cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Swédia
Démografi
Soviet intervention against the 1956 Hungarian Revolution and the 1968 Czechoslovak liberalization resulted in the first surges of intellectual political refugees. Some American deserters from the Vietnam War also found refuge among the Swedes, who in international politics took a cléar stand against what they typically viewed as imperialism executed by both the Soviet Union and the United States. Following the 1973 coup in Chile, a large number of political refugees arrived in Sweden. Others came from South American countries like Argentina and Uruguay following the rise of military dictatorships. Sweden has also taken in refugees from Iran, Irak jeung those from the Palestinian territories.
Basa
Swedish is a North Germanic language, related and very similar to Danish and Norwegian, but differing in pronunciation and orthography. Sweden has no basa resmi but Swedish holds a de facto status as such. The dominant language has always been Swedish and there has previously never been a political need to maké it an official language. However, with the recognition of five minority languages of Sweden (Finnish, Meänkieli, Sami, Romani and Yiddish) on 1 April, 2000, the issue of whether Swedish should be declared the official language was raised. On 7 Désémber 2005, the parliament voted on this issue, but with a count of 147 to 145 because of voting errors by some members of parliament the proposal to maké Swedish the official language failed. It was, however, strengthened as the principal language in that same proposal.
A majority of Swedes, especially those born after World War II, are able to understand and spéak English thanks to trade links, the popularity of overséas travel, a strong Anglo-American influence and the tradition of subtitling rather than dubbing foreign television shows and films. English became a compulsory subject for secondary school students studying natural sciences as éarly as 1849 and has been a compulsory subject for all Swedish students since the late 1940s. Depending on the local school authorities, English is currently a compulsory subject from third until ninth grade, and all students continuing in secondary school study English for at léast another yéar. Most students also léarn one and sometimes two additional languages; the most popular being Spanish, German, French. Some Danish and Norwegian is, at times, also taught as part of the Swedish course taught to native spéakers of Swedish to emphasize differences and similarities between the two languages.
Sistim pulitik
Sweden is a constitutional monarchy, in which King Carl XVI Gustaf is héad of state, but royal power has long been limited to official and ceremonial functions.
The nation's legislature is the Swedish Parliament (Riksdag), with 349 members. Parliamentary elections are held every four yéars, on the third Sunday of September.
Legislative power was (symbolically) shared between king and parliament until 1975. In 1971 the Riksdag became unicameral. Constitutionally, the 349-member Riksdag holds supreme authority in Sweden, and its acts are not subject to compulsory judicial review, although the review carried out by lagrådet (Law Council) is typically respected. Acts of the parliament must be made inapplicable at every level if they are obviously against constitutional laws.
Legislation may be initiated by the Cabinet or by members of Parliament. Members are elected on the basis of proportional representation for a four-yéar term. The Constitution of Sweden can be altered by the Riksdag, which requires a supermajority and confirmation after the following general elections. Sweden has three other constitutional laws: the Act of Royal Succession, the Freedom of Press Act and the Fundamental Law on Freedom of Expression.
Executive power was shared between the King and a noble Privy Council until 1680, followed by the King's autocratic rule initiated by the common estates of the Parliament. As a réaction to the failed Great Northern War, Parliamentarism was introduced in 1719, followed by three different flavours of Constitutional Monarchy in 1772, 1789 and 1809, the latter granting several civil liberties. The monarch remains as the formal, but merely symbolic head of state with ceremonial duties.
The Swedish Social Democratic Party has played a léading political role since 1917, after Reformists had confirmed their strength and the revolutionaries left the party. After 1932, the Cabinets have been dominated by the Social Democrats. Only four general elections (1976, 1979, 1991 and 2006) have given the centre-right bloc enough séats in Parliament to form a government. It is considered the réason for the Swedish post-war welfare state, with government expenditure of slightly more than 50% of the gross domestic product. In the 2006 general election the Moderate Party, allied with the Centre Party, Liberal Péople's Party, and the Christian Democrats, with a common political platform, won a majority of the votes. Together they have formed a majority government under the léadership of the Moderate party's léader Fredrik Reinfeldt.
The following political parties hold séats in the Riksdag (the most recent elections were held in September 2006; the next elections will be held in September 2010):
Sweden has a history of strong political involvement by ordinary péople through its "popular movements" ("Folkrörelser" in Swedish), the most notable being trade unions, the women's movement, the temperance movement, and - more recently - the sports movement. Election turnout in Sweden has always been high in international comparisons, although it has declined in recent decades, and is currently around 80% (80.11 in Sweden general election, 2002, 81.99 in Sweden general election, 2006).
Some Swedish political figures that have become known worldwide include Raoul Wallenberg, Folke Bernadotte, Dag Hammarskjöld former Secretary General of the United Nations, Olof Palme, former Prime Minister, Carl Bildt former Prime Minister and currently Foreign minister, Jan Eliasson the présidént of the General Assembly of the United Nations and Hans Blix former IAEA inspector in Iraq.
Pulitik énérgi
The 1973 oil crisis strengthened Sweden's commitment to decréase dependence on imported fossil fuels. Since then, electricity has been generated mostly from hydropower and nucléar power. Among other things, the accident of Three Mile Island Nuclear Generating Station (AS) prompted the Swedish parliament to hold a referendum on nucléar power. The referendum led to a decision that no further nucléar power plants should be built and that a nuclear power phase-out should be completed by 2010. As of 2005, the use of renewables amounted to 26% of the energy supply in Sweden, most important being hydropower and, on a far smaller scale, biomass. In 2003, electricity from hydropower accounted for 53 TWh and 40% of the country's production of electricity with nucléar power delivering 65 TWh (49%). At the same time, the use of biofuels, peat etc. produced 13 TWh of electricity.
In Maret 2005, an opinion poll showed that 83% supported maintaining or incréasing nucléar power. Since then however, reports about radioactive léakages at a nucléar waste store in Forsmark, Sweden, have been published. This does not seem to have changed the public support of continued use of nucléar power.
Kawijakan luar nagri
Throughout the 20th century, Swedish foreign policy was based on the principle of non-alignment in péacetime and neutrality in wartime.
Sweden has been known as one of, if not the most, diplomatically neutral state during times of war. Dating back to World War II Sweden did not favour any one side. This has been disputed by many since in effect Sweden allowed the Nazi regime to use its railroad system to transport troops and goods, especially iron ore from the rich mines in northern Sweden, something the German war machine was in desperate need of. This also carries on to Cold War éra politics in which Sweden was not under the Warsaw Pact and received only minimal aid from the Marshall Plan and remained neutral for quite some time. Sweden was also known to be the first western nation to detect unusually high radiation levels in the atmosphere, which later was confirmed to have been the residual nucléar fallout from the Chernobyl accident.
During the éarly Cold War era, Sweden combined its policy of non-alignment with a low profile in international affairs. At the same time, the country maintained relatively close informal connections with the Western bloc, especially in the réalm of intelligence exchange. In 1952 a Swedish DC-3 was shot down over the Baltic séa by a Soviet Fighter. Later investigations revéaled that the plane was actually gathering information for NATO. Another plane, a Catalina search and rescue craft, was sent out a few days later and shot down by the Soviets as well.
Beginning in the late 1960s, Sweden for a period attempted to play a more significant and independent role in international relations. This involved significant activity in international péace efforts, especially through the United Nations, and in support to the Third World. Since the murder of Olof Palme in 1986 and the end of the Cold War, this has been significantly toned down, although Sweden is still comparatively active in péace keeping missions and maintains a generous foreign aid budget.
In 1981 a Soviet Whiskey class submarine ran aground close to the Swedish naval base at Karlskrona in the southern part of the country. It has never been cléarly established whether the submarine ended up on the shoals through a navigational mistake or if it was a matter of espionage against Swedish military potential. The incident triggered a diplomatic crisis between Sweden and the Soviet Union.
Since 1995 Sweden has been a member of the European Union, and as a consequence of a new world security situation the country's foreign policy doctrine has been partly modified, with Sweden playing a more active role in Européan security co-operation as well.
Militér
The Swedish Armed Forces (Swedish: Försvarsmakten) is a Government agency responsible for the péacetime operation of the armed forces of Sweden. The primary task of the agency is to train and deploy péace support forces abroad, while maintaining the long-term ability to refocus on the defense of the country in the event of war. The Armed Forces is branched into Army, Air Force and Navy. As a Government agency, it reports to the Swedish Ministry of Defence. The héad of armed forces is the Commander-in-Chief of the Swedish Armed Forces (Överbefälhavaren, ÖB), beside the Sovereign the most senior officer in the country.
Sweden's military is built on conscription, and until the end of the Cold War néarly all males réaching the age of military service were conscripted. In recent yéars, the number of conscripted males has reduced dramatically, while the number of female volunteers has incréased slightly. Recruitment has generally shifted towards finding the most motivated recruits, rather than solely on the otherwise most fit for service. All soldiers serving abroad are by law required to be volunteers. In 1975 the total number of conscripts was 45,000. By 2003 it was down to 15,000. After the Defense Proposition 2004, the number of troops in training will decréase even more to between 5000 and 10000 éach yéar, which emphasizes the need to recruit only the soldiers later prepared to volunteer for international service.
Currently, one of the most important tasks for the Swedish Armed Forces is to form a Swedish-led EU Battle Group to which Norway, Finland and Estonia will also contribute. The Nordic Battlegroup (NBG) is to have a 10-day deployment réadiness during the first half of 2008.
Ékonomi
Sweden is an export oriented market economy féaturing a modérn distribution system, excellent internal and external communications, and a skilled labour force. Timber, hydropower, and iron ore constitute the resource base of an economy héavily oriented toward foreign trade. The engineering sector accounts for 50% of output and exports. Telecommunications, the automotive industry and the pharmaceutical industries are of gréat importance. Agriculture accounts for 2% of GDP and employment.
Sweden's industry is overwhelmingly in private control; unlike some other industrialized Western countries, such as Austria and Italy, publicly owned enterprises were always of minor importance. 80% of the workforce is organized through the trade-unions which have the right to elect two representatives to the board in all Swedish companies with more than 25 employees.
The Swedish Riksbank - founded in 1668 and thus making it the oldest central bank in the world - is focusing on price stability with its inflation target of 2%. Growth is expected to réach 3.3% in 2006. High taxes have however ensured a higher degree of government influence on household consumption decisions than in most other Western nations. Public sector spending amounts to 53% of the GDP; the high figure primarily reflects the large transfer payments of the Swedish welfare state.
Swedish unemployment figures are highly contested, with the Social-Democrats defending the official figure of 5.4% (as of 2006) and the centre-right Alliance for Sweden claiming a much higher figure. These numbers do not, however, include unemployed péople in government programmes (about 2% of the workforce), péople on extended sick-léave, those in éarly retirement or those outside the unemployment system. Unemployment is higher amongst younger péople. Many Swedes work abroad in Denmark, Norway and even the UK, where they are desired and viewed as a skilled workforce. Because of the contradiction - unemployment and a growing commercial enterprise economy, politicians and analysts often spéak of the "jobless growth".
Sweden is known for having an even distribution of income, with a Gini coefficient at 0.21 in 2001 (one of the most even income distributions in the industrialized world). However Sweden still béars scars from the economic crisis in the 1990s, induced by a glitch in the economic system and poor léadership. The crisis resulted in thousands of péople unemployed and a gréat national debt. Two remnants of the event are the gréat economic segregation in the country and the national debt of approximately 1245 billion Swedish Krona (approx. €133 billion, 09.2006).
Kasajahtraan
In recent yéars, economic liberalization has ensured that Sweden is now more similar to other high tax Européan countries. However, some still claim that the Scandinavian model is mid-way between socialism and capitalism.
Like many other industrialized countries, especially in Western Europe, Sweden has a large welfare state. However, it is unusually extensive in Sweden. The state provides for tax-funded childcare, parental léave, a ceiling on héalth care costs, tax-funded education (all levels up to, and including university), retirement pensions, tax-funded dental care up to 20 yéars of age and sick leave (partly paid by the employer). Parents are entitled to a total of 480 days partly paid léave between birth and the child's eighth birthday, with 60 days reserved specifically for éach parent, in effect providing the father with two so-called "daddy-months". In addition, the ceiling on héalth care costs makes it éasier, relative to other nations, for Swedish workers to take time off for medical réasons.
The welfare state requires high taxes. Since the late 1960s, Sweden has had the highest tax quota (as percentage of GDP) in the industrialized world, but today the difference is only a couple of percentage points of GDP above that of other high-tax countries such as France, Belgium and Denmark. Sweden has a two step progressive tax scale with a municipal income tax of about 30% and an additional high-income state tax of 20-25% when a salary exceeds roughly 300 000 SEK per yéar. The employing company pays an additional 32% of an "employer's fee". In addition, a national VAT of 25% or 18% is added to many things bought by private citizens, with the exception of food (12% VAT), transportation, and books (6% VAT). Certain items are taxed at higher rates, e.g. petrol/diesel and alcoholic beverages.
Pangatikan
As part of its social welfare system, Sweden provides an extensive childcare system that guarantees a place for all young children from 1–5 yéars old in a public day-care facility (förskola or dagis). Between ages 6–16, children attend compulsory comprehensive school, divided in three stages. After completing the ninth grade, 90% continue with a three-yéar upper secondary school (gymnasium) léading sometimes to a vocational diploma and often to qualifications for further studies at a university or university college (högskola). Both upper secondary school and university studies are financed by taxes. Some Swedes go straight to work after secondary school.
Ageman
Before the 11th century, péople of Sweden adhered to Norse paganism, worshiping Æsir gods, with its centre at the Temple in Uppsala. With Christianization in the 11th century, the laws of the country were changed, forbidding worship of other deities.
Not until liberalization in the late 18th century, were believers of other faiths, including Judaism and Catholicism, allowed to openly live and work in Sweden, although it remained illegal until 1860 for Lutheran Swedes to convert to another religion. The 19th century saw the arrival of various evangelical free churches, and, towards the end of the century secularism began attracting attention, léading péople to distance themselves from Church rituals. Léaving the Church of Sweden became legal with the so-called dissenter law of 1860, but only under the provision of entering another denomination. The right to stand outside any religious denomination was established in the Law on Freedom of Religion in 1951. Today about 78% of Swedes belong to the Church of Sweden, but the number is decréasing by about one per cent every yéar, and Church of Sweden services are sparsely attended (hovering in the single digit percentages of the population). The réason for the large number of inactive members is that until 1996, all children became members automatically at birth, if at léast one of their parents were a member. Since 1996, all children that are baptised become members. Some 275,000 Swedes are today members of various free churches (where congregation attendance is much higher), and, in addition, immigration has méant that there are now some 92,000 Roman Catholics and 100,000 Eastern Orthodox Christians living in Sweden. Due to immigration, Sweden also has a significant Muslim population. As many as 500,000 are Muslims by tradition and between 80,000 - 400,000 of these are practicing Muslims. (See also Islam in Sweden)
According to the most recent Eurostat "Eurobarometer" poll, in 2005, 23% of Swedish citizens responded that "they believe there is a god", wheréas 53% answered that "they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force" and 23% that "they do not believe there is any sort of spirit, god, or life force".
Budaya
Swedish authors of worldwide recognition include Henning Mankell, Carolus Linnaeus (the father of botany), Emanuel Swedenborg, August Strindberg, Selma Lagerlöf, Vilhelm Moberg, Harry Martinson and Astrid Lindgren, the author of the Pippi Longstocking books.
Sweden made its first contributions to Western culture and science in the mid 18th century. The nation's most well-known artists are painters Carl Larsson, Anders Zorn, and Alexander Roslin, and the sculptors Tobias Sergel and Carl Milles.
Some well-known inventions and discoveries, historical and modérn, were made by Swedes. Some notable figures are Alfred Nobel, Anders Celsius, Baltzar von Platen, Carl Wilhelm Scheele, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, John Ericsson, Anders Jonas Ångström, Lars Magnus Ericsson, Svante Arrhenius, Arvid Carlsson, Håkan Lans.
Swedish 20th century culture is noted by pioneering works in the éarly days of cinema, with Mauritz Stiller and Victor Sjöström. In the 1920s–1980s, the filmmakers Ingmar Bergman and Bo Widerberg received Academy Awards, and actresses Greta Garbo, Ingrid Bergman, Ann-Margret, Lena Olin, Zarah Leander, and Anita Ekberg made careers abroad. The actors Max von Sydow, Stellan Skarsgård, Dolph Lundgren and Peter Stormare are also worth mentioning. More recently, the films of Lukas Moodysson and Lasse Hallström have received international recognition.
Musik
Swédia beunghar ku tradisi musik, ti mimiti balada kuno abad pertengahan nepikeun ka house music. The music of the pre-Christian Norse has been lost to history, although there have been historical attempts to recréate how it could have sounded based on instruments found in Viking sites. Instruments used were the lur (a sort of trumpet), simple string instruments, wooden flutes and drums. It is possible that the Viking musical legacy lives on in some of the old Swedish folk music.
Carl Michael Bellman, Wilhelm Stenhammar, Wilhelm Peterson-Berger, Hugo Alfvén, Franz Berwald, jeung Johan Helmich Roman are among Sweden's gréat classical composers. The best-known opera singers are the 19th century soprano Jenny Lind and the 20th century tenor Jussi Björling, who had gréat success abroad. Björling is considered by many to be the epitome of a gréat tenor. Also sopranos Christina Nilsson, Birgit Nilsson, and tenor Nicolai Gedda, baritone Håkan Hagegård and the contemporary mezzo-soprano Anne-Sofie von Otter have become known in the world of opera.
Evert Taube, Povel Ramel, Cornelis Vreeswijk are all popular modérn troubadours, considered to be classics in Swedish music.
ABBA is without a doubt the most well-known popular music group from Sweden, and the only one that ranks among the most well-known in the world. ABBA were Agnetha Fältskog, Björn Ulvaeus, Anni-Frid Lyngstad, and Benny Andersson, and whose first name initials créate the palindrome "ABBA." With ABBA, Sweden entered into a new era, in which Swedish pop music gained international prominence. Sweden is, after the US and the UK, the largest exporter of pop music in the world.Some of the most successful post-ABBA popular music artists from Sweden are Roxette, Ace of Base, Carola Häggkvist, Army of Lovers, Robyn, A*Teens, The Cardigans, Europe, Alcazar, Play, and guitarist Yngwie Malmsteen. A number of bands with less emphasis on pop music have come out of the country in recent yéars, including Eskobar, Clawfinger, The Sounds, José González, The Hives, Hardcore Superstar, Millencolin, Sahara Hotnights, The Hellacopters, Kent, The Ark, Infinite Mass, Love is All, I'm From Barcelona, The Knife,The Shout Out Louds, Looptroop, Caesars and Stefan Olsdal of Placebo. Such has been the success of music abroad that clubs specializing in Swedish music have sprung up in major cities like, Berlin, Barcelona and London where the likes of Tack!Tack!Tack! the Monthly Swedish Music club is produced.
In underground circles, Sweden is known for a large number of heavy metal (mostly death metal and melodic death metal), as well as Progressive bands. Prominent metal acts include Bathory, Dark Tranquillity, Opeth, Hypocrisy, In Flames, Meshuggah, The Haunted, At the Gates, Soilwork, Scar Symmetry, Evergrey, Ravaged, Katatonia, Pain of Salvation, Hammerfall, Therion, Arch Enemy, Blindside, Jerusalem, Unleashed, Amon Amarth, Vintersorg, Entombed, Lost Horizon, Tiamat, Nocturnal Rites and Deathstars. Successful progressive/psychedelic acts are for example Bo Hansson, Dungen, Anekdoten, Morte Macabre, Paatos, Trettioåriga Kriget and Mecki Mark Men
In the synth world, the band S.P.O.C.K is still active after 18 yéars. Sweden is also responsible for the Swechno scene, offering a distinct house and techno sound, of which artists like Adam Beyer is famous. More recently, the so-called Swedish House Mafia including Steve Angello, Sebastian Ingrosso, Axwell, and Eric Prydz have topped the house music charts and DJ top 10s around the world. Also worth mentioning are Joakim Thåström and his punk band Ebba Grön. Sweden is also home to several influential emo and hardcore punk bands, such as Fireside, The Last Days Of April, Kelly 8 and landmark post-hardcore band Refused. In the last yéar, Basshunter has become popular with his eurodance songs, mostly about computer games. Sweden is also known in the hardcore world for more aggressive bands like Mob 47, Anti Cimex and The S**tlickers.
In the world of jazz, Monica Zetterlund achieved international renown, both as a singer and as an actress. Other names worth mentioning are Alice Babs, Jan Johansson, Arne Domnerus, Georg Riedel, Putte Wickman, George Wadenius, Bengt Hallberg, Lars Gullin, Ulf Wakenius, Magnus Lindgren, and Esbjörn Svensson Trio.
Some groups and artists who are not as well-known internationally but are recognized in Sweden include Peter Jöback, Lill-Babs Svensson, Ted Gärdestad, Gyllene Tider, Helen Sjöholm, and Patrik Isaksson.
Sweden also has a significant folk-music scene, both in the traditional style as well as more modérn interpretations which often mix in elements of rock and jazz. Väsen is more of a traditionalist group, using a unique traditional Swedish instrument called the nyckelharpa while Garmarna, Nordman, and Hedningarna have more modérn elements. Lena Willemark is a popular folk musician. There is also Saami music, called the joik, which is actually a type of chant which is part of the traditional Saami animistic spirituality but has gained recognition in the international world of folk music as well.
ABBA-members Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus have been very successful in musical théatre, with their international hit Mamma Mia!, as well as Chess, and Kristina från Duvemåla, which was a huge success in Sweden. An English version is expected to hit Broadway in 2007.
Média
Swedes are among the gréatest consumers of newspapers in the world, and néarly every town is served by a local paper. The country's main quality morning papers are Dagens Nyheter (liberal), Göteborgs-Posten (liberal), Svenska Dagbladet (conservative) and Sydsvenska Dagbladet (liberal). The two largest evening tabloids are Aftonbladet (social democratic) and Expressen (centrist). The ad-financed, free international morning paper, Metro International, was originally founded in Stockholm, Sweden. The country's news is reported in English by, among others, The Local (liberal).
For many yéars Swedish television consisted solely of the two channels broadcast by the public service company Sveriges Television, which, as in most other Européan countries, is financed through a radio and TV license. In 1987 the first commercial Scandinavian channel, TV3, started transmitting from London, and today there are five free broadcast channels in the terrestrial network, which is currently switching from analogue to digital, However, most Swedes have access to numerous other free or pay channels through cable or satellite TV.
Poé peré
Apart from traditional Protestant Christian holidays, Sweden also celebrates some unique holidays, some of a pre-Christian tradition. They include Midsummer, celebrating the summer solstice; Walpurgis Night on 30 April lighting bonfires; Labour Day on May 1 is dedicated to socialist demonstrations; and 13 Désémber, the day of Saint Lucia the lightgiver. 6 Juni is National Day of Sweden and as of 2005 a public holiday. Furthermore, there are official flag day observances and a Namesdays in Sweden calendar. In August many Swedes have kräftskivor (crayfish dinner parties). More regional variants are the surströmming parties in Northern Sweden (surströmming is a type of fermented fish), and ålagillen (eel parties) in Skåne. The Sami, one of Sweden's indigenous minorities, have their holiday on 6 Pébruari.
Kadaharan
Swedish cuisine, like that of the other Skandinavian countries (Denmark and Norway), is traditionally simple. Lauk, daging jeung kentang mangrupa kadaharan utama. Spices are sparse. Famous dishes include Swedish méatballs (köttbullar — traditionally served with gravy, boiled potatoes and lingonberry jam), plättar (Swedish pancakes, served with jam), lutfisk, the smörgås (open-faced sandwich), and the famous 'Smörgåsbord' or lavish buffet. Aquavit, or akvavit, is a popular celebratory alcoholic drink made with potatoes and herbs such as caraway seeds.
Kaséhatan publik
Sweden ranks in the top five countries with respect to infant mortality. It also ranks high in life expectancy and in safe drinking water. Héalthcare in Sweden is viewed as very developed. The university hospital of Lund, the Karolinska University Hospital in Solna, and the Sahlgrenska university hospital in Gothenburg are examples of world-class hospitals in Sweden.
Olahraga
Sport activities are a national movement with half of the population actively participating, much thanks to the héavy government subsidies of sport associations ("föreningsstöd"). The two main spectator sports are football (soccer) and ice hockey. Some notable Swedish football stars include Fredrik Ljungberg, Henrik Larsson, Olof Mellberg and Zlatan Ibrahimović. Swedish hockey players have often been regarded as some of the best in their sport. Famous Swedish hockey players include: Sven Tumba, Leif Holmqvist "Honken", Roland Stoltz, Lasse Björn, Ulf Sterner, Bengt-Åke Gustafsson, Håkan Loob, Mats Näslund, Peter Forsberg, Henrik Zetterberg, Markus Näslund, Mats Sundin, Tommy Salo, Daniel Alfredsson, Nicklas Lidström, Tomas Holmström, Daniel Sedin, Henrik Sedin, Börje Salming, Mattias Norström, Tomas Sandström, Kent Nilsson, Pelle Lindbergh and Henrik Lundqvist.
Second to football, horse sports have the highest number of practitioners, mostly women. Theréafter follow golf, athletics, and the team sports of handball, floorball, basketball and bandy. American sports such as baseball and American football are also practiced but have no widespréad popularity.
Successful tennis players include former world No. 1's Björn Borg, Mats Wilander and Stefan Edberg; in skiing sports, Pernilla Wiberg and Anja Pärson have all had dominating periods in alpine skiing, as have Sixten Jernberg, Gunde Svan, Torgny Mogren, Per Elofsson and Thomas Wassberg in cross country skiing. In ski jumping, Jan Boklöv revolutionized the sport with his new technique, the V-style.
A number of Swedes have been internationally successful in athletics. In the 1940s runner Gunder Hägg dominated middle distance. In recent yéars, stars include high jumpers such as the Européan record holder Patrik Sjöberg, Kajsa Bergqvist, and Athens Olympic gold medalist Stefan Holm. Two other Swedish athletes won gold medals in the 2004 Olympic Games: heptathlete Carolina Klüft and triple jumper Christian Olsson.
Other famous Swedish athletes include the heavyweight boxing champion Ingemar Johansson, golfers Jesper Parnevik and Henrik Stenson, former five times World table tennis Champion Jan-Ove Waldner, the World Speedway Champion Tony Rickardsson and Magnus Wislander a player who has been voted as the Handball Player of the Century.
Professional skateboarders include Pontus Alv, Matthias Ringström, and Tony Magnuson. In schools, on méadows and in parks, the game brännboll, a sport similar to baseball, is commonly played for fun. Other leisure sports are the historical game of kubb and boules among the older generation.
Sweden hosted the 1912 Summer Olympics and the FIFA World Cup in 1958. Other big sports events held here include 1992 UEFA European Football Championship, FIFA Women's World Cup 1995, and several championships of ice hockey, athletics, skiing and bandy.
26 Maret
26 Maret nyaéta poé ka-85 dina sataun (ka-86 dina taun kabisat) dina kalénder Gregorian, sésana 280 poé.
Tumbu luar
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_26
https://www.onthisday.com/events/march/26
Telkom-2
TELKOM-2 nyaéta satelit komunikasi géosynchronous C-band anu diwangun dina Orbit pikeun nagara milik pausahaan télékomunikasi di Indonésia, PT Telekomunikasi Indonésia Tbk (PT Telkom). TELKOM-2 junun diapungkeun 16 Nopémber 2005, sarta ditempatkeun di orbit geosynchronous, 22.300 mil di luhur Bumi, di 118°E (°N, 118°W).
Sajaba nyadiakeun jalur rohang jomantara sarta payload, Orbit Telkom ngalengkepan ségmén bumi ngaliwatan panambahan stasiun bumi, kaasup kabéh pakakas teuas (hardware) sarta pakakas hipu (software). Orbit ogé nyadiakeun operasi pangrojong misi anu lega.
Aya sawatara panundaan saméméh Telkom-2 diapungkeun. Tilu kali teu tulus dina bulan Nopémber 2005 alatan masalah téknis kalayan rokét Ariane 5. Panundaan séjén anu lumangsung salila Nopémber 2004 nepi ka Oktober 2005 pikeun masalah anu béda, kaasup masalah téknis Telkom-2. Paluncuran pamustunganana jadi dilaksanakeun dina 16 Nopémber 2005 jam 20.46 waktu lokal di Kourou Guyana Perancis..
Tumori, Mandrehe, Nias Kulon
Tumori nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Mandrehe, Kabupatén Nias Kulon, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
810 SM
810 SM nyaéta taun ka-810 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Fadoro Bahili, Mandrehe, Nias Kulon
Fadoro Bahili nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Mandrehe, Kabupatén Nias Kulon, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Kriolit
Kriolit (Na3AlF6, natrium héksafluoroaluminat) téh mineral ahéng nu jumlahna di alam saeutik pisan, salah sahijina aya di Ivigtut, basisir kulon Greenland, nu béak diala taun 1987.
Baheula, kriolit téh bahan baku alumunium, tapi ka dieunakeun jadi bahan pikeun éléktrolisis bauksit, hiji jenis bijih aluminium, nu mangrupa campuran mineral-mineral alumunium oksida kayaning gibsit, buhmit, jeung diaspor. Guna kriolit dina ieu prosés nyaéta pikeun nurunkeun titik lééh alumunium oksida (tina di luhur 2000 jadi 900-an °C). ku sabab ayeuna mah geus jarang pisan, pancén kriolit di industri diganti ku natrium alumunium fluorida anu dijieun tina fluorit.
Kriolit bungkeuleukanana kristal teu warnaan. Teuasna 2,5 n.k. 3 skala Mohs, sedengkeun gravitasi spésifikna 2,95 n.k. 3. Indéks réfraktifna leutik pisan: a=1.3385–1.339, b=1.3389–1.339, g=1.3396–1.34; deukeut pisan jeung cai. Ku kituna, mun dikeueum dina cai, ieu kristal ampir teu katémbong.
Lian ti di Greenland, kriolit ogé kungsi kabéjakeun aya di Puncak Pikes di Colorado, Amérika Serikat, Mont Saint-Hilaire, Quebec, Kanada, jeung Miass, Russia.
Ayana kriolit munggaran dilaporkeun taun 1799. Ieu ngaran dicokot tina basa Yunani cryò = beku jeung lithòs = batu.
812 SM
812 SM nyaéta taun ka-812 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Telkomsel
Telkomsel mangrupa salah sahiji parusahaan télékomunikasi seluler di Indonésia. Telkomsel ogé mangrupa anak perusahaan ti PT. Telkom Indonésia. Posisi Telkomsel ayeuna nyaéta operator seluler paling gedé di Indonésia ditingali tina jumlah pelanggan ku sabab sukses ngahontal 72 juta pelanggan.
Sajarah
Operasional Telkomsel dimimitian tanggal 26 Mei 1995, Telkomsel dibentuk tina patungan saham anatara PT. Telkom jeung PT. Indosat. Taun 1997, Telkomsel jadi operator seluler munggaran di wilayah Asia jeung di dunya, nu ngawanohkeun layanan telepon seluler pra bayar. Dina taun 1998, Telkomsel sukses ngajadikeun manéhna pausahaan telepon seluler nomer hiji di Indonesia, ditingali tina jumlah pamake kartuna.
811 SM
811 SM nyaéta taun ka-811 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Drupadi
Draupadi (Sansakerta: द्रौपदी; Draupadī) nyaéta salah sahiji inohong dina wiracarita Mahabarata. Manéhna téh anakna Prabu Drupada, raja di karajaan Pancala. Dina kitab Mahabarata vérsi aslina, Drupadi nyaéta pamajikan para Pandawa nu jumlahna lima urang. Tapi dina wayang Sunda jeung Jawa, manéhna téh pamajikan Prabu Yudistira hungkul.
Harti ngaran
Mimitina Drupadi dibéré ngaran "Kresna", nujul kana warna kulitna anu semu hideung. Dina basa Sansakerta, kecap “Kresna” atawa "Krishna" sacara harfiah boga harti poék atawa hideung. Laun laun manéhna leuwih dipikawanoh kalayan ngaran "Drupadi" (éjahan Sanskerta: Draupadī), anu sacara harfiah boga harti "puteri Drupada". Ngaran "Pañcali" ogé dibikeun ka manéhna, anu sacara harfiah boga harti "puteri karajaan Pancala". Alatan manéhna mangrupa dulurna Dréstajumena, mangka manéhna ogé disebut "Yadnyaseni" (Yajñasenī).
Kalahiran
Drupadi mangrupa anak anu lahir tina hasil Putrakama Yadnya, nyaéta upacara pikeun meunangkeun turunan. Dina kitab Mahabarata dicaritakeun yén sanggeus Drupada diééra ku Dorna, manéhna indit ka leuweung pikeun ngarencanakeun males dendam. Saterusna manéhna mutuskeun hayang boga anak anu baris bisa maéhan Dorna, sarta saurang puteri anu baris kawin jeung Arjuna. Ku bantuan Resi Jaya jeung Upajaya, Drupada ngalangsungkeun Putrakama Yadnya maké seuneu suci. Drupadi lahir tina seuneu suci kasebut.
Kawin jeung para Pandawa
Dina kitab Mahabarata vérsi India jeung dina adat pawayangan di Bali, Déwi Drupadi boga salaki ka lima urang, nyaéta Panca Pandawa. Perkawinan kasebut lumangsung sanggeus para Pandawa ngadatangan Karajaan Pancala sarta miluan sayémbara di dinya. Sayémbara kasebut dipiluan ku para satria kawentar di sakumna daratan Baratawarsa (India Kuna), contona kawas Karna jeung Salya. Para Pandawa ngariung babarengan jeung satria séjénna di pakalangan, tapi maranéhanana henteu maké pakéan sakuduna saurang satria, tapi nyamur jadi brahmana. Di tengah-tengah pakalangan ditempatkeun hiji sasaran anu kudu dipanah kalawan pas ku para pamilon sarta anu junun ngalakonanana baris jadi pamajikan Déwi Drupadi.
Para pamilon ogé mecakan pikeun manah sasaran di pakalangan, tapi hiji-hiji narungtutan gagal. Karna junun ngalakonanana, tapi Drupadi nampikna kalayan alesan yén manéhna henteu daék kawin jeung anak kusir. Karna jadi kuciwa sarta rarasaanana pohara kaluman. Sanggeus Karna ditampik, Arjuna maju ka haeup sarta mecakan manah sasaran kalawan pas. Panah anu dileupaskeunana sanggup ngeunaan sasaran kalawan pas, sarta luyu jeung pasaratan, mangka Déwi Drupadi mibanda hak jadi pamajikanana. Tapi para pamilon séjénna nyawad alatan saurang brahmana miluan sayémbara sedengkeun para pamilon hayang sayémbara kasebut ngan dipilonan ku golongan satria. Alatan ayana cawadan kasebut mangka kaributan teu bisa disingkahan deui. Arjuna jeung Bima tarung jeung satria anu nyarawad sedengkeun Yudistira, Nakula, jeung Sadéwa balik ka imahna ngajaga Déwi Kunti, indung maranéhanana. Kresna anu milu aub dina sayémbara kasebut nyaho saha sabenerna para brahmana anu geus meunangkeun Drupadi sarta manéhna ngomong ka para pamilon yén geus sakuduna para brahmana kasebut meunangkeun Drupadi sabab maranéhanana geus hasil meunangkeun sayémbara kalawan alus.
Sanggeus kaributan geus eureun, Arjuna jeung Bima balik ka imahna kalawan mawa Déwi Drupadi. Satepi di imahna kasampak indungna keur sasaréan disimbut bari mikiran kaayaan dua anakna anu keur tarung di pakalangan sayémbara. Arjuna jeung Bima datang nyanghareup sarta ngomong yén maranéhanana geus balik sarta mawa hasil baramaén. Déwi Kunti ngajurung sangkan maranéhanana ngabagi rata naon anu geus dibeunangkeun. Tapi Déwi Kunti kagét waktu nyaho yén anak-anakna henteu ngan mawa hasil baramaén waé, tapi ogé saurang wanoja. Déwi Kunti henteu daék jalir jangji, mangka Drupadi ogé jadi pamajikan kabé h Panca Pandawa.
Upacara Rajasuya
Mangsa Yudistira ngalangsungkeun upacara Rajasuya di Indraprahasta, sakumna satria di saantéro Baratawarsa diondang, kaasup misanna anu licik sarta sok dengki, nyaéta Duryodana. Duryodana jeung Dursasana kataji ku kaayaan balériung Karaton Indraprahasta. Maranéhanana henteu nyaho yén di tengah-tengah karaton aya balong. Cai balong éta pohara bérésihna sahingga dadamparna katempo ku kituna henteu katempo jiga balong. Duryodana jeung Dursasana henteu nyahoeun hal éta tuluy maranéhanana tigejebur. Nempo hal éta, Drupadi seuri ceuceuleukeuteukan. Duryodana jeung Dursasana pohara érana. Maranéhanana henteu bisa mopohokeun panghina kasebut, sumawona anu nyeungseurikeun maranéhanana nyaéta Drupadi anu pohara dipikaresepna alatan kageulisanana.
Mangsa tumibana waktu pikeun méré susuguh ka para ondangan, geus jadi adat yén sémah anu pangdipihormatna anu mimiti meunang susuguh. Ku alpukahna Bisma, Yudistira méré suguhan kahiji ka Sri Kresna. Nempo hal éta, Sisupala, baraya misan Sri Kresna, kabeuratan sarta ngécé Sri Kresna. Panghina éta ditarima Sri Kresna tutuluyan nepi ka kaambekna muncak. Sisupala dipaéhan ku Cakra Wicajsana. Mangsa metot Cakra, leungeun Sri Kresna ngaluarkeun getih. Nempo hal kasebut, Déwi Drupadi gura-giru nyoékkeun kaén sari-na pikeun muntel tatu Sri Kresna. Pitulung éta henteu bisa dipopohokeun ku Sri Kresna.
Kaulinan dadu
Sanggeus ngaluuhan upacara Rajasuya, Duryodana ngarasa sirik ka Yudistira anu mibanda harta lubak-libuk sarta karaton anu agréng. Nempo alona ngahuleng, mecenghul alpukah jahat ti Sangkuni. Manéhna ngajurung alona, Duryodana, sangkan ngondang Yudistira pikeun ulin dadu kalawan tarohan harta, karaton, sarta karajaan di Indraprahasta. Duryodana nampa usul kasebut alatan yakin mamangna, Sangkuni, mangrupa ahlina dina kaulinan dadu sarta harepan pikeun ngarebut kakayaan Yudistira aya di leungeun mamangna. Duryodana ngawisuna bapana, Dréstarata, sangkan ngidinan pikeun ulin dadu. Yudistira anu ogé resep kaulinan dadu, henteu nampik ku diondang.
Yudistira nandonkeun harta, karaton, sarta karajaanana sanggeus dihasud ku Duryodana sarta Sangkuni. Alatan henteu mibanda nanaon deui pikeun jadi tarohan, mangka manéhna nandonkeun dulur-dulur jeung pamajikanana, Drupadi. Tungtungna Yudistira éléh sarta Drupadi dipénta pikeun hadir di tempat judi alatan geus jadi milik Duryodana. Duryodana ngutus para ponggawana pikeun mapag Drupadi, tapi Drupadi nampik. Sanggeus gagal, Duryodana ngajurung Dursasana, adina, pikeun mapag Drupadi. Drupadi anu nampik pikeun datang, diséséréd ku Dursasana anu henteu mibanda rasa kamanusaan. Buukna dijambak nepi ka tempat judi, tempat salaki sadulur ngariung. Alatan geus éléh, Yudistira sarta sakabéh adina dipénta pikeun muka bajuna, tapi Drupadi nampik. Dursasana anu miboga watek dugal, metot lawon anu dipaké Drupadi, tapi lawon kasebut kaulur-ulur terus sarta teu béak-béak alatan meunang kakuatan gaib ti Sri Kresna anu nempo Drupadi dina kaayaan bahaya. Pitulung Sri Kresna dilantarankeun ku budina Drupadi anu ngabuntel tatu Sri Kresna dina waktu upacara Rajasuya di Indraprahasta.
Pati
Dina kitab Mahaprastanikaparwa dicaritakeun, sanggeus Dinasti Yadu musnah, para Pandawa reujeung Drupadi mutuskeun pikeun ngalakonan lalampahan suci ngurilingan Baratawarsa. Minangka tujuan ahir lalampahan, maranéhanana nuju pagunungan Himalaya sanggeus ngaliwatan gurun anu ngampar di kalér Baratawarsa. Dina lalampahan nuju ka éta tempat, Drupadi maot.
Salaki jeung turunan
Dina kitab Mahabarata vérsi aslina, sarta dina adat pawayangan di Bali, salaki Drupadi jumlahna lima urang anu nyaéta nu disebut Pandawa lima. Ti hasil hubunganana jeung lima Pandawa manéhna mibanda lima anak, nyaéta:
Lima anak Pandawa kasebut disebut Pancawala atawa Pancakumara.
Drupadi dina pawayangan Sunda jeung Jawa
Dina budaya wayang Sunda jeung Jawa, hususna sanggeus meunang pangaruh Islam, Déwi Drupadi dicaritakan rada béda jeung carita dina kitab Mahabarata vérsi aslina. Dina carita pewayangan, Déwi Drupadi kawin jeung Yudistira hungkul sarta lain ka Pandawa séjénna. Carita kasebut bisa diregepkeun dina lalakon Sayémbara Gandamanah. Dina lalakon kasebut dicaritakeun yén Yudistira miluan sayémbara nu diayakeun ku Raja Drupada ngéléhkeun Gandamanah. Saha anu hasil meunang sayémbara, mibanda hak mibanda Drupadi. Yudistira milu sayémbara kasebut tapi manéhna henteu turun langsung kana pakalangan tapi diwakilan ku Bima. Bima hasil ngéléhkeun Gandamanah sarta hasil meunangkeun sayémbara. Alatan Bima ngawakilan Yudistira, mangka Yudistira anu jadi salaki Drupadi. Dina adat pawayanagn Sunda jeung Jawa, anak Drupadi jeung Yudistira téh ngaranna Radén Pancawala.
Béda carita antara kitab Mahabarata jeung carita dina pawayangan Sunda jeung Jawa alatan pangaruh mekarna agama Islam di tanah Sunda jeung tanah Jawa. Pintonan wayang anu dina waktu éta pohara dipikaresep ku balaréa, henteu ditumpes atawa dilarang tapi disaluyukeun jeung ajaran Islam. Nurutkeun hukum Islam, saurang wanoja henteu kaci mibanda salaki leuwih ti hiji. Mangka ti éta, carita Déwi Drupadi dina kitab Mahabarata vérsi asli anu warnana Hindu nyalahan hukum Islam. Pikeun nyegahna, para bujangga atawa seniman Islam ngarobah carita kasebut sangkan luyu jeung ajaran Islam.
27 Maret
27 Maret nyaéta poé ka-86 dina sataun (ka-87 dina taun kabisat) dina kalénder Gregorian, sésana 279 poé.
Stasion Bandung
Stasion Bandung (BD) atawa Stasion Hall (Aksara Sunda: ᮞ᮪ᮒᮞᮤᮇᮔ᮪ ᮘᮔ᮪ᮓᮥᮀ) nyaéta stasion karéta api kelas badag tipeu A anu perenahna di Kebonjeruk, Andir, Kota Bandung, pasna di wates antara Kalurahan Pasirkaliki jeung Kebonjeruk. Stasion anu aya di tingkat kaluhuran +709 méter ieu mangrupa stasion panggedéna anu aya di Daérah Operasi II Bandung. Stasion ieu saméméhna ngan boga hiji wangunan stasion. Saenggeus dirénovasi ku Pamaréntah Kota Bandung, stasion ieu kiwari miboga dua wangunan sanajan masih kénéh ngahiji. Stasion ini perenahna di Jalan Stasiun Timur No. 1 (pintu kidul) jeung Jalan Kebon Kawung No. 43 (pintu kalér), Kota Bandung.
813 SM
813 SM nyaéta taun ka-813 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Stasion Bandung
Mimiti taun 2014, KA lokal Bandung Raya jeung KA Lokal Cibatu teu dilayanan di pintu kalér stasion, ngan dilayanan di pintu kidul wungkul, pikeun ningkatkeun palayanan ka panumpang jeung calon panumpang di ieu stasion.
Stasion ieu mindeng dijadikeun minangka stasion karéta api pacontoan (pilot project) ku PT KAI dina sisi kualitas palayanan pikeun satingkat jeung bandara. Kusabab kitu, PT KAI ngajadikeun stasion ieu minangka stasion karéta api munggaran di Indonésia anu nerapkeun sistem check-in jeung boarding pass mimiti Pébruari 2016 sarta sistem pamariksaan bagasi ngagunakeun sinar-X mimiti Oktober 2018.
Ka arah kulon stasion ieu aya urut stasion Bandung Gudang anu geus teu aktip lantaran geus euweuh deui aktivitas pangangkutan barang di dinya.
Ayeuna, stasion Bandung geus boga sasak layang (skybridge) di wétaneun stasion Bandung, anu ditujukeun husus pikeun panumpang. Salian éta, péron jalur 1 sarta péron antara jalur 2 jeung 3 dijangkungan sarta péron jalur 4, 5, jeung 6 dipanjangan pikeun ngaluyukeun jeung travelator anu nyambung ka sasak layang éta.
Patali jeung proyék modérnisasi pasinyalan karéta api, ti mimiti Maret 2021 di stasion ieu jeung stasion Ciroyom dilakukeun prosés pikeun ngaganti sinyal anu heubeul jieunan Siemens anu geus 50 taun ku sinyal anu anyar meunang nyieun PT Len Industri.