cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Lini Bushehr 2013
Latar téktonik
Iran aya di wewengkon kompléks tubrukan antara Lémpéng Arab jeung Lémpéng Eurasia. Tingkat konvergénsi antara lémpéng-lémpéng éta di deukeut épiséntrum lini kira-kira 30 mm per taun, nu mana sabagian aya dina sabuk tubrukan jeung lipetan Zagros. Lini ieu diakibatkeun ku patahan tina tubrukan ti pola patahan kalér-kulon—tenggara, saluyu jeung pergerakan Lémpéng Arab.
Lini
Dina 16:22 IRDT (11:52 UTC) dina 9 April 2013, hiji lini skala 6,3 narajang basisir kidul-kulon Iran, di Propinsi Bushehr. Lini ieu aya dina 10 km jero taneuh, di deukeut kota Khvormuj jeung Kaki. Sababaraha lini susulan lumangsung utamina nepi ka 1 jam sanggeus lini utama. Lini susulan anu pangkiatna nepi ka skala 5,6.
Wewengkon anu katarajang dieusian ku puluhan rébu urang di 50 désa. Badan Géologi Amérika Sarikat (USGS) merkirakeun yén 80.000 urang ngarasaan oyag anu kiat samentara yutaan lianna ngarasaan geter saeutik. Lini ieu karasa nepi ka sababaraha nagara di deukeut Teluk Pérsia, saperti Qatar, Bahrain, Arab Saudi, jeung Uni Émirat Arab.
Dampak
Saeutikna 37 urang maot sarta diperkirakeun 850 lianna luka-luka lantaran lini ieu. Kalobaanana korban maot aya di kota Shonbeh jeund désa di Distrik Shonbeh jeung Tasuj. Ti korban luka, 100 urang butuh parawatan rumah sakit.
Longsor anu disababkeun ku lini ieu dilaporkeun di Kaki. Numutkeun Gubernur Propinsi Fereydun Hasanvand, 700 imah ruksak, mangaruhan kana padumukan pikeun 200 kulawarga. Raloba warga di Distrik Shonbeh heunteu miboga aksés listrik jeung cai bérésih. Warga ngeusian jalanan pikeun kaamanan sanggeus sababaraha lini susulan narajang.
Numutkeun Hasanvand, PLTN Bushehr heunteu ngalaman karuksakan. Pajabat pausahaan ngalaporkeun "Lini ieu heunteu mangaruhan kaayaan normal di réaktor, para patugas ngalajengkeun pagawéan saperti biasana sarta tingkat radiasi aya dina kaayaan normal." PLTN éta diwangun sangkan tahan ti lini skala 8, numutkeun saurang pajabat. Lini ieu lumangsung di Poé Téknologi Nuklir Nasional Iran.
Di luar Iran
Sababaraha gedong dikosongkeun di Manama, Bahrain. Di Dubai, Uni Émirat Arab (UÉA, wangunan ogé dikosongkeun, di antarana di TECOM (Badan Zona Bébas Média jeung Padagangan Téhnologi jeung Éléktronik Dubai). Lini ieu ogé karasa di Abu Dhabi, UÉA, nyababkeun para warga kaluar ti wangunan-wangunan. Di Dammam, Arab Saudi, warga kaluar ti wangunan-wangunan sanggeus geteran ti lini karasa.
Sanggeus kajadian
Bulan Sapasi Beureum Iran ngintun 5 tim ka Propinsi Bushehr pikeun ngatur usaha panyalametan. Sababaraha hélikopter ti propinsi lian nulungan pangangkutan pasokan barang bantuan. 3 poé duka cita nasional diumumkeun dina 9 April.
Adab
Adab nyaéta norma atawa aturan ngeunaan sopan santun dumasar kana aturan agama, utamana Agama Islam. Norma ngeunaan ieu adab dipaké dina hirup kumbuh atawa kahirupan antara manusa jeung manusa, manusa jeung tatangga, ogé kaum jeung kaum. Sebutan jalma mibanda adab saényana ngandung harti yén jalma éta nyaho kana aturan ngeunaan adab atawa sopan santun anu ditangtukeun ku Agama Islam. Tapi, dina prak-prakana mah, kecap mibanda adab jeung teu mibanda adab dipatalikeun jeung segi kasopanan ku cara umum jeung teu husus digabungkeun dina Agama Islam.
2011 AD3
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Gosong Telaga Selatan, Singkil Utara, Aceh Singkil
Gosong Telaga Selatan nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Singkil Utara, Kabupatén Aceh Singkil, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
Sunan Muria
Sunan Muria atawa Radén Umar Said nyaéta budakna Radén Said (Sunan Kalijaga). Ngaran budakna nyaéta Radén Prawoto. Nyebarkeun dakwah Islamiyah di handap Gunung Muria 18 km kaléreun Kota Kudus, Jawa Tengah. Kalawan sikepna nu handap asor, Sunan Muria nyumebarkeun Islam di Jepara, Tayu, Juana nepi ka Kudus jeung Pati. salah sahiji hasil dakwah ngaliwatan seni nyaéta lagu Sinom jeung Kinanti sarta gamelan pikeun dakwah.
Dina kahirupan imah tangga Sunan Muria nikah kalawan Déwi Sujinah. Sunan Muria kaasup pangrojong satia Kasultanan Islam Demak. Teu disebutkeun iraha Sunan Muria dibabarkeun. Ogé teu aya nu apal taun sabaraha Sunan Muria maot. Sunan Muria dikurebkeun di tempat nu sarua nalika anjeuna nyumebarkeun Islam nyaéta di handap Gunung Muria.
Parik Sinomba, Barus Utara, Tapanuli Tengah
Parik Sinomba nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Barus Utara, Kabupatén Tapanuli Tengah, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
24 Juni
24 Juni nyaéta poé ka-175 dina sataun (ka-176 dina taun kabisat) dina kalénder Gregorian, sésana 190 poé.
Nu babar
1895 – Jack Dempsey, tukang tinju Amérika (td. 1983)
1987 – Lionel Messi, pamaén bola Argéntina 1980 – Minka Kelly, artis Amérika
Nu pupus
1908 – Grover Cleveland, présidén AS ka-22 jeung ka-24 (l. 1837)
Madang Jaya, Rebang Tangkas, Way Kanan
Madang Jaya nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Rebang Tangkas, Kabupatén Way Kanan, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
2013 XW8
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
2006 YH2
Ari 2006 YH2 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Amor, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.451, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 25.4. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO 114822.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Beuradeun, Peukan Bada, Aceh Besar
Beuradeun nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Peukan Bada, Kabupatén Aceh Besar, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
Sunda
Sunda nyaéta éntitas bangsa/séké sélér nu nyicingan utamana bagian kulon pulo Jawa (katelah Tatar Sunda atawa Pasundan, kiwari ngawengku propinsi Jawa Kulon, Banten, jeung bagian kulon Jawa Tengah), nyaéta urang Sunda, nu ngagunakeun basa Sunda salaku basa indungna katut kabudayaanana.
Kecap Sunda bisa nujul ka rupa-rupa harti nu sacara umum patali jeung wewengkon bagian kulon kapuloan Indonésia. Titinggal sajarah pangheubeulna nu nyebut-nyebut kecap Sunda nyaéta prasasti Kebonkopi 2 nu dijieun taun 536 M (atawa 458 Saka) dina basa Malayu nu nujul ka karajaan Sunda (aya ogé nu boga pamanggih yén prasasti ieu dijieun taun 932 M, atawa 854 Saka). Kecap Sunda ogé geus aya ti saprak 4000 SM anu geus kaliwat numutkeun filologi Proto Melayu dipikanyaho pang kolotna di Asia, singhoréng gening leuwih ngora tibatan Proto Soendic (Sunda) rebuan taun (Bern Nothover, 1973).
Urang Sunda mibanda ciri mandiri, kayaning soméah, lemes dina cumarita, resep heureuy, tur loba akalna.
Basa Sanskerta
Sund hartina moncorong (A Sanskrit-English Dictionary karangan Monier Williams). Numutkeun kana basa Sansakerta, harti Sunda téh aya genep, nyaéta: Bercahaya, terang benderang, anu ngarawat alam/dunya, Satria anu mibanda tanaga gedé, satria anu trampil, bodas beresih, ngaran gunung di beulah kalér kota Bandung.
Basa Kawi
Numutkeun basa Kawi aya opat harti Sunda, nyaéta :“Cai” hartina daérah anu loba cai, “Tumpukan” hartina subur, “Pangkat” hartina mibanda kualitas, “Waspada” hartina ati-ati.
Basa Jawa
Numutkeun basa Jawa aya lima harti Sunda, nyaéta :“Tersusun” hartina tartib, “Nyatu/Bersatu” hartina hirup rukun, “Angka dua (candra sangkala)” hartina saimbang, “Naék” hartina kualitas hirupna terus naék, “Terbang melambung” hartina beuki naék kualitasna. Dina Kamus ''Jav-Ned. Handwoordenbook'' karangan J.E.C. Gericke jeung T. Roorda disebutkeun yén Sunda téh hartina numpuk, nyusun, ngarangkep, kécap atawa sora dirajek. Upama dijieun candrasangkala hartina dua, asalna tina basa Jawa unda anu hartina: Ngunda (jangkrik anu rek diadukeun), Ngapungkeun (langlayangan). Dina basa Jawa tunda hartina tumpukan, susun.
Basa Sunda
Numutkeun basa Sundana, kecap Sunda mibanda harti :“Lumbung” hartina subur makmur, “Sonda” hartina alus, “Sonda” hartina unggul, “Sonda” hartina senang, bungah, “Sonda” hartina sarua jeung kahayang haté, “Sondara” hartina lalaki anu kasép, “Sondari” hartina awéwé anu geulis, Pinuh ku rasa kanyaah, Éndah.
Dialék Basa Sunda
Ditempo tina linguistik, basa Sunda jeung basa Baduy ngawangun hiji rumpun/dapuran basa Malayu-Sumbawa. Kalawan rupa-rupa dialék: Urang Portugis nu kungsi sagulung sagalang jeung urang Sunda, nyebutkeun cenah urang Sunda ma jujur, sarta lébér ku wawanén.
Margaluyu, Campaka, Cianjur
Margaluyu nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Campaka, Kabupatén Cianjur, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Tunjung, Kubutambahan, Buleleng
Tunjung nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di Kacamatan Kubutambahan, Kabupatén Buleleng, Propinsi Bali, Indonésia. Ari kode posna nyaéta 81172.
Limau Purut, Kluet Utara, Aceh Selatan
Limau Purut nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Kluet Utara, Kabupatén Aceh Selatan, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
Tanjung Katung, Maro Sebo, Muaro Jambi
Tanjung Katung nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Maro Sebo, Kabupatén Muaro Jambi, Propinsi Jambi, Indonésia.
SMA Plus Al-Muqorrobin Cisompet
SMA Plus Al-Muqorrobin Cisompet nyaéta Sakola Menengah Atas Swasta anu aya di Kabupatén Garut. Alamat lengkepna di Kp. Cihideung Désa. Cikondang, Kalurahan/Désa Cikondang Kacamatan Cisompét, Kabupatén Garut, Jawa Kulon kalawan nomor NPSN 69900119.
Gunung Puntang
Sasakala Gunung Puntang
Nurutken sesepuh di dinya, Gunung Puntang téh hiji tempat nu dipaké muntang ku Prabu Siliwangi waktu diudag-udag ku Prabu Kéansantang nu jadi anakna. Maksud Kéan Santang ngudag-ngudag ka Prabu Siliwangi téh, sangkan Prabu Siliwangi lebet agama Islam
Purba Tua, Barus Utara, Tapanuli Tengah
Purba Tua nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Barus Utara, Kabupatén Tapanuli Tengah, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Buttu Bayu, Silou Kahean, Simalungun
Buttu Bayu nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Silou Kahean, Kabupatén Simalungun, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Baséh, Kedungbanténg, Banyumas
Baséh nyaéta salah sahiji désa di Kacamatan Kedungbanténg, Kabupatén Banyumas, Propinsi Jawa Tengah, Indonésia.
2011 ET4
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Air Ringkih, Rebang Tangkas, Way Kanan
Air Ringkih nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Rebang Tangkas, Kabupatén Way Kanan, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Blang Oi, Meuraxa, Banda Aceh
Blang Oi nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Meuraxa, Kota Banda Aceh, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
Kampung Baru, Singkil Utara, Aceh Singkil
Kampung Baru nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Singkil Utara, Kabupatén Aceh Singkil, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
Kampung Baru, Singkil Utara, Aceh Singkil
Lampisang, Peukan Bada, Aceh Besar
Lampisang nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Peukan Bada, Kabupatén Aceh Besar, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
SMAS Muhammadiyah Parung
SMAS Muhammadiyah Parung nyaéta Sakola Menengah Atas Swasta anu aya di Kabupatén Bogor. Alamat lengkepna di Jln. Ciseeng Gn. Kapur Rt 14/04, Kalurahan/Désa Bojong Indah Kacamatan Parung, Kabupatén Bogor, Jawa Kulon kalawan nomor NPSN 20232366.
Jambi Tulo, Maro Sebo, Muaro Jambi
Jambi Tulo nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Maro Sebo, Kabupatén Muaro Jambi, Propinsi Jambi, Indonésia.
Mekarjaya, Campaka, Cianjur
Mekarjaya nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Campaka, Kabupatén Cianjur, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Supa hoé
Supa hoé; Clitocybe nyaéta hiji supa tina genus. Clitocybe  téh hartosna  sirah dengdek . Ieu supa dicirikeun ku kelirna bodas, bodas kakonéng-konéngan,sareng krém. Ieu supa utamina saprotrophic,tayalian nguraikeun kotoran taneuh leuweung.Ieu genus ditaksir aya kana kurang leuwih 300 spésiés anu sumebar.
Sababaraha supa anggota genus ieu dianggap tiasa didahar; tapi loba anu séjéna matak weureu/ngandung racun, anu disebut muscarine. Ngabédakeun ungal spésiésCli1tocybe kudu ku ahlina, ulah sagawayah, alatan meryogikeun analisa karakter mikroskopis. Kajaba sababaraha anggota anu tiasa katempo béda tina ciri-cirina, Clitocybe supa ieu jarang diarah/dikumpulkeun kanggo dikonsumsi.
Taxonomy
Clitocybeasalna diusulkeun ku Elias Fries dina taun 1821 kulawarga tina genus Agaricus. Friedrich Staude ngangkat kana status generik di 1857.
Kadieunakeun, ngaliwatan analisa molecular parantos nunjukkeun genus janten polyphyletic: seueur anggota anu sigana jarak jauh sareng jamur anu sanés, saperti field blewit jeung wood blewit, ayeuna jadi Clitocybe saeva jeung C. nuda masing-masing, langkung caket hubunganana.
Spésiés anu kapilih
The bioluminescent jack o'lantern mushroom (Omphalotus olearius) was formerly placed in this genus as Clitocybe illudens.
Tutumbu ka luar
Kategori :Agaricales genera Kategori : suung
2002 TA69
Ari 2002 TA69 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Apollo, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.583, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 18.2. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO�160326.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
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Rujukan
Wikipedia Basa Inggris, Juli 2006.
2013 QV1
Ari 2013 QV1 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Apollo, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.274, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 22.0. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO�301793.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
25 Juni
25 Juni nyaéta poé ka-176 dina sataun (ka-177 dina taun kabisat) dina kalénder Gregorian, sésana 189 poé.
Sagon
Sagon atawa sasagon téh salah sahiji kadaharan nu dijieun tina tipung béas, ketan, parud kalapa, jeung gula bodas. Sagon téh kaasup salah sahiji kadaharan tradisional nu dipigandrung ku sakabéh masarakat, ku sabab rasana nu amis, gurih, jeung ngepros mun digégél. Rasa nu geus puguh énak téh dirojong ku bau has anu dihasilkeun tina parudan kalapa. Ieu kadaharan téh kawilang husus, da biasana aya dina poé lebaran, idul adha, hajatan, jeung poé husus lianna
Jelér
Pedaran
Jelér pangawakana kawas belut ngan leuwih buntet huluna monyong jeung rada bentelu, panonna laleutik, cécépét buntutna kawas garpuh. Cécépét palebah dada (dorsal) ; beuteung (anal); jeung buntut (caudal) kurang leuwih aya 7 ramo-ramo kawas garpuh. Kelir tonggongna semu héjo zaitun, awakna belang-belang kelir coklat, ti mimiti palebah panon nepi ka buntutna aya polét hideung ngaurat kalawan écés, cécépét buntutna ramo-ramona ngagurat kaluhur, cécépét-cécépét ditempat anu séjénna  méh teu katempo. Palebah beuteungna aya kelir semu konéng. Pangawakan Lauk jelér kawas belut ngan leuwih buntet jeung mibanda kumis ogé cécépét anu  jangkungna, 6-7 kali panjang awakna. Huluna rada bentelu, gedéna kurang leuwih 5 - 6 kali panjang awakna. Pipi, satukangeun panona, asangna/insang ditutupan ku sisik-sisik anu kacida leutikna, bisa katempo soteh upama maké kaca atawa alat panempo barang leutik. liang irungna (Nostril) leuwih deukeut kana panon ti batan kana momonyong huluna.
Panonna, laleutik pisan. Kumisna aya 8 lambar; kumis anu aya dina biwir handapna leuwih pondok ngan rada kandel, sakapeungmah malahan henteu katempo. Susuri/cécépét tonggongna (dorsal) satengahna tina cécépét beuteungna. cécépét dina dadana (pektoral) tungtungna rada bentelu semu buleud. cécépét dorsal mibanda 7- 8 ramo-ramo leuleus wanguna kawas garpuh; cécépét bujurna 7;   cécépét pektoral 7-8;  jeung cécépét ventral 7. tungtung cécépétsemu buleud kawas beunang neukteuk.
Kabiasaan hirup
Mimiti kapanggih di susukan "Tjelankahan" (Cilangkahan?) di Jawa , ti saprak harita jelér kapanggih ogé di sababaraha daérah di pulo Jawa:   mimitina di Bandung, Garut, Jakarta, Bogor, Purworejo. Kapanggih ogé di Deli (Sumatera) jeung Situ Bagendit. Di Bogor, lauk ieu mimiti kapanggih di susukan Ci Liwung deukeut Kebun Raya Bogor
Jelér ogé kapanggih di Kalimantan, Semenanjung Malaya, Thailand (Sungai Chao Phraya, S. Mekong, dan pulo Koh Mahk), Laos, Kamboja, Vietnam, dan Birma (S. Salween).
Jelér sakapeung hirup ogé di susukan leutik/solokan sungai-sungai, anu caina henteu tarik tur déét, aya ogé di rawa, situ, jeung sawah. Mindeng ogé kapanggih di susukan anu remet ku akar vegetasi, tur taneuhna tina lempung atawa leutak.
IUCN ngalaporkeun yén jelér masih loba kapanggih hartina masih jauh tina konservasi/kudu di jaga kalumangsungan hirupna, taya lian kaayaana "LC" (Least Concern).
Bebetin, Sawan, Buleleng
Bebetin nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di Kacamatan Sawan, Kabupatén Buleleng, Propinsi Bali, Indonésia. Ari kode posna nyaéta 81171.
Pananggahan, Barus Utara, Tapanuli Tengah
Pananggahan nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Barus Utara, Kabupatén Tapanuli Tengah, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
SMA Bina Nusa Purwajaya
SMA Bina Nusa Purwajaya nyaéta Sakola Menengah Atas Swasta anu aya di Kabupatén Garut. Alamat lengkepna di Kp. Babakan Rt 01/002, Kalurahan/Désa Purwajaya Kacamatan Peundeuy, Kabupatén Garut, Jawa Kulon kalawan nomor NPSN 69931913.
2011 AN1
Ari 2011 AN1 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Apollo, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.279, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 27.7. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO�190122.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Beji, Kedungbanténg, Banyumas
Beji nyaéta salah sahiji désa di Kacamatan Kedungbanténg, Kabupatén Banyumas, Propinsi Jawa Tengah, Indonésia.
Nagori Tani, Silou Kahean, Simalungun
Nagori Tani nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Silou Kahean, Kabupatén Simalungun, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Wacana
Wacana nyaéta wangunnan basa pangjembarna anu disusun tina runtuyan kalimah-kalimah anu sambung-sinambung (kontinuitas), tatali unsurna ngéntép seureuh (kohésif), tur tatali hartina dalit (kohérén) luyu jeung kontéks situasi. Ku kituna, wacana mangrupa rékaman tina peristiwa komunikasi, dina médium lisan atawa tulis, kajadianana langsung atawa teu langsung, boh sipatna nyorangan (transaksional) boh patali marga (interaksional). Wujudiahna bisa mangrupa paragraf atawa karangan anu lengkep (buku, novel, carita pondok, artikel, atawa puisi) Wacana atawa bab nyaéta wangun basa mangrupa gabungan tina sababaraha alinéa.
2016 RW
Ari 2016 RW mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Apollo, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.385, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 23.2. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO�397879.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Ketapang Indah, Singkil Utara, Aceh Singkil
Ketapang Indah nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Singkil Utara, Kabupatén Aceh Singkil, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
Baru, Maro Sebo, Muaro Jambi
Baru nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Maro Sebo, Kabupatén Muaro Jambi, Propinsi Jambi, Indonésia.
2015 QT8
Ari 2015 QT8 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Amor, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.281, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 23.8. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO 369261.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
2015 FS332
Ari 2015 FS332 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Apollo, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.475, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 18.4. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO�409524.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Gunung Sari, Rebang Tangkas, Way Kanan
Gunung Sari nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Rebang Tangkas, Kabupatén Way Kanan, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Asoe Nanggroe, Meuraxa, Banda Aceh
Asoe Nanggroe nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Meuraxa, Kota Banda Aceh, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
(206910) 2004 NL8
Ari (206910) 2004 NL8 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Apollo, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.721, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 17.1. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO�264493.
Pamilihan umum Malaysia 2013
Pamilihan umum Malaysia 2013 lumangsung dina 5 Méi 2013 sanggeus dibubarkeunana Parlemén ku Perdana Mentri 2 poé sateuacanna. Pangajuan kandidat pamilihan umum dilaksanakeun 20 April 2013 sarta kampanye lumangsung nepi ka 4 Méi 2013 (15 hari). Warga nagara Malaysia nu minuhan sarat tiasa milih anggota Dewan Rakyat jeung Dewan Undangan Negeri.
Sukadana, Campaka, Cianjur
Sukadana nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Campaka, Kabupatén Cianjur, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
2006 YU1
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
SMA Annur Darunnajah 8
SMA Annur Darunnajah 8 nyaéta Sakola Menengah Atas Swasta anu aya di Kabupatén Bogor. Alamat lengkepna di Jl. Intan 1, Kalurahan/Désa Cidokom Kacamatan Gunung Sindur, Kabupatén Bogor, Jawa Kulon kalawan nomor NPSN 69883500.
(480854) 2001 AO2
Ari 2001 AO2 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Amor, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.611, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 18.1. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO 402901.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Asma
Asma atawa bengék mangrupa panyakit sistim pernapasan manusa alatan heureutna saluran pernapasan, nu biasana mah balukar ayana alergén, hawa tiis, olahraga, atawa tekenan émosional. Ngaheureutanana saluran napas ngabalukarkeun gejala kayaning napas nu kadéngé ngikngikan, déét engapan, areungap/sesek napas, jeung batuk. Mun teu keur kanceuh mah, pasén téh biasa-biasa baé.
<!--The disorder is a chronic inflammatory condition in which the airways develop increased responsiveness to various stimuli, characterized by bronchial hyper-responsiveness, inflammation, increased mucus production, and intermittent airway obstruction. The symptoms of asthma, which can range from mild to life threatening, can usually be controlled with a combination of drugs and lifestyle changes.
Public attention in the developed world has recently focused on asthma because of its rapidly increasing prevalence, affecting up to one in four urban children. Susceptibility to asthma can be explained in part by genetic factors, but no clear pattern of inheritance has been found. Asthma is a complex disease that is influenced by multiple genetic, developmental, and environmental factors, which interact to produce the overall condition.
History
The word asthma is derived from the Greek aazein, meaning "sharp breath." The word first appears in Homer's Iliad; Hippocrates was the first to use it in reference to the medical condition. Hippocrates thought that the spasms associated with asthma were more likely to occur in tailors, anglers, and metalworkers. Six centuries later, Galen wrote much about asthma, noting that it was caused by partial or complete bronchial obstruction. Moses Maimonides, an influential medieval rabbi, philosopher, and physician, wrote a treatise on asthma, describing its prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. In the 17th century, Bernardino Ramazzini noted a connection between asthma and organic dust. The use of bronchodilators started in 1901, but it was not until the 1960s that the inflammatory component of asthma was recognized, and anti-inflammatory medications were added to the regimen.
Signs and symptoms
An acute exacerbation of asthma is referred to colloquially as an asthma attack. The clinical hallmarks of an attack are shortness of breath (dyspnea) and wheezing, the latter "often being regarded as the sine qua non." A cough—sometimes producing clear sputum—may also be present. The onset is often sudden; there is a "sense of constriction" in the chest, breathing becomes difficult, and wheezing occurs (primarily upon expiration, but can be in both respiratory phases).
Signs of an asthmatic episode are wheezing, rapid breathing (tachypnea), prolonged expiration, a rapid heart rate (tachycardia), rhonchous lung sounds (audible through a stethoscope), and over-inflation of the chest. During a serious asthma attack, the accessory muscles of respiration (sternocleidomastoid and scalene muscles of the neck) may be used, shown as in-drawing of tissues between the ribs and above the sternum and clavicles, and the presence of a paradoxical pulse (a pulse that is weaker during inhalation and stronger during exhalation). During very severe attacks, an asthma sufferer can turn blue from lack of oxygen, and can experience chest pain or even loss of consciousness. Severe asthma attacks may lead to respiratory arrest and death. Despite the severity of symptoms during an asthmatic episode, between attacks an asthmatic may show few signs of the disease.
Diagnosis
In most cases, a physician can diagnose asthma on the basis of typical findings in a patient's clinical history and examination. Asthma is strongly suspected if a patient suffers from eczema or other allergic conditions—suggesting a general atopic constitution—or has a family history of asthma. While measurement of airway function is possible for adults, most new cases are diagnosed in children who are unable to perform such tests. Diagnosis in children is based on a careful compilation and analysis of the patient's medical history and subsequent improvement with an inhaled bronchodilator medication. In adults, diagnosis can be made with a peak flow meter (which tests airway restriction), looking at both the diurnal variation and any reversibility following inhaled bronchodilator medication.
Differential diagnosis
Before diagnosing someone as asthmatic, alternative possibilities should be considered. A physician taking a history should check whether the patient is using any known bronchoconstrictors (substances that cause narrowing of the airways, e.g., certain anti-inflammatory agents or beta-blockers).
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, which closely resembles asthma, is correlated with more exposure to cigarette smoke, an older patient, less symptom reversibility after bronchodilator administration (as measured by spirometry), and decreased likelihood of family history of atopy.
Aspiration, whether direct due to dysphagia (swallowing disorder) or indirect (due to acid reflux), can show similar symptoms to asthma. However, with aspiration, fevers might also indicate aspiration pneumonia. Direct aspiration (dysphagia) can be diagnosed by performing a Modified Barium Swallow test and treated with feeding therapy by a qualified speech therapist. If the aspiration is indirect (from acid reflux) then treatment directed at this is indicated.
Only a minority of asthma sufferers have an identifiable allergy trigger. The majority of these triggers can often be identified from the history; for instance, asthmatics with hay fever or pollen allergy will have seasonal symptoms, those with allergies to pets may experience an abatement of symptoms when away from home, and those with occupational asthma may improve during leave from work. Occasionally, allergy tests are warranted and, if positive, may help in identifying avoidable symptom triggers.
Basisir Parangkusumo
Basisir Parangkusumo mangrupa objék wisata alam nu perenahna di Kabupatén Bantul, Propinsi DIY, sabudeureun tilu puluh kilométer kiduleun kota Yogyakarta. Ieu basisir pagigir-gigir jeung Basisir Parangtritis katut Basisir Dépok.
Asma
Differential diagnosis
After pulmonary function has been measured, radiological tests, such as a chest X-ray or CT scan, may be required to exclude the possibility of other lung diseases. In some people, asthma may by triggered by gastroesophageal reflux disease, which can be treated with suitable antacids. Very occasionally, specialized tests after inhalation of methacholine - or, even less commonly, histamine — may be performed.
Basisir Parangkusumo
Atraksi katut Daya Tarik
Nu daratang bisa nyawang éndahna basisir kidul Pulo Jawa nu galurana gedé. Di ieu basisir aya patilasan nu dipercaya mangrupa tapak sajarah Panembahan Sénopati. Di masarakat Yogyakarta aya carita rahayat ngeunaan papanggihna Panembahan Sénopati jeung Kanjeng Ratu Kidul.
Unggal taun, Karaton Yogyakarta ngayakeun upacara labuhan di ieu basisir, marengan miéling kalahiran sultan nu keur ngawasa.
Asma
Differential diagnosis
Asthma is categorized by the NIH Heart Lung and Blood Institute as falling into one of four categories: mild intermittent, mild persistent, moderate persistent and severe persistent. The diagnosis of "severe persistent asthma" occurs when symptoms are continual with frequent exacerbations and frequent nighttime symptoms, result in limited physical activity and when lung function as measured by PEV or FEV1 tests is less than 60% predicted with PEF variability greater than 30%.
Basisir Parangkusumo
Aksésibilitas
Ieu basisir bisa dihontal ku kandaraan roda opat ti Yogyakarta atawa Bantul. Bisa ogé dihontal ku cara leumpang ti terminal Parangtritis.
Akomodasi
Ku sabab pagigir-gigir jeung Basisir Parangtritis, mangka loba kasayagakeun akomodasi di ieu basisir.
Asma
Bronchoconstriction
In essence, asthma is the result of an abnormal immune response in the bronchial airways. The airways of asthmatics are "hypersensitive" to certain triggers, also known as stimuli (see below). In response to exposure to these triggers, the bronchi (large airways) contract into spasm (an "asthma attack"). Inflammation soon follows, leading to a further narrowing of the airways and excessive mucus production, which leads to coughing and other breathing difficulties.
Siharbangan, Barus Utara, Tapanuli Tengah
Siharbangan nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Barus Utara, Kabupatén Tapanuli Tengah, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Asma
Bronchoconstriction
There are seven categories of stimuli:
2017 BN31
Ari 2017 BN31 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Amor, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.483, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 25.2. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO 399712.
Asma
Bronchial inflammation
The mechanisms behind allergic asthma—i.e., asthma resulting from an immune response to inhaled allergens—are the best understood of the causal factors. In both asthmatics and non-asthmatics, inhaled allergens that find their way to the inner airways are ingested by a type of cell known as antigen presenting cells, or APCs. APCs then "present" pieces of the allergen to other immune system cells. In most people, these other immune cells (TH0 cells) "check" and usually ignore the allergen molecules. In asthmatics, however, these cells transform into a different type of cell (TH2), for reasons that are not well understood. The resultant TH2 cells activate an important arm of the immune system, known as the humoral immune system. The humoral immune system produces antibodies against the inhaled allergen. Later, when an asthmatic inhales the same allergen, these antibodies "recognize" it and activate a humoral response. Inflammation results: chemicals are produced that cause the airways to constrict and release more mucus, and the cell-mediated arm of the immune system is activated. The inflammatory response is responsible for the clinical manifestations of an asthma attack. The following section describes this complex series of events in more detail.
The immune response
When an inhaled antigen becomes trapped in the airways, it is enzymatically degraded into shorter peptides by APCs such as dendritic cells. APCs express the peptides derived from the antigen on the cell surface, in what is known as the binding groove of the class II major histocompatiblity complex (MHC) molecule. Now located on the cell surface, the antigen-MHC complex is presented to T cells, which express a receptor that is specific to the MHC II peptide.
Presented with the antigen-MHC II complex, T helper 0 (TH0) cells become activated and start to differentiate into either T helper type 1 (TH1) or type 2 (TH2) cells. The selective differentiation of TH0 cells has profound consequences for the immune system: TH1 cell production leads to cell-mediated immunity, while the production of predominantly TH2 cells provides humoral immunity. The resulting balance of TH1 or TH2 cells is a crucial variable in the development of asthma; the dominance of the TH2 cell type appears to be necessary for the development of asthma. In one study, mice that lacked the ability to create TH1 cells displayed an asthma-like phenotype. The variables that decide the fate of TH1 vs. TH2 cells are not well understood, but depend on many factors, including childhood exposure to infectious agents and the cytokines elicited by those agents.
One cytokine secreted by TH2 cells—IL-4—combined with the action of other cytokines induces synthesis by antigen-stimulated B cells of IgE, an allergen-specific antibody. IgE binds allergens and then receptors on mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils in the airway epithelium. Subsequent exposure of the same antigen to these cells in the airway epithelium initiates the acute-phase reaction of asthma. Stimulated mast cells in the airway release preformed granules of mediators such as histamine, eicosanoids, and cytokines. These molecules are responsible for the symptoms of asthma. They affect the mucosa of the airways, increasing mucosal oedema, and mucus production, smooth muscle constriction, and recruit other immune cells, thereby exacerbating the reaction.
The late phase of an asthmatic reaction is characterized by an influx of inflammatory and immune cells during the first several hours after antigen exposure. These cells—particularly eosinophils—secrete a series of cytokines, leukotrienes, and polypeptides, which contribute to hyperresponsiveness, mucus secretion, bronchoconstriction, and sustained inflammation.
Pathogenesis
The fundamental problem in asthma appears to be immunological: young children in the early stages of asthma show signs of excessive inflammation in their airways. Epidemiological findings give clues as to the pathogenesis: the incidence of asthma seems to be increasing worldwide, and asthma is now very much more common in affluent countries.
One theory of pathogenesis is that asthma is a disease of hygiene. In nature, babies are exposed to bacteria and other antigens soon after birth, "switching on" the TH1 lymphocyte cells of the immune system that deal with bacterial infection. If this stimulus is insufficient—as it may be in modern, clean environments—then TH2 cells predominate, and asthma and other allergic diseases may develop. This "hygiene hypothesis" may explain the increase in asthma in affluent populations. The TH2 lymphocytes and eosinophil cells that protect us against parasites and other infectious agents are the same cells responsible for the allergic reaction. In the developed world, these parasites are now rarely encountered, but the immune response remains and is wrongly triggered in some individuals by certain allergens.
Another theory is based on the correlation of air pollution and the incidence of asthma. Although it is well known that substantial exposures to certain industrial chemicals can cause acute asthmatic episodes, it has not been proved that air pollution is responsible for the development of asthma. In Western Europe, most atmospheric pollutants have fallen significantly over the last 40 years, while the prevalence of asthma has risen.
Finally, it has been postulated that some forms of asthma may be related to infection, in particular by Chlamydia pneumoniae. This issue remains controversial, as the relationship is not borne out by meta-analysis of the research. The correlation seems to be not with the onset, but rather with accelerated loss of lung function in adults with new onset of non-atopic asthma. One possible explanation is that some asthmatics may have altered immune response that facilitates long-term chlamydia pneumonia infection. . The response to targeting with macrolide antibiotics has been investigated, but the temporary benefit reported in some studies may reflect just their anti-inflammatory activities rather than their antimicrobic action.
Treatment
The specific medical treatment recommended to patients with asthma depends on the severity of their illness and the frequency of their symptoms. Specific treatments for asthma are broadly classified as relievers, preventers and emergency treatment. The Expert panel report 2: Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma (EPR-2) of the U.S. National Asthma Education and Prevention Program, and the British guideline on the management of asthma are broadly used and supported by many doctors. Bronchodilators are recommended for short-term relief in all patients. For those who experience occasional attacks, no other medication is needed. For those with mild persistent disease (more than two attacks a week), low-dose inhaled glucocorticoids—or alternatively, an oral leukotriene modifier, a mast-cell stabilizer, or theophylline—may be administered. For those who suffer daily attacks, a higher dose of glucocorticoid in conjunction with a long-acting inhaled β-2 agonist may be prescribed; alternatively, a leukotriene modifier or theophylline may substitute for the β-2 agonist. In severe asthmatics, oral glucocorticoids may be added to these treatments during severe attacks.
For those in whom exercise can trigger an asthma attack (exercise-induced asthma), higher levels of ventilation and cold, dry air tend to exacerbate attacks. For this reason, activities in which a patient breathes large amounts of cold air, such as cross-country skiing, tend to be worse for asthmatics, whereas swimming in an indoor, heated pool, with warm, humid air, is less likely to provoke a response.
Relief medication
Symptomatic control of episodes of wheezing and shortness of breath is generally achieved with fast-acting bronchodilators. These are typically provided in pocket-sized, metered-dose inhalers (MDIs—see the image to the right). In young sufferers, who may have difficulty with the coordination necessary to use inhalers, or those with a poor ability to hold their breath for 10 seconds after inhaler use (generally the elderly), an asthma spacer (see top image) is used. The spacer is a plastic cylinder that mixes the medication with air in a simple tube, making it easier for patients to receive a full dose of the drug and allows for the active agent to be dispersed into smaller, more fully inhaled bits. A nebulizer—which provides a larger, continuous dose—can also be used. Nebulizers work by vaporizing a dose of medication in a saline solution into a steady stream of foggy vapour, which the patient inhales continuously until the full dosage is administered. There is no clear evidence, however, that they are more effective than inhalers used with a spacer. Nebulizers may be helpful to some patients experiencing a severe attack. Such patients may not be able to inhale deeply, so regular inhalers may not deliver medication deeply into the lungs, even on repeated attempts. Since a nebulizer delivers the medication continuously, it is thought that the first few inhalations may relax the airways enough to allow the following inhalations to draw in more medication.
Relievers include:
Prevention medication
Current treatment protocols recommend prevention medications such as an inhaled corticosteroid, which helps to suppress inflammation and reduces the swelling of the lining of the airways, in anyone who has frequent (greater than twice a week) need of relievers or who has severe symptoms. If symptoms persist, additional preventive drugs are added until the asthma is controlled. With the proper use of prevention drugs, asthmatics can avoid the complications that result from overuse of relief medications.
Preventive agents include the following.
Long-acting β2-agonists
Long-acting bronchodilators (LABD) give a 12-hour effect, and are used to give a smoothed symptomatic effect (used morning and night). While patients report improved symptom control, these drugs do not replace the need for routine preventers, and their slow onset means the short-acting dilators may still be required. In November of 2005, the American FDA released a health advisory, alerting the public to findings that show the use of Long-acting β2-agonists could lead to a worsening of symptoms, and in some cases death.
2017 BN31
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Asma
Long-acting β2-agonists
Currently available long-acting beta2-adrenoceptor agonists include salmeterol, formoterol, bambuterol, and sustained-release oral albuterol. Combinations of inhaled steroids and long-acting bronchodilators are becoming more widespread; the most common combination currently in use is fluticasone/salmeterol (Advair in the United States, and Seretide in the UK).
Alternative medicine
Many asthmatics, like those who suffer from other chronic disorders, use alternative treatments; surveys show that roughly 50% of asthma patients use some form of unconventional therapy. , There are little data to support the effectiveness of most of these therapies. A Cochrane systematic review of acupuncture for asthma found no evidence of efficacy. A similar review of air ionizers found no evidence that they improve asthma symptoms or benefit lung function; this applied equally to positive and negative ion generators. A study of "manual therapies" for asthma, including osteopathic, chiropractic, physiotherapeutic and respiratory therapeutic maneuvers, found no evidence to support their use in treating asthma; these manoeuvres include various osteopathic and chiropractic techniques to "increase movement in the rib cage and the spine to try and improve the working of the lungs and circulation"; chest tapping, shaking, vibration, and the use of "postures to help shift and cough up phlegm." On the other hand, one meta-analysis found that homeopathy has a potentially mild benefit in reducing symptom intensity; however, the number of patients involved in the analysis was small, and subsequent studies have not supported this finding. Several small trials have suggested some benefit from various yoga practices, ranging from integrated yoga programs —"yogasanas, Pranayama, meditation, and kriyas"—to sahaja yoga, a form of meditation. A randomized, controlled trial of just 39 patients suggested that the Buteyko method may moderately reduce the need for beta-agonists among asthmatics, but found no objective improvement in lung function.
See also Complementary and alternative medicine.
Prognosis
The prognosis for asthmatics is good, especially for children with mild disease. For asthmatics diagnosed during childhood, 54% will no longer carry the diagnosis after a decade. The extent of permanent lung damage in asthmatics is unclear. Airway remodelling is observed, but it is unknown whether these represent harmful or beneficial changes. Although conclusions from studies are mixed, most studies show that early treatment with glucocorticoids prevents or ameliorates decline in lung function as measured by several parameters. For those who continue to suffer from mild symptoms, corticosteroids can help most to live their lives with few disabilities. The mortality rate for asthma is low, with around 6000 deaths per year in a population of some 10 million patients in the United States. Better control of the condition may help prevent some of these deaths.
Epidemiology
Asthma is usually diagnosed in childhood. The risk factors for asthma include:
There is a reduced occurrence of asthma in people who were breast-fed as babies. Current research suggests that the prevalence of childhood asthma has been increasing. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Health Interview Surveys, some 9% of US children below 18 years of age had asthma in 2001, compared with just 3.6% in 1980 (see figure). The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that some 8% of the Swiss population suffers from asthma today, compared with just 2% some 25–30 years ago. Although asthma is more common in affluent countries, it is by no means a problem restricted to the affluent; the WHO estimate that there are between 15 and 20 million asthmatics in India. In the U.S., urban residents, Hispanics, and African Americans are affected more than the population as a whole. Globally, asthma is responsible for around 180,000 deaths annually.
Socioeconomic factors
The incidence of asthma is higher among low-income populations, which in the western world are disproportionately minority, and more likely to live near industrial areas. Additionally, asthma has been strongly associated with the presence of cockroaches in living quarters, which is more likely in such neighbourhoods.
The quality of asthma treatment varies along racial lines, likely because many low-income people cannot afford health insurance and because there is still a correlation between class and race. For example, black Americans are less likely to receive outpatient treatment for asthma despite having a higher prevalence of the disease. They are much more likely to have emergency room visits or hospitalization for asthma, and are three times as likely to die from an asthma attack compared to whites. The prevalence of "severe persistent" asthma is also greater in low-income communities compared with communities with better access to treatment.
Asthma and athletics
Asthma appears to be more prevalent in athletes than in the general population. One survey of participants in the 1996 Summer Olympic Games showed that 15% had been diagnosed with asthma, and that 10% were on asthma medication. These statistics have been questioned on at least two bases. Persons with mild asthma may be more likely to be diagnosed with the condition than others because even subtle symptoms may interfere with their performance and lead to pursuit of a diagnosis. It has also been suggested that some professional athletes who do not suffer from asthma claim to do so in order to obtain special permits to use certain performance-enhancing drugs.