cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Jatiragas Hilir, Patok Beusi, Subang
Jatiragas Hilir nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Patok Beusi, Kabupatén Subang, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
73 SM
73 SM nyaéta taun ka-73 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Gunung Tua Julu, Padang Bolak, Padang Lawas Kalér
Gunung Tua Julu nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Padang Bolak, Kabupatén Padang Lawas Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Karét, Setiabudi, Jakarta Kidul
Karét nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Setiabudi, Kota Jakarta Kidul, Propinsi DKI Jakarta, Indonésia.
Gempolsari, Patok Beusi, Subang
Gempolsari nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Patok Beusi, Kabupatén Subang, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Najd
Najd atanapi Nejd (نجد, Najd; harpiahna Daratan Luhur) nyaéta hiji wewengkon di bagian tengah Semenanjung Arab.
Kota utama
Riyadh nyaéta kota panggedéna di Najd sarta di Saudi Arabia, kalawan populasi leuwih ti 4.700.000 dina 2009. Kota-kota lianna cotona Buraidah, Unaizah, jeung Ar Rass. Kota nu leuwih leutik jeung désa contona Sudair, Al-Kharj, Dawadmi, Al-Zilfi, Al Majma'ah, Shaqraa, Tharmada'a, Dhurma, Al-Gway'iyyah, Al-Hariq, Hotat Bani Tamim, Layla, As-Sulayyil, jeung Wadi Ad-Dawasir.
Dina budaya populér
Novel kahiji Bahiyyih Nakhjavani, The Saddlebag – A Fable for Doubters and Seekers, ngagambarkeun kajadian nu latarna di Plato Najd sapanjang rute Haji antawis Makkah jeung Madinah dina 1844–1845.
Badak sunda
Badak sunda (Rhinoceros sondaicus) téh nyaéta anggota kulawarga Rhinocerotidae nu kaasup salah sahiji tina rupa-rupa badak nu hirup kénéh nepi ka kiwari. Ieu badak sagénus jeung Badak India, dedeganana ogé sarupa, tapi tina ukuran leuwih leutik (panjang 3,1–3,2 m, jangkung 1,4–1,7 m) sarta leuwih deukeut ka Badak Hideung. Culana tara leuwih ti 25 cm, leuwih leutik batan badak séjénna.
Mangsa baheula mah, badak Sunda mangrupa badak Asia nu paling lega jajahanana, ti kapuloan Indonésia, Asia Tenggara, nepi ka India jeung Cina, tapi kiwari ieu spésiés kaayaanana kritis. Populasina di alam liar anu masih kanyahoan ukur aya di dua tempat, turug-turug di taman satwa euweuh nu ngingu deuih. Di Taman Nasional Ujung Kulon, populasi badak Sunda sahenteuna aya 40–50, sedengkeun di Taman Nasional Cat Tien, Viétnam, populasina teu leuwih ti dalapan. Nyirorotna populasi badak Sunda kiwari téh alatan loba diboro pikeun diala culana, anu di pasar gelap dihargaan $30,000. Lian ti éta, masalah anu utama nyaéta beuki heureutna habitat.
Dina alamna, Badak Sunda bisa hirup nepi ka umur 30–45 taun. Hirupna di lebak leuweung hujan, tegalan baseuh jeung ranca. Ieu sato hirupna nyorangan, iwal mangsa kawin jeung miara anakna, tapi aya ogé mangsana ngagorombol. Lian ti manusa, sacara alami Badak Sunda anu sawawa taya pamangsana. Di lingkungan nu deukeut jeung manusa, ieu badak biasana nyingkah, tapi bisa malik narajang mun ngarasa kaancam. Para élmuwan jarang nu ngulik ieu sato, utamana ku sabab hésé manggihanana, sarta dianggap bahya saupama ngaganggu kahirupan spésiés langka kawas kieu. Panalungtikan biasana ukur ngandelkeun kaméra jeung analisis taina.
Taksonomi jeung ngaran
Badak Jawa mimiti ditalungtik ku para naturalis taun 1787, nalika dua sato paéh diboro di pulo Jawa. Tangkorékna dikirim ka naturalis Walanda Petrus Camper nu maot taun 1789 saméméh ngumumkeun pamanggihna nu nyindekkeun yén éta badak téh spésiés nu béda. Badak Sunda lianna ditémbak di Sumatra ku Alfred Duvaucel nu ngirimkeun spésiménna ka bapa téréna Georges Cuvier, élmuwan Prancis. Cuvier boga kacindekan yén ieu sato téh spésiés nu dilaporkeun musna taun 1822, tapi ku Anselme Gaëtan Desmarest disebut Rhinoceros sondaicus, spésiés badak anu panungtung dipikawanoh. Mimitina mah Desmarest nyebutkeun asalna ti Sumatra, tapi terus diralat ku nyebutkeun asalna ti Jawa.
Ngaran genus Rhinoceros, nu ogé ngawengku Badak India, diturunkeun tina basa Yunani Kuna: rhino nu hartina irung, jeung ceros nu hartina cula; sondaicus dicokot tina sunda, wilayah biogeografis nu ngawengku Sumatra, Jawa, Kalimantan, daratan Asia Tenggara, jeung pulo-pulo leutik di sabudeureunana.
Aya tilu subspésiés Badak sunda, dua di antarana dianggap masih aya:
Evolusi
Ancestral rhinoceroses first diverged from other Perissodactyls in the Early Eocene. Mitochondrial DNA comparison suggests that the ancestors of modérn rhinos split from the ancestors of Equidae around 50 million yéars ago. The extant family, the Rhinocerotidae, first appéared in the Late éocene in Eurasia, and the ancestors of the extant rhino species dispersed from Asia beginning in the Miocene.
Pedaran
Badak Sunda ukuranana leuwih leutik batan dulurna, Badak India, sarta leuwih deukeut ka Badak Hideung. Panjang awakna (katut hulu) bisa nepi ka 3,1–3,2 m, sedengkeun jangkungna 1,4–1,7 m. Beuratna, anu kungsi dilaporkeun nyaéta antara 900 jeung 2.300 kg, najan can kungsi aya studi anu daria ngukuran beurat awak badak sunda. Nu jalu jeung nu bikang ampir taya bédana, tapi biasana mah nu bikangna rada leuwih gedé. Dumasar data poto jeung tapak suku, Badak Sunda di Viétnam ukuranana rada leuwih leutik ti dulurna nu di Jawa.
Sarupa jeung dulurna nu di India, Badak Sunda culana ukur hiji (spésiés séjén nu aya kénéh culana dua), leutik deuih (kurang ti 20 cm, nu kacatet paling panjang ukur 27 cm). Ieu cula lolobana dipaké pikeun ngali leutak jeung muka jalan di leuweung nu rembet, tara dipaké pikeun tarung. Sungut bagian luhurna rada monyong pikeun ngarabut kadaharan, sihungna panjang jeung seukeut. Sakumaha ilaharna badak, Badak Sunda seukeut pangambeu jeung pangdéngéna, tapi panonna kurang awas. Umurna bisa nepi ka 30-45 taun .<!--
Its hairless, splotchy gray or gray-brown skin falls in folds to the shoulder, back and rump. The skin has a natural mosaic pattern which lends the rhino an armored appearance. The neck folds of the Javan Rhinoceros are smaller than those of the Indian Rhinoceros, but still form a saddle shape over the shoulder. Because of the risks of interfering with such an endangered species, however, the Javan Rhinoceros is primarily studied through fecal sampling and camera traps. They are rarely encountered, observed or measured directly.
Distribution and habitat
Even the most optimistic estimate suggests there are fewer than 100 Javan Rhinos in the wild. They are considered possibly the most endangered of all large mammals; although there are more Sumatran Rhinos, their range is not as protected as that of the Javan Rhinos, and some conservationists consider them to be at greater risk. The Javan Rhinoceros is only known to survive in two places, the Ujung Kulon National Park on the western tip of Java and the Cat Tien National Park about 150 km (90 miles) north of Ho Chi Minh City.
The animal was once widespread from Assam and Bengal (where their range would have overlapped with both the Sumatran and Indian Rhino ) eastward to Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, and southwards to the Malay Peninsula and the islands of Sumatra, Java and possibly Borneo. The Javan Rhino primarily inhabits dense lowland rain forests, tall grass and reed beds that are plentiful with rivers, large floodplains, or wet areas with many mud wallows. Although it historically preferred low-lying areas, the subspecies in Vietnam has been pushed onto much higher ground (up to 2,000 m or 6,561 ft), probably because of human encroachment and poaching.
The range of the Javan Rhinoceros has been shrinking for at least 3,000 years. Starting around 1000 BC, the northern range of the rhinoceros extended into China, but began moving southward at roughly 0.5 km (0.3 mile) per year, as human settlements increased in the region. It likely became locally extinct in India in the first decade of the 20th century. The Javan Rhino was hunted to extinction on the Malaysian peninsula by 1932. By the end of the Vietnam War, the Vietnamese Rhinoceros was believed extinct across all of mainland Asia. Local hunters and woodcutters in Cambodia claim to have seen Javan Rhinos in the Cardamom Mountains, but surveys of the area have failed to find any evidence of them. A population may have existed on the island of Borneo as well, though these specimens could have been the Sumatran Rhinoceros, a small population of which still lives there.
Behavior
The Javan Rhinoceros is a solitary animal with the exception of breeding pairs and mothers with calves. They will sometimes congregate in small groups at salt licks and mud wallows. Wallowing in mud is a common behavior for all rhinos; the activity allows them to maintain a cool body temperature and helps prevent disease and parasite infestation. The Javan Rhinoceros does not generally dig its own mud wallows, preferring to use other animals' wallows or naturally occurring pits, which it will use its horns to enlarge. Salt licks are also very important because of the essential nutrients the rhino receives from the salt. Males's home ranges are larger at 12–20 km² (5–8 miles²) compared to the females's which are around 3–14 km² (1–5 mi²). Males's territories overlap each other less than those of females. It is not known if there are territorial fights.
Males mark their territory with dung piles and by urine spraying. Scrapes made by the feet in the ground and twisted saplings also seem to be used for communication. Members of other rhino species have a peculiar habit of defecating in massive rhino dung piles and then scraping their back feet in the dung. The Sumatran and Javan Rhinoceros, while defecating in piles, do not engage in the scraping. This adaptation in behavior is thought to be ecological; in the wet forests of Java and Sumatra, the method may not be useful for spreading odors.
Karét Kuningan, Setiabudi, Jakarta Kidul
Karét Kuningan nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Setiabudi, Kota Jakarta Kidul, Propinsi DKI Jakarta, Indonésia.
Badak sunda
Behavior
The Javan Rhino is much less vocal than the Sumatran; very few Javan Rhino vocalizations have ever been recorded. Adult Javan Rhinos have no known predators other than humans. The species, particularly in Vietnam, is skittish and retreats into dense forests whenever humans are near. Though a valuable trait from a survival standpoint, it has made the rhinos difficult to study. Nevertheless, when humans approach too closely, the Javan Rhino becomes aggressive and will attack, stabbing with the incisors of its lower jaw while thrusting upward with its head. Its comparatively anti-social behavior may be a recent adaptation to population stresses; historical evidence suggests that, like other rhinos, the species was once more gregarious.
Diet
The Javan Rhinoceros is herbivorous and eats diverse plant species, especially their shoots, twigs, young foliage and fallen fruit. Most of the plants favored by the species grow in sunny areas: in forest clearings, shrubland and other vegetation types with no large trees. The rhino knocks down saplings to reach its food and grabs it with its prehensile upper lip. It is the most adaptable feeder of all the rhino species. Currently it is a pure browser but probably once both browsed and grazed in its historical range. The rhino eats an estimated 50 kg (110 lb) of food daily. Like the Sumatran Rhino, it needs salt in its diet. The salt licks common in its historical range do not exist in Ujung Kulon, but the rhinos there have been observed drinking seawater, likely for the same nutritional need.
Reproduction
The sexual habits of the Javan Rhinoceros are difficult to study as the species is rarely observed directly and no zoos have specimens. Females reach sexual maturity at 3–4 years of age while the males are sexually mature at 6. Gestation is estimated to occur over a period around 16–19 months. The birth interval for this species is 4–5 years and the calf is weaned at around 2 years. The other four species of rhino all have similar mating behaviors and the presumption is that the Javan Rhino follows suit.
Conservation
The main factor in the continued decline of the Javan Rhinoceros population has been poaching for horns, a problem that affects all rhino species. The horns have been a traded commodity in China for over 2,000 years where they are believed to have healing properties in Traditional Chinese Medicine. Historically, its hide was used to make armor for Chinese soldiers and some local tribes in Vietnam believed the hide can be used to make an antidote for snake venom. Because the rhinoceros's range encompasses many areas of poverty, it has been difficult to convince local people not to kill a seemingly useless animal which could be sold for a large sum of money. When the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora first went into effect in 1975, the Javan Rhinoceros was placed under complete Appendix 1 protection: all international trade in the Javan Rhinoceros and products derived from it is illegal. Surveys of the rhinoceros horn black market have determined that Asian rhinoceros horn fetches a price as high as $30,000 per kilogram, three times the value of African rhinoceros horn.
Loss of habitat because of agriculture has also contributed to its decline, though this is no longer as significant a factor because the rhinoceros only lives in two nationally protected parks. Deteriorating habitats have hindered the recovery of rhino populations that fell victim to poaching. Even with all the conservation efforts, the prospects for the Javan Rhinoceros's survival are grim. Because the populations are restricted to two small areas, they are very susceptible to disease and the problems of inbreeding. Conservation geneticists estimate that a population of 100 rhinos would be needed to preserve the genetic diversity of the species.
Ujung Kulon
The Ujung Kulon peninsula was devastated by the eruption of Krakatoa in 1883. The Javan Rhinoceros recolonized the peninsula after the explosion, but humans never returned in large numbers, thus creating a haven. In 1931, as the Javan Rhinoceros was on the brink of extinction in Sumatra, the government of Indonésia declared the rhino a legally protected species, which it has remained ever since. In 1967 when a census was first conducted of the rhinos in Ujung Kulon, only 25 animals were recorded. By 1980 that population had doubled, and has remained steady at about 50 ever since. Although the rhinos in Ujung Kulon have no natural predators, they have to compete for scarce resources with wild cattle which may keep the rhino's numbers below the peninsula's carrying capacity. Ujung Kulon is managed by the Indonesian Ministry of Forestry. Evidence of at least four baby rhinos was discovered in 2006, the most ever documented for the species.
Cat Tien
The few remaining members of R.s. annamiticus live in the Cat Tien National Park in Vietnam. Once widespread in Southeast Asia, after the Vietnam War, the Javan Rhinoceros was presumed extinct. The tactics used in the combat wrought havoc on the ecosystems of the region: use of napalm, extensive defoliation from Agent Orange, aerial bombing and use of landmines. The war also flooded the area with inexpensive weapons. After the war, many poor villagers, who previously relied on methods like pit traps, now had deadly weapons at their disposal, enabling them to become efficient poachers. The assumption of the subspecies extinction was challenged when, in 1988, a hunter shot an adult female, proving the species had somehow survived the war. In 1989, scientists surveyed Vietnam's southern forests to search for evidence of other survivors. Fresh rhinoceros tracks belonging to at least 15 rhinos were found along the Dong Nai River. Largely because of the rhinoceros, the region they inhabited became part of the Cat Tien National Park in 1992. Their population is feared to have declined in Vietnam, with some conservationists estimating that as few as 3–8 rhinos, and possibly no males, survive. -->
Dina kurungan
Taun 1800-an, sahanteuna aya opat badak Sunda dipamérkeun di Adelaide, Kalkuta, jeung London. Nu kacatet, sakabéhna paling heneuweuh 22 Badak Sunda kungsi dikurungan. Kanyataanana bisa leuwih ti éta, sabab ieu badak sok salah nyebut jadi Badak India. Badak Sunda teu kungsi bisa hirup waluya dina kurungan, paling kolot ukur nepi ka 20 taun (ukur satengahna ti umur nu di alam liar). Nu pamungkas di kandangan paéh di Taman Satwa Adelaide, Australia taun 1907, kitu ogé disebutna Badak India. Gagalna program ngawinkeun Badak Sumatra di taman satwa taun 1980-an jeung 1990-an ngayakinkeun teu mungkinna miara badak.
Batang Baruhar Jae, Padang Bolak, Padang Lawas Kalér
Batang Baruhar Jae nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Padang Bolak, Kabupatén Padang Lawas Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
75 SM
75 SM nyaéta taun ka-75 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Rancabango, Patok Beusi, Subang
Rancabango nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Patok Beusi, Kabupatén Subang, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
74 SM
74 SM nyaéta taun ka-74 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Ulujami, Pesanggrahan, Jakarta Selatan
Ulujami nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Pesanggrahan, Kota Jakarta Kidul, Propinsi DKI Jakarta, Indonésia.
Kadu
Kadu atawa durén; Durio zibethinus nyaéta ngaran tuwuhan tropis anu asalna ti Asia Tenggara, ogé ngaran buahna anu bisa didahar. Kecap durén dicokot tina ciri kulit buahna anu teuas sarta cucukan seukeut.
Tuwuhan ieu lain spésies tunggal tapi sagolongan tuwuhan ti marga (genus) Durio. Ngaran ilmiah kadu komérsial nyaéta Durio zibethinus. Jinis-jinis kadu séjén anu bisa didahar sarta kadangkala kapanggih di pasar-pasar di Asia Tenggara ngawengku D. kutejensis (lai), D. oxleyanus, D. graveolens (kadu kuya), sarta D. dulcis (lahong).
Hutalombang, Padang Bolak, Padang Lawas Kalér
Hutalombang nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Padang Bolak, Kabupatén Padang Lawas Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Kadu
Warna buahna béda-béda ti mimiti héjo semu konéng, sarta miboga wangun mimiti lonjong nepi ka buleud. Kulit buahna tapasan sarta beungeutna dipinuhan ku cucuk nu seukeut. Buah kadu ngaluarkeun ambeu anu nyegak sarta has. Bagian buah anu bisa didahar nyaéta pamungkus siki anu boga warna semu konéng, anu nangtayungan sikina.
Réa jelema nganggap buah kadu minangka buah anu ngeunah. Tapi sawaréh deui henteu tahan ku ambeuna sarta nganggap ambeuna bau pisan. Richard Sterling (dinaThe Travelling Curmudgoen) nulis: "ambeuna jiga pisan jeung kokotor babi, terpentin sarta bawang, sarta dipapaésan ku kaos kaki kotor ti lapangan olah raga. Ambeuna kaangseu ti kajauhan." Aya ogé anu ngagambarkeun ambeu kadu kawas ambeu anu kaluar tina treuk runtah.
Gambaran
Tangkal naun, héjo langgeng (daun ngarangrangan henteu gumantung kana usum) tapi aya waktu nu tangtu pikeun numuwuhkeun daun-daun anyar (période flushing). Tumuwuh bisa ngahontal jangkung 40 méter. Daun wangunna lonjong, boga warna héjo kalawan tambahan konéng, bagian handap leuwih sepa. Tangkal kadu mimiti buahan sanggeus 4-5 taun, tapi dina budidaya bisa digancangan alatan ngagunakeun réproduksi vegetatif.
Kembang (ogé buahna) mecenghul langsung tina tangkal (cauliflorous). Dina D. zibethinus sarta nu séjén-séjénna kembang mecenghul tina dahan lain tina tangkal, tapi dina kadu kuya kembangna mecenghul dina puhu tangkal (ku kituna kuya bisa ngadahar buahna). Kembang mecenghul tina pucuk dorman, ngajumplok, mekar dina wanci soré sarta tahan sawatara poé. Kembangna nyebarkeun angseu seungit pikeun narik perhatian lalay minangka nu mantuan réproduksi.
Buah mekar sanggeus kawinan sarta merlukeun 4-6 bulan pikeun asak. Dina mangsa nunggu asak lumangsung persaingan antarbuah dina hiji jumplukan, sahingga ngan hiji atawa sawatara buah anu baris asak, sésana ngarangrangan. Buah baris murag sorangan lamun geus asak. Umumna beurat buah kadu D. zibethinus bisa ngahontal 1,5 nepi ka 5 kilogram, ku kituna kebon kadu jadi wewengkon anu picilakaeun dina mangsa usum kadu. Lamun murag kana luhur sirah hiji jalma, buah kadu bisa ngabalukarkeun tatu beurat atawa korban nyawa. Kulit buahna kandel, kulitna cucukan seukeut, sanajan ieu téh lain cucuk dina harti botani), boga warna héjo semu konéng nepi ka warna konéng. Saban buah mibanda 5 "kamar", anu némbongkeun lobana daun buah anu dipiboga.
Saban "kamar" kaeusi ku sawatara (biasana 3) siki. Siki kabungkus ku pamungkus siki nu warnana bodas nepi ka konéng caang kalawan kandel nu variatif, tapi dina kultivar nu punjul bisa ngahontal 3 cm. Budidaya kadu diarahkeun pikeun ngahasilkeun siki anu leutik kalawan pamungkus siki anu kandel, alatan pamungkus siki ieu pisan bagian anu didahar. Sikina boga daging nu kandel sarta bisa didahar sanggeus dikulub. Siki kadu boga sipat recalcitrant, ngan bisa hirup kalawan kadar cai nu loba (di luhureun 30% beurat) sarta tanpa perlakuan nu tangtu ngan sanggup tahan hirup saminggu saméméh tungtungna émbriona paéh.
Ngaran Séjén
Di wewengkon pulo Bornéo (Kalimantan, serawak, sabah) Durén disebutna : catu; dian; duhuian, durian puteh, jatu, kalang, lampun, Lujian. Urang Cina nyebutna Liu Lian; Lau Lin,di Estonian disebutna harilik durianipuu, Urang Walanda nyebutna doerian, stinkvrucht.
Sumebarna
Kadu asalna ti Indonésia, Malaysia, jeung Brunei, sanajan tangkalna bisa tumuwuh di sambarang cuaca anu sarupa. Puseur karageman biologi sarta ékologi kadu nyaéta Pulo Kalimantan). Tapi anu jadi éksportir penting kadu nyaéta Thailand, anu sanggup ngamekarkeun kultivar kalawan kualitas nu unggul. Tempat anu séjén di mana kadu dipelak kaasup ti antarana Mindanao di Filipina, Queensland di Australia, Kamboja, Laos, Viétnam, India, sarta Sri Lanka.
Di Filipina, puseur panghasil kadu nyaéta di wewengkon Davao di Pulo Mindanao. Féstival Kadayawan mangrupa paraya taunan pikeun kadu di dayeuh Davao.
Di Barat, kadu bisa kapanggih di toko-toko Asia milik urang Viétnam, Tionghoa, Thailand, jeung réa-réa deui.
Masalah ambeu
Alatan ambeuna anu kuat, sajumlah pausahaan ngahulag jelema mawa kadu, contona ka kabin pasawat udara, ka tutumpakan angkutan umum atawa dibawa ka hotél.
Pikeun nu resep kadu, sangkan henteu ngabalukarkeun hal-hal teu nyugemakeun jalma anu teu mikaresep ambeu kadu, aya cara gampang pikeun ngaleungitkeun ambeu kadu tina ramo-ramo leungeun sarta sungut. Carana, bérésihkeun ramo leungeun ku cara ngaduk-ngaduk cai dina jero pangsa kadu (nyaéta ceruk kulit buah bagian jero, urut tempat daging sarta siki kadu némpél) sarta cai adukan kasebut ulah dipiceun, tapi dipaké pikeun kekemu. Oen Liang-hie sarta M. Soemartini 1998. The presence of 5-hidroxy-methyl-furfural in the shells of the kadu fruit (Durio Zibethinus Murr.) as minor deodorant and its possible role in the ripening process of the fruit (5-OH-METIL-FURFURAL dina kulit buah kadu salaku déodoran minor sarta kamungkinan boga andil dina prosés asakna buah). Sawatara masarakat ngagunakeun kulit kadu anu geus didahar minangka pangusir (repellent) beurit ku cara nyimpenna dina juru rohangan.
Milih kadu
Saban jelema miboga carana sorangan-sorangan dina milih buah kadu nu pangalusna. Unggal jelema percaya yén cara milihna bisa ngahasilkeun buah pangalusna.
Kadu nyaéta buah musiman anu baheulana dipanen sakali sataun. Ayeuna panén kadu bisa dipigawé nepi ka dua kali dina sataun. Hal ieu ngaronjatkeun persaingan di antara para padagang kéténgan (écéran).
Milih buah anu pas kacida pentingna lamun padagang ngajual buah sakumaha ayana tanpa kaci dibuka. Ayeuna padagang umumna daék muka buah pikeun ngabuktikeun eusina. Ku cara ieu, kaahlian dina milih ogé jadi kurang penting.
Jelema bisa milih kadu kalawan gampang di kebon. Buah tina tangkal anu sarua umumna miboga ciri-ciri anu sarupa. Sawajarna buah di kebon diantepkeun asak sarta murag tina tangkalna ("ragragan").
Pamilihan buah di luar kebon leuwih hésé. Di handap ieu nyaéta sawaréh tina pituduh anu bisa dipaké:
Meulah kadu
Jelema anu anyar diajar meuli kadu sabisana meuli kadu anu geus siap dibuka alatan meulah kadu rada hésé. Biasana urang bisa kalawan gampang manggihan padagang anu ngaladénan meulah kadu. Lamun nu meuli geus sapuk pikeun meulina, padagang biasana baris meulah kadu minangka pangladénna. Buah kadu anu geus dibeulah perlu gancang didahar alatan buah éta condong ngahasilkeun cai. Lamun eusi kadu mimiti ngahasilkeun cai, buah kadu baris kaleungitan rasana sarta henteu réa gunana.
Urang bisa diajar meulah kadu kalawan ati-ati maké pakakas anu biasa. Pariksa kulit luar buah pikeun manggihan "gurat". Umumna aya nepi ka 5 gurat sapanjang beungeut buah kadu anu patepung dina titik dina dadasar buah. Lalaunan tojoskeun pakakas seukeut (péso) dina titik ieu. Tuluy turihkeun péso éta sapanjang "gurat" anu geus katémbong saméméhna. Leuwih hadé lamun urang maké sarung leungeun atawa salambar lawon anu kandel pikeun nyekel buah kadu ku sabeulah leungeun, samentara leungeun anu hijina deui nurih buah kadu. Urang kudu waspada kana mamala katurih ku cucuk kadu.
Ciri-ciri
Kadu dianggap kadaharan panas, sanggeus dahar kadu biasana awak urang baris karingetan. Pikeun nungkulanana, kucurkeun cai kana bagian kulit buah anu geus kosong. Sajaba ti éta, usum kadu biasana lumangsung babarengan jeung manggu anu dianggap bisa niiskeun awak. Ku sabab éta, dua buah ieu biasana didahar babarengan.
Jelema anu miboga panyakit tekanan darah tinggi, mun bisa mah nyingkahan kadu alatan buah ieu dianggap bisa nambahan tekenan dina getih.
Kadu tanpa cucuk
Sawaréh kadu dijual "tanpa cucuk". Cucuk buah kadu ieu tétéla geus dipiceun sabot kaduna masih ngora. Jadi henteu alami. Sawaréh kadu memang ampir henteu cucukan alatan cucukna kurang ti 5 mm.
Ajén giji
Saban 100g pamungkus siki ngandung 90kkal (377kJ). Kadu ogé réa ngandung vitamin B1, B2, sarta vitamin C.
Kultivar kadu
Aya leuwih ti 55 wanda kadu hasil budidaya. Sajumlah kultivar geus dipilih sarta dianggap punjul ogé diréproduksi sacara végetatif. Sawatara ti antarana Sawatara ras lokal tacan diseléksi, ku kituna kapinunjulanana tacan kajamin. Biasana dingaranan luyu jeung lokasi géografi. Sawatara ti antarana nyaéta
Di Malaysia, kadu pinunjul hasil seléksi dibéré kode nomer jeung hurup D di hareupeunana. Sawatara ti antarana nyaéta
76 SM
76 SM nyaéta taun ka-76 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Gunung Tua Jae, Padang Bolak, Padang Lawas Kalér
Gunung Tua Jae nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Padang Bolak, Kabupatén Padang Lawas Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Karét Semanggi, Setiabudi, Jakarta Kidul
Karét Semanggi nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Setiabudi, Kota Jakarta Kidul, Propinsi DKI Jakarta, Indonésia.
Laju cahaya
Laju cahaya dina hiji rohangan hapa nyaéta 299.792.458 méter pér detik (m/s) atawa 1.079.252.848,8 kilométer pér jam (km/h) atawa 186.282.4 mil pér detik (mil/s) atawa 670.616.629,38 mil pér jam (mil/h). Laju cahaya ditandaan ku aksara c, anu asalna tina basa Latén celeritas anu hartina "laju", sarta ogé dipikawanoh minangka konstanta Einstein.
Kecepatan sabenerna hiji définisi, lain hiji ukuran, alatan méter sorangan didéfinisikeun tina jihat laju cahaya jeung detik. Laju cahaya ngaliwatan hiji médium (anu hartina lain dina rohangan hapa) nyaéta kurang ti c (ngadéfinisikeun indéks pantul médium kasebut).
Indéks réfraksi
Indéks réfraksi dina médium didéfinisikeun minangka babandingan antara gancangna rambatan cahaya dina hawa jeung gancangna rambatan cahaya dina médium kasebut.
Sacara matematis, indéks réfraksi bisa ditulis: n = c/cm
atawa:
Rancaasih, Patok Beusi, Subang
Rancaasih nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Patok Beusi, Kabupatén Subang, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Batang Baruhar Julu, Padang Bolak, Padang Lawas Kalér
Batang Baruhar Julu nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Padang Bolak, Kabupatén Padang Lawas Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
77 SM
77 SM nyaéta taun ka-77 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
78 SM
78 SM nyaéta taun ka-78 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Ménténg Atas, Setiabudi, Jakarta Kidul
Ménténg Atas nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Setiabudi, Kota Jakarta Kidul, Propinsi DKI Jakarta, Indonésia.
Hambiri, Padang Bolak, Padang Lawas Kalér
Hambiri nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Padang Bolak, Kabupatén Padang Lawas Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Sosopan, Padang Bolak, Padang Lawas Kalér
Sosopan nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Padang Bolak, Kabupatén Padang Lawas Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Pagaran Singkam, Padang Bolak, Padang Lawas Kalér
Pagaran Singkam nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Padang Bolak, Kabupatén Padang Lawas Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Rancamulya, Patok Beusi, Subang
Rancamulya nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Patok Beusi, Kabupatén Subang, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Guntur, Setiabudi, Jakarta Kidul
Guntur nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Setiabudi, Kota Jakarta Kidul, Propinsi DKI Jakarta, Indonésia.
79 SM
79 SM nyaéta taun ka-79 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
80 SM
80 SM nyaéta taun ka-80 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
81 SM
81 SM nyaéta taun ka-81 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Monarki absolut
Monarki absolut nyaéta hiji wangun pamaréntahan monarki di mana saurang raja/ratu (atanapi pamingpin monarki kalawan gelar lianna) minangka otoritas pamaréntahan pangluhurna salaku pupuhu nagara jeung pupuhu pamaréntahan; kakawasaannana teu diwatesan ku undang-undang atanapi ku hukum. Saurang pamingpin absolut miboga kakiatan pulitik nu teu kawates kana nagara daulatnna jeung wargina. Pamingpin absolut lobana pamaréntahanna mangrupa héréditér (katurunan). Monarki absolut béda jeung monarki konstitusional, di mana otoritasna kawates ku undang-undang.
Tingali ogé
Monarchie
Pajangjian Jeddah
Pajangjian Jeddah nyaéta ngaran ti 3 pajangjian nu béda, nu mana ngaranna dumasar kana kota di Saudi Arabia, Jeddah.
1927
Pajangjian Jeddah 1927, ditandatanganan dina 20 Méi 1927, antara Raja Abdul Aziz jeung Britania Raya, ngakuan kadaulata Raja Abdul Aziz bin Saud kana Karajaan Hijaz jeung Najd; wewengkonna teras dihijikeun kana Karajaan Saudi Arabia dina 1932. Salaku balesanna, Raja Abdul Aziz narik pasukanna tina narajang Protéktorat Britania.
1974
Pajangjian Jeddah 1974 nyaéta pajangjian antara Saudi Arabia jeung Uni Émirat Arab. Pajangjian ieu dijieun pikeun ngaréngsékeun Papaséaan wates Saudi Arabia – Uni Émirat Arab. Saudi Arabia ngasahkeun pajangjian ieu dina 1993, tapi Uni Émirat Arab tacan ngasahkeunnana. Validitas légal pajangjian ieu dipertaroskeun, sabab Qatar teu dimilukeun dina parundingan, sarta pamukiman nu diajukeun mangaruhan wates Qatar. Tapi, Qatar geus mibanda pasatujuan lian ngeunaan watesna jeung Saudi Arabia dina Désémber 1965.
2000
Pajangjian Jeddah 2000 ngomongkeun papaséaan wates antara Saudi Arabia jeung Yaman nu bisa dipaluruh balik ka klaim wates Saudi dina 1934.
Rancajaya, Patok Beusi, Subang
Rancajaya nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Patok Beusi, Kabupatén Subang, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Kuningan Timur, Setiabudi, Jakarta Kidul
Kuningan Timur nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Setiabudi, Kota Jakarta Kidul, Propinsi DKI Jakarta, Indonésia.
Bukit Duri, Tebet, Jakarta Selatan
Bukit Duri nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Tebet, Kota Jakarta Kidul, Propinsi DKI Jakarta, Indonésia.
Pasar Manggis, Setiabudi, Jakarta Kidul
Pasar Manggis nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Setiabudi, Kota Jakarta Kidul, Propinsi DKI Jakarta, Indonésia.
Belendung, Purwadadi, Subang
Belendung nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Purwadadi, Kabupatén Subang, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Vertical blanking interval
Vertical blanking interval (VBI), katelah ogé vertical interval atawa VBLANK, nyaéta béda wanci antara baris pangpandeurina tina hiji frame atawa field hiji raster display, tur mangrupa awal tina frame satuluyna. VBI ayana dina televisi analog, VGA, DVI jeung sinyal lianna. Salila VBI, aliran data nu datang henteu dipidangkeun dina layar. Dina cathode ray tube, beam dikosongkeun keur nyegah pidangan retrace line.
Sibagasi, Padang Bolak, Padang Lawas Kalér
Sibagasi nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Padang Bolak, Kabupatén Padang Lawas Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Vertical blanking interval
VBI asalna mah dibutuhkeun alatan ayana inersia induktif dina gulungan magnétis nu bakal ngadefleksikeun béam elektron sacara vertikal dina CRT; field magnétis, jeung posisi spotdina layar, moal bisa robah sacara instan. Keur defleksi horizontal, aya ogé pause antara baris nu patuturut, pikeun méré jalan kana béam keur balik deui ti katuhu ka kénca, nu disebut horizontal retrace atawa horizontal blanking interval. Sok sanajan parabot digital modéren henteu merlukeun wanci blanking nu lila, tetep waé kudu dirancang sangkan bisa cocog jeung standar siaran keur parabot heubeul.
Tanjungrasa, Patok Beusi, Subang
Tanjungrasa nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Patok Beusi, Kabupatén Subang, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Vertical blanking interval
Dina sistim televisi analog, vertical blanking interval bisa dipaké keur mawa data digital, sabab euweuh nu dipidangkeun dina layar salila VBI; rupa-rupa sinyal tés, kode wanci, closed captioning, teletext, indikator proteksi kopi CGMS-A, tur rupa-rupa data nu diénkode maké protokol XDS (contona content rating keur V-chip) tur data digital lianna bisa dikirimkeun salila période wanci ieu.
Pause antara pangiriman data vidéo dipaké dina grafik komputer wanci nyata keur ngajalankeun rupa-rupa oprasi dina back buffer saméméh ngopi kana front buffer, henteu ukur nyaklar dua pointer, atawa nyadiakeun hiji rujukan wanci nalika nyaklar pointer ieu aya dina kaayaan aman.
lolobana VCR keur konsumén maké lével hideung (blank level) nu kanyahoan dina vertical blanking pulse keur nyetél lével ngarekamna. Protéksi ngopi Macrovision ngasupkeun pulsa dina VBI, nu mana pangrekam miharep ayana hiji lével nu tetep, dina kasét pikeun ngaganggu prosés ngarékam.
Chūbu Centrair International Airport
Bandara Internasional Centrair Chūbu dina Basa Inggris Chūbu Centrair International Airport (中部国際空港) nyaéta bandara di pulo buatan di Basisir Ise, Kota Tokoname di Préféktur Aichi, kaleureun Nagoya di Jepang tengah. <!-- Centrair is classified as a first class airport and is the main international gateway for the Chūbu ("central") region of Japan. The name "Centrair" (セントレア) is an abbreviation of Central Japan International Airport, an alternate translation used in the English name of the airport's operating company, Central Japan International Airport Co., Ltd. (中部国際空港株式会社).
Some 12,351,136 people used the airport in the first year (2005), ranking 8th busiest in the nation. Passenger numbers should increase as the regional economy has been outpacing the nation for quite some time, and figures are for a partial year. 273,874 tons of cargo was moved in 2005.
Future
Apron expansion began in 7 locations in 2006, scheduled to be done in 2010. A second 4000 meter runway is planned, with an extra 3 km2 of area, 300 meters from the existing runway, scheduled to be funded in 2008, costing 2 trillion yen. (about $17 billion).
History
Chūbu is Japan's third off-shore airport, after Nagasaki Airport and Kansai International Airport, and second airport on a manmade island. There are currently 5 offshore airports in Japan, including Kobe Airport and New Kitakyushu Airport.
Kromatofor
Kromatofor nyaéta sél nu ngandung pigmén sarta mantulkeun cahya nu aya dina organismeu ampibi, lauk, réptil, krustaséa, jeung sefalopoda. Sél ieu pisan anu biasana ngahasilkeun kelir kulit jeung panon dina sato getih tiis. Kromatofor sawawa digolongkeun kana sababaraha subkelas dumasar kelirna: santofor (konéng), éritrofor (beureum), iridofor (mantul), leukofor (bodas), mélanofor (hideung/coklat), jeung sianofor (biru). Ieu istilah ogé bisa nujul ka vesikel baktéri fotosintétik anu warnaan.
Chūbu Centrair International Airport
History
With much lobbying by local business groups such as Toyota, especially for 24 hour cargo flights, construction started August 2000, with a budget of 768 billion yen (€5.5 billion, US$7.3 billion), but through efficient management nearly 100 billion yen was saved. PentaOcean Construction was a major contractor.
Kromatofor
Sababaraha spésiés sato bisa robah warna gancang pisan maké mékanismeu mindahkeun pigmén jeung ngarobah pantulan pelat dina kromatofor. Cara ieu, mindeng disebut hiji tipeu kamuflaseu, diistilahkeun parobahan warna fisiologis. Cephalopoda kawas gurita boga organ kromatofor kompléks anu disetir ku otot, sedengkeun vertebrata kawas londok mah ku sinyal sél. Ieu sinyal bisa mangrupa hormon atawa neurotransmiter nu bisa diinisiasi ku parobahan mood, suhu, setrés, sarta parobahan lingkungan.
Chūbu Centrair International Airport
History
In addition to cost cutting measures, a number of environmental protection measures had been taken after learning from Kansai International Airport. The artificial island itself was shaped like the rounded letter "D" so that sea currents inside the bay will flow freely. Its shores were partially constructed with natural rocks and sloped to aid sea lifeforms to set up colonies. During the construction a species of little tern occasionally came, so a part of it was selected and set aside to aid nesting.
Kromatofor
Teu kawas sato getih-tiis, mamalia jeung manuk ngan boga sakelas tipeu sél kawas kromatofor: nyaéta mélanosit. Sasaruaan mélanosit nu aya di sato getih-tiis, mélanofor, diulik ku para élmuwan pikeun neuleuman kasakit manusa sarta dipaké alat pikeun nalungtik ubar.<!--
Chūbu Centrair International Airport
History
When it opened on February 17, 2005, it took over almost all of the existing Nagoya Airport (now Nagoya Airfield)'s commercial flights, and relieved Tokyo and Kansai areas for cargo shipments. As a replacement for Nagoya Airport, it also inherited its IATA airport code NGO. The airport's opening anticipated the Expo 2005 in Aichi Prefecture. It will have some competition for passengers and cargo when Shizuoka Airport, currently under construction, opens.
Kromatofor
Classification
It wasn't until the 1960s that the structure and colouration of chromatophores were understood well enough to allow the development of a system of sub-classification based on their appearance. This classification system persists to this day even though more recent studies have revealed that certain biochemical aspects of the pigments may be more useful to a scientific understanding of how the cells function.
Colour-production falls into distinct classes: biochromes, schemochromes. The biochromes include true pigments, such as carotenoids and pteridines. These pigments selectively absorb parts of the visible light spectrum that makes up white light while permitting other wavelengths to reach the eye of the observer. Schemochromes, also known as "structural colours", produce colouration by reflecting some wavelengths (colours) of light and transmitting others, by causing light waves to interfere within the structure or by scattering light which falls upon them.
Chūbu Centrair International Airport
Main terminal
The main terminal is shaped like a "T," with three piers radiating from a central ticketing area. This design keeps check-in to aircraft distances below 300 meters. Originally, designers planned to make the main terminal resemble an origami crane from above, but this plan was abandoned due to cost.
Arrivals are processed on the second floor, and departures on the third: the lower level is for maintenance, catering, and other ground operations, as well as for passenger buses to hardstands in the middle of the apron. -->
Kromatofor
Xanthophores and erythrophores
Chromatophores that contain large amounts of yellow pteridine pigments are named xanthophores and those with an excess of red/orange carotenoids termed erythrophores. It was discovered that pteridine and carotenoid containing vesicles are sometimes found within the same cell, and that the overall colour depends on the ratio of red and yellow pigments. Therefore the distinction between these chromatophore types is essentially arbitrary. The capacity to generate pteridines from guanosine triphosphate is a feature common to most chromatophores, but xanthophores appear to have supplemental biochemical pathways that result in an excess accumulation of yellow pigment. In contrast, carotenoids are metabolised from the diet and transported to erythrophores. This was first demonstrated by rearing normally green frogs on a diet of carotene-restricted crickets. The absence of carotene in the frog's diet meant the red/orange carotenoid colour 'filter' was not present in erythrophores. This resulted in the frog appearing blue in colour, instead of green.
Iridophores and leucophores
Iridophores, sometimes also called guanophores, are pigment cells that reflect light using plates of crystalline chemochromes made from guanine. When illuminated they generate iridescent colours because of the diffraction of light within the stacked plates. Orientation of the schemochrome determines the nature of the colour observed. By using biochromes as coloured filters, iridophores create an optical effect known as Tyndall or Rayleigh scattering, producing bright blue or green colours.
Chūbu Centrair International Airport
Pesawat jeung tujuan
Pesawat ieu aya di Bandara Internasional Chūbu per Desember 2006:
Kromatofor
Iridophores and leucophores
A related type of chromatophore, the leucophore, is found in some fish, particularly in the tapetum lucidum. Like iridophores, they utilize crystalline purines (often guanine) to reflect light. Unlike iridophores, however, leucophores have more organized crystals which reduce diffraction. Given a source of white light, they produce a white shine. As with xanthophores and erythrophores, in fish the distinction between iridophores and leucophores is not always obvious, but generally iridophores are considered to generate iridescent or metallic colours while leucophores produce reflective white hues.
Melanophores
Melanophores contain eumelanin, a type of melanin, that appears black or dark brown because of its light absorbing qualities. It is packaged in vesicles called melanosomes and distributed throughout the cell. Eumelanin is generated from tyrosine in a series of catalysed chemical reactions. It is a complex chemical containing units of dihydroxyindole and dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid with some pyrrole rings. The key enzyme in melanin synthesis is tyrosinase. When this protein is defective, no melanin can be generated resulting in certain types of albinism. In some amphibian species there are other pigments packaged alongside eumelanin. For example, a novel deep red coloured pigment was identified in the melanophores of phyllomedusine frogs. This was subsequently identified as pterorhodin, a pteridine dimer that accumulates around eumelanin. While it is likely that other lesser studied species have complex melanophore pigments, it is nevertheless true that the majority of melanophores studied to date do contain eumelanin exclusively.
Humans have only one class of pigment cell, the mammalian equivalent of melanophores, to generate skin, hair and eye colour. For this reason, and because the large number and contrasting colour of the cells usually make them very easy to visualise, melanophores are by far the most widely studied chromatophore. However, there are differences between the biology of melanophores and melanocytes. In addition to eumelanin, melanocytes can generate a yellow/red pigment called phaeomelanin.
Chūbu Centrair International Airport
Pesawat panumpang (Domestik)
** Memanbetsu ngahiji jeung désa Higashikamoto ngawangun Ozora dina 2006.
Kareta
<!--Centrair is located on the Meitetsu Tokoname Line operated by Nagoya Railroad (Meitetsu). The fastest "Rapid Limited Express" service connects the airport to Meitetsu Nagoya Station in 28 minutes. Meitetsu Nagoya is adjacent to JR Nagoya Station, allowing transfers to Shinkansen high-speed trains bound for Kyoto and Shizuoka, as well as JR, Meitetsu, and Kintetsu local trains, and the Nagoya Subway.
Kromatofor
Pigment translocation
Many species have the ability to translocate the pigment inside chromatophores, resulting in an apparent change in colour. This process, known as physiological colour change, is most widely studied in melanophores, since melanin is the darkest and most visible pigment. In most species with a relatively thin dermis, the dermal melanophores tend to be flat and cover a large surface area. However, in animals with thick dermal layers, such as adult reptiles, dermal melanophores often form three-dimensional units with other chromatophores. These dermal chromatophore units (DCU) consist of an uppermost xanthophore or erythrophore layer, then an iridophore layer, and finally a basket-like melanophore layer with processes covering the iridophores.
Both types of dermal melanophores are important in physiological colour change. Flat dermal melanophores will often overlay other chromatophores so when the pigment is dispersed throughout the cell the skin appears dark. When the pigment is aggregated towards the centre of the cell, the pigments in other chromatophores are exposed to light and the skin takes on their hue. Similarly, after melanin aggregation in DCUs, the skin appears green through xanthophore (yellow) filtering of scattered light from the iridophore layer. On the dispersion of melanin, the light is no longer scattered and the skin appears dark. As the other biochromatic chomatophores are also capable of pigment translocation, animals with multiple chromatophore types can generate a spectacular array of skin colours by making good use of the divisional effect. , The control and mechanics of rapid pigment translocation has been well studied in a number of different species, particularly amphibians and teleost fish. , It has been demonstrated that the process can be under hormonal, neuronal control or both. Neurochemicals that are known to translocate pigment include noradrenaline, through its receptor on the surface on melanophores. The primary hormones involved in regulating translocation appear to be the melanocortins, melatonin and melanin concentrating hormone (MCH), that are produced mainly in the pituitary, pineal gland and hypothalamus respectively. These hormones may also be generated in a paracrine fashion by cells in the skin. At the surface of the melanophore the hormones have been shown to activate specific G-protein coupled receptors that, in turn, transduce the signal into the cell. Melanocortins result in the dispersion of pigment, while melatonin and MCH results in aggregation.
Chūbu Centrair International Airport
Ferry
Three high-speed ferry services link Centrair to the west side of Ise Bay. One ferry connects to the passenger terminal in Tsu, a 40-minute trip costing ¥1,890. Another ferry links Toba to Tokoname, opposite the airport island, taking 1 hour 40 minutes and costing ¥1,700. The third ferry links Yokkaichi to the airport, a 30-minute trip costing ¥1,690.
Kromatofor
Pigment translocation
Numerous melanocortin, MCH and melatonin receptors have been identified in fish and frogs, including a homologue of MC1R, a melanocortin receptor known to regulate skin and hair colour in humans. Inside the cell, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) has been shown to be an important second messenger of pigment translocation. Through a mechanism not yet fully understood, cAMP influences other proteins such as protein kinase A to drive molecular motors carrying pigment containing vesicles along both microtubules and microfilaments. , ,
Chūbu Centrair International Airport
Car
A toll road links Centrair and the mainland; the toll from central Nagoya is ¥1,800. Taxi fare to central Nagoya is approximately ¥12,000.