cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
SMKS Geo Informatika
SMKS Géo Informatika nyaéta Sakola Menengah Kajuruan Swasta anu aya di Kabupatén Bogor. Alamat lengkepna di Jl. Cihideung Ilir Rt.06 Rw.02 Ciampéa, Kalurahan/Désa Cihideung Ilir Kacamatan Ciampéa, Kabupatén Bogor, Jawa Kulon kalawan nomor NPSN 20276162.
Sungaikeruh, Tebing Tinggi, Tanjung Jabung Barat
Sungaikeruh nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Tebing Tinggi, Kabupatén Tanjung Jabung Barat, Propinsi Jambi, Indonésia.
Karya Ambalutu, Buntu Pane, Asahan
Karya Ambalutu nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Buntu Pane, Kabupatén Asahan, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Jinten bodas
Jinten bodas (Cuminum cyminum) nyaéta ngaran tutuwuhan anu sikina loba digunakeun pikeun sambara atawa pangjangkep sabangsaning ramuan jajamu. Warna sikina bodas tur seungit. Jinten bodas alus tumuwuhna di wewengkon anu hawana tiis, misalna di India belah kalér deukeut suku/tutugan gunung Himalaya. Di Indonésia sanajan bisa tumuwuh, tapi hasilna teu nyugemakeun. Jinten bodas miboga watang kai, daunna nyusun, muter, tur patumpuk-tumpuk, wangunna lain wangun lambaran tapi leuwih siga benang-benang parondok. Warna anu dominan dina tangkal jinten bodas nyaéta warna héjo, sedengkeun kembangna laleutik warna konéng kolot.
Kandungan
Siki jinten bodas ngandung unsur minyak kurang ti 8%, éta minyak téh kaluar ku cara di suling.
Mangpaat
Jinten bodas miboga mangpaat pikeun ubar kasakit jantung, haid teu lancar, hésé saré, sarta pikeun dijadikeun jajamu. Panalungtikan anu dilaksanakeun ku Cancer Chemoprevention Research Center (CCRC) Fakultas Farmasi, UGM, ngabuktikeun yén siki jinten bodas bisa dimangpaatkeun jadi ubar pikeun nyingkahan sél kanker. Saupama dipaké kalayan bener tur saluyu jeung dosis anu diusulkeun, jinten bodas téh bisa ngurangan résiko keuna ku kanker.
SMK Fatah Masum
SMK Fatah Masum nyaéta Sakola Menengah Kajuruan Swasta anu aya di Kabupatén Garut. Alamat lengkepna di Jln. Saribakti, Kalurahan/Désa Saribakti Kacamatan Peundeuy, Kabupatén Garut, Jawa Kulon kalawan nomor NPSN 69947076.
2013 LH16
Ari 2013 LH16 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Apollo, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.795, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 18.9. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO�279270.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
2011 AO4
Ari 2011 AO4 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Amor, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.340, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 21.3. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO 192645.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
2016 XJ24
Ari 2016 XJ24 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Amor, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.533, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 17.9. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO 397912.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
2010 WH1
Ari 2010 WH1 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Apollo, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.156, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 26.0. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO�190035.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Situs Jambansari
Situs Jambansari nyaéta komplék makam Raden Adipati Arya Kusuma Diningratnu diwangun dina taun 1872. Situs Jambansari perenahna di JLn. Achmad Dahlan, sacara administrative kaasup lingkungan Rancapetir Kelurahan Linggarsari, kacamatan Ciamis, Kab. Ciamis. Ieu situs ayana dina 233m di luhur permukaan laut jeung dina koordinat 07 19’ 48, 7”LS dan 108 20’ 54,2”BT.
Raden Adipati Arya Kusuma Diningrat nyaéta bupati ciamis ka 16, nu ngawasa dina taun 1839 – 1886. Situs ieu ayana di taneuh salega 4ha. Dina lahan éta salian ti pajaratan aya ogé pasawahan. Ieu kompleks makam téh dikokolakeun ku Yayasan Kusumadiningrat, Kompleks makam Raden Adipati Aria Kusumadiningrat diwatesan ku pager tembok nu jangkungna kurangleuwih 2 m. Panto asup ka ieu situs ayana di beulah wétan.
Di tengah kompleks makam aya wangunan anu cungkup sarta dijieun tina kai jati. Hateup cungkup wangunna wangun limas anu di jerona aya makam utama nyaéta makam Radén Adipati Aria Kusumadiningrat. Di sakurilingna aya sababaraha makam baraya jeung katurunan Radén Adipati Aria Kusumadiningrat.
Salain ti éta aya hiji wangunan anu dipaké pikeun tempat neudeun benda pusaka, mangrupa sanjata, gamelan, jeung perlengkapan karamik jeung lianna. Di ruang panundaan ieu aya arca, aya ogé arca anu diteundeun handapeun waregu. Di dieu wangunanna wangunan panyalamat anu aya nyaéta patung, tombak, keris, macam keramik, jeung naskah
Sakabéhna arca nu aya di komplek makam jumlahna aya 13 arca anu di antarana wangunna arca megalitik, ganesa, nandi, jeung lingga. Salian ti éta aya ogé lumpang, batu, jeung lapik arca.
Q
Q nyaéta hurup ke-17 dina alfabét Latin. Dina basa Indonésia, ngaranna ki; dina basa Inggris disebut cue (dibaca [ˈkjuː]) sedengkeun dina Basa Malayu ialah kyu.
Sajarah
Peunteun sada hurup Semitik Qôp (meureun dina mulanya qaw 'gulungan tali', sarta meureun dumasar ka hiéroglif Mesir) nyaéta /q/ (konsonan letup tekak nirsuara), hiji sada dawam pikeun rungkun basa Semit, tapi henteu ditepungan dina basa Inggris atawa Indo-Éropa séjénna. Dina basa Yunani, tanda éta diserep minangka Qoppa Ϙ, meureun melambangkan sawatara konsonan letup wiati-wiati terbibirkan, di antarana nyaéta /kʷ/ sarta /kʷʰ/. Hasil ti pergeseran sada di poé ka hareupnakeun, nyieun sada-sada ieu dina Basa Yunani robah jadi /p/ sarta /pʰ/. Ku alatan éta, Qoppa geus dirobah ka dina dua hurup: Qoppa, anu ngan pikeun bilangan; sarta Phi Φ anu dipaké pikeun konsonan aspirasi /pʰ/ sarta disebut minangka /f/ dina Basa Yunani Modérn. Urang Étruska ngagunakeun Q babarengan jeung V pikeun ngawakilan /kʷ/.
Bandar Pasir Mandoge, Bandar Pasir Mandoge, Asahan
Bandar Pasir Mandoge nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Bandar Pasir Mandoge, Kabupatén Asahan, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Wiradadi, Sokaraja, Banyumas
Wiradadi nyaéta salah sahiji désa di Kacamatan Sokaraja, Kabupatén Banyumas, Propinsi Jawa Tengah, Indonésia.
Stasion Duri
Stasion Duri (DU) (Aksara Sunda Baku: ) mangrupa stasion karéta api kelas badag tipéu C anu pererahna di Jalan Duri Kalér, tepatna di wates antara Duri Kalér jeung Kali Anyar, Tambora, Jakarta Barat. Stasion ieu kaasup tina Daérah Operasi I Jakarta. Kaluhuran terakhir stasion ieu saméméh sakabéhna dihilangkeun nyaéta +4 m. Stasion ieu miboga jalur cabang nuju ka Tangerang.
Stasion ieu mangrupa stasion tungtungna keur KRL Commuter Line tujuan Tangerang nepi ka Duri. Stasion ieu miboga lima jalur karéta api. Jalur 1 digunakeun kalawan sepur péngkol pikeun KRL Yellow Line arah Angké jeung Jatinegara, sedangkeun jalur 2 mangrupa sepur lurus arah Tanahabang, Dépok, Nambo, jeung Bogor. Jalur 3 jeung 4 mangrupa eureunna pikeun KRL Railink Basoetta arah Sudirman Baru jeung Soekarno-Hatta sareng Jalur 5 mangrupa jalur tungtungna pikeun KRL Brown Line arah Tangerang.
Stasion ieu pererahna di permukiman penduduk anu padat. Di sabudeureun stasion aya loba pondok liar sareng padagang jalan anu ngajual barang jualanana. Saprak diusir dina Méi 2013, stasion ieu parantos diberesihan para padagang, meski sempet ngablokir jalur KRL anu ngakibatkeun jadwal KRL kagganggu.
KRL bandara
ARS Bandara Soekarno-Hatta, tujuan Bandara Soekarno-Hatta sareng tujuan Manggarai
Jadwal karéta api
Ieu jadwal karéta api panumpang anu eureun di Stasion Duri per 1 Désémber 2019 (sesuai Gapeka 2019).
ARS Bandara Soekarno-Hatta (aya unggal 30 menit sakali sareng waktu eureunna rata-rata 5 menit)
27 Agustus
27 Agustus nyaéta poé ka-239 dina sataun (ka-240 dina taun kabisat) dina kalénder Gregorian, sésana 126 poé.
Wilangan
Wilangan komplek ka hareupna bisa leuwih dilegakeun quaternions, but multiplication of quaternions is not commutative. Octonions, in turn, extend the quaternions, but this time, associativity is lost. In fact, the only finite-dimensional associative division algebras over R are the réals, the complex numbers, and the quaternions. <!-- Numbers should be distinguished from numerals, which are (combinations of) symbols used to represent numbers. The notation of numbers as a series of digits is discussed in numeral systems.
People like to assign numbers to objects in order to have unique names. There are various numbering schemes for doing so.
Many languages have the concept of grammatical number, an attribute of certain words and phrases that affects their syntactic usage and meaning.
Extensions
Hasil nu paling anyar diana panalungtikan wilangan nyaéta hyperreal numbers jeung surreal numbers, numangrupakeun perluasan tina wilangan nyata by adding infinitesimal and infinitely large numbers. While (most) real numbers have infinitely long expansions to the right of the decimal point, one can also try to allow for infinitely long expansions to the left, leading to the p-adic numbers. For dealing with infinite collections, the natural numbers have been generalized to the ordinal numbers and to the cardinal numbers. The former give the ordering of the collection, the latter its size. (For the finite case, the ordinal and cardinal numbers are equivalent; they diverge in the infinite case.)
The arithmetical operations of numbers, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, are generalized in the branch of mathematics called abstract algebra; one obtains the groups, rings and fields.
Biological basis of culture-free similarities
In many cultures, the notation for the numbers one, two, and three is very similar. In Roman numerals, the corresponding numerals are I, II, and III, and in Chinese, the same notation is used but with the tally marks written horizontally.
However, neither the Roman nor the Chinese systems use simple tally marks for four. The Roman numeral for four is IV, meaning one less than V, which stands for five. Evidently, five has significance because of the number of digits on each human hand. However, there is more here than mere human anatomy. Psychologists explain that the reason for the shift from a simple tally notation to one involving more symbols is the difficulty humans have in visually separating similar patterns with more than three identical elements. For example, it's hard to tell at a glance which is greater: IIIIIIII, or IIIIIII, but it is easy to tell X from XI.
The Arabic numeral system uses modified tally marks for 1, 2, and 3: 1 has undergone only very minor modification, and 2 and 3 are evidently based on horizontal lines written without lifting the pen. And again, the simple tally is abandoned with the numeral for 4.
Particular numbers
See: List of numbers, mathematical constants, even and odd numbers, negative and non-negative numbers, small numbers, large numbers, orders of magnitude (numbers), prime numbers; umpteen
Gedong Dalam, Way Lima, Pesawaran
Gedong Dalam nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Way Lima, Kabupatén Pesawaran, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
2015 FN33
Ari 2015 FN33 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Apollo, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.179, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 25.8. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO�369259.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Paloh, Pulo Aceh, Aceh Besar
Paloh nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Pulo Aceh, Kabupatén Aceh Besar, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
Pabuaran, Cibinong, Bogor
Pabuaran nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Cibinong, Kabupatén Bogor, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Bojong, Karangtengah, Cianjur
Bojong nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Karangtengah, Kabupatén Cianjur, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Pulo Ara, Peudada, Bireuen
Pulo Ara nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Peudada, Kabupatén Bireuen, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
Buket Rata, Langsa Timur, Langsa
Buket Rata nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Langsa Timur, Kota Langsa, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
Valéncia
Valéncia, atawa Valéncia , nyaéta puseur dayeuh komunitas otonom Valencia sarta mangrupa dayeuh katilu panggedéna di Spanyol sanggeus Madrid jeung Barcelona, kalayan sakitar 800,000 pangeusi di puseur administratifna. Wewengkon urbanna mekar kaluar tina wates dayeuh administratif kalayan populasi kurang leuwih 1.5 juta urang. Valéncia téh mangrupa wewengkon métropolitan panggedéna katilu di Spanyol, kalayan populasi ti 1.7 tepi ka 2.5 yuta. Ieu dayeuh boga status kota global. Palabuan Valéncia mangrupa palabuan peti kemas pangriweuhna ka-5 di Éropah sarta busiest palabuan peti kemas pangriweuhna di Laut Tengah.
Valéncia diadegkeun minangka jajahan Romawi dina taun 138 SM. Ieu dayeuh aya dina sisi walungan Turia, di béh wétanna basisir Bojong Iberia, nyanghareupan Teluk Valéncia di Laut Tengah. Puseur historisna mangrupa salah sahiji nu panggedéna di Spanyol, legana kurang leuwih 169 héktar; warisan monumén-monumén kuna, pemandangan katut pintonan budaya nyababkeun Valéncia jadi tujuan pelesir pangkasohorna di Spanyol. Monumén utama di antarana Katedral Valéncial, Torres de Serranos, Torres de Quart, Llotja de la Seda (diaku minangka Loka Warisan Dunya ku UNESCO dina taun 1996), sarta Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciéncies (Dayeuh Seni katut Élmu Pangaweruh), hiji komplék budaya jeung arsitéktur nu dumasar kana hiburan nu dirancang ku Santiago Calatrava jeung Félix Candela. Museu de Belles Arts de Valéncia nyimpen loba koléksi lukisan ti abad ka-14 tepi ka 18, kaasup karya Velázquez, El Greco, jeung Goya, kaasup ogé séri penting ukiran Piranesi. Institut Valencià d'Art Modern (Institut Seni Modéren Valéncia) nyimpen koléksi permanén katut paméran seni jeung potografi kontémporér sementara. <!-- Valencia is integrated into an industrial area on the Costa del Azahar (Orange Blossom Coast). Valencia's main festival is the Falles. The traditional Spanish dish, paella, originated in Valencia.
Ngaran
The original Latin name of the city was Valentia (Latin pronunciation: ), meaning "strength", or "valour", the city being named according to the Roman practice of recognizing the valour of former Roman soldiers after a war. The Roman historian Livy explains that the founding of Valentia in the 2nd century BC was due to the settling of the Roman soldiers who fought against an Iberian rebel, Viriato.
During the rule of the Muslim kingdoms in Spain, it had the nickname Medina bu-Tarab ('City of Joy') according to a transliteration, or Medina at-Turab (مدينة التراب, 'City of Sands') according to another, since it was located on the banks of the River Turia. It is not clear if the term Balansiyya (بلنسية) was reserved for the entire Taifa of Valencia or also designated the city.
By gradual sound changes, Valentia has become Valencia  in Castilian and Valéncia  in Valencian. In Valencian, the grave accent <é> /ɛ/ contrasts with the acute accent <é> /e/—but the word 'Valéncia' is an exception to this rule. It is spelled according to Catalan etymology, though its pronunciation is closer to Vulgar Latin).
Iklim
Valencia has a subtropical Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csa) with very mild winters and long warm to hot summers.
Its average annual temperature is 22.8 °C during the day and 13.8 °C at night. In the coldest month — January, the maximum temperature typically during the day ranges from 10 to 20 C, the minimum temperature typically at night ranges from 2 to 12 C and the average sea temperature is 14 °C. In the warmest month — August, the maximum temperature during the day typically ranges from 28 - 34 C, about 23 °C at night and the average sea temperature is 26 °C. Generally, temperatures similar to those experienced in the northern part of Europe in summer last about 8 months, from April to November. March is transitional, the temperature often exceeds 20 °C, with an average temperature of 19 °C during the day and 10 °C at night. December, January and February are the coldest months, with average temperatures around 17 °C during the day and 8 °C at night. Valencia has one of the mildest winters in Europe, owing to its southern location on the Mediterranean Sea and the Foehn phenomenon. The January average is comparable to temperatures expected for May and September in the major cities of northern Europe.
Sunshine duration hours are 2,696 per year, from 155 (average nearly 5 hours of sunshine duration at day) in December to 315 (average above 10 hours of sunshine duration at day) in July. Average annual temperature of the sea is 18.5 °C. Average relative humidity is 60% in April to 68% in August.
Langensari, Banjar
Babagéan Administratif
Langensari kabagi kana 6 désa nyaéta:
1485
Taun ka-1485 Maséhi dina Kalénder Grégorian.
Valéncia
Economy
Valencia enjoyed strong economic growth over the last decade, much of it spurred by tourism and the construction industry, with concurrent development and expansion of telecommunications and transport. Air Nostrum, a regional airline, is headquartered in Valencia. The city's economy is service-oriented, as nearly 84% of the working population is employed in service sector occupations. However, the city still maintains an important industrial base, with 5.5% of the population employed in this sector. Agricultural activities are still carried on in the municipality, even though of relatively minor importance with only 1.9% of the working population and 3973 hectares planted mostly in orchards and citrus groves.
Since the break of the crisis (2008), Valencia has been among the Spanish regions most affected by it and has not been able to slow down a growing unemployment rate, growing government debt etc. Severe spending cuts have been introduced by the city authorities.
In 2009, Valencia was the 29th fastest improving European city. Its influence in commerce, education, entertainment, media, fashion, science and the arts contributes to its status as one of the world's "Gamma"-rank global cities.
The large factory of Ford Motor Company lies in suburb of city, in Almussafes.
The Valencia metropolitan area had a GDP amounting to $52.7 billion, and $28,141 per capita.
Port
Valencia’s port is the biggest on the Mediterranean western coast, the first of Spain in container traffic as of 2008 and the second of Spain in total traffic, handling 20% of Spain’s exports. The main exports are foodstuffs and beverages. Other exports include oranges, furniture, ceramic tiles, fans, textiles and iron products. Valencia’s manufacturing sector focuses on metallurgy, chemicals, textiles, shipbuilding and brewing. Small and medium sized industries are an important part of the local economy, and before the current crisis unemployment was lower than the Spanish average.
Valencia's port underwent radical changes to accommodate the 32nd America's Cup in 2007. It was divided into two parts—one was unchanged while the other section was modified for the America's Cup festivities. The two sections remain divided by a wall that projects far into the water to maintain clean water for the America's Cup side.
Transport
Public transport is provided by the Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat Valenciana (FGV), which operates the Metrovalencia and other rail and bus services. The Estació del nord (North Station) is the main railway terminus in Valencia. A new temporary station, Estación de Valéncia-Joaquín Sorolla, has been built on land adjacent to this terminus to accommodate high speed AVE trains to and from Madrid, Barcelona, Seville and Alicante. Valencia Airport is situated 9 km west of Valencia city centre. Alicante Airport is situated about 170 km south of Valencia.
The City of Valencia also makes available a bicycle sharing system named ValenbiSi to both visitors and residents. As of October 13, 2012, the system has 2750 bikes distributed over 250 stations all throughout the city.
Tourism
Starting in the mid-1990s, Valencia, formerly an industrial centre, saw rapid development that expanded its cultural and touristic possibilities, and transformed it into a newly vibrant city. Many local landmarks were restored, including the ancient Towers of the medieval city (Serrano Towers and Quart Towers), and the San Miguel de los Reyes monastery, which now holds a conservation library. Whole sections of the old city, for example the Carmen Quarter, have been extensively renovated. The Paseo Marítimo, a 4 km long palm tree-lined promenade was constructed along the beaches of the north side of the port (Playa Las Arenas, Playa Cabañal and Playa de la Malvarrosa).
The city has numerous convention centres and venues for trade events, among them the Feria Valencia Convention and Exhibition Centre (Institución Ferial de Valencia) and the Palau de congres (Conference Palace), and several 5-star hotels to accommodate business travelers.
In its long history, Valencia has acquired many local traditions and festivals, among them the Falles, which were declared Celebrations of International Touristic Interest (Fiestas de Interés Turístico Internacional) on 25 January 1965, and the Water Tribunal of Valencia (Tribunal de las Aguas de Valencia), which was declared an intangible cultural heritage of humanity (Patrimonio Cultural Inmaterial de la Humanidad) in 2009. In addition to these Valencia has hosted world-class events that helped shape the city's reputation and put it in the international spotlight, e.g., the Regional Exhibition of 1909, the 32nd and the 33rd America's Cup competitions, the European Grand Prix of Formula One auto racing, the Valencia Open 500 tennis tournament, and the Global Champions Tour of equestrian sports.
The 2005 America's Cup yachting races were held at Valencia in June and July 2005 and attracted huge crowds. According to official data from the organizing committee, as many as 150,000 visitors flocked to Valencia's port each day during the two weeks of events.
Demographics
The third largest city in Spain and the 24th most populous municipality in the European Union, Valencia has a population of 809,267 within its administrative limits on a land area of 134.6 km2. It is. The urban area of Valencia extending beyond the administrative city limits has a population of between 1,561,000 and 1,564,145. 1,705,742  or 2,300,000 or 2,516,818 people live in the Valencia metropolitan area. Between 2007 and 2008 there was a 14% increase in the foreign born population with the largest numeric increases by country being from Bolivia, Romania and Italy.
One notable demographic change in Valencia in the last decade has been the growth in the foreign born population, which rose from 1.5% in the year 2000 to 15.1% in 2009, a trend that has also occurred in the two larger cities of Madrid and Barcelona. The main countries of origin were Ecuador, Bolivia, Colombia, Morocco and Romania.
Culture
Valencia is known internationally for the Falles (Las Fallas), a local festival held in March, and for paella valenciana, traditional Valencian ceramics, intricate traditional dress, and the architecture of the City of Arts and Sciences designed by Santiago Calatrava and Félix Candela.
La Tomatina, an annual tomato fight, draws crowds to the nearby town of Buñol in August. There are also a number of well-preserved traditional Catholic festivities throughout the year. Holy week celebrations in Valencia are considered some of the most colourful in Spain. Valencia has a metro system, the Metrovalencia (Valencia Metro).
Valencia was once a venue for the Formula One European Grand Prix, first hosting the event on 24 August 2008. The city was axed at the beginning of the grand prix season 2013.
The University of Valencia (officially Universitat de Valéncia Estudi General) was founded in 1499, being one of the oldest surviving universities in Spain, and the oldest university in the Valencian Community. It was listed as one of the four leading Spanish universities in the 2011 Shanghai Academic Ranking of World Universities.
In 2012, Berklee College of Music opened a new campus at the Palau de les Arts Reina Sofia providing focus on the music of the region through its Mediterranean Music Institute. Since 2003, Valencia also hosts the music courses of Musikeon, leading musical institution in the Spanish-speaking world.
Languages
The two official languages spoken in the city are Valencian (the variety of the Catalan language as spoken in the Valencian Community) and Castilian Spanish. Due to political and demographic pressures in the past, the predominant language is Spanish, but Valencian (as the Catalan language is referred to by local authorities) is taught and spoken in most of the surrounding metropolitan area and province of Valencia. The government emphasizes the usage of the local language by posting signs and announcements of the metro area in Valencian with Spanish translations. Valencian is also used when naming streets. Street signs generally give the Valencian name for the street. However, older streets and those that span longer distances are also labelled in Spanish.
Food
Valencia is famous for its gastronomic culture. Typical dishes include paella, a simmered rice dish with seafood or meat (chicken or rabbit), fartons, buñuelos, the Spanish omelette, pinchos, rosquilletas and squid (calamares).
Valencia is also the birthplace of the cold chufa beverage known as horchata, popular in many parts of the world including the Americas.
Roman Valentia
Valencia is one of the oldest cities in Spain, founded in the Roman period under the name "Valentia Edetanorum" on the site of a former Iberian town, by the river Turia in the province of Edetania. About two thousand Roman colonists were settled there in 138 BC during the rule of consul Decimus Junius Brutus Galaico. The Roman historian Florus says that Brutus transferred the soldiers who had fought under him to that province. This was a typical Roman city in its conception, as it was located in a strategic location near the sea on a river island crossed by the Via Augusta, the imperial road that connected the province to Rome, the capital of the empire. The centre of the city was located in the present-day neighbourhood of the Plaza de la Virgen. Here was the forum and the crossing of the Cardo Maximus and the Decumanus Maximus, which remain the two main axes of the city. The Cardo corresponds to the existing Calle de Salvador, Almoina and the Decumanus correspond to Calle de los Caballeros.
Pompey razed Valentia to the ground in 75 BC to punish it for its loyalty to Sertorius. It was rebuilt around fifty years later with large infrastructure projects, and by the mid-first century, experienced rapid urban growth. Pomponius Mela called it one of the principal cities of the Tarraconensis province. Valencia suffered a new period of decline in the third century, but an early Christian community arose there during the latter years of the Roman Empire, in the fourth century.
Middle Ages
A few centuries later, coinciding with the first waves of the invading Germanic peoples (Suevi, Vandals and Alans, and later the Visigoths) and the power vacuum left by the demise of the Roman imperial administration, the church assumed the reins of power in the city and replaced the old Roman temples with religious buildings. With the Byzantine invasion of the southwestern Iberian peninsula in 554 the city acquired strategic importance. After the expulsion of the Byzantines in 625, Visigothic military contingents were posted there and the ancient Roman amphitheatre was fortified. Little is known of its history for nearly a hundred years; although this period is only scarcely documented by archeology, excavations suggest that there was little development of the city. During Visigothic times Valencia was an episcopal See of the Catholic Church, albeit a suffragan diocese subordinate to the archdiocese of Toledo, comprising the ancient Roman province of Carthaginensis in Hispania.
The city surrendered without a fight to the invading Moors (Berbers and Arabs) in 714 AD, and the cathedral of Saint Vincent was turned into a mosque. Abd al-Rahman I, the first emir of Cordoba, ordered the city destroyed, but several years later his son, Abdullah, had a form of autonomous rule over the province of Valencia. Among his administrative acts he ordered the building of a luxurious palace, the Russafa, on the outskirts of the city in the neighbourhood of the same name. So far no remains have been found. Also at this time Valencia received the name Medina al-Turab (City of Sand). When Islamic culture settled in, Valencia, then called Balansiyya, prospered from the 10th century, due to a booming trade in paper, silk, leather, ceramics, glass and silver-work. The architectural legacy of this period is abundant in Valencia and can still be appreciated today in the remnants of the old walls, the Baños del Almirante bath house, Portal de Valldigna street and even the Cathedral and the tower, El Micalet (El Miguelete), which was the minaret of the old mosque.
After the death of Almanzor and the unrest that followed, Muslim Al-Andalus disintergrated into numerous small states known as taifas, one of which was the Taifa of Valencia, which existed for four distinct periods: 1010 – 1065, 1075 – 1099, 1145 – 1147, and 1229 – 1238.
Balansiyya had a rebirth of sorts with the beginning of the Taifa of Valencia kingdom in the 11th century. The town grew, and during the reign of Abd al-Aziz a new city wall was built, remains of which are preserved throughout the Old City (Ciutat Vella) today. The Castilian nobleman Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar, known as El Cid, who was intent on possessing his own principality on the Mediterranean, entered the province in command of a combined Christian and Moorish army and besieged the city beginning in 1092. By the time the siege ended in May 1094, he had carved out his own fiefdom—which he ruled from 15 June 1094 to July 1099. This victory was immortalised in the Lay of the Cid. During his rule, he converted nine mosques into churches and installed the French monk Jérôme as bishop of the See of Valencia. He was killed in July 1099 while defending the city from an Almoravid siege, whereupon his wife Ximena Díaz ruled in his place for two years.
The city remained in the hands of Christian troops until 1102, when the Almoravids retook the city and restored the Muslim religion. Although the self-styled 'Emperor of All Spain', Alfonso VI of León and Castile, drove them from the city, he was not strong enough to hold it. The Christians set it afire before abandoning it, and the Almoravid Masdali took possession on 5 May 1109. The event was commemorated in a poem by Ibn Khafaja in which he thanked Yusuf ibn Tashfin for the city's liberation.The declining power of the Almoravids coincided with the rise of a new dynasty in North Africa, the Almohads, who seized control of the peninsula from the year 1145, although their entry into Valencia was deterred by Ibn Mardanis, King of Valencia and Murcia until 1171, at which time the city finally fell to the North Africans. The two Muslim dynasties would rule Valencia for more than a century. In 1238, King James I of Aragon, with an army composed of Aragonese, Catalans, Navarrese and crusaders from the Order of Calatrava, laid siege to Valencia and on 28 September obtained a surrender. Fifty thousand Moors were forced to leave. Poets such as Ibn al-Abbar and Ibn Amira mourned this exile from their beloved Valencia. After the Christian victory and the expulsion of the Muslim population the city was divided between those who had participated in the conquest, according to the testimony in the  Llibre del Repartiment (Book of Distribution). James I granted the city new charters of law, the Furs of Valencia, which later were extended to the whole kingdom of Valencia. Thenceforth the city entered a new historical stage in which a new society and a new language developed, forming the basis of the character of the Valencian people as they are known today.
On 9 October, King James, followed by his retinue and army, took possession of the city. The principal mosque was purified and the Mass was celebrated. James incorporated city and territory into the newly formed Kingdom of Valencia, one of the kingdoms forming the Crown of Aragon, and permitted all people that lived in the city, Jews, Muslims and Christians, to stay there and live as citizens of the kingdom.
According to historical data on the capitulation of the city, the kingdom of Valencia had a population of 120,000 Muslims, 65,000 Christians and 2,000 Jews, who by the terms of the capitulation and its covenants were mostly allowed to remain on their land. According to the Arab historian Hussein Mones of the University of Cairo, these were the words King Zayan spoke to James I when he surrendered the keys to the city:
Golden Age of Valencia
The 15th century was a time of economic expansion, known as the Valencian Golden Age, in which culture and the arts flourished. Concurrent population growth made Valencia the most populous city in the Crown of Aragon. Local industry, led by textile production, reached a great development, and a financial institution, the Canvi de Taula, was created to support municipal banking operations; Valencian bankers lent funds to Queen Isabella I of Castile for Columbus' voyage in 1492. At the end of the century the Silk Exchange (Llotja de la Seda) building was erected as the city became a commercial emporium that attracted merchants from all over Europe.
This boom was reflected in the growth of artistic and cultural pursuits. Some of the most emblematic buildings of the city were built during this period, including the Serranos Towers (1392), the Lonja (1482), the Miguelete and the Chapel of the Kings of the Convent of Santo Domingo. In painting and sculpture, Flemish and Italian trends had an influence on artists such as Lluís Dalmau, Peris Gonçal and Forment Damian. Literature flourished with the patronage of the court of Alfonso the Magnanimous, supporting authors like Ausias March, Roiç de Corella, and Isabel de Villena. By 1460 Joanot Martorell wrote Tirant lo Blanch, an innovative novel of chivalry that influenced many later writers, from Cervantes to Shakespeare. Ausiàs March was one of the first poets to use the everyday language Valencian, instead of the troubadour language, Occitan. Also around this time, between 1499 and 1502, the University of Valencia was founded under the parsimonious name of  Estudio General (General Studies).
Valencia was one of the most influential cities on the Mediterranean in the 15th and 16th centuries. The first printing press in the Iberian Peninsula was located in Valencia. The first printed Bible in a Romance language, the Valencian Bible attributed to Bonifaci Ferrer, was printed in Valencia circa 1478.
Early Modern
Following the discovery of the Americas, the European economy was oriented towards the Atlantic to the detriment of the Mediterranean trade. Despite the dynastic union of Aragon with Castile, the conquest and exploitation of America was the exclusive domain of Castile. The Valencians, like the Catalans, Aragonese and Majorcans, were prohibited participation in the cross-Atlantic commerce.
Faced with this loss of business, Valencia suffered a severe economic crisis. This manifested early in 1519–1523 when the artisan guilds known as the Germanies revolted against the government of the Habsburg king Charles I in Valencia, now part of the Crown of Aragon, with most of the fighting done in 1521. The revolt was an anti-monarchist, anti-feudal autonomist movement inspired by the Italian republics, and a social revolt against the nobility who had fled the city before an epidemic of plague in 1519. It also bore a strong anti-Islamic aspect, as rebels rioted against Aragon's population of mudéjars and imposed forced conversions to Christianity.
The vicereine Germaine of Foix brutally repressed the uprising and its leaders, and this accelerated the authoritarian centralization of the government of Charles I. Queen Germaine favored harsh treatment of the agermanats. She is thought to have signed the death warrants of 100 former rebels personally, and sources indicate that as many as 800 executions may have occurred. The agermanats are comparable to the comuneros of neighboring Castile, who fought a similar revolt against Charles from 1520–1522.
The crisis deepened during the 17th century with the expulsion in 1609 of the Jews and the Moriscos, descendants of the Muslim population that converted to Christianity under threat of exile from Ferdinand and Isabella in 1502. From 1609 through 1614, the Spanish government systematically forced Moriscos to leave the kingdom for Muslim North Africa. They were concentrated in the former Kingdom of Aragon, where they constituted a fifth of the population, and the Valencia area specifically, where they were roughly a third of the total population. The expulsion caused the financial ruin of some of the nobility and the bankruptcy of the Taula de Canvi in 1613. The Crown endeavoured to compensate the nobles, who had lost much of their agricultural labour force; this harmed the economy of the city for generations to come. Later, during the so-called Catalan Revolt (1640–1652), Valencia contributed to the cause of Philip IV with militias and money, resulting in a period of further economic hardship exacerbated by the arrival of troops from other parts of Spain.
The decline of the city reached its nadir with the War of Spanish Succession (1702–1709) that marked the end of the political and legal independence of the Kingdom of Valencia. During the War of the Spanish Succession, Valencia sided with Charles of Austria. On 24 January 1706, Charles Mordaunt, 3rd Earl of Peterborough, 1st Earl of Monmouth, led a handful of English cavalrymen into the city after riding south from Barcelona, capturing the nearby fortress at Sagunt, and bluffing the Spanish Bourbon army into withdrawal.
The English held the city for 16 months and defeated several attempts to expel them. English soldiers advanced as far as Requena on the road to Madrid. After the victory of the Bourbons at the Battle of Almansa on 25 April 1707, the English army evacuated Valencia and Philip V ordered the repeal of the privileges of Valencia as punishment for the kingdom's support of Charles of Austria. By the Nueva Planta decrees (Decretos de Nueva Planta) the ancient Charters of Valencia were abolished and the city was governed by the Castilian Charter. The Bourbon forces burned important cities like Xativa, where pictures of the Spanish Bourbons in public places are hung upside down as a protest to this day. The capital of the Kingdom of Valencia was moved to Orihuela, an outrage to the citizens of Valencia. Philip ordered the Cortes to meet with the Viceroy of Valencia, Cardinal Luis de Belluga, who opposed the change of capital because of the proximity of Orihuela, a religious, cultural and now political centre, to Murcia (capital of another viceroyalty and his diocese). Because of his hatred of the city of Orihuela, which had bombarded and looted Valencia during the War of Succession, the cardinal resigned the viceroyalty in protest against the actions of Philip, who finally relented and returned the capital to Valencia.
With the abolition of the charters of Valencia and most of its institutions, and the conformation of the kingdom and its capital to the laws and customs of Castile, top civil officials were no longer elected, but instead were appointed directly from Madrid, the king's court city, the offices often filled by foreign aristocrats. Valencia had to become accustomed to being an occupied city, living with the presence of troops quartered in the Citadel near the convent of Santo Domingo and in other buildings such as the Lonja, which served as a barracks until 1762.
The Valencian economy recovered during the 18th century with the rising manufacture of woven silk and ceramic tiles. The Palau de Justícia is an example of the affluence manifested in the most prosperous times of Bourbon rule (1758–1802) during the rule of Charles III. The 18th century was the age of the Enlightenment in Europe, and its humanistic ideals influenced such men as Gregory Maians and Perez Bayer in Valencia, who maintained correspondence with the leading French and German thinkers of the time. In this atmosphere of the exaltation of ideas the Economic Society of Friends of the Country (Societat Econòmica d'Amics del País) was founded in 1776; it introduced numerous improvements in agriculture and industry and promoted various cultural, civic, and economic institutions in Valencia.
Late modern and contemporary
The 19th century began with Spain embroiled in wars with France, Portugal, and England—but the War of Independence most affected the Valencian territories and the capital city. The repercussions of the French Revolution were still felt when Napoleon's armies invaded the Iberian Peninsula. The Valencian people rose in arms against them on 23 May 1808, aroused by such characters as Vicent Doménech el Palleter.
The mutineers seized the Citadel, a Supreme Junta government took over, and on 26–28 June, Napoleon's Marshal Moncey attacked the city with a column of 9,000 French imperial troops in the First Battle of Valencia. He failed to take the city in two assaults and retreated to Madrid. Marshal Suchet began a long siege of the city in October 1811, and after intense bombardment forced it to surrender on 8 January 1812. After the capitulation, the French instituted reforms in Valencia, which became the capital of Spain when the Bonapartist pretender to the throne, José I (Joseph Bonaparte, Napoleon's elder brother), moved the Court there in the summer of 1812. The disaster of the Battle of Vitoria on 21 June 1813 obliged Suchet to quit Valencia, and the French troops withdrew in July.
During the Napoleonic invasion, the Valencians had sent representatives to the Cortes of Cádiz, where a liberal, anti-seigneurial national constitution was drafted. Ferdinand VII became king after the victorious end of the Peninsular War, which freed Spain from Napoleonic domination. When he returned on 24 March 1814 from exile in France, the Cortes requested that he respect the liberal Constitution of 1812, which seriously limited royal powers.
Ferdinand refused and went to Valencia instead of Madrid. Here, on April 17, General Elio invited the King to reclaim his absolute rights and put his troops at the King's disposition. The king abolished the Constitution of 1812. He followed this act by dissolving the two chambers of the Spanish Parliament on 10 May. Thus began six years (1814–1820) of absolutist rule, but the constitution was reinstated during the Trienio Liberal, a period of three years of liberal government in Spain from 1820–1823.
A fervent follower of the absolutist cause, Elío had played an important role in the repression of the supporters of the Constitution of 1812. For this, he was arrested in 1820 and executed in 1822 by garroting. Conflict between absolutists and liberals continued, and in the period of conservative rule called the Ominous Decade (1823–1833), which followed the Trienio Liberal, there was ruthless repression by government forces and the Catholic Inquisition. The last victim of the Inquisition was Gaietà Ripoli, a teacher accused of being a deist and a Mason who was hanged in Valencia in 1824.
On the death of King Ferdinand VII in 1833, Baldomero Espartero became one of the most ardent defenders of the hereditary rights of his daughter, Isabella II. On the outbreak of the First Carlist War, the government sent him to the front, where he severely defeated the Carlists in many encounters. He was associated with the radical, or progressive, wing of Spanish liberalism and became its symbol and champion after taking credit for the victory over the Carlists in 1839.
During the regency of Maria Cristina, Espartero ruled Spain for two years as its 18th Prime Minister from 16 September 1840 to 21 May 1841. Under his progressive government the old regime was tenuously reconciled to his liberal policies. During this period of upheaval in the provinces he declared that all the estates of the Church, its congregations, and its religious orders were national property—though in Valencia, most of this property was subsequently acquired by the local bourgeoisie. City life in Valencia carried on in a revolutionary climate, with frequent clashes between liberals and republicans, and the constant threat of reprisals by the Carlist troops of General Cabrera.
The reign of Isabella II as an adult (1843–1868) was a period of relative stability and growth for Valencia. Services and infrastructure—including municipal water supply, paved roads, and gas distribution—were substantially improved, and a large-scale construction project was initiated at the port. Gas lighting was introduced in 1840, and soon after a public works project began to pave the streets with cobblestones, a task that took several years because of the lack of council funds.
The public water supply network was completed in 1850, and in 1858 the architects Sebastián Monleón Estellés, Antonino Sancho, and Timoteo Calvo drafted a general expansion project for the city that included demolishing its ancient walls (a second version was printed in 1868). Neither proposed project received final approval, but they did serve as a guide, though not closely followed, for future growth. By 1860 the municipality had 140,416 inhabitants, and beginning in 1866 the ancient city walls were almost entirely demolished to facilitate urban expansion. Electricity was introduced to Valencia in 1882.