cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Radiasi éléktromagnétik
Gelombang radio
Mangsa rambatan gelombang ÉM asup kana konduktor, rambatan ÉM ngaraksuk kana konduktor, ngaliwatan, jeung ngabangkitkeun arus listrik dina beungeut konduktor ku cara ngagerakkeun éléktron-éléktron material konduktor. Éfék ieu (éfék kulit atawa skin effect) digunakeun dina anteneu. Pancaran gelombang ÉM ogé bisa ngabalukarkeun molékul-molékul nyerep énérgi jeung saterusna jadi panas; cara ieu digunakeun dina oven microwave.
Rumus-rumus Gelombang Éléktromagnétik
Gelombang éléktromagnétik salaku hiji fénomena umum ditorah ku hukum-hukum klasik ngeunaan listrik jeung magnétisme, anu katelah sabagé rumus-rumus Maxwell. Lamun urang mariksa rumus-rumus Maxwell tanpa sumber (muatan listrik atawa arus listrik) mangka urang bakal meunangkeun jawaban nontrivial tina médan listrik jeung médan magnét anu robah-robah. Dimimitian ku rumus Maxwell pikeun hiji rohangan hapa:
Hiji jawaban, nyaéta trivial.
Pikeun nempo hiji deui jawaban anu leuwih narik haté, urang ngagunakeun identitas véktor, anu lumaku pikeun satiap véktor, saperti kieu:
Pikeun nempo kumaha urang bisa ngagunakeun ieu, paké curl tina rumus (2):
Ku cara ngitung sisi kénca:
Jengki, Peureulak Timur, Aceh Timur
Jengki nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Peureulak Timur, Kabupatén Aceh Timur, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
Mikropon
Mikropon, atawa Palantang kadang sok dipondokkeun jadi mik, hartina akustik transduser atawa sénsor nu ngarobah tekenan sora jadi sinyal listrik. Mikropon dipaké dina rupa-rupa parabot kayaning telepon, tip rékorder, alat bantu rungu, radio jeung tipi, VoIP, sarta pikeun larapan non-akustik sapertos pamariksaan ultrasonik.
Sajarah
Sababaraha papanggihan awal nyieun mikropon primitif (ayeuna disebut transmitter) saméméh Alexander Bell, tapi nu munggaran dijual mah mikropon karbon beunang Thomas Edison, Oktober 1876. Kamekaran rancangan mikropon lolobana lumangsung di Bell Laboratories. <!--
Principle of operation
A microphone is a device made to capture waves in air, water or hard material and translate them to an electrical signal. The most common method is via a thin membrane producing some proportional electrical signal. Most microphones in use today for audio use electromagnetic generation (dynamic microphones), capacitance change (condenser microphones) or piezoelectric generation to produce the signal from mechanical vibration.
Pasar VI Natal, Natal, Mandailing Natal
Pasar VI Natal nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Natal, Kabupatén Mandailing Natal, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Mikropon
Technology
In a condenser microphone, also known as a capacitor microphone, the diaphragm acts as one plate of a capacitor, and the vibrations produce changes in the distance between the plates.
DC-biased microphone operating principle
The plates are biased with a fixed charge (Q). The voltage maintained across the capacitor plates changes with the vibrations in the air, according to the capacitance equation: where Q = charge in coulombs, C = capacitance in farads and V = potential difference in volts. The capacitance of the plates is inversely proportional to the distance between them for a parallel-plate capacitor. (See capacitance for details.)
The charge across the capacitor is not maintained perfectly constant. As the capacitance changes, the charge across the capacitor changes to make the voltage drop across the capacitor equal to the bias voltage. However, the rate of this change is kept slow by using a series resistor of a very high value (of the order of 10 MΩ). Note that the time constant of a RC circuit equals the product of the resistance and capacitance.
Within the time-frame of the capacitance change (on the order of 100 μs), the charge thus appears practically constant and the voltage across the capacitor adjusts itself instantaneously to reflect the change in capacitance. The voltage across the capacitor varies above and below the bias voltage. The voltage difference between the bias and the capacitor is seen across the series resistor. The voltage across the resistor is amplified and reproduced to audio or recording.
RF condenser microphone operating principle
The RF biasing process results in a lower electrical impedance capsule, a useful byproduct of which is that RF condenser microphones can be operated in all weather conditions. The Sennheiser "MKH" series of microphones all use the RF biased technique.
Jengki, Peureulak Timur, Aceh Timur
Jengki, Peureulak Timur, Aceh Timur
Mikropon
Usage
Condenser microphones span the range from cheap throw-aways to high-fidelity quality instruments. They generally produce a high-quality audio signal and are now the popular choice in laboratory and studio recording applications. They require a power source, provided either from microphone inputs as phantom power or from a small battery. Professional microphones often sport an external power supply for reasons of quality perception. Power is necessary for establishing the capacitor plate voltage, and is also needed for internal amplification of the signal to a useful output level. Condenser microphones are also available with two diaphragms, the signals from which can be electrically connected such as to provide a range of polar patterns (see below), such as cardioid, omnidirectional and figure-eight. It is also possible to vary the pattern smoothly with some microphones, for example the Røde NT2000.
Electret condenser microphones
An electret microphone is a relatively new type of capacitor microphone invented at Bell laboratories in 1962 by Gerhard Sessler and Jim West. An electret is a dielectric material that has been permanently electrically charged or polarized. The name comes from electrostatic and magnet; a static charge is embedded in an electret by alignment of the static charges in the material, much the way a magnet is made by aligning the magnetic domains in a piece of iron. They are used in many applications, from high-quality recording and lavalier use to built-in microphones in small sound recording devices and telephones. Though electret mics were once low-cost and considered low quality, the best ones can now rival capacitor mics in every respect (apart from low noise) and can even have the long-term stability and ultra-flat response needed for a measuring microphone. Unlike other capacitor microphones, they require no polarizing voltage, but normally contain an integrated preamplifier which does require power (often incorrectly called polarizing power or bias). This preamp is frequently phantom powered in sound reinforcement and studio applications. While few electret microphones rival the best DC-polarized units in terms of noise level, this is not due to any inherent limitation of the electret. Rather, mass production techniques needed to produce electrets cheaply don't lend themselves to the precision needed to produce the highest quality microphones.
Technology
A small movable induction coil, positioned in the magnetic field of a permanent magnet, is attached to the diaphragm. When sound enters through the windscreen of the microphone, the sound wave moves the diaphragm. When the diaphragm vibrates, the coil moves in the magnetic field, producing a varying current in the coil through electromagnetic induction. The frequency content of the generated signal is proportional to the perceived frequency. So a 1 kHz sine wave would generate an identical frequency output from the microphone. A single dynamic membrane will not respond linearly to all audio frequencies. Some microphones for this reason utilize multiple membranes for the different parts of the audio spectrum and then combine the resulting signals. Combining the multiple signals correctly is difficult and designs that do this are rare and tend to be expensive. There are on the other hand several designs that are more specifically aimed towards isolated parts of the audio spectrum. AKG D112 is for example designed for bass content rather than treble. In audio engineering several kinds of microphones are often used at the same time to get the best result.
The dynamic principle is exactly the same as in a loudspeaker, only reversed.
Ribbon microphones
In ribbon microphones a thin, usually corrugated metal ribbon is suspended in a magnetic field. The ribbon is electrically connected to the microphone's output, and its vibration within the magnetic field generates the electrical signal. Ribbon microphones are similar to plunger coil microphones in the sense that both produce sound by means of magnetic induction. Basic ribbon microphones detect sound in a bidirectional (also called figure-eight) pattern because the ribbon, which is open to sound both front and back, responds to the pressure gradient rather than the sound pressure. Though the symmetrical front and rear pickup can be a nuisance in normal stereo recording, the high side rejection can be used to advantage by positioning a ribbon mic horizontally, for example above cymbals, so that the rear lobe picks up only sound from the cymbals. Other directional patterns are produced by enclosing one side of the ribbon in an acoustic trap or baffle, allowing sound to reach only one side. Ribbon mics give very high quality sound reproduction, and were once valued for this reason, but a good low-frequency response can be obtained only if the ribbon is suspended very loosely, and this makes them fragile. Protective wind screens can reduce the danger of damaging the ribbon, but will somewhat reduce the bass response at large miking distances.
Most ribbon microphones don't require phantom power; in fact, this voltage can damage these microphones.
Carbon microphones
A carbon microphone, formerly used in telephone handsets, is a capsule containing carbon granules pressed between two metal plates. A voltage is applied across the metal plates, causing a small current to flow through the carbon. One of the plates, the diaphragm, vibrates in sympathy with incident sound waves, applying a varying pressure to the carbon. The changing pressure deforms the granules, causing the contact area between each pair of adjacent granules to change, and this causes the electrical resistance of the mass of granules to change. The changes in resistance cause a corresponding change in the voltage across the two plates, and hence in the current flowing through the microphone, producing the electrical signal. Carbon microphones were once commonly used in telephones; they have extremely low-quality sound reproduction and a very limited frequency response range, but are very robust devices.
Unlike other microphone types, the carbon microphone can also be used as a type of amplifier, using a small amount of sound energy to produce a larger amount of electrical energy. Carbon microphones found use as early telephone repeaters, making long distance phone calls possible in the era before vacuum tubes. These repeaters worked by mechanically coupling a magnetic telephone receiver to a carbon microphone: the faint signal from the receiver was transferred to the microphone, with a resulting stronger electrical signal to send down the line. (One illustration of this amplifier effect was the oscillation caused by feedback, resulting in an audible squeal from the old "candlestick" telephone if its earphone was placed near the carbon microphone.)
Wanakaya, Haurgeulis, Indramayu
Wanakaya nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Haurgeulis, Kabupatén Indramayu, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Mikropon
Technology
A piezo microphone uses the phenomenon of piezoelectricity—the ability of some materials to produce a voltage when subjected to pressure—to convert vibrations into an electrical signal. An example of this is Rochelle salt (potassium sodium tartrate), which is a piezoelectric crystal that works as a transducer, both as a microphone and as a slimline loudspeaker component.
Usage
Piezo transducers are often used as contact microphones to amplify sound from acoustic musical instruments, or to record sounds in unusual environments (underwater, for instance). Saddle mounted pickups on acoustic guitars are generally piezos that are mechanically connected to the strings through the saddle. This type of microphone is not to be confused with magnetic coil pickups commonly visible on typical electric guitars.
Technology
A laser microphone is an exotic application of laser technology. It consists of a laser beam that must be reflected off a glass window or another rigid surface that vibrates in sympathy with nearby sounds. This device essentially turns any vibrating surface near the source of sound into a microphone. It does this by measuring the distance between itself and the surface extremely accurately; the tiny fluctuations in this distance become the electrical signal of the sounds picked up.
Usage
Laser microphones are new, very rare and expensive, and are most commonly portrayed in the movies as spying devices.
2004 NU7
Ari 2004 NU7 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Amor, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.545, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 24.4. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO70368.
Mikropon
Technology
Early microphones did not produce intelligible speech, until Alexander Graham Bell made a set of improvements. Bell’s liquid transmitter consisted of a metal cup filled with dilute sulfuric acid. A sound wave caused the diaphragm to move, forcing a brass tube to move up and down in the liquid. The electrical resistance between the wire and the cup was then inversely proportional to the length of wire submerged. Elisha Gray filed a patent for a version using a needle instead of the brass tube. Other minor variations and improvements were made to the liquid microphone by Majoranna, Chambers, Vanni, Sykes, and Elisha Gray, and one version was even patented by Reginald Fessenden in 1903.
2004 NU7
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Mikropon
Usage
These were the first working microphones, but they were not practical for commercial application and are utterly obsolete now. It was with a liquid transmitter that the famous first phone conversation between Bell and Watson took place. Other inventors soon devised superior devices.
Radiasi éléktromagnétik
Rumus-rumus Gelombang Éléktromagnétik
Itung sisi katuhu:
Mikropon
MEMS microphones
The MEMS microphone is also called a digital microphone, microphone chip or silicon microphone, since the output is already in digital form and originates from an IC. The pressure-sensitive diaphragm is etched directly on a silicon chip by MEMS techniques, and is usually accompanied with integrated preamplifier and ADC on the same CMOS chip. Major manufacturers are Infineon (SMM310 product), Akustica (AKU200x), Knowles Electronics and Sonion MEMS.
Speakers as microphones
A loudspeaker is the exact opposite of a microphone, since it's a transducer that turns an electrical signal into sound waves. Since a conventional speaker is constructed much like a dynamic microphone (with a diaphragm, coil and magnet), speakers can actually work "in reverse" as microphones. The result, though, is a microphone with poor quality, limited frequency response (particularly at the high end), and poor sensitivity.
In practical use, speakers are sometimes used as microphones in such applications as intercoms or walkie-talkies, where high quality and sensitivity are not needed. However, there is at least one other novel application of this principle; using a medium-size woofer placed closely in front of a "kick" (bass drum) in a drum set to act as a microphone. This has been commercialized with the Yamaha "Subkick".
Capsule design and directivity
The shape of the microphone defines its directivity. Inner elements are of major importance and concerns the structural shape of the capsule, outer elements may be the interference tube.
A pressure gradient microphone is a microphone in which both sides of the diaphragm are exposed to the incident sound and the microphone is therefore responsive to the pressure differential (gradient) between the two sides of the membrane. Sound incident parallel to the plane of the diaphragm produces no pressure differential, giving pressure-gradient microphones their characteristic figure-eight directional patterns.
The capsule of a pressure microphone however is closed on one side, which results in an omnidirectional pattern.
Microphone polar patterns
A microphone's directionality or polar pattern indicates how sensitive it is to sounds arriving at different angles about its central axis. The above polar patterns represent the locus of points that produce the same signal level output in the microphone if a given sound pressure level is generated from that point. How the physical body of the microphone is oriented relative to the diagrams depends on the microphone design. For large-membrane microphones such as in the Oktava (pictured above), the upward direction in the polar diagram is usually perpendicular to the microphone body, commonly known as "side fire". For small diaphragm microphones such as the Shure (also pictured above), it usually extends from the axis of the microphone commonly known as "end fire". Some microphone designs combine several principles in creating the desired polar pattern. This ranges from shielding (meaning diffraction/dissipation/absorption) by the housing itself to electronically combining dual membranes.
An omnidirectional microphone's response is generally considered to be a perfect sphere in three dimensions. In the real world, this is not the case. As with directional microphones, the polar pattern for an "omnidirectional" microphone is a function of frequency. The body of the microphone is not infinitely small and, as a consequence, it tends to get in its own way with respect to sounds arriving from the rear, causing a slight flattening of the polar response. This flattening increases as the diameter of the microphone (assuming it's cylindrical) reaches the wavelength of the frequency in question. Therefore, the smallest diameter microphone will give the best omnidirectional characteristics at high frequencies. The wavelength of sound at 10 kHz is about an inch (2.5 cm) so the smallest measuring microphones are often 1/4" (6 mm) in diameter, which practically eliminates directionality even up to the highest frequencies. Omnidirectional microphones, unlike cardioids, do not employ resonant cavities as delays, and so can be considered the "purest" mikes in terms of low coloration; they add very little to the original sound. Being pressure-sensitive they can also have a very flat low-frequency response down to 20 Hz or below. Pressure-sensitive mikes also respond much less to wind noise than directional (velocity sensitive) mikes.
A unidirectional microphone is sensitive to sounds from only one direction. The diagram above illustrates a number of these patterns, with the microphone capsule being represented as a red dot. The mike faces upwards in each diagram. The sound intensity for a particular frequency is plotted for angles radially from 0 to 360°. (Professional diagrams show these scales and include multiple plots at different frequencies. These diagrams just provide an overview of the typical shapes and their names.)
The most common unidirectional mike is a cardioid microphone, so named because the sensitivity pattern is heart-shaped (see cardioid). A hyper-cardioid is similar but with a tighter area of front sensitivity and a tiny lobe of rear sensitivity. These two patterns are commonly used as vocal or speech mikes, since they are good at rejecting sounds from other directions. Because they employ internal cavities to provide front-back delay, directional mikes tend to have more coloration than omnis, and they also suffer from low-frequency roll-off. These problems are overcome to a large extent by careful design, but only the best cardioids can begin to approach the performance of a tiny low-cost omni in terms of absolute accuracy. This is not always recognised, but is the price paid for directionality, often needed to exclude ambient reverberation wherever very close placement is impossible.
Figure 8 or bi-directional mikes receive sound from both the front and back of the element. Most ribbon microphones are of this pattern.
Shotgun microphones are the most highly directional. They have small lobes of sensitivity to the left, right, and rear but are significantly more sensitive to the front. This results from placing the element inside a tube with slots cut along the side; wave-cancellation eliminates most of the off-axis noise. Shotgun microphones are commonly used on TV and film sets, and for location recording of wildlife.
An omnidirectional microphone is a pressure transducer; the output voltage is proportional to the air pressure at a given time.
On the other hand, a figure-8 pattern is a pressure gradient transducer; the output voltage is proportional to the difference in pressure on the front and on the back side. A sound wave arriving from the back will lead to a signal with a polarity opposite to that of an identical sound wave from the front. Moreover, shorter wavelengths (higher frequencies) are picked up more effectively than lower frequencies.
A cardioid microphone is effectively a superposition of an omnidirectional and a figure-8 microphone; for sound waves coming from the back, the negative signal from the figure-8 cancels the positive signal from the omnidirectional element, whereas for sound waves coming from the front, the two add to each other. A hypercardioid microphone is similar, but with a slightly larger figure-8 contribution.
Since pressure gradient transducer microphones are directional(partially), their frequency response is dependent on the distance to the sound source. This is known as the proximity effect, a bass boost at distances of a few centimeters. A phenomenon related to the physics of wave and particle propagation. Low frequency audio does not exhibit the same properties as high frequency audio.
Design concerning practical application
A wireless microphone is one which does not use a cable. It usually transmits its signal using a small FM radio transmitter to a nearby receiver connected to the sound system, but it can also use infrared light if the transmitter and receiver are within sight of each other.
A contact microphone is designed to pick up vibrations directly from a solid surface or object, as opposed to sound vibrations carried through air. One use for this is to detect sounds of a very low level, such as those from small objects or insects. The microphone commonly consists of a magnetic (moving coil) transducer, contact plate and contact pin. The contact plate is placed against the object from which vibrations are to be picked up; the contact pin transfers these vibrations to the coil of the transducer. Contact microphones have been used to pick up the sound of a snail's heartbeat and the footsteps of ants. A portable version of this microphone has recently been developed.
A throat microphone is a variant of the contact microphone, used to pick up speech directly from the throat, around which it is strapped. This allows the device to be used in areas with ambient sounds that would otherwise make the speaker inaudible.
A parabolic microphone uses a parabolic reflector to collect and focus sound waves onto a microphone receiver, in much the same way that a parabolic antenna (e.g. satellite dish) does with radio waves. Typical uses of this microphone, which has unusually focused front sensitivity and can pick up sounds from many meters away, include nature recording, outdoor sporting events, eavesdropping, law enforcement, and even espionage. Parabolic microphones are not typically used for standard recording applications, because they tend to have poor low-frequency response as a side effect of their design.
Connectors
Some microphones use other connectors, such as 1/4 inch TRS (tip ring sleeve), 5-pin XLR, or stereo mini phone plug (1/8 inch TRS) on some stereo microphones. Some lavalier microphones use a proprietary connector for connection to a wireless transmitter. Since 2005, professional-quality microphones with USB connections have begun to appear, designed for direct recording into computer-based software studios.
Impedance matching
Microphones have an electrical characteristic called impedance, measured in ohms (Ω) that depends on the design. Typically, the rated impedance is stated. Low impedance is considered under 600 Ω. Medium impedance is considered between 600 Ω and 10 kΩ. High impedance is above 10 kΩ. Most professional microphones are low impedance, about 200 Ω or lower. Low-impedance microphones are preferred over high impedance for two reasons: one is that using a high-impedance mic with a long cable will result in loss of high frequency signal due to the capacitance of the cable; the other is that long high-impedance cables tend to pick up more hum (and possibly radio-frequency interference (RFI) as well). However, some equipment, such as vacuum tube guitar amplifiers, has an input impedance that is inherently high, requiring the use of a high impedance microphone or a matching transformer. Nothing will be damaged if the impedance between microphone and other equipment is mismatched; the worst that will happen is a reduction in signal or change in frequency response.
To get the best sound in most cases, the impedance of the microphone must be distinctly lower (by a factor of at least five) than that of the equipment to which it is connected. Most microphones are designed not to have their impedance "matched" by the load to which they are connected; doing so can alter their frequency response and cause distortion, especially at high sound pressure levels. There are transformers (confusingly called matching transformers) that adapt impedances for special cases such as connecting microphones to DI units or connecting low-impedance microphones to the high-impedance inputs of certain amplifiers, but microphone connections generally follow the principle of bridging (voltage transfer), not matching (power transfer). In general, any XLR microphone can usually be connected to any mixer with XLR microphone inputs, and any plug microphone can usually be connected to any jack that is marked as a microphone input, but not to a line input. This is because the signal level of a microphone is typically 40-60 dB lower (a factor of 100 to 1000) than a line input. Microphone inputs include the necessary amplification circuitry to deal with these very low level signals. The exception to these comments is in the case of certain ribbon and dynamic microphones which are most linear when operated into a load of known impedance
Measurements and specifications
Because of differences in their construction, microphones have their own characteristic responses to sound. This difference in response produces non-uniform phase and frequency responses. In addition, mics are not uniformly sensitive to sound pressure, and can accept differing levels without distorting. Although for scientific applications microphones with a more uniform response are desirable, this is often not the case for music recording, as the non-uniform response of a microphone can produce a desirable coloration of the sound. There is an international standard for microphone specifications, but few manufacturers adhere to it. As a result, comparison of published data from different manufacturers is difficult because different measurement techniques are used. The Microphone Data Website has collated the technical specifications complete with pictures, response curves and technical data from the microphone manufacturers for every currently listed microphone, and even a few obsolete models, and shows the data for them all in one common format for ease of comparison.. Caution should be used in drawing any solid conclusions from this or any other published data, however, unless it is known that the manufacturer has supplied specifications in accordance with IEC 60268-4.
A frequency response diagram plots the microphone sensitivity in decibels over a range of frequencies (typically at least 0–20 kHz), generally for perfectly on-axis sound (sound arriving at 0° to the capsule). Frequency response may be less informatively stated textually like so: "30 Hz–16 kHz ±3 dB". This is interpreted as a (mostly) linear plot between the stated frequencies, with variations in amplitude of no more than plus or minus 3 dB. However, one cannot determine from this information how smooth the variations are, nor in what parts of the spectrum they occur. Note that commonly-made statements such as "20 Hz–20 kHz" are meaningless without a decibel measure of tolerance. Directional microphones' frequency response varies greatly with distance from the sound source, and with the geometry of the sound source. IEC 60268-4 specifies that frequency response should be measured in plane progressive wave conditions (very far away from the source) but this is seldom practical. Close talking microphones may be measured with different sound sources and distances, but there is no standard and therefore no way to compare data from different models unless the measurement technique is described.
Macintosh
'Macintosh' , atawa ngan saukur  'Mac' , nyaéta salah sahiji komputer dumasar pribadi PowerPC dihasilkeun ku Apple. komputer ieu disebut ku McIntosh, jenis apel kawas Jef Raskin. Macintosh munggaran diwanohkeun dina January 1984 ngaliwatan iklan  Super Saeful  fenomenal. Macintosh nyaéta kahiji pikeun ngawanohkeun sistem komputer panganteur grafis (GUI). Waktu éta, léngkah dicokot ku Apple nyaéta ngembangkeun revolusioner di dunya komputer pribadi.
Mandalasari, Cipatat, Bandung Kulon
Mandalasari nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Cipatat, Kabupatén Bandung, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Macintosh
Nyieun Mac mangrupa formulir model integrasi nangtung nu Apple facilitates sagala aspek hardware na sistem operasi anu dipasang dina sakabéh komputer Mac. Ieu béda ti komputer PC-tipe sacara umum, di mana loba pabrik nyieun tur gabungkeun kontak hardware kalawan sistem operasi anu dijieun ku pabrik lianna. Samentara éta, Apple anu éksklusif dijieun hardware Mac jeung ngatur kumaha na sistem internal, desain, sarta ogé harga. Henteu ngan éta, Apple teu ngalisénsikeun Mac OS X pikeun komputer non-Apple.
(318050) 2004 FC32
Ari 2004 FC32 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Amor, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.339, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 18.7. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO 408290.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
SMK Gentra Pasundan
SMK Gentra Pasundan nyaéta Sakola Menengah Kajuruan Swasta anu aya di Kabupatén Sukabumi. Alamat lengkepna di Jl. Padaasih, Kalurahan/Désa Mekarasih Kacamatan Simpenan, Kabupatén Sukabumi, Jawa Kulon kalawan nomer NPSN 20269163.
Radiasi éléktromagnétik
Rumus-rumus Gelombang Éléktromagnétik
Rumus (6) jeung (7) sarua, antukna ieu ngahasilkeun hiji rumus diferensial nu miboga harga vektor pikeun médan listrik, nyaéta:
Liang Merdeka, Kutabuluh, Karo
Liang Merdeka nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Kutabuluh, Kabupatén Karo, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
2012 QH14
Ari 2012 QH14 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Apollo, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.527, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 27.3. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO�315277.
Ozaki Koyo
Ozaki Kōyō (尾崎 紅葉) nyaéta panulis asal Jepang panulis. Asalna namina nyaéta Ozaki Tokutaro (尾崎 徳太郎).
Radiasi éléktromagnétik
Rumus-rumus Gelombang Éléktromagnétik
Ku cara nerapkeun pola anu sarupa ngahasilkeun rumus diférensial pikeun médan magnét:
2012 QH14
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Radiasi éléktromagnétik
Rumus-rumus Gelombang Éléktromagnétik
Rumus-rumus diférensial ieu sapadan jeung rumus gelombang:
Atawa sacara leuwih saderhana:
Perhatikeun yén dina kasus médan listrik katut médan magnét, lajuna:
di mana, saperti katempo, mangrupa laju cahaya. Rumus Maxwell geus ngahijikeun permitivitas rohangan bébas \epsilon_0, perméabilitas rohangan bébas \mu_0, sarta laju cahaya, c. Saméméh katimuna rumus ieu teu kanyahoan yén aya hiji hubungan kuat antara cahaya jeung listrik sarta magnétisme (gaya magnét).
Tapi masih aya dua rumus Maxwell deui. Coba tempo hiji gelombang véktor umum pikeun médan listrik.
Di dieu mangrupa amplitudo konstan, f mangrupa satiap fungsi anu bisa didiférensiasi,  mangrupa hiji véktor unit dina arah rambatan, sarta mangrupa hiji véktor posisi. Urang nempo yén mangrupa hiji jawaban umum kana rumus gelombang. Dina kalimah lain pikeun gelombang anu ngarambat dina arah.
Wangun ieu bakal ngajawab rumus gelombang, tapi naha ieu bakal ngajawab sakabéh rumus Maxwell, sarta médan magnét naon anu pakait?
Rumus Maxwell nu kahiji nuduhkeun yén médan listrik ortogonal kana arah rambatan gelombang.
2009 SN104
Ari 2009 SN104 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Amor, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.456, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 22.4. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO 162585.
Ratu Jaya, Sungkai Tengah, Lampung Kalér
Ratu Jaya nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Sungkai Tengah, Kabupatén Lampung Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
SMKN 1 Jamblang
SMKN 1 Jamblang nyaéta Sakola Menengah Kajuruan Negeri anu aya di Kabupatén Cirebon. Alamat lengkepna di Jl. Nyi Mas Rara Kerta, Kalurahan/Désa Sitiwinangun Kacamatan Jamblang, Kabupatén Cirebon, Jawa Kulon kalawan nomor NPSN 20244699.
Mikropon
Measurements and specifications
The self-noise or equivalent noise level is the sound level that creates the same output voltage as the microphone does in the absence of sound. This represents the lowest point of the microphone's dynamic range, and is particularly important should you wish to record sounds that are quiet. The measure is often stated in dB(A), which is the equivalent loudness of the noise on a decibel scale frequency-weighted for how the ear hears, for example: "15 dBA SPL" (SPL means sound pressure level relative to 20 micropascals). The lower the number the better. Some microphone manufacturers state the noise level using ITU-R 468 noise weighting, which more accurately represents the way we hear noise, but gives a figure some 11 to 14 dB higher. A quiet microphone will measure typically 20 dBA SPL or 32 dB SPL 468-weighted.
Ratu Jaya, Sungkai Tengah, Lampung Kalér
Ratu Jaya, Sungkai Tengah, Lampung Utara
Radiasi éléktromagnétik
Rumus-rumus Gelombang Éléktromagnétik
Médan listrik jeung médan magnét sajaba ngarambat dina laju cahaya, ogé boga oriéntasi sarta gedé anu proporsional anu kawates, E_0 = c B_0, anu bisa ditempo langsung tina Poynting vector. Médan listrik, médan magnét, sarta arah rambatan gelombang kabéhanana ortogonal, sarta gelombang ngarambat dina arah anu sarua saperti.
Mikropon
Measurements and specifications
The maximum SPL (sound pressure level) the microphone can accept is measured for particular values of total harmonic distortion (THD), typically 1%. This is generally inaudible, so one can safely use the mic at this level without harming the recording. Example: "142 dB SPL peak (<1% THD)". The higher the value, the better, although microphones with a very high maximum SPL also have a higher self-noise.
Radiasi éléktromagnétik
Rumus-rumus Gelombang Éléktromagnétik
Lamun ditingali tina arah rambatan gelombang éléktromagnétik, médan listrik mungkin ngayunambing naék jeung turun, samentara médan magnét ngayunambing ka katuhu jeung ka kénca; tapi gambar éta bisa diputer antukna médan listrik ngayunambing ka katuhu jeung ka kénca samentara médan magnét ngayunambing turun jeung naék. Hal ieu mangrupa jawaban lian pikeun gelombang anu ngarambat ka arah anu sarua. Kasambarangan oriéntasi ditingali ti arah rambatan disebut polarisasi.
Mikropon
Measurements and specifications
The clipping level is perhaps a better indicator of maximum useable level, as the 1% THD figure usually quoted under max SPL is really a very mild level of distortion, quite inaudible especially on brief high peaks. Harmonic distortion from microphones is usually of low-order (mostly third harmonic) type, and hence not very audible even at 3-5%. Clipping, on the other hand, usually caused by the diaphragm reaching its absolute displacement limit (or by the preamplifier), will produce a very harsh sound on peaks, and should be avoided if at all possible. For some mikes the clipping level may be much higher than the max SPL.
Measurement microphones
Some microphones are intended for use as standard measuring microphones for the testing of speakers and checking noise levels etc. These are calibrated transducers and will usually be supplied with a calibration certificate stating absolute sensitivity against frequency.
2009 SN104
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Buket Meriam, Peureulak Timur, Aceh Timur
Buket Meriam nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Peureulak Timur, Kabupatén Aceh Timur, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
Mikropon
Pistonphone apparatus
A pistonphone is an acoustical calibrator (sound source) using a closed coupler to generate a precise sound pressure for the calibration of instrumentation microphones. The principle relies on a piston mechanically driven to move at a specified rate on a fixed volume of air to which the microphone under test is exposed. The air is assumed to be compressed adiabatically and the SPL in the chamber can be calculated from PV = const. The pistonphone method only works at low frequencies, but it can be accurate and yields an easily calculable sound pressure level. The standard test frequency is usually around 250 Hz.
Limok Manaih Pulau Tengah, Keliling Danau, Kerinci
Limok Manaih Pulau Tengah nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Keliling Danau, Kabupatén Kerinci, Propinsi Jambi, Indonésia.
Mikropon
Reciprocal method
This method relies on the reciprocity of one or more microphones in a group of 3 to be calibrated. It can still be used when only one of the microphones is reciprocal (exhibits equal response when used as a microphone or as a loudspeaker).
Limok Manaih Pulau Tengah, Keliling Danau, Kerinci
Limok Manaih Pulau Tengah, Keliling Danau, Kerinci
2014 WP364
Ari 2014 WP364 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Amor, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.521, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 19.9. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO 343753.
SMKS Strada 1 Jakarta
SMKS Strada 1 Jakarta nyaéta Sakola Menengah Kajuruan Swasta anu aya di Kota Jakarta Pusat. Alamat lengkepna di Jl. Gunung Sahari No. 88, Kalurahan/Désa Gunung Sahari Selatan Kec. Kemayoran Kota Jakarta Pusat, DKI Jakarta, kalawan nomor NPSN 20100303.
2014 WP364
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Gunong Nagan, Beutong, Nagan Raya
Gunong Nagan nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Beutong, Kabupatén Nagan Raya, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
Basa Seram
Basa Seram nyaéta basa wewengkon anu aya di Indonésia. Panyaturna aya di 1 propinsi nyaéta propinsi Maluku, nu dumuk di 1 kabupaten/kota.
595
Taun ka-595 Maséhi dina Kalénder Grégorian.
Mikropon
Microphone array and array microphones
A microphone array is a system of several closely-positioned microphones. This is different of array microphones (i.e. Acoustic Magic Voice Tracker Series).
Bojongsari, Indramayu, Indramayu
Bojongsari nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Indramayu, Kabupatén Indramayu, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Mikropon
See also
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Sinunukan V, Natal, Mandailing Natal
Sinunukan V nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Natal, Kabupatén Mandailing Natal, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Tambakbaya, Cisurupan, Garut
Tambakbaya nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Cisurupan, Kabupatén Garut, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
SMKS Taman Siswa 1 Jakarta
SMKS Taman Siswa 1 Jakarta nyaéta Sakola Menengah Kajuruan Swasta anu aya di Kota Jakarta Pusat. Alamat lengkepna di Jl Garuda No. 25, Kalurahan/Désa Gunung Sahari Selatan Kec. Kemayoran Kota Jakarta Pusat, DKI Jakarta, kalawan nomor NPSN 20100294.
2012 VL5
Ari 2012 VL5 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Amor, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.447, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 28.3. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO 244112.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
2014 SQ260
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
2016 CB248
Ari 2016 CB248 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Apollo, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.365, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 26.6. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO�382814.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Alue Gureb, Peureulak Timur, Aceh Timur
Alue Gureb nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Peureulak Timur, Kabupatén Aceh Timur, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
Mekar Sari, Sungkai Tengah, Lampung Kalér
Mekar Sari nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Sungkai Tengah, Kabupatén Lampung Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Mekar Sari, Sungkai Tengah, Lampung Utara
Tuwi Bunta, Beutong, Nagan Raya
Tuwi Bunta nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Beutong, Kabupatén Nagan Raya, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
Tuwi Bunta, Beutong, Nagan Raya
Glumpang Samlakoe, Baktiya, Aceh Utara
Glumpang Samlakoe nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Baktiya, Kabupatén Aceh Utara, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
Basa Serili
Basa Serili nyaéta basa wewengkon anu aya di Indonésia. Panyaturna aya di 1 propinsi nyaéta propinsi Maluku, nu dumuk di 1 kabupaten/kota.
2017 GP4
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Kanjut
Dina mamalia jalu, kontol atawa kanjut (hartina "kantong leutik") atawa skrotum (Ing. scrotum) nyaéta kantong kulit luar katut otot nu ngandung téstikel. Kanjut mangrupa terusan abdomén, nu tempatna antara sirit jeung kérod salawé. Homolog bikang nalika tumuwuhna utun inji nyaéta labia mayora.
Fungsi kanjut sigana pikeun ngajaga sangkan suhu téstikel tetep sahandapeun awak. Pikeun manusa, suhu sabudeureun nu idéal nyaéta 34.4 darajat Celsius (94 darajat Fahrenheit); 36.7 darajat Celsius (98 darajat Fahrenheit) bisa ngaruksak spérma. Suhu ieu diatur ku ngendorkeun atawa murungkutkeun kanjut, luyu jeung suhu sabudeureunana, ku cara nu katelah cremasteric reflex, prosés ngendoran jeung murungkutna otot cremaster na abdomén jeung dartos fascia (jaringan otot handapeun kulit) na kanjut.
Najan suhu nu cocog pikeun tumuwuhna spérma teu sarua di antara spésiés, pikeun spésiés getih-haneut mah biasana séd saeutik ti suhu jero awak.
Nyalindung, Cipatat, Bandung
Nyalindung nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Cipatat, Kabupatén Bandung, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Pola Tebu, Kutabuluh, Karo
Pola Tebu nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Kutabuluh, Kabupatén Karo, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
2009 WG7
Ari 2009 WG7 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Apollo, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.254, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 26.6. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO�166405.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
SMKS Bina Anak Bangsa
SMKS Bina Anak Bangsa nyaéta Sakola Menengah Kajuruan Swasta anu aya di Kabupatén Sukabumi. Alamat lengkepna di Jalan Désa Kertajaya-Cihaur, Kalurahan/Désa Kertajaya Kacamatan Simpenan, Kabupatén Sukabumi, Jawa Kulon kalawan nomer NPSN 20252618.
2006 EW
Ari 2006 EW mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Apollo, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.403, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 23.6. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO�102303.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
594
Taun ka-594 Maséhi dina Kalénder Grégorian.
2004 NF3
Ari 2004 NF3 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Amor, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.481, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 24.5. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO70368.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Mineral
Mineral hartina sanyawaan alami nu kabentuk tina prosés géologis. Istilah "mineral" teu ukur ngawengku komposisi kimia hiji bahan, tapi ogé struktur mineralna. Mineral bisa mangrupa unsur murni, uyah basajan, nepi ka silikat pajeulit/kompléks nu mibanda réwuan bentuk (sanyawaan organik biasana teu kaasup). Ulikan ngeunaan mineral disebut mineralogi.
Jarum
Jarum nyaéta parabot lembut (leutik pisan) tina beusi pikeun kupat-kaput. Wangunna panjang-leutik, tungtungna méncos. Panjangna kurang leuwih opat sénti (4 cm).