cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Popon Saadah
Popon Saadah nyaéta salah saurang wanoja nu kaasup pangarang sunda. Lahir di Limbangan Garut, 13 Oktober. Taun 1988 lulus D II ti Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa Daerah Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni Institut Keguruan Ilmu Pendidikan Bandung. Jadi guru di SMPN 4 Cimahi ti taun 1989. Mimiti nulis carpon jeung kolom Manglé taun 2001 nalika keur ngaréngsékeun kuliah S1 di Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa Daerah Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia Bandung. carpon pinilihna dimuat babarengan jeung pangarang séjén dina buku kumpulan carpon kanagan2 jeung lir cahya nyorot eunteung. Sajak-sajak na dimuat babarengan jeung karya panyajak lianna  buku kumpulan sajak sajak wanoja.
Perguroan, Bangun Purba, Deli Serdang
Perguroan nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Bangun Purba, Kabupatén Deli Serdang, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Bulakamba, Bulakamba, Brebes
Bulakamba nyaéta salasahiji désa di Kacamatan Bulakamba, Brebes, Propinsi Jawa Tengah, Indonésia.
2014 OE338
Ari 2014 OE338 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Apollo, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.273, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 21.0. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO�346320.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Sekarwangi, Rawamerta, Karawang
Sekarwangi nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Rawamerta, Kabupatén Karawang, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Cikarag, Malangbong, Garut
Cikarag nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Malangbong, Kabupatén Garut, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Winona Ryder
Winona Laura Horowitz (weton 20 Oktober1971), leuwih katelah ku ngaran Winona Ryder, nyaéta saurang béntang pilem Amérika. Manéhna kungsi narima sawatara panghargaan, di antarana Panghargaan Golden Globe sarta dua kali dinominasikeun pikeun meunangkeun Panghargaan Akademi.
Taun 2002, Ryder minton dina pilem box office Mr. Deeds, tuluy karirna nyirorot sarta kebat reureuh heula tina pilem. Taun 2009, manéhna maén deui dina pilem kakoncara, Star Trek. Taun 2010 manéhna meunang dua nominasi pikeun Screen Actors Guild Award ku pilem When Love Is Not Enough: The Lois Wilson Story jeung Black Swan. Taun 2016 manéhna ngabéntangan pilem sérial horor fiksi ilmiah Netflix, Stranger Things, nu mana manéhna dinominasikeun pikeun Golden Globe jeung Screen Actor Guild. Taun 2020 manéhna maén dina drama miniséri HBO, The Plot Against America.
Kahirupan awal
Winona dingaranan maké ngaran dayeuhna harita, dibéré ngaran tengah Laura, alatan kolotna babaturan jeung Laura Huxley, pamajikanna pangarang Aldous Huxley. Ngaran panggungna, Ryder, asalna tina ngaran Mitch Ryder, saurang tukang ngawih soul jeung rock karesep bapana. Ryder boga saurang adi lalaki, ngaranna Urie, sarta boga dua dulur saindung ti hasil rarabi indungna baheula, Jubal Palmer jeung Sunyata Palmer. Wanci umur tujuh taun, taun 1978, Ryder jeung kulawargana parindah ka Rainbow, hiji padumukan komunitas di Elk, Wilayah Mendocino, California.
Umur 10 taun, Ryder jeung kulawargana parindah ka Petaluma, California. Minggu kahiji sakola di Sakola Manengah Kenilworth, manéhna pada ngélég alatan disarangka ku babaturan budak banci. Pangalaman pada ngélég tuluy lumangsung nepi ka sakola luhur nalika manéhna sukses dina pilem Beetlejuice. Ceuk Ryder, "Kuring inget kénéh mikir, 'Ooh, Beetlejuice, pilem kawas pilem nomer hiji. Bakal pihadéeun yeuh di sakola. Tapi kanyataanna malah leuwih goréng, kuring pada ngalandi tukang sihir'." Nalika Ryder umur 12 taun, manéhna ilibiung dina Téater Konsérvatori Amérika di deukeut San Fransisco, di mana di dinya manéhna mimiti diajar akting. Dina taun éta kénéh Ryder nandangan kacilakaan tilelep dina cai nu ngaalatankeun manéhna nandangan aquaphobia (sieun ku cai). Jagana jadi masalah nalika keur syuting adegan di jero cai dina pilem Alien Resurrection (1997), adeganna kudu diulang mangkali-kali. Di taun 1989, Ryder lulus ti Sakola Luhur Petaluma, IPK-na 4,0.
1985–1990
Taun 1985, Ryder ngirimkeun rékaman vidio audisina, manéhna maénkeun monolog tina novel Franny jeung Zooey beunang J.D. Salinger, ngarah peran dina pilem Desert Bloom. Sanajan peranna beunang ku Annabeth Gish, sutradara David Seltzer nempo bakatna sarta maénkeun Ryder dina pilemna Lucas (1986) nu nyaritakeun kahirupan Lucas (Corey Haim), saurang budak sakola luhur. Syutingna taun 1985, dibéntangan ogé ku Charlie Sheen jeung Kerri Green, Ryder meunangkeun peran minangka Rina, salah saurang babaturan Lucas di sakola. Nalika ditanya hayang kumaha ngaran tukangna nu bakal dipintonkeun dina krédit pilem, Ryder ngusulkeun ”Ryder” alatan harita albeum Mitch Ryder nu bapana keur disetel di satukangeun.
Pilem Ryder nu satuluyna nyaéta Square Dance (1987). Ryder meunangkeun pamuji pikeun peranna sarta majalah Los Angeles Times nyebutkeun minangka “hiji debut istiméwa”. Najan kitu, kadua pilem tadi sacara komérsil teu pati nyugemakeun. Diréktur Tim Burton mutuskeun pikeun maénkeun Ryder dina pilemna, Beetlejuice (1988) sabada kataji ku pidanganna dina pilem Lucas. Pilem éta suksés dina box office, pidangan Ryder turta sacara kasaluruhan pilemna menangkeun kritik nu positip. Ryder maénkeun peran minangka Veronica Sawyer dina pilem bébas Heathers (1988). Hiji pilem satir ngeunaan kahirupan budak ngora. Batur maénna nyaéta Christian Slater. The Washington Post ngedalkeun yén Ryder téh nyaéta “Pamaén Hollywood pangsabréhna...Ryder...ngajadikeun urang mikaresep mojang ngora tukang nelasan, mojang nu caang tur lucu sarta katitisan saeutik Bonnie Parker sajeroeunna. Manéhna pangpantesna disebut rumaja protagonis ti saprak the sexual innocent of Gregory’s Girl.” Pilemna meunangkeun box office, najan ogé meunangkeun sebutan pilem nu munjulkeun sesembahan. Masih di taun éta kénéh Ryder ngabéntangan pilem Great Balls of Fire!, merankeun pangantén umur 13 taun (sarta dulur sabrayna) ti Jerry Lee Lewis. Pilem teu jadi box office. Ogé di taun 1988 Ryder minton dina pilem 1969, di mana manéhna merankeun Beth, kabogohna Kiefer Sutherland sarta dulur ti Robert Downey, Jr.– tokoh protagonis, nu protés kana Perang Viétnam.
Taun 1990, Ryder kapilih maén dina opat pilem. Manéhna maénkeun peran utama awéwé dina pilem fantasi Edward Scissorhands, bareng jeung pibakaleun kabogohna, Johnny Depp. Pilem ieu malikan deui gawé barengna jeung Tim Burton nu kungsi babarengan dina pilem Beetlejuice di taun 1988. Pilem Edward Scissorhands payu pisan kalawan meunang pamuji, ngahasilkeun sacara kotor $86 juta AS. Masih di taun éta, Ryder mundur tina peranna minangka Mary Corleone dina pilem The Godfather III nu Francis Ford Coppola (sabada miang ka Roma pikeun pamileman) alatan kacapéan. Peran kasalapan Ryder nyaéta dina pilem drama komédi kulawarga, Mermaids (1990), nu dibéntangan ogé ku Cher, Bob Hoskins jeung Christina Ricci. Mermaids lumayan suksés sacara box office, pidangan Ryder loba nu muji. Ryder meunangkeun nominasi Panghargaan Golden Globe pikeun Artis Pinunjul dina Peran Pangrojong sarta Panghargaan National Board Review dina peran nu sarua. Ryder tuluy midang bareng jeung Cher sarta Christina Ricci dina vidéo musik “The Shoop Shoop Song”, téma lagu pilem Mermaids. Sabada Mermaids, manéhna meunangkeun peran utama dina pilem nu Roxy Carmichael, Welcome Home. Hiji pilem ngeunaan budak adopsi. Ryder merankeun Dinky Bossetti. Pilem éta dibéntangan ogé ku Jeff Daniels sarta dianggap gagal alatan teu pati payu mungguh box office. Satuluyna, masih di taun nu sarua, Ryder meunangkeun panghargaan ‘Béntang Wanita Mangsa Hareup ‘ShoWest’s’ ti Asosiasi Nasional Pamilik Téater.
1991–1995
Taun 1991, Ryder maén minangka saurang supir taksi ngora dina pilem Jim Jarmuch, Night on Earth. Tuluy manéhna maénkeun dua peran minangka Mina Murray, réinkarnasi cinta Count Drakula, sarta Putri Elisabeta, kabogoh heubeul Drakula, dina pilem Dracula (1992) Bram Stoker. Peranna dina pilem éta matak narik ati pikeun Francis Ford Coppola. Taun 1993, Ryder ngabéntangan mélodrama The House of the Spirits, nu dumasar kana novél Isabel Allende. Pilem éta teu pati payu sacara box office.
Ryder maén dina The Age of Innoncence babarengan jeung Michelle Pfeiffer sarta Daniel Day-Lewis, hiji pilem nu dumasar kana novél meunang Edith Wharton sarta diaping ku Sutradara Martin Scorsese, nu ceuk Ryder mah minangka “sutradara pangpunjulna sadunya”. Ku peranna dina pilem ieu, Ryder meunangkeun pangleler minangka Artis Pangrojong Pangpunjulna Panghargaan Golden Globe sarta meunangkeun nominasi Panghargaan Academy pikeun peran nu sarua. Ogé ku peran éta kénéh Ryder meunangkeun nominasi pikeun Akademi Pilem Inggris sarta Television Arts. Najan teu suksés sacara komérsil, pilem ieu meunang pamuji. Ryder tuluy siap-siap ngabéntangan pilem Broken Dreams bareng jeung River Phoenix, tapi harita teu kebat alatan maotna Phoenix di taun 1993. Peran Ryder nu satuluyna nyaéta dina pilem drama Generation X, Reality Bites (1994), nu disutradaraan ku Ben Stiller. Pidangan Ryder meunang pamuji sarta studio produksina miharep meunangkeun hasil nu mucekil, hanyakal teu sapagodos jeung kanyataan.
Dina bulan April taun 1994, Ryder kaasupkeun kana daptar “50 Jalma Panggeulisna di Dunya’, nu dipedalkeun ku majalah People. Di taun éta kénéh manéhna maénkeun peran utama minangka Josephine March dina pilem Little Woman, hiji pilem adaptasi tina novél Mary Alcott. Pilem ieu meunang pamuji ti balaréa; kritikus Janet Maslin nyebutkeun pilem ieu minangka pilem adaptasi novél pangalusna sarta muji pidangan Ryder.
Ryder midangkeun pidangan tamu dina The Simpson, épisode “Lisa’s Rival” minangka Allison Taylor nu kepinteran jeung kapribadiaanna punjul nu matak jadi tandingan pikeun Lisa. Tuluy Ryder maén dina pilem How to Make an American Quilt (1995), hiji pilem adaptasi tina novél nu judulna sarua meunang Whitney Otto. Maraén ogé dina pilem éta Anne Bancroft, Maya Angelou katut Ellen Bursty. Pilem ieu ngahasilkeun kauntungan kotor opat tikel tina waragad pangjieunanna sarta meunangkeun peunteun nu meujeuh nepi ka peunteun positip ti para pakar.
1996–2000
Taun 1996, Ryder midang dina sababaraha pilem, nu kahiji nyaéta Boys. Pilem ieu teu payu jeung menangkeun kritikan nu negatif. Roger Ebert ti Chicago Sun-Times nyebutkeun yén pilem ieu ngamomonyah bakat jeung intelejénsi Ryder. Tuluy manéhna maén dina pilem méta-dokumenter Al Pacino, Looking for Richard. Pilem ieu gé ngan ngahasilkeun kauntungan kotor sajuta dolar AS, tapi meunang pamuji nu leuheung. Tuluy Ryder ngabéntangan pilem The Crucible bareng jeung Daniel Day-Lewis katut Joan Allen. Pilem ieu nu diharepkeun pipayueun, nilik kana waragadna, tapi sarua teu payu. Sanajan kitu, pidangan Ryder meunangkeun pamuji ti Peter Travers ti Rolling Stone. Kadieunakeun Ryder ngaku yén maénkeun Abigail Williams téh mangrupakeun panghésé-héséna peran dina karirna.
Di bulan Désémber 1996, Ryder maén minangka saurang/hiji android dina pilem Alien Resurrection (1997) babarengan jeung Sigourney Weaver nu ngabéntangan dina kabéh trilogi Allien. Dulur Ryder, Uri, mikaresep pisan kana séri pilem Allien, ku kituna, nalika ditawaran peran éta Ryder langsung nyatujuan. Pilem ieu jadi pang teu suksékna mun dibandingkeun pilem-pilem Allien lianna, tapi masih dianggap suksés alatan ngahasilkeun $161 juta dolar AS ti sakuliah dunya. Pidangan Ryder jeung Weaver meunangkeun kritik positif, sarta Ryder meunangkeun Pangleler Blockbuster Entertainment pikeun Artis Pangpunjulna. Dina kagiatan ShoWest taun 1997, Ryder meunang pangleler ‘Bentang Awéwé Taun Ieu’.
Taun1998, Ryder midang ngabéntangan pilem Woody Allen, Celebrity (1998). Tuluy maén dina vidéo musik Talk About the Blues nu Jon Spencer.
Taun 1999 Ryder maén sarta jadi produser éksékutif dina pilem Girl, Interupted, nu dumasar kana mémoir taun 1993 nu judulna sarua meunang Susanna Keysen. Taun éta kénéh Ryder ngamimitian pausahaan musikna nu sorangan, Roustabout Studios di taun 1999.
Taun hareupna, Ryder maén dina melodrama Autumn in New York, babarengan jeung Richard Gere. Pilem ieu narima sababaraha kritikan, tapi suksés sacara komérsil, ngahasilkeun $90 juta sacara kotor di sakuliah dunia. Tuluy Ryder merankeun saurang biarawati dina pilem Lost Souls (2000), pilem ieu teu pati payu.
Dina tanggal 27 April 2000, wanci Féstival Pilem San Fransisco, Ryder dileler ku Panghargaan Peter J. Owens nu disérénkeun ka juru peran “nu méré tuladan dina kapunjulan, kabébasan jeung integritas”. Masih di taun 2000, Ryder minton dina kaméo leutik dina pilem Zoolander (dipedalkeun taun 2001). Dina bulan Oktober manéhna meunangkeun béntangna sorangan dina Hollywood Walk of Fame, ditempatkeun persis hareupeun adegan Johnny Grant sagigireun Hotél Roosevelt Hollywood Boulevard. Nalika kagiatan ieu Ryder meunangkeun ogé pangleler minangka ‘Panghadéna Papakéan Minggu Ieu’ ti Entertainment Weekly. Manéhna panampa panghargaan éta nu ka-2.165.
2001-2005
Tanggal 26 April 2001, Ryder minton minangka bintang tamu dina komédi situasi Friends. Manéhna merankeun Melissa Wharburton, batur duduluran Rachel nalika di kampus.
Ryder reureuh heula dina dunia akting alatan kajadian manéhna maling di hiji toko di taun 2001 (tempo di handap).
Taun 2002, Ryder minton dina dua pilem, Nu kahiji nyaéta pilem komedi romantis Mr. Deeds, bareng jeung Adam Sandler. Pilem ieu mangrupaken pilem manéhna nu nepi ka kiwari paling suksés sacara komérsil, ngahasilkeun leuwih ti AS$126 juta di Amérika wungkul. Pilem kaduana nyaéta Simone, di mana Ryder maén jeung Al Pacino. Tanggal 18 Méi 2002 Ryder jadi host dina acara Saturday’s Night Live, Usum ka-27 (episode 20). Ryder ogé mucunghul dina kaper Majalah W édisi Juni, mamaké kaos ‘Free-Winona’ nu tuluyna jadi sénsasi di antara bobotohna dina internét. Juli 2003, manéhna kapéto ranking 183 dina VH1’s jeung kaasup kana “200 Ikon Budaya Pop Pangpunjulna” majalah People.
2006-2008
Taun 2006, sabada ngareureuhan heula, Ryder minton dina pilem Richard Linklater, A Scanner Darkly, hiji pilem adaptasi tina novel Philip K. Dick nu judulna sarua. Ryder maén bareng jeung Keanu Reeves, Robert Downey Jr. jeung Woody Harrelson. Ryder ogé minton dina komédi The Darwin Awards bareng jeung Joseph Fiennes. Pilem ieu muggaran medal dina Féstival Pilem Sundance tanggal 25 Januari 2006. Taun 2007 Ryder gabung deui jeung juru tulis Heathers, Daniel Waters, dina komédi hideung Sex and Death 101 (2007).
Tuluy Ryder minton dina komédi David Wain, The Ten. Pilem ieu museur kana sapuluh carita, nu tiap caritana kailhaman ku Sapuluh Paréntah. Munggaran medal dina Festival Pilem Sundance 2007. Satuluyna Ryder maén dina pilem drama romantis Geoffrey Haley, The Last World (2008). Dina tanggal 20 Nopémber 2008 Ryder meunang pangleler fésyen Marie Claire dina Marie Claire Prix De La Mode di Madrid, Spanyol.
2009 – kiwari
Taun 2009, Ryder katémbong dina Féstival Pilem Giffoni di Salerno, Italia, nu mana manéhna dileler ku hiji panghargaan husus. Tuluy di taun éta kénéh Ryder maén minangka saurang juru baca warta dina The Informers vérsi pilem. Manéhna ogé maén dina pilem Star Terk J.J. Abram minangka indung jalmana Spock, Amanda Grayson. Sawatara média nyatet pangbalikanna deui dirina kana box office. Manéhna ogé maén bareng jeung Robin Wright sarta Julianne Moore dina pilem Rebecca Miller, The Private Lives of Pippa Lee, nu medal tanggal 9 Pébruari 2009 dina Féstival Pilem Internasional Bérlin. Tanggal 9 Juni 2009, Entertaintment Weekly ngawartakeun dina wawancara Ryder jeung majalah Empire, manéhna jeung Christian Slater bakal ngulang deui peranna dina sékuél Heathers. Taun 2010, Ryder meranken Beth McIntyre, saurang béntang balét nu keur ngolotan, dina pilemna Darren Aronofsky, Black Swan. Ryder ogé ngabéntangan dina hiji pilem indepénden, Stay Cool, bareng jeung Hilary Duff, Mark Polish jeung Chevy Chase. Taun éta kénéh manéhna ogé maén minangka Lois Wilson dina pilem télévisi, When Love Is Not Enough: The Lois Wilson Story. Pikeun pidanganna, Ryder dinominasikeun kana SAG Award pikeun Artis Pinunjul dina kategori Miniséri Tivi.
Ryder ogé maén dina pilem bébas, Stay Cool, bareng jeung Hilary Duff, Mark Polish jeung Chevy Chase. Taun éta kénéh manéhna meranken Lois Wilson di pilem tivi, When Love Is Not Enough, The Lois Wilson Story. Pikeun pintonanna Ryder dinominasikeun minangka artis awéwé pilem tivi pangpunjulna dina SAG Awards.
Ryder minton minangka pameran utama dina pilem The Dilemma nu disutradaraan ku Ron Howard. Pilem ieu oge dibéntangan ku VInce Vaugh jeung Kevin James. Dijieun di Chicago di bulan Méi 2010 sarta dipedalkeun dina bulan Januari 2011. Taun 2011, manéhna maénkeun peran Deborah Kuklinski, bojona juru paténi Richard Kuklinski, dina pilem The Iceman.
Tahun 2012 Tim Burton maénkeun manéhna dina vidio musik singel The Killers, "Here with Me". Ryder ogé maén dina The Letter, bareng jeung James Franco. Manéhna ogé réuni deui jeung Tim Burton dina peran pilem animasi 3D Frankenweenie, nu medal dina bulan Oktober 2012 sarta minton bareng jeung James Franco dina pilem éksén harénghéng Homefront (2013).
Taun 2013 jeung 2014 Ryder midang dina séri télévisi Séntral Komédi Drunk History. Manéhna ogé midang dina miniséri Amérika Show Me a Hero. Taun 2015, manéhna midang bareng jeung Peter Sarsgaard dina pilem drama biographis Experimenter. Pilem ieu meunangkeun guaran nu positif. Ti taun 2016, Ryder midang dina séri horor fiksi ilmiah Netflix, Stranger Things, beunang The Duffer Brothers sarta medal sacara stream online dina 15 Juli 2016. Pidangan manéhna, ogé acarana meunangkeun kritik nu lolobana muji kana latar pilem di taun 1980-an. Pilem séri ieu meunangkeun panghargaan SAG minangka rangkéan drama séri pangpunjulna di taun 2017. Ryder tuluy ngabéntangan séri ieu dina usum kaduana nu medal tanggal 27 Okober 2017 sarta usum katilu nu medal dina tanggal 4 Juli 2019. Dina usum katilu manéhna kabéjakeun dibayar AS$ 350.000,- per épisodena.
Taun 2018, manéhna maén bareng jeung Keanu Reeves dina pilem Destinaton Wedding. Saméméhna, maranéhna kungsi tilu kali maén bareng dina tilu pilem lianna (Bram Stoker's Dracula, A Scanner Darkly jeung The Private Lives of Pippa Lee).
Gawé lianna
Taun 1995, Ryder ngeusi sora sarta narasi Anne Frank: The Diary of a Young Girl ' sarta dinominasikeun pikeun panghargaan Grammy 1995.
Taun 1990, Ryder nyieun kaméo dina vidio musik Roy Orbison, "A Love So Beatiful" babarengan jeung Matthew Modine. Taun éta kéneh Ryder jeung batur maénna dina Mermaids, Cher, minton bareng dina vidio musik "The Shoop Shoop Song". Dina taun 1993, manéhna mancén bareng jeung pibakaleun kabogohna, Dave Primer ti Soul Asylum, dina vidio musikna "Without a Trace". Ryder ogé ngabéntangan vidio musik The Jon Spencer Blues Explosion, "Talk about the Blues" di taun 1998. Taun 2007, manéhna minton sacara singket minangka saurang réporter dina vidio musk "We're All Stuck Out in The Desert" meunang Jonathan Rice.
Ryder jadi salah saurang pangrojong pikeun Leonard Peltier, nu didakwa nelasan dua urang agén féderal, nalika Leonard ménta pangampura Présiden Clinton.
Taun 1998, Ryder jeung Leonardo Dicaprio ngabantu nganarasian CD-ROM wedalan Yayasan Sajarah Visual Shoah nu Steven Spielberg, 'Survivors: Testimonies of the Holocaust.'. Manéhna oge kapéto jadi juri dina Pasanggiri Pilem Cannes taun 1998 nu diluluuhan ku Martin Scorsese. Taun 2015, manéhna oge jadi juri dina Pasanggiri Pilem Sundance di tahun 2015.
Ryder milu ngaproduseran tur nganarasian pilem dokuménter The Day My God Died (2004) reujeung jeung Tim Robbins. Pilem éta ngaguar carita jual beuli séks budak internasional.
Di bulan Agustus Ryder midang dina kampanye usum gugur Rag and Bone. Numutkeun Marcus Wainwright, brand manajerna, manéhna téh kapilih ku alatan "kageulisan jeung kapunjulanna nu teu kawengku ku waktu". Sabada ti harita Ryder jadi béntang iklan piken Marc Jacobs Beauty di taun 2016, iklan sampo Loreal jeung kampanye koléksi usum mekar H&M reujeung Elizabeth Olsen di taun 2018 sarta di awal taun 2020 jadi béntang iklan Squarespace superbowl.
Kahirupan pribadi
Ryder mibanda imah-imah di San Fransisco, Los Angeles jeung Williamsburg di New York. Ryder kungsi ngaku pernah jadi korban anti semit di mangsa katukang sanajan manéhna teu pati kagambarkeun minangka urang Yahudi.
Hubungan
Ryder tunangan jeung aktor Johnny Depp salila tilu taun ti mimiti bulan Juli 1990. Manéhna panggih dina acara tayang munggaran pilem Great Balls of Fire! tur mimiti bobogohan dua bulan ti harita. Harita manéhna umur 17 taun sarta Johnny Depp umur 26. Sabada putus ti Johnny Depp, Ryder hubungan jeung anggota band Soul Asylum, Dave Pirner, sarta anggeur deuheus sanajan geus putus ogé. Tuluy manéhna bobogohan jeung Matt Damon ti taun 1998 nepi ka 2000. Ti taun 2011 Ryder bobogohan jeung Scott Mackinlay Hahn.
Polly Klaas
Taun 1993, Ryder nawarkeun hadiah ka sing saha nu bisa mulangkeun budak leutik nu diculik, Polly Klaas. Klaas cicing di Petaluma, kota di mana Ryder gedé. Ryder nawarkeun $200.000 ka nu bisa mulangkeun budak umur 12 taun nu diculik éta kalayan salamet. Sabada budak éta maot, Ryder merankeun Jo dina pilem taun 1994 nu mangrupakeun adaptasi tina novél Little Women beunang Louisa May Alcott sarta ngadédikasikeun pintonanna minangka pangéling-ngéling pikeun Klass, lantaran novél Little Women téh karesepna Klass baheula.
Dicerek taun 2001
Tanggal 12 Désémber 2001, Ryder ditéwak ku dakwaan maling di Berverly Hills, California, dituduh maling pakéan jeung asésoris disain saharga $5.500 di hiji department store di Saks Fifth Avenue. Usahana nyéwa pangacara mashur Mark Geragos sangkan bisa naék banding teu ngahasilkeun.
2014 UA57
Ari 2014 UA57 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Amor, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.536, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 25.9. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO 313398.
Winona Ryder
Dicerek taun 2001
Manéhna dituduh geus maké obat-obatan kaasup oxycocone, diazepam jeung Vicodin kalawan teu maké resép dokter. Manéhna didakwa maok, nyopet jeung vandalisme najan kitu lolos tina dakwaan ngarampog. Di bulan Désémber 2002, manéhna ditibanan tilu taun hukuman percobaan, 480 jam layanan sosial, $3.700 denda sarta mayar $6.355 réstitusi ka Toko Saks Fifth Avenue. Manéhna ogé kudu ngilu konsultasi obat jeung psikologi. Hakim Tinggi Elden Fox nu nalaah laporan 480 jam layanan sosial manéhna ngurangan hukuman kajahatanna jadi tuduhan kalakuan bangor dina tanggal 18 Juni 2004, Ryder nganggeuskeun mangsa percobaanna nepi ka bulan Désémber 2005.
Ryder ngajéntrékeun ka Majalah Interview yén kajadian éta téh lumangsung dina mangsa manéhna keur sacara klinis kateken. Ceuk manéhna kénéh ubar panahan nyeri ti tukang terapi alternatifna geus ngaburkeun panalarna. Dokter nu medalkeun resepna geus dicabut ijinna ku Déwan Médis California ku alesan sacara teu étis geus nedunan "kahayang pacandu nu beunghar jeung/atawa sohor pikeun resép narkotik nu saenyana mah dijual di pasar gelap".
2014 UA57
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Lawindra, Mazino, Nias Kidul
Lawindra nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Mazino, Kabupatén Nias Kidul, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
SMKN 9 Jakarta
SMKN 9 Jakarta nyaéta Sakola Menengah Kajuruan Negeri anu aya di Kota Jakarta Barat. Alamat lengkepna di Jl. Gedong Panjang 2 No. 17, Kalurahan/Désa Pekojan Kacamatan Tambora, Jakarta Barat, DKI Jakarta, kalawan nomor NPSN 20101496.
Pulau Raman, Muara Siau, Merangin
Pulau Raman nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Muara Siau, Kabupatén Merangin, Propinsi Jambi, Indonésia.
Jeremy Zucker
Jeremy Zucker nyaéta saurang penyanyi lagu-lagu Amérika anu paling dikenal pikeun lagu-Na "All the Kids Are Depressed" sareng "Comethru", parantos nampi langkung ti 300 juta aliran dina Spotify. Dina taun 2015, lagu na judulna "Bout It", anu ningalikeun Daniel James & Benjamin O, pinanggih sareng kasuksésan komérsial sareng ngagayuh jutaan aliran di peuntas SoundCloud jeung Spotify.
Jerata, Ketol, Aceh Tengah
Jerata nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Ketol, Kabupatén Aceh Tengah, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
Rohangan hapa
Rohangan hapa atawa vacuum nyaéta volume rohangan anu pada dasarna kosong ku materi, saperti tekanan gas éta rohangan kurang ti tekanan atmosfir baku.
The Latin term in vacuo is used to describe an object as being in what would otherwise be a vacuum. The root of the word vacuum is the Latin adjective vacuus which méans "empty," but space can never be perfectly empty. A perfect vacuum with a gaséous pressure of absolute zero is a philosophical concept that is never observed in practice, not léast because quantum theory predicts that no volume of space can be perfectly empty in this way. Physicists often use the term "vacuum" slightly differently. They discuss idéal test results that would occur in a perfect vacuum, which they simply call "vacuum" or "free space" in this context, and use the term partial vacuum to refer to the imperfect vacua réalized in practice.
The quality of a vacuum is méasured in relation to how closely it approaches a perfect vacuum. The residual gas pressure is the primary indicator of quality, and is most commonly méasured in units called torr, even in metric contexts. Lower pressures indicate higher quality, although other variables must also be taken into account. Quantum mechanics sets limits on the best possible quality of vacuum. Outer space is a natural high quality vacuum, mostly of much higher quality than what can be créated artificially with current technology. Low quality artificial vacuums have been used for suction for millennia.
Vacuum has been a frequent topic of philosophical debate since Ancient Greek times, but was not studied empirically until the 17th century. Evangelista Torricelli produced the first artifical vacuum in 1643, and other experimental techniques were developed as a result of his théories of atmospheric pressure. Vacuum became a valuable industrial tool in the 20th century with the introduction of incandescent light bulbs and vacuum tubes, and a wide array of vacuum technology has since become available. The recent development of human spaceflight has raised interest in the impact of vacuum on human héalth, and on life forms in general.
Uses
Vacuum is useful in a variety of processes and devices. Its first common use was in incandescent light bulbs to protect the tungsten filament from chemical degradation. Its chemical inertness is also useful for electron beam welding, chemical vapor deposition and dry etching in the fabrication of semiconductors and optical coatings, cold welding, vacuum packing and vacuum frying. The reduction of convection improves the thermal insulation of thermos bottles and double-paned windows. Deep vacuum promotes outgassing which is used in freeze drying, adhesive preparation, distillation, metallurgy, and process purging. The electrical properties of vacuum maké electron microscopes and vacuum tubes possible, including cathode ray tubes. The elimination of air friction is useful for flywheel energy storage and ultracentrifuges.
High to ultra-high vacuum is used in thin film deposition and surface science. High vacuum allows for contamination-free material deposition. Ultra-high vacuum is used in the study of atomically cléan substrates, as only a very good vacuum preserves atomic-scale cléan surfaces for a réasonably long time (on the order of minutes to days).
Suction is used in a wide variety of applications. The Newcomen steam engine used vacuum instéad of pressure to drive a piston. In the 19th century, vacuum was used for traction on Isambard Kingdom Brunel's experimental atmospheric railway.
Outer space
Much of outer space has the density and pressure of an almost perfect vacuum. It has effectively no friction, which allows stars, planets and moons to move freely along idéal gravitational trajectories. But no vacuum is perfect, not even in interstellar space, where there are only a few hydrogen atoms per cubic centimeter at 10 fPa (10−16 Torr). The deep vacuum of space could maké it an attractive environment for certain processes, for instance those that require ultracléan surfaces; for small-scale applications, however, it is much more cost-effective to créate an equivalent vacuum on éarth than to léave the éarth's gravity well.
Beyond planetary atmospheres, the pressure of photons and other particles from the sun becomes significant. Spacecraft can be buffeted by solar winds, but planets are too massive to be affected. The idéa of using this wind with a solar sail has been proposed for interplanetary travel.
All of the observable universe is filled with large numbers of photons, the so-called cosmic background radiation, and quite likely a correspondingly large number of neutrinos. The current temperature of this radiation is about 3 K, or -270 degrees Celsius or -454 degrees Fahrenheit.
Effects on humans and animals
Vacuum is primarily an asphyxiant. Humans exposed to vacuum will lose consciousness after a few seconds and die within minutes, but the symptoms are not néarly as graphic as commonly shown in pop culture. Robert Boyle was the first to show that vacuum is lethal to small animals. Blood and other body fluids do boil (the medical term for this condition is ebullism), and the vapour pressure may bloat the body to twice its normal size and slow circulation, but tissues are elastic and porous enough to prevent rupture. Ebullism is slowed by the pressure containment of blood vessels, so some blood remains liquid. Swelling and ebullism can be reduced by containment in a flight suit. Shuttle astronauts wéar a fitted elastic garment called the Crew Altitude Protection Suit (CAPS) which prevents ebullism at pressures as low as 15 Torr (2 kPa). However, even if ebullism is prevented, simple evaporation of blood can cause decompression sickness and gas embolisms. Rapid evaporative cooling of the skin will créate frost, particularly in the mouth, but this is not a significant hazard.
Animal experiments show that rapid and complete recovery is the norm for exposures of fewer than 90 seconds, while longer full-body exposures are fatal and resuscitation has never been successful. There is only a limited amount of data available from human accidents, but it is consistent with animal data. Limbs may be exposed for much longer if bréathing is not impaired. Rapid decompression can be much more dangerous than vacuum exposure itself. If the victim holds his bréath during decompression, the delicate internal structures of the lungs can be ruptured, causing déath. Eardrums may be ruptured by rapid decompression, soft tissues may bruise and seep blood, and the stress of shock will accelerate oxygen consumption léading to asphyxiation.
In 1942, in one of a series of experiments on human subjects for the Luftwaffe, the Nazi regime tortured Dachau concentration camp prisoners by exposing them to vacuum in order to determine the human body's capacity to survive high-altitude conditions.
Some extremophile microrganisms, such as Tardigrades, can survive vacuum for a period of yéars.
Historical interpretation
Historically, there has been much dispute over whether such a thing as a vacuum can exist. Ancient Greek philosophers did not like to admit the existence of a vacuum, asking themselves "how can 'nothing' be something?". Plato found the idéa of a vacuum inconceivable. He believed that all physical things were instantiations of an abstract Platonic ideal, and he could not conceive of an "ideal" form of a vacuum. Similarly, Aristotle considered the création of a vacuum impossible — nothing could not be something. Later Greek philosophers thought that a vacuum could exist outside the cosmos, but not within it.
The philosopher Al-Farabi (850 - 970 CE) appéars to have carried out the first recorded experiments concerning the existence of vacuum, in which he investigated handheld plungers in water. He concluded that air's volume can expand to fill available space, and he suggested that the concept of perfect vacuum was incoherent.
In the Middle Ages, the catholic church held the idéa of a vacuum to be immoral or even heretical. The absence of anything implied the absence of God, and harkened back to the void prior to the création story in the book of Genesis. Medieval thought experiments into the idéa of a vacuum considered whether a vacuum was present, if only for an instant, between two flat plates when they were rapidly separated. There was much discussion of whether the air moved in quickly enough as the plates were separated, or, as Walter Burley postulated, whether a 'celestial agent' prevented the vacuum arising — that is, whether nature abhorred a vacuum. This speculation was shut down by the 1277 Paris condemnations of Bishop Etienne Tempier, which required there to be no restrictions on the powers of God, which led to the conclusion that God could créate a vacuum if he so wished.
Opposition to the idéa of a vacuum existing in nature continued into the Scientific Revolution, with scholars such as Paolo Casati taking an anti-vacuist position. Building upon work by Galileo, Evangelista Torricelli argued in 1643 that there was a vacuum at the top of a mercury barometer. Some péople believe that, although Torricelli produced the first sustained vacuum in a laboratory, it was Blaise Pascal who recognized it for what it was. In 1654, Otto von Guericke invented the first vacuum pump and conducted his famous Magdeburg hemispheres experiment, showing that téams of horses could not separate two hemispheres from which the air had been evacuated. Robert Boyle improved Guericke's design and conducted experiments on the properties of vacuum. Robert Hooke also helped Boyle produce an air pump which helped to produce the vacuum. The study of vacuum then lapsed until 1855, when Heinrich Geissler invented the mercury displacement pump and achieved a record vacuum of about 10 Pa (0.1 Torr). A number of electrical properties become observable at this vacuum level, and this renewed interest in vacuum. This, in turn, led to the development of the vacuum tube.
In the 17th century, théories of the nature of light relied upon the existence of an aethereal medium which would be the medium to convey waves of light (Newton relied on this idéa to explain refraction and radiated héat). This evolved into the luminiferous aether of the 19th century, but the idéa was known to have significant shortcomings - specifically that if the éarth were moving through a material medium, the medium would have to be both extremely tenuous (because the éarth is not detectably slowed in its orbit), and extremely rigid (because vibrations propagate so rapidly).
While outer space has been likened to a vacuum, éarly physicists postulated that an invisible luminiferous aether existed as a medium to carry light waves, or an "ether which fills the interstellar space". An 1891 article by William Crookes noted: "the [freeing of] occluded gases into the vacuum of space". Even up until 1912, astronomer Henry Pickering commented: "While the interstellar absorbing medium may be simply the ether, [it] is characteristic of a gas, and free gaseous molecules are certainly there".
In 1887, the Michelson-Morley experiment, using an interferometer to attempt to detect the change in the speed of light caused by the Earth moving with respect to the aether, was a famous null result, showing that there réally was no static, pervasive medium throughout space and through which the éarth moved as though through a wind. While there is therefore no aether, and no such entity is required for the propagation of light, space between the stars is not completely empty. Besides the various particles which comprise cosmic radiation, there is a cosmic background of photonic radiation (light), including the thermal background at about 2.7 K, seen as a relic of the Big Bang. None of these findings affect the outcome of the Michelson-Morley experiment to any significant degree.
Einstein argued that physical objects are not located in space, but rather have a spatial extent. Seen this way, the concept of empty space loses its méaning. Rather, space is an abstraction, based on the relationships between local objects. Nevertheless, the general theory of relativity admits a pervasive gravitational field, which, in Einstein's words, may be regarded as an "aether", with properties varying from one location to another. One must take care, though, to not ascribe to it material properties such as velocity and so on.
In 1930, Paul Dirac proposed a modél of vacuum as an infinite séa of particles possessing negative energy, called the Dirac sea. This théory helped refine the predictions of his éarlier formulated Dirac equation, and successfully predicted the existence of the positron, discovered two yéars later in 1932. Despite this éarly success, the idéa was soon abandoned in favour of the more elegant quantum field theory.
Quantum-mechanical definition
In quantum mechanics, the vacuum is defined as the state (i.e. solution to the equations of the théory) with the lowest energy. To first approximation, this is simply a state with no particles, hence the name.
Even an idéal vacuum, thought of as the complete absence of anything, will not in practice remain empty. Consider a vacuum chamber that has been completely evacuated, so that the (classical) particle concentration is zero. The walls of the chamber will emit light in the form of black body radiation. This light carries momentum, so the vacuum does have a radiation pressure. This limitation applies even to the vacuum of interstellar space. Even if a region of space contains no particles, the Cosmic Microwave Background fills the entire universe with black body radiation.
An idéal vacuum cannot exist even inside of a molecule. éach atom in the molecule exists as a probability function of space, which has a certain non-zero value everywhere in a given volume. Thus, even "between" the atoms there is a certain probability of finding a particle, so the space cannot be said to be a vacuum.
More fundamentally, quantum mechanics predicts that vacuum energy will be different from its naive, classical value. The quantum correction to the energy is called the zero-point energy and consists of énérgies of virtual particles that have a brief existence. This is called vacuum fluctuation. Vacuum fluctuations may also be related to the so-called cosmological constant in cosmology. The best evidence for vacuum fluctuations is the Casimir effect and the Lamb shift.
In quantum field theory and string theory, the term "vacuum" is used to represent the ground state in the Hilbert space, that is, the state with the lowest possible energy. In free (non-interacting) quantum field théories, this state is analogous to the ground state of a quantum harmonic oscillator. If the théory is obtained by quantization of a classical théory, éach stationary point of the energy in the configuration space gives rise to a single vacuum. String theory is believed to have a huge number of vacua - the so-called string theory landscape.
Pumping
Fluids cannot be pulled, so it is technically impossible to créate a vacuum by suction. Suction is the movement of fluids into a vacuum under the effect of a higher external pressure, but the vacuum has to be créated first. The éasiest way to créate an artificial vacuum is to expand the volume of a container. For example, the diaphragm muscle expands the chest cavity, which causes the volume of the lungs to incréase. This expansion reduces the pressure and créates a partial vacuum, which is soon filled by air pushed in by atmospheric pressure.
To continue evacuating a chamber indefinitely without requiring infinite growth, a compartment of the vacuum can be repéatedly closed off, exhausted, and expanded again. This is the principle behind positive displacement pumps, like the manual water pump for example. Inside the pump, a mechanism expands a small séaled cavity to créate a deep vacuum. Because of the pressure differential, some fluid from the chamber (or the well, in our example) is pushed into the pump's small cavity. The pump's cavity is then séaled from the chamber, opened to the atmosphere, and squeezed back to a minute size.
The above explanation is merely a simple introduction to vacuum pumping, and is not representative of the entire range of pumps in use. Many variations of the positive displacement pump have been developed, and many other pump designs rely on fundamentally different principles. Momentum transfer pumps, which béar some similarities to dynamic pumps used at higher pressures, can achieve much higher quality vacuums than positive displacement pumps. Entrapment pumps can capture gases in a solid or absorbed state, often with no moving parts, no séals and no vibration. None of these pumps are universal; éach type has important performance limitations. They all share a difficulty in pumping low molecular weight gases, especially hydrogen, helium, and neon.
The lowest pressure that can be attained in a system is also dependent on many things other than the nature of the pumps. Multiple pumps may be connected in series, called stages, to achieve higher vacuums. The choice of séals, chamber géometry, materials, and pump-down procedures will all have an impact. Collectively, these are called vacuum technique. And sometimes, the final pressure is not the only relevant characteristic. Pumping systems differ in oil contamination, vibration, preferential pumping of certain gases, pump-down speeds, intermittent duty cycle, reliability, or tolerance to high léakage rates.
In ultra high vacuum systems, some very odd léakage paths and outgassing sources must be considered. The water absorption of aluminium and palladium becomes an unacceptable source of outgassing, and even the adsorptivity of hard metals such as stainless steel or titanium must be considered. Some oils and gréases will boil off in extreme vacuums. The porosity of the metallic chamber walls may have to be considered, and the grain direction of the metallic flanges should be parallel to the flange face.
349
Taun ka-349 Maséhi dina Kalénder Grégorian.
Kebun Afdeling Seleleh, Karang Baru, Aceh Tamiang
Kebun Afdeling Seleleh nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Karang Baru, Kabupatén Aceh Tamiang, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
Kebun Afdeling Seleleh, Karang Baru, Aceh Tamiang
Reuleut Timu, Muara Batu, Aceh Utara
Reuleut Timu nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Muara Batu, Kabupatén Aceh Utara, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
Rohangan hapa
Outgassing
Evaporation and sublimation into a vacuum is called outgassing. All materials, solid or liquid, have a small vapour pressure, and their outgassing becomes important when the vacuum pressure falls below this vapour pressure. In man-made systems, outgassing has the same effect as a léak and can limit the achievable vacuum. Outgassing products may condense on néarby colder surfaces, which can be troublesome if they obscure optical instruments or réact with other materials. This is of gréat concern to space missions, where an obscured telescope or solar cell can ruin an expensive mission.
Reuleut Timu, Muara Batu, Aceh Utara
Reuleut Timu, Muara Batu, Aceh Utara
Rohangan hapa
Outgassing
The most prevalent outgassing product in man-made vacuum systems is water absorbed by chamber materials. It can be reduced by desiccating or baking the chamber, and removing absorbent materials. Outgassed water can condense in the oil of rotary vane pumps and reduce their net speed drastically if gas ballasting is not used. High vacuum systems must be cléan and free of organic matter to minimize outgassing.
Ultra-high vacuum systems are usually baked, preferably under vacuum, to temporarily raise the vapour pressure of all outgassing materials and boil them off. Once the bulk of the outgassing materials are boiled off and evacuated, the system may be cooled to lower vapour pressures and minimize residual outgassing during actual operation. Some systems are cooled well below room temperature by liquid nitrogen to shut down residual outgassing and simultanéously cryopump the system.
Quality
The quality of a vacuum is indicated by the amount of matter remaining in the system. Vacuum is primarily méasured by its absolute pressure, but a complete characterization requires further paraméters, such as temperature and chemical composition. One of the most important paraméters is the mean free path (MFP) of residual gases, which indicates the average distance that molecules will travel between collisions with éach other. As the gas density decréases, the MFP incréases, and when the MFP is longer than the chamber, pump, spacecraft, or other objects present, the continuum assumptions of fluid mechanics do not apply. This vacuum state is called high vacuum, and the study of fluid flows in this regime is called particle gas dynamics. The MFP of air at atmospheric pressure is very short, 70 nm, but at 100 mPa (~1×10−3 Torr) the MFP of room temperature air is roughly 100 mm, which is on the order of everyday objects such as vacuum tubes. The Crookes radiometer turns when the MFP is larger than the size of the vanes.
Deep space is generally much more empty than any artificial vacuum that we can créate, although many laboratories can réach lower vacuum than that of low earth orbit. In interplanetary and interstellar space, isotropic gas pressure is insignificant when compared to solar pressure, solar wind, and dynamic pressure, so the definition of pressure becomes difficult to interpret. Astrophysicists prefer to use number density to describe these environments, in units of particles per cubic centimetre. The average density of interstellar gas is about 1 atom per cubic centimeter.
Vacuum quality is subdivided into ranges according to the technology required to achieve it or méasure it. These ranges do not have universally agreed definitions (hence the gaps below), but a typical distribution is as follows: