cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Kromatofor
Background adaptation
Most fish, reptiles and amphibians undergo a limited physiological colour change in response to a change in environment. This type of camouflage, known as background adaptation, most commonly appears as a slight darkening or lightening of skin tone to approximately mimic the hue of the immediate environment. It has been demonstrated that the background adaptation process is vision dependent (it appears the animal needs to be able to see the environment to adapt to it), and that melanin translocation in melanophores is the major factor in colour change. Some animals, such as chameleons and anoles, have a highly developed background adaptation response capable of generating a number of different colours very rapidly. They have adapted the capability to change colour in response to temperature, mood, stress levels and social cues, rather than to simply mimic their environment.
Chūbu Centrair International Airport
Shopping
Centrair features the 4th Floor Sky Town shopping center, accessible to the general public, with 61 shops and restaurants. organized into two "streets," Renga-dori and Chochin-yokocho. The Chochin-yokocho shops are individually themed to have an authentic Japanese look.
Kromatofor
Development
During vertebrate embryonic development, chromatophores are one of a number of cell types generated in the neural crest, a paired strip of cells arising at the margins of the neural tube. These cells have the ability to migrate long distances, allowing chromatophores to populate many organs of the body, including the skin, eye, ear and brain. Leaving the neural crest in waves, chromatophores take either a dorsolateral route through the dermis, entering the ectoderm through small holes in the basal lamina, or a ventromedial route between the somites and the neural tube. The exception to this is the melanophores of the retinal pigmented epithelium of the eye. These are not derived from the neural crest, instead an outpouching of the neural tube generates the optic cup which, in turn, forms the retina.
Chūbu Centrair International Airport
Shopping
There is a Duty Free area in the international departure area on the 3rd floor as well. -->
Kromatofor
Development
When and how multipotent chromatophore precursor cells (called chromatoblasts) develop into their daughter subtypes is an area of ongoing research. It is known in zebrafish embryos, for example, that by 3 days after fertilization each of the cell classes found in the adult fish — melanophores, xanthophores and iridophores — are already present. Studies using mutant fish have demonstrated that transcription factors such as kit, sox10 and mitf are important in controlling chromatophore differentiation. If these proteins are defective, chromatophores may be regionally or entirely absent, resulting in a leucistic disorder.
Practical applications
In addition to basic research into better understanding of chromatophores themselves, the cells are used for applied research purposes. For example, zebrafish larvae are used to study how chromatophores organise and communicate to accurately generate the regular horizontal striped pattern as seen in adult fish. This is seen as a useful model system for understanding patterning in the evolutionary developmental biology field. Chromatophore biology has also been used to model human condition or disease, including melanoma and albinism. Recently the gene responsible for the melanophore-specific golden zebrafish strain, Slc24a5, was shown to have a human equivalent that strongly correlates with skin colour.
Chromatophores are also used as a biomarker of blindness in cold-blooded species, as animals with certain visual defects fail to background adapt to light environments. Human homologues of receptors that mediate pigment translocation in melanophores are thought to involved in processes such as appetite suppression and tanning, making them attractive targets for drugs. Therefore pharmaceutical companies have developed a biological assay for rapidly identifying potential bioactive compounds using melanophores from the African clawed frog. Other scientists have developed techniques for using melanophores as biosensors, and for rapid disease detection (based on the discovery that pertussis toxin blocks pigment aggregation in fish melanophores). Potential military applications of chromatophore mediated colour changes have been proposed, mainly as a type of active camouflage.
Cephalopod chromatophores
Coleoid cephalopods have complex multicellular 'organs' which they use to change colour rapidly. This is most notable in brightly coloured squid, cuttlefish and octopuses. Each chromatophore unit is composed of a single chromatophore cell and numerous muscle, nerve, glial and sheath cells. Inside the chromatophore cell, pigment granules are enclosed in an elastic sac, called the cytoelastic sacculus. To change colour the animal distorts the sacculus form or size by muscular contraction, changing its translucency, reflectivity or opacity. This differs from the mechanism used in fish, amphibians and reptiles, in that the shape of the sacculus is being changed rather than a translocation of pigment vesicles within the cell. However a similar effect is achieved.
Octopuses operate chromatophores in complex, wavelike chromatic displays, resulting in a variety of rapidly changing colour schemes. The nerves that operate the chromatophores are thought to be positioned in the brain, in a similar order to the chromatophores they each control. This means the pattern of colour change matches the pattern of neuronal activation. This may explain why, as the neurons are activated one after another, the colour change occurs in waves. Like chameleons, cephalopods use physiological colour change for social interaction. They are also among the most skilled at background adaptation, having the ability to match both the colour and the texture of their local environment with remarkable accuracy. -->
Baktéri
Kromatofor ogé aya dina mémbran baktéri fototrof, dipaké utamana pikeun fotosintésis sabab ngandung pigmén baktérioklorofil jeung karoténoid.
Pagaran Tonga, Padang Bolak, Padang Lawas Kalér
Pagaran Tonga nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Padang Bolak, Kabupatén Padang Lawas Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Kebon Baru, Tebet, Jakarta Selatan
Kebon Baru nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Tebet, Kota Jakarta Kidul, Propinsi DKI Jakarta, Indonésia.
Modulasi amplitudo
Modulasi amplitudo nyaéta modulasi di mana sinyal (gelombang) pamawana dinyatakeun ku:
Batu Tambun, Padang Bolak, Padang Lawas Kalér
Batu Tambun nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Padang Bolak, Kabupatén Padang Lawas Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Modulasi amplitudo
.
82 SM
82 SM nyaéta taun ka-82 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
83 SM
83 SM nyaéta taun ka-83 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Ciruluk, Purwadadi, Subang
Ciruluk nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Purwadadi, Kabupatén Subang, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Pagon, Purwadadi, Subang
Pagon nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Purwadadi, Kabupatén Subang, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Tanjung Tiram, Padang Bolak, Padang Lawas Kalér
Tanjung Tiram nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Padang Bolak, Kabupatén Padang Lawas Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Manggarai, Tebet, Jakarta Selatan
Manggarai nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Tebet, Kota Jakarta Kidul, Propinsi DKI Jakarta, Indonésia.
Garoga, Padang Bolak, Padang Lawas Kalér
Garoga nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Padang Bolak, Kabupatén Padang Lawas Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
85 SM
85 SM nyaéta taun ka-85 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Kanal (komunikasi)
Kanal atawa saluran (channel, kanaal), dina télékomunikasi (nu kalan-kalan disebut kanal komunikasi), nujul kana medium nu digunakeun pikeun ngirimkeun informasi ti hiji pangirim (atawa pamancar) ka panarima.
Sabéngbatan
Aya rupa-rupa bentuk kanal. Conto kanal komunikasi di antarana:
Contohna:
saluran model
Saluran dimodél tiasa disebat sacara fisik ku nyobaan ngitung prosés fisik anu ngarobih sinyal anu dikirimkeun. Misalna dina komunikasi nirkabel saluran tiasa dimodelkeun ku ngitung réfléksi tina unggal obyék di lingkungan. Urutan nomer acak ogé tiasa ditambihan pikeun mensimulasikeun gangguan éksternal sareng / atanapi noise éléktronik dina panarima.
Sacara statistik saluran komunikasi biasana dirobah salaku tilu anu diwangun ku alfabet input, alfabet kaluaran, sareng pikeun tiap pasangan "(i, o)" tina unsur input sareng output kamungkinan transisi "p (i, o) ' '. Sacara semantis, kamungkinan transisi mangrupikeun kamungkinan yén simbol   ditampi ku lantaran  i  dikirimkeun kana saluran.
Modél saluran tiasa modél saluran kontinyu sabab teu aya watesan kumaha pasti nilaina dihartikeun.
Saluran komunikasi ogé diulik dina setting abjad-diskrit. Ieu saluyu sareng abstrak sistem komunikasi dunya réal numana blok analog-> digital sareng digital-> analog henteu dikendali ku desainer. Modél matématika diwangun ku kamungkinan transisi anu netepkeun distribusi kaluaran pikeun unggal kamungkinan urutan input saluran. Dina tiori inpormasi, umum pikeun mimitian ku saluran anu teu gaduh memori di mana distribusi kamungkinan kaluaran ngan gumantung kana saluran input anu ayeuna.
Manggarai Selatan, Tebet, Jakarta Selatan
Manggarai Selatan nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Tebet, Kota Jakarta Kidul, Propinsi DKI Jakarta, Indonésia.
Batu Sundung, Padang Bolak, Padang Lawas Kalér
Batu Sundung nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Padang Bolak, Kabupatén Padang Lawas Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Panyingkiran, Purwadadi, Subang
Panyingkiran nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Purwadadi, Kabupatén Subang, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Ménténg Dalam, Tebet, Jakarta Selatan
Ménténg Dalam nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Tebet, Kota Jakarta Kidul, Propinsi DKI Jakarta, Indonésia.
Tebet Barat, Tebet, Jakarta Selatan
Tebet Barat nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Tebet, Kota Jakarta Kidul, Propinsi DKI Jakarta, Indonésia.
E=mc²
E = mc2 dina élmu fisika nyaéta hiji rumus anu penting sarta dipikawanoh, anu ngécéskeun persamaan harga antara énergi (E) jeung massa (m), anu disatarakan sacara langsung ngaliwatan luadrat tina hiji konstanta nyaéta laju cahaya dina rohangan hapa (c2): E = mc^2 \!,
Faktor c2 boga harga 89.88 PJ/kg = 21.48 Mt TNT pér kg = 149.3 pj/u = 931.5 Mev/u.
Lamun énergi anu dimaksud dina persamaan di luhur nyaéta énergi cicing, mangka massa anu patali nyaéta massa cicing ogé atawa massa invarian.
Sajarah sarta konsékuensina
Albert Einstein nurunkeun rumus ieu dumasar kana pengimeutan manéhna dina taun 1905 kana lampah obyék anu usik kalawan laju nu ngadeukeutan laju cahaya. Kacindekan kawéntar anu dijieun hasil tina pangameutan ieu téh yén massa hiji barang sabenerna nyaéta hiji ukuran tina kandungan énergi barang kasebut. Sabalikna, persamaan anu dimaksud nandakeun yén kabéh énergi anu aya dina sistem katutup mangaruhan massa cicing dina sistem éta.
Rumus ieu ogé dipaké pikeun ngukur badagna énergi anu dihasilkeun dina réaksi nuklir. Parobahan massa isotop saméméh sarta saenggeus réaksi nuklir diitung. Di mana jumlah massa anu leungit saenggeus réaksi nuklir (Δm) dikalikeun jeung kuadrat laju cahaya, hasilna sarua jeung énergi anu dileupaskeun dina réaksi nuklir kasebut.
86 SM
86 SM nyaéta taun ka-86 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Parapatan, Purwadadi, Subang
Parapatan nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Purwadadi, Kabupatén Subang, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Garonggang, Padang Bolak, Padang Lawas Kalér
Garonggang nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Padang Bolak, Kabupatén Padang Lawas Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Nabonggal, Padang Bolak, Padang Lawas Kalér
Nabonggal nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Padang Bolak, Kabupatén Padang Lawas Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
88 SM
88 SM nyaéta taun ka-88 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
87 SM
87 SM nyaéta taun ka-87 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Spin (fisika)
Dina mékanika kuantum, spin nyaéta moméntum sudut intrinsik anu patali jeung partikel. Contona partikel dasar, kawas éléktron, miboga moméntum sudut, sanajan maranéhanana mangrupa partikel kawas titik. Partikel subatomik séjénna, kawas neutron, anu henteu miboga muatan listrik, ogé miboga spin.
Liang Hasona, Padang Bolak, Padang Lawas Kalér
Liang Hasona nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Padang Bolak, Kabupatén Padang Lawas Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Tebet Timur, Tebet, Jakarta Selatan
Tebet Timur nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Tebet, Kota Jakarta Kidul, Propinsi DKI Jakarta, Indonésia.
Purwadadi Barat, Purwadadi, Subang
Purwadadi Barat nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Purwadadi, Kabupatén Subang, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
90 SM
90 SM nyaéta taun ka-90 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Moméntum sudut
Dina fisika, moméntum sudut sacara intuitif ngukur sabaraha badag moméntum liniér anu ngarah ka kira-kira hiji titik nu tangtu anu disebut titik puseur; momén ti moméntum. Rumus matematika basajan pikeun moméntum sudut ti hiji partikel ka titik puseur nu tangtu nyaéta:
di mana L nyaéta moméntum sudut partikel, r nyaéta posisi partikel anu dinyatakeun minangka véktor pindahan ti titik puseur, sarta p nyaéta moméntum liniér ti partikel éta.
Abdullah ti Saudi Arabia
Abdullah bin Abdul Aziz As-Saud, Panjaga Dua Masjid Suci, ( ‘Abd ullāh ibn ‘Abd al-‘Azīz Āl Su‘ūd)   nyaéta Raja Saudi Arabia kiwari. Anjeunna ngawitan mangku kalungguhanna dina 1 Agustus 2005 sanggeus maotna sadulur kawalonna, Raja Fahd.
92 SM
92 SM nyaéta taun ka-92 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Pasirbungur, Purwadadi, Subang
Pasirbungur nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Purwadadi, Kabupatén Subang, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Purwadadi Timur, Purwadadi, Subang
Purwadadi Timur nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Purwadadi, Kabupatén Subang, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Wanakerta, Purwadadi, Subang
Wanakerta nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Purwadadi, Kabupatén Subang, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Jalur Kintetsu Nagoya
Jalur Nagoya (名古屋線) Parusahaan Kintetsu nyaéta jalur kareta nu ngahubungkeun Nagoya jeung Ise Nakagawa Station di Matsusaka, Préféktur Mie liwat kota-kota Kuwana, Yokkaichi, Suzuka, Tsu.
Tikukur
Tikukur (Geopelia striata) nyaéta anggota kulawarga Columbidae japati pituin Asia Tenggara, baraya deukeut 'Japati Damé' (Peaceful Dove) Australia jeung Nugini, nu di Indonésia sok diingu ku sabab alus sorana.
Habitat jeung ambahan
Ambahan pituin ieu spésiés ngampar ti Muangthai Kidul, Tenasserim, jeung Tanjung Malayu nepi ka Sumatra, Jawa, Bali, jeung Lombok. Kiwari, ieu manuk geus sumebar ka Muangthai tengah, Laos, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Hawai (dibawa taun 1922), Tahiti (1950), Kalédonia Anyar, Seychelles, Kapuloan Chago (1960), Mauritius (méméh 1768), Réunion, jeung Saint Helena. Hirupna di tegalan nu nembrak atawa leuweung nu teu pati rembet, sarta di taman-taman kota. Di Indonésia, ieu manuk diternakkeun sarta diingu dina kurung pikeun diala sorana.
Simandiangin Lombang, Padang Bolak, Padang Lawas Kalér
Simandiangin Lombang nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Padang Bolak, Kabupatén Padang Lawas Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Tikukur
Baranahan
Di lingkungan alami, usum kawin lumangsung ti Séptémber nepi ka Juni. Sayangna dijieun basajan tina dangdaunan jeung jukut garing di handap atawa dina tatangkalan. Sausum ngendogna hiji atawa dua, disileungleuman piligenti ku jalu jeung bikang salila 13-18 poé. Anakna ninggalkeun sayang dina umur dua minggu, sarta geus bisa hiber dina umur tilu minggu.
Cutoff frequency
Dina élmu fisika jeung téknik listrik, istilah cutoff frequency luhur atawa handap, frékuénsi juru, jeung bréak frequency ngagambarkeun hiji wates dina réspon frékuénsi hiji sistem di mana énergi nu asup kana sistem kasebut mimiti diaténuasi atawa malah dipantulkeun lain ditransmisikeun. Conto umumna:
The cutoff frequency can also refer to the plasma frequency, or to some concepts related to renormalization in quantum field theory.
Electronics
In electronics, cutoff frequency or corner frequency is the frequency either above which or below which the power output of a circuit, such as a line, amplifier, or electronic filter is 1/2\, the power of the passband. Because power is proportional to the square of voltage, the voltage signal is \sqrt{1/2} of the passband voltage at the corner frequency. Hence, the corner frequency is also known as the −3 dB point because \sqrt{1/2} is close to −3 decibels. A bandpass circuit has two corner frequencies; their geometric mean is called the center frequency.
Communications
In communications, the term cutoff frequency can méan the frequency below which a radio wave fails to penetrate a layer of the ionosphere at the incidence angle required for transmission between two specified points by reflection from the layer.
Padang Garugur, Padang Bolak, Padang Lawas Kalér
Padang Garugur nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Padang Bolak, Kabupatén Padang Lawas Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Incuing
Incuing atawa siit incuing nyaéta kulawarga manuk Cuculidae nu kaasup kana ordo Cuculiformes.
Cutoff frequency
Waveguides
The cutoff frequency of an electromagnetic waveguide is the lowest frequency for which a mode will propagate in it. In fiber optics, it is more common to consider the cutoff wavelength, the maximum wavelength that will propagate in an optical fiber or waveguide. The cutoff frequency is found with the characteristic equation of the Helmholtz equation for electromagnetic waves, which is derived from the electromagnetic wave equation by setting the longitudinal wave number equal to zero and solving for the frequency. Thus, any exciting frequency lower than the cutoff frequency will attenuate, rather than propagate. The following derivation assumes lossless walls. The value of c, the speed of light, should be taken to be the group velocity of light in whatever material fills the waveguide.
Incuing
<!-- The cuckoos are generally medium sized slender birds. The majority are arboreal, with a sizeable minority that are terrestrial. The family has a cosmopolitan distribution, with the majority of species being tropical. The temperate species are migratory. The cuckoos feed on insects, insect larvae and a variety of other animals, as well as fruit. Many species are brood parasites, laying their eggs in the nests of other species, but the majority of species raise their own young.
Morphology
Cuckoos are medium sized birds that range in size from the Little Bronze Cuckoo, at 17 g and 15 cm (6 inches), to the Channel-billed Cuckoo, at 630 g (1.4 lbs) and 63 cm (25 inches). There is generally little sexual dimorphism in size, but in the species that are it can be either the male or the female that is larger. One of the most important distinguishing features of the family are the feet, which are zygodactyl, meaning that the two inner toes pointed forward and the two outer backward. There are two basic body forms, arboreal species (like the Common Cuckoo) which are slender and have short tarsi, and terrestrial species (like the roadrunners) which are more heavy set and have long tarsi. Almost all species have long tails which are used for steering in terrestrial species and as a rudder during flight in the arboreal species. The wing shape also varies with lifestyle, with the more migratory species like the Black-billed Cuckoo possessing long narrow wings capable fo strong direct flight, and the more terrestrial and sedentary cuckoos like the coucals and malkohas having shorter rounded wings and a more laboured gliding flight.
Cutoff frequency
Waveguides
For a rectangular waveguide, the cutoff frequency is where n,m \ge 0 are the mode numbers and a and b the lengths of the sides of the rectangle.
Simanosor, Padang Bolak, Padang Lawas Kalér
Simanosor nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Padang Bolak, Kabupatén Padang Lawas Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Cutoff frequency
Waveguides
The cutoff frequency of the TM01 mode in a waveguide of circular cross-section (the transverse-magnetic mode with no angular dependence and lowest radial dependence) is given by where r is the radius of the waveguide, and \chi_{01} is the first root of J_{0}(r), the bessel function of the first kind of order 1.
For a single-mode optical fiber, the cutoff wavelength is the wavelength at which the normalized frequency is approximately equal to 2.405.
Mathematical analysis
The starting point is the wave equation (which is derived from the Maxwell equations), which becomes a Helmholtz equation by considering only functions of the form Substituting and evaluating the time derivative gives The function \psi here refers to whichever field (the electric field or the magnetic field) has no vector component in the longitudinal direction - the "transverse" field. It is a property of all the eigenmodes of the electromagnetic waveguide that at léast one of the two fields is transverse. The z axis is defined to be along the axis of the waveguide.
The "longitudinal" derivative in the Laplacian can further be reduced by considering only functions of the form where k_z is the longitudinal wavenumber, resulting in where subscript T indicates a 2-dimensional transverse Laplacian. The final step depends on the géometry of the waveguide. The éasiest géometry to solve is the rectangular waveguide. In that case the remainder of the Laplacian can be evaluated to its characteristic equation by considering solutions of the form Thus for the rectangular guide the Laplacian is evaluated, and we arrive at The transverse wavenumbers can be specified from the standing wave boundary conditions for a rectangular géometry crossection with dimensions a and b: where n and m are the two integers representing a specific eigenmode. Performing the final substitution, we obtain which is the dispersion relation in the rectangular waveguide. The cutoff frequency \omega_{c} is the critical frequency between propagation and attenuation, which corresponds to the frequency at which the longitudinal wavenumber k_{z} is zero. It is given by The wave equations are also valid below the cutoff frequency, where the longitudinal wave number is imaginary. In this case, the field decays exponentially along the waveguide axis.
Incuing
Morphology
The subfamily Cuculinae are the brood-parasitic cuckoos of the Old World. They tend to conform to the classic shape, with (usually) long tails, short legs, long narrow wings and an arboreal lifestyle. The largest species, the Channel-billed Cuckoo, also has the most outsized bill in the family, resembling that of a hornbill. The subfamily Phaenicophaeinae are the non-parasitic cuckoos of the Old World, and include the couas, malkohas, and ground-cuckoos. They are more terrestrial cuckoos, with strong and often long legs and short rounded wings. The subfamily typically has brighter plumage and brightly coloured bare skin around the eye. The coucals are another terrestrial subfamily of long tailed long legged and short winged cuckoos. They are large heavyset birds with the largest, the Greater Black Coucal, being around the same size as the Channel-billed Cuckoo. The subfamily Coccyzinae are arboreal and long tailed as well, with a number of large insular forms. The typical ground-cuckoos are similar to the Asian ground-cuckoos in being long legged and terrestrial, and includes the long billed roadrunner which can reach speeds of 30 km/h when chasing prey. The final subfamily are the atypical anis, which include the small clumsy anis and the larger gurias. The anis have massive bills and smooth glossy feathers. The feathers of the cuckoos are generally soft, and often becomes waterlogged in heavy rain. Cuckoos will often sun themselves after rain, and the anis will hold their wings open in the manner of a vulture or cormorant while drying. There is considerable variation in the plumage exhibited by the family. Some species, particularly the brood parasites have cryptic plumage, whereas others have bright and elaborate plumage. This is particularly true of the Chrysococcyx or glossy cuckoos, which have iridescent plumage. Some cuckoos have a resemblance to hawks with barring on the underside, this apparently alarms potential hosts which allows the female to access a host nest. The young of some brood parasites are coloured so as to resemble the young of the host. For example, the Common Koels breeding in India have black offspring to resemble their crow hosts, whereas in Australia the chicks are brown like the honeyeater hosts. Sexual dimorphism in plumage is uncommon in the cuckoos, being most common in the parasitic Old World species.
Nomer atom
Nomer atom nyaéta angka anu némbongkeun jumlah proton dina inti atom. Sacara talari, nomer atom dilambangkeun ku perlambang Z. Alatan nomer atom saban unsur kimia mandiri, nomer atom dipaké pikeun mikawanoh unsur kimia. Contona angka atom hidrogen nyaéta 1 (hiji) - hartina Hidrogen mibanda proton hiji.
Partikel subatomik
Partikel subatom diwangun ku proton, éléktron sarta neutron. Proton jeung neutron aya dina inti atom (nukleus) sedengkeun éléktron aya dina inti.
Sabenerna sajaba ti tilu partikel anu geus disebutkeun di luhur, réa kénéh partikel-partikel subatom séjénna anu jumlahna bisa ngahontal ratusan. sawatara contona nyaéta: quark jeung meson. Aya partikel anu boga sipat permanén aya ogé anu henteu permanén, kawas exotic meson anu mibanda waktu hirup ngan sapermilyar detik.
Incuing
Distribution and habitat
The Cuculinae is the most widespread subfamily of cuckoos, and is distributed across Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia and Oceania. Amongst the Phaenicophaeinae cuckoos the malkohas and Asian ground-cuckoos are restricted to southern Asia, the couas are endemic to Madagascar and the Yellowbill widespread across Africa. The coucals are distributed from Africa through tropical Asia down into Australia and the Solomon Islands. The remaining three subfamilies have a New World distribution, all three are found in both North and South America. The Coccyzinae reaches the furthest north of the three subfamilies, breeding in Canada, whereas the anis reach as far north as Florida and the typical ground-cuckoos the south west United States.
For the cuckoos suitable habitat provides a source of food (principally insects and especially caterpillars) and a place to breed, for brood parasites the need is for suitable habitat for the host species. Cuckoos occur in a wide variety of habitats. The majority of species occur in forests and woodland, principally in the evergreen rainforests of the tropics. Some species inhabit or are even restricted to mangrove forests, these include the Little Bronze-cuckoo of Australia, some malkohas, coucals, and the aptly named mangrove Cuckoo of the New World. In addition to forests come species of cuckoo occupy more open environments, this can include even arid areas like deserts in the case of the Greater Roadrunner or the Pallid Cuckoo. Temperate migratory species like the Common Cuckoo inhabit a wide range of habitats in order to make maximum use of the potential brood hosts, from reed beds (where they parasitise Reed Warblers), to treeless moors (where they parasitise Meadow Pipits).
Migration
Most species of cuckoo are sedentary, but several species of cuckoo undertake regular seasonal migrations, and several more undertake partial migrations over part of their range. The migration may be diurnal, as in the Channel-billed Cuckoo, or nocturnal, as in the Yellow-billed Cuckoo. For species breeding at higher latitudes food availability dictates that they migrate to warmer climates during the winter, and all do so. The Long-tailed Cuckoo which breeds in New Zealand flies migrates to its wintering grounds in Polynesia, Micronesia and Melanesia a feat described as "perhaps the most remarkable overwater migration of any land bird"; and the Yellow-billed Cuckoo and Black-billed Cuckoo breed in North America and fly across the Caribbean Sea, a non-stop flight of 4000 km. Other long migration flights include the Lesser Cuckoo, which flies from India to Kenya across the Indian Ocean (3000 km) and the Common Cuckoos of Europe which fly non-stop over the Mediterranean Sea and Sahara Desert on their voyage to southern Africa. Within Africa 10 species make regular intra-continental migrations that are described as polarised, that is they spend the non-breeding season in the tropical centre of the continent and move north and south to breed in the more arid and open savannah and deserts. This contrasts with the situation in the Neotropics, where no species have this migration pattern, or tropical Asia, where a single species does. 83% of the Australian species are partial migrants within Australia or travel to New Guinea and Indonesia after the breeding season.
Behaviour
The cuckoos are for the most part solitary birds that seldom occur in pairs or as part of groups. The biggest exception to this are the anis of the Americas which have evolved cooperative breeding and other social behaviours. For the most part the cuckoos are also diurnal as opposed to nocturnal, but many species will call at night (see below). The cuckoos are also generally a shy and retiring family, more often heard than seen. The exception to this are again the anis, which are often extremely confiding towards humans and other species.
Feeding
Most cuckoos are insectivorous; and in particular are specialised in eating larger insects and caterpillars, including noxious hairy types avoided by other birds. They are unusual amongst birds in processing their prey prior to swallowing, rubbing it back and forth on hard objects such as branches and then crushing it with special bony plates in the back of the mouth. They will also take a wide range of other insects and animal prey. The lizard-cuckoos of the Caribbean have, in the relative absence of birds of prey, specialised in taking lizards. Larger, ground types such as coucals and roadrunners also feed variously on snakes, lizards, small rodents, and other birds, which they bludgeon with their strong bills. The parasitic cuckoos are generally not recorded as participating in mixed-species feeding flocks, although some studies in eastern Australia found several species would participate in the non-breeding season, but were mobbed and unable to do so in the breeding season. Ground-cuckoos of the genus Neomorphus are sometimes seen feeding in association with army ant swarms, although they are not obligate ant-followers as are some antbirds. The anis are ground feeders that follow cattle and other large mammals when foraging; in a similar fashion to Cattle Egrets they snatch prey flushed by the cattle and enjoy higher foraging success rates in this way.
Several koels, couas and the Channel-billed Cuckoo feed mainly on fruit, but they are not exclusively frugivores. The parasitic koels and Channel-billed Cuckoo in particular consume mainly fruit when raised by fruigivore hosts such as the Figbird and Pied Currawong. Other species will occasionally take fruit as well.
Breeding
The cuckoos are an extremely diverse group of birds with regards to breeding systems. The majority of species are monogamous, but there are exceptions. The anis and the Guira Cuckoo lay their eggs in communal nests, although this behaviour is not completely cooperative; a female may remove others' eggs when laying hers. Polyandry has been confirmed in the African Black Coucal and is suspected to occur in the other coucals, perhaps explaining the reversed sexual dimorphism in the group. The majority of cuckoo species, including malkohas, couas, coucals, and roadrunners and most other American cuckoos, build their own nests, although a large minority engage in brood parasitism (see below). Most of these species nest in trees or bushes, but the coucals lay their eggs in nests on the ground or in low shrubs. Though on some occasions non-parasitic cuckoos parasitize other species, the parent still helps feed the chick.
Non-parasitic cuckoos, like most other non-passerines, lay white eggs, but many of the parasitic species lay coloured eggs to match those of their passerine hosts.
The young of all species are altricial. Non-parasitic cuckoos leave the nest before they can fly, and some New World species have the shortest incubation periods among birds.
Brood parasitism
About 56 of the Old World species and 3 of the New World species are brood parasites, laying their eggs in the nests of other birds. These species are obligate brood parasites, meaning that they only reproduce in this fashion. This behavior has led to the entry of the term cuckold into the English language, which describes a man with an unfaithful wife. In addition to the above noted species, yet others sometimes engage in non-obligate brood parasitism, laying their eggs in the nests of members of their own species in addition to raising their own young. The best-known example is the European Common Cuckoo. The cuckoo egg hatches earlier than the host's, and the cuckoo chick grows faster; in most cases the chick evicts the eggs or young of the host species. The chick has no time to learn this behavior, so it must be an instinct passed on genetically. The mother still feeds the cuckoo chick as if it were her own, the chick's open mouth serving as a sign stimulus for the host to feed it.
Female parasitic cuckoos specialize and lay eggs that closely resemble the eggs of their chosen host. This also seems to have been aided by natural selection, as some birds are able to distinguish cuckoo eggs from their own, leading to those eggs least like the host's being thrown out of the nest. Parasitic cuckoos are grouped into gentes, with each gens specializing in a particular host. There is some evidence that the gentes are genetically different from one another.
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Calls
Cuckoos are often highly secretive and in many cases best known for their wide repertoire of calls. Calls are usually relatively simple, resembling whistles, flutes, or hiccups. The calls are used in order to demonstrate ownership of a territory and to attract a mate. Within a species the calls are remarkably consistent across the range, even in species with very large ranges. This suggests, along with the fact that many species are not raised by their true parents, that the calls of cuckoos are innate and not learnt. Although cuckoos are diurnal, many species call at night. The cuckoo family gets its English and scientific names from the call of the Common Cuckoo, which is also familiar from cuckoo clocks. Some of the names of other species and genera are also derived from their calls, for example the koels of Asia and Australasia. In most cuckoos the calls are distinctive to particular species, and are useful for identification. Several cryptic species are best identified on the basis of their calls.
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Sultan bin Abdul Aziz
Sultan bin Abdul Aziz As-Saud (سلطان بن عبدالعزيز آل سعود), atanapi Sultan Al-Khair (Arabic: سلطان الخير, Sultan kahadéan) nyaéta Putra Makuta Saudi Arabia ti 2005 nepi ka 2011.
Neutron
Neutron atawa nyaéta partikel subatomik anu henteu boga muatan (nétral) sarta mibanda massa 940 Mev/c² (1.6749 × 10–27 kg, saeutik leuwih beurat ti proton. Puteranana nyaéta ½.
Sigama, Padang Bolak, Padang Lawas Kalér
Sigama nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Padang Bolak, Kabupatén Padang Lawas Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Cigugur, Pusakanagara, Subang
Cigugur nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Pusakanagara, Kabupatén Subang, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Neutron
Inti atom ti lolobana atom (kabéh kajaba isotop Hidrogén anu pangilaharna, anu diwangun ku hiji proton) diwangun ku proton jeung neutron.
Sigama Ujung Gading, Padang Bolak, Padang Lawas Kalér
Sigama Ujung Gading nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Padang Bolak, Kabupatén Padang Lawas Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Neutron
Di luar inti atom, neutron henteu stabil sarta mibanda umur tengah tuwuh kira-kira 10 menit, paburincay (luruh) kalawan mancarkeun éléktron jeung antineutrino pikeun jadi proton. Padika paluruhan anu sarua (paluruhan beta) lumangsung dina sawatara inti atom. Partikel-partikel dina inti atom biasana nyaéta neutron jeung proton. Hiji neutron digolongkeun salaku baryon sarta diwangun ku dua quark handap sarta hiji quark luhur.
Cigugur Kalér, Pusakanagara, Subang
Cigugur Kalér nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Pusakanagara, Kabupatén Subang, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Neutron
Béda utama neutron jeung partikel subatomik lainna nyaéta maranéhanana henteu boga muatan. Sipat neutron ieu ngajadikeun neutron kawénéhan ti pandeuri dina hiji réaksi nuklir, sarta kacida nembus, ngajadikeun inyana hésé diimeutan sacara langsung.
Rancamahi, Purwadadi, Subang
Rancamahi nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Purwadadi, Kabupatén Subang, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Massa atom
Massa atom ti hiji unsur kimia nyaéta massa hiji atom dina kaayaan cicing, umumna dinyatakeun dina hijian massa atom. Massa atom mindeng disinonimkeun jeung massa atom rélatif, massa atom rata-rata, sarta beurat atom. Sanajan kitu, aya saeutik béda alatan harga-harga kasebut bisa mangrupa rata-rata ti massa kabéh isotop unsur kasebut, atawa massa ti hiji isotop waé.
95 SM
95 SM nyaéta taun ka-95 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Modulasi pita sisi ganda
Modulasi pita sisi ganda atawa modulasi double-sideband (DSB) nyaéta modulasi amplitudo di mana amplitudo A(t) sinyal (gelombang) pamawana proporsional jeung sinyal informasi m(t). Lamun konstanta proporsionalitasna 1 antukna m(t) = A(t) mangka dihasilkeun sinyal modulasi:
XDSB (t) =.
Persamaan di luhur nunjukkeun yén modulasi DSB mangrupa kakalian antara sinyal informasi m(t) jeung gelombang pamawa.
Parlimbatan, Padang Bolak, Padang Lawas Kalér
Parlimbatan nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Padang Bolak, Kabupatén Padang Lawas Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Saba Bangunan, Padang Bolak, Padang Lawas Kalér
Saba Bangunan nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Padang Bolak, Kabupatén Padang Lawas Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
94 SM
94 SM nyaéta taun ka-94 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
96 SM
96 SM nyaéta taun ka-96 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Dedi Kusnandar
Dedi Kusnandar nyaéta salah saurang pamaén bal ti Indonésia. Ayeuna anjeunna minangka salah sahiji pamaén ti tim Pelita Jaya FC jeung maén dina posisi gelandang.
Modulasi pita sisi ganda
Ku cara nerapkeun transformasi Fourier kana persamaan kasebut, dihasilkeun spéktrum sinyal modulasi DSB saperti kieu:
Ngabangkitkeun sinyal modulasi DSB
Prosés modulasi DSB digambarkeun kawas kieu:
Wujud doméin frékuénsi m(t) jeung xDSB(t) hasil tina transformasi Fourier, lamun dianggap M(\omega) boga rubakpita (bandwidth) \omega_M, saperti kieu:
.
Spéktrum jeung  anu mangrupa spéktrum informasi masing-masing ditranslasikeun (digésér) ka  jeung
Bagian tina spéktrum informasi anu perenahna saluhureun \omega_c disebut pita sisi luhur (upper sideband), sarta bagian spéktrum informasi nu perenahna di handapeun \omega_c disebut pita sisi handap (lower sideband). Wilayah spéktrum anu ditempatan ku sinyal informasi disebut pita dasar (baseband), antukna sinyal informasi mindeng disebut sinyal baseband. Saperti katempo dina gambar di luhur, spéktrum xDSB(t) henteu mibanda amplitudo gelombang pamawa. Mangkana wanda modulasi ieu disebut modulasi DSB nu pamawana ditindes atawa modulasi double-sideband suppressed-carrier (DSB-SC). Frékuénsi gelombang pamawa \omega_c biasana leuwih luhur batan bandwidth \omega_M sinyal informasi m(t); nyaéta.
Demodulasi sinyal DSB
Nimukeun deui sinyal informasi ti sinyal modulasi disebut demodulasi atawa detéksi. Sinyal informasi m(t) bisa katimu deui tina sinyal xDSB(t) ku cara ngalikeun xDSB(t) jeung gelombang pamawa lokal (local carrier) sarta ngaliwatkeun sinyal nu dihasilkeun kana Low-pass filter (LPF) saperti ditémbongkeun dina gambar di handap ieu:
Kasulitan utama nu patali jeung modulasi DSB nyaéta pikeun demodulasi diperlukeun panarima (receiver) anu bisa ngabangkitkeun local carrier anu sarua (sinkron) fase jeung frékuénsina jeung gelombang pamawa nu datang. Wanda demodulasi ieu disebut synchronous demodulation atawa detéksi kohéren.
Bojongjaya, Pusakanagara, Subang
Bojongjaya nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Pusakanagara, Kabupatén Subang, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Kaléntambo, Pusakanagara, Subang
Kaléntambo nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Pusakanagara, Kabupatén Subang, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Bojong Tengah, Pusakanagara, Subang
Bojong Tengah nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Pusakanagara, Kabupatén Subang, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Parunggu
Perunggu nujul ka sakabéh aloy tembaga, utamana jeung timah salaku aditif utama, tapi kadang jeung unsur séjén, kayaning fosfor, mangan, aluminium, atawa silikon. Jaman baheula ieu logam loba pisan dipaké, sahingga dipaké nandaan Yuga Perunggu.
Sajarah
Perunggu diandel pisan ku sakabéh kaadaban nu kungsi ngagunakeun ieu logam. Ti parabot imah, pakarang, nepi ka bahan wangunan atawa hiasan dijieun tina perunggu, sabab leuwih kuat batan tembaga atawa batu. Nu pangkahotna kapanggih di Susa, jeung sababaraha situs kuna di Luristan (duanana di Iran) jeung Mésopotamia Irak, titinggal milénium ka-4 SM. <!-- The two ores are rarely found together (exceptions include one ancient site in Thailand and one in Iran), so serious bronze work has always involved trade. In Europe, the major source for tin was Great Britain's deposits of ore in Cornwall. Phoenician traders visited Great Britain to trade goods from the Mediterranean for tin.
Though bronze is stronger (harder) than wrought iron, the Bronze Age gave way to the Iron Age. Bronze was still used during the Iron Age, but for many purposes the weaker wrought iron was found to be sufficiently strong. Archaeologists suspect that a serious disruption of the tin trade precipitated the transition. The population migrations around 1200 – 1100 BC reduced the shipping of tin around the Mediterranean (and from Great Britain), limiting supplies and raising prices. As ironworking improved, iron became cheaper, and people figured out how to make steel, which is stronger than bronze and holds a sharper edge longer.
Properties
With the exception of steel, bronze is superior to iron in nearly every application. It is considerably less brittle than iron. Bronze only oxidizes superficially; once the surface oxidizes, the thin oxide layer protects the underlying metal from further corrosion. Copper-based alloys have lower melting points than steel or iron, and are more readily produced from their constituent metals. They are generally about 10 percent heavier than steel, although alloys using aluminium or silicon may be slightly less dense. Bronzes are softer and weaker than steel, e.g. bronze springs are less stiff (and so store less energy) for the same bulk. It resists corrosion (especially seawater corrosion) and metal fatigue better than steel and also conducts heat and electricity better than most steels. The cost of copper-base alloys is generally higher than that of steels but lower than that of nickel-base alloys such as stainless steel.
Copper and its alloys have a huge variety of uses that reflect their versatile physical, mechanical, and chemical properties. Some common examples are the high electrical conductivity of pure copper, the excellent deep-drawing qualities of cartridge case brass, the low-friction properties of bearing bronze, the resonant qualities of bell bronze, and the resistance to corrosion by sea water of several bronze alloys.
In the twentieth century, silicon was introduced as the primary alloying element, creating an alloy with wide application in industry and the major form used in contemporary statuary. Aluminium is also used for the structural metal aluminium bronze.
It is also widely used for cast metal sculpture (see bronze sculpture). Many common bronze alloys have the unusual and very desirable property of expanding slightly just before they set, thus filling in the finest details of a mould. Bronze parts are tough and typically used for bearings, clips, electrical connectors and springs.
Bronze also has very little metal-on-metal friction, which made it invaluable for the building of cannon where iron cannonballs would otherwise stick in the barrel. It is still widely used today for springs, bearings, bushings, automobile transmission pilot bearings, and similar fittings, and is particularly common in the bearings of small electric motors. Phosphor bronze is particularly suited to precision-grade bearings and springs.
Bronze is typically 88% copper and 12% tin. Alpha bronze consists of the alpha solid solution of tin in copper. Alpha bronze alloys of 4–5% tin are used to make coins, springs, turbines and blades.
Commercial bronze (otherwise known as brass) is 90% copper and 10% zinc, and contains no tin. It is stronger than copper and it has equivalent ductility. It is used for screws and wires.
Unlike steel, bronze struck against a hard surface will not generate sparks, so it (along with beryllium copper) is used to make hammers, mallets, wrenches and other durable tools to be used in explosive atmospheres or in the presence of flammable vapours.
Musical Instruments
Bronze is the most popular metal for top-quality bells, and more recently, saxophones. Nearly all professional cymbals are made from Bronze. Cymbal bronze is unique in that a balance of durability and timbre is needed.
In 1623, a Turkish man named Avedis, an alchemist, was attempting to form base metals into gold. Upon dropping an ingot on the ground, he was amazed at how well it rang. He was given the title Zildjian (Son of Cymbal Maker) by the Turkish Sultan. Today, the Avedis Zildjian Corporation is the largest maker of cymbals in the world.
97 SM
97 SM nyaéta taun ka-97 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Parunggu
Musical Instruments
Modern cymbals consist of several types of bronze, the most common being B20 bronze, which is roughly 20% tin, 80% copper, with traces of silver. Swiss Company Paiste uses a softer B8 bronze which is made from 8% tin and 92% copper in their 2002 cymbals (Zildjian and Sabian use this metal in their budget priced cymbals). Generally speaking, as the tin content goes up, and the pitch becomes lower. Zildjian and Meinl use 16% tin 84% copper cymbals, which have a pitch roughly in between B8 and B20.
See also
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Tumbu kaluar
Kategori :logam
98 SM
98 SM nyaéta taun ka-98 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Sidingkat, Padang Bolak, Padang Lawas Kalér
Sidingkat nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Padang Bolak, Kabupatén Padang Lawas Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Isotop
Isotop nyaéta wangun ti unsur anu nukleusna mibanda nomer atom anu sarua-jumlah proton dina nukleusna tapi kalawan massa atom anu béda alatan maranéhanana mibanda jumlah neutron anu béda.
Kecap isotop, nu hartina di tempat anu sarua, asalna tina kanyataan yén sakumna isotop ti hiji unsur perenahna di tempat anu sarua dina tabel périodik.
Karanganyar, Pusakanagara, Subang
Karanganyar nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Pusakanagara, Kabupatén Subang, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Isotop
Isotop-isotop tina unsur-unsur ngawangun hiji kumpulan nuklida. Hiji nuklida nyaéta hiji jinis nukleus atom nu tangtu, atawa leuwih umum hiji aglomerasi proton jeung neutron.