cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Kintetsu
Sajarah
Kintetsu segmented many businesses into subsidiary companies; a taxi business to Kintetsu Taxi Co., Ltd. (近鉄タクシー株式会社) in 1950, a travel business to Kinki Nippon Air Travel and Sightseeing Company (近畿日本航空観光) in 1954, a Department Store business to Kintetsu Department Store Co., Ltd. (株式会社近鉄百貨店) in 1972, a bus business to Kintetsu Bus Co., Ltd. (近鉄バス株式会社) and Kintetsu Sightseeing Bus Co., Ltd. (近鉄観光バス株式会社) in 1999 (Kintetsu Sightseeing Bus was merged by Kintetsu Bus on September 1, 2006), and station service to Kintetsu Station Service Company on June 28, 2003. Kinki Nippon Railway Co., Ltd. was renamed "Kintetsu Corpotation" on June 28, 2003 and the company logo of "Kintetsu" and "近鉄" were renewed and the logo for the official corporate name, "Kintetsu Corporation" and "近畿日本鉄道株式会社" appeared when. However, Kintetsu consolidated Kintetsu Station Service Company on March 31, 2006. Then it founded Yoro Railway Co., Ltd. (養老鉄道株式会社) on February 14, 2007, then Iga Railway Co., Ltd. (伊賀鉄道株式会社) on March 26. -->
Jalur kiwari (Kategori-1, kareta gantung jeung tramway)
Jalur di handap nujul kana Kategori-1 bisnis kareta (第一種鉄道事業) jeung ropeway (索道) Kintetsu dumasar kana Railway Business Act jeung bisnis tramway (軌道) dumasar kana Tram Act. Hartina Kintetsu nu boga jeung ngoperasikeun jalur ieu.
Jalur kiwari (Kategori-2)
Jalur di handap nujul kana Kategori-2 bisnis kareta (第二種鉄道事業) Kintetsu dumasa kana The Railway Business Act. Hartina yén Kintetsu ngoperasikeun kareta dina ieu jalur, tapi nu boga fasilitas jalur pausahaan séjén.
Current lines (Category-3)
Until September 30, 2007, those lines were part of the Category-1 railway business.
Through-train services
Kintetsu trains also run on the Osaka Municipal Subway Chūō Line and the Kyoto Municipal Subway Karasuma Line, but such lines are not Kintetsu lines.
Fare cards
Kintetsu accepts five types of pre-paid and post-pay fare cards: Péarl Card, Surutto Kansai, J-Thru Card, PiTaPa and ICOCA. Péarl Card is used for purchase of tickets and others are used in lieu of tickets. Validity of the cards varies by lines as shown in the table below.
Legend Note
Saudi Aramco
Saudi Aramco (أرامكو السعودية ʾArāmkū s-Suʿūdiyyah), nyaéta pausahaan minyak nasional Arab Saudi. Markas gedéna aya di Zhahran, Arab Saudi.
218 SM
218 SM nyaéta taun ka-218 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
217 SM
217 SM nyaéta taun ka-217 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Barégbég, Barégbég, Ciamis
Barégbég nyaéta salah sahiji désa di Kacamatan Barégbég, Kabupatén Ciamis, Propinsi Jawa Kulon, Indonésia.
Ujung Gading Julu, Simangambat, Padang Lawas Kalér
Ujung Gading Julu nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Simangambat, Kabupatén Padang Lawas Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Simangambat Julu, Simangambat, Padang Lawas Kalér
Simangambat Julu nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Simangambat, Kabupatén Padang Lawas Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
219 SM
219 SM nyaéta taun ka-219 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Modulasi sudut
Modulasi sudut nyaéta salah sahiji golongan tina modulasi analog. Téknik ieu dumasar kana dirobah-robahna sudut (atawa fase) sinyal pamawa sunusoida pikeun ngirimpkeun data, béda jeung modulasi amplitudo (AM) anu ngarobah-robah amplitudo sinyal pamawa. Dina AM, spéktrum sinyal modulasi dina dasarna mangrupa spéktrum sinyal informasi anu ditranslasi (digésér) sarta bandwidth pikeun pangiriman henteu pernah ngaleuwihan dua kali ti bandwidth sinyal informasi. Dina modulasi sudut, komponén-komponén spéktrum sinyal modulasi henteu pakait jeung spéktrum sinyal informasi. Sajaba ti éta, superposisi henteu lumaku sarta bandwidth sinyal nu dimodulasi biasana sudutna leuwih gedé ti dua kali bandwidth sinyal informasi. Sanajan kitu, paningkatan bandwidth jeung karumitan sistem ieu kaubaran ku dihasilkeunana unjuk gawé nu leuwih hadé dina hal nyingkahan nois jeung interférensi.
Aya dua rupa modulasi sudut, nyaéta:
Modulasi sudut jeung frékuénsi instan (sakedapan)
Pikeun modulasi sudut, pamawa modulasi dinyatakeun ku:
... (1)
di mana A jeung \omega_c mangrupa konstanta sarta sudut fase \phi (t) mangrupa hiji fungsi tina sinyal informasi m(t).
Lamun urang nulis persamaan di luhur jadi:
... (2)
di mana
mangka urang bisa ngadéfinisikeun frékuénsi radian instan (sakedapan) tina x_c(t), nu dilambangkeun ku \omega_i saperti kieu:
... (3)
Perlu dicatet yén upama, mangka
Fungsi \phi (t) jeung dipikawanoh sabagé panyimpangan fase sakedapan (atawa instantaneous phase deviation) jeung panyimpangan frekuensi sakedapan (atawa instantaneous frequency deviation) ti xc(t). Kuantitas anu didéfinisikeun ku:
max ... (4)
disebut panyimpangan frékuénsi radian (atawa radian frequency deviation) maksimum (atawa puncak).
Spéktrum Fourier sinyal modulasi sudut
pamawa nu dimodulasi sudut anu dinyatakeun ku persamaan (1) di luhur bisa ogé dinyatakeun dina wangun éksponénsial:
... (5)
di mana R hartina "bagian ril tina". Lantaran persamaan ieu, modulasi sudut disebut ogé modulasi éksponénsial.
Lamun e^{\Phi(t)} ditulis dina wangun dérét, mangka persamaan (5) jadi:
jadi sinyal modulasi sudut ngawengku pamawa nu teu dimodulasi ditambah rupa-rupa sélér nu dimodulasi amplitudona saperti, ... jeung réa-réa deui anu boga puseur di \omega_c.
Roxette
Roxette nyaéta grup musik ti Swédia anu anggotana 2 urang Pér Gessle, sarta Marie Fredriksson. Grup musik ieu dijieun taun1986. Grup musik ieu ngaluarkeun albeum di antarana : The Heartland Cafe, Pearls of Passion, Look Sharp!, Joyride, ''Crash! Boom! Bang!,  Roxette's Greatest Hits Don't Bore Us - Get To The Chorus, Baladas en Espanol, Have a Nice Day, Room Service, The Ballad Hits, The Pop Hits dan A Collection Of Roxette Hits! Their 20 Greatest Songs!.''
Paran Tonga Sim, Simangambat, Padang Lawas Kalér
Paran Tonga Sim nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Simangambat, Kabupatén Padang Lawas Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
221 SM
221 SM nyaéta taun ka-221 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Mandrajaya, Ciemas, Sukabumi
Mandrajaya nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Ciemas, Kabupatén Sukabumi, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Mekarjaya, Ciemas, Sukabumi
Mekarjaya nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Ciemas, Kabupatén Sukabumi, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Sasak Raja Fahd
Sasak Raja Fahd (جسر الملك فهد, Jisr al-Malik Fahd) nyaéta hiji sasak nu ngahubungkeun Arab Saudi jeung Bahrain. Ide pikeun ngawangun sasak ieu dumasar kana kahayang pikeun ningkatkeun patalian jeung hubungan antara Arab Saudi jeung Bahrain.
220 SM
220 SM nyaéta taun ka-220 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Barudak Héjo ti Woolpit
Barudak nu kulitna héjo dicaritakeun muncul di Woolpit di Suffolk, Inggris, kira-kira abad ka-12, kamungkinan dina jaman pamaréntahan Raja Stephen. Barudak éta, lalaki jeung awéwé, ilaharna biasa iwal kulitna nu warnana héjo. Maranéhna ngomong dina basa nu heunteu kanyahoan, sarta daharna ngan hayang kacang héjo. Antukna maranéhna bisa ngadahar hakaneun lianna jeung warna héjo kulitna ngaleungit, tapi si budak nu lalakina matak gering tuluy maot teu lila sanggeus maranéhna dibaptis. Ari nu awéwé dianggap "rada bébas jeung teu bener kalakuanana." Sanggeus manéha diajar Basa Inggris, manéhna nerangkeun yén inyana téh jeung sadulurna éta asalna ti Nagri St Martin, dunya handap taneuh nu pangeusina warnana héjo.
Dua pangdeukeutan geus ngadominasi katerangan ngeunaan carita barudak héjo: yén éta téh mangrupa carita rahayat nu ngagambarkeun panglawungan khayalan jeung pangeusi ti dunya lian, kamungkinan ti handap taneuh atawa ti luar angkasa, atawa éta mangrupa carita kajadian sajarah nu diputerbalikkeun. Carita éta diakuan salaku carita fantasi idéal ku bujangga anarkis jeung kritikus Herbert Read dina karyana, English Prose Style, medal taun 1931. Carita éta méré inspirasi dina sahiji-hijina novel karyana, The Green Child, ditulis taun 1934.
Sumber
Désa Woolpit mangrupa hiji wewengkon di Suffolk, Anglia Wétan, kira-kira 7 mil ( + 11km) wétaneun kota Bury St Edmunds. Dina Abad Patengahan, désa éta jadi katelah ku Biara Bury St Edmunds, sarta mangrupa salah sahiji bagian wewengkon nu pangpadetna pangeusina di padésaan Inggris. 2 panulis, Ralph ti Coggeshall (maot 1226) jeung William ti Newburgh (kira-kira 1136-1198), ngalaporkeun munculna 2 barudak misterius nu kulitna héjo nalika hiji usum panas dina abad ka-12 di désa éta. Ralph mangrupa saurang pupuhu biara di biara Sistersian di Coggeshall, kira-kira 26 mil ( + 42km) kiduleun Woolpit. William ogé mangrupa saurang kanon di Priori Newburgh Augustinian, di bagian kalér di Yorkshire. William nyebatkeun yén catetan carita nu ditepikeun dina bukuna, Historia Rerum Anglicarum (1189) dumasar kana "laporan ti sababaraha sumber nu bisa dipercanten"; catetan carita nu ditulis Ralph di Chronicum Anglicanum, ditulis sababaraha waktos dina jaman 1220-an, sarta ngagabungkeun informasi ti Sir Richard de Calne dari Wykes, nu cenahna mah ngalindungan barudak héjo dina padumukanna, kira-kira 6 mil ( + 9,7 km) kaléreun Woolpit. Kateranagn nu ditepikeun ku 2 panulis ieu béda dina sababaraha rincian.
Carita
Sanggeus hiji budak nu masih hirup geus hasil diajar Basa Inggris (Ralph nyebatkeun yén ngan nu awéwé hungukul nu masih hirup), manéhna nerangkeun yén manéhna téh asalna ti hiji wewengkon nu teu pernah aya sinar Panonpoé, tapi abar kawas sonten. William nyebatkeun barudak éta nyebut daérah maranéhna salaku Taman St. Martin; Ralph nambihkeun yén sadaya nanaon nu aya di ditu umumna warnana héjo. Numutkeun William, barudak éta teu bisa nerangkeun kadatanganna ka Woolpit. Maranéhna keur ngangon ingon nu bapana nalika ngadéngé hiji sora nu tarik (numutkeun William, bél ti Bury St Edmunds ), jeung ujug-ujug maranéhna aya dina hiji liang ajag di mana maranéhna dipanggih. Ralph nyebatkeun yén maranéhna saujug-ujug ngaleungit basa mimiluan ingonna ka hiji guha, jeung sanggeus dipandu ku hiji sora loncéng misterius, ahirna maranéhna muncul di Nagri Inggris.
Katerangan
Sakirang-kirangna aya dua pangdeukeutan nu geus ngadominasi katerangan tina misteri barudak hqxzjo ieu. Nu kahiji nyaéta yén carita éta téh carita rahayat biasa, nu ngagambarkeun hiji panglawungan imajinér jeung pangeusi hiji "Dunya Peri". Nu kadua nyaéta yén aya kamungkinan carita nu dicutat ieu mangrupa carita nu dasarna kana kajadian nyata nanging eusina geus dimodifikasi, sanajan aya kamungkinan pikeun mastikeun upami carita kawas nu dicutat éta mangrupa asli nu dinyatakeun ku barudak éta atawa ngan hiji "hasil khayalan ". Hiji panalungtikan ngeunaan catetéan barudak jeung palayan nu kabur ti dununganna ngakibatkeun Charles Oman nyindekkeun yén "geus terang aya sababaraha misteri di balik sakabéhna [carita barudak héjo] jeung carita ngeunaan pembiusan jeung penculikan."
Katerangan carita rahayat
Sajarahwan saperti Charles Oman nyebatkeun yén hiji unsur dina carita barudak héjo, nyaéta jalan asup ka dunya lian liwat hiji guha, katingalna populér. Gerald ti Wales nyarioskeun carita sarupa ngeunaan saurang budak lalaki nu kabur ti dununganna, sarta "tepang jeung dua urang pigmi nu mandu manéhna liwat jalan handap taneuh nuju ka tempat nu éndah kalawan padang jeung wahangan, tapi teu dicaangan ku cahya panonpoé". Tapi salaku dongéng, carita kawas kitu kalahka carang; E. W. Baughman ngadaptarkeunana salaku sahiji-hijina conto dina kategori F103.1-na ngeunaan dongéng Amérika Kalér jeung Inggris: "Para pangeusi dunya handap anjang ka manusa, jeung teras hirup jeung maranéhna". Martin Walsh mibanda pamikiran yén rujukan dina Santo Martinus cekaps signifikan, sarta ningal yén carita barudak héjo mangrupa bukti yén parayaan Martinmas asalna téh ti Inggris, nu mana ti dituna carita budak ngawangun "strata panghandapna". E. S. Alderson nyebatkeun ayana patalian carita éta jeung tradisi Kélt dina édisi Notes and Queries taun 1900: Roh "Héjo" éta teu boga dosa dina tradisi jeung sastra Kélt ... Meureun leuwih ti ngan kateungahajaan yén si mojang héjo éta nikah jeung saurang 'lalaki ti [Kings] Lynn.' Di dieu [kecap Kélt] asli nyaéta lein, jahat, dina kecap lian. peri nu murni nikah jeung putra bumi nu boga dosa."
Jeffrey Jerome Cohen ngajukeun pamikiran yén barudak héjo nyaéta ingetan ti jaman baheula Inggris jeung panalukkan nu sadis kana Urang Briton ku kaom Anglo-Saxon sanggeus Invasi Normandia. William ti Newburgh saparo haté ngasupkeun carita barudak héjo kana caritana ngeunaan Inggris nu geus ngahiji, nu ku Cohen disarupakeun jeung karya Geoffrey ti Monmouth, Sasjarah Raja Britania, hiji buku nu numutkeun William pinuh ku kabohongan. Sajarah vérsi Geoffrey nerangkeun ngeunaan para raja jeung karajaan baheula ti rupa-rupa idéntitas ras, sedengkeun Inggris vérsi William nyaéta nagara nu urang-urangna geus ngasimilasi (dina kasus Bsangsa Norman) atanapi kadorong ka wates (Urang Wales, Skot, jeung Pict). Numutkeun Cohen, barudak héjo ngagambarkeun gangguan ganda dina pamikirn William ngeunaan Inggris nu ngahiji. Di hiji pihak, carita éta mangrupa pamiélingan ngeunaan pabédaan ras jeung budaya antara Bangsa Norman jeung Bangsa Anglo-Saxon, hususna ku sabab barudak éta ngaku yén maranéhna datang ti Lemah St Martin, nu dingaranan ti Santo Martinus ti Tours; sahiji-hijina sesebutan lianna ngeunaan santo éta ku William nyaqztxa nalika ngomongkeun Biara Santo Martinus di Hastings, nu diwangun pikeun miélingan meunangna Bangsa Norman dina taun 1066. Tapi barudak héjo ogé minangka wujud tina para pangeusi awal Kapuloan Britania, "Urang Wales (jeung Urang Irlandia jeung Skot) nu geus sacara paksa di-Anglia-keun ... Carita barudak héjo munculkeun carita lian nu teu bisa dicaritakeunn ku William, salasahijina nyaéta ngeuaan dominion Inggris nu jadi asumsi nu nyieun masalah sanésna jadi kacindekan heula." Hususna si budak lalaki héjo, nu paéh sarta lainna ngasimilasi, perlambang "hiji dunya nu deukeut nu teu bisa dikawasaan ... hiji kabédaan nu bakal musnah pikeun bisa aya".
Dina pamekaran modérenna, carita barudak héjo dipatalikeun jeung carita Babes in the Wood, nu ditinggalkeun sangkan paéh ku amang nu jahat; dina vérsi ieu, warna kulit maranéhna nu héjo diduga ku sabab maranéhna karacunan arsénik. Maranéhna kabur ti leuweung tempat maranéhna ditinggalkeun, kamungkinan ka Leuweung Thetford, sarta barudak éta labuh ka liang di Woolpit teras dipanggih ku warga désa. Dina bukuna nu medal taun 1978, A Slice of Suffolk, panulis jeung panembang lokal, Bob Roberts, nyebatkeun "Urang dibéré nyaho yén masih aya urang-urang di Woolpit nu mangrupa 'katurunan ti barudak héjo', tapi teu aya nu ngomong saha waé maranéhna téh!"
Katerangan sajarah
Raloba imigran Flemish nu datang ka Inggris beulah wétan dina abad ka-12, sarta maranéhna disiksa sanggeus Henry II nyekel kalungguhan dina taun 1154; raloba nu ditelasan di deukeut Bury St Edmunds dina 1173. Paul Harris mibanda pamikiran yén kolotna barudak héjo ieu téh Urang Flemish nu maot dina jaman karusuhan sarta éta barudak kamungkinan datang ti désa Fornham St Martin, kaléreun Bury St Edmunds, tempat ayana pamukiman panyieunan pakéan Flemish keur éta. Maranéhna meureun kabur jeung ahirna ngumbara ka Woolpit. Teu nyaho arah, sarta maké pakéan Flemish nu asing, barudak éta meureun jadi tongtonan anéh pikeun wargi Woolpit. Warna kulit barudak éta bisa diterangkeun ku panyakit héjo, nu aya akibat ti kurang kadaharan. Brian Haughton nganggap yén katerangan Harris asup kana akal, jeung mangrupa salah sahiji nu panglobana ditarima, sanajan sanésna euweuh kakirangan. Misalna, Brian mikir yén urang nu mibanda pangatikan saperti Richard de Calne moal teu wanoh kana basa nu dipaké ku barudak Flemish.
Sajarahwan Derek Brewer méré katerangan: "Kamungkinan inti ti masalah ieu nyaéta barudak nu keur leutik pisan ieu, ngangon atawa miluan ingonna, kasasar ti leuweung désa maranéhna, saeutik ngomong, jeung (dina istilah modéren) teu nyaho alamat imah maranéhna sorangan. Éta barudak meureun mibanda klorosis, panyakit kakirangan kadaharan nu nyababkeun kulit warnana kahéjoan, ku kituna disebut "panyakit héjo". Ku cara dahar nu alus panyakit éta disembuhkeun."
Paninggalan
Bujangga anarkis jeung kritikus Inggris Herbert Read ngagambarkeun carita barudk héjo dina karyana English Prose Style, nu medal taun 1931, salaku "norma nu kedah dimiluan ku sagala rupa fantasi". Carita barudak héjo ogé mangrupa insprasi pikeun novelna, The Green Child, nu ditulis taun 1934. Kevin Crossley-Holland dina taun 1994 ogé nyerat adaptasi carita barudak héjo ti sudut pandang si budak awéwé héjo.
Panulis John Macklin nyarengan hiji carita dina bukuna nu medal taun 1965, kalawan judul Strange Destinies, ngeunaan 2 barudak héjo nu datang ka Désa Banjos di Spanyol dina taun 1887. Loba rincian carita éta nu mirip jeung carita barudak héjo Woolpit, misalna nami Ricardo de Calno, walikota Banjos nu nyangbatureun 2 barudak éta. Namina mirip jeung Richard de Calne. Ku kituna sigana carita Macklin mangrupa carita jieunan nu kainspirasi ku carita barudak héjo Woolpit, hususna lantaran euweuh catetan ngeunaan désa di Spanyol nu ngaranna Banjos.
Dina taun 2002, bujangga Inggris Glyn Maxwell nyerat hiji sandiwara sajak nu dasarna kana carita barudak héjo. Sandiwara éta judulna Wolfpit (ngaran awal pikeun Woolpit ) jeung dipéntaskeun sakali di New York. Dina vérsi Maxwell, si budak awéwé héjo jadi palayan juragan lemah, nepi ka saurang asing nu namina Juxon mésér manéhna jeung ngabébaskeunana, teras mawa manéhna ka hiji tempat nu teu kanyahoan.
Carita barudak héjo mangrupa tema ti hiji opera, nu dieusian ku barudak jeung jalmi sarta digubah ku Nicola LeFanu dina taun 1990; libretto-na ditulis ku Kevin Crossley-Holland.
Sél punca
Sél punca atawa Sél sirung hartina sél mimiti nu ilaharna aya di sakabéh organisme multisél nu mibanda kamampuh nganyarkeun manéh ku cara meulah diri sarta bisa dididefensiasi jadi rupa-rupa tipe sél. Panalungtikan dina widang sél sirung manusa dimimitian ku papanggihan élmuwan Kanada, Ernest A. McCulloch jeung James E. Till taun 1960-an.
Karang Ampel, Barégbég, Ciamis
Karang Ampél nyaéta salah sahiji désa di Kacamatan Barégbég, Kabupatén Ciamis, Propinsi Jawa Kulon, Indonésia.
Sél punca
Sél sirung mamalia sacara umum dibagi kana dua kategori: sél sirung émbrionik (diturunkeun tina blastosis) jeung sél sirung sawawa (tina jaringan mamalia sawawa). Dina émbrio nu keur mekar, sél sirung bisa ngalaman diferensiasi jadi sagala rupa jaringan émbrio. Dina organisme sawawa, sél sirung jeung sél turunanana meta minangka sistim omé pikeun sél-sél dina awak.
Jagat nyongkab
Jagat nyongkab (pemanasan global, global warming) nujul ka nérékélna panas rata-rata hawa beungeut Marcapada jeung sagara dina sababaraha dasawarsa kiwari jeung jaga.
Kosik Putih, Simangambat, Padang Lawas Kalér
Kosik Putih nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Simangambat, Kabupatén Padang Lawas Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Jagat nyongkab
Panas rata-rata hawa dina beungut Bumi naék 0,74 ± 0,18°C (1,33 ± 0,32°F) sapanjang saratus taun nepi ka 2005 .<!--The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concludes "most of the observed increase in globally averaged temperatures since the mid-20th century is very likely due to the observed increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations" via the greenhouse effect. Natural phenomena such as solar variation combined with volcanoes probably had a small warming effect from pre-industrial times to 1950 and a small cooling effect from 1950 onward. These basic conclusions have been endorsed by at least 30 scientific societies and academies of science, including all of the national academies of science of the major industrialized countries. While individual scientists have voiced disagreement with the conclusions of the IPCC, the overwhelming majority of scientists working on climate change are in agreement with the conclusions.
Sél punca
ku sabab bisa tumuwuh sarta dirobah jadi jaringan husus modél otot atawa saraf, sél sirung ditalungtik kabisana pikeun natambaan kasakit genetik. Kandidat utamana mah nyaéta garis sél émbrionik, sél sirung émbrionik otolog nu dihasilkeun tina kloning terapeutik, sarta sél sirung tina getih ari atawa sungsum tulang.
Jagat nyongkab
Climate model projections summarized by the IPCC indicate that average global surface temperature will likely rise a further 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) during the 21st century. The range of values results from the use of differing scenarios of future greenhouse gas emissions as well as models with differing climate sensitivity. Although most studies focus on the period up to 2100, warming and sea level rise are expected to continue for more than a thousand years even if greenhouse gas levels are stabilized. The delay in reaching equilibrium is a result of the large heat capacity of the oceans.
Mekarjaya, Barégbég, Ciamis
Mekarjaya nyaéta salah sahiji désa di Kacamatan Barégbég, Kabupatén Ciamis, Propinsi Jawa Kulon, Indonésia.
Sél punca
Pasipatan panangtu
Ambahan harti sél sirung anu lega diwatesan ku dua pasipatan:
Pedaran poténsi
Poténsi ngécéskeun poténsial diferensiasi (poténsi pikeun ngalaman diferensiasi jadi rupa-rupa tipe sél) sél sirungna.
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Sél sirung émbrionik
Embryonic stem cell lines (ES cell lines) are cultures of cells derived from the epiblast tissue of the inner cell mass (ICM) of a blastocyst. A blastocyst is an early stage embryo - approximately 4 to 5 days old in humans and consisting of 50-150 cells. ES cells are pluripotent, and give rise during development to all derivatives of the three primary germ layers: ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm. In other words, they can develop into each of the more than 200 cell types of the adult body when given sufficient and necessary stimulation for a specific cell type. They do not contribute to the extra-embryonic membranes or the placenta.
When given no stimuli for differentiation, ES cells will continue to divide in vitro and each daughter cell will remain pluripotent. The pluripotency of ES cells has been rigorously demonstrated in vitro and in vivo, thus they can be indeed classified as stem cells.
Because of their unique combined abilities of unlimited expansion and pluripotency, embryonic stem cells are a potential source for regenerative medicine and tissue replacement after injury or disease. To date, no approved medical treatments have been derived from embryonic stem cell research. This is not surprising considering that many nations currently have moratoria on either ES cell research or the production of new ES cell lines.
Adult stem cells
A great deal of adult stem cell research has focused on clarifying their capacity to divide or self-renew indefinitely and their differentiation potential. Many adult stem cells may be better classified as progenitor cells, due to their limited capacity for cellular differentiation.
Nevertheless, specific multipotent or even unipotent adult progenitors may have potential utility in regenerative medicine. The use of adult stem cells in research and therapy is not as controversial as embryonic stem cells, because the production of adult stem cells does not require the destruction of an embryo. In contrast with the embryonic stem cell research, more US government funding has been provided for adult stem cell research. Adult stem cells can be isolated from a tissue sample obtained from an adult. They have mainly been studied in humans and model organisms such as mice and rats.
223 SM
223 SM nyaéta taun ka-223 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Sél punca
Lineage
To ensure self-renewal, stem cells undergo two types of cell division (see Stem cell division and differentiation diagram). Symmetric division gives rise to two identical daughter cells both endowed with stem cell properties. Asymmetric division, on the other hand, produces only one stem cell and a progenitor cell with limited self-renewal potential. Progenitors can go through several rounds of cell division before terminally differentiating into a mature cell. It is possible that the molecular distinction between symmetric and asymmetric divisions lies in differential segregation of cell membrane proteins (such as receptors) between the daughter cells, however, there is no evidence for this mechanism.
Jagat nyongkab
Increasing global temperature will cause sea level to rise, and is expected to increase the intensity of extreme weather events and to change the amount and pattern of precipitation. Other effects of global warming include changes in agricultural yields, trade routes, glacier retreat, species extinctions and increases in the ranges of disease vectors.
Jélat, Barégbég, Ciamis
Jélat (aksara Sunda: : ) nyaéta salah sahiji désa di Kacamatan Barégbég, Kabupatén Ciamis, Propinsi Jawa Kulon, Indonésia.
Tumbu Luar
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Jagat nyongkab
Remaining scientific uncertainties include the amount of warming expected in the future, and how warming and related changes will vary from region to region around the globe. There is ongoing political and public debate worldwide regarding what, if any, action should be taken to reduce or reverse future warming or to adapt to its expected consequences. Most national governments have signed and ratified the Kyoto Protocol, aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions and outside of the United States there is considerably less debate over the effects and uncertainties of global warming. -->
Sigagan, Simangambat, Padang Lawas Kalér
Sigagan nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Simangambat, Kabupatén Padang Lawas Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Sél punca
Lineage
An alternative theory is that stem cells remain undifferentiated from environmental cues in their particular niche. Stem cells differentiate when they leave that niche or no longer receive those signals. Studies in Drosophila germarium have identified the signals dpp and adherins junctions that prevent germarium stem cells from differentiating.
Tamanjaya, Ciemas, Sukabumi
Tamanjaya nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Ciemas, Kabupatén Sukabumi, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Sél punca
Lineage
The signals that lead to reprogramming of cells to a embryonic-like state are also being investigated. These signal pathways include several transcription factors including the oncogene c-Myc. Initial studies indicate that transformation of mice cells with a combination of these anti-differentiation signals can reverse differentiation and may allow adult cells to become pluripotent. However, need to transform these cells with an oncogene may prevent the use of this approach in therapy.
Treatments
Medical researchers believe that stem cell research has the potential to change the face of human disease. A number of current treatments already exist, although the majority of them are not commonly used because they tend to be experimental and not very cost-effective. Medical researchers anticipate being able to use technologies derived from stem cell research to treat cancer, parkinson's disease, spinal cord injuries, and muscle damage, amongst a number of other diseases, impairments and conditions. However, there still exists a great deal of social and scientific uncertainty surrounding stem cell research, which could possibly be overcome through public debate and future research.
Stem cells, however, are already used extensively in research, and some scientists do not see cell therapy as the first goal of the research, but see the investigation of stem cells as a goal worthy in itself. .
Kontroversi panalungtikan sél sirung
Panalungtikan sél sirung téh ti anggalna mula teu weléh dirungrum ku kontroversi, utamana mah dina téhnis nyipta jeung migunakeun sél sirungna. Kontroversi panalungtikan sél sirung émbrionik téh utamana kusabab téhnologi ayeuna merlukeun ngaruksak émbrio manusa jeung/atawa terapi kloning. Opponents of the research argue that this practice is a slippery slope to reproductive cloning and tantamount to the instrumentalization of a human being. Contrarily, medical researchers in the field argue that it is necessary to pursue embryonic stem cell research because the resultant technologies are expected to have significant medical potential, and that the embryos used for research are only those meant for destruction anyway (as a product of invitro fertilisation). This in turn, conflicts with opponents holding an anti-abortion stance, who argue that an embryo is a human being and therefore entitled to dignity even if legally slated for destruction. The ensuing debate has prompted authorities around the world to seek regulatory frameworks and highlighted the fact that stem cell research represents a social and ethical challenge.-->
224 SM
224 SM nyaéta taun ka-224 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Saguling, Barégbég, Ciamis
Saguling nyaéta salah sahiji désa di Kacamatan Barégbég, Kabupatén Ciamis, Propinsi Jawa Kulon, Indonésia.
Sasak Qatar Bahrain
Sasak Qatar Bahrain nyaéta hiji rancangan sasak antara 2 nagara, Qatar jeung Bahrain. Dibéwarakeun dina 13 Désémber 2008 yén konstruksi bakal dimimiti dina awal 2009, sarta kira-kira biayana AS$2,3 milyar.
Sampuran Simarloting, Hulu Sihapas, Padang Lawas Kalér
Sampuran Simarloting nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Hulu Sihapas, Kabupatén Padang Lawas Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Aek Nauli, Hulu Sihapas, Padang Lawas Kalér
Aek Nauli nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Hulu Sihapas, Kabupatén Padang Lawas Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
226 SM
226 SM nyaéta taun ka-226 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Petir Hilir, Barégbég, Ciamis
Petir Hilir nyaéta salah sahiji désa di Kacamatan Barégbég, Kabupatén Ciamis, Propinsi Jawa Kulon, Indonésia.
Pangirkiran, Hulu Sihapas, Padang Lawas Kalér
Pangirkiran nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Hulu Sihapas, Kabupatén Padang Lawas Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
225 SM
225 SM nyaéta taun ka-225 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
222 SM
222 SM nyaéta taun ka-222 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
227 SM
227 SM nyaéta taun ka-227 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Aek Godang, Hulu Sihapas, Padang Lawas Kalér
Aek Godang nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Hulu Sihapas, Kabupatén Padang Lawas Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Pusakanagara, Barégbég, Ciamis
Pusakanagara nyaéta salah sahiji désa di Kacamatan Barégbég, Kabupatén Ciamis, Propinsi Jawa Kulon, Indonésia.
Cikakak, Cikakak, Sukabumi
Cikakak nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Cikakak, Kabupatén Sukabumi, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Panarima (telekomunikasi)
Panarima atawa receiver dina widang télékomunikasi nyaéta sirkuit éléktronik anu narima asupan sinyal, maké filter pikeun misahkeun sinyal nu dipikaharep tina sinyal-sinyal lianna, nguatkeun sinyal kasebut nepi ka tingkat nu cukup pikeun pamrosésan leuwih jauh, sarta ahirna kalayan maké demodulasi jeung pangkodean ngarobah sinyal kasebut kana wangun anu bisa kaharti ku manusa.
Autodyne and superheterodyne
By the 1920s, the tuned radio frequency receiver (TRF) represented a major improvement in performance over what had been available before, it still fell short of the needs for some of the new applications. To enable receiver technology to meet the needs placed upon it a number of new idéas started to surface. One of these was a new form of direct conversion receiver. Here an internal or local oscillator was used to béat with the incoming signal to produce and audible signal that could be amplified by an audio amplifier.
H. J. Round developed a receiver he called an autodyne in which the same valve was used as a mixer and an oscillator, Whilst the set used fewer valves it was difficult to optimise the circuit for both the mixer and oscillator functions.
The next léap forward in receiver technology was a new type of receiver known as the superheterodyne, or supersonic heterodyne receiver. A Frenchman named Lucien Levy was investigating ways in which receiver selectivity could be improved and in doing this he devised a system whereby the signals were converted down to a lower frequency where the filter bandwidths could be made narrower. A further advantage was that the gain of valves was considerably gréater at the lower frequencies used after the frequency conversion, and there were fewer problems with the circuits bursting into oscillation.
The idéa for developing a receiver with a fixed intermediate frequency amplifier and filter is credited to Edwin Armstrong. Working for the American Expeditionary Force in Europe in 1918, Armstrong thought that if the incoming signals were mixed with a variable frequency oscillator, a low frequency fix tuned amplifier could be used. Armstrong's original receiver consisted of a total of eight valves. Several tuned circuits could be cascaded to improve selectivity, and being on a fixed frequency they did not all need to be changed in line with one another. The filters could be preset and left correctly tuned. Armstrong was not the only person working on the idéa of a superhet. Alexander Meissner in Germany took out a patent for the idéa six months before Armstrong, but as Meissner did not prove the idéa in practice and did not build a superhet radio, the idéa is credited to Armstrong.
Karét
Karét nyaéta polimér hidrokarbon anu diwangun ku émulsi (latéks) tina geutah sawatara golongan tuwuhan tapi bisa ogé diproduksi sacara sintétis. Sumber utama latéks anu dipaké pikeun nyieun karét nyaéta Hevea brasiliensis (Euphorbiaceae) lantaran nyadap ieu tuwuhan baris ngahasilkeun latéks nu leuwih loba. Tuwuhan ieu di Indonésia ilahar disebut tuwuhan karét, sarua jeung produk anu dihasilkeunana.
Panarima (telekomunikasi)
Autodyne and superheterodyne
The need for the incréased performance of the superhet receiver was first felt in America, and by the late 1920s most sets were superhets. However in Europe the number of broadcast stations did not start to rise as rapidly until later. Even so by the mid 1930s virtually all receiving sets in Europe as well were using the superhet principle. In 1926 the tetrode valve was introduced, and enabled further improvements in performance.
Karét
Tuwuhan séjénna anu ngandung latéks ti anatrana fig, euphorbia sarta dandelion. Tapi tutuwuhan kasebut henteu dijadi sumber utama pikeun nyieun karét.
Panarima (telekomunikasi)
Semiconductors
Further developments in semiconductor technology léad to the introduction of the integrated circuit in the late 1950s. This enabled radio receiver technology to move forward even further. Integrated circuits enabled high performance circuits to be built for less cost, and significant amounts of space could be saved.
Karét
Joseph Priestley, dina taun 1770 manggihan latéks anu digaringkeun sarta bisa menghapus tulisan patlot.
Di tempat asalna di Amérika Tengah sarta Amérika Kidul, karét geus dikumpulkan ti baheula mula. Peradaban Mésoamérika ngagunakeun karét tina tuwuhan Castilla elastica. Mésoamérika kuna ngagunakeun bal karét dina kaulinan maranéhanana.
Sukamulya, Barégbég, Ciamis
Sukamulya nyaéta salah sahiji désa di Kacamatan Barégbég, Kabupatén Ciamis, Propinsi Jawa Kulon, Indonésia.
Karét
Nurutkeun Bernal Diaz del Castillo, Conquistador Spanyol pohara kataji ku pantulan bal karét urang Azték sarta nganggap bal kasebut kaasupan sétan.
228 SM
228 SM nyaéta taun ka-228 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Panarima (telekomunikasi)
Semiconductors
As a result of these developments new techniques could be introduced. One of these was the frequency synthesizer that was used to generate the local oscillator signal for the receiver. By using a synthesizer it was possible to generate a very accurate and stable local oscillator signal. Also the ability of synthesizers to be controlled by microprocessors méant that many new facilities could be introduced apart from the significant performance improvements offered by synthesizers.
Simaninggir, Hulu Sihapas, Padang Lawas Kalér
Simaninggir nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Hulu Sihapas, Kabupatén Padang Lawas Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Karét
Di Brasil, masarakat lokal nyieun baju tahan cai tina karét. Hiji sakaol nyaritakeun cenah urang Éropa munggaran anu balik ka Portugal ti Brasil mawa baju anti-cai kasebut, sarta ngabalukarkeun masarakat kagét antukna manéhna dibawa ka pangadilan kalayan tuduhan ngagunakeun élmu goib.
Panarima (telekomunikasi)
Digital technologies
Receiver technology is still moving forward. Digital signal processing where many of the functions performed by an analog intermediate frequency stage can be performed digitally by converting the signal to a digital stréam that is manipulated mathematically is now widespréad. The new digital audio broadcasting standard being introduced can only be used when the receiver can manipulate the signal digitally.
Karét
Waktu karét dibawa ka Inggris, jalma-jalma niténan yén barang kasebut bisa ngahapus tulisan patlot dina keretas. Nya tina kajadian ieu mecenghul istilah "rubber" dina basa Inggris.
Panarima (telekomunikasi)
Digital technologies
While today's radios are miracles of modérn technology, filled with low power high performance integrated circuits crammed into the smallest spaces, the basic principle of the radio is usually the superhet, the same idéa which was developed by Edwin Armstrong back in 1918.
Karét
Sumber karét kiwari
Tuwuhan karét Hevea brasiliensis (Euphorbiaceae) mimitina ngan tumuwuh di Amérika Kidul, tapi sanggeus percobaan sababaraha kali ku Henry Wickham, tuwuhan ieu hasil dibudidayakeun di Asia Tenggara. Kiwari Asia mangrupa asal sumber karét alami ieu.
Leuwih ti satengah karét anu dipaké kiwari téh sintétik, tapi sawatara juta ton karét alami masih diproduksi saban taun, sarta masih mangrupa bahan penting pikeun sawatara industri, kaasup industri otomotif jeung militér.
Karét hypoallergenic bisa dijieun tina Guayule.
Sukamaju, Barégbég, Ciamis
Sukamaju nyaéta salah sahiji désa di Kacamatan Barégbég, Kabupatén Ciamis, Propinsi Jawa Kulon, Indonésia.
Cakung Kulon, Cakung, Jakarta Wétan
Cakung Barat nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Cakung, Kota Jakarta Wétan, Propinsi DKI Jakarta, Indonésia.
Karét
Sumber karét kiwari
Percobaan munggaran ngamekarkeun karét sintétis mawa kana ditimukeunana Silly Putty.
Karét alami remen ogé divulkanisasi, nyaéta hiji prosés anu manaskeun karét sarta ditambah walirang pikeun ngaronjatkeun daya tahan ("resilience") sarta kalenturan (élastisitas). Prosés vulkanisasi ngaronjatkeun pamakéan karét ti taun 1830-an nepi ka ayeuna. Mekarna vulkanisasi disumbang ku iasana Charles Goodyear.
Tuwuhan karét anu ngaranna Havéa brasiliensis asalna ti nagara Brrazil. Tuwuhan ieu mangrupa sumber utama karét alam di dunya. Padahal jauh saméméh tuwuhan karét ieu dibudidayakan, padumuk pituin di Amérika Sarikat, Asia jeung Afrika Kidul ngagunakeun tuwuhan séjén anu ogé ngahasilkeun geutah.
Cimaja, Cikakak, Sukabumi
Cimaja nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Cikakak, Kabupatén Sukabumi, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Karét
Vulkanisasi
Karet Alam diwangun tina kantétan poliisoprena Panjang, Lamun dipanaskeun bari dibéré tekenan/pressure  Disposals sulfur bakal ngahasilkeun barang anu sipatna elastis. Prosés vulkanisasi kapangih dina taun 1839 ku Charles Goodyear. Numutkeun Média arkeolog  Warga asli Amerika, méh 3600 taun anugeus kaliwat. Karét dimangpaatkeun ku lantaran karét bisa meral/merenggang/(elastomer).
Karét Ban Mobil
lolobana beubeunangan produksi industri  karét dimangpaatkeun pikeun nyieun ban, ieu kaasup  karét anudigunakeun pikeun nyumponan kabutuhan anu pohara beuratna/optimal di mana karét ieu kudu bener-bener  kuat, henteu gampang gugus  ogé henteu leueur dina mangsa dipaké. Karét alam anu warnana rada konéng pikeun kaperluan ban mobil dicampur heula maké silalatu/jelaga diaglomerasi tujuana sangkan mibanda sipat-sipat anu dipikabutuh (umpamana. Leuwih kuat, henteu gampang gugus, leuwih teuas tur henteu uduh/gampang pegat) ogé kelirna jadi hideung.Pikeun ban anu corak kélirna rupa-rupa éta ditambahan ku nyampurkeun silika aktif pikeun mibanda sipat-sipat anu dibtuheun tina éta ban.
Cakung Wétan, Cakung, Jakarta Wétan
Cakung Wétan nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Cakung, Kota Jakarta Wétan, Propinsi DKI Jakarta, Indonésia.
Penggilingan, Cakung, Jakarta Wétan
Penggilingan nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Cakung, Kota Jakarta Wétan, Propinsi DKI Jakarta, Indonésia.
Jatinegara, Cakung, Jakarta Wétan
Jatinegara nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Cakung, Kota Jakarta Wétan, Propinsi DKI Jakarta, Indonésia.
Stasion Hamamatsu
Stasion Hamamatsu (浜松駅) nyaéta stasion kareta di Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Jepang, di Tōkaidō Shinkansen jeung Jalur Utama Tōkaidō.
Margalaksana, Cikakak, Sukabumi
Margalaksana nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Cikakak, Kabupatén Sukabumi, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Bandéra Bahrain
Bandéra Bahrain (علم البحرين) miboga warna bodas di kénca, kapisah ti bagian beureumna ku 5 sagitilu nu mangrupa rérégé.
Desain
Bagian bodasna ngawengku 32,5% bandéra, samentara bagian beureum miboga 67,5% bandéra.
Warna
Beureum: Pantone 186 c / CMYK (%) C 0 – M 90 – Y 80 – K 5
Pintu Bosi, Hulu Sihapas, Padang Lawas Kalér
Pintu Bosi nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Hulu Sihapas, Kabupatén Padang Lawas Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
230 SM
230 SM nyaéta taun ka-230 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Sidong-dong, Hulu Sihapas, Padang Lawas Kalér
Sidong-dong, Hulu Sihapas, Padang Lawas Utara
231 SM
231 SM nyaéta taun ka-231 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Sitabar, Hulu Sihapas, Padang Lawas Kalér
Sitabar nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Hulu Sihapas, Kabupatén Padang Lawas Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Bahrainona
Bahrainona (نشيد البحرين الوطني), nyaéta lagu kabangsaan Bahrain.
Ridogalih, Cikakak, Sukabumi
Ridogalih nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Cikakak, Kabupatén Sukabumi, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Situ
Situ atawa talaga téh nyaéta cai ngaplak di hiji tempat anu lega balukar tina leburna gletser atawa ceuyahna cinyusu (mata air). Lolobana situ di dunya téh eusina cai tawar jeung ngampar di beulahan bumi béh kalér dina latitude nu leuwih luhur. Dina ékologi, lingkungan situ disebut lacustrine. Situ gedé kadang-kadang disebut "sagara di daratan", sabalikna sagara leutik sakapeung sok disebut situ. Istilah situ ogé digunakeun keur nerangkeun fitur saperti Situ Eyre nu mangrupa léngkob garing nu kaeusian cai alatan usum hujan nu ngagebrét. Di dunya nagara Finlandia katelah "nagara sarebu situ" jeung Minnesota katelah "wilayah sapuluh rebu situ".
Wanda Situ
Dumasar cara kawangunna téh, situ dibédakeun jadi kieu. Loba ogé situ jieunan sarta diwangun keur PLTA, rékréasi, industri, tatanén, atawa keur nyadiakeun cai doméstik.
Asal-usul situ alam
Tina jihat géologis, umur situ téh lolobana mah kaitung ngora kénéh, sabab kaurugan ku prosés alami sarupaning érosi sahingga situna beuki lila beuki déét, atawa situna bedah. <!-- Aya sababaraha prosés nu bisa ngahasilkeun situ. A recent tectonic uplift of a mountain range can create bowl-shaped depressions that accumulate water and form lakes. The advance and retreat of glaciers can scrape depressions in the surface where lakes accumulate; such lakes are common in Scandinavia, Patagonia, Siberia and Canada. Lakes can also form by means of landslides or by glacial blockages. An example of the latter occurred during the last ice age in the US state of Washington, when a huge lake formed behind a glacial flow; when the ice retreated, the result was an immense flood that created the Dry Falls at Sun Lakes, Washington. Salt lakes (also called saline lakes) can form where there is no natural outlet or where the water evaporates rapidly, and the drainage surface of the water table has a higher than normal salt content. Examples of salt lakes include Great Salt Lake, the Caspian Sea, the Aral Sea and the Dead Sea.
Small, crescent-shaped lakes called oxbow lakes can form in river valleys as the result of meandering. The slow-moving river forms a sinuous shape as the outer side of bends are eroded away more rapidly than the inner side. Eventually a horseshoe bend is formed and the river cuts through the narrow neck. This new passage then forms the main passage for the river and the ends of the bend become silted up, thus forming a bow-shaped lake.
Rawa Teraté, Cakung, Jakarta Wétan
Rawa Teraté nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Cakung, Kota Jakarta Wétan, Propinsi DKI Jakarta, Indonésia.
Situ
Asal-usul situ alam
Lake Vostok is an subglacial lake in Antarctica, possibly the largest in the world. The pressure from ice and the internal chemical composition means that if the lake were drilled into, it may result in a fissure which would spray in a similar fashion to a geyser.
Some lakes, such as Lake Baikal and Lake Tanganyika lie along continental rift zones, and are created by the crust's subsidence as two plates are pulled apart. These lakes are the oldest and deepest in the world, and may be destined over millions of years to become oceans. The Red Sea is thought to have originated as a rift valley lake.
Crater Lake in Oregon, USA is a lake located within the caldera of Mount Mazama. The caldera was created in a massive volcanic eruption that lead to the subsidence of Mount Mazama around 4860 BC. Since that time, all eruptions on Mazama have been confined to the caldera.
Some lakes, such as Lake Jackson, USA come into existence as a result of sinkhole activity.
Karakteristik
Lakes have numerous features in addition to lake type, such as (but not limited to) drainage basin (also known as catchment area), inflow, and outflow, nutrient content, dissolved oxygen, pollutants, pH, and sedimentation.
The change in level of a lake is controlled by the difference between the sources of inflow and outflow, compared to the total volume of the lake. The significant input sources are precipitation onto the lake; runoff carried by streams and channels from the lake's catchment area; groundwater channels and aquifers; and artificial sources from outside the catchment area. Output sources are evaporation from the lake; surface and groundwater flows; and any extraction of lake water by humans. As climate conditions and human water requirements vary, these will create fluctuations in the lake level.