cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Rohangan hapa
Measurement
Vacuum is méasured in units of pressure. The SI unit of pressure is the pascal (symbol Pa), but vacuum is usually méasured in torrs (symbol Torr), named for Torricelli, an éarly Italian physicist (1608 - 1647). A torr is equal to the displacement of a millimeter of mercury (mmHg) in a manometer with 1 torr equaling 133.3223684 pascals above absolute zero pressure. Vacuum is often also méasured using inches of mercury on the barometric scale or as a percentage of atmospheric pressure in bars or atmospheres. Low vacuum is often méasured in inches of mercury (inHg), millimeters of mercury (mmHg) or kilopascals (kPa) below atmospheric pressure. "Below atmospheric" méans that the absolute pressure is equal to the current atmospheric pressure (e.g. 29.92 inHg) minus the vacuum pressure in the same units. Thus a vacuum of 26 inHg is equivalent to an absolute pressure of 4 inHg (29.92 inHg - 26 inHg).
Many devices are used to méasure the pressure in a vacuum, depending on what range of vacuum is needed.
Hydrostatic gauges (such as the mercury column manometer) consist of a vertical column of liquid in a tube whose ends are exposed to different pressures. The column will rise or fall until its weight is in equilibrium with the pressure differential between the two ends of the tube. The simplest design is a closed-end U-shaped tube, one side of which is connected to the region of interest. Any fluid can be used, but mercury is preferred for its high density and low vapour pressure. Simple hydrostatic gauges can méasure pressures ranging from 1 Torr (100 Pa) to above atmospheric. An important variation is the McLeod gauge which isolates a known volume of vacuum and compresses it to multiply the height variation of the liquid column. The McLéod gauge can méasure vacuums as high as 10−6 Torr (0.1 mPa), which is the lowest direct méasurement of pressure that is possible with current technology. Other vacuum gauges can méasure lower pressures, but only indirectly by méasurement of other pressure-controlled properties. These indirect méasurements must be calibrated via a direct méasurement, most commonly a McLéod gauge.
Mechanical or elastic gauges depend on a Bourdon tube, diaphragm, or capsule, usually made of metal, which will change shape in response to the pressure of the region in question. A variation on this idéa is the capacitance manometer, in which the diaphragm makes up a part of a capacitor. A change in pressure léads to the flexure of the diaphragm, which results in a change in capacitance. These gauges are effective from 10−3 Torr to 10−4 Torr.
Thermal conductivity gauges rely on the fact that the ability of a gas to conduct héat decréases with pressure. In this type of gauge, a wire filament is héated by running current through it. A thermocouple or Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) can then be used to méasure the temperature of the filament. This temperature is dependent on the rate at which the filament loses héat to the surrounding gas, and therefore on the thermal conductivity. A common variant is the Pirani gauge which uses a single platimum filament as both the héated element and RTD. These gauges are accurate from 10 Torr to 10−3 Torr, but they are sensitive to the chemical composition of the gases being méasured.
Ion gauges are used in ultrahigh vacua. They come in two types: hot cathode and cold cathode. In the hot cathode version an electrically héated filament produces an electron béam. The electrons travel through the gauge and ionize gas molecules around them. The resulting ions are collected at a negative electrode. The current depends on the number of ions, which depends on the pressure in the gauge. Hot cathode gauges are accurate from 10−3 Torr to 10−10 Torr. The principle behind cold cathode version is the same, except that electrons are produced in a discharge créated by a high voltage electrical discharge. Cold cathode gauges are accurate from 10−2 Torr to 10−9 Torr. Ionization gauge calibration is very sensitive to construction géometry, chemical composition of gases being méasured, corrosion and surface deposits. Their calibration can be invalidated by activation at atmospheric pressure or low vacuum. The composition of gases at high vacuums will usually be unpredictable, so a mass spectrometer must be used in conjunction with the ionization gauge for accurate méasurement.
Kertajaya, Padalarang, Bandung Kulon
Kertajaya nyaéta salasahiji désa di kacamatan Padalarang, Kabupatén Bandung Kulon, Propinsi Jawa Kulon, Indonésia.
SMKS Terpadu Yakpidatek
SMKS Terpadu Yakpidatek nyaéta Sakola Menengah Kajuruan Swasta anu aya di Kabupatén Ciamis. Alamat lengkepna di Jl. Raya Banjar, Kalurahan/Désa Dewasari Kacamatan Cijeungjing, Kabupatén Ciamis, Jawa Kulon kalawan nomor NPSN 20254627.
2005 WN3
Ari 2005 WN3 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Apollo, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.743, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 29.9. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO97976.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Rumah Deleng, Bangun Purba, Deli Serdang
Rumah Deleng nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Bangun Purba, Kabupatén Deli Serdang, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
2016 JL6
Ari 2016 JL6 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Amor, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.537, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 23.5. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO 386979.
Tarutung, Tapanuli Kalér
Tarutung nyaéta salah sahiji kacamatan di Kabupatén Tapanuli Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Reuleut Barat, Muara Batu, Aceh Utara
Reuleut Barat nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Muara Batu, Kabupatén Aceh Utara, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
Kanji
Kanji (Basa Jepang: ) nyaéta tulisan Cina nu dipaké dina sistim tulisan Basa Jepang modérn salian ti hiragana (平仮名), katakana (片仮名), jeung angka Arab.
Sajarah
Dina Basa Jepang watesan kanji (漢字) hartina "karakter Han". Masih kénéh jadi "perdebatan" kumaha sajarahna tulisan CIna datang ka Jepang, tapi nu ilahar ditarima yén monk Buddha ti Karajaan Baekje di Korea nu mawa tulisan dina Basa Cina ka Jepang di abad kalima. Tulisan ieu dina Basa Cina jeung remen dibaca unggal waktu. Ti harita, sistim ieu disebut kanbun (漢文), hal nu penting dina tulisan Cina nyaéta diacritical mark nu ngidinan pamake Basa Jepang keur maca tulisan dumasa kana aturan grammar Basa Jepang.
Mangsa harita, Basa Jepang teu boga bentuk tulisan sorangan. Sistim nulisna disebut man'yōgana (dipaké dina tulisan antologi sajak Man'yōshū) nu ngamekarkeun karakter Cina keur kaperluan sora tinimbang harti anu ditulisna.
Man'yōgana ditulis dina gaya "cursive" jadi hiragana, hiji sistim nulis nu ilahar dipaké ku awewe (nu teu bisa sakola luhur). Loba tulisan dina era Heian nu dipigawe ku awewe ditulis dina. Katakana muncul dina cara nu ampir sarua: mahasiswa sakola biara nyederhanakeun man'yōgana jadi unsur tunggal. Sanajan aya dua sistim tulisan, hiragana jeung katakana, duanana ngarujuk ka kumpulan kana, nu asalna tina kanji.
Dina Basa Jepang modérn, kanji dipaké keur nulis bagéan tina basa saperti kecap barang, bagean kecap sipat jeung bagean kecap gawe, sedengkeun hiragana digunakeun keur nulis infleksi tungtung kecap gawe jeung sifat (okurigana), partikel, jeung kecap di mana kanji nu hésé dibaca atawa diinget. Katakana dipaké keur ngawakilan onomatopoeia jeung kecap injeuman nu lain tina-Basa Jepang. Pamakéan katakana keur nulis kecap injeuman mangrupa hal nu anyar sanggeus Perang Dunya Kadua. saméméhna, kecap injeuman ditulis maké kanji, sanajan dipaké keur artina (煙草 atawa 莨 tabako = "roko") atawa dieja sacara fonetik(天婦羅 atawa 天麩羅 tempura). Pamakéan kanji ku cara ieu disebutna ateji.
Kamekaran lokal
Sabalikna tina kanji pentingna hanzi Basa Cina keur dipaké nulis Basa Jepang, ayeuna aya dua béda nu jelas antara kanji jeung hanzi, kaasup karakter nu dijieun di Jepang, karakter ieu mibanda harti nu béda dina basa Jepang, sarta ngirim WWII keur nyederhanakeun kanji.
Cau badak
Cau badak (Musa acuminata) nyaéta spésiés cau anu asalna ti Asia Tenggara. Genom : Triploid AAA (dessert), kaasup kana Musa Paradisiaca Var Sapientum jeung Musa Nona L atawa Musa Cavendishii, (di mana geus asak cauna bisa langsung dikonsumsi). Henteu kudu diolah heula saméméhna : (diseupan, digoréng, dibeuleum, jeung sajabana), biasana disayagikeun pikeun buah seger (dessert).
Kanji
Kokuji
Kokuji (国字; hartina "karakter nasional") nyaéta karakter anéh di Jepang. Kokuji ogé disebut wasei kanji (和製漢字; lit. "karakter Cina buatan Japan"). Aya ratusan kokuji (tempo ). Lolobana jarang geus langka dipaké, tapi aya sababaraha nu penting dina tambahan nulis Basa Jepang. Saperti:
Cau badak
Pedaran
Cau badak mibanda ngaran anu béda diunggal nagara, saperti : But Jainaleka (Fiji); Kaina Vavina (Papua Nugini); Dwarf Cavendish (Australia) ; Sulay Baguio (Philipina); Pisang Serendeh (Malaysia); Kluai Hom Khico Khom (Thailand); Chuoi Tieu Lun (Vietnam) ; Dwarf Cavendish (International). Cau badak ti mimiti melak nepi ka bisa kaala buahna ngabutuhkeun waktu 13 -15 bulan, kembangna anu sok disebut jantung kelirna beureum ati. Kembang jalu jeung bikang ngahiji, kembang bikang anu napel kana turuy (anu engkena baris jadi cau), kembang jaluna aya di beulah luhurna (engkéna bakal murag). Komposisi jeung kandungan kimia anu dipibanda ku cau badak saperti: dextrose, sucrose, levulose, zat tipung, lemak, vitamin jeung mineral. Cau badak bisa dimangpaatkeun pikeun bahan konsumsi ogé mibanda mangpaat pikeun ubar.
Kanji
Kokkun
Salian ti kokuji, aya kanji nu geus aya hartina dina Basa Jepaang tur béda harti jeung Basa Cina. Kanji ieu henteu kaasup kana kokuji tapi disebutna kokkun (国訓) kaasup:
Karakter heubeul jeung karakter anyar
Kanji nu sarua kadangkala ditulis ku dua cara nu béda, 旧字体 (Kyūjitai; "gaya karakter heubeul") (舊字體 dina Kyūjitai) jeung 新字体 (Shinjitai; "gaya karakter anyar"). Di handap sababaraha conto Kyūjitai nu dituturkeun ku Shinjitai:
Cau badak
Tempat hirup
Cau badak bisa jadi kalawan subur di iklim tropis jeung subtropis anu perenahna 0 nepi ka 2.000 m dina luhureun beungeut cai laut. Musa acuminata asalna ti wewengkon biogeographical Malesia loba kapanggih hirup di Indonesia. Mikaresep iklim tropis baseuh beda jeung Musa balbisiana, hibridisasi éksténsif tina ieu spésiés téh jadi cikal bakalna ampir kabéh kultivar tangkal cau anu aya kiwari. Saterusna ieu spésiés nyebar ka luar kiwari geus teu murni deui ku ayana campur tangan manusa. Kultivar cau # AAB anu nyebar di sabudeureun Pilipina 4000 taun anu geus kaliwat, ngajadi hiji sabab kaluarna  kultivar cau anu béda tur dipikawanoh salaku Maia Maoli atawa Popoulo  ieu cau-cau anu hirup di kapuloan Pasifik. Ti Afrika Kulon, maranéhanana diwanohkeun di kapuloan Kanaria anu dibawa ku urang Portugis dina abad ka-16. Ti harita diwanohkeun deui ka Hispaniola (Haiti modérn jeung Républik Dominika) dina taun 1516.
Kanji
Karakter heubeul jeung karakter anyar
Kyūjitai geus dipaké saméméh Perang Dunya Kadua, jeung loba nu teu lengkep, sarua jeung karaktertradisional Cina. Sanggeus perang pamaréntah ngawanohkeun Shinjitai nu disederhankaeun dina "Dapta bentuk karakter Kanji Tōyō Kanji" (Tōyō Kanji Jitai Hyō, 当用漢字字体表). Sababaraha nu anyar ampir sarua jeung karakter nu disederhanakeun nu dipaké di Cina. Saperti dina prosés nyederhanakeun di Cina, sababaraha shinjitai mibanda bentuk singgetan (略字, Ryakuji) maké tulisan leungeun, tapi jelas jeung "daksa" karakter nu teu disederhanakeun (正字 seiji) nu ngan bisa ditarima dina konteks sapopoé. Kaca ieu némbongkeun conto tulisan leungeun singgeta, sarua jeung bentuk Shinjitai modérn, tina éra PD II. Ieu ogé tulisan leungeun sederhana nu saruan sederhana tinimbang bentuk standarna (boh nu teu kacekel atawa katarima ngan bentuk sederhana minor sanggeus perang), contona bisa ditempo di, tapi teu loba nu maké tur teu popular, saperti saméméh perang nu teu ditarima sacara sosial tur ngan ukur dipaké dina tulisan leungeun.
Loba tulisan Cina nu teu dipaké dina Basa Jepang. Sacara téori, aya karakter Cina nu jadi karakter Jepang, Daikanwa Jiten, salah sahiji kamus kanji nu ilahar dipakér, aya kira-kira 50,000 asupan, sanajan loba asupan nu teu dipaké dina Basa Jepang.
Cau badak
Ciri mandiri
Cau badak mibanda ciri anu mandiri:
Kanji
Cara maca
Sabab aya sababaraha cara ngasupkeun kanji kana Basa Jepang, hiji kanji bisa dipaké jeung nuliskeun sakecap atawa sababaraha kecap (atawa, di hal nu ilahar, morphemes). Tina pamikiran nu maca, kanji disebut boga hiji atawa leuwih cara "maca". Nangtukeun cara maca bakal gumantung kana konteks, arti, dipaké keur naon jeung iraha diana kalimah. Sababaraha kanji nu ilahar mibanda sapuluh atawa leuwih cara maca. Cara maca ieu sacara normal dipisahkeun salaku on'yomi (atawa on) atawa kun'yomi (atawa kun) .
Cau badak
Mangpaat pikeun ubar
Cau badak sarua jeung cau séjéna anu ilahar dikonsumsi, sagigireun loba mibanda vitamin jeung mineral. Cau badak ogé mibanda mangpaat séjén:
2012 QK14
Ari 2012 QK14 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Amor, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.485, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 22.4. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO 242011.
Cau badak
Subspésiés
Cau badak (Musa acuminata) geus dipelak tur direkahkeun dina mangsa anu kacida heubeulna, ieu taya lian cikal bakal tina cau anu kiwari loba dipiara, mibanda sababaraha subspésiés. Aya kana genep nepi ka salapan spésiés anu béda diantarana:
Kanji
On'yomi (cara maca Basa Cina)
On'yomi (音読み), cara maca Sino-Basa Jepang, Basa Jepang ngadeukeutan cara ngucapkeun karakter Basa Cina dina waktu mimiti diwanohkeun. Sababaraha kanji diwanohkeun sababaraha kali tina bagéan karakter Cina dina waktu nu béda, maka mibanda sababaraha on'yomi, tur sababaraha harti oge. Kanji nu dijieun di Jepang sacara normal teu mibanda on'yomi, tapi aya sabaraha iwal saperti karakter keur 働 'digawe', nu mibanda kun'yomi hataraku jeung on'yomi dō, sarta 腺 'kelenjar', nu ngan mibanda on'yomi sen.
2012 QK14
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Kanji
On'yomi (cara maca Basa Cina)
Conto (cara maca nu jarang dipaké dina tanda kurung)
Nu ilahar dipaké dina cara maca nyaéta kan-on. Cara maca go-on hususna dipaké dina watesan Budha saperti gokuraku 極楽 "sorga". Cara maca tō-on aya dina sababarah kecap saperti isu "korsi" atawa futon.
Dina Basa Cina, lolobana karakter pakait jeung suku kata Basa Cina tunggal. Sanajan kitu, sababaraha homographs disebut 多音字 (duo1yin1zi4) saperti 行 (Basa Cina: hang2, xing2) (Basa Jepang: kō, gyō) mibanda leuwih ti hiji cara maca dina Basa Cina nembongkeun harti nu béda, nu dipaké ogé dina Basa Jepang. Tina sisi "tonality", lolobana suku kata dina Basa Cina (utamana di Cina Tengah nu mana ahir dina konsonan eureunleuwih ilahar dipaké tinimbang dina dialek modérn) teu saru persis jeung (consonant-vowel) phonotactics gedé dina Basa Jepang klasik. Lolobana on'yomi disusun ku dua mora (sukubata atawa gentakan), nu kadua mibanda vowel leuwih panjang dina mora mimiti (dina i dina kasus e jeung u dina kasus o, dumasar kana linguistic drift dina sababaraha abad), atawa dina suku kata ku, ki, tsu, chi, atawa suku kata n, dipilih keur ngadeukeutan konsonal ahir di Cina Tengah. Kanyataanna, konsonan samemeh vowel tinimbang i, saperti dina suku kata n, nu ditambahkeun kana Basa Jepang leuwih hadé tinimbang nurutan dina Basa Cina; taya hiji ogé kajadian dina kecap Basa Jepang asli.
On'yomi loba kajadian dina multi-kanji susunan kecap (熟語 jukugo), loba nu hasilna diadopsi (sapanjang kanjina sorangan) kecap Basa Cina keur konsép nu euweuh dina Basa Jepang atawa teu bisa diucapkeun sacara alus maké kecap asli Jepang. prosés injeuman ieu salawasna dibandingkeun keur Basa Inggris nu nginjeum tina Basa Latin jeung Norman-Peranci, saprak watesan injeuman Cina leuwih husus, atawa dianggap keur sora nu leuwih resmi tinimbang nu aslina. Kaiwalan dina aturan ieu keur ngaran kulawarga, nu ku kun'yomi asli dibaca saperti nu ilahar dipaké (tempo di handap).
Kun'yomi (cara maca Basa Jepang)
Kun'yomi (訓読み), cara maca Basa Jepang, atawa bacaan asli, nyaéta cara maca nu didasarkeun kana cara ngucapkeun kecap Basa Jepang asli atawa yamatokotoba, nu ampir padeukeut jeung harti dina karakter Basa Cina mangsa munggaran diwanohkeun. Saperi dina on'yomi, aya sabararaha cara maca kun keur kanji nu sarua, sarta sababaraha kanji teu mibanda kun'yomi.
Contona, kanji wetan, 東, mibanda on dibaca tō. Sanajan kitu, dina Basa Jepang geus aya dua harti keur kecap "wétan", nyaéta : higashi jeung azuma. Mangka karakter kaji 東 mibanda cara ngucapkeun nu ditambahkeun salaku kun'yomi. Kanji 寸, ngalambangkeun karakter Cina keur ukuran (ampir deukeut kana inci)), euweuh basa Jepang asli nu sarua, mangka ngan mibanda on'yomi, panonpoé. <!-- Kun'yomi are characterized by the strict (C)V syllable structure of yamatokotoba. Most noun or adjective kun'yomi are two to three syllables long, while verb kun'yomi are more often one or two syllables in length (not counting trailing hiragana called okurigana, although those are usually considered part of the reading).
In a number of cases, multiple kanji were assigned to cover a single Japanese word. Typically when this occurs, the different kanji refer to specific shades of meaning. For instance, the word なおす, naosu, when written 治す, means "to heal an illness or sickness". When written 直す it means "to fix or correct something" (e.g. a bicycle or a poorly written Wikipedia article). Sometimes the differences are very clear; other times they are quite subtle. Sometimes there are differences of opinion among reference works -- one dictionary may say the kanji are equivalent, while another dictionary may draw distinctions of use. Because of this confusion, Japanese people may have trouble knowing which kanji to use. One workaround is simply to write the word in hiragana, a method frequently employed with more complex cases such as もと moto, which has at least five different kanji, 元, 基, 本, 下, 素, three of which have only very subtle differences.
Other readings
There are many kanji compounds that use a mixture of on'yomi and kun'yomi, known as jūbako (重箱) or yutō (湯桶) words. The words jūbako and yutō themselves are autological examples: the first character of jūbako is read using on'yomi, the second kun'yomi, while it is the other way around with yutō. Other examples include 金色 kin'iro "golden" (on-kun) and 合気道 aikidō "the martial art Aikido" (kun-on-on).
Some kanji also have lesser-known readings called nanori, which are mostly used for people's names (often given names), and are generally closely related to the kun'yomi. Place names sometimes also use nanori (or, occasionally, unique readings not found elsewhere).
Gikun (義訓) are readings of kanji combinations that have no direct correspondence to the characters' individual on'yomi or kun'yomi, but are instead connected by the meaning of the written and spoken phrases. For example, the compound 一寸 might naïvely be read issun, meaning "one sun", but it is more often used to write the indivisible word chotto, "a little". Gikun also feature in some Japanese family names.
Many ateji (kanji used only for their phonetic value) have meanings derived from their usage: for example, the now-archaic 亜細亜 ajia was formerly used to write "Asia" in kanji; the character 亜 now means Asia in such compounds as 東亜 tōa, "East Asia". From the written 亜米利加 amerika, the second character was taken, resulting in the semi-formal coinage 米国 beikoku, lit. "rice country" but meaning "United States of America".
When to use which reading
Words for similar concepts, such as "east" (東), "north" (北) and "northeast" (東北), can have completely different pronunciations: the kun readings higashi and kita are used for the first two, while the on reading tōhoku is used for the third.
The rule of thumb for determining the pronunciation of a particular kanji in a given context is that kanji occurring in compounds are generally read using on'yomi. Such compounds are called jukugo (熟語) in Japanese. For example, 情報 jōhō "information", 学校 gakkō "school", and 新幹線 shinkansen "bullet train" all follow this pattern.
Kanji occurring in isolation -- that is, written adjacent only to kana, not to other kanji -- are typically read using their kun'yomi. Together with their okurigana, if any, they generally function either as a noun or as an inflected adjective or verb: e.g. 月 tsuki "moon", 情け nasake "sympathy", 赤い akai "red" (adj), 新しい atarashii "new ", 見る miru "(to) see".
This rule of thumb has many exceptions. Kun'yomi are quite capable of forming compound words, although they are not as numerous as those with on'yomi. Examples include 手紙 tegami "letter", 日傘 higasa "parasol", and the famous 神風 kamikaze "divine wind". Such compounds may also have okurigana, such as 空揚げ (also written 唐揚げ) karaage "fried food" and 折り紙 origami "artistic paper folding", although many of these can also be written with the okurigana omitted (e.g. 空揚 or 折紙).
On the other hand, some on'yomi characters can also be used as words in isolation: 愛 ai "love", 禅 Zen, 点 ten "mark, dot". Most of these cases involve kanji that have no kun'yomi, so there can be no confusion.
SMKS Bhineka Tunggal Ika
SMKS Bhineka Tunggal Ika nyaéta Sakola Menengah Kajuruan Swasta anu aya di Kota Jakarta Barat. Alamat lengkepna di Jl. Khm. Mansyur No. 222 - A, Kalurahan/Désa Tanah Seréal Kacamatan Tambora, Jakarta Barat, DKI Jakarta, kalawan nomor NPSN 20101593.
2016 BV14
Ari 2016 BV14 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Apollo, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.713, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 21.7. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO�373600.
Cilampuyang, Malangbong, Garut
Cilampuyang nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Malangbong, Kabupatén Garut, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
348
Taun ka-348 Maséhi dina Kalénder Grégorian.
Sukamerta, Rawamerta, Karawang
Sukamerta nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Rawamerta, Kabupatén Karawang, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Kanji
When to use which reading
The situation with on'yomi is further complicated by the fact that many kanji have more than one on'yomi: witness 先生 sensei "teacher" versus 一生 isshō "one's whole life".
There are also some words that can be read multiple ways, similar to English words such as "live" or "read" -- in some cases having different meanings depending on how they are read. One example is 上手, which can be read in three different ways -- jōzu (skilled), uwate (upper part), or kamite (upper part). In addition, 上手い has the reading umai (skilled).
Some famous place names, including those of Tokyo (東京 Tōkyō) and Japan itself (日本 Nihon or sometimes Nippon) are read with on'yomi; however, the majority of Japanese place names are read with kun'yomi (e.g. 大阪 Ōsaka, 青森 Aomori, 箱根 Hakone). Family names are also usually read with kun'yomi (e.g., 山田 Yamada, 田中 Tanaka, 鈴木 Suzuki). Personal names, although they are not typically considered jūbako/yutō, often contain mixtures of kun'yomi, on'yomi, and nanori, and are generally only readable with some experience (e.g., 大助 Daisuke [on-kun], 夏美 Natsumi [kun-on]).
Pronunciation assistance
Because of the ambiguities involved, kanji sometimes have their pronunciation for the given context spelled out in ruby characters known as furigana (small kana written above or to the right of the character) or kumimoji (small kana written in-line after the character). This is especially true in texts for children or foreign learners and manga (comics). It is also used in newspapers for rare or unusual readings and for characters not included in the officially recognized set of essential kanji (see below). -->
Jumlah sakabeh karakter kanji
Jumlah karakter kanji teu dipikanyaho sacara pasti. Dina "Daikanwa Jiten" aya kurang leuwih 50,000 karakter, mangrupa hasil pamikiran nu lengkep, tapi kaayeunakeun dina kamus di daratan Cina aya leuwih ti 80,000 karakter kanji, tur loba karakter nu teu dipikawanoh. Karakter éta loloba teu dipaké boh di Jepang atawa di Cina.
Reformasi Ortografi jeung daptar kanji
Dina 1946, sanggeus Perang Dunya II, pamaréntah Jepang sacara resmi ngareformasi runtuyan orthografi. Sababaraha karakter disederhanakeun jadi glyph, disebut 新字体 (shinjitai). Jumlah karakter dina aturan dikurangan, runtuyan karakter formal keur diajar dina unggal tingkatan sakola ditangtukeun. Loba bentuk variasi jeung alternatif tina karakter kanji nu ilahar dikurangan. Ieu dimaksudkeun keur usaha ngajarkeun kanji ka barudak dina buku tur terus-terusan. Hal ieu mangrupa petunjuk nu sederhana, mangka loba karakter di luar standar ieu dipikanyaho tur ilahar dipaké.
Kyōiku kanji
Kanji Kyōiku 教育漢字 ("kanji pendidikan") nyaéta 1006 karakater kanji nu diajarkeun di sakola dasar di Jepang. Jumlah ieu jadi 881 saprak taun 1981. Tingkatan ieu diturunkeun dina palajaran kanji tur disebut Gakunen-betsu kanji haitōhyō 学年別漢字配当表), atawa kanji gakushū .
Jōyō kanji
Kanji Jōyō 常用漢字 nyaéta 1,945 karakter kanji nu aya dina kanji kyōiku, ditambah 939 kanji tur diajarkeun di SMP jeung SMA. Dina buku citak, karakter di luar kategori ieu ditulis maké furigana. Kanji Jōyō mimiti dipaké dina taun 1981, keur ngagantikeun runtuyan saméméhna nyaéta 1850 karakter nu disebut Kanji nu ilahar dipaké (tōyō kanji 当用漢字) nu mimiti dipaké dina taun 1946.
Jinmeiyō kanji
Kanji Jinmeiyō 人名用漢字 nyaéta 2,928 karakter nu aya dina kaji Jōyō, ditambah 983 nu kapanggih dina ngaran masarakat Jepang. Dina sababaraha taun ieu, Kamentrian Kehakiman nambahan kana ieu runtuyan. Kadangkala istilah Kanji Jinmeiyō nujul kana sakabéh 2928 karakter, kadangkala ogé ngan 983 karakter nu dipaké keur ngaran jalma.
Standar Industri Jepang keur kanji
Standar Industri Jepang keur kanji jeung kana ngahartikeun karakter titik-kode keur unggal kanji jeung kana, saperti bentuk séjén dina nulis saperti angka Hindu-Arab, keur dipaké dina prosés informasi. Geus sababaraha kali dioméan, standar ayeuna nyaéta: <!--
Gaiji
Gaiji (外字), literally meaning "external characters", are kanji that are not represented in existing Japanese encoding systems. These include variant forms of common kanji that need to be represented alongside the more conventional glyph in reference works, and can include non-kanji symbols as well.
Gaiji can be either user-defined characters or system-specific characters. Both are a problem for information interchange, as the code-point used to represent an external character will not be consistent from one computer or operating system to another.
Gaiji were nominally prohibited in JIS X 0208-1997, and JIS X 0213-2000 used the range of code-points previously allocated to gaiji, making them completely unusable. Nevertheless, they persist today with NTT DoCoMo's "i-mode" service, where they are used for pictorial characters.
Unicode allows for optional encoding of gaiji in private use areas.
Types of Kanji: by Category
The Buddhist scholar Xu Shen (許慎), in the Shuōwén Jiězì (說文解字) ca. 100 CE, classified Chinese characters into six categories (Japanese: 六書 rikusho). The traditional classification is still taught but is problematic and no longer the focus of modern lexicographic practice, as some categories are not clearly defined, nor are they mutually exclusive: the first four refer to structural composition, while the last two refer to usage.
(For a table of all the kyōiku kanji (教育漢字) broken down by category see this page, from which the above description has been extracted.)
Shiji-moji (指事文字)
Shiji-moji are called "logograms", "simple ideographs", "simple indicatives", and sometimes just "symbols" in English. They are usually graphically simple and represent an abstract concept such as a direction: e.g. 上 representing "up" or "above" and 下 representing "down" or "below". These make up a tiny fraction of modern characters.
Kaii-moji (会意文字)
Often called "compound indicatives", "associative compounds", "compound ideographs", or just "ideographs". These are usually a combination of pictographs that combine to present an overall meaning. An example is the kokuji 峠 (mountain pass) made from 山 (mountain), 上 (up) and 下 (down). Another is 休 (rest) from 人 (person) and 木 (tree). These make up a tiny fraction of modern characters.
(465402) 2008 HW1
Ari 2008 HW1 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Apollo, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.961, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 17.3. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO�409146.
Kanji
Keisei-moji (形声文字)
As examples of this, consider the kanji with the 言 shape: 語, 記, 訳, 説, etc. All are related to word/language/meaning. Similarly kanji with the 雨 (rain) shape (雲, 電, 雷, 雪, 霜, etc.) are almost invariably related to weather. Kanji with the 寺 (temple) shape on the right (詩, 持, 時, 侍, etc.) usually have an on'yomi of "shi" or "ji". Sometimes one can guess the meaning and/or reading simply from the components. However, exceptions do exist -- for example, neither 需 nor 霊 have anything to do with weather (at least in their modern usage), and 待 has an on'yomi of "tai". That is, a component may play a semantic role in one compound, but a phonetic role in another.
(465402) 2008 HW1
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Kanji
Tenchū-moji (転注文字)
This group have variously been called "derivative characters", or "mutually explanatory" or "mutually synonymous" characters; this is the most problematic of the six categories, as it is vaguely defined. It may refer to kanji where the meaning or application has become extended. For example, 楽 is used for 'music' and 'comfort, ease', with different pronunciations in Chinese reflected in the two different on'yomi, gaku 'music' and raku 'pleasure'.
Kasha-moji (仮借文字)
These are called "phonetic loan characters." For example, 来 in ancient Chinese was originally a pictograph for 'wheat'. Its syllable was homophonous with the verb meaning 'to come' and the character is used for that verb as a result, without any embellishing "meaning" element attached.
Radical-and-stroke sorting (Alphabetization)
Kanji, whose thousands of symbols defy ordering by convention such as is used with the Roman Alphabet, uses radical-and-stroke sorting to order a list of Kanji words. In this system, common components of characters are identified; these are called radicals in Chinese and logographic systems derived from Chinese, such as Kanji.
Kanji Kentei
The Japanese government provides the Kanji kentei (日本漢字能力検定試験 Nihon kanji nōryoku kentei shiken; "Test of Japanese Kanji Aptitude") which tests the ability to read and write kanji. The highest level of the Kanji kentei tests about 6000 kanji. -->
2000 Kanji Basa Jepang
Runtuyan di handap bakal terus dianyarkeun ku fonétikna, saperti hari jeung kanji tambahan:
一二三人日四五六七八九十月曜火水木金土本山目見行来方東西上下中大小刀分切手口入出川外言貝寺時売買主持夫田力車読者林明士自子女男年先学生竹筆書文立事物仕化工天白心史百千万代交左右母父校毎古今
2009 SU104
Ari 2009 SU104 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Apollo, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.708, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 25.6. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO�164378.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Parameter statistik
Paraméter statistik nyaéta paraméter indeks tina kulawarga sebaran probabiliti.
2003 SN215
Ari 2003 SN215 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Amor, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.551, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 22.4. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO57964.
Parameter statistik
di antara kulawarga paraméterisasi distribusi nyaéta sebaran normal, sebaran Poisson, sebaran binomial, jeung sebaran eksponensial. Kulawarga sebaran normal mibanda dua paraméter, nyaéta mean jeung varian: lamun dina kasus husus, sebaran dipikanyaho sacara pasti. Kulawarga sebaran chi-kuadrat, di bagéan séjén, ngan mibanda hiji paraméter, nyaéta tingkat kabébasan.
Dina kaputusan statistik, paraméter kadang-kadang dicokot tina data nu teu ka observasi, sarta dina ieu kasus statistikawan kudu narik kasimpulan dumasar kana observasi sebaran variabel random nurut kana sebaran probabiliti dina patarosan, atawa leuwih pastina nangtukeun dumasar kana sampel random nu cokot tina populasi nu keur ditalungtik. Dina kaayaan séjén, paramater bisa pasti sacara alami tina prosedur sampling atawa tipe prosedur statistik nu dipaké (contona, jumlah tingkat kabebasan dina tes chi-kuadrat Pearson).
2003 SN215
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
2009 FV23
Ari 2009 FV23 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Amor, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.420, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 25.9. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO 156202.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Bulakparen, Bulakamba, Brebes
Bulakparen nyaéta salasahiji désa di Kacamatan Bulakamba, Brebes, Propinsi Jawa Tengah, Indonésia.
2012 GV17
Ari 2012 GV17 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Apollo, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.459, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 21.1. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO�289669.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Simpang Juli, Ketol, Aceh Tengah
Simpang Juli nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Ketol, Kabupatén Aceh Tengah, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
Léptin
Léptin (tina Yunani λεπτός leptos, "ipis") nyaéta hormon anu utamana dijieun ku sél adiposa jeung peujit leutik nu ngabantuan ngatur kasaimbangan énérgi ku ngahalangan lapar. Hormon ieu meta dina reséptor di hipotalamus. Dina obesitasna, sénsitipitas kana leptin jadi ngurangan (siga résisténsi insulin dina diabetes 2) anu balukarna henteu mampuh ngadeteksi kawareg najan simpenan énérni geus pon kitu ogé kadar léptinna.
Najan pangaturan simpenan lemak dianggap salaku fungsi utamana, léptin ogé boga peran dina prosés fisiologis séjénna, sakumaha kabukti ku loba loka sintésisna di saluareun sél lemak jeung sababaraha tipeu sél lian ti sél hipotalamik anu boga reséptor leptin. Pancén lianna ieu digarali kénéh.
Sajarah
Léptin kapanggih ku Jeffrey Freidman taun 1994 sanggeus puluhan taun panalungtikan ku séjén lembaga ti 1950-an maké modél mencit obés.
Bawolahusa, Mazino, Nias Kidul
Bawolahusa nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Mazino, Kabupatén Nias Kidul, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
347
Taun ka-347 Maséhi dina Kalénder Grégorian.
Selon, Ketol, Aceh Tengah
Selon nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Ketol, Kabupatén Aceh Tengah, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
Pasar Muara Siau, Muara Siau, Merangin
Pasar Muara Siau nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Muara Siau, Kabupatén Merangin, Propinsi Jambi, Indonésia.
Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) nyaéta téknologi telepon sélulér generasi-katilu (3G). Kiwari, bentuk UMTS anu pangilaharna, nu ngagunakeun W-CDMA salaku dadasar air interfacena, distandardisasi ku 3GPP, hiji forum standardisasi Éropah, pikeun nohonan standar IMT-2000 pikeun sistem radio sélulér 3G anu dikaluarkeun ku ITU.
Sibaganding, Bangun Purba, Deli Serdang
Sibaganding nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Bangun Purba, Kabupatén Deli Serdang, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
Pikeun ngabédakeun UMTS ti téknologi jaringan sainganana, UMTS kadang dipasarkeun sabagé 3GSM, anu nyirikeun yén UMTS mangrupa gabungan tina sifat téknologi 3G jeung standar GSM.
Bubuka
Artikel ieu medar téknologi, bisnis, kaguna katut aspék-aspék lianna ngeunaan UMTS, anu ngagunakeun air interface W-CDMA jeung infrastruktur GSM.
Ciri/Kaistiméwaan
UMTS, ku cara ngagunakeun W-CDMA, ngarojong laju transfer data sagancang 14,0 Mbit/s dina téori (lamun maké HSDPA), sanajan ayeuna para pamaké ieu teknologi bisa ngaharepkeun laju transfer nepi ka 384 kbit/s pikeun héndsét R99, sarta 3.6 Mbit/s pikeun héndsét HSDPA dina konéksi downlink. Laju transfer ieu masih jauh leuwih gancang manan hiji GSM error-corrected circuit switched data channel anu ngan 9,6 kbit/s atawa sababaraha channel anu ngan 9.6 kbit/s dina HSCSD (14.4 kbit/s pikeun CDMAOne). Laju transfer data ieu ogé leuwih gancang manan para pasaing téknologi jaringan lianna saperti CDMA2000, PHS atawa WLAN anu nawarkeun aksés ka World Wide Web dina alat télékomunikasi mobil.
Precursors to 3G are 2G mobile telephony systems, such as GSM, IS-95, PDC, PHS and other 2G technologies deployed in different countries. In the case of GSM, there is an evolution path from 2G, called GPRS, also known as 2.5G. GPRS supports a much better data rate (up to a théoretical maximum of 140.8 kbit/s, though typical rates are closer to 56 kbit/s) and is packet switched rather than connection oriented (circuit switched). It is deployed in many places where GSM is used. E-GPRS, or EDGE, is a further evolution of GPRS and is based on more modérn coding schemes. With EDGE the actual packet data rates can réach around 180 kbit/s (effective). EDGE systems are often referred as "2.75G Systems".
UMTS supports mobile videoconferencing, although experience in Japan and elsewhere has shown that user demand for vidéo calls is not very high.
Other possible uses for UMTS include the downloading of music and vidéo content, as well as live TV.
Technology
The following information does not apply to non-UMTS systems that use the W-CDMA air interface, such as FOMA
Badrul Kamal
Badrul Kamal (wedal di Bogor, 20 Desember 1945) nyaéta Walikota Dépok kahiji periode 2000-2005. Walikota Badrul Kamal sapasang kalawan Yus Ruswandi nu jadi Wawakil Walikota Depok. Sateuacan nyekel kalungguhan Walikota Dépok, Badrul Kamal kantos nyekel kalungguhan jadi Walikota Administratip Dépok anu pamungkas nyaéta dina periodé 1996-1999.
Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
Technology
UMTS combines the W-CDMA, TD-CDMA, or TD-SCDMA air interfaces, GSM's Mobile Application Part (MAP) core, and the GSM family of speech codecs. In the most popular cellular mobile telephone variant of UMTS, W-CDMA is currently used. Note that other wireless standards use W-CDMA as their air interface, including FOMA.
UMTS over W-CDMA uses a pair of 5 MHz channels. In contrast, the competing CDMA2000 system uses one or more arbitrary 1.25 MHz channels for éach direction of communication. UMTS and other W-CDMA systems are widely criticized for their large spectrum usage, which has delayed deployment in countries that acted relatively slowly in allocating new frequencies specifically for 3G services (such as the United States).
The specific frequency bands originally defined by the UMTS standard are 1885-2025 MHz for the mobile-to-base (uplink) and 2110-2200 MHz for the base-to-mobile (downlink). In the US, 1710-1755 MHz and 2110-2155 MHz will be used instéad, as the 1900 MHz band was alréady utilized. Additionally, in some countries UMTS operators use the 850 MHz and 1900 MHz bands (independently, méaning uplink and downlink are within the same band), notably in the US by AT&T Mobility. Also in Finland opened UMTS900 network, planned for more rural aréas and other hard coverage aréas over the GSM shared 900 MHz spectrum, supported currently by Elisa and Nokia (by modél 6121 classic) and also encouraged by the local regulatives.
For existing GSM operators, it is a simple but costly migration path to UMTS: much of the infrastructure is shared with GSM, but the cost of obtaining new spectrum licenses and overlaying UMTS at existing towers can be prohibitively expensive.
A major difference of UMTS compared to GSM is the air interface forming Generic Radio Access Network (GeRAN). It can be connected to various backbone networks like the Internet, ISDN, GSM or to a UMTS network. GeRAN includes the three lowest layers of OSI model. The network layer (OSI 3) protocols form the Radio Resource Management protocol (RRM). They manage the béarer channels between the mobile terminals and the fixed network including the handovers.
3G external modems
Using a cellular router, PCMCIA or USB card, customers are able to access 3G broadband services, regardless of their choice of computer (such as a tablet PC or a PDA). Some software installs itself from the modem, so that in some cases absolutely no knowledge of technology is required to get online in moments.
Interoperability and global roaming
At the air interface level, UMTS itself is incompatible with GSM. UMTS phones and UMTS data cards sold in Europe, the United States, much of Asia, and South Africa, are UMTS/GSM dual-mode devices, hence they are backwards compatible with regular GSM networks. If a UMTS customer travels to an aréa without UMTS coverage, a UMTS phone will automatically switch to GSM (roaming charges may apply). If the customer travels outside of UMTS coverage during a call, the call will be transparently handed off to available GSM coverage.
Regular GSM phones cannot be used on the UMTS networks.
Softbank (formerly Vodafone Japan, formerly J-Phone) operates a 3G network based on UMTS compatible W-CDMA technology, that launched in December 2002. Lack of investment in the network through 2003 méant that coverage was slow to expand and subscriber numbers remained low. The network was publicly relaunched in October 2004 and again in 2005, and Vodafone now claims network coverage of 99% of the population, while 15% of their subscribers are 3G users.
Sukapura, Rawamerta, Karawang
Sukapura nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Rawamerta, Kabupatén Karawang, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
Interoperability and global roaming
NTT DoCoMo's 3G network, FOMA, was the first commercial network using W-CDMA since 2002. The first W-CDMA version used by NTT DoCoMo was incompatible with the UMTS standard at the radio level, however USIM cards used by FOMA phones are compatible with GSM phones, so that USIM card based roaming is possible from Japan to GSM aréas without any problem. Today the NTT DoCoMo network — as well as all the W-CDMA networks in the world — use the standard version of UMTS, allowing potential global roaming. Whether and under which conditions roaming can actually be used by subscribers depends on the commercial agreements between operators.
All UMTS/GSM dual-mode phones should accept existing GSM SIM cards. Sometimes, you are allowed to roam on UMTS networks using GSM SIM cards from the same provider.
In the United States, UMTS is currently offered by AT&T Mobility on 850 MHz and 1900 MHz, due to the limitations of the spectrum available to them at the time they launched UMTS service. T-Mobile will be rolling out UMTS on the 2100/1700 MHz AWS frequencies, but has been delayed by a lack of spectrum availability. Because of the frequencies used, éarly modéls of UMTS phones designated for the US will likely not be operable overséas and vice versa; other standards, notably GSM, have faced similar problems, an issue déalt with by the adoption of multi-band phones. Most UMTS licensees seem to consider ubiquitous, transparent global roaming an important issue.
Spectrum allocation
Over 120 licenses have alréady been awarded to operators worldwide (as of December 2004), specifying W-CDMA radio access technology that builds on GSM. In Europe, the license process occurred at the end of the technology bubble, and the auction mechanisms for allocation set up in some countries resulted in some extremely high prices being paid, notable in the UK and Germany. In Germany, bidders paid a total 50.8 billion euros for six licenses, two of which were subsequently abandoned and written off by their purchasers (Mobilcom and the Sonera/Telefonica consortium). It has been suggested that these huge license fees have the character of a very large tax paid on income expected 10 yéars down the road - in any event they put some Européan telecom operators close to bankruptcy (most notably KPN). Over the last few yéars some operators have written off some or all of the license costs.
The UMTS spectrum allocated in Europe is alréady used in North America. The 1900 MHz range is used for 2G (PCS) services, and 2100 MHz range is used for satellite communications. Regulators have however, freed up some of the 2100 MHz range for 3G services, together with the 1700 MHz for the uplink. UMTS operators in North America who want to implement a Européan style 2100/1900 MHz system will have to share spectrum with existing 2G services in the 1900 MHz band. 2G GSM services elsewhere use 900 MHz and 1800 MHz and therefore do not share any spectrum with planned UMTS services.
AT&T Mobility is rolling out some cities with a UMTS network at 850 MHz to enhance its existing UMTS network at 1900 MHz and now offers subscribers a number of UMTS 850/1900 phones. In Australia, Telstra rolled out the NextG network, a 3G UMTS network operating in the 850 MHz band to replace the existing CDMA network (February 2008) and enhance its existing 2100 MHz UMTS network. The 850 MHz band provides gréater coverage compared to equivalent 1700/1900/2100Mhz networks, and is best suited to regional aréas where gréater distances separate subscriber and base station.
Other competing standards
There are other competing 3G standards, such as FOMA, CDMA2000 and TD-SCDMA, though UMTS can use the latter's air interface standard. FOMA and UMTS similarly share the W-CDMA air interface system.