cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Anjing
Breed popularity
In the United Kingdom, The Kennel Club reports that the most-registered breed from at least 1999 to 2005 was the Labrador Retriever. It rounds out the top three for 1999 to 2005 with the German Shepherd Dog, also popular in the US, and the English Cocker Spaniel , which is no longer in the top ten in the US. In the UK, a national dog adoption and rescue service indicates that the most common breed appearing in shelters is the Greyhound followed by the Staffordshire Bull Terrier.
Physical characteristics
Modern dog breeds show more variation in size, appearance, and behavior than any other domestic animal. Within the range of extremes, dogs generally share attributes with their wild ancestors, the wolves. Dogs are predators and scavengers, possessing sharp teeth and strong jaws for attacking, holding, and tearing their food. Although selective breeding has changed the appearance of many breeds, all dogs retain basic traits from their distant ancestors. Like many other predatory mammals, the dog has powerful muscles, fused wristbones, a cardiovascular system that supports both sprinting and endurance, and teeth for catching and tearing. Unlike humans which are plantigrade, dogs are digitigrade.
Differences from other canids
Compared to equally sized wolves, dogs tend to have 20% smaller skulls and 10% smaller brains, as well as proportionately smaller teeth than other canid species. Dogs require fewer calories to function than wolves. Their diet of human refuse in antiquity made the large brains and jaw muscles needed for hunting unnecessary. It is thought by certain experts that the dog's limp ears are a result of atrophy of the jaw muscles. The skin of domestic dogs tends to be thicker than that of wolves, with some Inuit tribes favouring the former for use as clothing due to its greater resistance to wear and tear in harsh weather. Unlike wolves, but like coyotes, domestic dogs have sweat glands on their paw pads. The paws of a dog are half the size of those of a wolf, and their tails tend to curl upwards, another trait not found in wolves.
859 SM
859 SM nyaéta taun ka-859 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Anjing
Sight
Like most mammals, dogs are dichromats and have color vision equivalent to red-green color blindness in humans.
861 SM
861 SM nyaéta taun ka-861 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
858 SM
858 SM nyaéta taun ka-858 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Mark Webber
Mark Alan Webber (babar di Queanbeyan, New South Wales, Australia kaping 27 Agustus 1976) mangrupa saorang pembalap Formula 1 anu asalna ti Australia. Ayeuna dirina ngagabung sareng tim Red Bull Racing, berpasangan sareng Sebastian Vettel.
Webber ngamimitian debut F1-na di GP Australia 2002 sareng tim Minardi. Podium pertamana diraih di GP Monaco 2005 di mana anjeunna nempatan posisi katilu. Kamenangan perdanana diraih di GP Jerman 2009. Sampai ka kiwari, posisi terbaik Webber di F1 nyaéta nempatan posisi kaopat klasemen di F1 musim 2009.
Timo Glock
Timo Glock (babar kaping 18 Maret 1982 di Lindenfels, Jerman) mangrupa saorang pembalap Formula 1 anu asalna ti Jerman. Musim 2010 engke, anjeunna bakal ngagabung sareng tim Manor Grand Prix. Sateuacan ka Manor, Glock sempet ngagabung di tim Toyota ti mimiti musim 2008. Debut Glock di F1 dimimitian di GP Kanada 2004 di mana anjeunna ngagabung sareng tim Jordan GP.
Di ajang junior, Timo Glock mangrupa juara GP2 Series musim 2007.
Sei Rengas I, Medan Kota, Medan
Sei Rengas I nyaéta salah sahiji Kalurahan di kacamatan Medan Kota, Kota Medan, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
862 SM
862 SM nyaéta taun ka-862 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Anjing
Sight
Some breeds, particularly the sighthounds, have a field of vision up to 270° (compared to 180° for humans), although broad-headed breeds with short noses have a much narrower field of vision, as low as 180°.
Kotamatsum III, Medan Kota, Medan
Kotamatsum III nyaéta salah sahiji Kalurahan di kacamatan Medan Kota, Kota Medan, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Anjing
Smell
Dogs have nearly 220 million smell-sensitive cells over an area about the size of a pocket handkerchief (compared to 5 million over an area the size of a postage stamp for humans). Some breeds have been selectively bred for excellence in detecting scents, even compared to their canine brethren. What information a dog actually detects when he is scenting is not perfectly understood; although once a matter of debate, it now seems to be well established that dogs can distinguish two different types of scents: an air scent from some person or thing that has recently passed by, and a ground scent that remains detectable for a much longer period. The characteristics and behavior of these two types of scent trail would seem, after some thought, to be quite different, the air scent being intermittent but perhaps less obscured by competing scents, whereas the ground scent would be relatively permanent with respect to careful and repetitive search by the dog, but would seem to be much more contaminated with other scents. In any event, it is established by those who train tracking dogs that it is impossible to teach the dog how to track any better than it does naturally; the object instead is to motivate it properly, and teach it to maintain focus on a single track and ignore any others that might otherwise seem of greater interest to an untrained dog. An intensive search for a scent, for instance searching a ship for contraband, can actually be very fatiguing for a dog, and the dog must be motivated to continue this hard work for a long period of time.
Coat color
Domestic dogs often display the remnants of counter-shading, a common natural camouflage pattern. The general theory of countershading is that an animal that is lit from above will appear lighter on its upper half and darker on its lower half where it will usually be in its own shade. This is a pattern that predators can learn to watch for. A countershaded animal will have dark coloring on its upper surfaces and light coloring below. This reduces the general visibility of the animal. One reminder of this pattern is that many breeds will have the occasional "blaze", stripe, or "star" of white fur on their chest or undersides.
Tail
There are many different shapes for dog tails: straight, straight up, sickle, curled, cork-screw. In some breeds, the tail is traditionally docked to avoid injuries (especially for hunting dogs). It can happen that some puppies are born with a short tail or no tail in some breeds.
Sprint metabolism
Dogs can generate large amounts of energy for a short period of time. A dog's heart and lungs are oversized relative to its body and its normal everyday needs. A dog also has relatively more red blood cells than a human. Most of the time the dog will keep the extra red blood cells stored in its spleen. When the animal enters into a situation where its full metabolism is required, such as play, catching game, or fighting other dogs, the extra cells are released into the bloodstream. The "oversized" heart and lungs will now be running at full capacity, and the animal will have an enhanced ability to engage in aerobic activity. This activity will produce internal heating. Dogs, being covered in fur, are limited in their ability to cool down. After a short time the animal must either cease its athletic activity or risk harming itself from overheating. One can easily observe this pattern of intense activity followed by rest periods in puppies. During the rest phase the spleen collects red blood cells and the animal may pant to cool down.
Differences from other canids
Dogs tend to be poorer than wolves and coyotes at observational learning, being more responsive to instrumental conditioning. Feral dogs show little of the complex social structure or dominance hierarchy present in wolf packs. For dogs, other members of their kind are of no help in locating food items, and are more like competitors. Feral dogs are primarily scavengers, with studies showing that unlike their wild cousins, they are poor ungulate hunters, having little impact on wildlife populations where they are sympatric. Free ranging pet dogs however are more prone to predatory behaviour toward wild animals. Feral dogs have been reported to be effective hunters of reptiles in the Galapagos islands.
Intelligence
Dogs are valued for their intelligence. This intelligence is expressed differently with different breeds and individuals, however. For example, Border Collies are noted for their ability to learn commands, while other breeds may not be so motivated towards obedience, but instead show their cleverness in devising ways to steal food or escape from a yard. Being highly adaptable animals themselves, dogs have learned to do many jobs as required by humans over the generations. Dogs are employed in various roles across the globe, proving invaluable assets in areas such as search-and-rescue; law enforcement (including attack dogs, sniffer dogs and tracking dogs); guards for livestock, people or property; herding; Arctic exploration sled-pullers; guiding the blind and acting as a pair of ears for the deaf; assisting with hunting, and a great many other roles which they may be trained to assume. Most dogs rarely have to deal with complex tasks and are unlikely to learn relatively complicated activities (such as opening doors) unaided. Some dogs (such as guide dogs for the visually impaired) are specially trained to recognize and avoid dangerous situations.
Evaluation of a dog's intelligence
The meaning of "intelligence" in general, not only in reference to dogs, is hard to define. Some tests measure problem-solving abilities and others test the ability to learn in comparison to others of the same age. Defining it for dogs is just as difficult. It is likely that dogs do not have the ability to premeditate an action to solve a problem.
For example, the ability to learn quickly could be a sign of intelligence. Conversely it could be interpreted as a sign of a desire to please. In contrast, some dogs who do not learn very quickly may have other talents. An example is breeds that are not particularly interested in pleasing their owners, such as Siberian Huskies. Huskies are often fascinated with the myriad of possibilities for escaping from yards, catching small animals, and often figuring out on their own numerous inventive ways of doing both.
Assistance dogs are also required to be obedient at all times. This means they must learn a tremendous number of commands, understand how to act in a large variety of situations, and recognize threats to their human companion, some of which they might never before have encountered.
Many owners of livestock guardian breeds believe that breeds like the Great Pyrenees or the Kuvasz are not easily trained because their stubborn nature prevents them from seeing the point of such commands as “sit” or “down”. Hounds may also suffer from this type of ranking. These dogs are bred to have more of a "pack" mentality with other dogs and less reliance on a master's direct commands. While they may not have the same kind of intelligence as a Border Collie, they were not bred to learn and obey commands quickly, but to think for themselves while trailing game.
Human relationships
Dogs are highly social animals. This can account for their trainability, playfulness, and ability to fit into human households and social situations. These attributes have earned dogs a unique position in the realm of interspecies relationships despite being one of the most effective, voracious, and potentially dangerous predators. Dogs and humans at times co-operate in some of the most effective hunting in the animal world; in that context, dogs are superpredators.
Dogs have lived and worked with humans in so many roles that their loyalty has earned them the unique sobriquet "man's best friend". However, some cultures consider dogs to be unclean. In some parts of the world, dogs are raised as livestock to produce dog meat for human consumption. In many places, consumption of dog meat is discouraged by social convention or cultural taboo.
Differences from other canids
Unlike most other canids, dogs are not monogamous, and breeding in feral packs is not restricted to a dominant alpha pair (despite common belief, such things also occur in wolf packs ). Male dogs are unusual among canids by the fact that they mostly play no role in raising their puppies, and do not kill the young of other females to increase their own reproductive success. Dogs differ from wolves and most other large canid species by the fact that they do not regurgitate food for their young, nor the young of other dogs in the same territory. However, this difference was not observed in all domestic dogs. Regurgitating of food for the young as well as care for the young by the males has been observed in domestic dogs, dingos as well as in other feral or semi-feral dogs. Regurgitating of food by the females and direct choosing of only one mate has been observed even in those semi-feral dogs of direct domestic dog ancestry. So it is sometimes suggested, that the absence of this behavior was unknowingly caused by artificial selection by humans.
Life cycle
In domestic dogs, sexual maturity (puberty) begins to happen around age 6 to 12 months for both males and females, although this can be delayed until up to two years old for some large breeds. Adolescence for most domestic dogs is around 12 to 15 months, beyond which they are for the most part more adult than puppy. As with other domesticated species, domestication has selectively bred for higher libido and earlier and more frequent breeding cycles in dogs, than in their wild ancestors. Dogs remain reproductively active until old age.
Most female dogs have their first estrous cycle between 6 and 12 months, although some larger breeds delay until as late as 2 years. Females experience estrous cycles biannually, during which her body prepares for pregnancy, and at the peak she will come into estrus, during which time she will be mentally and physically receptive to copulation.
863 SM
863 SM nyaéta taun ka-863 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Anjing
Spaying and neutering
Animal control agencies in the United States and the ASPCA advise that dogs not intended for further breeding should be neutered so that they do not have undesired puppies.
Because of the overpopulation of dogs in some countries, puppies born to strays or as the result of accidental breedings often end up being killed in animal shelters. Neutering can also decrease or eliminate the risk of hormone-driven diseases such as mammary cancer, as well as undesired hormone-driven behaviors. However, certain medical problems are more likely after neutering, such as urinary incontinence in females and prostate cancer in males. The hormonal changes involved with sterilization are likely to somewhat change the animal's personality, however, and some object to neutering as the sterilization could be carried out without the excision of organs.
It is not essential for a female dog to either experience a heat cycle or have puppies before spaying, and likewise, a male dog does not need the experience of mating before castration.
Female cats and dogs are seven times more likely to develop mammary tumors if they are not spayed before their first heat cycle. Dog food containing soybeans or soybean fractions have been found to contain phytoestrogens in levels that could have biological effects when ingested longterm.
Gender-preservative surgeries such as vasectomy and tubal ligation are possible, but do not appear to be popular due to the continuation of gender-specific behaviors and disease risks.
United States
According to the Humane Society of the United States, 3–4 million dogs and cats are put down each year in the United States and many more are confined to cages in shelters because there are many more animals than there are homes. Spaying or castrating dogs helps keep overpopulation down. Local humane societies, SPCAs and other animal protection organizations urge people to neuter their pets and to adopt animals from shelters instead of purchasing them. Several notable public figures have spoken out against animal over population, including Bob Barker. On his game show, The Price Is Right, Barker stressed the problem at the end of every episode, saying: "Help control the pet population. Have your pets spayed or neutered." The current host, Drew Carey, makes a similar plea at the conclusion of each episode.
Working, utility and assistance dogs
There are several types of working dogs:
Show and sport (competition) dogs
Owners of dogs often enter them in competitions, whether show (breed conformation shows) or sports, including dog racing & dog sledding. The winners garner much prestige and prize money. These dogs are often bred specifically for competition, which may not be entirely beneficial for the breeds due to the magnification of hereditary defects.
Morbidity (illness)
Dogs are susceptible to various diseases, ailments, and poisons, some of which affect humans in the same way, others of which are unique to dogs. Dogs, like all mammals, are also susceptible to heat exhaustion when dealing with high levels of humidity and/or extreme temperatures.
Diseases
Infectious diseases commonly associated with dogs include rabies (hydrophobia), canine parvovirus, and canine distemper. Inherited diseases of dogs can include a wide range from elbow or hip dysplasia and medial patellar luxation to epilepsy and pulmonic stenosis. Canines can get just about anything a human can get (excluding many infections which are species specific) like hypothyroidism, cancer, dental disease, heart disease, etc.
Two serious medical conditions affecting dogs are pyometra, affecting unspayed females of all types and ages, and bloat, which affects the larger breeds or deep chested dogs. Both of these are acute conditions, and can kill rapidly; owners of dogs which may be at risk should learn about such conditions as part of good animal care.
Parasites
Common external parasites are various species of fleas, ticks, and mites. Internal parasites include hookworms, tapeworms, roundworms, and heartworms. See also CVBD (Canine Vector-Borne Diseases).
11 April
11 April nyaéta poé ka-101 dina sataun (ka-102 dina taun kabisat) dina kalénder Gregorian, sésana 264 poé.
864 SM
864 SM nyaéta taun ka-864 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
12 April
12 April nyaéta poé ka-102 dina sataun (ka-103 dina taun kabisat) dina kalénder Gregorian, sésana 262 poé.
Anjing
Common physical disorders
Some breeds of dogs are also prone to certain genetic ailments, such as hip dysplasia, luxating patellas, cleft palate, blindness, or deafness. Dogs are also susceptible to the same ailments that humans are, including diabetes, epilepsy, cancer, and arthritis. Gastric torsion and bloat is a dangerous problem in some large-chested breeds.
Mortality (lifespan and causes of death)
The typical lifespan of dogs varies widely among breeds. Based on questionnaire surveys of owners in the UK, Denmark, USA, and Canada, the median longevity of most dog breeds is between 10 and 13 years. The breed with the dubious distinction of the shortest lifespan (among breeds for which there is a questionnaire survey with a reasonable sample size) is the Dogue de Bordeaux with a median longevity of about 5.2 years, but several breeds, including Miniature Bull Terrier, Bulldog, Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retriever, Bloodhound, Irish Wolfhound, Greater Swiss Mountain Dog, Great Dane, and Mastiff, are nearly as short-lived, with median longevities between 6 and 7 years. On the other end of the spectrum, the longest-lived breeds, including Toy Poodle, Border Terrier, Miniature Dachshund, Miniature Poodle, and Tibetan Spaniel, have median longevities between 14 and 15 years. The median longevity of mixed breed dogs (average of all sizes) is one or more years longer than that of purebred dogs (all breeds averaged). As a rule of thumb, small breeds are longer-lived than large breeds, but some of the longest lived large breeds have median longevities nearly as long as those of the shortest lived small breeds, and some of the breeds with the shortest longevities are medium-sized.
"Median longevity" refers to the age at which half the dogs in a population have died and half are still alive. Individual dogs, even in breeds with low median longevities, may live well beyond the median. The dog widely reported to be the longest-lived on record is "Bluey," purportedly born in 1910 in Australia. He died in 1939 at the age of 29.5 years. Bluey is usually identified as an Australian Cattle Dog, but the first Australian Cattle Dog breed standard was written in 1902, only eight years before Bluey's birth. It is unclear how closely Bluey was related to the breed as it exists today. The Bluey record is anecdotal and unverified. The longest verified records are of dogs living to 24 years.
Predation
In some areas where dogs and wolves are sympatric, dogs can be a major food source for wolves. Reports from Croatia indicate that dogs are killed more frequently than sheep. Wolves in Russia apparently limit feral dog populations. In Wisconsin, more compensation has been paid for dog losses than livestock. Some wolf pairs have been reported to predate on dogs by having one wolf lure the dog out into heavy brush where the second animal waits in ambush. In some instances, wolves have displayed an uncharacteristic fearlessness of humans and buildings when attacking dogs, to an extent where they have to be beaten off or killed. Coyotes have also been known to attack dogs. Approximately 3 to 5 pets attacked by coyotes, mostly dogs, are brought into the Animal Urgent Care hospital of South Orange County each week.
Striped hyenas are major predators of village dogs in Turkmenistan, India and the Caucasus.
Nutrition
There is some debate as to whether domestic dogs should be classified as omnivores or carnivores, by diet. The classification in the Order Carnivora does not necessarily mean that a dog's diet must be restricted to meat; unlike an obligate carnivore, such as the cat family with its shorter small intestine, a dog is neither dependent on meat-specific protein nor a very high level of protein in order to fulfill its basic dietary requirements. Dogs are able to healthily digest a variety of foods including vegetables and grains, and in fact dogs can consume a large proportion of these in their diet. Wild canines not only eat available plants to obtain essential amino acids, but also obtain nutrients from vegetable matter from the stomach and intestinal contents of their herbivorous prey, which they usually consume. Domestic dogs can survive healthily on a reasonable and carefully designed vegetarian diet, particularly if eggs and milk products are included. Some sources suggest that a dog fed on a strict vegetarian diet without L-carnitine may develop dilated cardiomyopathy, however, L-carnitine is found in many nuts, seeds, beans, vegetables, fruits and whole grains. In the wild, dogs can survive on a vegetarian diet when animal prey is not available. Observation of extremely stressful conditions such as the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race, and scientific studies of similar conditions has shown that high-protein (approximately 40%) diets including meat help prevent damage to muscle tissue in dogs and some other mammals. This level of protein corresponds to the percentage of protein found in the wild dog's diet when prey is abundant; higher levels of protein seem to confer no added benefit.
Dogs frequently eat grass, which is a harmless activity. Explanations abound, but rationales such as that it neutralizes acid, or that dogs eat grass to induce vomiting to remove unwanted substances from their stomachs, are at best educated guesses. Dogs do vomit more readily than humans, as part of their typical feeding behavior of gulping down food then regurgitating indigestible material such as bones and fur. This behavior is typical of pack feeding in the wild, where the most important thing is to get as much of the kill as possible before others consume it all. Individual domestic dogs, however, may be very "picky" eaters, in the absence of this social pressure. Dogs may also appear to eat grass when they are just running the blades through their mouth to gather information. Their sense of smell and taste may act together to detect if other animals have walked through their area or urinated on the grass.
Dog abuse
Cruelty to dogs refers to treatment that causes unacceptable suffering or harm. What qualifies as unacceptable suffering varies among countries and cultures. Cruelty can be passive, typified by simple neglect, or active, with malicious intent.
Malicious treatment of a dog can lead to dog attacks upon not only the abuser but also innocent people.
Dog meat for human consumption
In some countries, certain dog breeds, apart from being kept as pets, are raised on farms and slaughtered for consumption. In countries where dogs are popular as household pets, consumption of dog meat is generally considered abhorrent. There are exceptions, such as Korea, Switzerland, and Vietnam, where dogs are popular as both pets and meat.
Dog meat has been a source of food in China from at least the time of Confucius, and possibly even before. Ancient writings from the Zhou Dynasty referred to the 'three beasts' (which were bred for food), including pig, goat, and dog. Mencius, the philosopher, recommended dog as the tastiest of all meats. Dog meat is also consumed for allegedly salubrious effects: the Swiss rural cantons of Appenzell and St. Gallen are known to have had a tradition of eating dogs, curing dog meat into jerky and sausages, as well as using the lard for medicinal purposes.
Dogs in religion
Dogs have played a role in many religious traditions, including ancient Egyptian religion, Chinese religion, Hinduism, Christianity, and Islam.
See also
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865 SM
865 SM nyaéta taun ka-865 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Jalur Yokosuka
Jalur Yokosuka (横須賀線) nyaéta salah sahiji jalur kareta di JR East.
Jalur ieu panjangna 73.3 km ti Stasion Tokyo ka Kurihama Station, ku 1,067 mm sarta trek ganda antara Tokyo jeung Yokosuka. Ngaran resmi Jalur Yokosuka Line nujul kana segmen 23.9 km antara Ōfuna Station jeung Kurihama Station, tapi ku sabab kareta di Jalur Yokosuka asalna ti Stasion Tokyo, rute kareta nu asup kana jalur ieu disebutna Jalur Yokosuka.
Jalur ieu di jero taneuh ti Tokyo ka Shinagawa (sajajar jeung Jalur Utama Tōkaidō, Jalur Yamanote jeung Keihin-Tōhoku Line), terus nyabang ka kulon nuturkeun Tōkaidō Shinkansen asup ka kota Kawasaki (bagéan ieu, ilahar disebut Jalur Hinkaku (品鶴線), asalna jalur kareta barang ti Jalur Utama Tōkaidō). Ngahiji jeung Jalur Utama Tōkaidō Main di deukeut Tsurumi Station sarta nuturkeun Jalur Utama Tōkaidō ka Ōfuna, nu terus nyabang ka beulah kidul-wetannepi ka eureun di Miura Peninsula.
Kareta
Aya sababaraha layanan kareta (lolobana tujuan Tokyo) ka Sōbu Main Line tujuan, jeung , Narita Line tujuan , Kashima Line tujuan , Sotobō Line tujuan , sarta Uchibō Line tujuan. Kareta tujuan Stasion Narita Airport Station disebut Rapid Airport Narita, tapi sabalikna béda ngaran.
Stasion-stasion
Catetan yén Jalur Yokosuka teu ngaliwatan Stasion Kawasaki.
Axis
PT AXIS Telekom Indonésia mangrupa operator telepon nu nyadiakeun layanan jaringan seluler di Indonésia pang anyarna. Natrindo Telepon Seluler mangrupa panyadia layanan nu maké merk "AXIS".
NTS ngaliwatan merk AXIS-na nyadiakeun layanan seluler GSM jeung 3G di Indonésia nu nawarkeun layanan komunikasi nu inovatif sarta ékonomis. Ayeuna AXIS beroperasi di daérah Jawa jeung Sumatera. Kiwari AXIS keur meuweuh ngamekarkeun jaringan 2G jeung 3G-na ka wilayah lainna.
Nico Rosberg
Nico Rosberg (babar 27 Juni 1985 di Wiesbaden, Jerman Kulon) nyaéta pembalap formula hiji nu di taun 2010 bakal ngabalap kanggo tim Mercedes GP.
Nico Rosberg mangrupa warga Jerman nu pernah ngabalap dibawah lambang Finlandia waktos budak, ku sabab anjeunna gaduh dua status kabangsaan nyaéta Jerman sareng Finlandia.
Kahirupan
Nico Rosberg mangrupa anak ti Juara dunia Formula hiji taun 1982 Keke Rosberg sareng istrina Sina, anjeunna hirup ti leuleutik cicing di Monako sareng kaluwargana sampei ka ayeuna. Anjeunna ngabalap dibawah lambang Finlandia, tapi di Formula hiji anjeunna ngabela panji nagara Jerman.
Sudirejo, Medan Kota, Medan
Sudirejo nyaéta salah sahiji Kalurahan di kacamatan Medan Kota, Kota Medan, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
13 April
13 April nyaéta poé ka-103 dina sataun (ka-104 dina taun kabisat) dina kalénder Gregorian, sésana 262 poé.
Sitirejo I, Medan Kota, Medan
Sitirejo I nyaéta salah sahiji Kalurahan di kacamatan Medan Kota, Kota Medan, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Lalang, Medan Sunggal, Medan
Lalang nyaéta salah sahiji Kalurahan di kacamatan Medan Sunggal, Kota Medan, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
3 (telepon usik)
HCPT atawa singgetan ti Hutchinson Charoen Phokpand Telecommunication mangrupa salah sahiji pausahaan operator telepon seluler di Indonésia nu basisna dina GSM. HCPT di Indonésia leuwih terkenal dina merk 3 (Tri).
867 SM
867 SM nyaéta taun ka-867 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
868 SM
868 SM nyaéta taun ka-868 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
XL Axiata
XL Axiata mangrupa salah sahiji pausahaan di Indonésia nu muka layanan dina jaringan telepon seluler diadegkeun kaping 6 Oktober 1989 dina nami Grahametropolitan Lestari, nu usahana di bidang dagang sareng jasa umum.
Genep taun salajengna, pausahaan ieu gabung jeung pausahaan lain, NYNEX-AIF sareng Mitsui. Nami pausahaanna robih janten Excelcomindo Pratama dina bisnis utama anyarna nyaéta nyadiakeun layanan telpon.
Taun 2005, kagaduhan saham XL mayoritas dicepeng ku TM International Berhad liwat Indocel Holding Sdn. Bhd. sareng Emirates Telecommunications Corporation (Etisalat) liwat Etisalat International Indonésia Ltd.
Universitas Padjadjaran
Unpad boga 16 fakultas, nyaéta:
Sisi genep
Dina élmu ukur, sisi genep atawa juru genep (héksagon) nyaéta hiji sisi réa klayan genep sisi sarta genep juru. Hiji sisi genep nu boga aturan mibanda perlambang Schläfli {6}.
Universitas Padjadjaran
Universitas Padjadajaran boga dua kampus utama, nyaéta Kampus Iwa Koesoema Soemantri di Jalan Dipati Ukur Bandung jeung Kampus Jatinangor di Jalan Raya Bandung-Sumedang, Kabupatén Sumedang. Sajaba ti dua kampus éta aya ogé kampus Éksténsi MIPA jeung Kampus PAAP di Dago jeung Dipati Ukur.
Sisi genep
Sisi genep nu boga aturan
Hiji sisi genep nu boga aturan nyaéta hiji sisi genep kalawan panjang sisi sarta lega juru anu sarua. Juru dina sisi genep nu boga aturan nyaéta 120°. Sisi genep ieu mibanda genep simétri garis sarta 6 simétri puter. Sajumlah sisi genep bisa disusun babarengan ku cara matemonkeun tilu sisi genep dina unggal salah sahiji juruna. Susunan ieu dipaké éngang madu pikeun nyieun kandangna, alatan susunan sisi genep mangrupa wangun anu pangéfisienna ditingali tina sisi rohang jeung bahan wangunan.
Universitas Padjadjaran
Universitas Padjadjaran ngabogaan 50 Program Sarjana, 20 Program Magister, 9 Program Doktor, Program Spésialis, Program Ékténsi, Program D4, sarta Program D3.
Sisi genep
Sisi genep nu boga aturan
Lega hiji sisi genep nu boga aturan kalawan panjang sisi s diitung kalawan rumus , sedengkeun ubengna 6t\,\!, diaméter panjang 2t\,\!, sarta diaméter pondok.
Langlayangan (élmu ukur)
Langlayangan kalayan opat rangkay nu sarua panjang disebut beulahan kupat.
871 SM
871 SM nyaéta taun ka-871 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
14 April
14 April nyaéta poé ka-104 dina sataun (ka-105 dina taun kabisat) dina kalénder Gregorian, sésana 261 poé.
866 SM
866 SM nyaéta taun ka-866 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Rubens Barrichello
Rubens Goncalves Barrichello (babar kaping 23 Mei 1972 di Sao Paulo, Brazil) mangrupa pembalap Formula 1 asal Brazil. Ayeuna dirina ngagabung sareng tim WilliamsF1.
Barrichello ngamimitian debutna di GP Afrika Selatan 1993 sareng tim Jordan Grand Prix. Ti dinya sampai ka ayeuna, dirina janten pembalap F1 paling berpengalaman, dengan jumlah start hamper ngadekeutan angka 300 kali. Barrichello kungsi ngagabung sareng tim Stewart Grand Prix jeung Scuderia Ferrari, di mana di Ferrari anjeunna leuwih loba janten pambantos Michael Schumacher.
Musim 2009 anjeunna ngagabung sareng tim Brawn GP. Dirina nyaris janten jawara dunya 2009, tapi gagal ku sabab loba masalah di babarapa balapan di akhir musim.
Al Insyiroh
Surat Al Insyiroh (basa Arab:الانشراح, "Longsong") nyaéta surat ka-94 dina al Qur'an. Surat ieu diwangun ku 8 ayat sarta kaasup kana golongan surat-surat Makkiyah sarta diturunkeun sanggeus surat Ad-duha.
Poko-poko eusi
Panegesan ngeunaan nikmat-nikmat Alloh SWT anu dibikeun ka Nabi Muhammad SAW, sarta pernyataan Alloh yén sajaba kasusah aya kamudahan; alatan éta diparéntahkeun ka Nabi sangkan tetep ngalakonan amal-amal soléh sarta tawekal ka Mantenna.
Hubungan surah Al Insyirah jeung surat At Tin
Dina surat Alam Nasyroh, Alloh SWT ngécéskeun paréntah ka Nabi Muhammad SAW salaku manusa sampurna. Mangka dina surat At Tin, diterangkeun yén manusa éta téh mahluk Alloh anu miboga kasanggupan boh lahir boh batin. Kasanggupanana éta jadi kanyataan lamun maranéhanana nurutan tapak lacak Nabi Muhammad SAW.
872 SM
872 SM nyaéta taun ka-872 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
At Tin
Surah At Tin (Arab: التِّينِ, "Buah Tin") nyaéta surah ka-95 dina al Qur'an. Surah ieu diwangun ku 8 ayat sarta kaasup golongan surah Makkiyah. Surah ieu diturunkeun sanggeus surah Al Buruj. Ngaran at Tin dicokot ti kecap "at-tin" anu aya dina ayat kahiji surah ieu anu hartina buah tin.
Ringkasan eusi
Surah at Tin dimimitian ku sumpah Alloh anu nyebutkeun buah Tin, buah Zaitun, Gunung Sinai, sarta Mekah (ayat 1 nepi ka 4). Ayat satuluyna ngécéskeun yén manusa diciptakeun dina wangun anu sahadé-hadna. Cacak kitu, manusa tungtungan baris dipulangkeun ka tempat anu panghandapna atawa panghinana lamun henteu ngajalankeun paréntah Alloh. Jelema anu baris salamet tina kahinaan nyaéta jelema anu iman sarta ngalakonan amal soléh sarta maranéhanana baris meunangkeun pahala anu mayeng. Ayat ka-7 ngécéskeun Muhammad nyaéta utusan Alloh, anu ajaranana henteu kaci disaléwéngkeun (basa Indonesia: didustakan). Ayat pamungkas nganyatakeun yén Alloh nyaéta "Hakim Anu Pangadilna".
Adh Dhuha
Surat Adh-duhaa (basa Arab:الضحى) nyaéta surat ka-93 dina al Qur'an sarta diwangun ku 11 ayat. Surat ieu kaasup golongan surat Makkiyah sarta diturunkeun sanggeus surat Al Fajar. Ngaran Adh Dhuhaa dicokot tina kecap anu aya dina ayat kahiji, anu hartina "waktu duha".
870 SM
870 SM nyaéta taun ka-870 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Élmu ukur
Élmu ukur atawa géométri (tina basa Yunani γεωμετρία; géo = bumi, metria = ukar-ukur) sacara harafiah hartina ulikan ngeunaan ukar-ukur bumi, nyaéta cabang tina matematika anu ngulik hubungan dina jero rohang.
Élmu ukur munggaran
Catetan munggaran ngeunaan élmu ukur bisa disusud nepi ka ka jaman Mesir kuno, peradaban landeuheun Walungan Indus sarta Babilonia. Peradaban-peradaban ieu dipikanyaho ngabogaan kaahlian dina irigasi, ngandalikeun caah sarta ngawangun wangunan nu gararedé. Lolobana élmu ukur Mesir kuno jeung Babilonia kawates ngan dina utang-itung panjang ségmén-ségmén garis, lega, jeung eusi (volume).
Beulahan kupat
Beulahan kupat bisa diwangun ku dua sisi tilu sarua suku idéntik anu simétri dina dadampar-dadamparna.
Helvetia Tengah, Medan Helvetia, Medan
Helvetia Tengah nyaéta salah sahiji Kalurahan di kacamatan Medan Helvetia, Kota Medan, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Pasifik Satelit Nusantara
Pasifik Satelit Nusantara mangrupa hiji-hijina pausahaan di Indonésia nu muka layanan telepon satelit lewat merkna "Byru".
Trapésium
Trapésium nyaéta bangun datar dua diménsi anu dijieun ku opat rangkay (basa Indonesia: rusuk) anu dua di antarana sajajar tapi henteu sarua panjangna.
Pasifik Satelit Nusantara
PT. Pasifik Satelit Nusantara atawa disingget PSN mangrupa pausahaan télékomunikasi satelit swasta munggaran nu aya di Indonésia sareng panyadia layanan satelit pangageungna sa-Asia nu nyadiakeun layanan télékomunikasi nu ngabasis dina satelit, kanggo seluler maupun kanggo telepon tetep.
Trapésium
Trapésium anu rangkay katiluna ajeg lempeng kana rangkay-rangkay nu sajajar disebut trapésium nyiku.
Pasifik Satelit Nusantara
Produk
Layanan komunikasi bergerak nu ngabasis dina satelit nyadiakeun akses teu kawates kanggo komunikasi di Indonésia sareng wilayah Asia Pasifik, nganggo terminal nu ukuranna leutik sapertos telepon seluler. Layanan komunikasi telepon tetep nu ngabasis dina satelit dilayani liwat instalasi terminal fixed terrestrial panganggo sareng nyadiakeun cakupan luas kamampuan tina telepon biasa dugi ke transmisi multimedia nu berkembang.
Trapésium
Lega
L = Jumlah panjang 2 rangkay sajajar x \frac{1}{2} x t
Pandawa
Pandawa nyaéta hiji kecap tina basa Sansakerta (Dewanagari: पाण्डव; diéjah Pāṇḍava), anu sacara harafiah boga harti anak "Pāṇḍu" (Pandu), nyaéta salah sahiji Raja Astinapura dina wiracarita Mahabarata. Ku kituna, Pandawa mangrupa putera makuta karajaan kasebut. Dina wiracarita Mahabarata, para Pandawa nyaéta protagonis sedengkeun antagonis nyaéta para Kurawa, nyaéta putera Dréstarastra, baraya bapa maranéhanana (Pandu). Kalima Pandawa ngadahup ka Drupadi anu diparebutkeun dina hiji sayémbara di Karajaan Pancala. Para Pandawa mangrupa inohong penting dina wiracarita Mahabarata, nyaéta dina perang rongkah di Kurusétra antara para Pandawa jeung para Kurawa jeung wadyabalad maranéhanana. Carita kasebut jadi carita penting dina wiracarita Mahabarata, salian ti carita Pandawa maén dadu jeung Kurawa.
Tanjung Rejo, Medan Sunggal, Medan
Tanjung Rejo nyaéta salah sahiji Kalurahan di kacamatan Medan Sunggal, Kota Medan, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Pandawa
Silsilah Pandawa
Para Pandawa diwangun ku lima urang pangéran, tilu di antarana (Yudistira, Bima, jeung Arjuna) mangrupa anak kandung Kunti, sedengkeun anu séjénna (Nakula jeung Sadéwa) mangrupa anak kandung Madrim, tapi bapa maranéhanana sarua, nyaéta Pandu.
Sei Sikambing B, Medan Sunggal, Medan
Sei Sikambing B nyaéta salah sahiji Kalurahan di kacamatan Medan Sunggal, Kota Medan, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
869 SM
869 SM nyaéta taun ka-869 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
877 SM
877 SM nyaéta taun ka-877 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Simpang Tanjung, Medan Sunggal, Medan
Simpang Tanjung nyaéta salah sahiji Kalurahan di kacamatan Medan Sunggal, Kota Medan, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Babura Sunggal, Medan Sunggal, Medan
Babura Sunggal nyaéta salah sahiji Kalurahan di kacamatan Medan Sunggal, Kota Medan, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
15 April
15 April nyaéta poé ka-105 dina sataun (ka-106 dina taun kabisat) dina kalénder Gregorian, sésana 260 poé.
Helvetia Timur, Medan Helvetia, Medan
Helvetia Timur nyaéta salah sahiji Kalurahan di kacamatan Medan Helvetia, Kota Medan, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
875 SM
875 SM nyaéta taun ka-875 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
873 SM
873 SM nyaéta taun ka-873 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
874 SM
874 SM nyaéta taun ka-874 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
876 SM
876 SM nyaéta taun ka-876 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Cinta Damai, Medan Helvetia, Medan
Cinta Damai nyaéta salah sahiji Kalurahan di kacamatan Medan Helvetia, Kota Medan, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Smartfren
PT Smartfren Telecom Tbk atau smartfren (dahulu PT Mobile-8 Telecom Tbk atau Mobile-8) mangrupa salah sahiji pausahaan di Indonésia, nu bergerak dinu panyadiaan layanan telepon seluler dina basis CDMA sareng layanan Internet.
Sajarah
Smartfren diadegkeun 16 Désémber 2002 nganggo merk Fren nu mangrupa singgetan tina (Fast Reliable Enjoyable Network). Dina tanggal 8 Désémber 2003 smartfren ngaluncurkeun layanan pra mayar CDMA na sareng pasca bayar tanggal 8 April 2004. Mobile-8 nawarkeun variasi layanan nu janten nilai tambah sareng program ngagunakeun teknologi CDMA 2000-1x nu bisa nyadiakeun sora nu leuwih jernih, saeutik dropcall sareng akses data leuwih cepet.
Tanjung Gusta, Medan Helvetia, Medan
Tanjung Gusta nyaéta salah sahiji Kalurahan di kacamatan Medan Helvetia, Kota Medan, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Telkom Indonesia
Telkom Indonésia mangrupa salah sahiji Badan Usaha Milik Negara (BUMN) nu usahana dina widang panyadiaan jasa télékomunikasi, nyaéta télékomunikasi cicing sareng télékomunikasi usik di Indonesia.
Telkom mangrupa pausahaan telepon paling gedé di Indonesia, nu ngawasa pasar boh telepon imah (PSTN Telkom), GSM (liwat anak pausahaanna Telkomsel) atawa CDMA (liwat produkna Telkom Flexi).
Sajarah
Telkom diwangun ti tanggal 23 Oktober 1856, dioperasikeunna layanan télékomunikasi nu mimiti di Indonésia dina bentuk kiriman telegraf ti Jakarta (waktos éta Batavia) ka Bogor (waktos éta Buitenzorg).
Parobahan pamungkas dina taun 2009 nyaéta New Telkom Indonésia, mangrupa transformasi (parobahan) dina bisnis, dina infrastruktur, dina sistem jeung modél operasi sarta parobahan sumber daya manusa. Resmina diluncurkeun dina kaping 23 Oktober 2009, waktos ulang taun Telkom nu ka 153.
Sampe 31 Desember 2008, pelanggan Telkom naek 37% ti taun sateuacanna nyaéta 86,6 juta pelanggan nu kabagi kana telepon tetep (PSTN) saloba 8,6 juta pelanggan, FWA 12,7 juta pelanggan sareng 65,3 juta pelanggan telepon usik.
16 April
16 April nyaéta poé ka-106 dina sataun (ka-107 dina taun kabisat) dina kalénder Gregorian, sésana 259 poé.
Pasagi doyong
Pasagi pényon kalayan opat rangkay anu sarua panjang disebut beulahan kupat.
878 SM
878 SM nyaéta taun ka-878 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
880 SM
880 SM nyaéta taun ka-880 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Tegal S Mandala I, Medan Denai, Medan
Tegal S Mandala I nyaéta salah sahiji Kalurahan di kacamatan Medan Denai, Kota Medan, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Éléktrolisis
Dina widang kimia jeung manufaktur, éléktrolisis nujul ka métodeu misahkeun unsur-unsur jeung sanyawaan nu kabeungkeut sacara kimia ku cara diasupan arus listrik. Sanyawa ionik dileyurkeun dina hiji pelarut, atawa dilééhkeun ku panas,antukna ionna aya dina cairan. Arus listrik dialirkeun antara sapasang éléktroda inert nu dikeueum dina cairanana. Unggal éléktroda narik ion-ion anu muatanana sabalikna. Ion nu muatanana positip (kation) kabetot ku éléktroda négatip (katoda), sedengkeun ion nu muatanana négatip (anion) kabetot ku éléktroda positip (anoda). Énérgi nu dipikabutuh pikeun misahkeun ion-ionna antukna ngagunduk di éléktroda papasanganana asalna tina listrik. Hasil tina ieu prosés nyaéta kaserep/kabeungkeut atawa dileupaskeunana éléktron ku ion-ion ngabentuk unsur atawa sanyawa anu dipikahayang.
Oksidasi anion bisa lumangsung dina anoda, sedengkeun di katoda bisa lumangsung réduksi kation. Conto oksidasi kation di anoda:
Bisa ogé anion diréduksi di katoda:
Molekul nétral bisa ogé robah dina éta dua éléktroda. Conto:
879 SM
879 SM nyaéta taun ka-879 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Éléktrolisis
Jumlah énérgi listrik anu kudu ditambahkeun sarua jeung parobahan énérgi bébas Gibbs réaksina ditambah kaleungitan dina sistemna. <!--The losses can (in theory) be arbitrarily close to zero, so the maximum thermodynamic efficiency equals the enthalpy change divided by the free energy change of the reaction. In most cases, the electric input is larger than the enthalpy change of the reaction, so some energy is released in the form of heat. In some cases, for instance, in the electrolysis of steam into hydrogen and oxygen at high temperature, the opposite is true. Heat is absorbed from the surroundings, and the heating value of the produced hydrogen is higher than the electric input. (It is worth noting that the maximum theoretic efficiency of a fuel cell is the inverse of that of electrolysis. It is, thus, impossible to create a perpetual motion machine by combining the two processes. See water fuel cell for an example of such an attempt.)
The following technologies are related to electrolysis:
Electrolysis of water
One important use of electrolysis of water is to produce hydrogen.
This has been suggested as a way of shifting society toward using hydrogen as an energy carrier for powering electric motors and internal combustion engines. (See hydrogen economy.)
Electrolysis of water can be observed by passing direct current from a battery or other DC power supply through a cup of water (in practice a saltwater solution increases the reaction intensity making it easier to observe). Using platinum electrodes, hydrogen gas will be seen to bubble up at the cathode, and oxygen will bubble at the anode. If other metals are used as the anode, there is a chance that the oxygen will react with the anode instead of being released as a gas. For example, using iron electrodes in a sodium chloride solution electrolyte, iron oxide will be produced at the anode, which will react to form iron hydroxide. When producing large quantities of hydrogen, this can significantly contaminate the electrolytic cell - which is why iron is not used for commercial electrolysis.
The energy efficiency of water electrolysis varies widely. The efficiency is a measure of what fraction of electrical energy used is actually contained within the hydrogen. Some of the electrical energy is converted to heat, a useless by-product. Some reports quote efficiencies between 50% and 70% This efficiency is based on the Lower Heating Value of Hydrogen. The Lower Heating Value of Hydrogen is thermal energy released when Hydrogen is combusted. This does not represent the total amount of energy within the Hydrogen, hence the efficiency is lower than a more strict definition. Other reports quote the theoretical maximum efficiency of electrolysis. The theoretical maximum efficiency is between 80% and 94%.. The theoretical maximum considers the total amount of energy absorbed by both the hydrogen and oxygen. These values refer only to the efficiency of converting electrical energy into hydrogen's chemical energy. The energy lost in generating the electricity is not included. For instance, when considering a power plant that converts the heat of nuclear reactions into hydrogen via electrolysis, the total efficiency is more like 25%–40%.
About four percent of hydrogen gas produced worldwide is created by electrolysis, and normally used onsite. Hydrogen is used for the creation of ammonia for fertilizer via the Haber process, and converting heavy petroleum sources to lighter fractions via hydrocracking. There is some speculation about future development of hydrogen as an energy carrier.
882 SM
882 SM nyaéta taun ka-882 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
881 SM
881 SM nyaéta taun ka-881 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Éléktrolisis
Experimenters
Scientific pioneers of electrolysis included:
More recently, electrolysis of heavy water was performed by Fleischmann and Pons in their famous experiment, allegedly resulting in anomalous heat generation and the controversial claim of cold fusion.
First law of electrolysis
In 1832, Michael Faraday reported that the quantity of elements separated by passing an electrical current through a molten or dissolved salt is proportional to the quantity of electric charge passed through the circuit. This became the basis of the first law of electrolysis:
Second law of electrolysis
Faraday also discovered that the mass of the resulting separated elements is directly proportional to the atomic masses of the elements when an appropriate integral divisor is applied. This provided strong evidence that discrete particles of matter exist as parts of the atoms of elements.