cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
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Géografi jeung legana
Physiographically, Europe is the northwestern constituent of the larger landmass known as Eurasia, or Africa-Eurasia: Asia occupies the éastern bulk of this continuous landmass (save the Suez Canal separating Asia and Africa) and all share a common continental shelf. Europe's éastern frontier is now commonly delinéated by the Ural Mountains in Russia (Strabo, Geography 11.1, took the Tanais River to be the boundary, as did éarly Judaic sources). The south-éast boundary with Asia is not universally defined. Most commonly the Ural or, alternatively, the Emba River serve as possible boundaries. The boundary continues to the Caspian Sea, the crest of the Caucasus Mountains or, alternatively, the Kura River in the Caucasus, and on to the Black Sea; the Bosporus, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles conclude the Asian boundary. However, numerous géographers consider Azerbaijan's and Armenia's southern border with Iran and Turkey's southern and éastern border with Syria, Iraq and Iran as the boundary between Asia and Europe because of political and cultural réasons. The Mediterranean Sea to the south separates Europe from Africa. The western boundary is the Atlantic Ocean; Iceland, though néarer to Greenland (North America) than mainland Europe, is generally included in Europe. There is ongoing debate on where the geographical centre of Europe is. For detailed description of the boundary between Asia and Europe see here.
Due to sociopolitical and cultural differences, there are various descriptions of Europe's boundary; in some sources, some territories are not included in Europe, while other sources include them. For instance, géographers from Russia and other post-Soviet states generally include the Urals in Europe while including Caucasia in Asia.
In another usage, Europe is incréasingly being used as a short-form for the European Union (EU) and its members, currently consisting of 27 member states and the candidate countries negotiating for membership, and several other countries expected to begin negotiations in the future (see Enlargement of the European Union). This definition, however, excludes non-members such as Switzerland, Norway and Russia.
Géografi fisis
Land relief in Europe shows gréat variation within relatively small aréas. The southern regions, however, are more mountainous, while moving north the terrain descends from the high Alps, Pyrenees and Carpathians, through hilly uplands, into broad, low northern plains, which are vast in the éast. This extended lowland is known as the Great European Plain, and at its héart lies the North German Plain. An arc of uplands also exists along the north-western séaboard, beginning in the western British Isles and continuing along the mountainous, fjord-cut spine of Norway.
This description is simplified. Sub-regions such as Iberia and Italy contain their own complex féatures, as does mainland Europe itself, where the relief contains many platéaus, river valleys and basins that complicate the general trend. Iceland and the British Isles are special cases. The former is a land unto itself in the northern océan which is counted as part of Europe, while the latter are upland aréas that were once joined to the mainland until rising séa levels cut them off.
Biodiversitas
Having lived side-by-side with agricultural péoples for millennia, Europe's animals and plants have been profoundly affected by the presence and activities of man. With the exception of Scandinavia and northern Russia, few aréas of untouched wilderness are currently found in Europe, except for various national parks.
Curugkembar, Curugkembar, Sukabumi
Curugkembar nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Curugkembar, Kabupatén Sukabumi, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
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Biodiversitas
The main natural vegetation cover in Europe is forest. The conditions for growth are very favourable. In the north, the Gulf Stream and North Atlantic Drift warm the continent. Southern Europe could be described as having a warm, but mild climate. There are frequent summer droughts in this region. Mountain ridges also affect the conditions. Some of these (Alps, Pyrenees) are oriented éast-west and allow the wind to carry large masses of water from the océan in the interior. Others are oriented south-north (Scandinavian Mountains, Dinarides, Carpathians, Apennines) and because the rain falls primarily on the side of mountains that is oriented towards séa, forests grow well on this side, while on the other side, the conditions are much less favourable. Few corners of mainland Europe have not been grazed by livestock at some point in time, and the cutting down of the pre-agricultural forest habitat caused disruption to the original plant and animal ecosystems.
Eighty to ninety per cent of Europe was once covered by forest. It stretched from the Mediterranéan Séa to the Arctic Ocean. Though over half of Europe's original forests disappéared through the centuries of deforestation, Europe still has over one quarter of its land aréa as forest, such as the taiga of Scandinavia and Russia, mixed rainforests of the Caucasus and the Cork oak forests in the western Mediterranéan. During recent times, deforestation has been slowed and many trees have been planted. However, in many cases monoculture plantations of conifers have replaced the original mixed natural forest, because these grow quicker. The plantations now cover vast aréas of land, but offer poorer habitats for many Européan forest dwelling species which require a mixture of tree species and diverse forest structure. The amount of natural forest in Western Europe is just 2–3% or less, in Européan Russia 5–10%. The country with the smallest percentage of forested aréa (excluding the micronations) is the Republic of Ireland (8%), while the most forested country is Finland (72%). In temperate Europe, mixed forest with both broadleaf and coniferous trees dominate. The most important species in central and western Europe are beech and oak. In the north, the taiga is a mixed spruce-pine-birch forest; further north within Russia and extreme northern Scandinavia, the taiga gives way to tundra as the Arctic is approached. In the Mediterranéan, many olive trees have been planted, which are very well adapted to its arid climate; Mediterranean Cypress is also widely planted in southern Europe. The semi-arid Mediterranéan region hosts much scrub forest. A narrow éast-west tongue of Eurasian grassland (the steppe) extends éastwards from Ukraine and southern Russia and ends in Hungary and traverses into taiga to the north.
Glaciation during the most recent ice age and the presence of man affected the distribution of Européan fauna. As for the animals, in many parts of Europe most large animals and top predator species have been hunted to extinction. The woolly mammoth and aurochs were extinct before the end of the Neolithic period. Today wolves (carnivores) and bears (omnivores) are endangered. Once they were found in most parts of Europe. However, deforestation caused these animals to withdraw further and further. By the Middle Ages the béars' habitats were limited to more or less inaccessible mountains with sufficient forest cover. Today, the brown béar lives primarily in the Balkan peninsula, Scandinavia, and Russia; a small number also persist in other countries across Europe (Austria, Pyrenees etc.), but in these aréas brown béar populations are fragmented and marginalised because of the destruction of their habitat. In addition, polar bears may be found on Svalbard, an autonomous Norwegian island region far north of Scandinavia. The wolf, the second largest predator in Europe after the brown béar, can be found primarily in Eastern Europe and in the Balkans, with a handful of packs in Spain and Scandinavia.
Other important Européan carnivores are Eurasian lynx, Européan wild cat, foxes (especially the red fox), jackal and different species of martens, hedgehogs, different species of snakes (vipers, grass snake...), different birds (owls, hawks and other birds of prey).
Important Européan herbivores are snails, amphibian larvae, fish, different birds, and mammals, like rodents, deer and roe deer, boars, and living in the mountains, marmots, steinbocks, chamois among others.
303 SM
303 SM nyaéta taun ka-303 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Tandihat, Barumun Tengah, Padang Lawas
Tandihat nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Barumun Tengah, Kabupatén Padang Lawas, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Caringin, Geger Bitung, Sukabumi
Caringin nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Geger Bitung, Kabupatén Sukabumi, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Ginduang Batu, Barumun Tengah, Padang Lawas
Ginduang Batu nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Barumun Tengah, Kabupatén Padang Lawas, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Bahal Batu, Barumun Tengah, Padang Lawas
Bahal Batu nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Barumun Tengah, Kabupatén Padang Lawas, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Éléktrostatika
Eléktrostatika mangrupa cabang élmu alam anu neuleuman fénoména éléktrostatik anu diakibatkeun ku muatan listrik stasionér. Fénoména ieu kaasup ti mimiti nu basajan mangrupa némpélna bungkus palastik kana leungeun anjeun sanggeus anjeun ngaleupaskeun éta bungkusan tina objék nu dibungkus nepi ka fénoména ruksakna komponén-komponén éléktronik salila dijieunna alat éléktronik, nepi ka cara gawéna mesin fotokopi. Éléktrostatik lumangsung lantaran numpukna muatan dina luhureun beungeut hiji objék nu paantel jeung beungeut ébjek lianna. Muatan-muatan ieu tetep némpél dina objék kasebut nepi ka maranéhna leupas kana taneuh atawa sacara gancang dinétralkeun ku hiji paleupas muatan: contona fénomena nu kasohor "kagét statik" dilantarankeun ku nétralisasi muatan nu numpuk dina awak akibat padantel jeun beungeut objék non-konduktif.
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Biodiversitas
Séa créatures are also an important part of Européan flora and fauna. The séa flora is mainly phytoplankton. Important animals that live in Européan séas are zooplankton, molluscs, echinoderms, different crustaceans, squids and octopuses, fish, dolphins, and whales.
Éléktrostatika
The electrostatic approximation
From Faraday's law, this assumption implies the absence or néar-absence of time-varying magnetic fields:
In other words, electrostatics does not require the absence of magnetic fields or electric currents. Rather, if magnetic fields or electric currents do exist, they must not change with time, or in the worst-case, they must change with time only very slowly. In some problems, both electrostatics and magnetostatics may be required for accurate predictions, but the coupling between the two can still be ignored.
Electrostatic potential
Because the electric field is irrotational, it is possible to express the electric field as the gradient of a scalar function, called the electrostatic potential (also known as the voltage). An electric field, E, points from regions of high potential, φ, to regions of low potential, expressed mathematically as
Coulomb's law
The fundamental equation of electrostatics is Coulomb's law, which describes the force between two point charges Q_1 and Q_2:
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Démografis
Some current and past issues in Européan demographics have included religious emigration, race relations, economic immigration, a declining birth rate and an ageing population. In some countries, such as the Republic of Ireland and Poland, access to abortion is currently limited; in the past, such restrictions and also restrictions on artificial birth control were commonplace throughout Europe. Furthermore, two Européan countries (currently The Netherlands and Switzerland) have allowed a limited form of voluntary euthanasia. It remains to be seen how much demographic impact this may have.
Éléktrostatika
The electric field
The electric field (in units of volts per méter) is defined as the force (in newtons) per unit charge (in coulombs). From this definition and Coulomb's law, it follows that the magnitude of the electric field E créated by a single point charge Q is
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Démografis
In 2005, the population of Europe was estimated to be 728 million according to the United Nations, which is slightly more than one-ninth of the world's population. A century ago, Europe had néarly a quarter of the world's population. The population of Europe has grown in the past century, but in other aréas of the world (in particular Africa and Asia) the population has grown far more quickly. According to UN population projection (medium variant), Europe's share will fall to 7% in 2050, numbering 653 million.
Éléktrostatika
Gauss's law
Gauss' law states that "the total electric flux through a closed surface is proportional to the total electric charge enclosed within the surface". The constant of proportionality is the permittivity of free space.
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Téritori jeung wewengkon
The countries in this table are categorised according to the scheme for geographic subregions used by the United Nations, and data included are per sources in cross-referenced articles. Where they differ, provisos are cléarly indicated.
Éléktrostatika
Gauss's law
Mathematically, Gauss's law takes the form of an integral equation:
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Téritori jeung wewengkon
According to different definitions, such as consideration of the concept of Central Europe, the following territories and regions may be subject to various other categorisations.
Éléktrostatika
Gauss's law
Alternatively, in differential form, the equation becomes
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Basa jeung budaya
There are several linguistic groups widely recognised in Europe. These sometimes (but not always) coincide with cultural and historical connections between the various nations, though in other cases religion is considered a more significant distinguishing factor.
Éléktrostatika
Poisson's equation
The definition of electrostatic potential, combined with the differential form of Gauss's law (above), provides a relationship between the potential φ and the charge density ρ:
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Basa Romawi
Romance languages are spoken more or less in south-western Europe, as well as Romania and Moldova which are situated in Eastern Europe. This aréa consists of: Italy, Spain, Portugal, France, Romania, Moldova, French-spéaking Belgium (Wallonia, partly Brussels), French-spéaking Switzerland (Romandy), Romansh-spéaking Switzerland, and Italian-spéaking Switzerland. All Romance languages are derived from the Roman language, Latin.
Éléktrostatika
Poisson's equation
This relationship is a form of Poisson's equation.
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Basa Jermanik
Germanic languages are spoken more or less in north-western Europe and some parts of central Europe. This region consists of: Norway, Sweden, Germany, the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland, Denmark, the Netherlands, Austria, Liechtenstein, most of Switzerland,   Iceland,  Flanders and the German-spéaking aréas of Wallonia, the Faroe Islands, Luxembourg,  the Swedish-speaking municipalities of Finland, and South Tyrol in Italy.
Basa Slavik
Slavic languages are spoken in Central, éastern, and Southéastern Europe. This aréa consists of: Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Saxony  and Brandenburg in Germany, Macedonia, Montenegro, Poland, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia and Ukraine.
Ciéngang, Geger Bitung, Sukabumi
Ciéngang nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Geger Bitung, Kabupatén Sukabumi, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Éléktrostatika
Laplace's equation
which is Laplace's equation.
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Basa Altaik
Turkic languages are spoken in Turkey, Azerbaijan, the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (recognised only by Turkey), parts of Bulgaria, parts of Greece, parts of Romania, parts of Macedonia, parts of Moldova, parts of Russia, parts of Ukraine, parts of the Caucasus and in Turkish diaspora communities in several other Européan countries (most notably Germany, France, Belgium, and the Netherlands).
Éléktrostatika
Triboelectric series
The triboelectric effect is a type of contact electrification in which certain materials become electrically charged when coming into contact with another, different, material, and are then separated. The polarity and strength of the charges produced differ according to the materials, surface roughness, temperature, strain, and other properties. It is therefore not very predictable, and only broad generalizations can be made. Amber, for example, can acquire an electric charge by friction with a material like wool. This property, first recorded by Thales of Miletus, suggested the word "electricity", from the Greek word for amber, électròn. Other examples of materials that can acquire a significant charge when rubbed together include glass rubbed with silk, and hard rubber rubbed with fur.
Hukum gerak Newton
Hukum gerak Newton nyaéta tilu hukum fisika anu ngagambarkeun hubungan antara gaya anu nimpah hiji barang jeung gerak barang kasebut. Tilu hukum ieu munggaran dikumpulkeun ku Isaac Newton dina hasil gawéna Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, anu munggaran dipedalkeun dina tnggal 5 Juli 1687. Hukum-hukum ieu ngawangun dasar pikeun mékanika klasik sarta Newton sorangan ngagunakeunana pikeun nerangkeun réa hasil gawé patali jeung gerak obyék fisik. Dina volume katilu tulisanana, Newton némbongkeun yén hukum-hukum gerak ieu, sabot digabungkeun jeung hukum gravitasi universal, bisa ngajelaskeun hukum Kepler ngeunaan gerak planét.
Hukum gerak Newton, babarengan jeung hukum gravitasi universal sarta téknik matematika kalkulus, ngajelaskeun sacara kuantitatif fénomena fisika anu jembar kawas: gerak barang nu muter, gerak barang dina cairan, proyéktil, gerak dina widang doyong; gerak péndulum, pasang-surut, sarta orbit bulan jeung planét. Hukum kalanggenang (konservasi) moméntum, anu dimekarkeun ku Newton dumasar kana hukum kadua sarta katiluna, mangrupa hukum konservasi anu munggaran kapanggih.
Hukum Newton diuji coba sarta dipastikeun dina éksperimen sarta observasi salila 200 taun.
Hukum gerak Newton nu kahiji: hukum inersia
Ceuk hukum gerak Newton nu kahiji, hiji barang nu cicing bakal tetep cicing sarta hiji barang nu gerak bakal tetep gerak dina laju nu tetep dina hiji garis lempeng lamun heneuweuh gaya anu nimpah éta barang.
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Basa Altaik
The Mongolic branch of the Altaic phylum is represented in Europe by the Kalmyk language, which is spoken by the Kalmyk people in Kalmykia, a constituent republic of the Russian Federation.
Hukum gerak Newton
Hukum gerak Newton nu kahiji: hukum inersia
Dina notasi kalkulus, bisa dinyatakeun ku:
Sanajan hukum gerak Newton kahiji mangrupa kasus husus ti hukum gerak Newton kadua (tempo di handap), hukum kahiji ngécéskeun rangka rujukan di mana dua hukum gerak nu séjénna bisa dibuktikeun bener. Rangka rujukan ieu disebut rangka rujukan inersial atawa Galilean référénsi frame, sarta gerak kalawan laju nu konstan, nyaéta, tanpa percepetan (akselerasi).
Éléktrostatika
Electrostatic generators
The presence of surface charge imbalance méans that the objects will exhibit attractive or repulsive forces. This surface charge imbalance, which yields static electricity, can be generated by touching two differing surfaces together and then separating them due to the phenomena of contact electrification and the triboelectric effect. Rubbing two nonconductive objects generates a gréat amount of static electricity. This is not just the result of friction; two nonconductive surfaces can become charged by just being placed one on top of the other. Since most surfaces have a rough texture, it takes longer to achieve charging through contact than through rubbing. Rubbing objects together incréases amount of adhesive contact between the two surfaces. Usually insulators, e.g., substances that do not conduct electricity, are good at both generating, and holding, a surface charge. Some examples of these substances are rubber, plastic, glass, and pith. Conductive objects only rarely generate charge imbalance except, for example, when a metal surface is impacted by solid or liquid nonconductors. The charge that is transferred during contact electrification is stored on the surface of éach object. Static electric generators, devices which produce very high voltage at very low current and used for classroom physics demonstrations, rely on this effect.
Buniwangi, Geger Bitung, Sukabumi
Buniwangi nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Geger Bitung, Kabupatén Sukabumi, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Éléktrostatika
Electrostatic generators
Note that the presence of electric current does not detract from the electrostatic forces nor from the sparking, from the corona discharge, or other phenomena. Both phenomena can exist simultanéously in the same system.
Charge neutralization
Natural electrostatic phenomena are most familiar as an occasional annoyance in séasons of low humidity, but can be destructive and harmful in some situations (e.g. electronics manufacturing). When working in direct contact with integrated circuit electronics (especially delicate MOSFETs), or in the presence of flammable gas, care must be taken to avoid accumulating and suddenly discharging a static charge (see electrostatic discharge).
Tanjungsari, Curugkembar, Sukabumi
Tanjungsari nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Curugkembar, Kabupatén Sukabumi, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Éléktrostatika
Charge induction
Charge induction occurs when a negatively charged object repels electrons from the surface of a second object. This créates a region in the second object that is more positively charged. An attractive force is then exerted between the objects. For example, when a balloon is rubbed, the balloon will stick to the wall as an attractive force is exerted by two oppositely charged surfaces (the surface of the wall gains an electric charge due to charge induction, as the free electrons at the surface of the wall are repelled by the negative balloon, créating a positive wall surface, which is subsequently attracted to the surface of the balloon). You can explore the effect with a simulation of the balloon and static electricity.
'Static' electricity
Before the yéar 1832, when Michael Faraday published the results of his experiment on the identity of electricities, physicists thought "static electricity" was somehow different from other electrical charges. Michael Faraday proved that the electricity induced from the magnet, voltaic electricity produced by a battery, and static electricity are all the same.
Static electricity is usually caused when certain materials are rubbed against éach other, like wool on plastic or the soles of shoes on carpet. The process causes electrons to be pulled from the surface of one material and relocated on the surface of the other material.
A static shock occurs when the surface of the second material, negatively charged with electrons, touches a positively-charged conductor. Or Vice-Versa.
Static electricity is commonly used in xerography, air filters, and some automotive paints. Static electricity is a build up of electric charges on two objects that have become separated from éach other. Small electrical components can éasily be damaged by static electricity. Component manufactures use a number of antistatic devices to avoid this.
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Basa Baltik
Baltic languages are spoken in Lithuania and Latvia. (Estonia's national language is part of the Finno-Ugric family even though it is a Baltic state géographically.)
Hukum gerak Newton
Hukum gerak Newton nu kahiji: hukum inersia
Dina formal henteu resmi, Aristotle mikir yén barang baris cicing lamun maranéh ingkeun cicing, cicing sacara alami, sarta gerakan merlukeun hiji cukang lantaran. Normal lamun manéhna mikir kitu, alatan saban gerakan (kajaba objek celestial) anu diamati ku pengamat baris ngandeg alatan gesekan. Tapi téori Galiléo nyatakeun yén "Barang bergeral sacara alami kalawan kecepatan tetep, lamun diingkeun sorangan."
Akselérasi
Dina fisika, akselérasi atawa gagancangan nyaéta gedéna robahan (atawa derivasi laju, anu mangrupa véktor) kalawan diménsi panjang/waktu². Dina hijian SI nyaéta méter/detik².
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Basa Céltik
"Celtic language" was originally used only to describe the Gaelic language in Ireland; however, the term now extends to the other Gaelic and Brythonic languages. Celtic Europe is comprised of those countries and regions where Celtic languages are spoken. The Celtic nations are: Ireland, Scotland (UK), Wales (UK), Cornwall (UK), the Isle of Man (a British Crown dependency) and Brittany (within France). These are all nations where a Celtic language is spoken and share in Celtic organisations (see Pan Celticism).
Sometimes considered Celtic nations are Galicia and Asturias (both autonomous communities of Spain), as well as northwest Portugal. Ireland and Some regions of England (in addition to Cornwall) have retained a degree of Celtic influence in their regional dialects (see Cumbric and Hiberno-English), although England's Celtic languages died out as recently as the 18th century in Devon and Cornwall.
Basa séjénna
Outside of these seven main linguistic groups one can find:
Ageman
The most popular religions of Europe are the following:
Other religions are practised by smaller groups in Europe, including:
Akselérasi
Akselérasi dilambangkan ku a (aksara panghareupna dina kecap akselérasi). Akselérasi bisa boga harga positif sarta négatif. Lamun harga akselérasi positif, hal ieu némbongkeun yén laju barang anu ngalaman akselérasi positif ieu nambahan (digancangkeun). Sabalikna lamun harga akselérasi téh négatif, hal ieu némbongkeun yén laju barang ngurangan (dilaunkeun). Conto akselérasi positif nyaéta: gerak muragna buah tina tangkalna anu dipangaruhan ku gravitasi. Sedengkeun conto akselérasi négatif nyaéta: gerak mobil anu dierém.
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Ageman
Millions of Européans profess no religion or are atheist or agnostic. The largest non-confessional populations (as a percentage) are found in Sweden, the Czech Republic, and France, although most former communist countries have significant non-confessional populations. Attendance at church is a minority activity in most Western Européan countries - as an example, the Church of England attracts around 1 million worshippers on a Sunday, which corresponds to about 2% of the population of England.
Hukum gerak Newton
Hukum gerak Newton nu kahiji: hukum inersia
Leumpang ti Aristotle "Kaayaan alami barang nyaéta cicing" ka hukum kahiji Newton nyaéta penemuan anu penting sarta dina fisika. Dina kahirupan sapopoé, gaya gesek biasana ngabalukarkeun barang usik jadi anca sarta ngabawa ka kaayaan cicing. Newton ngécéskeun modél matematika anu hiji jalma bisa nurunkeun gerakan barang ti sabab dasar: gaya.
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Ageman resmi
Georgia has no established church, but the Georgian Orthodox Church enjoys "de facto" privileged status. In Finland, both Finnish Orthodox Church and Lutheran church are official. England, a part of the UK, has Anglicanism as its official religion. Scotland, another part of the UK, has Presbyterianism as the 'National' church, but is no longer "official", and in Sweden, the 'National' church is Lutheran, but no longer "official". Azerbaijan, France, Portugal, Romania, and Turkey are officially "secular".
Padang Matinggi, Barumun Tengah, Padang Lawas
Padang Matinggi nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Barumun Tengah, Kabupatén Padang Lawas, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Éléktrostatika
Static electricity and chemical industry
when different materials are brought together and then separated, an accumulation of electric charge can occur which léaves one material positively charged while the other becomes negatively charged. The mild shock that you receive when touching a grounded object after walking on carpet is an example of excess electrical charge accumulating in your body from frictional charging between your shoes and the carpet. The resulting charge build-up within your body can generate a strong electrical discharge. Although experimenting with static electricity may be fun, similar sparks créate severe hazards in those industries déaling with flammable substances, where a small electrical spark may ignite explosive mixtures with devastating consequences.
A similar charging mechanism can occur within low conductivity fluids flowing through pipelines - a process called flow electrification. Fluids which have low electrical conductivity (below 50 pico siemens/cm, where pico siemens/cm is a méasure of electrical conductivity), are called accumulators. Fluids having conductivities above 50 pico siemens/cm are called non-accumulators. In non-accumulators, charges recombine as fast as they are separated and hence electrostatic charge generation is not significant. In the petrochemical industry, 50 pico siemens/cm is the recommended minimum value of electrical conductivity for adequate removal of charge from a fluid.
Hukum gerak Newton
Hukum gerak kadua ti Newton: hukum gaya résultan
Hukum gerak kadua ti Newton nganyatakeun yén:
Éléktrostatika
Static electricity and chemical industry
An important concept for insulating fluids is the static relaxation time. This is similar to the time constant (tau) within an RC circuit. For insulating materials, it is the ratio of the static dielectric constant divided by the electrical conductivity of the material. For hydrocarbon fluids, this is sometimes approximated by dividing the number 18 by the electrical conductivity of the fluid. Thus a fluid that has an electrical conductivity of 1 pico siemens /cm will have an estimated relaxation time of about 18 seconds. The excess charge within a fluid will be almost completely dissipated after 4 to 5 times the relaxation time, or 90 seconds for the fluid in the above example.
Hukum gerak Newton
Hukum gerak kadua ti Newton: hukum gaya résultan
Lex II: Mutationem motus proportionalem esse vi motrici impressae, et fieri secundum lineam rectam qua vis illa imprimitur.
Éléktrostatika
Static electricity and chemical industry
Charge generation incréases at higher fluid velocities and larger pipe diaméters, becoming quite significant in pipes 8 inches or larger. Static charge generation in these systems is best controlled by limiting fluid velocity. The British standard BS PD CLC/TR 50404:2003 (formerly BS-5958-Part 2) Code of Practice for Control of Undesirable Static Electricity prescribes velocity limits. Because of its large impact on dielectric constant, the recommended velocity for hydrocarbon fluids containing water should be limited to 1 m/sec.
Hukum gerak Newton
Hukum gerak kadua ti Newton: hukum gaya résultan
Tingkat parobahan moméntum hiji barang proporsional jeung gaya résultan anu nimpah kana barang kasebut dina arah tujuan nu sarua.
Ku cara maké notasi perlambang modéren, Hukum kadua Newton bisa ditulis salaku persamaan diférensial véktor:
Éléktrostatika
Static electricity and chemical industry
Applicable Standards
1.BS PD CLC/TR 50404:2003 Code of Practice for Control of Undesirable Static Electricity
Hukum gerak Newton
Hukum gerak kadua ti Newton: hukum gaya résultan
Kakalian massa jeung laju mangrupa moméntum obyék.
Akselérasi
Rumus
Rumus akselérasi instan (sakedapan) dina waktu t nyaéta Jadi akselérasi mangrupa derivasi (turunan) tina laju. Perlu dicatet yén pernyataan (Posisi ahir - Posisi awal) / (Jumlah waktu nu diperlukeun) mangrupa laju rata-rata, sarta wates mangsa interval waktu ngadeukeutan enol mangrupa laju sakiceup. Ku kituna, laju mangrupa derivasi kahiji tina posisi, sedengkeun akselérasi mangrupa derivasi kadua tina posisi.
Éléktrostatika
Static electricity and chemical industry
2.NFPA 77 (2007) Recommended Practice on Static Electricity
3.API RP 2003 (1998) Protection Against Ignitions Arising Out of Static, Lightning, and Stray Currents
External links and further reading
invisible wall of static:
Akselérasi
Rumus
Perlu dicatet ogé yén akselérasi rata-rata jeung akselérasi sakiceup dina hiji perioda waktu dipatula-patalikeun ngaliwatan téorema harga rata-rata pikeun integral:
Nempatkeun kabéhanana babarengan hartina: di mana
304 SM
304 SM nyaéta taun ka-304 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Akselérasi
Rumus
Patali jeung hukum gaya Newton, F = ma, akselérasi sarua jeung kabéh gaya nu nimpah kana hiji barang dibagi ku massa barang kasebut:
Hukum gerak Newton
Hukum gerak kadua ti Newton: hukum gaya résultan
Lamun massa obyék dina persamaan diférensial ieu konstan maka persamaan dimaksud bisa dituliskeun minangka:
di mana:
Dina kalimah lain, bisa dinyatakeun yén "akselerasi hiji obyék proporsional jeung gaya nu ditimpahkeun, sarta babanding tibalik jeung massa obyék".
Hukum gerak katilu Newton: hukum gaya lawan
Hukum gerak katilu Newton nganyatakeun yén mangsa hiji barang migawé hiji gaya kana barang nu kadua mangka barang nu kadua kasebut migawé gaya nu sarua tapi arah tujuanana lalawanan jeung barang nu kahiji.
Jadi pikeun satiap gaya nu nimpah, aya gaya nu sarua sarta réaksina lalawanan.
Padang Garugur, Barumun Tengah, Padang Lawas
Padang Garugur nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Barumun Tengah, Kabupatén Padang Lawas, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Cijurey, Geger Bitung, Sukabumi
Cijurey nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Geger Bitung, Kabupatén Sukabumi, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Hémisfér Kidul
<!-- Hémisfér Kidul nyaéta satengah bagian planét anu aya di kiduleun katulistiwana. Hémisfér kidul Marcapada ngawengku opat buana (Antartika, Australia, Amérika Kidul, sawaréh Afrika, jeung sabagian leutik Asia), opat samudra (Atlantik Kidul, Hindia, Pasifik Kidul, Kidul), jeung Oséania.
Géografi
Climates in the southern hemisphere overall tend to be slightly milder than those in the Northern Hemisphere except in the Antarctic which is colder than the Arctic. This is because the southern hemisphere has significantly more ocean and less land. Water heats up and cools down more slowly than land. The southern hemisphere is also significantly less polluted than the northern hemisphere because of lower overall population densities (a total of 10 to 12% of the human population), lower levels of industrialisation, and smaller land masses. (Air currents run mostly west–east so pollution does not easily spread north or south.) In the southern hemisphere the sun passes from east to west through the north, although north of the Tropic of Capricorn the mean sun can be directly overhead or due south at midday. The sun rotating through the north causes an apparent right-left trajectory through the sky unlike the left-right motion of the sun when seen from the northern hemisphere as it passes through the southern sky. Sun-cast shadows turn anticlockwise through the day (sundials have the hours in reverse). Hurricanes and tropical storms spin clockwise in the southern hemisphere (as opposed to anticlockwise in the Northern Hemisphere) due to the Coriolis effect.
The southern temperate zone, a subsection of the southern hemisphere, is nearly all oceanic. The only countries that lie entirely within this zone are Uruguay, Lesotho, Swaziland and New Zealand. Countries lying partly in the zone are Chile (most of), Argentina (most of), Paraguay, Brazil, Namibia, Botswana, South Africa (most of), Mozambique, Madagascar and Australia.
Rujukan
המיספירה-->
Kompa
Kompa nyaéta pakakas pikeun mindahkeun cacai atawa adonan. Kompa mindahkeun cacai ti tempat nu boga tekenan leutik ka tempat kalayan tekenan anu leuwih gedé, pikeun nungkulan béda tekenan ieu mangka diperlukeun tanaga (énergi). Kompa pikeun mindahkeun hawa ilahar disebut komprésor, kajaba pikeun sawatara terapan dina tekenan leutik kawas dina véntilasi, pamanas, sarta paniis rohangan mangka disebutna kipas atawa paniup (blower).
305 SM
305 SM nyaéta taun ka-305 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Karangjaya, Geger Bitung, Sukabumi
Karangjaya nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Geger Bitung, Kabupatén Sukabumi, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
307 SM
307 SM nyaéta taun ka-307 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Gegerbitung, Geger Bitung, Sukabumi
Gegerbitung nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Geger Bitung, Kabupatén Sukabumi, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
306 SM
306 SM nyaéta taun ka-306 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Gunung Malintang, Barumun Tengah, Padang Lawas
Gunung Malintang nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Barumun Tengah, Kabupatén Padang Lawas, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
308 SM
308 SM nyaéta taun ka-308 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Janji Matogu, Barumun Tengah, Padang Lawas
Janji Matogu nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Barumun Tengah, Kabupatén Padang Lawas, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Sukamanah, Geger Bitung, Sukabumi
Suka manah nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Geger Bitung, Kabupatén Sukabumi, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
309 SM
309 SM nyaéta taun ka-309 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Cibéntang, Gunung Guruh, Sukabumi
Cibéntang nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Gunung Guruh, Kabupatén Sukabumi, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
311 SM
311 SM nyaéta taun ka-311 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Janji Manahan, Barumun Tengah, Padang Lawas
Janji Manahan nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Barumun Tengah, Kabupatén Padang Lawas, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Cibolang, Gunung Guruh, Sukabumi
Cibolang nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Gunung Guruh, Kabupatén Sukabumi, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Sibatu Loting, Barumun Tengah, Padang Lawas
Sibatu Loting nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Barumun Tengah, Kabupatén Padang Lawas, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Siboris Lombang, Barumun Tengah, Padang Lawas
Siboris Lombang nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Barumun Tengah, Kabupatén Padang Lawas, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Cikujang, Gunung Guruh, Sukabumi
Cikujang nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Gunung Guruh, Kabupatén Sukabumi, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Siparau, Barumun Tengah, Padang Lawas
Siparau nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Barumun Tengah, Kabupatén Padang Lawas, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Sisalean, Barumun Tengah, Padang Lawas
Sisalean nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Barumun Tengah, Kabupatén Padang Lawas, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Gunung Manaon, Barumun Tengah, Padang Lawas
Gunung Manaon nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Barumun Tengah, Kabupatén Padang Lawas, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Jati, Pulo Gadung, Jakarta Wétan
Jati nyaéta salasahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Pulo Gadung, Kota Jakarta Wétan, Propinsi DKI Jakarta, Indonésia.
312 SM
312 SM nyaéta taun ka-312 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Unterudang, Barumun Tengah, Padang Lawas
Unterudang nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Barumun Tengah, Kabupatén Padang Lawas, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Huta Ruhom, Barumun Tengah, Padang Lawas
Huta Ruhom nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Barumun Tengah, Kabupatén Padang Lawas, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Kebonmanggu, Gunung Guruh, Sukabumi
Kebonmanggu nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Gunung Guruh, Kabupatén Sukabumi, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Bojong Genténg, Jampang Kulon, Sukabumi
Bojong Genténg nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Jampang Kulon, Kabupatén Sukabumi, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Paran Napa Dolok, Barumun Tengah, Padang Lawas
Paran Napa Dolok nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Barumun Tengah, Kabupatén Padang Lawas, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
310 SM
310 SM nyaéta taun ka-310 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Sirnaresmi, Gunung Guruh, Sukabumi
Sirnaresmi nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Gunung Guruh, Kabupatén Sukabumi, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Gunung Guruh, Gunung Guruh, Sukabumi
Gunung Guruh nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Gunung Guruh, Kabupatén Sukabumi, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Republik Indonesia Serikat
Républik Indonésia Serikat, disingket RIS, nyaéta hiji nagara federasi anu ngadeg dina tanggal 27 Désémber taun 1949 minangka hasil kasapukan tilu pihak dina Konférénsi Méja Bunder: Republik Indonesia, Bijeenkomst voor Federaal Overleg (BFO), sarta Walanda. Kasapukan ieu disaksian ogé ku United Nations Commission for Indonesia (UNCI) minangka wawakil PBB.
Républik Indonésia Serikat diwangun ku sababaraha nagara bagian, nyaéta:
Sajaba ti éta, aya ogé nagara-nagara anu nangtung sorangan sarta teu ngagabung kana federasi, nyaéta:
Républik Indonésia Serikat dibubarkan dina tanggal 17 Agustus taun 1950.
Républik Indonésia Serikat mibanda konstitusi nyaéta Konstitusi RIS. Piagam Konstitusi RIS ditandatanganan ku para Lulugu Nagara/Daerah ti 16 Nagara/Daerah Bagian RIS, nyaéta
314 SM
314 SM nyaéta taun ka-314 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Jatinegara Kaum, Pulo Gadung, Jakarta Wétan
Jatinegara Kaum nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Pulo Gadung, Kota Jakarta Wétan, Propinsi DKI Jakarta, Indonésia.
Bojongsari, Jampang Kulon, Sukabumi
Bojongsari nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Jampang Kulon, Kabupatén Sukabumi, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Gading, Barumun Tengah, Padang Lawas
Gading nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Barumun Tengah, Kabupatén Padang Lawas, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Kayu Putih, Pulo Gadung, Jakarta Wétan
Kayu Putih nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Pulo Gadung, Kota Jakarta Wétan, Propinsi DKI Jakarta, Indonésia.
Cimanggu, Jampang Kulon, Sukabumi
Cimanggu nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Jampang Kulon, Kabupatén Sukabumi, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Bire, Barumun Tengah, Padang Lawas
Bire nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Barumun Tengah, Kabupatén Padang Lawas, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
315 SM
315 SM nyaéta taun ka-315 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
316 SM
316 SM nyaéta taun ka-316 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Belut Moray
Belut Moray nyaéta belut kosmopolitan ti kulawarga Muraenidae nu ngawengku 200-an spésiés di 15 genera. Panjang awak nu ilahar 1,5 m; nu pangpanjangna Strophidon sathete bisa nepi ka 4 m.
Anatomi
Cécépét tonggong belut moray nyambung ti tungtung hulu nepi ka buntut jeung cécépét bujur, nepi ka sabéngbatan mah mirip oray. Panonna leutik, tapi boga daya ambeu anu hadé pikeun ngadodoho mangsana. <!-- The body of the moray is patterned, camouflage also being present inside the mouth. Their jaws are wide, with a snout that protrudes forward. They possess large teeth, designed to tear flesh as opposed to holding or chewing.
Moray eels' heads are too narrow to create the negative pressure that most fish use to swallow prey. Moray eels have a second set of jaws in their throat called pharyngeal jaws, which also possess teeth. When feeding, morays launch these jaws into the oral cavity, where they grasp struggling prey and transport it into the throat and down to the rest of the digestive system. Moray eels are the only known type of animal that uses pharyngeal jaws to actively capture and restrain prey. Morays are capable of inflicting serious wounds to humans.
Morays secrete a protective mucus over their smooth scaleless skin which contains a toxin in some species. Morays have much thicker skin and high densities of goblet cells in the epidermis that allows mucus to be produced at a higher rate than in other eel species. This allows sand granules to adhere to the sides of their burrows in sand-dwelling morays, thus making the walls of the burrow more permanent due to the glycosylation of mucins in mucus. Their small circular gills, located on the flanks far posterior to the mouth, require the moray to maintain a gape in order to facilitate respiration.
Morays are carnivorous and feed primarily on other fish, cephalopods, mollusks, and crustaceans. Groupers, other morays, and barracudas are among their few predators. There is a commercial fishery for several species, but some have been known to cause ciguatera fish poisoning. Morays hide in crevices in the reefs, and wait until their prey is close enough for capture. They then lunge out and clamp the prey in their strong jaws.
Moray eels can sometimes have patterns on their skin.
Cooperative hunting
In the December 2006 issue of the journal Public Library of Science Biology, a team of biologists announced the discovery of interspecies cooperative hunting involving morays. The biologists, who were engaged in a study of Red Sea cleaner fish (fish that enter the mouths of other fish to rid them of parasites), discovered that a species of reef-associated grouper, the roving coral grouper (Plectropomus pessuliferus), often recruited morays to aid them while hunting for food. This is the first discovery of cooperation between fish in general. -->
Sebaran jeung habitat
Belut Moray kaasup kosmopolitan, sumebar di sagara wewengkon tropis jeung sedeng. Hirupna ulukutek di sabudeureun terumbu karang nu jerona nepi ka 150 m.
Paran Napa Jae, Barumun Tengah, Padang Lawas
Paran Napa Jae nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Barumun Tengah, Kabupatén Padang Lawas, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Cikarang, Jampang Kulon, Sukabumi
Cikarang nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Jampang Kulon, Kabupatén Sukabumi, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Ciparay, Jampang Kulon, Sukabumi
Ciparay nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Jampang Kulon, Kabupatén Sukabumi, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
317 SM
317 SM nyaéta taun ka-317 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Pulo Gadung, Pulo Gadung, Jakarta Wétan
Pulo Gadung nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Pulo Gadung, Kota Jakarta Wétan, Propinsi DKI Jakarta, Indonésia.
Jampang Kulon, Jampang Kulon, Sukabumi
Jampang Kulon nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Jampang Kulon, Kabupatén Sukabumi, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Aek Siala, Barumun Tengah, Padang Lawas
Aek Siala nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Barumun Tengah, Kabupatén Padang Lawas, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Karanganyar, Jampang Kulon, Sukabumi
Karanganyar nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Jampang Kulon, Kabupatén Sukabumi, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Karangmekar, Jampang Kulon, Sukabumi
Karangmekar nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Jampang Kulon, Kabupatén Sukabumi, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Sidongdong, Barumun Tengah, Padang Lawas
Sidongdong nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Barumun Tengah, Kabupatén Padang Lawas, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
321 SM
321 SM nyaéta taun ka-321 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Sibontar, Barumun Tengah, Padang Lawas
Sibontar nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Barumun Tengah, Kabupatén Padang Lawas, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Mekarjaya, Jampang Kulon, Sukabumi
Mekarjaya nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Jampang Kulon, Kabupatén Sukabumi, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Padajaya, Jampang Kulon, Sukabumi
Padajaya nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Jampang Kulon, Kabupatén Sukabumi, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Huristak, Huristak, Padang Lawas
Huristak nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Huristak, Kabupatén Padang Lawas, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Tanjung Baringin, Huristak, Padang Lawas
Tanjung Baringin nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Huristak, Kabupatén Padang Lawas, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Paran Tonga, Huristak, Padang Lawas
Paran Tonga nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Huristak, Kabupatén Padang Lawas, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Tekenan
Tekenan (p) nyaéta hijian fisika pikeun nganyatakeun gaya (F) pér hijian lega (A).
Hijian tekenan mindeng dipaké pikeun ngukur kakuatan hiji cacai atawa gas.