cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Ostéoporosis
Strontium ranelate
Oral Strontium ranelate (Protelos/Protos/Protaxo/Osseor - Servier) is the first in a new class of drugs called a Dual Action Bone Agents (DABA's). It has proven efficacy in the prevention of both vertebral and non-vertebral fractures (including hip fracture) in patients over the age of 80, who are the most at risk where osteoporosis is concerned. Strontium Ranelate works by stimulating the proliferation of osteoblast (bone building) cells, and inhibiting the proliferation of osteoclast (bone absorbing) cells. This means that strontium Ranelate increases BMD by forming new bone, rather than just preserving existing bone. In comparison to bisphosphonates which only act on one aspect of bone remodeling, strontium ranelate also preserves bone turnover, allowing the microarchitecture of the bone to be continuously repaired as it would in healthy bone. Strontium ranelate is taken as a 2g oral suspension daily, and is licenced for the treatment of osteoporosis to prevent vertebral and hip fracture. Strontium ranelate has side effect benefits over the bisphosphonates, as it does not cause any form of upper GI side effect, which is the most common cause for medication withdrawal in osteoporosis.
Lifestyle
Changes to lifestyle factors and diet are also recommended, both regarding nutrition and exercise;
Calcium
The patient should include 1200 to 1500 mg of calcium daily either via dietary means (for instance, an 8 oz glass of milk contains approximately 300 mg of calcium) or via supplementation. The body absorbs only about 500 mg of calcium at one time and so intake should be spread throughout the day.
However, the benefit of supplementation of calcium alone remains, to a degree, controversial since several nations with high calcium intakes through milk-products (e.g. the USA, Sweden) have some of the highest rates of osteoporosis worldwide, though this may be linked to such countries' excess consumption of protein. A few studies even suggested an adverse effect of calcium excess on bone density and blamed the milk industry for misleading customers. Some nutritionists assert that excess consumption of dairy products causes acidification, which leaches calcium from the system, and argue that vegetables and nuts are a better source of calcium and that in fact milk products should be avoided. This theory has no proof from scientific clinical studies. Similarly, nutritionists believe that excess caffeine consumption can also contribute to leaching calcium from the bones.
A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials concluded "Evidence supports the use of calcium, or calcium in combination with vitamin D supplementation, in the preventive treatment of osteoporosis in people aged 50 years or older. For best therapeutic effect, we recommend minimum doses of 1200 mg of calcium, and 800 IU of vitamin D (for combined calcium plus vitamin D supplementation)." A study that examined the relationship between calcium supplementation and clinical fracture risk in an elderly population, there was a significant decrease in fracture risk in patients that received calcium supplements versus those that received placebo. However, this benefit only applied to patients who were compliant with their treatment regimen.
Excess Protein
There are three elements relating to a person's levels of calcium: consumption, absorption, and excretion. High protein intake is known to encourage urinary calcium losses and has been shown to increase risk of fracture in research studies. . This goes some way to explain why countries with high levels of calcium consumption also have high rates of osteoporosis: despite consuming enough calcium, they are also countries in which people generally consume a lot of meat, therefore protein, thus negating the importance of their calcium consumption.
Vitamin D
Increasing vitamin D intake has been shown to reduce fractures up to twenty-five percent in older people, according to recent studies. . The very large Women's Health Initiative study, however, did not find any fracture benefit from calcium and vitamin D supplementation, but these women were already taking (on average) 1200 mg/day of calcium (12). Muscle weakness can contribute to falls so it is beneficial for people living with osteoporosis to improve muscle function. Vitamin D deficiency causes muscle weakness. .  A meta-analysis of five clinical trials showed 800 IU of vitamin D per day (plus calcium) reduced the risk of falls by 22%. .  A different randomized, controlled study showed nursing home residents who took 800 IU of vitamin D per day (plus calcium) having a 72% reduction in the risk of falls. .  New NOF vitamin D intake recommendations (July 2007) are adults up to age 50, 400-800 IU daily and those over 50, 800 - 1,000 IU daily.
Others
There is some evidence to suggest bone density benefits from taking the following supplements (in addition to calcium and vitamin D): boron, magnesium, zinc, copper, manganese, silicon, strontium, folic acid, and vitamins B6, C, and K.  This is weak evidence and quite controversial.
Exercise
Weight-bearing exercise is of great importance for people suffering from the osteoporosis because it helps build bone density and strength.
Thirty minutes of weight-bearing exercise such as walking or jogging, three times a week, has been shown to increase bone mineral density, and reduce the risk of falls by strengthening the major muscle groups in the legs and back.
Prognosis
Patients with osteoporosis who have already had a fracture are at a high risk for additional fractures (the best predictor of fracture is a previous fracture). Treatment for the underlying osteoporosis can reduce the risk of a subsequent fracture considerably.
Hip fractures can lead to decreased mobility and an additional risk of deep venous thrombosis and/or pulmonary embolism. The one year mortality rate following hip fracture is approximately 20%.
Vertebral fractures can lead to severe chronic pain of neurogenic origin, which can be hard to control, as well as deformity. Though rare, multiple vertebral fractures can lead to such severe hunch back (kyphosis) that the resulting pressure on internal organs can impair one's ability to breathe.
Although osteoporosis patients have an increased mortality rate due to the complications of fracture, most patients die with the disease rather than of it.
Prevention
Methods to prevent osteoporosis include changes of lifestyle. However, there are medications that can be used for prevention as well.
Lifestyle
Lifestyle prevention of osteoporosis is in many aspects inversions from potentially modifiable risk factors.
Medication
Just as for treatment, bisphosphonate can be used in cases of very high risk.
Other medicines prescribed for prevention of osteoporosis include raloxifene (Evista), a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM).
Estrogen replacement remains a good treatment for prevention of osteoporosis but, at this time, is not recommended unless there are other indications for its use as well. There is uncertainty and controversy about whether estrogen should be recommended in women in the first decade after the menopause; hopefully new research will provide guidance. In men, testosterone replacement therapy is also an effective treatment.
History
The link between age-related reductions in bone density and fracture risk goes back at least to Astley Cooper, and the term "osteoporosis" and recognition of its pathological appearance is generally attributed to the French pathologist Lobstein. The American endocrinolgist Fuller Albright linked osteoporosis with the postmenopausal state. -->
Konéktor RCA
Jack RCA, disebut ogé phono connector atawa CINCH/AV connector, nyaéta wangun konéktor éléktrikal nu ilahar digunakeun di pasaran audio/vidéo. Ngaran "RCA" dicokot tina Radio Corporation of America, nu ngawanohkeun rancangan ieu awal 1940-an nu bisa ngahubungkeun pamuter phonograph kana radio.
Keur sababaraha aplikasi, RCA ngagantikeun colokan jack nu digunakeun dina widang audio nalika komponén high fidelity munggaran populér taun 1950-an.
Colokan ieu disebut colokan RCA atawa colokan phono, béda jeung colokan phone nu patali jeung colokan jack telepon.
In the most normal usage, cables have a standard plug on éach end, consisting of a central male connector, surrounded by a ring. The ring is often segmented for flexibility. Devices mount the jack, consisting of a central hole with a ring of metal around it. The ring is slightly smaller in diaméter and longer than the ring on the plug, allowing the plugs ring to fit tightly over it. Connections are made by pushing the cable's plug into the jack on the device. The signal-carrying pin protrudes from the plug, and often comes into contact with the socket before the grounded rings meet, resulting in loud hum or buzz if the audio components are powered while making connections. Continuous noise can occur if the plug partially falls out of the jack, bréaking ground connection but not the signal. Some variants of the plug, especially chéaper versions, also give very poor grip and contact between the ground shéaths due to their lack of flexibility.
The jack has a small aréa between the outer and inner rings which is filled with an insulator, typically plastic (very éarly versions, or those made for use as RF connectors used ceramic). They are often color coded, yellow for composite video, red for the right channel and white or black for the left channel of stereo audio. This trio (or pair) of jacks can be found on the back of almost all audio and vidéo equipment. At léast one set is usually found on the front panel of modérn TV sets, to facilitate connection of camcorders and digital cameras. The male plug has a center pin which is 3.70 mm in diaméter, and is surrounded by an outer shell which is 8.25 mm in diaméter
One problem with the RCA jack system is that éach signal requires its own wire. Even in a simple case of attaching a cassette deck one may need four of them, two for input, two for output. In any common setup this quickly léads to cable spaghetti, which is made worse if one considers more complex signals like component video (another three cables éach way). There have been numerous attempts to use combined connectors in both the audio and vidéo world, but none of these have ever become universal—with the exception of the SCART connector, which has become very successful in Europe. For a time the 5-pin DIN plug was popular for bi-directional steréo connection between A/V equipment, but it has been entirely displaced by the phono connector on modérn consumer devices, despite the fact that it takes four phono jacks to replace it. Néarly all modérn TV sets, VCRs, and DVD players sold in Europe have SCART sockets, and in many cases they have no RCA sockets at all. However, RCA-to-SCART adapters are éasily available, as SCART cables can also carry composite vidéo and steréo audio, among other signals. For the purposes of consumer digital AV connections, HDMI is largely replacing RCA jacks as, like SCART, it has the ability to carry several different types of signals in the one connector.
The word phono is an abbreviation of the word phonograph, because this connector was originally exclusively used to connect the audio output of a phonograph to its corresponding amplifier input.
Tempo Ogé
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Kertamaya, Bogor Selatan, Bogor
Kertamaya nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Bogor Selatan, Kota Bogor, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
2013 NG6
Ari 2013 NG6 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Amor, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.401, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 22.2. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO 271297.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
2013 BR45
Ari 2013 BR45 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Apollo, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.690, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 20.1. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPEC�2017-K12.
Halteu Cisomang
Halteu Cisomang (CG) (Aksara Sunda Baku: ) nyaéta halteu karéta api anu perenahna di Dépok, Darangdan, Purwakarta. Saacan dibuka na jalur ganda di taun 2014, halteu ieu boga fungsi minangka stasion, ngan pas aya jalur ganda, stasion ieu geus teu difungsikeun deui. Halteu ieu boga dua jalur. Ka arah Bandung, aya jambatan Cisomang anu jadi jambatan pangjerona sa-Asia Tenggara.
Tingali ogé
Karéta api
Saribu Raja Janji Maria, Balige, Toba Samosir
Saribu Raja Janji Maria nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Balige, Kabupatén Toba Samosir, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Beber, Beber, Cirebon
Beber nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Beber, Kabupatén Cirebon, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Bakauheni, Bakauheni, Lampung Kidul
Bakauheni nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Bakauheni, Kabupatén Lampung Kidul, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
SMKS Yastrif 2 Parungpanjang
SMKS Yastrif 2 Parungpanjang nyaéta Sakola Menengah Kajuruan Swasta anu aya di Kabupatén Bogor. Alamat lengkepna di Jl. Raya Cibunar, Kalurahan/Désa Cibunar Kacamatan Parung Panjang, Kabupatén Bogor, Jawa Kulon kalawan nomor NPSN 20232504.
Bengkulu TV
Bengkulu TV nyaéta stasion TV lokal di Indonésia.
SMAS Assalafiyah Ciasem
SMAS Assalafiyah Ciasem nyaéta Sakola Menengah Atas Swasta anu aya di Kabupatén Subang. Alamat lengkepna di Jl. Keboncau Dusun Sidamulya Ciasem, Kalurahan/Désa Ciasem Baru Kacamatan Ciasem, Kabupatén Subang, Jawa Kulon kalawan nomor NPSN 20247270.
Ngabungbang
Ngabungbang, disebut ogé ngabungbang batulawang, nyaéta kagiatan budaya anu tos lumangsung di masarakat Désa Batulawang, Kacamatan Pataruman, Kota Banjar. Ieu kasenian sok dilaksanakeun dina waktu peuting anu dimimitian ku pamapag para inohong, di antarana nyaéta ti unsur muspida, pamangku adat, jeung pamangku seni anu aya di sabundeureun Kota Banjar.
Sandruta, Idanogawo, Nias
Sandruta nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Idanogawo, Kabupatén Nias, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Ngabungbang
Numutkeun salah sahiji sesepuh adat, ngabungbang téh nyaéta hiji kagiatan tradisi urang Sunda anu dilaksanakeun dina waktu peuting di handapeun cahaya bulan purnama, tepatna tanggal 14 Mulud. Atawa, ngabungbang téh hartin cicing di luar imah dina kaayaan henteu saré sapeupeuting. Ngabungbang asalna tina rucatan kecap "nga" hartina ngahijikeun tur "bungbang" hartina miceun atawa ngabersihkeun. Saanggeus henteu sare sapeupeuting, kagiatan ngabungbang dilanjutkeun kana mandi.
Sandruta, Idanogawo, Nias
Sandruta, Idanogawo, Nias
2007 GW4
Ari 2007 GW4 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Apollo, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.291, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 20.6. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO�409327.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Blang Asan, Kota Sigli, Pidie
Blang Asan nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Kota Sigli, Kabupatén Pidie, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
Blang Asan, Kota Sigli, Pidie
Pasar Puntung, Semadam, Aceh Tenggara
Pasar Puntung nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Semadam, Kabupatén Aceh Tenggara, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
1087
Taun ka-1087 Maséhi dina Kalénder Grégorian.
Tanjung Aur Seberang, Serai Serumpun, Tebo
Tanjung Aur Seberang nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Serai Serumpun, Kabupatén Tebo, Propinsi Jambi, Indonésia.
Jessica Veranda
Jessica Veranda Tanumihardja atanapi disebat Ve, ogé katelah Veranda JKT48 salaku anggota JKT48 nyaéta saurang penyanyi Indonésia sareng matak anu ogé tilas anggota generasi kahiji JKT48 asalna ti Jakarta, Indonesia.
Muarasari, Bogor Selatan, Bogor
Muarasari nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Bogor Selatan, Kota Bogor, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Ciawigajah, Beber, Cirebon
Ciawigajah nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Beber, Kabupatén Cirebon, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Cau
Cau; musa paradisiaca téh ngaran umum pikeun tutuwuhan herbaceous ti genus Musa, ogé pikeun nyebut buahna. Ieu tutuwuhan téh pituin ti wewengkon tropis Asia Tenggara, tapi kiwari geus dibudidayakeun ampir di sakabéh wewengkon tropis. Dina masing-masing wewengkon cau gaduh ngaran has sorangan, diantarana: gadang atawa gedhang (Jawa), biyu (Bali), punti (Lampung), unti (Bugis), koyo (Ternate), kula (Banda), uri (Ambon), jeung tema (Pulo Seram).
Cau téh anggota kulawarga Musaceae. Sacara tradisional dipelak pikeun diala buah jeung daunna, laju ka dieunakeun diala ogé seratna sarta dipelak pikeun hiasan. Gebogna (pseudostem) nu jangkungna bisa nepi ka 2–8 m, sarta panjang daunna nepi ka 3,5 m.
Pikeun melak cau, salah sahiji kondisi taneuh anu kedah diperhatoskeun adalah nilai pH taneuh. Kaayaan pH anu optimal pikeun melak cau nyaéta antara pH 5,5 nepi ka 6,5. Pangusaha cau kedahna nganggo pH meter tanah pikeun ngukur pH tanéh lahan anjeunna janten leres pangukuranana.
Kiwari, cau dipelak di 132 nagara, panglobana dibanding bungbuahan séjénna. Lian ti didahar langsung, cau ogé sok dijieun salé jeung kiripikna. Di pasar internasional, cau paling loba diékspor ka AS jeung Uni Éropah.
KoléCau KoléCau Kolé Cau Kolé
Ékonomi
Cau salah sahiji buah anu pangseueurna diproduksi di Indonesia. Nurut data ti Badan Pusat Statistik taun 2016, buah pangseueurna diproduksi di Indonésia per taun 2015 nyaéta:
Central tendency
Central tendency mangrupa watesan anu digunakeun dina sababaraha widang panalungtikan empiris keur "acuan" anu ku ahli statistik kadangkala disebut "location". Hiji "measure of central tendency" séjénna nyaéta location parameter atawa statistik digunakeun keur ngir-ngira location paraméter. Contona nyaéta:
Conto séjénna nyaéta midrange (rata-rata tina nilai pangluhurna jeung panghandapna dina data atawa distribusi), jeung truncated mean dipaké ngitung angka dina widang olahraga ku sababaraha kasus khusus ti interquartile mean.
BiTV
BiTV nyaéta BTV dan B-TV stasion TV lokal di Indonésia.
Karangarén, Kutasari, Purbalingga
Karangarén nyaéta salasahiji désa di Kacamatan Kutasari, Purbalingga, Propinsi Jawa Tengah, Indonésia.
BMS TV
BMS TV nyaéta stasion TV lokal di Indonésia.
2000 YG29
Ari 2000 YG29 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Apollo, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.692, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 18.8. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO13800.
Titi Pasir, Semadam, Aceh Tenggara
Titi Pasir nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Semadam, Kabupatén Aceh Tenggara, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
2015 HJ10
Ari 2015 HJ10 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Amor, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.134, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 25.2. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO 337075.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Cobék basréng
Cobek Basreng nyaéta baso digoréng anu dibungbuan ku bungbu cobék. Carana mah basajan ukur ngaréndos gula beureum, céngék, jeung diuyahan saeutik.
Daratan Asia Kidul Wétan
Daratan Asia Kidul Wétan (atawa Sumananjung Indochina) mangrupa salah sahiji bagéan tina buana Asia Kidul Wétan. Perenahna aya di wétaneun buana India jeung kiduleun Cina sarta wawatesan jeung Samudera Hindia di beulah kulon jeung Samudera Pasipik di beulah wétan. Nagara-Nagara anu kaasup kana Sumananjung ieu diantarana nyaéta Kamboja, Laos, Myanmar (Burma), Sumananjung Malaysia, Thailand jeung Vietnam.
Ramdhani Qubil AJ
Ramdhani Qubil AJ nyaéta hiji palakon jeung palawak Indonésia. Anjeunna katelah minangka Jambrong dina sérial TV, Lorong Waktu. Anjeunna ogé maénkeun peran minangka Madit Musyawarah di sinetron Islam KTP.
Riboflavin
Riboflavin atawa vitamin B2 mangrupa vitamin B-kompléks nu leyur-cai. Dina jero awak, riboflavin utamana aya salaku bagian integral koénzim, flavin adénin dinukléotida (FAD) jeung flavin mononukléotida (FMN). Koénzim nu diturunkeun ti riboflavin biasa disebut flavin, sedengkeun énzim nu maké koénzim flavin disebut flavoprotéin.
Daratan Asia Kidul Wétan
Cindekna, aya 2 jéntréan ngeunaan Indochina, anu heuruet jeung anu lega:
Riboflavin
Antioksidan
Glutathione reductase is an FAD-dependent enzyme that participates in the redox cycle of glutathione. The glutathione redox cycle plays a major role in protecting organisms from reactive oxygen species, such as hydroperoxides.
Daratan Asia Kidul Wétan
Sumananjung Malaysia kadang diasupkeun ka wewengkon ieu, tapi wewengkon Sumananjung Malaysia mah leuwih mindeng diasupkeun ka Asia Kidul Wétan Maritim.
Riboflavin
Antioksidan
Glutathione peroxidase, a selenium-containing enzyme, requires two molecules of reduced glutathione to break down hydroperoxides (see diagram).
Daratan Asia Kidul Wétan
Istilah
Asal-usul ngaran Indo-Cina biasana patumbu jeung sebutan anu dibére ku ahli géograpis Dénmark-Prancis nyaéta Conrad Malte-Brun, anu nyebut wewengkon ieu salaku indo-chinois dina taun 1804, jeung ogé aya ahli basa Skotlandia ngarana téh John Leyden, anu maké istilah Indo-Cina pikeun ngajéntrékeun kaayaan wewengkon jeung basa nu dicaturkeun ku masarakat nu aya di dinya dina taun 1808. Pamadegan ilmiah dina mangsa harita ngeunaan pangaruh sajarah Tiongkok jeung India di daérah éta sipatna kontropérsial, jeung istilahna ogé kontropérsial — antukna Malte-Brun eureun maké istilah éta dina Géografi Universal nu manéhna dina édisi anu satuluyna, alesanna téh yén istilah éta leuwih ngutamakeun pangaruh Cina, nu matak tungtungna manéhna nyarankeun istilah Chin-India. Ngan hanjakalna, istilah Indo-Cina geus kapalang mibanda daya taji sarta mindeng dipaké pikeun ngaganti istilah alternatip anu séjénna kayaning India Satuluyna jeung Sumananjung di saluareun Gangga. Ngan satuluyna, nalika Perancis ngadegkeun wewengkon jajahanna nyaéta Indochina Perancis, pamakéan istilah ieu ngaheureutan jadi ngan sawaréhna, nyaéta wewengkon anu kaasup kana koloni Prancis wungkul, Kiwari mah daérah ieu biasana disebut Daratan Asia Kidul Wétan.
Riboflavin
Antioksidan
Glutathione reductase requires FAD to regenerate two molecules of reduced glutathione from oxidized glutathione. Riboflavin deficiency has been associated with increased oxidative stress (4). Measurement of glutathione reductase activity in red blood cells is commonly used to assess riboflavin nutritional status (5).
Daratan Asia Kidul Wétan
Lokasi
Sumananjung ieu mibanda lega kira kira 2 juta km2. Indochina diwatesan ti beulah kulon ku Teluk Benggala jeung Sagara Andaman di jaladri Hindia, selat Malaka di beulah kidul, jeung di wétanna ku Sagara Tiongkok Kidul, teluk Thailand jeung teluk Tonkin (Bakbo) anu kaasup kana jaladri Pasipik. Wates di beulah kalérna biasana dimimitian ti délta walungan Gangga jeung Brahmaputra nepi ka délta walungan Hongha. Tungtung kidul Indochina di kiduleun Kra Isthmus ngabentuk Sumananjung Malaka anu manjang ka kidul.
Riboflavin
Antioksidan
Xanthine oxidase, another FAD-dependent enzyme, catalyzes the oxidation of hypoxanthine and xanthine to uric acid. Uric acid is one of the most effective water-soluble antioxidants in the blood. Riboflavin deficiency can result in decreased xanthine oxidase activity, reducing blood uric acid levels (6).
Daratan Asia Kidul Wétan
Iklim
Iklimna nyaéta monsun subéquatorial, ékuator di Sumananjung Malaka. Di bagéan daratan, suhu rata-ratana biasana henteu kurang ti 20 ° C, di musim semi, lamun di musim panas mah suhuna bisa nepi ka 28-30 ° C. Ari di bagéan gunungna mah, suhuna turun nepi ka kurang ti 15 ° C.
Riboflavin
Vitamin B-kompléks
Because flavoproteins are involved in the metabolism of several other vitamins (vitamin B6, niacin, and folic acid), severe riboflavin deficiency may impact many enzyme systems. Conversion of most naturally available vitamin B6 to its coenzyme form, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), requires the FMN-dependent enzyme, pyridoxine 5'-phosphate oxidase (PPO) (7). At least two studies in the elderly have documented significant interactions between indicators of vitamin B6 and riboflavin nutritional status (8, 9). The synthesis of the niacin-containing coenzymes, NAD and NADP, from the amino acid, tryptophan, requires the FAD-dependent enzyme, kynurenine mono-oxygenase. Severe riboflavin deficiency can decrease the conversion of tryptophan to NAD and NADP, increasing the risk of niacin deficiency (3). Methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) is an FAD-dependent enzyme, which plays an important role in maintaining the specific folate coenzyme required to form methionine from homocysteine (see diagram). Along with other B-vitamins, increased riboflavin intake has been associated with decreased plasma homocysteine levels (10). Recently, increased plasma riboflavin levels were associated with decreased plasma homocysteine levels mainly in those individuals who were homozygous for the C677T polymorphism of the MTHFR gene and whose folate intake was low (11). Such results illustrate the potential for complex interactions between genetic and dietary factors on chronic disease risk.
Laira, Idanogawo, Nias
Laira nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Idanogawo, Kabupatén Nias, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Riboflavin
Beusi
Riboflavin deficiency alters iron metabolism. Although the mechanism is not clear, research in animals suggests that riboflavin deficiency may impair iron absorption, increase intestinal loss of iron, and/or impair iron utilization for the synthesis of hemoglobin. In humans, improving riboflavin nutritional status has been found to increase circulating hemoglobin levels. Correction of riboflavin deficiency in individuals who are both riboflavin deficient and iron deficient improves the response of iron-deficiency anemia to iron therapy (12).
Daratan Asia Kidul Wétan
Iklim
Di tutugan gunung anu ngangin kulon, curah hujan turun 2,5-5 rébu mm per taun. Di wewengkon pedalaman sumananjung, di sababaraha tempat curah hujanna kurang ti 1.000 mm unggal taun. Di basisir wétan Indocina, usum tiris mangrupa usum kalawan curah hujan panglobana, nyaéta bisa nepi ka 2.000 mm per taun.
Laira, Idanogawo, Nias
Laira, Idanogawo, Nias
Daratan Asia Kidul Wétan
Jaman Prasajarah
Indochina geus dicicingan ti saprak jaman prasajarah, sakumaha dibuktikeun ku dipanggihna Sai Yok (Thailand), Bac Son jeung Hoa Binh (Viétnam) anu ngungkap paadaban anu geus wanoh kana budaya tuar duruk jeung ngangon bagong ti milénium ka-4 SM nepi ka milénium ka 2 SM anu ilahar ku budaya tani jeung dumuk dina tempat anu tetep salaku bagéan tina paadaban Longshan, dibuktiken ku sababaraha situs kaasup situs Phung Nguyen di Viétnam; kabéh situs ieu perenahna di dataran, utamana di délta walungan atawa di papasiran héndép. Masarakat anu nyaturkeun basa Austro-Asiatic (hususna urang Khmer jeung Mon) geus dumuk di sumananjung ieu ti abad ka 9 M anu tuluy ngamekarkeun kabudayaan Dong Son, maranéhna geus bisa ngolah béas anu dibuktikeun ku kapanggihna dreum badag anu dijieunna tina parunggu.
Riboflavin
Defisiénsi
Ariboflavinosis is the medical name for clinical riboflavin deficiency. Riboflavin deficiency is rarely found in isolation; it occurs frequently in combination with deficiencies of other water-soluble vitamins. Symptoms of riboflavin deficiency include sore throat, redness and swelling of the lining of the mouth and throat, cracks or sores on the outsides of the lips (cheliosis) and at the corners of the mouth (angular stomatitis), inflammation and redness of the tongue (magenta tongue), a moist, scaly skin inflammation (seborrheic dermatitis), the formation of blood vessels in the clear covering of the eye (vascularization of the cornea), and decreased red blood cell count in which the existing red blood cells contain normal levels of hemoglobin and are of normal size (normochromic normocytic anemia) (1, 3). Severe riboflavin deficiency may result in decreased conversion of vitamin B6 to its coenzyme form (PLP) and decreased conversion of tryptophan to niacin (see Nutrient Interactions).
Daratan Asia Kidul Wétan
Awal abad ka-10
Nalika mimiti awal abad ka-10, urang Tibet-Burma ti beulah kalér geus dumuk di bojong walungan Irrawaddy, sedengkeun wewengkon anu ayeuna kaasup kana nagara bagéan Fou-nan, gedé kamungkinan diadegkeun ku urang Khmer, tuluy karajaan Champā diadegkeun ku salah saurang panyorang ti Austronésia, karajaan ieu bijil di beulah kidul jeung wétaneun sumananjung. Dina mangsa harita, pangaruh paadaban India loba anu asup bareng jeung asupna ageman Hindu. Dina abad ka 6, karajaan pangheula Khmer nyaéta Funan dijajah ku Chenla, sedengkeun urang Mon ngadegkeun karajaan Dvaravati. Tuluy di abad ka-9 Chenla digantikeun ku kakaisaran Khmer anu ibukotana di Angkor, dina waktu harita ogé bijil karajaan di wewengkon Burma di beulah kalér, anu perenahna di Pyu di lembah Irrawaddy nyaéta Karajaan Pagan. Sacara babarengan, ageman Buddha nyebar di sumananjung anu dénominasi utamana nyaéta ageman Buddha Theravada atawa Hīnayāna anu lalaunan ngagantikeun Hinduismeu.
Riboflavin
Defisiénsi
Preeclampsia is defined as the presence of elevated blood pressure, protein in the urine, and edema (significant swelling) during pregnancy. About 5 % of women with preeclampsia may progress to eclampsia, a significant cause of maternal death. Eclampsia is characterized by seizures, in addition to high blood pressure and increased risk of hemorrhage (severe bleeding) (13). A study of 154 pregnant women at increased risk of preeclampsia found that those who were riboflavin deficient were 4.7 times more likely to develop preeclampsia than those who had adequate riboflavin nutritional status. The cause of preeclampsia-eclampsia is not known. Decreased intracellular levels of flavin coenzymes could affect mitochondrial function, oxidative stress, and blood vessel dilation, which have all been associated with preeclampsia (14).
Daratan Asia Kidul Wétan
Abad ka-13 nepi abad ka-15
Taun 1257, saurang "khagan" (sajinis raja) nyaéta Möngke ti Mongolia, nalika masih kénéh aya dina périodeu Kakaisaran Mongol, nginvasi daérah Tonkin. Ngan, nurutkeun pamadegan ti Jean-Paul Roux, pangjajahan ieu sipatna rada teu pasti jeung teu ngaruh kana kaayaan wewengkon éta kusabab teu pati loba dominasi anu dibalukarkeun ku ayana invasi éta.
Riboflavin
Faktor résiko défisiénsi riboflavin
The use of specialized light therapy to treat jaundice in newborns increases the destruction of riboflavin and is a recognized cause of riboflavin deficiency (6). Alcoholics are at increased risk for riboflavin deficiency due to decreased intake, decreased absorption, and impaired utilization of riboflavin. Anorexic individuals rarely consume adequate riboflavin. Lactose intolerance may prevent people from consuming milk or dairy products, which are good sources of riboflavin. The conversion of riboflavin into FAD and FMN is impaired by hypothyroidism and adrenal insufficiency (3, 4). People who are very active physically (athletes, laborers) may have a slightly increased riboflavin requirement. However, riboflavin supplementation has not generally been found to increase exercise tolerance or performance (15).
Daratan Asia Kidul Wétan
Abad ka-13 nepi abad ka-15
Abad ka-13, urang Thai ti beulah kidul ngulon China, ngadegkeun karajaan Sukhothai jeung Lanna. Di beulah wétan, sabada réngséna samilénium "Dominasi Tiongkok Di Tatar Viétnam", antukna Viétnam merdika sakalian ngalegaan wewengkonna ka beulah kidul ku cara ngajajah karajan Champa jeung kakaisaran Khmer di délta Mekong beulah handap. Abad ka-15 mulai daratang para padagang ti Arab, Éropa jeung Cina anu mekar di sapanjang basisir: Komunitas Tionghoa (utamana anu asalna ti béh kiduleun Cina) dararumuk di palabuan, masarakat ti Nagara-nagara Islam ngarumpul di Arakan/Rakhine (Burma) tur Malaysia, ageman Kristen mimiti ngakar di pos-pos padagangan Éropa (Malaka, Johor jeung Singapura, dipiheulaan ku Katolik anu dibawa ku Portugis, tuluy disusul Protéstan anu dibawa ku Walanda).
Riboflavin
Asupan dina katuangan
The RDA for riboflavin, revised in 1998, was based on the prevention of deficiency. Clinical signs of deficiency in humans appear at intakes of less than 0.5-0.6 milligrams (mg)/day, and excess urinary excretion of riboflavin is seen at intake levels of approximately 1 mg/day (1). Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for Riboflavin Life Stage 	Age  	Males (mg/day)  	Females (mg/day) Infants 	0-6 months  	0.3 (AI)  	0.3 (AI) Infants 	7-12 months  	0.4 (AI)  	0.4 (AI) Children 	1-3 years  	0.5  	0.5 Children 	4-8 years  	0.6  	0.6 Children 	9-13 years  	0.9  	0.9 Adolescents 	14-18 years  	1.3  	1.0 Adults 	19 years and older  	1.3  	1.1 Pregnancy 	all ages  	-  	1.4 Breastfeeding 	all ages  	-  	1.6
Katarak
Age-related cataracts are the leading cause of visual disability in the U.S. and other developed countries. Research has focused on the role of nutritional antioxidants because of evidence that oxidative damage of lens proteins from light may lead to the development of age-related cataracts. Two case-control studies found significantly decreased risk of age-related cataract (33% to 51%) in men and women in the highest quintile of dietary riboflavin intakes (1.6 to 2.2 mg/day) compared with those in the lowest quintile (0.08 mg/day) (16). Individuals in the highest quintile of riboflavin nutritional status, as measured by red blood cell glutathione reductase activity, had approximately one half the occurrence of age-related cataract as those in the lowest quintile of riboflavin status, though the results were not statistically significant (17). Recently, a cross-sectional study of 2,900 Australian men and women, 49 years of age and older, found that those in the highest quintile of intake for riboflavin were 50% less likely to have cataracts than those in the lowest quintile (18). A prospective study of more than 50,000 women did not observe a difference between rates of cataract extraction between women in the highest quintile of riboflavin intake (1.5 mg/day) and those in the lowest quintile (1.2 mg/day) (19). However, the range between the highest and lowest quintiles was small, and median intake levels for both were above the current RDA for riboflavin. Although these observational studies provide support for the role of riboflavin in the prevention of cataracts, placebo-controlled intervention trials are needed to confirm the relationship.
Daratan Asia Kidul Wétan
Périodeu Modéren
Dina abad ka-20 geus mulai bijil sumanget nasionalismeu lokal anti-kolonial jeung konsérvatip, tuluy sacara lalaunan digantikeun ku idéologi totalitér: kahiji, anu aya hubunganna jeung ékspansi Jepang kalawan proyékna nyaéta Asia Wétan Raya, tuluy nu kadua nyaéta komunismeu anu sanggeus Perang Dunya Kadua ngamonopoli tuntutan kamerdikaan anu dibantuan ku Uni Soviét dina kontéks Perang Tiis. Di Indochina ogé aya gerakan pikeun nangtang Prancis, Thailand, jeung pamaréntahan konsérvatip anu aya dina pasukan komunis (anu ménéjemenna mindeng dilatih di Paris). Antagonismeu ideologis ieu ngabalukarkeun perang wewengkon anu ngagetih jeung serangan téroris.
Riboflavin
Jangar migrén
Some evidence indicates that impaired mitochondrial oxygen metabolism in the brain may play a role in the pathology of migraine headaches. As the precursor of the two flavin coenzymes (FAD and FMN) required by the flavoproteins of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, supplemental riboflavin has been investigated as a treatment for migraine. A randomized placebo-controlled trial examined the effect of 400 mg of riboflavin/day for 3 months on migraine prevention in 54 men and women with a history of recurrent migraine headaches (20). Riboflavin was significantly better than placebo in reducing attack frequency and the number of headache days, though the beneficial effect was most pronounced during the third month of treatment. It should be noted, however, that only about 25 mg of riboflavin can be absorbed in a single oral dose (21). A more recent study by the same investigators found that treatment with either a medication called a beta-blocker or high-dose riboflavin resulted in clinical improvement, but each therapy appeared to act on a distinct pathological mechanism; beta-blockers on abnormal cortical information processing and riboflavin on decreased brain mitochondrial energy reserve. Though these findings are preliminary, they suggest that riboflavin supplementation might be a useful adjunct to pharmacologic therapy with beta-blockers in migraine prevention (22).
Daratan Asia Kidul Wétan
Perang Dékolonisasi
Dina mangsa ieu, Uni Soviet, Amérika Sarikat, jeung Republik Rahayat Tiongkok pipilueun dina prosés dékolonisasi anu dituturkeun ku rupa-rupa konflik: Perang Indochina Prancis, tuluy Perang Viétnam-Amerika, Perang Sadulur Laos jeung Perang Sadulur Kamboja. Indochina Prancis nggeus jadi koloni Prancis ti saprak taun 1887. Dina taun ieu geus kaciri ayana Pahijian Indochina, anu ngawengku Kamboja (koloni Prancis ti 1884 ), Annam (protéktorat ti 1884), Tonkin (ogé protektorat ti 1884), jeung Concinchina (koloni ti 1867). Laos anu ogé mangrupa protéktorat Prancis, ngagabung jeung Pahijian Indochina taun 1893. Diadegkeunna pahijian ieu dikasangtukangan ku dasar féderal, kantor pusatna aya di Hanoi anu dipingpin ku saurang gupernur. Sistim atikan ala Prancis diwawuhkeun jeung universitas Prancis dibuka di Hanoi. Titik fokus pikeun ngalawan pangjajahan nyaéta Annam jeung Tonkin, di mana pasukan gerakan nasionalis gumelar taun 1920-an. Ngan dina mangsa anu sarua, Pamahulaan Nghe Tinh (1930-31) di Viétnam keur lumangsung sacara indepénden anu mangrupa pamahulaan para patani anu nyababkeun tiwasna kira-kira 10.000 jelema jeung ngabalukarkeun dideportasikeunna 50.000 jelema.
Riboflavin
Katuangan
Most plant and animal derived foods contain at least small quantities of riboflavin. Wheat flour and bread have been enriched with riboflavin (as well as thiamin, niacin, and iron) since 1943 in the U.S. Data from large dietary surveys indicate that the average intake of riboflavin for men is about 2 mg/day and for women is about 1.5 mg/day, well above the RDA. Intake levels were similar for a population of elderly men and women (1). Riboflavin is easily destroyed by exposure to light. Up to 50% of the riboflavin in milk contained in a clear glass bottle can be destroyed after two hours of exposure to bright sunlight (6). Some foods with substantial amounts of riboflavin are listed in the table below along with their riboflavin content in milligrams (mg). For more information on the nutrient content of foods you eat frequently, search the USDA food composition database. Food 	Serving 	Riboflavin (mg) Fortified cereal 	1 cup 	0.59 to 2.27 Milk (nonfat) 	1 cup (8 ounces) 	0.34 Cheddar cheese 	1 ounce 	0.11 Egg (cooked) 	1 large 	0.27 Almonds 	1 ounce 	0.24 Salmon (broiled) 	3 ounces* 	0.13 Halibut (broiled) 	3 ounces 	0.08 Chicken, light meat (roasted) 	3 ounces 	0.10 Chicken, dark meat (roasted) 	3 ounces 	0.18 Beef (cooked) 	3 ounces 	0.19 Broccoli (boiled or steamed) 	1/2 cup chopped 	0.09 Asparagus (boiled or steamed) 	6 spears 	0.13 Spinach (boiled or steamed) 	1/2 cup 	0.09 Bread, whole wheat 	1 slice 	0.07 Bread, white (enriched) 	1 slice 	0.09
Daratan Asia Kidul Wétan
Perang Dékolonisasi
Dina bulan Séptémber 1940, Jepang narima konsési militér jeung ékonomi ti pamaréntah Vichy, kaasup pamakéan bandara jeung palabuan sacara gratis. Hasilna, militér Jepang jadi sasaran utama gerakan nasionalis anu dipingpin ku Viétnam ti taun 1943, sangkilamg Jepang can pernah sacara resmi nempatan daérah éta. Dina tanggal 9 Maret, Duta Badag Jepang Matsumoto méré ultimatum ka Gupernur Jean Decoux (wd), anu tungtungna mah teu diwaro ku anjeunna. Isukna, 750 tentara Prancis dipenjara, 400 di antarana maot. Antukna, Kamboja, Laos jeung Viétnam ngaproklamasikeun kamerdikaanna sorangan-sorangan. Tanggal 19 Agustus, pasukan Ho Chi Minh ngabaris ke Hanoi jeung maksa kaisar Viétnam Bảo Đại pikeun ngundurkeun diri.
Riboflavin
Suplemén
The most common forms of riboflavin available in supplements are riboflavin and riboflavin 5'-monophosphate. Riboflavin is most commonly found in multivitamin and vitamin B-complex preparations (23).
Daratan Asia Kidul Wétan
Perang Dékolonisasi
6 Maret 1946, Prancis mikaaku otonomi Viétnam, Kamboja jeung Laos, anu bisa dirasakeun dina Féderasi Indochina, anu mangrupa anggota tina Uni Perancis. Sabada perang Indochina kahiji, Prancis antukna narima kemerdikaan Kamboja jeung Laos jeung ogé mulangkeun kabéh pasukanna ti Vietnam.
Riboflavin
Toksisitas
No toxic or adverse effects of high riboflavin intake in humans are known. Studies in cell culture indicate that excess riboflavin may increase the risk of DNA strand breaks in the presence of chromium (IV), a known carcinogen (24). This may be of concern to workers exposed to chrome, but no data in humans is available. High dose riboflavin therapy has been found to intensify urine color to a bright yellow (flavinuria), but this is a harmless side effect. The Food and Nutrition Board did not establish a tolerable upper level of intake (UL) when the RDA was revised in 1998 (1).
Daratan Asia Kidul Wétan
Perang Dékolonisasi
Rezim komunis ngawasa di Viétnam Kalér sarta rezim tradisional ngawasa di Viétnam Kidul, anu jadi pamicu lumangsungna perang sadulur anu kaasup kana Perang Indochina Kadua. Salian tii éta, aya ogé konflik anu ngalibatkeun antara Kamboja jeung Vienam anu mana pamaréntah Kamboja anu pro-Viétnam ngalawan Khmer Beureum. Tungtungna mah tina sakabéh konflik anu geus aya di luhur ngabalukarkeun salila ampir satengah abad, wewengkon-wewengkon éta ngalaman kadiktatoran, répresi, kaheurasan, pangrusakan jeung génosida.
Riboflavin
Interaksi obat
Several early reports indicated that women taking high-dose oral contraceptives (OC) had diminished riboflavin nutritional status. However, when investigators controlled for dietary riboflavin intake, no differences between OC users and non-users were found (1). Phenothiazine derivatives, like the anti-psychotic medication, chlorpromazine, and tricyclic antidepressants, inhibit the incorporation of riboflavin into FAD and FMN, as do the anti-malarial medication, quinacrine, and the cancer chemotherapy agent, adriamycin (4). Long-term use of the anti-convulsant, phenobarbitol may increase destruction of riboflavin, by liver enzymes, increasing the risk of deficiency (3).
Daratan Asia Kidul Wétan
Balukar tina Konflik
Balukar tina konflik dina périodeu ieu kaitungna beurat pisan, contona dina mimiti abad ka-21, nalika diadegkeunna padaméian ti saprak taun 2000, pamakéan sanjata kimia nyésakeun yutaan ranjo darat jeung pélor bedil anu ngabahayakeun lingkungan jeung kaséhatan pangeusi, anu matak ngabalukarkeun kacacatan puluhan rébu jelema jeung maéhan sababaraha ratus jelema unggal taun; euweuh nagara Indochina anu mibanda sistim démokrasi anu gumuna, malah sanajan enya ogé aya rezim parleméntér anu mikawasa, mangka geus bisa dipastikeun rézim éta bakal katelah gagal jeung ngalaman pangwangunan sosial anu laun pisan, tur padagangan narkoba jeung jelema masih loba kénéh sarta pangbajakan jeung éksploitasi sumber daya darat tur sagara.
Riboflavin
Anjuran Lembaga Linus Pauling
The RDA for riboflavin (1.3 mg/day for men and 1.1 mg/day for women) is easily met by eating a varied diet, and should prevent deficiency in most individuals. Consuming a varied diet should supply 1.5 mg to 2 mg of riboflavin a day. Following the Linus Pauling Institute recommendation to take a multivitamin/multimineral supplement, containing 100 % of the Daily Values (DV), will ensure an intake of at least 1.7 mg of riboflavin/day.
Daratan Asia Kidul Wétan
Biogéografi
Dina biogéografi, biorégion Indocina mangrupa wewengkon utama dina Alam Indomalayam, sarta ogé mangrupa Pitogéograpi wewengkon floristic dina Oriental Paléotropikal Badag. Anu eusina ngasupkeun kabéh flora jeung fauna asli ti nagara-nagara di luhur. Wewengkon Malésia anu padeukeut ngawengku nagara-nagara maritim Asia Wétan Kidul, jeung ngaliwatan wewengkon Indomalayan jeung Australasian.
Riboflavin
Kanggo sepuh
Some experts in nutrition and aging feel that the RDA (1.3 mg/day for men and 1.1 mg/day for women) leaves little margin for error in people over 50 years of age (25, 26). A recent study of independently living people between 65 and 90 years of age found that almost 25% consumed less than the recommended riboflavin intake, and 10% had biochemical evidence of deficiency (27). Additionally, epidemiological studies of cataract prevalence indicate that riboflavin intakes of 1.6 to 2.2 mg/day may reduce the risk of developing age-related cataracts. Individuals, whose diets may not supply adequate riboflavin, especially those over 50, should consider taking a multivitamin/multimineral supplement, which generally provides at least 1.7 mg of riboflavin/day.-->
Daratan Asia Kidul Wétan
Dunya sasatoan
Sumananjung Indochina kaasup kana kawasan zoogeografi Indo-Malaya anu mibanda kaanékaragaman hayati anu beunghar. Lolobana jenis sato leuweung, diantarana nu paling umum nyaéta monyét (owa jeung kera), lemur, gajah India, maung Indo-Cina, jeung sajabana. Sato mamanukan diantarana: manuk céndrawasih, manuk béo, manuk merak, manuk pegar jeung hayam leuweung, ari di bagéan délta walungan mah kacaturkeun aya bango, flamingo jeung buhaya.
2010 RT80
Ari 2010 RT80 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Amor, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.452, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 23.0. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO 190731.
Daratan Asia Kidul Wétan
Végétasi
Végétasi alami Sumananjung Indochina dicirian ku leuweung tropis anu lembab tur mibanda komposisi anu kompléks. Mangrove ngadominasi di sapanjang basisir rawa-rawa. Di dataranna, tutuwuhan anu ilahar diantarana nyaéta paré jeung karét
2010 RT80
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Daratan Asia Kidul Wétan
Géografi
Sumananjung Indocina ngaruntuy ka kidul ti buana Asia. Sarta ngandung sababaraha rentang gunung nepi ka Dataran Luhur Tibét di beulah kalér, diheuleut ku dataran handap anu lolobana ngagaringan kusabab tilu sistem walungan utama anu ngalir ka arah kalér nepi ka kidul: Walungan Irrawaddy (Myanmar), Walungan Chao Phraya (Thailand ), jeung Mékong (aliranana ngaliwatan wewengkon beulah wétan-kaléreun Thailand, Laos, Kamboja jeung Vietnam). Di tungtung beulah kidul ngabentuk Sumananjung Malaya, nyaéta di Thailand Kidul jeung Sumananjung Malaysia; anu kiwari sacara variatif dianggap bagéan tina Daratan Asia Kidul Wétan atawa misah jadi bagién tina Asia Wétan Kidul Maritim.
Sacara leuwih spésipik, di beulah kalér ilaharna mah didomnasi ku tonggoh sedengkeun di kidul mah didominasi ku lebak. Taneuh di kalér mangrupa Tonggoh Shan kuna, anu jangkungna 1.500 nepi ka 2.000 méter di luhur pamukaan sagara. Loba pagunungan anu manjang ti kidul ka kalér bentukna kaciri kawas kipas anu ngabentuk struktur topografi tonggoh Shan jeung sebaran pagunungan kalawan lebak walungan. Pagunungan utama anu ngaruntuy ti kulon ka wétan nyaéta pagunungan Naga, pagunungan Arakan; Pagunungan Daen Lao, pagunungan Tenasserim, pagunungan Bilauktaung jeung Pagunungan Truong Son.