng Ho (1371–1433; ), atanapi Ma Sanbao  atanapi Hajji Mahmud Syamsuddin (حاجي محمود شمس الدين) nyaéta saurang palaut, penjelaja, duta, jeung laksamana armada Hui-Cina, anu mingpin palayaran ka Asia Tenggara, Asia Kidul, Wétan Tengah, Afrika Wétan, sarta Tanduk Afrika anu disebut Palayaran Zheng He atanapi Palayaran Cheng Ho ti 1405 nepi ka 1433.
Sitonun, Dolok Sigompulon, Padang Lawas Kalér
Sitonun nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Dolok Sigompulon, Kabupatén Padang Lawas Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Singanyal, Dolok, Padang Lawas Kalér
Singanyal nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Dolok, Kabupatén Padang Lawas Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Alap-alap
Alap-alap (Accipiter virgatus) téh manuk pamangsa ti kulawarga Accipitridae, sumebar di leuweung Asia kidul (Pakistan jeung India) nepi ka Cina kidul jeung Indonésia. Nyayangna dina tangkal jangkung, sakali usum endogna 2-5 siki, ganti sayang unggal taun. Ieu manuk téh raptor ukuran sedeng (29–36 cm), jangjangna pondok tapi rada lébar sarta buntutna panjang nu ngadukung pikeun kalincahanana nalika hiber.
Pangawakanna sagedé japati, sahandapeun heulang, bisa eureun hiberna di langit bari jang-jangna kikiplik nyidik-nyidik mangsana anu aya di handap. Nalika usum halodo, alap-alap sok kaluar ti leuweung ka tegalan jeung pakebonan/pahumaan. Nu dimangsa bangsa kadal, papatong, manuk leutik, jeung mamalia leutik.
Kali Yuga
Kali Yuga (Devanāgarī: कलियुग, lit. "Jaman Kali", "jaman goréng"), nyaéta salah sahiji tina opat tahap atawa yuga nu diliwatan ku dunya dina ageman Hindu,. Sacara tradisional, lolobana umat Hindu percaya yén Kali Yuga téh lilana 432,000 taun. Kali Yuga diaku ogé tur dinyatakeun dina ajaran Sikh, di Guru Granth Sahib.
Vikram Samvat
Vikram Samvat (Bikram Samwat) nyaéta kalender nu dijieun ku kaisar Barata di India Vikramaditya. Mangrupa kalénder resmi di Népal. Kalénder ieu biasana dimimitian ti tanggal 13 atawa 14 April -56, 56.7 taun saméméh kalénder Gregori.
Bandingan, Rakit, Banjarnegara
Bandingan nyaéta salah sahiji désa di Kacamatan Rakit, Kabupatén Banjarnegara, Propinsi Jawa Tengah, Indonésia.
Aek Haruaya, Dolok, Padang Lawas Kalér
Aek Haruaya nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Dolok, Kabupatén Padang Lawas Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Binanga Panasahan, Dolok, Padang Lawas Kalér
Binanga Panasahan nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Dolok, Kabupatén Padang Lawas Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Pasar Sipiongot, Dolok, Padang Lawas Kalér
Pasar Sipiongot nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Dolok, Kabupatén Padang Lawas Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Semenanjung Arab
Semenanjung Arab (شبه الجزيرة العربية šibh al-jazīrat al-ʻarabīya atanapi جزيرة العرب Ǧazīrat al 'Arab) nyaéta hiji wangun daratan nu aya kalér-wétaneun Afrika. Wewengkonna kawanoh ogé salaku Arabia atanapi Sub-buana Arabia,, semenanjung ieu mangrupa semenanjung anu panggedéna sadunya sarta ngawengku lega 3.237,500 km2 (1.250.000 mi2). Semenanjung Arab aya di buana Asia sarta miboga aksés laut ka Teluk Pérsia, Selat Hormuz, Teluk Oman, Laut Arab, Teluk Aden, Selat Bab-el-Mandeb, sarta Laut Beureum.
Léngkong, Rakit, Banjarnegara
Léngkong nyaéta salah sahiji désa di Kacamatan Rakit, Kabupatén Banjarnegara, Propinsi Jawa Tengah, Indonésia.
Dérét Fourier
Dina matematika, Dérét Fourier misah-misahkeun hiji fungsi périodik jadi sajumlah fungsi basajan anu ngayunambing (osilasi), nyaéta sinus jeung kosinus. Dérét Fourier diwanohkeun ku Joseph Fourier (1768–1830) nu tujuannana pikeun ngajawab persamaan panas dina lambaran métal. Hal ieu nimbulkeun révolusi dina matematika, maksa para ahli matematika pikeun mariksa deui dasar-dasar matematika sarta ngarah kana téori-téori modéren saperti integrasi Lebesgue.
Dérét Fourier réa dimangfaatkeun dina téhnik listrik, analisis geteran, akustika, optika, pamrosésan sinyal, pamrosésan citra, jeung sajabana.
Sajarah mekarna
Ngaran dérét Fourier nyokot tina ngaran Joseph Fourier (1768-1830), urang Perancis nu méré sumbangan gedé kana widang dérét trigonométri. Manéhna nerapkeun ieu téknik pikeun manggihan jawaban persamaan panas, nerbitkeun hasil awalna dina 1807 dina taun 1811, sarta nerbitkeun Théorie analytique de la chaleur dina taun 1822.
Hiji artikel révolusionér
Kalikeun kadua sisi jeung, sarta tuluy terapkeun operasi integral ti y=-1 nepi ka y=+1 mangka dihasilkeun:
Dina sababaraha baris tulisan di luhur, Fourier sacara teu dihaja, ngalakukeun révolusi boh dina widang matematika boh dina widang fisika.
Lahirna analisis harmonik
Fourier mimitina ngadéfinisikeun dérét Fourier pikeun fungsi-fungsi nu boga ajén ril sarta ngagunakeun fungsi-fungsi sinus jeung kosinus minangka dasar pikeun misah-misahkeunana.
Ti saprak harita, kapanggih leuwih réa deui transformasi Fourier nu bisa kadéfinisikeun, ngalébérkeun gagasan awal kana panerapan-panerapan séjénna. Widang nu néangan transformasi Fourier pikeun fungsi-fungsi éta disebut analisis harmonik.
Définisi
Lamun x(t) ngalambangkeun hiji fungsi tina variabel bébas t mangka ieu fungsi biasana dianggap minangka fungsi périodik kalayan périoda 2π, dina kalimah séjén bisa dinyatakeun yén x(t+2π) = x(t), pikeun sakabéh angka ril t. Pikeun nuliskeun éta fungsi minangka pajumlahan dérét fungsi sinusioda anu tanpa wates réana, urang kudu ngagunakeun pajumlahan fungsi-fungsi sinus jeung kosinus anu tanpa wates dina interval [-π,π], saperti anu dilakukeun ku Fourier (tingali kutipan di luhur).
Rumus Fourier pikeun fungsi périodik 2\pi ku cara ngagunakeun fungsi-fungsi sinus jeung kosinus
jeung
disebut koéfisién Fourier tina x. Pajumlahan tanpa wates
mangrupa dérét Fourier pikeun x dina interval [-π,π]. Dérét Fourier henteu kudu konvergén (ngurucut).
Conto: hiji dérét Fourier basajan
Dina hal ieu, koéfisien Fourier ditangtukeun ku cara kieu:
Urang bisa ningali yén dérét Fourier tina fungsi urang nu awal katémbong jauh leuwih basajan batan rumus x(t)=t. Sanajan loba conto panerapanana, di dieu ngan ditémbongkeun conto tina itungan nu dumasar kana motivasi Forier ngajawab persamaan panas. Contona, coba tempo hiji pelat métal nu wangunna segi opat nu sisi-sisina π méter, kalayan koordinat. Lamun euwueh sumber panas dina jero pelat, sarta lamun tilu ti opat sisi kasebut tetep dina 0 darajat celsius, samentara sisi nu kaopat, nu digambarkeun ku y=π, tetep dina gradién suhu T(x,π) = x darajat celsius, pikeun x dina (0,π), mangka urang bisa nempo yén distribusi panas stasionér (atawa distribusi panas dina sawatara waktu nu lila geus kaliwat) dinyatakeun ku
Di dieu, sinh nyaéta fungsi sinus hiperbolik. Jawaban pikeun persamaan panas kasebut kapanggih ku cara ngalikeun masing-masing séké dina persamaan (Eq.1) jeung sinh(ny)/sinh(nπ). Sanajan dina conto ieu f(x) kaciri mibanda dérét Fourier nu kacida rumit, distribusi panas T(x,y) mah nontrivial. Fungsi T teu bisa ditulis minangka closed-form expression. Métode ngajawab pasualan panas ieu ngan dimungkinkeun ku gawéna Fourier.
Vérsi modéren nu ngagunakeun éksponénsial kompléks
Ku cara ngagunakeun rumus Euler,, di mana j nyaéta unit imajinér, urang bisa ngagambarkeun dérét Fourier jadi rumus nu leuwih ringkes:
Upamana waé x(t) mangrupa hiji sinyal périodik kalayan périoda To. Mangka urang ngadéfinisikeun dérét Fourier éksponénsial kompléks x(t) minangka
di mana, nu dingaranan frékuénsi sudut fundaméntal.
Koéfisién-koéfisién Fourier ditetepkeun minangka:
di mana t_o harga sabaraha waé.
Lamun ditetepkeun
mangka:
Spéktrum Fourier
Lamun sinyal périodik x(t) téh ril, mangka:
sarta
di mana |c_n| mangrupa amplitudo, \theta_n mangrupa sudut fase ti c_n, sarta tanda béntang nunjukkeun konjugat kompléks.
Badamita, Rakit, Banjarnegara
Badamita nyaéta salah sahiji désa di Kacamatan Rakit, Kabupatén Banjarnegara, Propinsi Jawa Tengah, Indonésia.
Dérét Fourier
Spéktrum Fourier
Catet yén:
Grafik |c_n| vérsus frékuénsi sudut disebut spéktrum apmlitudo tina sinyal périodik x(t). Grafik \theta_n vérsus \omega disebut spéktrum fase tina x(t). Kadua grafik ieu disebut spéktrum frékuénsi x(t). Lantaran indéks n ngan boga harga-harga jinek (bulat), mangka spéktrum frékuénsi sinyal périodik ngan aya pikeun frékuénsi-frékuénsi disktrit n\omega_o.
Kandungan daya tina hiji sinyal périodik
Kandungan daya tina hiji sinyal périodik x(T) nu boga périoda To ditetepkeun salaku harga rata-rata kuadrat dina hiji périoda:
Téoréma Parseval pikeun dérét Fourier
Téoréma Parseval pikeun dérét Fourier nganyatakeun yén lamun x(t) mangrupa hiji sinyal périodik kalayan périoda To, mangka
Bintais Julu, Dolok, Padang Lawas Kalér
Bintais Julu nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Dolok, Kabupatén Padang Lawas Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Jalarang
Jalarang atawa jaralang (Ratufa bicolor) nyaéta hiji spésiés rodénsia ti kulawarga Sciuridae (bajing) nu hirup di Bangladés, Butan, Kamboja, Cina, India, Indonésia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Népal, Muangtai, jeung Viétnam. Ieu bajing kaasup nu panggedéna, hirup solitér dina tatangkalan jangkung/gedé di leuweung primér. Bagian luhur awakna ditutup ku bulu hideung meles, sedengkeun bagian handapna krém atawa oranyeu.
Kadaharan jalarang mangrupa bungbuahan jeung sisikian, sarta kadang diselang ku serangga jeung endog manuk. Sayangna gedé buleud, dijieun tina dangdaunnan jeung régang.
Gelang, Rakit, Banjarnegara
Gelang nyaéta salah sahiji désa di Kacamatan Rakit, Kabupatén Banjarnegara, Propinsi Jawa Tengah, Indonésia.
Ékuinoks
Ékuinoks atawa equinox nyaéta kaayaan nalika srangenge nyaangan langsung kana katulistiwa. Aya dua ekuinoks unggal taun. Ekuinoks bisa boga harti ogé yén lilana dua poé nalika kajadian. Dina poé eta, beurang katut peuting bisa disebut sarua lilana. Kecap equinox asalna tina dua kecap Laten nu hartina "sarua" ("equal") katut "peuting" ("night"). Sapanjaang poé equinox, wanci caang beurang nyaéta 12 jam - sarua jeung peutingna. poé katut wanci pastina nalika hal ieu kajadian gumantung kana sakumaha jauhna lamun diukur ti katulistiwa. Kajadian kira-kira 23 Maret jeung 21 September. Titik malik panonpoe kajadian tanggal 20 Juni din ainterval ganjil.
Equinox mangrupa awal usum semi, jeung usum gugur.
Wanci caang beurang rada gampang diukur. Ieu dilakukeun di sawatara kabudayaan nalika festival-festival dirayakeun nalika ekuinoks.
Abad ka-11 SM
Abad ka-11 SM nyaéta abad Saméméh Maséhi nu lumangsung antara taun 1001 SM tepi ka 1100 SM, atawa ti dasawarsa 1000-an SM tepi ka 1090-an SM dina kalénder Gregori.
Pingit, Rakit, Banjarnegara
Pingit nyaéta salah sahiji désa di Kacamatan Rakit, Kabupatén Banjarnegara, Propinsi Jawa Tengah, Indonésia.
Luwung, Rakit, Banjarnegara
Luwung nyaéta salah sahiji désa di Kacamatan Rakit, Kabupatén Banjarnegara, Propinsi Jawa Tengah, Indonésia.
Nagoya Railroad
Jalur
1 Babarengan jeung Nagoya Municipal Subway ■ Tsurumai Line
Cipeuw
Cipeuw (Aegithina tiphia) téh hiji spésiés manuk bacéo leutik nu hirup di wewengkon Asia Kidul (Pakistan, India, Sri Langka) nepi ka wétan di Indonésia. Hirupna di leuweung atawa wewengkon nu loba tatangkalanana. Sakali anakan endogna dua nepi ka opat, dina sayang bentuk mangkok leutik nu diwangun tina jujukutan.
Nagoya Railroad
Jalur
2 Babarengan jeung Nagoya Municipal Subway ■ Kamiiida Line
Stasion-stasion utama
Stasion utama di Kota Nagoya
10 Nopémber
10 Nopémber nyaéta poé ka-314 dina sataun (ka-315 dina taun kabisat) dina kalénder Gregorian, sésana 51 poé.
Nagoya Railroad
Stasion-stasion utama
Jalur Nagoya (Sisi Wetan) jeung Jalur Toyokawa
Jalur Tokoname, Jalur Chikko jeung Jalur Bandara
Jalur Kōwa jeung Jalur Chita
Jalur Nagoya (Sisi Kulon), Jalur Takehana jeung Jalur Hashima
Jalur Tsushima jeung Jalur Bisai
Jalur Inuyama, Jalur Kakamigahara jeung Jalur Hiromi
Sumber Lor, Babakan, Cirebon
Sumber Lor nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Babakan, Kabupatén Cirebon, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Nagoya Railroad
Stasion-stasion utama
Jalur Seto
Paya Ombik, Dolok, Padang Lawas Kalér
Paya Ombik nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Dolok, Kabupatén Padang Lawas Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Bunut, Dolok, Padang Lawas Kalér
Bunut nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Dolok, Kabupatén Padang Lawas Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Sufi
Sufi téh umumna dihartoskeun tina "Sufi" nu asalna Suf (صوف), basa Arab nu hartosna mantel sederhana nu diangge ku mujahid di zaman-zaman awal Islam. Tapi teu sadaya nu disebat ahli sufi ngangge mantel siga kieu.
Nu sanesna, téori basa modérn nyatet ogé yén kecap dasar "Sufi" ieu tina basa Arab, safa (صفا) nu hartosna 'nu suci', suci hate jeung jiwa.
Kecap "Sufi" sering dikaitkeun jeung istilah "Tasawwuf".
Cikaum Barat, Cikaum, Subang
Cikaum Barat nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Cikaum, Kabupatén Subang, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Sijorang, Dolok, Padang Lawas Kalér
Sijorang nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Dolok, Kabupatén Padang Lawas Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Huta Baru Sil, Dolok, Padang Lawas Kalér
Huta Baru Sil nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Dolok, Kabupatén Padang Lawas Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Teluk Pérsia
Teluk Pérsia hiji teluk nu aya di Asia Kulon antara Iran (Pérsia) jeung Semenanjung Arab. Teluk ieu mangrupa lanjutan ti Samudra Hindia.
Teluk Pérsia mangrupa titik fokus dina Perang Iran-Irak 1980–1988, di mana pihak-pihakna silih narajang kapal tanker minyak lawanna. Dina 1991, Teluk Pérsia jadi latar dina "Perang Teluk Pérsia" atanapi "Perang Teluk" nalika Irak nginvasi Kuwait, sanajan sabenerna konflik éta utamina mangrupa konflik daratan.
Sacara sajarah jeung internasionalna , teluk ieu kawanoh salaku Teluk Pérsia. Tapi wewengkon cai ieu kadang sacara kontrovérsialna disebut Teluk Arab atanapi ngan Teluk (The Gulf) ku raloba nagara Arab, sanajan 2 istilah éta teu diakuan internasionalna. Ngaran Teluk Iran (Teluk Pérsia) dipaké ku Organisasi Hidrografi Internasional.
Gandasari, Cikaum, Subang
Gandasari nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Cikaum, Kabupatén Subang, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Tanjunganom, Rakit, Banjarnegara
Tanjunganom nyaéta salah sahiji désa di Kacamatan Rakit, Kabupatén Banjarnegara, Propinsi Jawa Tengah, Indonésia.
Simaninggir Sip, Dolok, Padang Lawas Kalér
Simaninggir Sip nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Dolok, Kabupatén Padang Lawas Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Kaunganten, Cikaum, Subang
Kaunganten nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Cikaum, Kabupatén Subang, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Jampé
Jampé nyaéta mantra anu dipapatkeun atawa dipaké pikeun ngubaran atawa ngaleungitkeun kanyeri, kasakit, atawa kabiasaan anu teu hadé sangkan jadi hadé, cageur, jeung sajabana.
Contona jampé
Jampé ka budak nu sok ceurik baé:
Nyi Ara-ara
Nyi Iri-iri
Ulah sok jail ka adi
Tuh, da sia bawa ngajadi
Jep meneng si jabang bayi
Aek Suhat Jae, Dolok, Padang Lawas Kalér
Aek Suhat Jae nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Dolok, Kabupatén Padang Lawas Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Kalénder Yahudi
Kalénder Yahudi nyaéta kalénder nu dipaké dina ageman Yahudi.
Pangaran Julu I, Dolok, Padang Lawas Kalér
Pangaran Julu I nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Dolok, Kabupatén Padang Lawas Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Kalénder Yahudi
Kalender ieu nangtukeun tanggal poé peré Yahudi, nangtukeun tanggal umum keur maca bagéan Taurot, Yahrzeit (tanggal mieling pupusna baraya), jeung Psalms poéan husus.
Two major forms of the calendar have been used: an observational form used before the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE, and based on witnesses observing the phase of the moon, and a rule-based form first fully described by Maimonides in 1178 CE, which was adopted over a transition period between 70 and 1178.
The "modern" form is a fixed arithmetic lunisolar calendar. Because of the roughly 11 day difference between twelve lunar months and one solar year, the calendar repéats in a 19-yéar cycle of 235 lunar months, with an extra lunar month added once every two or three yéars, for a total of 7 times per 19 yéars. As the Hebrew calendar was developed in the region éast of the Mediterranean Sea, references to séasons reflect the times and climate of the Northern Hemisphere.
Jews have been using a lunisolar calendar since Biblical times. The first commandment the Jewish Péople received as a nation was the commandment to determine the New Moon. The beginning of Exodus Chapter 12 says "This month (Nissan) is for you the first of months.". The months were originally referred to in the Bible by number rather than name. Only four pre-exilic month names appéar in the Tanakh (the Hebrew Bible): Aviv (first; literally "Spring", but originally probably méant the ripening of barley), Ziv (second; literally "Light"), Ethanim (seventh; literally "Strong" in plural, perhaps referring to strong rains), and Bul (eighth), and all are Canaanite names.
Pasirmuncang, Cikaum, Subang
Pasirmuncang nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Cikaum, Kabupatén Subang, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Mompang Lombang, Dolok, Padang Lawas Kalér
Mompang Lombang nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Dolok, Kabupatén Padang Lawas Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Bojanegara, Sigaluh, Banjarnegara
Bojanegara nyaéta salah sahiji désa di Kacamatan Sigaluh, Kabupatén Banjarnegara, Propinsi Jawa Tengah, Indonésia.
Baringin Sip, Dolok, Padang Lawas Kalér
Baringin Sip nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Dolok, Kabupatén Padang Lawas Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Tanjungsari Barat, Cikaum, Subang
Tanjungsari Barat nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Cikaum, Kabupatén Subang, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Cikaum Timur, Cikaum, Subang
Cikaum Timur nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Cikaum, Kabupatén Subang, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Karangmangu, Sigaluh, Banjarnegara
Karangmangu nyaéta salah sahiji désa di Kacamatan Sigaluh, Kabupatén Banjarnegara, Propinsi Jawa Tengah, Indonésia.
Mekarsari, Cikaum, Subang
Mekarsari nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Cikaum, Kabupatén Subang, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Tanjungsari Timur, Cikaum, Subang
Tanjungsari Timur nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Cikaum, Kabupatén Subang, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Gunung Maria, Dolok, Padang Lawas Kalér
Gunung Maria nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Dolok, Kabupatén Padang Lawas Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Lubuk Godang, Dolok, Padang Lawas Kalér
Lubuk Godang nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Dolok, Kabupatén Padang Lawas Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Sijantung Julu, Dolok, Padang Lawas Kalér
Sijantung Julu nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Dolok, Kabupatén Padang Lawas Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Kalibenda, Sigaluh, Banjarnegara
Kalibenda nyaéta salah sahiji désa di Kacamatan Sigaluh, Kabupatén Banjarnegara, Propinsi Jawa Tengah, Indonésia.
Sindangsari, Cikaum, Subang
Sindangsari nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Cikaum, Kabupatén Subang, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Kemiri, Sigaluh, Banjarnegara
Kemiri nyaéta salah sahiji désa di Kacamatan Sigaluh, Kabupatén Banjarnegara, Propinsi Jawa Tengah, Indonésia.
Aek Rao TN, Dolok, Padang Lawas Kalér
Aek Rao TN nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Dolok, Kabupatén Padang Lawas Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Sasak
Sasak atawa jambatan nyaéta sebutan umum pikeun hiji wangunan anu dijieun ajang meuntasan jungkrang atawa anu lianna, misalna walungan, rél karéta, jalan raya, jsb. Sasak diwangun pikeun diliwatan di luhureun nu dipeuntasan. Ieu istilah sasak gé sok dipaké sacara umum, sangkan nyebut rawayan jeung cukang gé sok ku ieu istilah.
Rupa-rupa sasak
Dumasar kana strukturna, sasak sok dibagi kana sababaraha rupa.
Batu Runding, Dolok, Padang Lawas Kalér
Batu Runding nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Dolok, Kabupatén Padang Lawas Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Aek Ilung, Dolok, Padang Lawas Kalér
Aek Ilung nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Dolok, Kabupatén Padang Lawas Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Lagu Kabangsaan Saudi Arabia
Lagu Kabangsaan Saudi Arabia (النشيد الوطني السعودي) nyaéta lagu kabangsaan nasional ti Saudi Arabia nu diresmikeun pamakéaannana dina taun 1950 sarta dianyarkeun deui dina 1984 kalawan parobahan dina rumpakana.
N (kana)
ん, in hiragana, or ン in katakana, is one of the Japanese kana, which éach represent one mora. It is the only kana sound ending with a consonant.
This kana is unique in several aspects; it can never begin a word and is followed by an apostrophe in transliteration whenever it precedes a vowel or a y- kana, so as to prevent confusion with other kana. But like every other kana, it represents an entire mora - and so its pronunciation is, in practice, as close to 'nn' as 'n'. Also, when preceding any kana that begins with an "M," "B," or "P," sound, this kana can become an "M" sound.
Prigi, Sigaluh, Banjarnegara
Prigi nyaéta salah sahiji désa di Kacamatan Sigaluh, Kabupatén Banjarnegara, Propinsi Jawa Tengah, Indonésia.
Cimayasari, Cipeundeuy, Subang
Cimayasari nyaéta salasahiji désa di kacamatan Cipeundeuy, Kabupatén Subang, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Sawal, Sigaluh, Banjarnegara
Sawal nyaéta salah sahiji désa di Kacamatan Sigaluh, Kabupatén Banjarnegara, Propinsi Jawa Tengah, Indonésia.
Sigaluh, Sigaluh, Banjarnegara
Sigaluh nyaéta salah sahiji désa di Kacamatan Sigaluh, Kabupatén Banjarnegara, Propinsi Jawa Tengah, Indonésia.
Banggalamulya, Cipeundeuy, Subang
Banggalamulya nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Cipeundeuy, Kabupatén Subang, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Sawangan, Cipeundeuy, Subang
Sawangan nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Cipeundeuy, Kabupatén Subang, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Léngkong, Cipeundeuy, Subang
Léngkong nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Cipeundeuy, Kabupatén Subang, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Bahap, Dolok, Padang Lawas Kalér
Bahap nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Dolok, Kabupatén Padang Lawas Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Pringamba, Sigaluh, Banjarnegara
Pringamba nyaéta salah sahiji désa di Kacamatan Sigaluh, Kabupatén Banjarnegara, Propinsi Jawa Tengah, Indonésia.
Cipeundeuy, Cipeundeuy, Subang
Cipeundeuy nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Cipeundeuy, Kabupatén Subang, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Tunggara, Sigaluh, Banjarnegara
Tunggara nyaéta salah sahiji désa di Kacamatan Sigaluh, Kabupatén Banjarnegara, Propinsi Jawa Tengah, Indonésia.
Randegan, Sigaluh, Banjarnegara
Randegan nyaéta salah sahiji désa di Kacamatan Sigaluh, Kabupatén Banjarnegara, Propinsi Jawa Tengah, Indonésia.
Lambang Saudi Arabia
Lambang Nasional Saudi Arabia (شعار السعودية) nyaéta lambang nagara Saudi Arabia nu disahkeun pamakéannana dina 1950. Dumasar kana Konstitusi Saudi Arabia, lambangna kasusun ti 2 pedang nu disilangkeun kalawan hiji tangkal palem di luhureunnana.
Pedang minangka perlambang 2 karajaan, Hijaz jeung Nejd, ngahiji dina Ibn Saud dina 1926.
Celegeng
Celegeng atawa nyogong (ereksi; erection) nyaéta kondisi nu mana sirit lalaki keur dina kaayaan mangkreng atawa heuras.
Sungai Pining, Dolok, Padang Lawas Kalér
Sungai Pining nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Dolok, Kabupatén Padang Lawas Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Walungan Han (Koréa)
Walungan Han nyaéta walungan di Koréa Kidul nu mangrupa muhara pinanggihna dua walungan, walungan Namhan (Walungan Han Kidul), nu asalna ti Gunung Daédeok, jeung walungan Bukhan (walungan Han Kalér), nu asalna ti léngkob Gunung Geumgang di Koréa Kalér. Walungan ieu ngalir ngaliwatan Seoul tuluy ngahiji jeung walungan Imjin saeutik deui saméméh ngalir ka Laut Konéng.
Tarutung Bolak, Dolok, Padang Lawas Kalér
Tarutung Bolak nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Dolok, Kabupatén Padang Lawas Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Celegeng
__INDEKS__ __PRANALABAGIANBARU__
Walungan Han (Koréa)
Panjang total Walungan Han nyaéta 514 km. Sanajan lain walungan nu panjang, Han béh handap kacatet cukup lega keur ukuran walungan nu rélatif pondok mah. Di wates kota Seoul, walungan ieu rubakna leuwih ti 1 km. Saméméh diwangun sababaraha bendungan gedé, walungan ieu kasohor ku gedéna koéfisién river regime (babandingan antara jumlah aliran panglobana jeung pangsaeutikna) nu 1:390. (Keur babandingan, Thames katut Rhine boga koéfisién 1:8 jeung 1:18, patuturut.)
Muhammad bin Saud
Muhammad bin Saud (محمد بن سعود ) (maot 1765), atanapi Ibnu Saud, nyaéta saurang émir ti Al-Dir'iyyah sarta nu dianggap salaku nu ngadegkeun Nagara Saudi Kahiji jeung Dinasti Saud, nu mana sacara téhnis dingaranan dumasar ramana–Saud bin Muhammad bin Migrin.
Walungan Han (Koréa)
Walungan Han jeung wewengkon sabudeureunnana played an important role in Koréan history. The Three Kingdoms of Korea strove to take control of this land, where the river was used as a trade route to China (via the Yellow Séa). However, the river is no longer actively used for navigation, because its estuary is located at the borders of the two Koreas, barred for entrance by any civilian.
Ngaran
The Namhan méaning South Han, Gang méaning river is sometimes, but not always, referred to as the "Han" in South Korea. The term "South Han" is understood irrespective of which side of the border one stands.
Padamulya, Cipunagara, Subang
Padamulya nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Cipunagara, Kabupatén Subang, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Walungan Han (Koréa)
Ngaran
Even though "Namhan" and "Bukhan" are homophones with the acronyms Namhan (남한; South Koréa) and Bukhan (북한; North Koréa), used commonly in South Koréa, this is a méré coincidence. The hanja for the Han River is not "韓" ("Korea") but "漢" (the Chinese Han dynasty or "China" in general).
Anak walungan Han
Tributaries are listed in order from the mouth of the Han to the source. Subtributaries are listed accordingly.
Bridges over the lower Han
A total of 27 bridges of Han River in Seoul National Capital Area(Seoul, Gyeonggi, Incheon), South Korea, are,
Ti kulon ka kalér
Galeri
<Gallery> Image:Seogang Bridge Seoul.jpg|Sasak Seogang image:Seogang Bridge and Bukhansan from Bamseom.jpg|Seogang Bridge Image:Looking east along the north bank of the Han from Seogang Bridge.jpg|Looking éast along the north bank of the Han from Seogang Bridge in normal traffic conditions image:Donghodaegyo 1.jpg|Dongho Bridge Image:Olympic Bridge Seoul.jpg|Olympic Bridge image:Olympic_Bridge_on_Hangang_river_Seoul_Korea.jpg|Olympic Bridge Image:Seoul-Han.River-06.jpg| Image:Seoul-Han.River-Yeoido-Bridge-01.jpg|
</Gallery>
Trivia
Walungan Han disét keur The Host, nu mana Sasak Wonhyo mangrupa bagéan penting.
Wantilan, Cipeundeuy, Subang
Wantilan nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Cipeundeuy, Kabupatén Subang, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Hutaimbaru Gul, Dolok, Padang Lawas Kalér
Hutaimbaru Gul nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Dolok, Kabupatén Padang Lawas Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Pterophorus pentadactyla
Pterophorus pentadactyla nyaéta hiji spésiés geget ti séké Pterophoroidea. Panjang jangjangna kira-kira 24–35 mm.
Hajar Aswad
Hajar Aswad (Ar. الحجر الأسود) nu hartina Batu Hideung nyaéta hiji batu anu ceuk tradisi Islam diaku ku para Muslim salaku titinggal Nabi Ibrahim, sarta jauhna titinggal Nabi Adam. Ieu batu diperenahkeun di juru wétan Ka'bah, kabuyutan kuna kiblatna solat Muslim, di tengah-tengah Masjidil Haram di Mekah, Arab Saudi. Diaméter ieu batu k.l. 30 cm, diperenahkeun 1,5 m luhureun taneuh. Dina jaman panengah, ieu batu beulah, ku kituna kiwari dipigura (maké pérak).
Dina prakprakan Haji, jamaah disunatkeun nyium Hajar Aswad, sakumaha anu dicontokeun ku Nabi Muhammad. Mun teu kahontal, jamaah cukup ku nunjuk dina unggal kuriling anu tujuh (towaf).
Jihat Islam
Numutkeun tradisi Islam, Hajar Aswad anu tadina bodas nyacas ragrag ti Sawarga jaman Adam jeung Hawa. Tina bodas nyacas jadi hideung téh ku sabab nyerep dosa mangtaun-taun. Ieu batu lajeng kapendak ku Nabi Ibrahim nalika kuriak ngabangun deui Ka'bah, dianteurkeun ku Malaikat Jibril.
Taun 602, mangsa Muhammad can diangkat jadi nabi, Ka'bah diropéa deui ku suku-suku di Mekah. Ku kituna, Hajar Aswad dipindahkeun heula ka tempat nu aman. Dina Shiroh Rosululloh karya Ibnu Ishaq, dicaritakeun yén para pupuhu suku maséakeun saha nu pantes méré nahkeun deui Hajar Aswad kana Ka'bah. Muhammad anu dipercaya kajujuranana ku sakur suku-suku Mekah, dipénta néang jalan tengah pikeun mutuskeun ieu perkara. Pamanggih anjeunna anu basajan lajeng ditarima ku para pupuhu suku. Prakprakanana, Muhammad muka sarta ngamparkeun sorbanna, méré nahkeun Hajar Aswad luhureunana, sarta para pupuhu suku babarengan ngagotong éta sorban ka tempat rék diperenahkeunana Hajar Aswad. Sanggeus kitu, Muhammad kuanjeun ngangkat éta batu kana témbok di juru Ka'bah.
Jihat séjén
Budaya Semit di Wétan Tengah boga tradisi ngagunakeun batu ahéng pikeun nyirian kabuyutan/tempat suci, pénoména nu kapanggih dina Bibel Yahudi jeung Qur'an.
Grunebaum, dina Classical Islam, nyebutkeun yén Ka'bah téh pangjugjugan jarah ti saméméh Islam nu bentuk aslina ukur wangunan batu. Tapi wangunan modél Ka'bah di Arab téh teu ukur hiji. Di kota Ghaiman, Arab kidul aya "Batu beureum". Aya ogé "batu bodas" di 'Abalat (deukeut kota Tabala, kidul Mekah). Intina, jaman bihari aya tradisi muja batu, gunung, formasi cadas, atawa tutuwuhan anu bentukna teu galib".
Pasipatan fisik Hajar Aswad munggaran dipedar abad ka-19 jeung awal abad ka-20 ku urang Éropah nu ngumbara ka Arab. Johann Ludwig Burckhardt, urang Swiss nu ngumbara ka Mekah taun 1815-an medar Hajar Aswad dina bukuna Travels in Arabia (1829):
It is an irregular oval, about seven inches in diameter, with an undulating surface, composed of about a dozen smaller stones of different sizes and shapes, well joined together with a small quantity of cement, and perfectly well smoothed; it looks as if the whole had been broken into as many pieces by a violent blow, and then united again. It is very difficult to determine accurately the quality of this stone which has been worn to its present surface by the millions of touches and kisses it has received. It appeared to me like a lava, containing several small extraneous particles of a whitish and of a yellow substance. Its colour is now a deep reddish brown approaching to black. It is surrounded on all sides by a border composed of a substance which I took to be a close cement of pitch and gravel of a similar, but not quite the same, brownish colour. This border serves to support its detached pieces; it is two or three inches in breadth, and rises a little above the surface of the stone. Both the border and the stone itself are encircled by a silver band, broader below than above, and on the two sides, with a considerable swelling below, as if a part of the stone were hidden under it. The lower part of the border is studded with silver nails.
Visiting the Kaaba in 1853, Sir Richard Francis Burton nu nganjang ka Ka'bah taun 1853 nyaritakeun:
The colour appeared to me black and metallic, and the centre of the stone was sunk about two inches below the metallic circle. Round the sides was a reddish brown cement, almost level with the metal, and sloping down to the middle of the stone. The band is now a massive arch of gold or silver gilt. I found the aperture in which the stone is, one span and three fingers broad. <!-- The Black Stone has been described variously as basalt lava, an agate, a piece of natural glass or - most popularly - a stony meteorite. It is evidently a hard rock, having survived so much handling. A significant clue to its nature is provided by an account of the Stone's recovery in 951 AD after it had been stolen 21 years earlier; according to a chronicler, the Stone was identified by its ability to float in water. If this account is accurate, it would rule out the Black Stone being an agate, basalt lava or stony meteorite, though it would be compatible with it being glass or pumice.
Jati, Cipunagara, Subang
Jati nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Cipunagara, Kabupatén Subang, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Hajar Aswad
Jihat séjén
It has been suggested that the Black Stone may be a glass fragment from the impact of a fragmented meteorite some 6,000 years ago at Wabar, a site in the Rub' al Khali desert some 1,100 km east of Mecca. The craters at Wabar are notable for the presence of blocks of silica glass, fused by the heat of the impact and impregnated by beads of nickel-iron alloy from the meteorite (most of which was destroyed in the impact). Some of the glass blocks are made of shiny black glass with a white or yellow interior and gas-filled hollows, which allow them to float on water. Although scientists did not become aware of the Wabar craters until 1932, they were located near a caravan route from Oman and were very likely known to the inhabitants of the desert. The wider area was certainly well-known; in ancient Arabic poetry, Wabar or Ubar (also known as "Iram of the Pillars") was the site of a fabulous city that was destroyed by fire from the heavens because of the wickedness of its king. If the estimated age of the crater is accurate, it would have been well within the period of human habitation in Arabia and the impact itself may have been witnessed.
Ritual role
The current ritual of the Hajj involves pilgrims attempting to kiss the Black Stone seven times (once for each circumambulation of the Kaaba), emulating the actions of Muhammad. When Umar ibn al-Khattab (580-644), the second Caliph, came to kiss the Stone, he said in front of all assembled: "No doubt, I know that you are a stone and can neither harm anyone nor benefit anyone. Had I not seen Allah's Messenger [Muhammad] kissing you, I would not have kissed you." Many Muslims follow Umar: they pay their respects to the Stone in a spirit of trust in Muhammad, not with any belief in the Stone itself. This, however, does not indicate their disrespect to the Black Stone but their belief that harm and benefit are in the hands of God, and nothing else. In modern times, large crowds no longer make it practically possible for everyone to kiss the stone, so it is currently acceptable for pilgrims to simply point in the direction of the Stone on each of their circuits around the building. Some even say that the Stone is best considered simply as a marker, useful in keeping count of the ritual circumambulations (tawaf) one has performed.
Some Muslims also accept this hadith, from Tirmidhi, which asserts that at the Last Judgement (Qiyamah), the Black Stone will speak for those who kissed it:
Apart from the ritual role of the Black Stone, its black colour is deemed to symbolise the essential spiritual virtue of detachment and poverty for God (faqr) and the extinction of ego required to progress towards God (qalb).