cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Goréngan
Malaysia
Di Malaysia sareng Brunei, biasana umum pikeun jinis fritter anu disebut "cucur" (sapertos yam, kentang amis sareng cau ) janten digoréng ku jalan sisi dina wok ageung sareng dijual janten jajan. Di Filipina, tukang goreng endog disebut kwek-kwek (puyuh) atanapi tokneneng (hayam), sareng tukang cumi disebut kalamares. Hal ieu, babarengan sareng tukang udang anu disebut okoy, sareng tukang pisang anu di sebut maruya ogé dijual dina perjalanan karéta atanapi diical jalan.
Myanmar
Dina kulinér Myanmar, goréngan téh disebut a-kyaw (အကြော်), bari rupa-rupa fritters disebut a-kyaw-sone (အကြော်စုံ). A-kyaw anu pang populerna nyaéta fritter gourd (ဘူးသီးကြော်). Bawang konéng, daun bawang, kentang, rupa-rupa sayuran daun, témpél kacang buncis, tahu Burma, bako, cau sareng bahan bakar séjén anu bahan fritter populér. Kacang hideung dilakukeun kana témpél kalayan daun kari pikeun ngadamel bayagyaw —tukang leutik anu sami sareng falafel. Teu kawas pisang goreng, tukang goreng cau Burmese ngan ukur nganggo gedang ngaleutna nganggo tambihan gula atanapi madu.
Fritters gurih seueur didahar nalika sarapan atanapi salaku jajan di téh. Gourd, chickpea sareng bawang bombay dipotong janten bagian alit sareng didahar sareng Mohinga, piring nasional Myanmar. Fritters ieu ogé didahar ku Kao hnyin baung sangu sareng Burma salsa verde-anu disebut gado-saw-kar atanapi a-chin-yay. Gumantung kana hawker fritter, saosna didamel tina saos cabé anu dilebur ku cuka, cai, cilantro, tomat dicedok bawang bodas, bawang bodas sareng bawang.
Selandia Anyar
Fritters Whitebait populér di Selandia Anyar.
Tiongkok
Sapanjang Cina, fritters dijual di jalan raya. Éta panginten ngandung babi, tapi biasana vegetarian.
Bahaya
Kadaharan nu digoréng umumna mah ngandung loba lemak, kalori jeung uyah. Sabab, prosés ngagoréng kadaharan bisa ngarobah kualitas nutrisi jeung ngaronjatkeun kandungan kalori. Komo deui mun minyak nu dipakéna téh minyak urut nu teterusan dipaké deui nikakeun ngandung lemak trans.
Résiko
Ngonsumsi kadaharan goréngan dina porsi loba sok dikaitkeun jeung résiko panyakit jantung, tekenan darah tinggi, koléstrol tinggi, jeung obésitas. Hiji panalungtikan gé nyebutkeun, mingkin loba ngonsumsi goréngan mangka résiko katarajang panyakit diabétes jadi nikel sarta panyakit jantung leuwih ngaronjat. Keur lalaki, hiji panalungtikan nyebutkeun yén konsumsi goréngan nu katutuluyan leuwih ti saminggu, bisa ngaronjatkeun résiko keuna ku kangker prostat.
Loba teuing ngonsumsi goréngan ogé sok dikaitkeun jeung koléstrol tinggi. Mingkin luhur tingkat koléstrol, mingkin ngaronjat résiko panyakit jantung jeung panyakit pambuluh getih. Nalika ngonsumsina leuwih ti nu diperlukeun ku awak, mangka koléstrol bisa nyumebabkeun kabentukna plék nu bisa ngahambat aliran pambuluh getih, kawas paralon nu kapeungpeuk. Komplikasi tina kagangguna aliran getih téh setruk, aterosklerosis jeung serangan jantung.
Nu keur kakandungan
Terutama bagi wanita hamil, mengonsumsi gorengan secara berlebihan memiliki risiko tersendiri. Berdasarkan penelitian, kebiasaan mengonsumsi gorengan sebelum hamil ditengarai dapat meningkatkan risiko diabetes selama kehamilan. Diabetes yang terjadi selama masa kehamilan disebut dengan diabetes gestasional. Dibandingkan dengan wanita yang mengonsumsi gorengan kurang dari satu kali per minggu sebelum masa kehamilan, risiko untuk mengalami diabetes gestasional lebih tinggi 13 persen khusus bagi yang mengonsumsi gorengan sebanyak tiga kali per minggu. Risiko tersebut meningkat seiring dengan jumlah gorengan yang dikonsumsi per minggu.
Ngaminimalisir résiko
Untuk mengurangi risiko buruk konsumsi gorengan, cara terbaik yang bisa dilakukan adalah dengan mengganti minyak trans atau minyak yang telah mengalami hidrogenasi dengan jenis minyak yang lebih sehat seperti minyak zaitun, kanola, jagung, biji bunga matahari dan minyak wijen. Agar minyak tidak menyerap ke dalam makanan yang digoreng, disarankan untuk menggoreng makanan pada suhu 176-1900C. Jika suhu menggoreng berada di bawah suhu tersebut, minyak dapat meresap ke dalam makanan. Sebaliknya, jika suhu terlalu tinggi, makanan akan menjadi terlalu kering dan minyak juga dapat teroksidasi.
Adapun cara lain yang bisa dilakukan dalam meminimalisir proses menggoreng makanan adalah dengan memanggang makanan menggunakan oven. Sebelum memanggang daging, oleskan minyak zaitun, sehingga daging akan menjadi lebih renyah saat dikonsumsi. Hal yang tak kalah penting dalam meminimalisir dampak buruk dari makanan yang digoreng adalah menghindari penggunaan minyak secara berulang. Lebih disarankan, minyak hanya digunakan sekali pakai dalam menggoreng.
Agar makanan yang telah digoreng tidak terlalu berminyak, disarankan pula untuk menggunakan tisu kertas agar minyak yang berlebih dapat diserap. Jika Anda ingin mengonsumsi gorengan, sebaiknya membuat sendiri di rumah, dibandingkan membelinya. Gorengan yang dibuat di rumah cenderung lebih sehat karena Anda dapat dengan bijak memilih minyak serta cara menggorengnya.
Bunbun Indah, Leuser, Aceh Tenggara
Bunbun Indah nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Leuser, Kabupatén Aceh Tenggara, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
Meuriya Tanjong, Padang Tiji, Pidie
Meuriya Tanjong nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Padang Tiji, Kabupatén Pidie, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
Chordata
Filum Chordata nyaéta golongan sato, kaasup vertebrata jeung sababaraha sato invertebrata nu boga ciri sarupa. Sakabéh anggota golongan ieu, dina hiji mangsa dina kahirupan maranéhanana, miboga notokorda, tali saraf dorsal berongga, celah faring (pharyngeal slits), endostyle, jeung buntut uratan nu ngaliwatan anus. Chordata kabagi jadi tilu subfilum: Urochordata, Cephalochordata, jeung Vertebrata.
Meuriya Tanjong, Padang Tiji, Pidie
Meuriya Tanjong, Padang Tiji, Pidie
Belinten, Sei Bingei, Langkat
Belinten nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Sei Bingei, Kabupatén Langkat, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Bina Karya mandiri, Rumbia, Lampung Tengah
Bina Karya mandiri nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Rumbia, Kabupatén Lampung Tengah, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Bina Karya mandiri, Rumbia, Lampung Tengah
Koto Tinggi, Sungai Bungkal, Sungai Penuh
Koto Tinggi nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Sungai Bungkal, Kota Sungai Penuh, Propinsi Jambi, Indonésia.
2016 RQ20
Ari 2016 RQ20 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Amor, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.502, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 21.3. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO 397880.
Dukuh, Kapetakan, Cirebon
Dukuh nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Kapetakan, Kabupatén Cirebon, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
2016 GX
Ari 2016 GX mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Apollo, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.384, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 25.4. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO�374716.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Sukaraya, Karangbahagia, Bekasi
Sukaraya nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Karangbahagia, Kabupatén Bekasi, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
2007 BZ48
Ari 2007 BZ48 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Apollo, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.466, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 26.0. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO�116387.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Niels Bohr
Niels Henrik David Bohr atawa anu kasohor Niels Bohr (gumelar tanggal 7 Oktober 1885 - maot 18 Nopémber 1962) nyaéta élmuwan asal Denmark anu ngawanohkeun téori atom bohr anu ngagambarkeun susunan atom sacara rinci, gampang, jeung akurat. Ku karyana ieu, Bohr meunangkeun panglélér nobél fisika dina taun 1922. Lalaki anu lahir di Konpenhagen nyaéta anak ti ahli fisika, Christian Bohr, profésor fisika di Universitas Konpenhagen, indungna nyaéta ahli dina widang atikan, matakna teu anéh lamun kamampuh Bohr dina widang atikan kacida méncrongna.
Sabada Denmark dijajah ku NAZI, Jerman dina taun 1940, Bohr kabur ka Swedia sabab manéhna nyaéta anti-NAZI, lian ti éeta Bohr ogé boga teureuh yahudi. Ti Swedia, Bohr kabur deui ka Inggris tuluy ka Amerika, di ditu Bohr ngabdikeun diri dina widang fisika atom pikeun masalah-masalah pulitik katut katingtriman anu muncul alatan senjata atom. Bohr ogé mantuan tentara sekutu pikeun nyieun bom atom salila perang lumangsung. Sabada perang réngsé, Bohr balik deui ka Denmark, manéhna maot di Konpenhagen tanggal 18 Nopémber 1962.
Turki
Turki (basa Turki: Türkiye), resmina Républik Turki, nyaéta hiji nagara di Eurasia nu ngampar sapanjang semenanjung Anatolia di Asia kulon kidul sarta wewengkon Balkan ti Éropa wétan kidul. Wates-wates Turki nyaéta dalapan nagara: Minangka tambahan, Turki diwawatesanan ku Laut Hideung di beulah kalér; Laut Aegean jeung Laut Marmara di beulah kulon; sarta Laut Méditerania di beulah kidul.
Républik Turki netepkeun dirina minangka républik nu démokratis, sékulér, jeung konstitusional nu mana sistim pulitikna diadegkeun dina taun 1923. Turki mangrupa nagara anggota PBB, NATO, OSCE, OECD, OKI, sarta Déwan Éropa. Ogé mangrupa nagara calon pikeun ngagabung jeung Uni Éropa. Alatan lokasina nu stratégis, ngajagangan Éropa jeung Asia sarta aya di antara tilu sagara, Turki geus jadi jalan nyabrang bersajarah antara budaya wétan jeung kulon. Turki mangrupa tempat keur sababaraha peradaban sarta jadi tempat bitotama antar maranéhannana.
<!-- == Étimologi == The Turkish name Türkiye subdivides into two words: Türk, means "strong" in Old Turkic and usually signifies the habitants of Turkey or a member of the Turkish nation; and the suffix -iye which means "owner" or "related to". The root appears commonly among early Altaic tribal ethnonyms, and also appears notably in the name of Turkmenistan. A common point of confusion that arises is the relationship between the country and the bird called "Turkey". European explorers who first encountered the bird in the New World named it as such, mistakenly believing it to have come from Turkey. The term "Türk" or "Türük" predates this by a long way, an example being the Göktürks (Sky Turks). Ironically, the Turkish name for the bird, turkey, is "Hindi" (meaning "Indian") which can be attributed to the belief that it originated in India.
Sajarah
Because of its strategic location at the intersection of Asia and Europe, Anatolia has been a cradle for several civilizations since prehistoric ages, with Neolithic settlements such as Çatalhöyük (Pottery Neolithic), Çayönü (Pre-Pottery Neolithic A to pottery Neolithic), Nevali Cori (Pre-Pottery Neolithic B), Hacilar (Pottery Neolithic), Göbekli Tepe (Pre-Pottery Neolithic A) and Mersin. The settlement of Troy starts in the Neolithic and continues forward into the Iron Age. Through recorded history, Anatolians have spoken Indo-European, Semitic and Kartvelian languages, as well as many languages of uncertain affiliation. In fact, given the antiquity of the Indo-European Hittite and Luwian languages, some scholars have proposed Anatolia as the hypothetical center from which the Indo-European languages have radiated. Other authors have proposed an Anatolian origin for the Etruscans of ancient Italy. Iron Age peoples that have settled in or conquered Anatolia include the Phrygians, Hittites, Lydians, Lycians, Celts, Mushki, Urartians, Kurds, Cimmerians, Armenians, Persians, Tabals and Greeks.
The gradual conquest of Anatolia from the Byzantines by Turkic peoples, under the Seljuks with the Battle of Manzikert and the rise of the Seljuk Empire in the 11th century was finalized by the rise of the Ottoman Empire. By the end of the 16th century, at the height of its power, the Ottoman Empire grew to cover Anatolia, the Balkans, North Africa, the Middle East, Eastern Europe and the Caucasus. It comprised an area of about 5.6 million km², though it controlled a much larger area, if adjoining areas dominated mainly by nomadic tribes, where the empire's suzerainty was recognized, are included. The empire interacted with both Eastern and Western cultures throughout its 624-year history.
Following years of decline, the Ottoman Empire entered World War I in an alliance with Germany in 1914, in which it was ultimately defeated. After the war, western powers sought to partition the empire through the Treaty of Sévres. With the support of the Allies, Greece had occupied İzmir as provided for in the Treaty. On 19 May 1919 this prompted the beginning of a nationalist movement under the command of Mustafa Kemal Pasha, a military commander who had distinguished himself in the Battle of Gallipoli (see Rise of Nationalism under the Ottoman Empire). Kemal Pasha sought to revoke the terms of the treaty signed by the Sultan in Istanbul. This involved mobilizing every available part of Turkish society in what would become the Turkish War of Independence (Turkish: Kurtuluş Savaşı).
By 18 September 1922 the occupying armies were repelled and the country saw the birth of a Turkish state. On 1 November 1922 the Turkish Grand National Assembly formally abolished the office of the Sultan, ending 631 years of Ottoman rule. In 1923 the Treaty of Lausanne recognized the sovereignty of the new Republic of Turkey. Kemal Pasha became the Republic's first President and instituted far reaching reforms with the aim of modernizing the new Republic from the remnants of its Ottoman past. According to the Law on Family Names, the Turkish Grand Assembly presented Mustafa Kemal with the honorific name "Atatürk" (meaning Father of the Turks) in 1934.
After participating with United Nations forces in the Korean conflict, Turkey in 1952 joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Turkey intervened and militarily invaded Cyprus in July 1974 in response to a Greek Cypriot coup by EOKA-B. The resultant breakaway de-facto independent Northern Cyprus is not officially recognised by any country except Turkey itself.
Turkey experienced a series of coups: Coup of 60, Coup by Memorandum, Coup of 80 and Postmodern Coup D'etat. The period of the 70s (Left-Right clashes) and 80s was marked by political instability and rapid, but at times erratic economic growth. A series of economic shocks led to new elections in 2002, bringing into power the conservative Justice and Development Party led by the former mayor of Istanbul, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. In October 2005, the European Union opened accession negotiations with Ankara and thus Turkey is a candidate country to join the European Union as a full member, having been an associate member since 1964.
Politics
The Politics of Turkey takes place in a framework of a secular parliamentary representative democratic republic, whereby the Prime Minister of Turkey is the head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature.
Executive branch
The function of Héad of State is performed by the President (Cumhurbaşkanı). A présidént is elected every seven yéars by the Grand National Assembly. The présidént does not have to be a member of parliament. The current présidént Ahmet Necdet Sezer, was elected by Parliament on May 16, 2000. Executive power rests in the Prime Minister (Başbakan) and the Council of Ministers (Bakanlar Kurulu). The Ministers have to be members of Parliament; however, the Prime Minister is no longer required to be an MP. The Prime Minister is elected by the parliament through a vote of confidence in his government. The Prime Minister is Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, whose Islamic conservative AKP won a majority of parliamentry séats in the 2002 general elections. The Chairman of the Parliament is Bülent Arınç from the same party. The current présidént of the Constitutional Court is Mustafa Bumin.
Legislative branch
Legislative power is invested in the 550-séat Grand National Assembly of Turkey (Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi), representing 81 provinces. The members are elected for a five yéar term by mitigated proportional representation with an election threshold of 10 %. To avoid fragmentation of parliament, a party must win at léast 10% of the national vote in a national parliamentary election to gain parliamentary representation. Independent candidates may run, and to be elected, they must only win 10% of the vote in the province from which they are running. The Turkish military plays an informal political role, seeing itself as the guardian of the secular, unitary nature of the republic. Political parties deemed anti-secular or separatist by the judiciary can be banned. Turkey has a multi-party system, with several strong parties..
Turkish-EU relations
Turkey's main political, economic and military relations remain rooted within Western Europe and the United States. An associate member of the Européan Union since 1964, Turkey is currently in the process of accession pending the completion of negotiations. A major source of tension in its EU aspirations is the issue of Cyprus, a member of the EU which Turkey does not recognise, but instéad supports the de facto independent  Turkish Cypriot north. Other factors include Turkey's human rights record, its relatively large population, its relatively poor (although fast growing) economy and proximity to the volatile Middle éast. Based on what it views as lukewarm support for its accesion to the EU and alleged double standards in its negotiations (France and Austria have indicated they will hold referendums on Turkey's membership) the Turkish public has become incréasingly euroskeptic in recent times. A mid-2006 Eurobarometer survey revéaled that 43% of Turkish citizens view the EU positively; just 35% trust the EU, 45% support enlargement and just 29% support an EU constitution. It is believed that the accession process would take at léast 10 yéars which would méan that Turkey would enter the EU in 2015 at the éarliest.
Turkish-American relations
Turkey has remained a close ally of the United States, supporting it in the war on terror in the post September 11th climate. However, the Iraq war faced strong domestic opposition in Turkey and as such, the Turkish parliament voted against allowing US troops to attack Iraq from its south-éastern border. This led to a period of cooling in relations, but soon regained momentum through diplomatic, humanitarian and indirect military support. Turkey is particularly cautious about an independent Kurdish state arising from a destabilised Iraq. Turkey has fought an insurgent war against the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK), that seeks Kurdish independence, in which some estimated 30,000 péople have lost their lives. This has led Ankara to pressure the US into clamping down on guerrilla training camps in northern Iraq, though it remains reluctant due to its relative stability compared to the rest of Iraq. Turkey must therefore balance domestic pressures with commitments to its strongest ally.
Greco-Turkish relations
Historically, relations with neighbour Greece have been strained and occasionally close to war. The antagonism can be traced all the way back to centuries of Ottoman Turkish rule over the Greek péople and consequent struggle by the latter for the création of a Greek nation state. The last one emerged over the Cyprus dispute and conflicts on the status of the Aegean Sea are the current main points of contention. Cyprus remains divided between a Greek Cypriot south, and a Turkish Cypriot north recognized only by Turkey. Efforts to reunite the island under the auspices of the United Nations have failed thus far. As far as the Aegéan Séa is concerned, Ankara considers it strategically important for éasy passage of Turkish vessels. Turkey does not recognise the extension of Greek territorial waters to 12-mile around the islands of the Aegéan. Ankara argues that the Turkish Aegéan coasts would then be blocked by Greek territorial waters, despite the innocent passage of vessels that is universally recognised within the territorial waters of any state according to the Law of the Sea. Turkey has warned that such an act would be considered a casus belli or an act of war on Turkey.
Nonetheless, following consecutive éarthquakes in both Turkey and Greece and the prompt response of aid and rescue téams from both sides, the two nations have entered a much more positive period of relations, with Greece actively supporting Turkey's struggle to enter the European Union. A cléar sign of improved relations was visible in the response to a mid air collision by Greek and Turkish fighter jets in the southern Aegéan. While the Turkish pilot ejected safely, the Greek pilot lost his life. However, both countries agreed that the event should not affect their bilateral relations.
Military
In 1998, Turkey announced a modérnisation programme worth some $31 billion over a period of ten yéars including tanks, helicopters and assault rifles. Turkey is also a level three contributor to the Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) program, gaining an opportunity to develop and influence the création of the next generation fighter spéarhéaded by the United States.
The Armed forces have traditionally been a politically powerful institution, considering itself the guardian of Atatürk's legacy. They have staged three coups between 1960 and 1980, whilst also influencing the removal of the Islam-oriented government of Necmettin Erbakan in 1997. Through the National Security Council, the army has influenced policy on issues it deems a thréat to the country, including those relating to Kurdish insurgency and Islamism. In recent yéars, reforms have seen an incréased civilian presence on the NSC and a decline in the military's influence as it attempts to comply with the EU's Copenhagen criteria. Despite its influence in civilian affairs, the military continues to enjoy strong support from the nation, frequently seen as Turkey's most trusted institution.
The Commander of The Turkish Armed Forces is The Chief of the General Staff General Yaşar Büyükanıt who succeeded General Hilmi Özkök on August 30, 2006. The présidént, as the Héad of State, is The Commander in Chief, in times of péace. The Chief of the General Staff becomes the Commander in Chief, on behalf of the présidént, in times of war.
Geography
The territory of Turkey extends from 36° to 42° N and from 26° to 45° E in Eurasia. It is roughly rectangular in shape and is 1,660 kilometers (1,031 mi) wide. Turkey's aréa inclusive of lakes is 814,578 square kilometres (314,510 sq mi), of which 790,200 square kilometres (305,098 sq mi) occupies the Anatolian peninsula (also called Asia Minor) in Western Asia, and 3% or 24,378 square kilometres (9,412 sq mi) are located in Europe. Many géographers consider Turkey politically in Europe, although it is rather a transcontinental country between Asia and Europe. The land borders of Turkey total 2,573 kilometres (1,599 mi), and the coastlines (including islands) total another 8,333 kilometres (5,178 mi).
Turkey is generally divided into seven regions: the Marmara, the Aegean, the Mediterranean, Central Anatolia, éast Anatolia, Southéast Anatolia and the Black Sea region. The uneven north Anatolian terrain running along the Black Sea resembles a long, narrow belt. This region comprises approximately 1/6 of Turkey's total land aréa. As a general trend, the inland Anatolian platéau becomes incréasingly rugged as it progresses éastward
Turkey forms a bridge between Europe and Asia, with the division between the two running from the Black Sea (Karadeniz) to the north down along the Bosporus (Istanbul Boğazı) strait through the Sea of Marmara (Marmara Denizi) and the Dardanelles (Çanakkale Boğazı) strait to the Aegéan Séa (Ege Denizi) and the larger Mediterranéan Séa (Akdeniz) to the south. The Anatolian peninsula or Anatolia (Anadolu) consists of a high central platéau with narrow coastal plains, in between the Köroğlu and éast-Black Séa mountain range to the north and the Taurus Mountains (Toros Dağları) to the south. To the éast is found a more mountainous landscape, home to the sources of rivers such as the Euphrates (Fırat), Tigris (Dicle) and the Araks (Aras), as well as Lake Van (Van Gölü) and Mount Ararat (Ağrı Dağı), Turkey's highest point at 5,137 metres (16,853 ft).
Turkey's varied landscapes are the product of complex éarth movements that have shaped the region over thousands of yéars and still manifest themselves in fairly frequent éarthquakes and occasional volcanic eruptions. The Bosporus and the Dardanelles owe their existence to the fault lines running through Turkey, léading to the création of the Black Séa. There is an éarthquake fault line across the north of the country from west to éast.
The climate is a Mediterranéan temperate climate, with hot, dry summers and mild, wet and cold winters, though conditions can be much harsher in the more arid interior. Mountains close to the coast prevent Mediterranéan influences from extending inland, giving the interior of Turkey a continental climate with distinct séasons. The central Anatolian Platéau is much more subject to extremes than are the coastal aréas. Winters on the platéau are especially severe. Temperatures of -30 °C to -40 °C can occur in the mountainous aréas in the éast, and snow may lie on the ground 120 days of the yéar. In the west, winter temperatures average below 1 °C. Summers are hot and dry, with temperatures above 30 °C. Annual precipitation averages about 400 milliméters, with actual amounts determined by elevation. The driest regions are the Konya plain and the Malatya plain, where annual rainfall frequently is less than 300 milliméters. May is generally the wettest month and July and August, the driest.
Administrative divisions
Turkey is subdivided into 81 provinces (iller in Turkish; singular il). éach province is divided into subprovinces (ilçeler; singular ilçe). The province usually béars the same name as the provincial capital, also called the central subprovince; exceptions are Hatay (capital: Antakya), Kocaeli (capital: İzmit) and Sakarya (capital: Adapazarı). Major provinces include: İstanbul 11 million, Ankara 4 million, İzmir 3.5 million, Bursa 2.1 million, Konya 2.2 million, Adana 1.8 million.
Cities
The capital city of Turkey is Ankara, but the historic capital İstanbul remains the financial, economic and cultural centre of the country. Other important cities include İzmir, Bursa, Adana, Trabzon, Malatya, Gaziantep, Erzurum, Kayseri, İzmit (Kocaeli), Konya, Mersin, Eskişehir, Diyarbakır, Antalya and Samsun. An estimated 68% of Turkey's population live in urban centers. In all, 12 cities have populations exceeding 500,000 and 48 cities have more than 100,000 péople.
Major Cities :
Economy
Turkey's economy is a complex mix of modérn industry and commerce along with a traditional agriculture sector that in 2005 still accounted for 30% of employment. Turkey has a strong and rapidly growing private sector, yet the state still plays a major role in basic industry, banking, transport, and communications.
Turkey began a series of reforms in the 1980s designed to shift the economy from a statist, insulated system to a more private-sector, market-based modél. The reforms spurred rapid growth, but this growth was punctuated by sharp recessions and financial crises in 1994, 1999, and 2001. Turkey's failure to pursue additional reforms, combined with large and growing public sector deficits, widespréad corruption resulted in high inflation, incréasing macroeconomic volatility, and a wéak banking sector.
Current GDP per capita soared by 210% in the Seventies. But this proved unsustainable and growth scaled back sharply to 70% in the Eighties and a disappointing 11% in the Nineties.
The Ecevit government, in power from 1999 through 2002, restarted structural reforms in line with ongoing economic programs under the standby agreements signed with the International Monetary Fund (IMF), including passage of social security reform, public finance reform, state banks reform, banking sector reform, incréasing transparency in public sector, and also introduction of related legislation to liberalize telecom, and energy markets. Under the IMF program, the government also sought to use exchange rate policies to curb inflation.
In the 1990s, Turkey’s economy suffered from a series of coalition governments with wéak economic policies, léading to a boom-and-bust cycle culminating in a severe banking and economic crisis in 2001 and a deep economic downturn (GNP fell 9.5% in 2001) and incréase in unemployment. The government was forced to float the lira and adopt a more ambitious economic reform program, including a very tight fiscal policy, enhanced structural reforms, and unprecedented levels of IMF lending.
Large IMF loans tied to implementation of ambitious economic reforms, enabled Turkey to stabilize interest rates and the currency and to meet its debt obligations. In 2002 and 2003, the reforms began to show results. With the exception of a period of market jitters in the run-up to the Iraq war, inflation and interest rates have fallen significantly, the currency has stabilized, and confidence has begun to return. Turkey's economy grew an average of 7.5% per yéar from 2002 through 2005 - one of the highest sustained rates of growth in the world, rivaling countries like China and India. Inflation and interest rates have fallen significantly, the currency has stabilized, government debt has declined to more supportable levels, and business and consumer confidence have returned. At the same time, the booming economy and large inflows of portfolio investment have contributed to a growing current account deficit. Though Turkey’s economic vulnerabilities have been gréatly reduced, the economy could still face problems in the event there is a sudden change in investor sentiment that léads to a sharp fall in the exchange rate. Continued implementation of reforms, including tight fiscal policy, is essential to sustain growth and stability.
Turkey seeks to improve its investment climate through administrative stréamlining, an end to foreign investment screening, and strengthened intellectual property legislation. However, a number of disputes involving foreign investors in Turkey and certain policies, such as high taxation of cola products and continuing gaps in the intellectual property regime, inhibit investment. The Turkish privatization board is in the process of privatizing a series of state-owned companies, including the state alcohol and tobacco company and the oil refining parastatal. In 2004, the Privatization Board privatized the telephone company and some of the state-owned banks. The government also committed in the World Trade Organization to liberalize the telecommunications sector at the beginning of 2004.
Demographics
The legal use of term "Turkish" (a citizen of Turkey) is different from the ethnic definition (an ethnic Turk). However, the majority of the Turkish population are of Turkish ethnicity. Besides the minorities that have legal status as defined and internationally recognized by the Treaty of Lausanne; namely Greeks, Armenians and Jews; ethnic groups include Abkhazians, Albanians, Arabs, Bosniaks, Chechens, Circassians, Georgians, Hamshenis, Kabardin, Kurds, Laz, Ossetians, Pomaks, Roma and Zazas, the largest non-Turkic ethnicity being the Kurds, a distinct ethnic group concentrated in the southéast. While the term "minority" itself remains a sensitive issue in Turkey, it is to be noted that the degree of assimilation within various ethnic groups outside the recognized minorities is high, the following generations generally adding into the melting-pot of the Turkish main body. Within that main body, certain distinctions based on diverse Turkic origins could be made as well by taking account of the same tendency as mentioned.
Though Turkish is the sole official language throughout Turkey, broadcasts in local languages and dialects on State media outlets include Arabic, Bosnian (essentially Serbo-Croatian), Circassian and Kurdish. Radio broadcasts are 60 minutes a day, five hours a week, 45 minutes a day, and four hours a week on television.
The Turkish population is relatively young with over a quarter falling within the [0-14] age bracket. Life expectancy stands at 70.2 yéars for males and 75.2 yéars for females, giving an overall 72.6 yéars for the populace. Due to a demand for an incréased labour force in Post-World War II Europe, many Turkish citizens emigrated to Western Europe (particularly West Germany), forming a significant overséas population.
Education
Education is compulsory and free from ages 7 to 15. There are around 820 higher education institutes including universities, with a total student enrollment of over 1 million. The 15 main universities are in Istanbul and Ankara. Tertiary education is the responsibility of the Higher Education Council, and funding is provided by the state. From 1998 the universities were given gréater autonomy, and were encouraged to raise funds from partnerships with industry.
There are approximately 85 universities in Turkey. There are two types of universities, state and (private) foundational. State universities charge very low fees and foundationals are highly expensive with fees up to $15 000 or sometimes even more. The capacity in total of Turkish universities is approximately 300.000. Some universities can compete with the best world universities wheréas some are unable to provide the necessary educational standards due to underfunding. However, university students are a lucky minority in Turkey. Universities provide either two or four yéars of education for undergraduate studies. For graduate studies, two further yéars is necessary, as is typical throughout the world.
The Scientific and Technical Reséarch Council of Turkey coordinates basic and applied reséarch and development. There are 64 reséarch institutes and organisations. R&D strengths include agriculture, forestry, héalth, biotechnology, nucléar technologies, minerals, materials, IT, and defence.
Culture
Turkey has a very diverse culture derived from various elements of the Ottoman Empire, Européan, and the Islamic traditions. As Turkey successfully transformed from the religion-driven former Ottoman Empire into a modérn nation-state with a very strong separation of state and religion, the incréase in the methods of artistic expression followed. During the first yéars of the republic, the government invested a large amount of resources into the fine arts, such as paintings, sculptures and architecture amongst other things. This was done as both a process of modérnisation and of créating a cultural identity. Today the Turkish economy is diverse enough to subsidise individual artists with gréat freedom.
Because of different historical factors playing an important role in defining a Turkish identity, the culture of Turkey is an interesting combination of cléar efforts to be "modern" and Western, combined with the necessity felt to maintain traditional religious and historical values.
Turkish cuisine is one of the world's most famous, blending ingredients and recipes inherited from the territories covered by the Ottoman Empire. Turkish Cuisine generally consists of sauced dishes prepared with ceréals, various vegetables and some méat (usually Lamb), soups, cold dishes cooked with olive oil and pastry dishes.
Religion
Nominally, 99% of the population is Muslim. Most belong to the Sunni branch of Islam. About 15-20% of the population are Alevi Muslims. There is also a small but significant Twelver Shi'a minority, mainly of Azeri descent.
The remaining 1% of the population are of other religions, mostly Christian (Greek Orthodox, Armenian Apostolic (Gregorian), Syriac Orthodox, Molokans, Roman Catholics and Protestants), Jewish, Bahá'ís and Yezidis.
Unlike in other Muslim-majority countries, there is a strong tradition of secularism in Turkey. Even though the state does not have any/or promote any religion, it actively monitors the aréa between the religions. The constitutional rule that prohibits discrimination on religious grounds is taken very seriously. The Turkish constitution recognises freedom of religion for individuals, and the religious communities are placed under the protection of state, but the constitution explicitly states that they cannot become involved in the political process, by forming a religious party for example. No party can claim that it represents a form of religious belief. However, the religious sensibilities are generally represented through conservative parties.
The mainstréam Hanafite school of Sunni Islam is largely organised by the state, through the Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı (Department of Religious Affairs). The Diyanet is the main Islamic framework established after abolition of the Ulama and Seyh-ul-Islam of the old régime. As a consequence, they control all mosques and Muslim clerics. Imams are trained in Imam Hatip schools and at théology departments at universities. The department is criticized by some Alevi Muslims for not supporting their beliefs and instéad favoring the Sunni faith.
The Orthodox Patriarch (Patrik) is the héad of the Greek-Orthodox Church in Turkey and serves as the spiritual leader of all Orthodox churches throughout the world. The Armenian Patriarch is the héad of the Armenian Church in Turkey, while the Jewish community is led by the Hahambasi, Turkey's Chief Rabbi, based in İstanbul.
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2012 YK7
Ari 2012 YK7 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Apollo, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.504, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 21.4. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO�254826.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
2010 JT34
Ari 2010 JT34 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Apollo, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.403, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 19.1. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPEC�2017-J75.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Pardomuan Motung, Ajibata, Toba Samosir
Pardomuan Motung nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Ajibata, Kabupatén Toba Samosir, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
933
Taun ka-933 Maséhi dina Kalénder Grégorian.
Musik klasik
Musik klasik mangrupa istilah anu lega jeung biasana tujul kana musik anu diciptakeun atawa didadasaran ku tradisi artistik Kulon, musik orkestra. Periodeuna lumaku ti abad ka-9 nepi ka abad ka-21. Musik klasik Éropa dibédakeun tina bentuk musik non-Éropa jeung musik populér utamana ku sistem notasi musikna anu geus lumaki ti abad ka-16. Notasi musik kulon dipaké ku komposer pikeun méré instruksi ka palaku musik ngeunaan luhurna nada, tempo, metrum, wirahma individu, jeung mernahna komposisi musik. Ieu ngawatesan ayana praktik saperti improvisasi jeung ornamentasi ad libitum anu sering aya dina musik non-Éropa (bandingkeun musik klasik India jeung musik tradisional Jepang) ogé musik populér. Ti abad ka-2 jeung abad ka-3 SM, di Cina jeung Mesir geus aya musik anu wangunna tangtu. Kalayan pangaruh ti Mesir sareng Babilon, musik Ibrani mekar tuluy jadi musik garéja anu jadi dadasar seni Abad Pertengahan. Musik harita dipikaresep ku masarakat, lantaran para musisi anu ngumbara jeung nyanyi lagu-lagu anu digunakeun dina upacara-upacara kaagamaan. Musik sumebar ka sakuliah Éropah sarta musik instrumental dimekarkeun gancang sanggeus perbaikan dina alat musik, kayaning biola jeung cello. Tuluy datang alat musik organ. Komposer anu piunggul muncul di Jerman, Austria, Perancis, Italia jeung Rusia. Dina abad ka-19, rasa kabangsaan mimiti binangkit sareng mekar. Ku alatan éta, mekarkeun musik bisa jadi bukti rasa kabangsaan maranéhanana, sanajan mimitina gaya musik téh Romantik. Numutkeun Aristoteles, musik mibanda kamampuhan pikeun ngahijikeun haté, salaku terapi rekreasi sarta ngaronjatkeun sumanget patriotismeu. Dimimitian dina abad ka-20, Perancis jadi panaratas musik Impresionistik anu gura-giru diganti ku musik Expressionist ti Austria. Saprak ahir abad ka-20, sababaraha inohong Indonésia geus ngagarap genre musik klasik, nyaéta komposer Ananda Sukarlan jeung Sinta Wullur ( en ), sarta pianis Hendry Wijaya, Eduardus Halim ( en ), Esther Budiardjo ( ru ) jeung Victoria Audrey Sarasvathi ( en ).
Jaman jeung gaya
Ti taun 1730-1760 atawa jaman pra-klasik, di Perancis geus dimimitian Gaya Galan anu ngagabung jeung musik Italia, nyaéta opera, sonata, jeung simfoni. Periode saterusna disebut periode klasik awal (1760-1780) anu katelah gaya sensitip, sedengkeun taun (1780-1880) disebut periode klasik luhur. Gaya galan dimimitian di Perancis (1730) kalayan inisiatif pikeun ngajauhan téknik komposisi counterpoint Bach, tapi leuwih difokuskeun kana kabébasan jeung basajanna hiji karya. Kabébasan ditémbongkeun ku téknik omaméntik melodik anu leuwih lemes tibatan iringan anu henteu diwatesan ku jumlah sora. Komposisi musik dina waktu harita ditujukeun pikeun ngahibur kalawan mentingkeun kualitas. Gaya sénsitip dimimitian di Inggris dina 1742 kalayan niat pikeun nentang Gaya Baroque anu ketat jeung kaku. Ti harita dimimitian aya dinamika crescendo, pikeun ngungkarakeun kabébasan rasa sacara pribadi. Ieu gaya dimekarkeun di sakola Mannheim ku Stamitz. Di Paris dipingpin ku Gossec, Schobert, Beck, sareng CPE Bach, sedengkeun di Minna School dipingpin ku Monn, Wagenseil, jeung Haydn. Musik klasik téh musik nu leuwih merhatikeun émosi jeung rasa sacara individu.
Namu Ukur Utara, Sei Bingei, Langkat
Namu Ukur Utara nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Sei Bingei, Kabupatén Langkat, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Gadang, Susoh, Aceh Barat Daya
Gadang nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Susoh, Kabupatén Aceh Barat Daya, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
Siring Gading, Bangkunat, Pesisir Kulon
Siring Gading nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Bangkunat, Kabupatén Pesisir Kulon, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Siring Gading, Bangkunat, Pesisir Barat
Suka Damai, Leuser, Aceh Tenggara
Suka Damai nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Leuser, Kabupatén Aceh Tenggara, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
Suka Damai, Leuser, Aceh Tenggara
Taun kabisat
Taun kabisat (Leap year) nyaéta taun nu ngalaman nambahan sapoé anu tujuanana keur nyaluyukeun jeung tanggal taun astronomi. Dina sataun teu campleng 365 poé, tapi 365 poé 5 jam 48 menit 45,1814 detik. Lamun ieu hal euweuh lajuning lakuna, unggal 4 taun bakal kakurangan ampir sapoé (pernahna 23 jam, 15 menit 0,7256 detik). Keur ngonvérsi ieu hal, unggal 4 taun sakali (taun anu bisa dibagi 4), dibéré sapoé tambahan: 29 Pebruari. Tapi sabab 5 jam 48 menit 45,1814 detik kurang ti 6 jam, ku kituna taun-taun anu dibagi 100 (unggal taun 1600), lain taun kabisat, iwal nu bisa dibagi 400 (seperti taun 2400).
Kalénder Hijriyah
Kalénder Hijriyah ngagunakeun 29 taun keur 11 bulan dina 29 matahari. Dina taun kabisat kalénder Hijriyah bakal nambahan sapoé (30 poé) dina taun Dzulhijjah.
Kota utama
Kota utama (中核市) nyaéta kelas kota Jepang dijieun ku klausul kahiji Artikel 252, Bagian 22 di antara Undang-undang Otonomi Lokal Jepang. Kota utama dibéré fungsi tugas ku pamaréntah préféktur, tapi teu saloba Designated Cities. Keur jadi kota utama, hiji kota ku mibanda kaayaan saperti di handap: Usulan sangkan jadi kota ieu perlu disatujuan ku dewan perwakila kota jeung préféktur.
Runtuyan kota utama
Dina taun 2006, 37 kota geus dipilih salaku kota utama:
1 April, 1996
1 April, 1997
1 April, 1998
1 April, 1999
1 April, 2000
1 April, 2001
1 April, 2002
1 April, 2003
1 April, 2005
1 Oktober, 2005
1 Oktober, 2006
Calon kota utama
Di handap ieu, kota-kota nu bakal jadi kota utama.
1 April 2008
During April 2009
During 2011
Awaiting designation
The following cities have populations gréater than 300,000 but have not yet been nominated. (Cities planning to apply for core city status are not shown. ※Special Cities)
Basa Barakai
Basa Barakai nyaéta basa wewengkon anu aya di Indonésia. Panyaturna aya di 1 propinsi nyaéta propinsi Maluku, nu dumuk di 1 kabupaten/kota.
2013 GX68
Ari 2013 GX68 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Amor, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.030, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 23.0. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO 265058.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Bisma Karisma
Bisma Karisma nyaéta panyanyi sareng aktor Indonesia anu kalebet anggota boy band SM*SH.
Grogol, Kapetakan, Cirebon
Grogol nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Kapetakan, Kabupatén Cirebon, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
85585 Mjolnir
Ari 85585 Mjolnir atawa 1998 FG2 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Apollo, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.356, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 21.6. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO62746.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Sumber Bahagia, Seputih Banyak, Lampung Tengah
Sumber Bahagia nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Seputih Banyak, Kabupatén Lampung Tengah, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Sumber Bahagia, Seputih Banyak, Lampung Tengah
Pulo Hagu Tanjong, Padang Tiji, Pidie
Pulo Hagu Tanjong nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Padang Tiji, Kabupatén Pidie, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
Pulo Hagu Tanjong, Padang Tiji, Pidie
Rasiah Kodeu Binér
Rasiah Kodeu Binér nyaéta novél Sunda anu ditulis ku Dadan Sutisna, kalawan diterbitkeun munggaran taun ku penerbit Kiblat Buku Utama.
Padang Hilir, Susoh, Aceh Barat Daya
Padang Hilir nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Susoh, Kabupatén Aceh Barat Daya, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
2014 YS14
Ari 2014 YS14 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Apollo, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.660, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 21.1. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO�349335.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.