cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Babagian administratif Koréa Kidul
Dong ("Neighbourhood"; 동; 洞)
The primary division of a dong is the tong (통; 統), but divisions at this level and below are seldom used in daily life. Some populous dong are subdivided into ga (가; 街), which are not a separate level of government, but only exist for use in addresses. Many major thoroughfares in Séoul, Suwon, and other cities are also subdivided into ga.
Dayah Tutong, Pidie, Pidie
Dayah Tutong, Pidie, Pidie
Paya Rengas, Hinai, Langkat
Paya Rengas nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Hinai, Kabupatén Langkat, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Himpunan Mahasiswa Pendidikan Basa jeung Sastra Sunda UPI
Kagiatan Hima Pensatrada
Hima Pensatrada miboga sababaraha kagiatan insidental nyaéta MITSUN (Mitra Sunda), RBS ( Riksa Budaya Sunda), jeung Bendé Rancagé.
1. Mitra Sunda
Mitra Sunda nyaéta kagiatan pengkaderan pikeun mahasiswa anyar jurusan Pendidikan Basa jeung Sastra Sunda. Kagiatanna ngawengku wawanohan, LDKM ( Latihan Dasar Kapamingpinan Mahasiswa), jeung Sabareuma. Biasana Kagiatanna lumangsung antara sasih Séptember dugi ka Nopember.
2. Riksa Budaya Sunda
Riksa Budaya Sunda nyaéta kagiatan pikeun miéling poé basa indung sadunya nu tujuanna pikeun basa jeung budaya Sunda tetep hirup jeung digunakeun dina kahirupan sapopoé. Biasana kagiatanana mangrupa pasanggiri-pasanggiri tingkat SMP/SMA/Satata Sa-Jawa Barat. Ieu acara lumangsung sasih Pébruari.
3. Bendé Rancagé
Bendé Rancagé mangrupa salah sahiji kagiatan tina Tridarma Perguruan Tinggi nyaéta Pengabdian Pada Masyarakat (P2M). Ieu kagiatan tereh sarua jeung kagiatan KKN( Kuliah Kerja Nyata), nu ngabedakeun nyaéta dina durasi waktuna. Bendé Rancagé mah kurang leuwih saminggu, ari KKN mah biasana opat puluh poé. biasana ieu kagiatan lumangsung dina sasih April.
Karatagan Hima Pensatrada
ku: Imang Sugianto
Pensatrada nanjeur nyanding komara
Hurung ngempur pamorna Ki Sunda
Cangkring kujang nu jadi perlambang
Lébér wawanénna diri
Babagian administratif Koréa Kidul
Ri ("Village"; 리; 里)
A "ri" is the only division of towns ("eup") and districts ("myeon"). The "ri" is the smallest level of rural government to contain any significant number of péople.
Sumber Jaya, Lampung Kulon
Sumber Jaya nyaéta salah sahiji kacamatan di Kabupatén Lampung Kulon, Propinsi Lampung, Indonésia.
Babagian administratif Koréa Kidul
Sajarah
Although the details of local administration have changed dramatically over time, the basic outline of the current three-tiered system was implemented under the reign of Gojong in 1895. A similar system also remains in use in North Korea.
Kaharingan Dayak Luwangan
Kaharingan Dayak Luwangan nyaéta ngaran organisasi penghayat kapercayaana di Kalimantan Tengah, utamana di Dusun Tengah, Barito Kidul, diadegkeun ku Kikiu Bidik.
Kuantet
Anu disebut kuintét, atawa kuint, nyaéta sajak(puisi) anu sapadana diawangun ku lima - lima padalisan.
Babagian administratif Koréa Kidul
Future changes
In late April 2005, the governing Uri and léading opposition Hannara parties agreed to a sweeping change in the country's local administration. This reform, tentatively slated to take place in 2010, would replace the current three-tier system with a two-tier system. The existing provinces (do) and metropolitan cities (gwangyeoksi) would be eliminated. The current gu, si, and gun units would be réorganized into about 60 "metropolitan cities" with a population of roughly 1 million éach. Beyond this, the details of the reform have not been decided. Opposition is likely from politicians and constituent groups who will be disadvantaged by the changes. (Sources: Koréa Times, Koréa Herald ).
2014 XK6
Ari 2014 XK6 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Apollo, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.737, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 19.1. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO�342303.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Himpunan Mahasiswa Pendidikan Basa jeung Sastra Sunda UPI
Karatagan Hima Pensatrada
Lemah UPI baligeusan ngajadi
FPBS pamiangan tandang
Meuseuh diri pigeusaneun bakti
Wadahna hima digjaya
Seuweu siwi jati Sunda
Mahasiswa sirung bangsa
Geusan tandang makalangan
Basa Dayak Ngaju
Basa Dayak Ngaju nyaéta basa wewengkon anu aya di Indonésia. Panyaturna aya di 1 propinsi nyaéta propinsi Kalimantan Tengah, nu sumebar di 7 kabupaten/kota.
Simpang Agung, Seputih Agung, Lampung Tengah
Simpang Agung nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Seputih Agung, Kabupatén Lampung Tengah, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Simpang Agung, Seputih Agung, Lampung Tengah
Sungkem
Prak-prakan Sungkem
Sungkem nyaéta salam jeung nyium leungeun sarta tungkul ningalikeun rasa hormat anu gedé ka nu jadi kolot. Mimitina pangantén lalaki sungkem ka mitohana anu lalaki, pangantén awéwé sungkem ka indungna. Sabada kitu ditukeuran, pangantén lalaki sungkem ka mitoha awéwé, pangantén awéwé sungkem ka bapana. Tuluy pangantén duanana sungkem ka kolot ti pihak lalaki. Lian ti ka kolot sungkem ka baraya séjénna jeung sesepuh anu nyaksian acara nikahkeun utamana anu aya dina acara sungkeman.
Daptar paguron luhur di Jepang
Daptar paguron luhur di Jepang:
Mampang, Pancoran Mas, Dépok
Mampang nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Pancoran Mas, Kota Dépok, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Lampoh Lada, Pidie, Pidie
Lampoh Lada nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Pidie, Kabupatén Pidie, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
Lampoh Lada, Pidie, Pidie
2012 XP55
Ari 2012 XP55 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Apollo, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.598, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 23.9. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO�252140.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Suka Damai Timur, Hinai, Langkat
Suka Damai Timur nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Hinai, Kabupatén Langkat, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
2006 WZ184
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Lintong Nihuta, Tampahan, Toba Samosir
Lintong Nihuta nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Tampahan, Kabupatén Toba Samosir, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Kuta Paya, Lembah Sabil, Aceh Barat Daya
Kuta Paya nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Lembah Sabil, Kabupatén Aceh Barat Daya, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
Lambangjaya, Tambun Selatan, Bekasi
Lambangjaya nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Tambun Selatan, Kabupatén Bekasi, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Gedong Meneng Baru, Rajabasa, Bandar Lampung
Gedong Meneng Baru nyaéta salah sahiji Kalurahan di kacamatan Rajabasa, Kota Bandar Lampung, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
2013 EM89
Ari 2013 EM89 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Amor, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.117, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 26.0. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO 260850.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Agama Helu
Agama Helu nyaéta hiji aliran kapercayaan anu sumebar utamana di Kacamatan Barimba (Désa Séi Pasah jeung Tambak Binjai) jeung Kapuas Kulon (Désa Mandemai jeung Saka Mangkahai), Kabupatén Kapuas.
Ambulu, Losari, Cirebon
Ambulu nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Losari, Kabupatén Cirebon, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Urang Trunyan
Urang Trunyan nyaéta salah sahiji kelompok séké sélér nu aya di pulo Bali. Urang Trunyan disawang kurang kapangaruhan ku kabudayaan Jawa Hindu Majapahit jeung agama Hindu Dharma. Lokasi nu disawang salaku wewengkon asli urang Trunyan nyaéta di pasisian setu Batur.
Déskripsi
Urang Trunyan disawang minangka urang Bali nu kurang kapangaruhan kabudayaan Jawa Hindu zaman Majapahit jeung agama Hindu Dharma. Sanajan saeutik pangaruh Hindu Dharma, dina prasasti nu aya di Trunyan, katempo yén urang Trunyan ngadopsi sababaraha sesebutan urang Hindu Dharma. salah sahijina katempo tina prasasti nu aya di pelinggih nu ayana di kuil utama Trunyan minangka salah sahiji bukti pangaruh sumebarna agama Hindu abad ka-10 maséhi. Di pulo Bali, urang Trunyan ieu dipikawanoh ogé ku sebutan Bali Aga atawa Bali Mula.
Asal Kecap
Urang Trunyan disebut ogé Bali Aga atawa Bali Mula. Urang Trunyan sorangan nyoko kana désa panglinggihan urang Trunyanna sorangan nyaéta désa Trunyan. Sebutan Bali Aga nyoko kana harti urang Bali ti pagunungan. Sedengkeun Bali Mula boga harti Bali Asli. Ngaran Bali Aga sorangan dijieun ku urang Bali nu ngagem agama Bali Hindu. Sedengkeun urang Trunyana sorangan teu mikaresep kana sebutan Bali Aga, leuwih resep lamun disebut Bali Mula atawa Bali Turunan. Ngaran Bali Turunan disebut minangka kapercayaan nu diagemna yén kokolotna turun ti langit ka buana Trunyan. Urang Trunyan sorangan nyebut urang Bali Hindu kalawan sebutan Bali Suku sabab Bali Hindu disawang datang ka Bali ti Jawa kalawan leumpang. Suku sorangan nyoko kana kecap dina basa Bali.
Agama
Dina prasasti didésa Trunyan nu taunna 813 Caka jeung 833 Caka aya babandingan antara dua agama nyaéta agama nu disumebarkeun ku Brahmana jeung agama masarakat Trunyan. Urang Trunyan boga kayakinan yén maranéhna nitis ti déwa pangluhurna nu disebut Betara Gedé Pancering Jagat jeung déwi Ratu Ayu Pingit Dalem Dasar.
Agama Urang Trunyan
Déwa Betara Gedé Pancering Jagat jeung déwi Ratu Ayu Pingit Dalem Dasar disebut ngumbara jeung linggih di désa Abang Dukuh jeung Kedisan. Numutkeun prasasti di Trunyan, iwal ti ngébréhkeun ngeunaan agama, ogé ngajelaskeun ngeunaan kawajiban urang Trunyan lamun nyanghareupan acara-acara Brahmana. Urang désa dipimeunang pikeun ngadegkeun pura pikeun Betara Datonta, déwa nu dipihormat ku masarakat désa Truntan. Maranéhna dibébaskeun ti pajak nalika maranéhna ngayakeun hari raya Pamili nyaéta upacara Magha Mahanawami. Di poé séjén maranéhna diwajibkeun pikeun mayar pajak salaku sumbangan ka Brahma Wangsa (Brahmana nu boga kulawarga). Tuluy diwajibkeun pikeun ngariksa jeung mikahormat Goa Jala Lingga minangka hiji patapaan ti Bhiksu di Gunung Batur. Salajengna diwajibkeun pikeun méré sumbangan ka Bhiksu Cudha Genitri nyaéta Brahmana nu teu boga kulawarga.
Agama Brahmana
Dina prasasti nu kapanggih di pura Kehen Bangli yén Brahmana dipimeunang pikeun ngadegkeun patapaan deukeut ka Hyang Kari Mama nu watesna Pura Hyang Api. Dina prasasti Gobleg nu angka tauna 836 Caka jeung prasasti Anggasari ogé ngébréhkeun ngeunaan diadegkeuna patapaan di Indra Pura jeung pangwangunnan Pura Hyang Api.
Kaayaan Lingkungan jeung Basa
Désa Trunyan sorangan dibagi ku lima bagéan désa (tempek) nyaéta Trunyan, Madia-Pangkungan, Bunut, Puséh jeung Mukus. Désa Trunyan sorangan ayana di sisi pasir salah sahiji pasisian sétu Batur. Kalawan hawa nu sejuk temperatur 12-19 darajat celcius. Basa Bali nu dipaké ku urang Trunyan disawang minangka dialék basa Bali nu dicap minangka basa Bali kasar. Taun 1923 urang désa Trunyan 1.416 urang.
Shanghai
Shanghai (pinyin: ; Shanghainese: ), ayana di sapanjang Delta Walungan Yangtze di Cina Wétan, kota panggedéna di Republik Rakyat Cina. Ilahar disebut bénténg ekonomi Cina modérn, Shanghai ogé nyadiakeun hal penting dina budaya, dagang, kauangan, industri jeung pusat komunikasi Cina. Sacara administrasi, Shanghai nyaéta kotamadya Republik Rakyat Cina nu statusna satara propinsi. Shanghai ogé salah sahiji palabuan nu pangsibukna di dunya, sarta jadi pusat kargo panggedéna dina taun 2005.
Ngaran asli
Ngaran "Shanghai" ditulis dina dua karakter Cina (tempo beulah kénca) sacara literatur hartina "dina" jeung "laut". Dina basa wewengkon Shanghai dieja, sedengkeun dina Basa Mandarin Standar dumasar kana Hanyu Pinyin dieja Shànghǎi. Ngaran kota Shanghai ti Dinasti Song (dina abad ka-11), nu dina waktu harita geus aya muara walungan jeung ngaran kota ieu di tempat kiwari. Aya sababaraha nu masih kénéh dipadungdengkeun saperti kumaha ngahartikeun ngaran Shanghai, tapi sajarah pamaréntah satempat nyebutkeun yén Shanghai hartina "wewengkon luhureun laut" (海之上洋). Sanajan kitu, dina basa Mandarin, ogé nyebutkeun "indit ka laut," nujul kana status kota palabuan. Ngaran puitis Shanghai nyaéta ku cara mindahkeun runtuyan dua karakter saperti, Haishang (海上), ngaran ieu ilahar dipaké keur seni jeung budaya Shanghai. Di Eropa, Shanghai dieja ogé Schanghai (dina Basa Jerman), Sjanghai (dina Basa Belanda), Xangai (dina Basa Portugis) sarta Changhaï (dina Basa Perancis), tapi saprak taun 1990-an dumasar kana Hanyu Pinyin dieja "Shanghai" tur jadi ilahar dipaké di Eropa. Dina Basa Jepang, Shanghai ditulis maké dua karakter Basa Cina nu sarua (上海), sarta dina ejaan Jepang Shanhai (シャンハイ) nu meh sarua jeung ejaan Mandarin.
Singgeta Shanghai dina Basa Cina nyaéta Hù (沪) jeung Shēn (申). Hu asalna tina ngaran walungan Hu Du (沪渎) nu kiwari disebut Suzhou Creek sedengkeun Shēn asalna tina ngaran Chunshen Jun (春申君), bangsawan Karajaan Chu (楚国) dina abada katilu S.M. nu wewengkonna kaasup Shanghai tur diaku minangka pahlawan satempat. Tim olahraga jeung koran di Shanghai ilahar ngagunakeun karakter Shēn (申). Shanghai biasa disebut ogé Shēnchéng (申城, "Kota Shēn").
Dina Basa Inggris, disebut ogé "Paris of the East", "Queen of the Orient", "Pearl of the Orient", sarta "The Whore of Asia" (nujul kana korupsi dina taun 1920-an tur 1930-an, kaasup ubar-ubaran jeung prostitusi).
Abad ka-19 nepi ka awal abad ka-20
Shanghai tumuwuh gancang kacida dina abad ka-19, kota nu posisina strategis di Yangtze River jadi lokasi nu idéal keur dagang jeung nagara-nagara Eropa. <!-- During the First Opium War in the early-19th century, British forces temporarily held Shanghai. The war ended with the 1842 Treaty of Nanjing, which saw the treaty ports, Shanghai included, opened for international trade. The Treaty of the Bogue signed in 1843, and the Sino-American Treaty of Wangsia signed in 1844 together saw foreign nations achieve extraterritoriality on Chinese soil, which officially lasted until 1943 but was essentially defunct by the late 1930s.
The Taiping Rebellion broke out in 1850, and in 1853 Shanghai was occupied by a triad offshoot of the rebels, called the Small Swords Society. The fighting destroyed the countryside but left the foreigners' settlements untouched, and Chinese arrived seeking refuge. Although previously Chinese were forbidden to live in foreign settlements, 1854 saw new regulations drawn up making land available to Chinese. Land prices rose substantially.
1854 also saw the first annual meeting of the Shanghai Municipal Council, created in order to manage the foreign settlements. In 1863, the British settlement, located along the western bank of the Huangpu river to the south of Suzhou creek (Huangpu district), and American settlement, located on the western bank of the Huangpu river and to the north of Suzhou creek (Hankou district) joined in order to form the International Settlement. The French opted out of the Shanghai Municipal Council, and instead maintained its own French Concession, located to the west of the International Settlement. This period saw a large influx of migrants from Europe and North America, who called themselves "Shanghighlanders".
The Sino-Japanese War fought 1894-95 over control of Korea concluded with the Treaty of Shimonoseki, which saw Japan emerge as an additional foreign power in Shanghai. Japan built the first factories in Shanghai, which were soon copied by other foreign powers to effect the emergence of Shanghai industry. Shanghai was then the biggest financial city in the Far East. Under the Republic of China, Shanghai was made a special city in 1927, and a municipality in May 1930. The Japanese Navy bombed Shanghai on January 28, 1932, nominally in an effort to crush down Chinese student protests of the Manchurian Incident and the subsequent Japanese occupation. The Chinese fought back in what was known as the January 28 Incident. The two sides fought to a standstill and a ceasefire was brokered in May. In the Second Sino-Japanese War, the city fell after the Battle of Shanghai in 1937, and was occupied until Japan's surrender in 1945.
Communist rule
On May 27, 1949, Shanghai came under communist control and was one of the only two former Republic of China (ROC) municipalities not merged into neighbouring provinces over the next decade (the other being Beijing). It underwent a series of changes in the boundaries of its subdivisions, especially in the next decade.
After the communist takeover in 1949, most foreign firms moved their offices from Shanghai to Hong Kong. During the 1950s and 1960s, Shanghai became an industrial center and center for revolutionary leftism. Yet, even during the most tumultuous times of the Cultural Revolution, Shanghai was able to maintain high economic productivity and relative social stability. In most of the history of the People's Republic of China (PRC), Shanghai has been the largest contributor of tax revenue to the central government compared with other Chinese provinces and municipalities. This came at the cost of severely crippling Shanghai's infrastructure and capital development. Its importance to China's fiscal well-being also denied it economic liberalizations that were started in the far southern provinces such as Guangdong during the mid-1980s. At that time Guangdong province paid nearly no taxes to the central government, and thus was perceived as fiscally expendable for experimental economic reforms. Shanghai was not permitted to initiate economic reforms until 1991.
Politics
Shanghai has been a political hub of China for many years. Many of China's top government officials in Beijing are known to have risen in Shanghai in the 1980s on a platform that was critical of the extreme leftism of the Cultural Revolution, giving them the tag "Shanghai Clique" during the 1990s. Many observers of Chinese politics view the more right-leaning Shanghai Clique as an opposing and competing faction of the current Chinese administration under Hu Jintao. Shanghai's top jobs, the Party Chief and the position of Mayor, has always been prominent on a national scale. Four Shanghai mayors eventually went on to take prominent Central Government positions, including former President Jiang Zemin and former Premier Zhu Rongji. The top administrative jobs are always appointed directly by the Central Government.
The current Shanghai government under Mayor Han Zheng has openly advocated transparency in the city's government. However, in previous years a complicated system of relationships between Shanghai's government, banks, and other civil institutions have been under scrutiny for corruption, motivated by politics in Beijing; these allegations from Beijing have mostly gone nowhere.
Administration
<!-- Nine of the districts govern Puxi (literally West Bank), or the older part of urban Shanghai on the west bank of the Huangpu River. These nine districts are collectively referred to as Shanghai Proper (上海市区) or the core city (市中心): Pudong (East Bank), or the newer part of urban and suburban Shanghai on the east bank of the Huangpu River, is governed by:
Eight of the districts govern suburbs, satellite towns, and rural areas further away from the urban core:
Chongming Island, an island at the mouth of the Yangtze, is governed by:
As of 2003, these county-level divisions are further divided into the following 220 township-level divisions: 114 towns, 3 townships, 103 subdistricts. Those are in turn divided into the following village-level divisions: 3,393 neighborhood committees and 2,037 village committees.
List of towns:
Economy and demographics
Shanghai is often regarded as the center of finance and trade in mainland China. Modern development began with economic reforms in 1992, a decade later than many of the Southern Chinese provinces. Prior to then, much of the city's tax revenue went directly to the capital, Beijing, with little return. Even with a decreased tax burden after 1992, Shanghai's tax contribution to the central government is around 20-25% of the national total (Shanghai's annual tax burden pre-1990s was on average 70% of the national total). Shanghai today is the biggest and most developed city in mainland China.
Shanghai is one of the world's busiest ports. In 2005, Shanghai ranked first of the world's busiest ports in terms of cargo throughput, handling a total of 443 million tons of cargo. In terms of container traffic, it is the third busiest port in the world, following Singapore and Hong Kong.
The 2000 census put the population of Shanghai Municipality to 16.738 million, including the floating population, which made up 3.871 million. Since the 1990 census the total population has increased by 3.396 million, or 25.5%. Males accounted for 51.4%, females for 48.6% of the population. 12.2% were in the age group of 0-14, 76.3% between 15 and 64 and 11.5% were older than 65. 5.4% of the inhabitants were illiterate. As of 2003, the official registered population is 13.42 million; however, more than 5 million more people work and live in Shanghai undocumented, and of the 5 million, some 4 million belong to the floating population of temporary migrant workers, a large proportion of whom are from Anhui Province as well as Jiangsu and Zhejiang Provinces. The average life expectancy in 2003 was 79.80 years, 77.78 for men and 81.81 for women. Shanghai and Hong Kong have had a recent rivalry over which city is to be the economic center of China. The city had a GDP of ¥46,586 (ca. US$ 5,620) per capita in 2003, ranked no. 13 among all 659 Chinese cities. Hong Kong has the advantage of a stronger legal system and greater banking and service expertise. Shanghai has stronger links to both the Chinese interior and the central government, in addition to a stronger base in manufacturing and technology. Since the handover of Hong Kong to the PRC in 1997, Shanghai has increased its role in finance, banking, and as a major destination for corporate headquarters, fueling demand for a highly educated and modernized workforce. Shanghai has recorded a double-digit growth for 14 consecutive years since 1992. In 2005, Shanghai's nominal GDP posted an 11.1% growth to 912.5 billion yuan (US$114 billion).
As in many other areas in China, Shanghai is undergoing a building boom. In Shanghai the modern architecture is notable for its unique style, especially in the highest floors, with several top floor restaurants which resemble flying saucers. For a gallery of these unique architecure designs, see Shanghai (architecture images).
The bulk of Shanghai buildings being constructed today are high-rise apartments of various height, color and design. There is now a strong focus by city planners to develop more "green areas" (public parks) among the apartment complexes in order to increase the quality of life for Shanghai's residents, quite in accordance to the "Better City - Better Life" theme of Shanghai's Expo 2010. Historically very Western in lifestyle, Shanghai is increasingly a critical center of communication with the Western world. Examples include the opening of the Pac-Med Medical Exchange in June of 2004, a clearinghouse of medical data and a link between the Chinese and westernized medical infrastructures. In medicine and other humanitarian fields, China is actively seeking input of first world nations to improve living conditions and trade status. Arguments for and against modern Chinese leadership question the genuine influence the influx of western culture and technology will have on vast Chinese interior, outside of the densely populated, often visited urban centres. The Pudong district of Shanghai contains contemporary architecture and "modern"-feeling districts, in close proximity to major international trade and hospitality zones. Visitors to Shanghai find free public parks manicured to startling perfection; in distinct contrast to the massive industrial installations which reveal China's emerging environmental concerns. Shanghai's international diversity is perhaps the world's foremost window into the rich, historic and complex society of today's China.
Geography and climate
Shanghai faces the East China Sea (part of the Pacific Ocean), and is bisected by the Huangpu River. Puxi contains the city proper on the western side of Huangpu River, while an entirely new financial district has been erected on the eastern bank of the Huangpu in Pudong.
Shanghai experiences all four seasons, with freezing temperatures during the winter season and a 32 degrees Celsius (90 degrees Fahrenheit) average high during the hottest months of July and August. Temperatures extremes of -10C (14F) and +41C (105F) have been recorded. Heavy rain is frequent in early summer. Spring starts in March, summer in June, autumn in September and winter in December. The weather in spring, although considered the most beautiful season, is highly variable, with frequent rain and alternating spells of warmth and cold. Summer is the peak tourist season, but is hot and oppressive, as the humidity makes it almost impossible for people not used to the environment to breathe properly. Clothes tend to get fairly wet after minutes of walking. Autumn is generally sunny and dry, and the foliage season is in November. Winters are typically grey and dreary, with no snowfall. The city has a few Typhoon spells during the year, none of which in recent years have caused considerable damage.
Astronomical phenomena
The previous total solar eclipse to be seen from the center of Shanghai (31.23167°N, 121.47°W) occurred on May 10, 1575.
The next total solar eclipse that will be seen from Shanghai will be solar eclipse of 2009-Jul-22.
Wikisource has an article about solar eclipses as seen from Shanghai from 2001 to 3000.
Transportation
Shanghai has an extensive public transportation system, largely based on buses, and a rapidly expanding metro system. For a city of Shanghai's size, road traffic is fairly smooth and convenient.
Shanghai has the world's most extensive bus system with nearly one thousand bus lines. The Shanghai Metro (subway and elevated lightrail) has five lines (numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) at present. According to the development schedule of the municipal government, by the year 2010, another 8 lines will be built in Shanghai. Bus and metro fares run from ¥1 to ¥4 depending on distance (or between 12 to 50 US cents). Taxis in Shanghai are plentiful and market competition has driven taxi fare down to affordable prices for the average resident (¥10 or a little over one US dollar for 3 km). Before the 1990s, bicycling was the most ubiquitous form of transportion in Shanghai, but the city has since banned bicycles on many of the city's main roads to ease congestion. With rising disposable incomes, private car ownership in Shanghai has also been rapidly increasing in recent years.
As of December 2005, Shanghai's port, including the newly opened Yangshan deep water port (洋山深水港), is the largest in the world. What is currently longest cross-sea bridge of the world, the Donghai Bridge (东海大桥) with a total length 32.5km, links Shanghai on the mainland to the Yangshan islands. Three railways intersect in Shanghai: Jinghu Railway (Beijing-Shanghai) Railway passing through Nanjing (京沪线), Shanghai-Hangzhou Railway (沪杭线 Hu Hang Line), and Xiaoshan-Ningbo (萧甬线 Xiao Yong Line). Shanghai has three passenger railway stations, Shanghai Railway Station, Shanghai West Railway Station and Shanghai South Railway Station. A maglev train route to Hangzhou (Shanghai-Hangzhou Maglev Train 沪杭磁悬浮线) will begin construction in 2006 and is planned to be finished in 2008. A high-speed train to Beijing is also in the works. Expressways from Beijing (Jinghu Expressway) and from the region around Shanghai connect to the city. There are ambitious plans to build expressways connecting Shanghai's Chongming Island with the urban core.
Within Shanghai itself, there are elevated roads, which appear expressway-like in road conditions (direction-separated lanes). Tunnels and bridges are used to link Puxi to Pudong.
Language
The vernacular language is Shanghainese, a dialect of Wu Chinese; while the official language is Standard Mandarin. The local dialect is mutually unintelligible with Mandarin, and is an inseparable part of the Shanghainese identity. The Shanghainese dialect today is a mixture of standard Wu Chinese as spoken in Suzhou, with the dialects of Ningbo and other nearby regions whose peoples have migrated to Shanghai in large numbers since the 20th Century.
Nearly all Shanghainese under the age of 50 can speak Mandarin fluently. Fluency in foreign languages is unevenly distributed. Most senior residents who received a university education before the revolution, and those who worked in foreign enterprises, can speak fluent English. Those under the age of 26 have had contact with English since primary school, as English is taught as a mandatory course starting at Grade 3.
Songjiang School and Huating School
Songjiang School (淞江派) is a small painting school during the Ming Dynasty. It is commomnly considered as a further development of the Wu School, or Wumen School (吴门画派), in the then cultural center of the region, Suzhou. Huating School (华亭派) was another important art school during the middle to late Ming Dynasty. Its main achievements were in traditional Chinese painting, calligraphy and poetry, and especially famous for its Renwen painting (人文画). Dong Qichang (董其昌) is one of the masters from this school.
Shanghai School
The Shanghai School (海上画派 Haishang Huapai or 海派 Haipai) is a very important Chinese school of traditional arts during the Qing Dynasty and the whole of 20th century. Under efforts of masters from this school, traditional Chinese art reached another climax and continued to the present in forms of the "Chinese painting" (中国画) or guohua (国画) for short. The Shanghai School challenged and broke the literati tradition of Chinese art, while also paying technical homage to the ancient masters and improving on existing traditional techniques. Members of this school were themselves educated literati who had come to question their very status and the purpose of art, and had anticipated the impending modernization of Chinese society. In an era of rapid social change, works from the Shanghai School were widely innovative and diverse, and often contained thoughtful yet subtle social commentary. The most well-known figures from this school are Ren Xiong (任熊), Ren Yi (任伯年), Zhao Zhiqian (赵之谦), Wu Changshuo (吴昌硕), Sha Menghai (沙孟海, calligraphist), Pan Tianshou (潘天寿), Fu Baoshi (傅抱石).
Modern China
Because of Shanghai's status as the cultural and economic center of East Asia for the first half of the twentieth century, it is popularly seen as the birthplace of everything considered modern in China. It was in Shanghai, for example, that the first motor car was driven and the first train tracks and modern sewers were laid. It was also the intellectual battleground between socialist writers who concentrated on critical realism (pioneered by Lu Xun and Mao Dun) and the more "bourgeois", more romantically and aesthetically inclined writers (such as Shi Zhecun, Shao Xunmei, Ye Lingfeng, Eileen Chang). Besides literature, Shanghai was also the birthplace of Chinese cinema & theater. China’s first short film, The Difficult Couple (Nanfu nanqi, 1913), and the country’s first fictional feature film, Orphan Rescues Grandfather (Gu'er jiu zuji, 1923) were both produced in Shanghai. These two films were very influential, and established Shanghai as the center of Chinese film-making. Shanghai’s film industry went on to blossom during the early Thirties, generating Marilyn Monroe-like stars such as Zhou Xuan. Another film star, Jiang Qing, went on to become Madame Mao Zedong. The talent and passion of Shanghainese filmmakers following World War II and the Communist Revolution contributed enormously to the development of the Hong Kong film industry.
Much of Shanghainese popular culture ("Shanghainese Pops") were transferred to Hong Kong by the numerous Shanghainese emigrants and refugees after the Communist Revolution. The movie In the Mood for Love (Huayang nianhua) directed by Wong Kar-wai (a native Shanghainese himself) depicts one slice of the displaced Shanghainese community in Hong Kong and the nostalgia for that era, featuring 1940s music by Zhou Xuan.
Popular stereotypes
Shanghainese people have often been stereotyped by other Chinese (both urban and rural) as being materialistic, pretentious, and disdainful of provincials; and at the same time, however, they are admired for their meticulous attention to detail, faithfulness in contract, professionalism, and style. It is a belief of many Chinese from other provinces of China that Shanghainese men can be very henpecked (nagged or controlled by their wives). Admittedly there is some truth in the opinion: husbands in Shanghai often simultaneously play the roles of a bread-winner, father, cook, plumber, carpenter, etc. Interestingly, this view, though somewhat outmoded in the context of the new century, is still one of the first things many people think of at the mention of Shanghai.
People of other provinces
Only very few residents are descended from original inhabitants of the old walled city. Nearly all registered Shanghainese residents are descendants of immigrants from the two adjacent provinces of Jiangsu and Zhejiang who moved to Shanghai in the late 19th and the early 20th Century. These are regions that generally speak the same family of dialects as Shanghainese - Wu Chinese. Much of pre-modern Shanghainese culture is an integration of cultural elements from these two regions. The Shanghainese dialect reflects this as well. Despite this heterogeneous origin to the Shanghainese population, there has been a strong sense of Shanghainese identity, founded upon cultural and economical superiority up until the Revolution. The Revolution was a humbling experience for Shanghai as a whole, as it was brought into line by the Communist regime, whose ideology favoured grass-root agriculture and industry, and opposed bourgeois excesses, which Shanghai stood for in the eyes of many. This led to a spiraling cycle, with the Shanghainese eyeing the rest of the country with disdain as "provincials" (乡下人; xianwonin in Shanghainese), while the rest of the country thought of the Shanghainese as arrogant and petty.
This has been fuelled in recent times, by migrants from all over China, who do not speak the local dialect and are therefore forced to use Mandarin as a lingua franca. Rising crime rates, littering, harassive panhandling, and an overloading of the basic infrastructure (mainly public transportation, schools) associated with the rise of these migrant populations (over 3 million new migrants in 2003 alone) have been generating some ill will from the Shanghainese. The new migrants are easy to spot by the Shanghainese, and are often targets of both intentional and unintentional discrimination. This further intensifies the misunderstandings and stereotypes between the Shanghainese and the Chinese outside of the Lower Yangtze basin.
Shikumen
One uniquely Shanghainese cultural element is the shikumen (石库门) residences, which are two or three-story townhouses, with the front yard protected by a high brick wall. Each residence is connected and arranged in straight alleys, known as a lòngtang (弄堂), pronounced longdang in Shanghainese. The entrance to each alley is usually surmounted by a stylistic stone arch. The whole resembles terrace houses or townhouses commonly seen in Anglo-American countries, but distinguished by the tall, heavy brick wall in front of each house. The name "shikumen" literally means "stone storage door", referring to the strong gateway to each house.
The shikumen is a cultural blend of elements found in Western architecture with traditional Lower Yangtze (Jiangnan) Chinese architecture and social behavior. All traditional Chinese dwellings had a courtyard, and the shikumen was no exception. Yet, to compromise with its urban nature, it was much smaller and provided an "interior haven" to the commotions in the streets, allowing for raindrops to fall and vegetation to grow freely within a residence. The courtyard also allowed sunlight and adequate ventilation into the rooms.
This style of housing originally developed when local developers adapted terrace houses to Chinese conditions. The wall was added to protect against fighting and looting during the Taiping rebellion, and later burglars and vandals during the social upheavals of the early twentieth century. By World War II, more than 80% of the population in the city lived in these kinds of dwellings. Many of these were hastily built and were akin to slums, while others were of sturdier construction and featured all modern amenities such as the flushing toilet.
During and after World War II, massive population increases in Shanghai led many shikumen houses to be heavily subdivided. For example, the spacious living room is often divided into three or four rooms, each lent out to a family. These cramped conditions continue to exist in many of the shikumen districts that have survived recent development.
The landlords who leased (subletted) the shikumen out to other families were called "erfangdong", or "second landlord" as many of them acquired the shikumen buildings from its original owner ("dafangdong"). These landlords families usually share the same shikumen building with the tenants.
Fashion
Other Shanghainese cultural artifacts include the cheongsam (Shanghainese: zansae), a modernization of the traditional Chinese/Manchurian qipao (Shanghainese: gibo) garment which first appeared in the 1910s in Shanghai. The cheongsam dress was slender with high cut sides, and tight fitting. This contrasts sharply with the traditional qipao which was designed to conceal the figure and be worn regardless of age. The cheongsam went along well with the western overcoat and the scarf, and portrayed an unique East Asian modernity, epitomizing the Shanghainese population in general. As Western fashions changed, the basic cheongsam design changed, too, introducing high-necked sleeveless dresses, bell-like sleeves and, the black lace frothing at the hem of a ball gown. By the 1940s, cheongsams came in transparent black, beaded bodices, matching capes and even velvet. And later, checked fabrics became also quite common. The 1949 Communist Revolution ended the cheongsam and other fashions in Shanghai. However, the Shanghainese styles have seen a recent revival as stylish party dresses. The fashion industry has been rapidly revitalizing in the past decade, there is on average one fashion show per day in Shanghai today. Like Shanghai's architecture, local fashion designers strive to create a fusion of western and traditional designs, often with innovative if not controversial results.
Colleges and universities
Shanghai is home to many of China's top and oldest universities.
Private
Note: Institutions without full-time bachelor programs are not listed.
Sister cities
Shanghai has city partnerships with the following cities:
Miscellaneous
The tallest structure in China, the distinctive Oriental Pearl Tower, is located in Shanghai. Its lower sphere is now available for living quarters, starting at very high prices. The Jin Mao tower located nearby is mainland China's tallest skyscraper, and ranks fifth in the world.
Shanghai will be the host of the Expo 2010 World's Fair between May to October 2010
Professional sports teams in Shanghai include:
The city has hosted the first Formula One Chinese Grand Prix at the Shanghai International Circuit on 26 September 2004. -->
Ujung Tanah, Lembah Sabil, Aceh Barat Daya
Ujung Tanah nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Lembah Sabil, Kabupatén Aceh Barat Daya, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
Kuatren
Kuatrén téh, atawa quatrain, nyaéta pada sajak atawa puisi (wangun ugeran) anu diwangun ku opat jajar, atawa sajak anu sapadana diwangun ku opat-opat padalisan.
2016 FF13
Ari 2016 FF13 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Apollo, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.587, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 23.4. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO�380423.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
(42286) 2001 TN41
Ari (42286) 2001 TN41 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Apollo, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.392, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 16.5. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO�406271.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
2015 DV198
Ari 2015 DV198 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Amor, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.356, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 20.2. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO 369258.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
(386298) 2008 SR7
Ari 2008 SR7 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Amor, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.192, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 20.0. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO 408684.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
1999 GR6
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
2010 GC35
Ari 2010 GC35 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Amor, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.124, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 24.7. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO 190721.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
2010 GR33
Ari 2010 GR33 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Apollo, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.444, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 22.6. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO�176880.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Cingcau Héjo
Gambaran Cingcau héjo
Diaméter lingkar watangna leutik, kulit watangna keset jeung cucukan. Panjang watangna bisa welasan méter jeung daunna pinuh ku bulu. Kembangna warna konéng jeung buah batu warnana beureum bentukna lonjong. Tutuwuhan ieu osok aya di daérah terbuka atawa dirungkun-rungkun pepelakan séjén. Aya ogé anu dipelak tapi ngarambat kana pager. Tutuwuhan ieu alus dipelak di daérah anu jangkunna kurang tina 1000 méter di luhhur permukaan laut. ]
Mangpaat
Pikeun ubar Alternatif Herbal nyaéta pikeun jadi ubar tekanan darah tinggi, demam, gangguan dina beuteung, nyeri beuteung, karacunan ngadahar udang, radang lambung, tipés, panyakit usus.
Way Tenong, Lampung Kulon
Way Tenong nyaéta salah sahiji kacamatan di Kabupatén Lampung Kulon, Propinsi Lampung, Indonésia.
2016 RW1
Ari 2016 RW1 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Amor, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.537, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 27.0. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO 389352.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
SMKS Darul Hikmah
SMKS Darul Hikmah nyaéta Sakola Menengah Kajuruan Swasta anu aya di Kabupatén Tasikmalaya. Alamat lengkepna di Sindangasih, Kalurahan/Désa Sindangasih Kacamatan Cikatomas, Kabupatén Tasikmalaya, Jawa Kulon kalawan nomor NPSN 20279870.
Pekan Tanjung Pura, Tanjung Pura, Langkat
Pekan Tanjung Pura nyaéta salah sahiji Kalurahan di kacamatan Tanjung Pura, Kabupatén Langkat, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Tarabunga, Tampahan, Toba Samosir
Tarabunga nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Tampahan, Kabupatén Toba Samosir, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Rajabasa Raya, Rajabasa, Bandar Lampung
Rajabasa Raya nyaéta salah sahiji Kalurahan di kacamatan Rajabasa, Kota Bandar Lampung, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Bumi Kencana, Seputih Agung, Lampung Tengah
Bumi Kencana nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Seputih Agung, Kabupatén Lampung Tengah, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Bumi Kencana, Seputih Agung, Lampung Tengah
Sintétik
Sintétik/sintetik/sin·te·tik/sintetis; asal kecap tina basa Yunani Kuna nyaéta σύνθεσις ("komposisi", "abstrak", "link") nyaéta zat meunang nyampurkeun dua atawa leuwih unsur (komponén) di mana hasil tina éta campuran mangrupa hiji zat anyar. Istilah ieu diwanohkeun ku Hermann Kolbe dina taun 1845 sintesis kimia anu dijieun, utamana pikeun néplak/niru produk anu alami/dihasilkeun ku alam:
Pancoran Mas, Pancoran Mas, Dépok
Pancoran Mas nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Pancoran Mas, Kota Dépok, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.