cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Samurai
Post Meiji Restoration
Many early exchange students were samurai, not directly because they were samurai, but because many samurai were literate and well-educated scholars. Some of these exchange students started private schools for higher educations, while many samurai took pens instead of guns and became reporters and writers, setting up newspaper companies. Other samurai entered governmental services as they were literate and well educated.
Culture
As de facto aristocrats for centuries, samurai developed their own cultures that influenced Japanese culture as a whole.
Education
A samurai was expected to read and write, as well as to know some mathematics. Toyotomi Hideyoshi, a great samurai yet originally a peasant, could only read and write in hiragana and this was a significant drawback for him. Samurai were expected, though not required, to have interests in other arts such as dancing, Go, literature, poetry, and tea. Ōta Dōkan who first ruled Edo wrote how he was shamed to realize that even a commoner had more knowledge of poetry than he, and this made him edficate.
Shudō
Shudō (衆道), the tradition of love bonds between a seasoned and a novice samurai was held to be "the flower of the samurai spirit" and formed the real basis of the samurai esthetic. It was analogous to the educational Greek pederasty and an honored and important practice in samurai society. It was one of the main ways in which the ethos and the skills of the samurai tradition were passed down from one generation to another.
Another name for the bonds was bidō (美道: the beautiful way). The devotion that two samurai would have for each other would be almost as great as that which they had for their daimyo. Indeed, according to contemporary accounts, the choice between his lover and his master could become a philosophical problem for samurai. Hagakure and other samurai manuals gave specific instructions in the way that this tradition was to be carried out and respected. After the Meiji Restoration and the introduction of a more westernised lifestyle, as bushidō died out the masculine esthetic was replaced by the European feminine one, bringing with it the end of shudo. (Watanabe and Iwata, 1989)
Samurai Names
A samurai was usually named by combining one kanji from his father or grandfather and one new kanji. Many samurai were part of their name. Oda Nobunaga would therefore be officially called "Oda Kōzukenosuke Owarinokami Nobunaga" (織田上総介尾張守信長) and would be referred to as "Oda Kōzukenosuke" or "Oda Owarinokami".
Marriage
The marriage of samurai was done by having a marriage arranged by someone with the same or higher rank than those being married. While for those samurai in the upper ranks this was a necessity (as most had few opportunities to meet a female), this was a formality for lower ranked samurai. Most samurai married women from a samurai family, but for a lower ranked samurai marriages with commoners were permitted. In these marriages a dowry was brought by the woman and was used to start their new lives.
A samurai could have a mistress but her background was strictly checked by higher ranked samurai. In many cases, this was treated like a marriage. "Kidnapping" a mistress, although common in fiction, would have been shameful, if not a crime. When she was a commoner, a messenger would be sent with betrothal money or a note for exemption of tax and ask for her parent's acceptance and many parents gladly accepted. If a samurai's wife gave birth to a son he could be a samurai.
A samurai could divorce his wife for a variety of reasons with approval from a superior, but divorce was, while not entirely nonexistent, a rare event. A reason for divorce would be if she could not produce a son, but then adoption could be arranged as an alternative to divorce. A samurai could divorce for personal reasons, even if he simply did not like his wife, but this was generally avoided as it would embarrass the samurai who had arranged the marriage. A woman could also arrange a divorce, although it would generally take the form of the samurai divorcing her. After a divorce samurai had to return the betrothal money, which often prevented divorces. Some rich merchants had their daughters marry samurai to erase a samurai's debt and advance their positions.
Philosophy
The philosophies of Buddhism and Zen, and to a lesser extent Confucianism, influenced the samurai culture as well as Shinto. Zen meditation became an important teaching due to it offering a process to calm one's mind. The Buddhist concept of reincarnation and rebirth led samurai to abandon torture and needless killing, while some samurai even gave up violence altogether and became Buddhist monks after realizing how fruitless their killings were. Some were killed as they came to terms with these realizations in the battlefield. The most defining role that Confucianism played in samurai philosophy was to stress the importance of the lord-retainer relationship; that is, the loyalty that a samurai was required to show his lord.
Bushido was a term attached to a samurai "code of conduct" enforced during Edo period by the Tokugawa Shogunate, so that they could control the samurai more easily. Its deceptive simplicity led to countless arguments over its interpretation. Hagakure: The Book of the Samurai by Yamamoto Tsunetomo is a manual of instruction into the way of the samurai. Even as it was published, it received a number of reviews that criticized its strict and impersonal interpretations. If the lord is wrong, for example if he ordered a massacre of civilians, should he observe loyalty to massacre as ordered or should he observe rectitude to let the civilians escape unharmed? If a man had sick parents but committed an unforgivable mistake, should he protect his honour by committing seppuku or should he show courage by living with dishonor and care for his parents?
The incident of 47 Ronin caused debates about the righteousness of the samurai's actions and how bushido should be applied. They had defied the shogun by taking matters into their own hands but it was an act of loyalty and rectitude as well. Finally, their acts were agreed to be rectitude but not loyalty to the shogun. This made them criminals with conscience and eligible for seppuku.
The most famous book of kenjutsu, or sword fighting, dates from this period (Miyamoto Musashi's The Book of Five Rings, 1643). However, the larger part of the book is focused on the mentality of fighting. In an attempt to help develop the character needed to cope with moral demands that the practice of kenjutsu required many kenjutsu books from the Edo period also focused on spiritual issues.
Samurai Women
Maintaining the household, or ie, was the main duty of samurai women. This was especially crucial during early feudal Japan, when warrior husbands were often traveling abroad or engaged in clan battles. The wife, or okusan (meaning: one who remains in the home), was left to manage all household affairs, care for the children, and perhaps even defend the home forcibly. For this reason, many women of the samurai class were trained in wielding a polearm called a naginata, which they could use to protect their household, family, and honor if the need arose.
Traits valued in women of the samurai class were humility, obedience, self-control, strength, and loyalty. Ideally, a samurai wife would be skilled at managing property, keeping records, dealing with financial matters, educating the children (and perhaps servants, too), and caring for elderly parents or in-laws that would may be living under her roof. Confucian law, which helped define personal relationships and the code of ethics of the warrior class required that a woman show subservience to her husband, filial piety to her parents, and care to the children. Too much love and affection was also said to indulge and spoil the youngsters. Thus, a woman was also to exercise discipline.
Though women of wealthier samurai families enjoyed perks of their elevated position in society, such as avoiding the physical labor that those of lower classes often engaged in, they were still viewed as far beneath men. Women were prohibited from engaging in any political affairs and usually not the heads of their household.
As the Tokugawa period progressed more value became placed on education, and the education of females beginning at a young age became important to families and society as a whole. Marriage criteria began to weigh intelligence and education as desirable attributes in a wife, right along with physical attractiveness. Though many of the texts written for women during the Tokugawa period only pertained to how a woman could become a successful wife and household manager, there were those that undertook the challenge of learning to read Chinese, and also tackled philosophical and literary classics. Nearly all female samurai were literate by the end of the Tokugawa period.
Weapons
The samurai used various weapons, but the katana is the weapon that is synonymous with samurai. Bushido taught that a samurai's soul is their katana and sometimes a samurai is pictured as entirely dependent on the katana for fighting. This contrasted with the crossbows of Europe or the swords of knights which were, principally, tools for combat. However the use of swords did not become common in battle until the Kamakura period (1185-1333), where the Tachi and Uchigatana (the direct predecesor to the katana) became prevalent. The Katana itself did not become the primary weapon until the Edo period.
After a male child of the bushi was born, he would recieve his first sword in a ceremony called mamori-gatana. The sword, however, was merely a charm sword covered with brocade to which was attached a purse or wallet, worn by children under five. Upon reaching the age of thirteen, in a ceremony called Genbuku (元服), a male child was given his first real swords and armour, an adult name, and became a samurai. A katana and a wakizashi together are called a daisho (lit. "big and small").
The wakizashi itself was a samurai's "honour blade" and purportedly never left the samurai's side. He would sleep with it under his pillow and it would be taken with him when he entered a house and had to leave his main weapons outside.
Ambiguitas
Ambiguitas atawa ketaksaan nyaéta unit gramatikal dina wangun frasa atawa kalimah anu miboga sababaraha harti atawa dua harti anu lumangsung balukar tina interprétasi struktur gramatikal anu béda. Dina basa lisan ieu interpretasi ganda moal lumangsung sabab struktur gramatikal anu diomongkeun bakal kabantuan ku unsur intonasi. Kecap ambiguitas mangrupa kecap serepan tina basa Inggris nyaéta ambiguity, anu hartina konstruksi anu bisa dihartikeun leuwih ti hiji harti.
Samurai
Weapons
The samurai stressed skill with the yumi (longbow), reflected in the art of kyudo(lit. the way of the bow). The bow would remain a critical component of the Japanese military even with the introduction of firearms during the Sengoku Jidai period. The yumi, an asymmetric composite bow made from bamboo, wood, and leather, was not as powerful as the Eurasian reflex composite bow, having an effective range of 50 metres or less (100 metres if accuracy was not an issue). It was usually used on foot behind a tedate (手盾), a large and mobile bamboo wall, but shorter versions (hankyu) could also be used from horseback. The practice of shooting from horseback became a Shinto ceremony of Yabusame (流鏑馬).
Serang Jaya Hilir, Pematang Jaya, Langkat
Serang Jaya Hilir nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Pematang Jaya, Kabupatén Langkat, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Samurai
Weapons
In the 15th century, the yari (spear) also became a popular weapon, displacing along with the naginata from the battlefield as personal bravery became less of a factor and battles became more organized around massed, inexpensive foot troops. A charge, mounted or dismounted, was more effective when using a spear than a katana and it offered better than even odds against a samurai using a katana. In the Battle of Shizugatake where Shibata Katsuie was defeated by Toyotomi Hideyoshi, then known as Hashiba Hideyoshi, the Seven Spearmen of Shizugatake (賤ヶ岳七本槍) played a crucial role in the victory.
The latter half of the 16th Century saw the introduction of the arquebus in Japan through Portuguese trade, enabling warlords to raise effective armies from masses of peasants. The new weapons were highly controversial. Their ease of use and deadly effectiveness was perceived by many as a dishonorable affront to Bushido tradition. Oda Nobunaga made deadly use of the arquebus at the Battle of Nagashino in 1575, leading to the end of the Takeda clan. After their initial introduction by the Portuguese and the Dutch, the matchlock arquebus, or teppo, were produced on a large scale by Japanese gunsmiths. By the end of the 16th Century, there were more firearms in Japan than in any European nation, with largely superior craftsmanship. Teppo, employed en masse largely by ashigaru peasant foot troops were in many ways the antithesis of samurai valor. With the establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate and an end to civil war, production of the guns declined sharply with prohibitions to ownership. By the Tokugawa Shogunate most spear-based weapons had been phased out partly because they were suboptimal for the close-quarter combat common in the Edo period, this combined with the aforementioned restrictions on fire-arms resulted in the Daisho being the only weapons typically carried by samurai.
Ambiguitas
Alesan
Aya sababaraha faktor anu mangaruhan lumangsungna ambiguitas dina beungkeutan gramatikal.
Samurai
Weapons
Some other weapons used by samurai were jo, bo, grenade, Chinese trebuchets (more as an anti-personnel weapon than a siege engine) and cannon (infrequently and at great expense).
Ambiguitas
Ciri
Satuan gramatikal anu ngalaman ambiguitas mibanda ciri-ciri ieu di handap.
Samurai
Etymology of samurai and related words
The term Samurai originally meant "those who serve in close attendance to nobility", and was written in the Chinese character (or kanji) that had the same meaning. In Japanese, it was originally pronounced in the pre-Heian period as saburapi and later as saburai, then samurai in the Edo period. In Japanese literature, there is an early reference to samurai in the Kokinshu (古今集, early 10th century):
The word bushi (武士, lit. "warrior or armsman") first appears in an early history of Japan called Shoku Nihongi (続日本記, 797 A.D.). In a portion of the book covering the year 723 A.D., Shoku Nihongi states: "Literary men and Warriors are they whom the nation values". The term bushi is of Chinese origin and adds to the indigenous Japanese words for warrior: Tsuwamono and Mononofu. The terms bushi and samurai became synonymous near the end of the 12th century, according to William Scott Wilson in his book Ideals of the Samurai--Writings of Japanese Warriors. Wilson's book thoroughly explores the origins of the word warrior in Japanese history as well as the Kanji (Chinese symbols) used to represent the word. Wilson states that Bushi actually translates as "a man who has the ability to keep the peace, either by literary or military means, but predominantly by the latter".
Ambiguitas
Wanda
Dumasar kana beungkeutan gramatikal nu ngawangunna, ambiguitas dibagi tilu kalawan wincikan ieu di handap.
Samurai
Etymology of samurai and related words
It was not until the early modern period, namely the Azuchi-Momoyama period and early Edo period of the late 16th and early 17th centuries that the word saburai was replaced with samurai. However, the meaning had changed long before that.
During the era of the rule of the samurai, the term yumitori (弓取, "bowman") was also used as an honorary title of an accomplished warrior even though swordsmanship had become more important. (Japanese archery (kyujutsu) is still strongly associated with the war god Hachiman.)
A samurai with no attachment to a clan or daimyo (大名) was called a ronin (浪人). In Japanese, the word ronin means "wave man", a person destined to wander aimlessly forever, like the waves in the sea. The word came to mean a samurai who was no longer in the service of a lord because his lord had died, because the samurai had been banished or simply because the samurai chose to become a ronin.
The following terms are related to samurai or the samurai tradition:
Samurai in popular culture
Jidaigeki (lit. historical drama) has always been a staple program on Japanese movies and TV. The programs typically feature a samurai with a kenjutsu who stood up against evil samurai and merchants. Mito Komon (水戸黄門), a fictitious series of stories about Tokugawa Mitsukuni's travel is a popular TV drama in which Mitsukuni travels disguised as a retired rich merchant with two unarmed samurai disguised as his companions. He finds trouble wherever he goes, and after gathering evidence, he has his samurai knock around unrepentantly evil samurai and merchants, before revealing his identity. It is then obvious to the villans that he can destroy their entire clan and the villains surrender in the hope that his punishments will not extend to their families.
The samurai-themed works of film director Akira Kurosawa are among the most praised of the genre, influencing many filmmakers across the world with his techniques and storytelling. Notable works of his include The Seven Samurai, in which a besieged farming village hires a collection of wandering samurai to defend them from bandits, Yojimbo, where a former samurai involves himself in a town's gang war by working for both sides, and The Hidden Fortress, in which two foolish peasants find themselves helping a legendary general escort a princess to safety. The latter was one of the primary inspirations for George Lucas's Star Wars, which also borrows a number of aspects from the samurai, for example the Jedi Knights of the series.
Samurai films and westerns share a number of similarities and the two have influenced each other over the years. Kurosawa was inspired by the works of director John Ford and in turn Kurosawa's works have been remade into westerns such as The Seven Samurai into The Magnificent Seven and Yojimbo into A Fistful of Dollars. There is also an anime adaption (Samurai 7) of "The Seven Samurai" which spans many episodes.
Another fictitious television series, Abarembo Shogun, featured Yoshimune, the eighth Tokugawa shogun. Samurai at all levels from the shogun down to the lowest rank, as well as ronin, featured prominently in this show.
Shōgun is the first novel in James Clavell's Asian Saga. It is set in feudal Japan around the year 1600 and gives a highly fictionalized account of the rise of Tokugawa Ieyasu to the Shogunate, seen through the eyes of an English sailor whose fictional heroics are loosely based on William Adams' exploits.
A Hollywood movie, The Last Samurai, containing a mixture of fact and fiction, was released in 2003 to generally good reviews in North America. The film's plot is loosely based on the 1877 Satsuma Rebellion led by Saigo Takamori, and also on the story of Jules Brunet, a French army captain who fought alongside Enomoto Takeaki in the Boshin War. The life-style and the war tactics shown in the movie The Last Samurai are those of out-country samurai of the Sengoku jidai, precisely of the era before 1543; not those in the 19th century. An actual battle of that period was only a little different from those involved the American or European armies, a key difference being a katana to be waved to signal soldiers to charge instead of a saber.
Kill Bill by Quentin Tarantino can be described as a glorification of the samurai sword, katana. It is primarily inspired by anime and relates little to the samurai. This same distortion of samurai culture continues onto the low-budget world of the cult film, where in films such as Samurai Vampire Bikers From Hell, the primary characters attempt to portray a lineage to the samurai but are more closely link to the anime or comic book culture of the late twentieth century.
Samurai-like characters are not just restricted to historical settings and a number of works set in the modern age, and even the future, include characters who live, train and fight like samurai. Notable examples include Goemon Ishikawa XIII from the Lupin III series of comics, television series, and movies, and Motoko Aoyama from the romantic comedy Love Hina. Some relevance to the samurai can even be seen in the show Beyblade, which is set in the present. One character, Jin of the Gale, seems to be a mix of samurai and ninja traits. Another anime, which is intended for adult audiences involving samurai is 2004's Samurai Champloo, which portrays Edo-period Japan combined with modern street-culture and hip-hop. One of the show's main characters is Jin, once an accomplished samurai who became a wondering ronin after killing his master.
American comic books have adopted the character type for stories of their own. For instance, the Marvel Universe superhero Wolverine during the 1980s attempted to use the ideals and concept of the samurai as a means to control his violent urges in a constructive manner. The ronin have also been a feature in popular series such as Ronin by Frank Miller and Usagi Yojimbo by Stan Sakai.
Samurai are also heroes and enemies in many games where they are generally depicted wielding katana as foot soldiers. An example of one such American game is the Age of Empires series. Some popular Japanese titles featuring samurai include Samurai Warriors, Brave Fencer Musashi, Seven Samurai and there is even a lead character portraying a samurai in the Sci-Fi thriller game Xenosaga Episode II: Jenseits von Gut und Böse. Jin Uzuki, Shion Uzuki's brother, is a Samurai wannabe who fights only with a sword, trying to force his Kimono styles onto his sister. Certain Fighting Game titles hold a vast amount of samurai fighters, a couple being Bishamon from Darkstalkers, and Sodom from Street Fighter Alpha. But the more popular (and obvious) title, Samurai Showdown have samurai warriors that consume much of its roster in each of their games. Haohmaru and Genjuro are the most well-known and traditional samurai warriors in that fighting game.
The concept of a samurai, as opposed to that of a knight, has led to a major gap in how a warrior or a hero is characterised in Japan and the rest of the world. A samurai does not have to be tall and heavily muscled to be strong - he can be barely five feet tall, seemingly weak and even handicapped. He can even be she. Equating size with power and strength does not readily appeal to the Japanese aesthetic. Perfect examples of this can be found in the Blind Swordsman Zatoichi movie series or Lady Toda Mariko from James Clavell's Shogun. Ancient Japanese heroes are often flawed individuals who gain strength from what other cultures would only see as a form of weakness. -->
Sungai Bahar, Muaro Jambi
Sungai Bahar nyaéta salah sahiji kacamatan di Kabupatén Muaro Jambi, Propinsi Jambi, Indonésia.
Tanjung Baru, Bukit Kemuning, Lampung Kalér
Tanjung Baru, Bukit Kemuning, Lampung Utara
Anabolisme
Anabolisme nyaéta prosés ngabentuk molékul kompléks dina jero awak tina sél anu leuwih basajan. Ieu prosés ngalibetkeun hormon éstrogén, téstostéron, pertumbuhan, jeung insulin. Anabolisme mindeng disebut bagian tina prosés métabolisme konstruktif, sabab bisa ngabentuk sél-sél anyar, ngajaga kaséhatan dina jero awak, jeung keur neundeun tanaga anu bisa dipaké iraha waé.
(360192) 1991 FB
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Bagendit, Banyuresmi, Garut
Bagendit nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Banyuresmi, Kabupatén Garut, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Banjar Baru, Tulang Bawang
Banjar Baru nyaéta salah sahiji kacamatan di Kabupatén Tulang Bawang, Propinsi Lampung, Indonésia.
Alue Siwah Serdang, Nurussalam, Aceh Timur
Alue Siwah Serdang nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Nurussalam, Kabupatén Aceh Timur, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
716
Taun ka-716 Maséhi dina Kalénder Grégorian.
Basa Korowai Baigun
Basa Korowai Baigun nyaéta basa wewengkon anu aya di Indonésia. Panyaturna aya di 1 propinsi nyaéta propinsi Papua, nu sumebar di 2 kabupaten/kota.
Losari, Rembang, Purbalingga
Losari nyaéta salasahiji désa di Kacamatan Rembang, Purbalingga, Propinsi Jawa Tengah, Indonésia.
Bahar Selatan, Muaro Jambi
Bahar Selatan nyaéta salah sahiji kacamatan di Kabupatén Muaro Jambi, Propinsi Jambi, Indonésia.
Huraba II, Siabu, Mandailing Natal
Huraba II nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Siabu, Kabupatén Mandailing Natal, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
2006 SQ134
Ari 2006 SQ134 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Apollo, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.252, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 24.7. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO�111257.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Trayék
Trayék nyaéta sesebutan pikeun jalur kandaraan umum. Contona pikeun kandaraan umum angkot trayék terminal-pasar induk.
2005 EL169
Ari 2005 EL169 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Amor, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.166, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 21.9. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO77841.
2015 BX310
Ari 2015 BX310 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Amor, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.285, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 20.3. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO 403089.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Plasmodium
Plasmodium nyaéta genus eukariot unisélular anu mangrupa parasit obligat ti vertebrata jeung gegeremet. Siklus hirup spésiés Plasmodium ngawengku kamekaran di inang gegeremet panyeuseup getih anu lajeng nyuntikkeun parasit ka inang vertebrata mangsa nyeuseup getih. Parasit tumuwuh dina jero jaringan awak vertebrata (mindeng ogé dina ati) saméméh asup kana aliran getih pikeun nginféksi sél getih beureum. Karuksakan sél ieu anu salajengna matak gering, anu katelah malaria. Salila inféksi, parasit ti jero awak kabawa ku gegeremet anu nyedot getih, neruskeun siklus kahirupanana.
Basa Korowai Karuwage
Basa Korowai Karuwage nyaéta basa wewengkon anu aya di Indonésia. Panyaturna aya di 1 propinsi nyaéta propinsi Papua, nu dumuk di 1 kabupaten/kota.
Suka Menanti, Bukit Kemuning, Lampung Kalér
Suka Menanti nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Bukit Kemuning, Kabupatén Lampung Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
715
Taun ka-715 Maséhi dina Kalénder Grégorian.
Suka Menanti, Bukit Kemuning, Lampung Kalér
Suka Menanti, Bukit Kemuning, Lampung Utara
1997 GD32
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Kampong Blang, Simpang Tiga, Pidie
Kampong Blang nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Simpang Tiga, Kabupatén Pidie, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
Banyuresmi, Banyuresmi, Garut
Banyuresmi nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Banyuresmi, Kabupatén Garut, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
2010 DO
Ari 2010 DO mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Apollo, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.746, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 21.7. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO�222926.
2016 EF86
Ari 2016 EF86 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Apollo, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.332, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 25.2. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO�392478.
22 Juni
22 Juni nyaéta poé ka-173 dina sataun (ka-174 dina taun kabisat) dina kalénder Gregorian, sésana 292 poé.
2010 DO
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Basa Korowai Kidul
Basa Korowai Kidul nyaéta basa wewengkon anu aya di Indonésia. Panyaturna aya di 1 propinsi nyaéta propinsi Papua, nu dumuk di 1 kabupaten/kota.
2016 EF86
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Cikulak, Waléd, Cirebon
Cikulak nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Waléd, Kabupatén Cirebon, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Bodaskarangjati, Rembang, Purbalingga
Bodaskarangjati nyaéta salasahiji désa di Kacamatan Rembang, Purbalingga, Propinsi Jawa Tengah, Indonésia.
Gampong Lhee, Nurussalam, Aceh Timur
Gampong Lhee nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Nurussalam, Kabupatén Aceh Timur, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
2010 BZ4
Ari 2010 BZ4 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Amor, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.629, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 22.5. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO 176874.
Alap-alap coklat
Alap-alap coklat (Falco berigora) nyaéta hiji manuk pamangsa/prédator anu asalna tina kulawarga accipitridae. Ieu manuk mimiti diguar ku Nicholas Aylward Vigors jeung Thomas Horsfield dina taun 1827.
Ciri mandiri
jmpl Manuk ieu kagolongkeun manuk gedé, panjang awakna 41-53 cm. Bulu palebah luhur jeung handap awakna borontok coklat. Bulu-bulu dina pundukna katempo henteu méres malah saliwat mah kawas acak-acakan. Ieu kaayaan méh sarua jeung alap-alap tina spésiés anu séjén, Cékér kelirna semu héjo. .
Kabiasaan hirup
Remen katempo eunteup dina dahan anu negrak, utamana anu doyong nyingareupan kanu lega. Moro hakaneun sarupaning sasatoan anu aya di luhureun taneuh, kayaning : Manuk leutik, beurit, oray , kadal , jeung sajabana. Mangsa keur hiber jangjangna mébér rada kaluhur, ngalayang kakalayangan antaré/alon naker. .
Sebaran jeung tempat hirup
Ieu manuk loba katempo hirup di Australasia,Australia, Papua Nugini, jeung Tasmania. Di Australia, ieu manuk kapanggih hirup di sakabéh Buana.
Beurandang, Nurussalam, Aceh Timur
Beurandang nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Nurussalam, Kabupatén Aceh Timur, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
Bahar Utara, Muaro Jambi
Bahar Utara nyaéta salah sahiji kacamatan di Kabupatén Muaro Jambi, Propinsi Jambi, Indonésia.
Alap-alap coklat
Kahakanan
Kahakanan manuk alap alap coklat kayaning mamalia leutik, gegeremet, reptil jeung manuk leutik. .
2013 AT76
Ari 2013 AT76 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Amor, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.615, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 20.2. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO 258438.
Cikulak Kidul, Waléd, Cirebon
Cikulak Kidul nyaéta salasahiji désa di kacamatan Waléd, Kabupatén Cirebon, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Alap-alap coklat
Tutumbu ka luar
Kategori :Sasatoan
2013 AT76
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
SMKS Isda Babakan
SMKS Isda Babakan nyaéta Sakola Menengah Kajuruan Swasta anu aya di Kabupatén Cirebon. Alamat lengkepna di Jl. Raya Gembongan, Kalurahan/Désa Gembongan Kacamatan Babakan, Kabupatén Cirebon, Jawa Kulon kalawan nomor NPSN 20214804.
2012 UR158
Ari 2012 UR158 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Apollo, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.855, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 20.7. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO�386856.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Lumban Pinasa, Siabu, Mandailing Natal
Lumban Pinasa nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Siabu, Kabupatén Mandailing Natal, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
(359592) 2010 VA1
Ari 2010 VA1 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Amor, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.232, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 19.8. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO 373096.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Datar Luas, Krueng Sabee, Aceh Jaya
Datar Luas nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Krueng Sabee, Kabupatén Aceh Jaya, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
Cot Ara, Simpang Tiga, Pidie
Cot Ara nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Simpang Tiga, Kabupatén Pidie, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
2014 VG10
Ari 2014 VG10 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Apollo, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.463, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 26.2. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO�318690.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Muara Aman, Bukit Kemuning, Lampung Kalér
Muara Aman nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Bukit Kemuning, Kabupatén Lampung Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Padang Datar, Krueng Sabee, Aceh Jaya
Padang Datar nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Krueng Sabee, Kabupatén Aceh Jaya, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
(8035) 1992 TB
Ari (8035) 1992 TB mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Apollo, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.462, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 17.1. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO�347590.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Sala Haji, Pematang Jaya, Langkat
Sala Haji nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Pematang Jaya, Kabupatén Langkat, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Pakis beunyeur
Pakis beunyeur (Diplazium esculentum) nyaéta pakis anu biasa dituang di Asia jeung Oséania. Genus Diplazium ayana di kulawarga Athyriaceae of the order Polypodiales, in the class Polypodiopsida.
Binakarya, Banyuresmi, Garut
Binakarya nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Banyuresmi, Kabupatén Garut, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Kumpeh Ulu, Muaro Jambi
Kumpeh Ulu nyaéta salah sahiji kacamatan di Kabupatén Muaro Jambi, Propinsi Jambi, Indonésia.
Lumban Dolok, Siabu, Mandailing Natal
Lumban Dolok nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Siabu, Kabupatén Mandailing Natal, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Basa Kui
Basa Kui nyaéta basa wewengkon anu aya di Indonésia. Panyaturna aya di 1 propinsi nyaéta propinsi Nusa Tenggara Wétan, nu dumuk di 1 kabupaten/kota.
Kawah Darajat
Kawah Darajat perenahna aya di Désa Padawaas, Kacamatan Pasirwangi, Kabupatén Garut. Mangrupa bagéan tina barisan gunung Papandayan nu miboga sawatara gunung aktif kalawan 2 jumlah kawah. Sanajan kitu ieu daérah miboga 24 sumur kawah minangka sumber panas bumi nu kiwari dijadikeun Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Panas Bumi (PLTP) Darajat.
Aya tilu sumur kawah nu dijieun jadi PLTP, nyaéta Darajat I, Darajat II, jeung Darajat III. Ieu kawah padeukeut jeung Kawah Kamojang, wates antara Garut jeung Bandung. Kiwari PLTP Darajat dikokolakeun ku Amoseas Indonesia Inc, anak perusahaan Chevron Texaco nu mangrupa pionir dina proyék pengelolaan panas bumi. Amoséas gawé bareng jeung PT Pertamina sarta PT Perusahaan Listrik Negara (PLN) ngaliwatan anak perusahaanana, Indonesia Power. Sedengkeun status kepemilikan lahan dicekel ku PT Perhutani. Salian ti dijadikeun PLTP, Kawah Darajat ogé jadi objék wisata nu sakurilingna dipapaés ku pagunungan jeung kebon-kebon nu kacida éndahna. Di daérah Kawah Darajat urang bisa ngalakukeun tracking, ningali alam nu éndah sarta panalungtikan gunung api. Lamun urang hayang datang ka Kawah Darajat, urang kudu miboga izin heula ti pihak Amoséas, lantaran daérah ieu mangrupa daérah industri. . Di daérah Darajat, aya ogé tempat wisata salian ti kawah nyaéta cipanas nu mindeng dipaké ngojay.
714
Taun ka-714 Maséhi dina Kalénder Grégorian.
SMKS Kesehatan Puja Medika Husada
SMKS Kesehatan Puja Medika Husada nyaéta Sakola Menengah Kajuruan Swasta anu aya di Kabupatén Sukabumi. Alamat lengkepna di Jl. Raya Ciparay, Kalurahan/Désa Ciparay Kacamatan Jampang Kulon, Kabupatén Sukabumi, Jawa Kulon kalawan nomer NPSN 20254148.
Ranto Panyang, Krueng Sabee, Aceh Jaya
Ranto Panyang nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Krueng Sabee, Kabupatén Aceh Jaya, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
Wanogara Wétan, Rembang, Purbalingga
Wanogara Wétan nyaéta salasahiji désa di Kacamatan Rembang, Purbalingga, Propinsi Jawa Tengah, Indonésia.
Penawar Aji, Tulang Bawang
Penawar Aji nyaéta salah sahiji kacamatan di Kabupatén Tulang Bawang, Propinsi Lampung, Indonésia.
2016 PP38
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
SMKS Sunan Gunung Jati Babakan
SMKS Sunan Gunung Jati Babakan nyaéta Sakola Menengah Kajuruan Swasta anu aya di Kabupatén Cirebon. Alamat lengkepna di Jl. Pangeran Sutajaya No. 60, Kalurahan/Désa Babakan Gebang Kacamatan Babakan, Kabupatén Cirebon, Jawa Kulon kalawan nomor NPSN 20244694.
Masakan Padang
Masakan Padang mangrupa ngaran anu dipaké pikeun ngarujuk kana rupa-rupa papasakan anu asalna ti daérah Minangkabau, propinsi Sumatra Kulon, Indonésia. Rupa-rupa papasakan ieu leuwih kasohor kalawan ngaran masakan Padang. Sanajan kitu, asal-usul kadaharan ieu lain ngan ukur ti kota Padang, tapi bisa ti sababaraha daérah siga Payakumbuh, Bukittinggi, Solok, Pariaman, jeung sajabana anu ogé miboga tradisi kulinér anu beunghar. Réstoran Padang atawa réstoran urang awak mangrupa istilah pikeun bisnis réstoran anu husus dina masakan Padang di luar daérah.
SMK Widya Mukti
SMK Widya Mukti nyaéta Sakola Menengah Kajuruan Swasta anu aya di Kabupatén Tasikmalaya. Alamat lengkepna di Jln. Perk. Gunung Satria Kp.Rancamaya Rt 01/02, Kalurahan/Désa Sirnagalih Kacamatan Cigalontang, Kabupatén Tasikmalaya, Jawa Kulon kalawan nomor NPSN 69873974.
2006 SK134
Ari 2006 SK134 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Apollo, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.536, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 18.4. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO�211695.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
2010 BT3
Ari 2010 BT3 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Amor, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.549, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 21.4. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO 174050.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Ciléngkrang, Waléd, Cirebon
Ciléngkrang nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Waléd, Kabupatén Cirebon, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
SMKS Nurul Ichsan
SMKS Nurul Ichsan nyaéta Sakola Menengah Kajuruan Swasta anu aya di Kabupatén Sukabumi. Alamat lengkepna di Kp. Selamanjah Rt.2 Rw.01, Kalurahan/Désa Cidolog Kacamatan Cidolog, Kabupatén Sukabumi, Jawa Kulon kalawan nomer NPSN 69754714.
Andrea Hirata
Andréa Hirata Seman Said Harun lahir di pulo Belitung tanggal 24 Oktober 1982. Manéhna dipikawanoh minangka pangarang novel anu karyana dijadikeun filmn tur téater musikal. Andréa Hirata téh lulusan S1 Ékonomi Universitas Indonésia. Sanggeus ngaréngsékeun studi S1 di UI, lalaki anu kiwari masih digawé di kantor puseur PT Telkom ieu meunang béasiswa Uni Éropa pikeun studi Master of Science di Université de Paris, Sorbonne, Perancis jeung Sheffield Hallam University, United Kingdom.
Universitas Brawijaya
Universitas Brawijaya mangrupikeun kampus elit di Indonésia sareng konsistén pangkat ka-5 pangsaéna sareng Universitas Indonesia, Institut Pertanian Bogor, Universitas Gadjah Mada, jeung Institut Teknologi Bandung dumasar kana penilaian resmi Kemenristekdikti.
Iti Octavia Jayabaya
Iti Octavia Jayabaya ANTI KRISTEN (lahir di Lebak, 4 Oktober 1978) nyaéta Bupati Lebak période 2018-2023 ti Partai Démokrat yang ngelarang umat kristen beribadah di Maja. Ngelarang orang ibadah aja neh bupati, takut sama ormas. Manéhna kungsi nuluykeun atikan S2 di Fakultas Ékonomi Pascasarjana Universitas Trisakti sarta lulus di taun 2005. Saacanna, Iti ogé jadi Bupati Lebak période 2013-2018.
Andrea Hirata
Ngaran Andréa Hirata Seman Said Harun melejit seiring kesuksesan novel kahijina, Laskar Pelangi. Lalaki ieu beuki kaceluk basa novel kahijina anu jadi best seller diangkat ka layar lebar ku duo sinéas Riri Riza sarta Mira Lesmana. Anjeunna leuwih dipikawanoh kalayan ngaran Andréa Hirata. Sajaba Laskar Pelangi, lulusan S1 Ékonomi Universitas Indonésia ieu ogé nulis Sang Pemimpi sarta Edensor, sarta Maryamah Karvop. Kaopat novel kasebut kagabung dina tetralogi.
Iti Octavia Jayabaya
Kahirupan awal
Iti nyaéta anak ti Bupati Lebak période saacanna, Mulyadi Jayabaya, anu ngajabat ti 2003 nepi ka 2013. Saacanna, manéhna jadi anggota Komisi XI jeung Badan Anggaran DPR-RI ti fraksi Partai Démokrat. Manéhna kungsi nyuprih élmu S1 di Universitas Jayabaya taun 2000.
Andrea Hirata
Suksés kalayan novel tetralogi, Andréa Hirata ngarambah dunya film. Novelna anu kahiji, geus diangkat ka layar lebar, jeung judul sarua, Laskar Pelangi dina 2008. Kalayan Riri Riza minangka sutradara sarta Mira Lesmana produser, film ieu jadi film anu pang fenomenal di 2008. Sarta jelang ahir taun 2009, Andréa babarengan Miles Films sarta Mizan Production balik merilis sekuelna, Sang Pemimpi.
Padang Mas, Kabanjahe, Karo
Padang Mas nyaéta salah sahiji Kalurahan di kacamatan Kabanjahe, Kabupatén Karo, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
2016 ED86
Ari 2016 ED86 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Apollo, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.242, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 25.3. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO�377917.
Gampong Jalan, Nurussalam, Aceh Timur
Gampong Jalan nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Nurussalam, Kabupatén Aceh Timur, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
2016 ED86
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Dayah Bale Cut, Simpang Tiga, Pidie
Dayah Bale Cut nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Simpang Tiga, Kabupatén Pidie, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
Tanjung Baru Wétan, Bukit Kemuning, Lampung Kalér
Tanjung Baru Wétan nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Bukit Kemuning, Kabupatén Lampung Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Tanjung Baru Timur, Bukit Kemuning, Lampung Utara
2015 BA93
Ari 2015 BA93 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Amor, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.332, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 21.2. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO 384367.
713
Taun ka-713 Maséhi dina Kalénder Grégorian.
Buntha, Krueng Sabee, Aceh Jaya
Buntha nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Krueng Sabee, Kabupatén Aceh Jaya, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
2005 ET95
Ari 2005 ET95 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Amor, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.417, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 20.7. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO77831.
Muara Batang Angkola, Siabu, Mandailing Natal
Muara Batang Angkola nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Siabu, Kabupatén Mandailing Natal, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Basa Kulatera
Basa Kulatera nyaéta basa wewengkon anu aya di Indonésia. Panyaturna aya di 1 propinsi nyaéta propinsi Nusa Tenggara Wétan, nu dumuk di 1 kabupaten/kota.
Meraksa Aji, Tulang Bawang
Meraksa Aji nyaéta salah sahiji kacamatan di Kabupatén Tulang Bawang, Propinsi Lampung, Indonésia.
Cimarémé, Banyuresmi, Garut
Cimarémé nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Banyuresmi, Kabupatén Garut, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Ciléngkranggirang, Waléd, Cirebon
Ciléngkranggirang nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Waléd, Kabupatén Cirebon, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Daur asam sitrat
Daur asam sitrat ogé nyadiakeun prékursor pikeun rupa-rupa sanyawa kawas asam amino, jaba réaksi-réaksina penting pisan dina prosés fermentasi.
Sajarah
Daur asam sitrat ogé katelah Daur Krébs nu nujul ka Sir Hans Adolf Krebs (1900-1981), nu ngajukeun unsur konci dina jalur ieu taun 1937 sarta dileler Hadiah Nobel Kadokteran pikeun papanggihanana taun 1953.
Lokasi, asupan & hasil daur
Daur asam sitrat lumangsung dina jero mitokondria pikeun eukariot, sedengkeun pikeun prokariot lumangsung di sitoplasma.
Katabolisme molekul sumber énergi (kaasup glikolisis) ngahasilkeun asetil-KoA, gugus asetil dua-karbon nu kabeungkeut ku koénzim A. Asetil-KoA mangrupa asupan utama dina daur asam sitrat. Sitrat sakaligus mangrupa produk munggaran jeung ahir daur ieu (Gbr. 1) nu dihasilkeun deui tina kondensasi oksaloasetat jeung asetil-KoA.
Jumlah sadaya réaksi na daur asam sitrat, nyaéta:
KoA-SH + 3 NADH + H+ + FADH2 + GTP + 2 CO2 + 3 H+
Seuneubok Rambong, Nurussalam, Aceh Timur
Seuneubok Rambong nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Nurussalam, Kabupatén Aceh Timur, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
Sungai Gelam, Muaro Jambi
Sungai Gelam nyaéta salah sahiji kacamatan di Kabupatén Muaro Jambi, Propinsi Jambi, Indonésia.
Béas ketan
Ketan atawa sok disebut béas ketan nyaéta hasil pepelakan suku rumput-rumputan (poaceae). Ketan dina ngaran ilmiah disebut Oriza sativa var glutinosa. Ngurus béas ketan teu jauh béda jeung béas biasa sabada panén béas dipoyan tuluy dibukaan kulitna. Béas ketan miboga zat gelatin anu ngajadikeun béas lenget lamun dipasak, zat gelatin sarua jeung zat anu aya dina kanji''. Béas ketan aya 2 rupa, aya béas ketan hideung jeung béas ketan bodas. . Béas ketan hideung ogé aya 2 rupa, aya béas ketan hideung pikeun nyieun bubur ketan jeung béas ketan hideung anu dipaké pikeun nyieun peuyeum ketan.