cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Arkéologi
Subdisiplin akademis
Prehistoric archaeology concerns itself with societies that did not have writing systems. The term is generally valid only in Europe and Asia where literate societies emerged without colonial influence. In areas where literacy arrived relatively late, it more convenient to use other terms to divide up the archaeological record. In areas of semi-literacy the term protohistoric archaeology can be adopted to cover the study of societies with very limited written records. One example of a protohistoric site is Fort Ross on the northern California coast, which included settlements of literate Russians and non-literate American Indians and Alaska natives.
Ethnoarchaeology is the study of modern societies resembling extinct ones of archaeological interest, for archaeological purposes. It is often difficult to infer solid conclusions about the structure and values of ancient societies from their material remains, not only because objects are mute and say little about those who crafted and used them, but also because not all objects survive to be uncovered by scholars of a later age. Ethnoarchaeology seeks to determine, for instance, what kinds of objects used in a living settlement are deposited in middens or other places where they may be preserved, and how likely an object is to be discarded near to the place where it was used.
Taphonomy is the study of how objects decay and degrade over time. This information is critical to interpretation of artifacts and other objects, so that the work of ancient people can be differentiated from the later work of living creatures and elemental forces.
A selective list of subdisciplines distinguished by time period or region of study is given below.
The following is a list of other subdisciplines. Some of these are not areas of study in their own right, and are only methods to be used in larger projects.
Cultural resources management
Cultural resources management (CRM) (also called heritage management in Britain) is a branch of archaeology that accounts for most research done in the United States and much of that in western Europe as well. In the United States, CRM archaeology has been a growing concern since the passage of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 and most of the archaeology done in that country today proceeds from either direct or related requirements of that measure. In the United States, the vast majority of taxpayers, scholars, and politicians believe that CRM has helped to preserve much of that nation's history and prehistory that would have otherwise been lost in the expansion of cities, dams, and highways. Along with other statutes, this mandates that no construction project on public land or involving public funds may damage an unstudied archaeological site.
The application of CRM in the United Kingdom is not limited to government-funded projects. Since 1990 PPG 16 has required planners to consider archaeology as a material consideration in determining applications for new development. As a result, numerous archaeological organisations undertake mitigation work in advance of (or during) construction work in archaeologically sensitive areas, at the developer's expense.
Among the goals of CRM are the identification, preservation, and maintenance of cultural sites on public and private lands, and the removal of culturally valuable materials from areas where they would otherwise be destroyed by human activity, such as proposed construction. This study involves at least a cursory examination to determine whether or not any significant archaeological sites are present in the area affected by the proposed construction. If these do exist, time and money must be allotted for their excavation. If initial survey and/or test excavation indicates the presence of an extraordinarily valuable site, the construction may be prohibited entirely. CRM is a thriving entity, especially in the United States and Europe where archaeologists from private companies and all levels of government engage in the practice of their discipline.
Cultural resources management has doubtless mitigated the destruction of the archaeological record by the ever-sprawling works of Western civilization, but it leaves something to be desired. CRM is conducted by private companies that bid for projects by submitting proposals outlining the work to be done and an expected budget. It is not unheard-of for the agency responsible for the construction to simply choose the proposal that asks for the least funding. CRM archaeologists face considerable time pressure, often being forced to complete their work in a fraction of the time that might be allotted for a purely scholarly endeavor.
Asal-usul
The exact origins of archaeology as a discipline are uncertain. Excavations of ancient monuments and the collection of antiquities have been taking place for thousands of years. It was only in the 19th century, however, that the systematic study of the past through its physical remains began to be carried out in a manner recognisable to modern students of archaeology. Prior to this, excavation had tended to be haphazard; the importance of concepts such as stratification and context was completely overlooked. In 1803, there was widespread criticism of Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin for removing the "Elgin Marbles" from their rightful place on the Parthenon in Athens; but the marble sculptures themselves were valued by his critics only for their aesthetic qualities, not for the information they might supply about Greek civilisation.
Britain was one of the first countries to develop a systematic approach to archaeology and to recognise it as a discipline in its own right (though the debate over whether it is an "art" or a "science" continues). The first individuals to take a serious interest in the subject were clergymen. Many vicars recorded local landmarks within their parishes, and these might include details of the landscape, as well as ancient monuments such as standing stones -- even where they did not recognise the significance of what they were seeing. It is thanks to them that we know about many archaeological features which have since disappeared or been moved. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries antiquarians such as John Leland, John Aubrey and William Stukeley conducted surveys of the country, drawing, describing and interpreting the monuments they encountered.
In America, Thomas Jefferson, possibly inspired by his experiences in Europe, supervised the systematic excavation of an Indian burial mound on his land in Virginia in 1784. Although Jefferson's investigative methods were ahead of his time (and have earned him the nickname from some of the "father of archaeology"), they were primitive by today's standards. He did not simply dig down into the mound in the hope of "finding something"; he cut a wedge out of it in order to examine the stratigraphy. The results did not inspire his contemporaries to do likewise, and they generally continued to hack away indiscriminately at tell sites in the Middle East, barrows in Europe and mounds in North America, destroying valuable archaeological material in the process.
A major figure in the development of archaeological method was the Victorian Augustus Pitt Rivers. Archaeology was still an amateur pastime, but Britain's colonial period had provided the opportunity to study antiquities in many other countries. Pitt-Rivers himself, having caught the bug during his military career, brought many artefacts back from overseas and, having inherited a large estate with numerous prehistoric features, collected more artefacts off his own land. From his personal collection (the nucleus of the museum named after him, in Oxford), he developed a typology, something few had thought of doing but which would be of enormous significance for dating purposes.
2016 NM39
Ari 2016 NM39 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Amor, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.485, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 22.7. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO 392483.
(335746) 2007 EJ26
Ari 2007 EJ26 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Amor, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.269, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 18.3. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO 386344.
2016 NM39
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Arkéologi
Asal-usul
William Flinders Petrie is another man who may legitimately be called the Father of Archaeology, His work in Egypt developed the concept of seriation which permitted accurate dating long before scientific methods were available to corroborate his chronologies. He was also a meticulous excavator and scrupulous record keeper and laid down many of the ideas behind modern archaeological recording.
(335746) 2007 EJ26
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Arkéologi
Development of archaeological method
Meanwhile, the work of Sir Arthur Evans at Knossos in Crete had shed light on the Minoan civilisation. Many of the finds from this site were catalogued and brought to the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford, where they could be studied by classicists, whilst an attempt was made to reconstruct much of the original site. Although this was done in a manner that would be considered inappropriate today, it helped raise the profile of archaeology considerably.
The bomb damage and subsequent rebuilding caused by the Second World War gave archaeologists the opportunity to meaningfully examine inhabited cities for the first time. Bomb damaged sites provided windows onto the development of European cities whose pasts had been buried beneath working buildings. Urban archaeology necessitated a new approach as centuries of human occupation had created deep layers of stratigraphy which could often only be seen through the keyholes of individual building plots. In Britain post-war archaeologists such as W. F. Grimes and Martin Biddle took the initiative in studying this previously unexamined area and developed the archaeological methods now employed in much CRM and Rescue archaeology.
Introduction of technology
Undoubtedly the major technological development in 20th century archaeology was the introduction of radiocarbon dating, based on a theory first developed by American scientist Willard Libby in 1949. Despite its many limitations (compared to later methods it is inaccurate; it can only be used on organic matter; it is reliant on a dataset to corroborate it; and it only works with remains from the last 10,000 years), the technique brought about a revolution in archaeological understanding. For the first time, it was possible to put reasonably accurate dates on discoveries such as bones. This in some cases led to a complete reassessment of the significance of past finds. Classic cases included the Red Lady of Paviland. It was not until 1989 that the Catholic church allowed the technique to be used on the Turin Shroud, indicating that the linen fibres were of medieval origin.
Lead, strontium and oxygen isotope analysis can also be applied to human remains to estimate the diet and the even birthplace of study subjects.
Radiocarbon dating was developed almost in tandem with dendrochronology, another valuable archaeological technique. In the western United States dates could be calibrated by reference to the bristlecone pine of California, which can live for four thousand years or more. Elsewhere, tree ring chronologies are created by aligning shorter sequences that overlap in time.
Inorganic items can now also be dated using a variety of techniques adopted from physics and chemistry. Thermoluminescence dating can provide information on the age of ceramics and potassium-argon dating can provide dates for fossilised hominid remains.
Other developments, often spin-offs from wartime technology, led to other scientific advances. For field archaeologists, the most significant of these was the introduction of the geophysical survey, enabling an advance picture to be built up of what lies beneath the soil, before excavation even commences. The entire Roman city of Viroconium, modern day Wroxeter, has been surveyed by these methods, though only a small portion has actually been excavated.
Limau Manis, Muara Sipongi, Mandailing Natal
Limau Manis nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Muara Sipongi, Kabupatén Mandailing Natal, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Arkéologi
The development of archaeological theory
There is no single theory of archaeology, and even definitions are disputed. Until the mid-20th century and the introduction of technology, there was a general consensus that archaeology was closely related to both history and anthropology. Since then, elements of other disciplines such as physics, chemistry, biology, metallurgy, engineering, medicine, etc, have found an overlap, resulting in a need to revisit the fundamental ideas behind archaeology.
The first major phase in the history of archaeological theory is commonly referred to as cultural, or culture history. The product of cultural history was to group sites into distinct "cultures", to determine the geographic spread and timespan of these cultures, and to reconstruct the interactions and flow of ideas between them. Cultural history, as the name suggests, was closely allied with the science of history. Cultural historians employed the normative model of culture, the principle that each culture is a set of norms governing human behavior. Thus, cultures can be distinguished by patterns of craftsmanship; for instance, if one excavated sherd of pottery is decorated with a triangular pattern, and another sherd with a checkered pattern, they likely belong to different cultures. Such an approach naturally leads to a view of the past as a collection of different populations, classified by their differences and by their influences on each other. Changes in behaviour could be explained by diffusion whereby new ideas moved, through social and economic ties, from one culture to another.
In the 1960s, a number of young, primarily American archaeologists, such as Lewis Binford, rebelled against the paradigms of cultural history. They proposed a "New Archaeology", which would be more "scientific" and "anthropological". They came to see culture as a set of behavioral processes and traditions. (In time, this view gave rise to the term processual archaeology). Processualists borrowed from the exact sciences the idea of hypothesis testing and the scientific method. They believed that an archaeologist should develop one or more hypotheses about a culture under study, and conduct excavations with the intention of testing these hypotheses against fresh evidence. They had also become frustrated with the older generation's teachings through which cultures had taken precedence over the people being studied themselves. It was becoming clear, largely through the evidence of anthropology, that ethnic groups and their development were not always entirely congruent with the cultures in the archaeological record.
Post-processualism provided an umbrella for all those who decried the processual model of culture, which many feminist and neo-Marxist archaeologists for example believed treated people as mindless automatons and ignored their individuality.
This divergence of archaeological theory has not progressed identically in all parts of the world where archaeology is conducted. Australian archaeologists have embraced post-processualism, while those in the United States freely combine it with older approaches and methods.
Idéologi
Much of the early history of professional archaeology was motivated by an attempt to distance itself from pseudo-archeologists and dilettantes, and to establish itself as a science. While this battle has been won, archaeology has been and remains a cultural, gender and political battlefield. Many groups have tried to use archaeology to prove some current cultural or political point. Marxist or Marxist-influenced archaeologists in the USSR and the UK (among others) often try to prove the truth of dialectical materialism or to highlight the past (and present) role of conflict between interest groups (e.g. male vs. female, elders vs. juniors, workers vs. owners) in generating social change. Some contemporary cultural groups have tried, with varying degrees of success, to use archaeology to prove their historic right to ownership of an area of land. Many schools of archaeology have been patriarchal, assuming that in prehistory men produced most of the food by hunting, and women produced little nutrition by gathering; more recent studies have exposed the inadequacy of many of these theories. Some used the "Great Ages" theory implicit in the three-age system to argue continuous upwards progress by Western civilization. Much contemporary archaeology is influenced by neo-Darwinian evolutionary thought, phenomenology, post-modernism, agency theory, and cognitive science.
Relations with the public
Early archaeology was largely an attempt to uncover spectacular artefacts and features, or to explore vast and mysterious abandoned cities. Such pursuits continue to fascinate the public, portrayed in books (such as King Solomon's Mines) and films (viz. The Mummy, Raiders of the Lost Ark).
Much thorough and productive research has indeed been conducted in dramatic locales such as Copán and the Valley of the Kings, but the stuff of modern archaeology is not so reliably sensational. In addition, archaeological adventure stories tend to ignore the painstaking work involved in modern survey, excavation and data processing techniques. Some archaeologists refer to such portrayals as 'pseudoarchaeology'.
Nevertheless, archaeology has profited from its portrayal in the mainstream media. Many practitioners point to the childhood excitement of Indiana Jones films and Tomb Raider games as the inspiration for them to enter the field. Archaeologists are also very much reliant on public support, the question of exactly who they are doing their work for is often discussed. Without a strong public interest in the subject, often sparked by significant finds and celebrity archaeologists, it would be a great deal harder for archaeologists to gain the political and financial support they require.
Where possible, archaeologists now make more provision for public involvement and outreach in larger projects than they once did. However, the move towards professionalisation has meant that volunteer places are now relegated to unskilled labor, and even this is less freely available than before. Developer-funded excavation necessitates a well-trained staff that can work quickly and accurately, observing the necessary Health and Safety and indemnity insurance issues involved in working on a modern building site to tight deadlines. Certain charities and local government bodies sometimes offer places on research projects either as part of academic work or as a defined community project. There is also a flourishing industry selling places on commercial training excavations and archaeological holiday tours.
Archaeologists prize local knowledge and often liaise with local historical and archaeological societies. Anyone looking to get involved in the field without having to pay for the privilege should contact a local group.
Pseudoarkéologi
Pseudoarchaeology is an umbrella term for all activities that claim to be archaeological but in fact violate commonly accepted archaeological practices. It includes much fictional archaeological work (discussed above), as well as some actual activity. Many nonfiction authors have ignored the scientific methods of processual archaeology. (Postprocessualism is a valid branch of archaeology that looks skeptically on claims to scientific impartiality, but it does not conclude that these methods should be entirely dispensed with and forgotten. "Pseudoarchaeology" does not address the issues raised by postprocessualists.)
An example of this type is the author, Erich von Däniken. His Chariots of the Gods (1968), together with many subsequent, lesser-known works, expounds a theory of ancient contacts between human civilization on Earth and more technologically advanced extraterrestrial civilizations. (This theory, known as palaeocontact theory, is not exclusively Däniken's.) Works of this nature are usually marked by the renunciation of well-established theories on the basis of limited evidence, and the interpretation of evidence with a preconceived theory in mind.
Michael Cremo's work would also be regarded by many as pseudoarchaeology.
Looting
Looting of buried treasure is an ancient problem; for instance, many of the tombs of the Egyptian pharaohs were looted in antiquity. The advent of archaeology has made ancient sites objects of great scientific interest, but it has also attracted public attention to the works of past peoples. A brisk commercial demand for artifacts has accelerated the pace of looting and the antiquities trade.
The popular consciousness may associate looting with Third World countries, former homes to some of the less well-known ancient civilizations and lacking the financial resources to protect even the most fabulous sites. In fact, looting has left a significant mark in places as "civilized" and seemingly uninteresting as the United States. Abandoned towns of the ancient Sinagua people of Arizona, clearly visible in the desert landscape, have been destroyed in large numbers. Sites in more densely populated areas farther east have also been looted.
Dadap Blendung
Dadap Blendung nyaéta tatangkalan anu ngaran ilmiahna Erythrina variegata L. Fabaceae. Ngaran séjén ieu tatangkalan dina bahasa Inggris nyaéta variegated coral tree, di Indonesia nyaéta dadap ayam atawa galala itam, di Malaysia nyaéta chengkering, di Pilipina nyaéta andorogat atawa bagbag, di Thailand nyaéta thong lang lai atawa thong phueak.
Tempat Sumebar
Tatangkalan ieu sumebar di Afrika Wétan, Madagaskar, kapuloan Samudra Hindia, Sri Lanka, India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Indochina, China, Thailand, jeung Malaysia.
Kagunaan
Kagunaan ieu tangkal nyaéta jeur Jaring lauk,Papan surfing, sapatu kai,  paking case atawa peti ogé sok dipaké ubar tradisional.
2014 US34
Ari 2014 US34 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Apollo, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.483, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 25.2. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO�313392.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Arkéologi
Public outreach
Motivated by a desire to halt looting, to curb pseudoarchaeology, and to secure greater public funding for their research, archaeologists are mounting public-outreach campaigns. They seek to stop looting by informing prospective artifact collectors of the provenance of these goods, and by alerting people who live near archaeological sites of the threat of looting and the danger that it poses to science. Common methods of public outreach include press releases and the encouragement of school field trips to sites under excavation.
Descendant peoples
In the United States, American Indians tend to mistrust archaeology. This mistrust is well-founded. For years, American archaeologists have been digging up Indian burial grounds and other places considered sacred, and carting away any artifacts and human remains to storage facilities for further study. Adding insult to injury, many skeletons were not even thoroughly studied. Furthermore, Western archaeologists' views of the past are different from those of tribal peoples. The West views time as linear; for natives, it is cyclic. From a Western perspective, the past is long-gone; from a native perspective, disturbing the past can have dire consequences in the present. To an archaeologist, the past is long-gone and must be reconstructed; to a native, it is yet alive.
As a consequence of this misunderstanding, American Indians have often attempted to prevent archaeological excavation of sites inhabited by their ancestors, while American archaeologists have paid them little heed. This situation is beginning to change. The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA, 1990), limits the right of research institutions to possess human remains. Due in part to the spirit of postprocessualism, some archaeologists have begun to actively enlist the assistance of native peoples likely to be descended from those under study.
Archaeologists have also been obliged to re-examine what constitutes an archaeological site in view of what native peoples believe to constitute sacred space. To many native peoples, natural features such as lakes, mountains or even individual trees have cultural significance. Australian archaeologists especially have explored this issue and attempted to survey these sites in order to give them some protection them from being developed. Such work requires close links and trust between archaeologists and the people they are trying to help and at the same time study.
While this cooperation presents a new set of challenges and hurdles to fieldwork, it has benefits for all parties involved. Tribal elders cooperating with archaeologists can prevent the excavation of areas of sites that they consider sacred, while the archaeologists gain the elders' aid in interpreting their finds. There have also been active efforts to recruit aboriginal peoples directly into the archaeological profession.
Survéy
A modern archaeological project often begins with survey. Regional survey is the attempt to systematically locate previously unknown sites in a region. Site survey is the attempt to systematically locate features of interest, such as houses and middens, within a site. Each of these two goals may be accomplished with largely the same methods.
Survey was not widely practiced in the early days of archaeology. Cultural historians and prior researchers were usually content with discovering the locations of monumental sites from the local populace, and excavating only the plainly visible features there. Gordon Willey pioneered the technique of regional settlement pattern survey in 1949 in the Viru Valley of coastal Peru, and survey of all levels became prominent with the rise of processual archaeology some years later.
Survey work has many benefits if performed as a preliminary exercise to, or even in place of, excavation. It is requires relatively little time and expense, because it does not require processing large volumes of soil to search out artifacts. (Nevertheless, surveying a large region or site can be expensive, so archaeologists often employ sampling methods.) It avoids ethical issues (of particular concern to descendant peoples) associated with destroying a site through excavation. It is the only way to gather some forms of information, such as settlement patterns and settlement structure. Survey data are commonly assembled into maps, which may show surface features and/or artifact distribution.
The simplest survey technique is surface survey. It involves combing an area, usually on foot but sometimes with the use of mechanized transport, to search for features or artifacts visible on the surface. Surface survey cannot detect sites or features that are completely buried under earth, or overgrown with vegetation. Surface survey may also include mini-excavation techniques such as augers, corers, and shovel test pits.
Aerial survey is conducted using cameras attached to airplanes, balloons or even kites. A bird's-eye view is useful for quick mapping of large or complex sites. Aerial imaging can also detect many things not visible from the surface. Plants growing above a stone structure, such as a wall, will develop more slowly, while those above other types of features (such as middens) may develop more rapidly. Photographs of ripening grain, which changes color rapidly at maturation, have revealed buried structures with great precision. Aerial survey also employs infrared, ground-penetrating radar wavelengths, and thermography.
Geophysical survey is the most effective way to see beneath the ground. Magnetometers detect minute deviations in the planetary magnetic field caused by iron artifacts, kilns, some types of stone structures, and even ditches and middens. Devices that measure the electrical resistivity of the soil are also widely used. Most soils are moist below the surface, this gives them a relatively low resistivity. Features such as hard-packed floors or concentrations of stone have a higher resistivity.
Regional survey in maritime archaeology uses side-scan sonar.
Ékskavasi
Archaeological excavation existed when the field was still the domain of amateurs, and it remains the source of the majority of data recovered in most field projects. It can reveal several types of information usually not accessible to survey, such as stratigraphy, three-dimensional structure, and verifiably primary context.
Modern excavation techniques require that the precise locations of objects and features, known as their provenance or provenience, be recorded. This always involves determining their horizontal locations, and sometimes vertical position as well. Similarly their association, or relationship with nearby objects and features, needs to be recorded for later analysis. This allows the archaeologist to deduce what artifacts and features were likely used together and which may be from different phases of activity. For example, excavation of a site reveals its stratigraphy; if a site was occupied by a succession of distinct cultures, artifacts from more recent cultures will lie above those from more ancient cultures.
Excavation is the most expensive phase of archaeological research. Also, as a destructive process, it carries ethical concerns. As a result, very few sites are excavated in their entirety. Sampling is even more important in excavation than in survey. It is common for large mechanical equipment, such as backhoes (JCBs), to be used in excavation, especially to remove the topsoil (overburden), though this method is increasingly used with great caution. Following this it is usual to hand-clean the exposed area with trowels or hoes to ensure that all features are apparent.
The next task is to produce a site plan and then use it to help decide the method of excavation. Features dug into the natural subsoil are normally excavated in portions in order to produce a visible archaeological section for recording. Scaled plans and sections of individual features are all drawn on site, black and white and colour photographs of them are taken and recording sheets are filled in describing the context of each. All this information serves as a permanent record of the now-destroyed archaeology and is used in describing and interpreting the site. -->
Tanjungharapan, Danau Kerinci, Kerinci
Tanjungharapan nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Danau Kerinci, Kabupatén Kerinci, Propinsi Jambi, Indonésia.
Oasis (grup musik)
Oasis nyaéta grup musik asal Inggris anu dibentuk ku Liam Gallagher (Gitaris, penulis lagu), Noel Gallagher (gitaris, vokalis)j, Gem Archer (ritem), Andy Bell (bassis, gitaris), Zak Starkey (drummer). Oasis dibentuk taun 1991 di Manchester, Inggris. Oasis pernah jadi grup musik anu suksés taun 1990-an, malah mah kungsi dilélér The Guinness Book Of Hit Singles And Albums keur katégori Most Successful Act of the Last Decade di Inggris.
Munculna Oasis Katut Debutna
Oasis mimiti kabentuk ti hiji kelompok ngaranna rain. Liam Gallagher asup salaku vokalis, terus ngaran grup musikna robah jadi Oasis. Teu lila adina Liam, Noel Gallagher asup jadi gitaris sakaligus vokal latar kalayan kondisi manéhna anu mingpin. Taun 1991-1992, Oasis fokus kana latihan, rekaman démo, jeung manggung di Tempat-tempat leutik. Taun 1994, Oasis ngaluarkeun album pertamana supersonic anu kalintang suksés.
ALbum-album Oasis di antarana: Definitely Maybe (1994), ''Morning Glory? (What's the Story, 1995), Be Here Now (1997), Standing on the Shoulder of Giants (2000), Heathen Chemistry (2002) jeung Don't Believe the Truth'' (2005). Sababaraha single Oasis pernah jadi jawara tangga lagu di Inggris, di antarana: 1995 - Some Might Say, 1996 - Don't Look Back in Anger, 1997 - D'You Know What I Mean?, 1998 - All Around the World, 2000 - Go Let It Out, 2002 - The Hindu Times, 2005 - Lyla, 2005 - The Importance of Being Idle. Lian ti éta lagu-lagu séjén anu kasohor dianarana: Wonderwall, Champaign Supernova, jeung live forever.
1989 AZ
Ari 1989 AZ mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Apollo, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.469, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 19.6. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO�264917.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
2016 ET1
Ari 2016 ET1 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Apollo, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.166, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 28.9. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO�370778.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
2009 YS
Ari 2009 YS mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Apollo, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.179, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 25.3. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO�167803.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Basa Nai
Basa Nai nyaéta basa wewengkon anu aya di Indonésia. Panyaturna aya di 1 propinsi nyaéta propinsi Papua, nu dumuk di 1 kabupaten/kota.
2012 TP20
Ari 2012 TP20 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Apollo, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.326, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 27.8. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO�240132.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Grong-grong, Pante Bidari, Aceh Timur
Grong-grong nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Pante Bidari, Kabupatén Aceh Timur, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
3103 Eger
Ari 3103 Eger atawa 1982 BB mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Apollo, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.354, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 15.38. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO�405876.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Ulee Gampong, Mutiara Timur, Pidie
Ulee Gampong nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Mutiara Timur, Kabupatén Pidie, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
Ulee Gampong, Mutiara Timur, Pidie
Madukoro, Kotabumi Kalér, Lampung Kalér
Madukoro, Kotabumi Utara, Lampung Utara
Alue Krueng, Pasie Raya, Aceh Jaya
Alue Krueng nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Pasie Raya, Kabupatén Aceh Jaya, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
Nageri, Juhar, Karo
Nageri nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Juhar, Kabupatén Karo, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Balongan, Balongan, Indramayu
Balongan nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Balongan, Kabupatén Indramayu, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
SMAS Nasrul Ulum Gegesik
SMAS Nasrul Ulum Gegesik nyaéta Sakola Menengah Atas Swasta anu aya di Kabupatén Cirebon. Alamat lengkepna di Jl. Raya Jagapura Gegesik, Kalurahan/Désa Jagapura Kulon Kacamatan Gegesik, Kabupatén Cirebon, Jawa Kulon kalawan nomor NPSN 20215022.
Ismail Marzuki
Ismail Marzuki nyaéta saurang komponis anu aktif tur produktif nyieunan komposisi lagu anu lolobana watek laguna téh nasionalis-romantis. Anjeunna bisa disebut minangka komposer panaratas anu sénior. Minangka tukang nyipta lagu, Ismail Mazuki nyaéta jalma anu neundeun dasar gaya nyanyian "Karesep Indonésia" nu satemenna dina lagu-lagu kasohor Indonésia. Gaya populer jeung irama lagu-laguna anu salsé jadi hiji modél anu diturutan ku para tukang nyipta musik nyanyian Indonésia dina zamanna nika taun 1980-an.
Kompos
Kompos nyaéta hasil parsial dékomposisi / teu lengkep tina campuran bahan organik nu bisa digancangan sacara artifisial ku rupa-rupa populasi mikroba dina kondisi lingkungan nu haneut, beueus, jeung aérobik atawa anaérobik ( modifikasi tina JH Crawford , 2003 ). Nyieun kompos pikeun ngatur ogé ngajaga prosés alami nepika kompos bisa ngajadi leuwih gancang. Prosés ieu ngawengku ti mimiti nyieun bahan campuran anu saimbang, cai anu cukup, aeration, jeung kompos aktivator. Dina prakna éta kabéh prosés disebutna composting tayalian bahan organik anu dékomposisi sacara biologis, utamana ku mikroba nu ngagunakeun zat organik salaku sumber énergina.
Ismail Marzuki
Lalakon hirup
Ku sakumna dulur jeung sobat dalitna, Ismail Marzuki biasa nelah disebut Mail atawa Maing. Maing kaasup kana saguliwek masarakat pribumi anu dianggap cukup kadidik dina mangsa harita. Bakat-bakat musikna geus katara ti keur leutik mula. Sababaraha lagu munggaranna dijieun nalika anjeunna masih kénéh umur 17 taun. Anjeunna mahér maénkeun sarupaning instrumen musik, saperti gitar, akordéon, flute, saxophone, klarinét, jeung piano. Anjeunna ogé kasohor minangka tukang ngawih musik hiburan jeung keroncong.
Kaséhatan
Kaséhatan nyaéta kaayaan sajahtra tina awak, jiwa, jeung sosial anu ngamanwakeun sakabéh jalma hirup produktif sacara sosial jeung ékonomis. Miara kaséhatan nyaéta tarékah sasadiaan jeung panyegah tina sagala wabah kaséhatan anu merlukeun pamariksaan, pangubaran jeung/atawa pangawulaan kaasup reuneuh jeung kalahiran.
Kompos
Rupa-rupa Kompos
Kompos bisa ditempo tina tilu aspék:
Ismail Marzuki
Orkés Studio PPRK
Sakumaha umumna para pamusik dina zamanna, anjeunna loba icikibung di dunya hiburan musik liwat studio radio jeung tempat-tempat hajatan musik umum. Anjeunna ngahiji jeung Muziek Verenenging Lief Java ogé Hawaiian Band The Sweet Java Inlanders. Ismail Marzuki kawilang aktif di radio NIROM, BRV, VORO, jeung Perserikatan Perhimpunan Radio Ketimuran (PPRK). Babarengan jeung inohong-inohong musik keroncong, saperti M. Sagi, M. Sardi, Soetodjo, jeung Koesbini, anjeunna ngadegkeun orkés studio PPRK anu utamana mah maénkeun lagu-lagu Indonésia populér jeung musik keroncong.
Kaséhatan
Pangajaran kaséhatan nyaéta prosés mantuan hiji jalma, ku ngalakonan boh sorangan boh sacara babarengan, pikeun nyieun kaputusan dumasar kana nu dipikanyaho ngeunaan perkara-perkara anu mangaruhan kaséhatan pribadina ogé jalma séjén.
Ismail Marzuki
Panaratas Bintang Radio
Dina mangsa pangawasaan Jepang, Ismail Marzuki ogé aktif minangka pamusik di Orkés Radio Hosso Kanri Kyeku babarengan jeung para pamusik sazamanna, saperti Koesbini, Binsar Sitompul, Amir Pasaribu, jeung Soedharnoto. Babarengan jeung maranéhanana ogé, Ismail Marzuki jadi salah saurang panaratas kawangunna Orkes Studio Jakarta jeung pasanggiri musik vokal nasional Bintang Radio pasca–Proklamasi Kamerdikaan RI.
Kaséhatan
Harti anu malah leuwih basajan diajukeun ku Larry Green jeung réngrénganna anu nulis yén pangajaran kaséhatan nyaéta campuran pangalaman diajar anu dirarancang sangkan adaptasi sukarela kana parilaku anu kondusif leuwih gampang pikeun kaséhatan. Data panungtungan némbongkeun yén kiwari leuwih ti 80 persén rahayat Indonésia henteu mampuh meunangkeun jaminan kaséhatan ti lembaga atawa pausahaan di widang pangurusan kaséhatan, saperti Akses, Taspen, jeung Jamsosték.
Ismail Marzuki
Seniman pajuang
Sakumaha pamusik dina zamanna, sumanget kabangsaan Ismail Marzuki pikeun merjuangkeun kamerdikaan ogé kacida gedéna. Anjeunna ogé kasohor minangka "Seniman Pajoang" anu loba nyiptakeun lagu-lagu pajuangan jeung cinta lemah cai. Lagu-laguna anu geus jadi ikon lagu-lagu pajoangan nyaéta Hallo Hallo Bandung, Kopral Jono, Sepasang Mata Bola, Selendang Sutera, Sapu Tangan dari Bandung Selatan, Melati di Tapal Batas, Selamat Jalan Pahlawan Muda, Juwita Malam, Gugur Bunga di Taman Bhakti, Nyiur Melambai, Tanah Pusaka, jeung Rayuan Pulau Kelapa.
Kaséhatan
Golongan masarakat anu dianggep "dianaktérékeun" dina perkara jaminan kaséhatan nyaéta maranéhanana tina golongan masarakat leutik jeung tukang dagang. Dina pangawulaan kaséhatan, masalah ieu jadi leuwih jangar, lantaran dina manajemén pangawulaan kaséhatan henteu patula-patali jeung sawatara jinis jalma hungkul, tapi ogé watek anu husus dina pangawulaan kaséhatan éta sorangan.
Ismail Marzuki
Panaratas musik modérn
Lagu-lagu Ismail Marzuki geus ngilhaman arah lagu jeung warna panyiptaan lagu-lagu, musik, radio jeung musik pop Indonésia nika taun 1980-an. Ismail Marzuki geus nempatkeun diri manéhna minangka salah saurang panaratas dina ngembangna musik modérn di Indonésia. Saméméh tilar dunya, dina taun 1957 anjeunna nyiptakeun karyana anu pamungkas. Dina taun 1968 pamaréntah DKI Jakarta ngaabadikeun ngaranna pikeun hiji puseur kasenian Jakarta anu dipikawanoh ku ngaran Taman Ismail Mazuki (TIM).
Kaséhatan
Kaséhatan Nurutkeun Undang-Undang
Dina Undang-Undang anu dimaksud kaséhatan téh ditataan ieu di handap:
Tujuan kaséhatan dina sakabéh aspék
Tujuan pangwangunan kaséhatan nyaéta cumponna kamampuh hirup séhat pikeun unggal masarakat, jadi tanggung jawab pikeun ngawujudna darajat kaséhatan anu optimal téh aya dina sakumna masarakat Indonésia, pamaréntah, jeung swasta kalawan babarengan.
Tujuan jeung wengkuan kaséhatan lingkungan
Tujuan jeung wengkuan kaséhatan lingkungan bisa dibagi jadi dua, sacara umum jeung sacara husus.
Olé-olé Ogong
Olé-olé ogong nyaéta kawih kaulinan nu biasana dikawihkeun ku barudak nalika panén bari laleumpang dina galengan maranéhna nyieun taléot (empét-empétan) dijieun tina jarami garing. Biasana mun keur usum panén Barudak sok bari olé-oéan suka bungah jalan galengan mapay sawah bari arulin sok tara balik ka imah lamun can bérés nyieun taléot mah. Rakitanana kieu :
Olé-olé ogong Melak cabé di Tarogong Dihakan ku embé ompong Ditéang kari sapotong.
Ranjo Batu, Muara Sipongi, Mandailing Natal
Ranjo Batu nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Muara Sipongi, Kabupatén Mandailing Natal, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
SMK Maarif Almadinah
SMK Maarif Almadinah nyaéta Sakola Menengah Kajuruan Swasta anu aya di Kabupatén Tasikmalaya. Alamat lengkepna di Kp. Leuwibungur, Kalurahan/Désa Sindangsari Kacamatan Bojongasih, Kabupatén Tasikmalaya, Jawa Kulon kalawan nomor NPSN 69949425.
Sukalilah, Cibatu, Garut
Sukalilah nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Cibatu, Kabupatén Garut, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Barieh, Mutiara Timur, Pidie
Barieh, Mutiara Timur, Pidie
2006 KK89
Ari 2006 KK89 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Apollo, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.174, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 22.5. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO�102370.
SMK Informatika CBI
SMK Informatika CBI nyaéta Sakola Menengah Kajuruan Swasta anu aya di Kabupatén Sukabumi. Alamat lengkepna di Jl. Koramil Cicurug, Kalurahan/Désa Purwasari Kacamatan Cicurug, Kabupatén Sukabumi, Jawa Kulon kalawan nomer NPSN 69888758.
2006 KK89
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Juhar Ginting, Juhar, Karo
Juhar Ginting nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Juhar, Kabupatén Karo, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Megazostrodon
Megazostrodon nyaéta genus mamalia basal anu geus punah milik ordo Morganucodonta. Umurna kira-kira 200 juta taun. Dua spésiés dipikanyaho: M. rudnerae ti Jurasik Awal Lésotho sareng Afrika Kidul, sareng M. chenali ti Triasik Ahir Perancis.
Kali Cinta, Kotabumi Kalér, Lampung Kalér
Kali Cinta nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Kotabumi Kalér, Kabupatén Lampung Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
2016 NL39
Ari 2016 NL39 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Amor, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.247, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 27.6. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO 403115.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
2004 SS
Ari 2004 SS mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Amor, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.528, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 22.0. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO 215086.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
2012 XF17
Ari 2012 XF17 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Amor, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.487, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 21.1. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO 254824.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Pasi Teubee, Pasie Raya, Aceh Jaya
Pasi Teubee nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Pasie Raya, Kabupatén Aceh Jaya, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
Sibinail, Muara Sipongi, Mandailing Natal
Sibinail nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Muara Sipongi, Kabupatén Mandailing Natal, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
(334412) 2002 EZ2
Ari 2002 EZ2 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Amor, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.046, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 20.2. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO 382481.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
2009 YQ
Ari 2009 YQ mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Apollo, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.705, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 20.5. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO�167802.