cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Monkey D. Luffy
Awal kahirupan
Waktos kelompok Bajak Laut Rambut Beureum pimpinan Shanks berlabuh di désa Fusha, Luffy janten ngidolkeun ka figur Shanks, sampe manéhna boga cita-cita yén mun manéhna gedé bakal janten bajak laut sapertos Shanks, bahkan anjeunna hayang janten Raja Bajak Laut sareng ngamiliki harta karun Roger nyaéta One Piece.
Demi hayang diajak Shanks janten kruna, Luffy nekad ngalukai pipina, namun Shanks nu nyadar yén Luffy masih leutik kénéh, ngalarang Luffy ngilu kelompokna. Luffy sempet kuciwa ka Shanks, lantaran Shanks teu ngalawan Higuma nu ngerakeun Shanks di barna Makino, Shanks ngeles trus maparkeun yén teu sakabéh masalah musti diakhiri ku jalan gelut. Luffy nu teu ngarti, papanggih deui jeung Higuma terus ngalawan manéhna, hampir dibunuh ku Higuma, muncul Shanks nu ngahadang Higuma, namun sempet Luffy dibawa kabur ka tengah lautan ku Higuma.
Higuma ngalungkeun Luffy ka tengah laut, supados janten santapan Monster Laut, pas monsterna datang, Shanks datang nyalametkeun deui Luffy, namun aya bayaranna nyaéta Shanks kaleungitan leungeun katuhuna demi Luffy.
saatos kajadin
Patarungan
Dugi ka episode 567 dina manga, Luffy geus ngalakonan sabaraha puluh patarungan, nyaéta :
Saidpur
Saidpur bisa ngarah ka:
Roronoa Zoro
Roronoa Zoro mangrupa salah sahiji tokoh protagonis dina dunia anime manga One Piece karya Eiichiro Oda.
Awal kahirupan
Zoro sawaktos masih leutik diajar di hiji dojo samurai nu dipingpin ku saurang master samurai. Di dojo na ieu, Zoro nyobat jeung salah sahiji murid awewe nu ngaranna Kuina, Kuina kanyahoan horeng lewih kuat batan Zoro, kabuktian ku sabaraha kali pertarungan Zoro vs Kuina nu pasti dimeunangkeun waé ku Kuina. Hiji mangsa Kuina ngalaman kacilakaan, nu ngakibatkeun anjeunna maot, Zoro nu nyaho hal ieu sedih pisan trus janji ka Kuina yeun anjeunna bakal jati pendekar pedang pangkuatna sa dunya.
Kru topi jarami
Zoro mimiti papanggih jeung Monkey D. Luffy, waktos manéhna keur ditalian ku Helmeppo anak ti komandan pangkalan Angkatan Laut nyaéta Kapten Morgan. Luffy nu dibantuan ogé ku Coby nyalametkeun Zoro ti rencana eksekusi ku Morgan jeung Helmeppo, saatos kajadian éta Zoro satuju ngagabung janten kru Luffy janten anggota nu kahiji.
Patarungan
Sampei ka episode 567, Zoro tos ngalaman sabaraha patarungan nyaéta :
Sukaramai I, Medan Area, Medan
Sukaramai I nyaéta salah sahiji Kalurahan di kacamatan Medan Area, Kota Medan, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
931 SM
931 SM nyaéta taun ka-931 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
932 SM
932 SM nyaéta taun ka-932 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Jackup Rig
Hiji jack-up rig atawa hiji unit anu bisa naék sorangan (self-elevating) nyaéta jenis anjungan usik anu diwangun tina lambung ngambang dilengkepan kalayan sajumlah suku nu bisa usik,is a type o fitted with a number of movable legs, sanggup naékeun lambung di luhureun permukaan sagara. Lambung apung matak unit bisa ngangkut sarta kabéh mesin kapasang ka lokasi anu dipikahayang. Sanggeus di lokasi lambung ditaékkeun nepikeun ka posisi anu diperlukeun di luhur permukaan sagara dirojong ku sukuna anu nicak kana dasar sagara. Suku ti unit éta bisa dirarancang pikeun nembus dasar sagara, bisa dilengkepan bagéan rada ngagedéan atawa mangrupa pondasi. Umumna rig Jack-up henteu bisa maju sorangan gumantung kana kapal atawa kapal angkat beurat pikeun transportasi.
Anjungan Jack-up dipaké minangka anjungan pengeboran eksplorasi sarta layanan anjungan leupas basisir. Jackup platforms have been the most popular and numerous of various mobile types in existence. Anjungan Jack-up usik geus jadi anu pangpopulérna sarta sagala rupa jenis. Total jumlah rig Jack-up 'Pangeboran' anu operasi baris kira-kira 540 dina ahir taun 2013.
Ngaran
Jack-up rigs are so named because they are self-elevating—with three or four movable legs that can be extended (“jacked”) above or below the hull. Jack-ups are towed to the site with the hull, which is actually a water-tight barge that floats on the water’s surface, lowered to the water level, and the legs extended above the hull. When the rig réaches the drill site, the crew jacks the legs downward through the water and into the séa floor (or onto the séa floor with mat supported jack-ups). This anchors the rig and holds the hull well above the waves.
Operasi
A jackup is a floating barge fitted with long support legs that can be raised or lowered. The jackup is maneuvered (self-propelled or by towing) into location with its legs up and the hull floating on the water. Upon arrival at the work location, the legs are jacked down onto the séafloor. Then "preloading" takes place, where the weight of the barge and additional ballast water are used to drive the legs securely into the séabottom so they will not penetrate further while operations are carried out. After preloading, the jacking system is used to raise the entire barge above the water to a predetermined height or "air gap", so that wave, tidal and current loading acts only on the relatively slender legs and not on the barge hull.
modérn jacking systems use a rack and pinion géar arrangement where the pinion géars are driven by hydraulic or electric motors and the rack is affixed to the legs.
Jackup rigs can only be placed in relatively shallow waters, generally less than 400 ft of water. However, a specialized class of jackup rigs known as premium or ultra-premium jackups are known to have operational capability in water depths ranging from 500 to 625 feet.
Mobile offshore Drilling Units (MODU)
This type of rig is commonly used in connection with oil and/or natural gas drilling. There are more jackup rigs in the worldwide offshore rig fleet than other type of mobile offshore drilling rig. Other types of offshore rigs include semi-submersibles (which float on pontoon-like structures) and drillships, which are ship-shape vessels with rigs mounted in the centers. These rigs drill through holes in the drillship hulls, known as moon pools.
Turbine Installation Vessel (TIV)
This type of rig is commonly used in connection with offshore wind turbine installation.
Barges
Jackup rigs also refer to specialized barges that are similar to an oil and gas platform but are used as a base for servicing other structures such as offshore wind turbines, long bridges, and drilling platforms.
933 SM
933 SM nyaéta taun ka-933 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
934 SM
934 SM nyaéta taun ka-934 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Narayanganj
Narayanganj (নারায়ণগঞ্জ Naraeongônj) nyaéta hiji kota di wewengkon tengah Bangladés. Narayaganj aya di deukeutna Distrik Narayanganj, di deukeut ibukota nagara, Dhaka. Kota ieu aya di gigireun Walungan Shitalakshya. Palabuan walungan di Narayanganj mangrupa palabuan pangkolotna di Bangladés.
935 SM
935 SM nyaéta taun ka-935 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Sei Rengas Permata, Medan Area, Medan
Sei Rengas Permata nyaéta salah sahiji Kalurahan di kacamatan Medan Area, Kota Medan, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Kota Matsum I, Medan Area, Medan
Kota Matsum I nyaéta salah sahiji Kalurahan di kacamatan Medan Area, Kota Medan, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
936 SM
936 SM nyaéta taun ka-936 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Hégarwangi, Bantarkalong, Tasikmalaya
Hégarwangi nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Bantarkalong, Kabupatén Tasikmalaya, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
937 SM
937 SM nyaéta taun ka-937 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Sri Jayabupati
Sri Jayabupati téh raja Sunda anu nyieun prasasti Cibadak. Dina éta prasasti disebutkeun ngaran katut gelarna kalawan lengkep: Sri Jayabupati Jayamanahén Wisnumurti Samarawijaya Sakalabhuwanamandaléswaranindita Haro Gowardana Wikramotunggadéwa. Najan ngaranna sarupa jeung gelar raja Jawa, écés dina éta prasasti disebutkeun yén anjeunna 'Prahajyan Sunda'. Numutkeun salah sahiji naskah Wangsakerta, Sri Jayabupati ngawasa Sunda ti taun 1030 nepi ka 1042, cocog jeung titimangsa dina prasasti Cibadak (12 Parocaang poé Hariang-Kaliwon-Radité, bulan Kartika, 952 Saka, kira-kira meneran 28 Oktober 1030).
Babandingan jeung naskah
Mun dilelebah jeung runtuyan raja-raja Sunda nu disebutkeun dina naskah Carita Parahiyangan, nu kira-kira samangsa téh nyaéta anu disebut Prebu Ditiya Maharaja anu ngawasa salila tujuh taun. Ieu teu akur jeung pamanggih Saléh Danasasmita nu nyangka Sri Jayabupati sarua jeung Darmasiksa.
Sei Rengas II, Medan Area, Medan
Sei Rengas II nyaéta salah sahiji Kalurahan di kacamatan Medan Area, Kota Medan, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
938 SM
938 SM nyaéta taun ka-938 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Kastabilan léréng
Widang kastabilan léréng nujul kana analisa statis sareng dinamik kastabilitan léréng waduk urugan taneuh sareng batu, léréng dina tanggul, lereng galian sareng léréng alami tina taneuh sareng "batuan lunak".
Sakumaha anu tiasa ditempo dina Gambar 1, éarthen slopes can develop a cut-spherical wéakness zone. The probability of this happening can be calculated in advance using a simple 2-D circular analysis package. A primary difficulty with analysis is locating the most-probable slip plane for any given situation. Many landslides have only been analyzed after the fact.
Slope stability issues can be seen with almost any walk down a ravine in an urban setting. An example is shown in Figure 2, where a river is eroding the toe of a slope, and there is a swimming pool néar the top of the slope. If the toe is eroded too far, or the swimming pool begins to léak, the forces driving a slope failure will exceed those resisting failure, and a landslide will develop, possibly quite suddenly. <!--
Metoda analisa
If the forces available to resist movement are gréater than the forces driving movement, the slope is considered stable. A factor of safety is calculated by dividing the forces resisting movement by the forces driving movement. In éarthquake-prone aréas, the analysis is typically run for static conditions and pseudo-static conditions, where the seismic forces from an éarthquake are assumed to add static loads to the analysis.
Metoda Bishop
The Modified (or Simplified) Bishop's Method is a method for calculating the stability of slopes. It is an extension of the Method of Slices. By making some simplifying assumptions, the problem becomes statically determinate and suitable for hand calculations:
The method has been shown to produce factor of safety values within a few percent of the "correct" values.
where
Metoda Lorimer
Lorimer's Method is a technique for evaluating slope stability in cohesive soils. It differs from Bishop's Method in that it uses a clothoid slip surface in place of a circle. This mode of failure was determined experimentally to account for effects of particle cementation.
The method was developed in the 1930s by Gerhardt Lorimer (Dec 20, 1894-Oct 19, 1961), a student of géotechnical pioneer Karl Terzaghi. -->
Catetan
<li>mtslope - free software for slope stability analysis</li>
Pandau Hulu II, Medan Area, Medan
Pandau Hulu II nyaéta salah sahiji Kalurahan di kacamatan Medan Area, Kota Medan, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Pamijahan, Bantarkalong, Tasikmalaya
Pamijahan nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Bantarkalong, Kabupatén Tasikmalaya, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Sirnagalih, Bantarkalong, Tasikmalaya
Sirnagalih nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Bantarkalong, Kabupatén Tasikmalaya, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Simpang, Bantarkalong, Tasikmalaya
Simpang nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Bantarkalong, Kabupatén Tasikmalaya, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Rangamati
Rangamati(রাঙ্গামাটি) nyaéta ibu kota administratif Distrik Pasir Rangamati di Bangladés.
940 SM
940 SM nyaéta taun ka-940 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
941 SM
941 SM nyaéta taun ka-941 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Parakanhonjé, Bantarkalong, Tasikmalaya
Parakanhonjé nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Bantarkalong, Kabupatén Tasikmalaya, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
939 SM
939 SM nyaéta taun ka-939 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Kota Matsum IV, Medan Area, Medan
Kota Matsum IV nyaéta salah sahiji Kalurahan di kacamatan Medan Area, Kota Medan, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Sanji
Sanji mangrupa salah sahiji tokoh protagonis dina anime manga One Piece karya Eiichiro Oda.
Awal kahirupan
Sanji kanyahoan yén aslina manéhna ti daerah lautan North Blue. Waktos leutik manéhna digawe di salah sahiji kapal restoran terapung janten salah sahiji koki (pembantu cilik). Hiji mangsa restoran tempat manéhna digawe, diserang ku hiji komplotan bajak laut nu dipingpin ku Zeff si suku beureum. Saterusna Sanji dibawa kana kapal Zeff ti restoran eta, hiji mangsa deui kapal bajak laut Zeff teuleum, nyesakeun Zeff jeung Sanji kadampar di hiji pulo, di pulo éta duanana ngusaha bertahan hirup nganggo makanan saayana, Zeff nu karunya ka Sanji, ngarelakeun anjeunna teu dahar sabaraha puluh poé demi supados Sanji tiasa hirup bahkan ajeunna dugi ka terpasak ngeureut sukuna terus didahar. Sanji nu nyaho hal ieu nyesel trus bersumpah bakal terus ngabdi ka Zeff, sampai akhirna duanana bisa salamet terus Zeff ngadirikeun restoran terpung terkenl nu ngranna Restoran Baratie di East Blue.
Tegal Sari I, Medan Area, Medan
Tegal Sari I nyaéta salah sahiji Kalurahan di kacamatan Medan Area, Kota Medan, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Pasar Merah Timur, Medan Area, Medan
Pasar Merah Timur nyaéta salah sahiji Kalurahan di kacamatan Medan Area, Kota Medan, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
942 SM
942 SM nyaéta taun ka-942 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
943 SM
943 SM nyaéta taun ka-943 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Kota Matsum II, Medan Area, Medan
Kota Matsum II nyaéta salah sahiji Kalurahan di kacamatan Medan Area, Kota Medan, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Wakap, Bantarkalong, Tasikmalaya
Wakap nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Bantarkalong, Kabupatén Tasikmalaya, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
944 SM
944 SM nyaéta taun ka-944 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Wanci Standar Bangladés
Wanci Standar Bangladés (বাংলাদেশ মান সময়, Bangladesh Standard Time, umumna disingket BST) nyaéta zona wancina Bangladés, nu dipaké sanagara, dina UTC+6:00. Bangladés pernah maké wanci usum panas sakeuduen dina taun 2009 ku lantaran krisis listrik, tapi dina taun 2010, kaputusan éta dibolaykeun.
Bojongasih, Bojong Asih, Tasikmalaya
Bojongasih nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Bojong Asih, Kabupatén Tasikmalaya, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Tegal Sari II, Medan Area, Medan
Tegal Sari II nyaéta salah sahiji Kalurahan di kacamatan Medan Area, Kota Medan, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Sukamaju, Bantarkalong, Tasikmalaya
Sukamaju nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Bantarkalong, Kabupatén Tasikmalaya, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Cikadongdong, Bojong Asih, Tasikmalaya
Cikadongdong nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Bojong Asih, Kabupatén Tasikmalaya, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Girijaya, Bojong Asih, Tasikmalaya
Girijaya nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Bojong Asih, Kabupatén Tasikmalaya, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
946 SM
946 SM nyaéta taun ka-946 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Suka Maju, Medan Johor, Medan
Suka Maju nyaéta salah sahiji Kalurahan di kacamatan Medan Johor, Kota Medan, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
947 SM
947 SM nyaéta taun ka-947 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Tegal Sari III, Medan Area, Medan
Tegal Sari III nyaéta salah sahiji Kalurahan di kacamatan Medan Area, Kota Medan, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Titi Kuning, Medan Johor, Medan
Titi Kuning nyaéta salah sahiji Kalurahan di kacamatan Medan Johor, Kota Medan, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Pangkalan Mansur, Medan Johor, Medan
Pangkalan Mansur nyaéta salah sahiji Kalurahan di kacamatan Medan Johor, Kota Medan, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Bojongkapol, Bojonggambir, Tasikmalaya
Bojongkapol nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Bojonggambir, Kabupatén Tasikmalaya, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
949 SM
949 SM nyaéta taun ka-949 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Sindangsari, Bojong Asih, Tasikmalaya
Sindangsari nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Bojong Asih, Kabupatén Tasikmalaya, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
948 SM
948 SM nyaéta taun ka-948 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Mertajaya, Bojong Asih, Tasikmalaya
Mertajaya nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Bojong Asih, Kabupatén Tasikmalaya, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
950 SM
950 SM nyaéta taun ka-950 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
D-AMPS
D-AMPS, singketan tina kecap-kecap basa Inggris Digital Advanced Mobile Phone System, nyaéta wangun digital tina téknologi AMPS. D-AMPS mangrupa téknologi telepon mobil generasi kadua (2G). Conto téknologi ieu nyaéta IS-54 jeung IS-136nu dipaké di sakuliah buana Amérika, hususna di Amérika Sarikat jeung Kanada. D-AMPS kasilih ku téknologi GSM/GPRS jeung CDMA2000. D-AMPS mindeng disebut sabagé TDMA, singketan tina time division multiple access, nyaéta téknik multi aksés anu umum dipaké ku réa protokol kaasup GSM, ogé IS-54 jeung IS-136. Sanajan kitu, D-AMPS bersaing jeung GSM sarta sistem-sistem nu dumasar kana code division multiple access (CDMA), sanajan ahirna éléh ku téknologi GSM/GPRS jeung CDMA2000.
D-AMPS maké kanal-kanal AMPS nu aya sahingga ieu téknologi bisa jadi jambatan (cukang) antara téknologi-téknologi analog jeung digital di wilayah-wilayah anu masih ngagunakeun ieu dua téknologi sahingga nawarkeun transisi anu lemes ti sistem analog ka digital. D-AMPS leuwih unggul manan AMPS dina hal kapasitas ku cara ngabagi unggal kanal nu rubakna 30 kHz kana tilu waktu (time slot) sarta mangpetkeun data sora sacara digital, nu ningkatkeun kapasitasna tilu kali lipet dina unggal sélna. D-AMPS ogé leuwih aman lantara scanner analog henteu bisa nyadap sinyal digital. Dina ieu téknologi, sora diénkripsi (disandikeun), sanajan algoritma nu digunakeunana (CMEA) ka dieukeun katohyan henteu pati kuat.
IS-136 nambahkeun sajumlah fitur kana spesifikasi IS-54, kaasup SMS, circuit switched data (CSD), jeung protokol komprési nu geus dihadéan. SMS jeung CSD duanana sadia sabagé bagian tina protokol GSM; IS-136 ngagunakeunna dina cara nu ampir sarua.
Jaringan IS-136 nu gedé kaasup di antarana AT&T jeung U.S. Cellular di Amérika Sarikat, jeung Rogers Wireless di Kanada. AT&T jeung Rogers Wireless geus ngahadéan jaringan IS-136 bogana supaya jadi GSM/GPRS, samentara US Cellular migrasi kana téknologi anu panglobana digunakeun ku manéhna nyaéta CDMA2000. Rogers Wireless mindahkeun sakabéh frékuénsi IS-136 dina wilayah 1900 MHz dina taun 2003, ogé dina wilayah 800 MHz. Rogers ngaeureunkeun jaringan IS-136 bogana (babarengan jeung AMPS) dina tanggal 31 Méi 2007.
IS-54 mangrupa sistem komunikasi mobil munggaran nu boga standar pikeun kaamanan sarta nu munggaran maké téknologi TDMA.
Panganteur
IS-54 stands for Interim Standard-54, which is a mobile communication standard employing digital technology. It was standardized by Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA) and Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) together. It later became an American National Standard when it got approved by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). When an interim standard becomes an American National Standard, the IS designator is dropped. The ANSI designation of IS-54 is ANSI/TIA/EIA-627, but this standard is still popularly referred to as IS-54.
IS-54 maintains compatibility with Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) in many ways. It is a digital extension of AMPS and so it is also quite widely known as Digital AMPS (D-AMPS). Another name for IS-54 is United States Digital Cellular (USDC). But sometimes D-AMPS and USDC also refers to the other prominent interim standard IS-136.
Sajarah
The evolution of mobile communication has been almost wholly in 3 different géographic regions. The standards that were born in these regions were quite independent. The 3 regions are North America, Europe and Japan. The éarlier mobile or wireless technologies were wholly analog and are collectively known as 1st Generation (1G) technologies. In Japan, the 1G standards were Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT) and the high capacity version of it (Hicap). The Européan systems were not common and the ‘European Union’ viewpoint that is visible in the later technologies was absent. Various 1G standards that were in use in Europe include C-Netz (in Germany and Austria), Comviq (in Sweden), Nordic Mobile Telephones/450 (NMT450) and NMT900 (both in Nordic countries), NMT-F (French version of NMT900), Radiocom 2000 (RC2000) (in France), and Total Access Communication System(TACS) (in the United Kingdom). North American standards were Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) and Narrow-band AMPS (N-AMPS).
The market showed an incréasing demand because it had higher capacity and mobility than the then existing mobile communication standards. For instance, the Bell Labs system in the 1970s could carry only 12 calls at a time throughout all of New York City. AMPS used Frequency Division Multiple Access FDMA which méant éach cell site would transmit on different frequencies, allowing many cell sites to be built néar éach other.
However, AMPS had many disadvantages too. Primarily, it didn’t have the potential to support the incréasing demand for mobile communication usage. éach cell site did not have much capacity for carrying higher numbers of calls. It also had a poor security system which allowed péople to stéal a phone's serial code to use for making illegal calls. All of these triggered the séarch for a more capable system.
The quest resulted in IS-54, the first American 2G standard. In March 1990, the North American cellular network incorporated the IS-54B standard, the first North American dual mode digital cellular standard. This standard won over Motorola's Narrowband AMPS or N-AMPS, an analog scheme that incréased capacity by cutting down voice channels from 30 kHz to 10 kHz. IS-54, on the other hand, incréased capacity by digital méans using TDMA protocols. This method separates calls by time, placing parts of individual conversations on the same frequency, one after the next. TDMA tripled call capacity.
Using IS-54, a cellular carrier could convert any of its system's analog voice channels to digital. A dual mode phone uses digital channels where available and defaults to regular AMPS where they are not. IS-54 was, in fact, backward compatible with analog cellular and indeed co-exists on the same radio channels as AMPS. No analog customers were left behind; they simply couldn't access IS-54's new féatures. IS-54 also supported authentication, a help in preventing fraud.
Panerapan téknologi
IS-54 employs the same 30 kHz channel spacing and frequency bands (824-849 and 869-894 MHz) as AMPS. Capacity was incréased over the preceding analog design by dividing éach 30 kHz channel pair into three time slots and digitally compressing the voice data, yielding three times the call capacity in a single cell. A digital system also made calls more secure because analog scanners could not access digital signals.
The access method used for IS-54 is Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), which was the first U.S. digital standard to be developed. It was adopted by the TIA in 1992. TDMA subdivides éach of the 30 kHz AMPS channels into 3 full-rate TDMA channels, éach of which is capable of supporting a single voice call. Later, éach of these full-rate channels was further sub-divided into two half-rate channels, éach of which, with the necessary coding and compression, could also support a voice call. Thus, TDMA could provide 3 to 6 times the capacity of AMPS traffic channels. Time Division Multiple Access or TDMA was initially defined by the IS-54 standard and is now specified in the IS-13x series of specifications of the EIA/TIA.
The modulation scheme for IS-54 is 7C/4 differential quaternary phase shift keying (DQPSK), otherwise known as differential 7t/4 4-PSK or π/4 DQPSK. This technique allows a bit rate of 48.6 kbit/s with 30 kHz channel spacing, to give a bandwidth efficiency of 1.62 bit/s/Hz. This value is 20% better than GSM. The major disadvantage with this type of linéar modulation method is the power inefficiency, which translates into a héavier hand-held portable and, even more inconvenient, a shorter time between battery recharges.
IS-54 security féatures is also a matter of interest as it was the first standard to specify some security méasures. IS-54 uses the CAVE (Cellular Authentication, Voice Privacy and Encryption) algorithm for authentication and the CMéa (Cellular Message Encryption Algorithm) for encryption.
The technical specifications can be summarized as below:
Call processing
A conversation's data bits makes up the DATA field. Six slots maké up a complete IS-54 frame. DATA in slots 1 and 4, 2 and 5, and 3 and 6 maké up a voice circuit. DVCC stands for digital verification color code, arcane terminology for a unique 8-bit code value assigned to éach cell. G méans guard time, the period between éach time slot. RSVD stands for reserved. SYNC represents synchronization, a critical TDMA data field. éach slot in every frame must be synchronized against all others and a master clock for everything to work.
Time slots for the mobile-to-base direction are constructed differently from the base-to-mobile direction. They essentially carry the same information but are arranged differently. Notice that the mobile-to-base direction has a 6-bit ramp time to enable its transmitter time to get up to full power, and a 6-bit guard band during which nothing is transmitted. These 12 extra bits in the base-to-mobile direction are reserved for future use.
Once a call comes in the mobile switches to a different pair of frequencies; a voice radio channel which the system carrier has made analog or digital. This pair carries the call. If an IS-54 signal is detected it gets assigned a digital traffic channel if one is available. The fast associated channel or FACCH performs handoffs during the call, with no need for the mobile to go back to the control channel. In case of high noise FACCH, embedded within the digital traffic channel overrides the voice payload, degrading speech quality to convey control information. The purpose is to maintain connectivity. The slow associated control channel or SACCH does not perform handoffs but conveys things like signal strength information to the base station.
The IS-54 speech coder uses the technique called vector sum excited linear prediction (VSELP) coding. This is a special type of speech coder within a large class known as code-excited linear prediction (CELP) coders. The speech coding rate of 7.95 kbit/s achieves a reconstructed speech quality similar to that of the analog AMPS system using frequency modulation. The 7.95-kbit/s signal is then passed through a channel coder that loads the bit rate up to 13 kbit/s. The new half-rate coding standard reduces the overall bit rate for éach call to 6.5 kbit/s, and should provide comparable quality to the 13-kbit/s rate. This half-rate gives a channel capacity six times that of analog AMPS.
System example
The discussion of a communication system won’t be complete without the explanation of a system example. A dual-mode cellular phone as specified by the IS-54 standard is explained. A dual-mode phone is capable of operating in an analog-only cell or a dual-mode cell. Both the transmitter and the receiver support both analog FM and digital time division multiple access (TDMA) schemes. Digital transmission is preferred, so when a cellular system has digital capability, the mobile unit is assigned a digital channel first. If no digital channels are available, the cellular system will assign an analog channel. The transmitter converts the audio signal to a radio frequency (RF), and the receiver converts an RF signal to an audio signal. The antenna focuses and converts RF energy for reception and transmission into free space. The control panel serves as an input/output mechanism for the end user; it supports a keypad, a display, a microphone, and a spéaker. The coordinator synchronizes the transmission and receives functions of the mobile unit. A dual-mode cellular phone consists of the following:
Sunset for D-AMPS in the US and Canada
AT&T, the largest US carrier to support D-AMPS (which it refers to as "TDMA"), had turned down its existing network in order to reléase the spectrum to its GSM and UMTS platforms in 19 wireless markets, which started on May 30, 2007, with other aréas that followed in June and July. The TDMA network in these markets operated on the 1900 MHz frequency and did not coexist with an AMPS network. Service on the remaining 850 MHz TDMA markets was discontinued along with AMPS service on February 18, 2008, except for in aréas where service was provided by Dobson Communications. The Dobson TDMA and AMPS network is expected to be shut down by March of 2008.
On May 31, 2007 Rogers Wireless decommissioned its D-AMPS and AMPS networks and moved the remaining customers on these older networks onto its GSM network.
Girimukti, Bojonggambir, Tasikmalaya
Girimukti nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Bojonggambir, Kabupatén Tasikmalaya, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Kwala Bekala, Medan Johor, Medan
Kwala Bekala nyaéta salah sahiji Kalurahan di kacamatan Medan Johor, Kota Medan, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Kedai Durian, Medan Johor, Medan
Kedai Durian nyaéta salah sahiji Kalurahan di kacamatan Medan Johor, Kota Medan, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Campakasari, Bojonggambir, Tasikmalaya
Campakasari nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Bojonggambir, Kabupatén Tasikmalaya, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
952 SM
952 SM nyaéta taun ka-952 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Ciroyom, Bojonggambir, Tasikmalaya
Ciroyom nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Bojonggambir, Kabupatén Tasikmalaya, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
CDMA
Code division multiple access (CDMA) is a channel access method utilized by various radio communication technologies. It should not be confused with the mobile phone standards called cdmaOne and CDMA2000 (which are often referred to as simply "CDMA"), which use CDMA as an underlying channel access method.
One of the basic concepts in data communication is the idéa of allowing several transmitters to send information simultanéously over a single communication channel. This allows several users to share a bandwidth of different frequencies. This concept is called multiplexing. CDMA employs spread-spectrum technology and a special coding scheme (where éach transmitter is assigned a code) to allow multiple users to be multiplexed over the same physical channel. By contrast, time division multiple access (TDMA) divides access by time, while frequency-division multiple access (FDMA) divides it by frequency. CDMA is a form of "spread-spectrum" signaling, since the modulated coded signal has a much higher data bandwidth than the data being communicated.
An analogy to the problem of multiple access is a room (channel) in which péople wish to communicate with éach other. To avoid confusion, péople could take turns spéaking (time division), spéak at different pitches (frequency division), or spéak in different languages (code division). CDMA is analogous to the last example where péople spéaking the same language can understand éach other, but not other péople. Similarly, in radio CDMA, éach group of users is given a shared code. Many codes occupy the same channel, but only users associated with a particular code can understand éach other.
Tahap dina modulasi CDMA
CDMA is a spréad spectrum multiple access technique. A spréad spectrum technique is one which spréads the bandwidth of the data uniformly for the same transmitted power. Spréading code is a pseudo-random code which has a narrow Ambiguity function unlike other narrow pulse codes. In CDMA a locally generated code runs at a much higher rate than the data to be transmitted. Data for transmission is simply logically XOR (exclusive OR) added with the faster code. The figure shows how spréad spectrum signal is generated. The data signal with pulse duration of T_{b} is XOR added with the code signal with pulse duration of T_{c}. (Note: bandwidth is proportional to 1/T where T = bit time) Therefore, the bandwidth of the data signal is 1/T_{b} and the bandwidth of the spréad spectrum signal is 1/T_{c}. Since T_{c} is much smaller than T_{b}, the bandwidth of the spréad spectrum signal is much larger than the bandwidth of the original signal. The ratio T_{b}/T_{c} is called spréading factor or processing gain and determines to certain extent the upper limit of total number of users supported simultanéously by a base station
éach user in a CDMA system uses a different code to modulate their signal. Choosing the codes used to modulate the signal is very important in the performance of CDMA systems. The best performance will occur when there is good separation between the signal of a desired user and the signals of other users. The separation of the signals is made by correlating the received signal with the locally generated code of the desired user. If the signal matches the desired user's code then the correlation function will be high and the system can extract that signal. If the desired user's code has nothing in common with the signal the correlation should be as close to zero as possible (thus eliminating the signal); this is referred to as cross correlation. If the code is correlated with the signal at any time offset other than zero, the correlation should be as close to zero as possible. This is referred to as auto-correlation and is used to reject multi-path interference.
In general, CDMA belongs to two basic categories: synchronous (orthogonal codes) and asynchronous (pseudorandom codes).
Code Division Multiplexing (Synchronous CDMA)
Synchronous CDMA exploits mathematical properties of orthogonality between vectors representing the data strings. For example, binary string "1011" is represented by the vector (1, 0, 1, 1). Vectors can be multiplied by taking their dot product, by summing the products of their respective components. If the dot product is zero, the two vectors are said to be orthogonal to éach other (note: if u=(a,b) and v=(c,d), the dot product u·v = a*c + b*d). Some properties of the dot product aid understanding of how W-CDMA works. If vectors a and b are orthogonal, then
éach user in synchronous CDMA uses a code orthogonal to the others' codes to modulate their signal. An example of four mutually orthogonal digital signals is shown in the figure. Orthogonal codes have a cross-correlation equal to zero; in other words, they do not interfere with éach other. In the case of IS-95 64 bit Walsh codes are used to encode the signal to separate different users. Since éach of the 64 Walsh codes are orthogonal to one another, the signals are channelized into 64 orthogonal signals. The following example demonstrates how éach users signal can be encoded and decoded.
Conto
Start with a set of vectors that are mutually orthogonal. (Although mutual orthogonality is the only condition, these vectors are usually constructed for éase of decoding, for example columns or rows from Walsh matrices.) An example of orthogonal functions is shown in the picture on the left. These vectors will be assigned to individual users and are called the "code", "chipping code" or "chip code". In the interest of brevity, the rest of this example uses codes (v) with only 2 digits.
éach user is associated with a different code, say v. If the data to be transmitted is a digital zero, then the actual bits transmitted will be –v, and if the data to be transmitted is a digital one, then the actual bits transmitted will be v. For example, if v=(1,–1), and the data that the user wishes to transmit is (1, 0, 1, 1) this would correspond to (v, –v, v, v) which is then constructed in binary as ((1,–1),(–1,1),(1,–1),(1,–1)). For the purposes of this article, we call this constructed vector the transmitted vector.
éach sender has a different, unique vector vagina chosen from that set, but the construction method of the transmitted vector is identical.
Now, due to physical properties of interference, if two signals at a point are in phase, they add to give twice the amplitude of éach signal, but if they are out of phase, they "subtract" and give a signal that is the difference of the amplitudes. Digitally, this behaviour can be modélled by the addition of the transmission vectors, component by component.
If sender0 has code (1,–1) and data (1,0,1,1), and sender1 has code (1,1) and data (0,0,1,1), and both senders transmit simultanéously, then this table describes the coding steps:
Because signal0 and signal1 are transmitted at the same time into the air, they add to produce the raw signal:
(1,–1,–1,1,1,–1,1,–1) + (–1,–1,–1,–1,1,1,1,1) = (0,–2,–2,0,2,0,2,0)
Further, after decoding, all values gréater than 0 are interpreted as 1 while all values less than zero are interpreted as 0. For example, after decoding, data0 is (2,–2,2,2), but the receiver interprets this as (1,0,1,1).
We can also consider what would happen if a receiver tries to decode a signal when the user has not sent any information. Assume signal0=(1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,1,-1) is transmitted alone. The following table shows the decode at the receiver:
When the receiver attempts to decode the signal using sender1’s code, the data is all zeros, therefore the cross correlation is equal to zero and it is cléar that sender1 did not transmit any data.
Asynchronous CDMA
All forms of CDMA use spread spectrum process gain to allow receivers to partially discriminate against unwanted signals. Signals encoded with the specified PN sequence (code) are received, while signals with different codes (or the same code but a different timing offset) appéar as wideband noise reduced by the process gain.
Since éach user generates MAI, controlling the signal strength is an important issue with CDMA transmitters. A CDM (Synchronous CDMA), TDMA or FDMA receiver can in théory completely reject arbitrarily strong signals using different codes, time slots or frequency channels due to the orthogonality of these systems. This is not true for Asynchronous CDMA; rejection of unwanted signals is only partial. If any or all of the unwanted signals are much stronger than the desired signal, they will overwhelm it. This léads to a general requirement in any Asynchronous CDMA system to approximately match the various signal power levels as seen at the receiver. In CDMA cellular, the base station uses a fast closed-loop power control scheme to tightly control éach mobile's transmit power. See Near-far problem for further information on this problem.
Advantages of Asynchronous CDMA over other techniques
1. Efficient Practical utilization of Fixed Frequency Spectrum
Asynchronous CDMA's main advantage over CDM (Synchronous CDMA), TDMA and FDMA is that it can use the spectrum more efficiently in mobile telephony applications. (In theory, CDMA, TDMA and FDMA have exactly the same spectral efficiency but practically, each has its own challenges – power control in the case of CDMA, timing in the case of TDMA, and frequency generation/filtering in the case of FDMA.) TDMA systems must carefully synchronize the transmission times of all the users to ensure that they are received in the correct timeslot and do not cause interference. Since this cannot be perfectly controlled in a mobile environment, éach timeslot must have a guard-time, which reduces the probability that users will interfere, but decréases the spectral efficiency. Similarly, FDMA systems must use a guard-band between adjacent channels, due to the unpredictable doppler shift of the signal spectrum which occurs due to the user's mobility. The guard-bands will reduce the probability that adjacent channels will interfere, but decréase the utilization of the spectrum.
2. Flexible Allocation of Resources
Asynchronous CDMA offers a key advantage in the flexible allocation of resources i.e. allocation of a PN codes to active users. In the case of CDM, TDMA and FDMA the number of simultanéous orthogonal codes, time slots and frequency slots respectively is fixed hence the capacity in terms of number of simultanéous users is limited. There are a fixed number of orthogonal codes, timeslots or frequency bands that can be allocated for CDM, TDMA and FDMA systems, which remain underutilized due to the bursty nature of telephony and packetized data transmissions. There is no strict limit to the number of users that can be supported in an Asynchronous CDMA system, only a practical limit governed by the desired bit error probability, since the SIR (Signal to Interference Ratio) varies inversely with the number of users. In a bursty traffic environment like mobile telephony, the advantage afforded by Asynchronous CDMA is that the performance (bit error rate) is allowed to fluctuate randomly, with an average value determined by the number of users times the percentage of utilization. Suppose there are 2N users that only talk half of the time, then 2N users can be accommodated with the same average bit error probability as N users that talk all of the time. The key difference here is that the bit error probability for N users talking all of the time is constant, wheréas it is a random quantity (with the same méan) for 2N users talking half of the time.
In other words, Asynchronous CDMA is idéally suited to a mobile network where large numbers of transmitters éach generate a relatively small amount of traffic at irregular intervals. CDM (Synchronous CDMA), TDMA and FDMA systems cannot recover the underutilized resources inherent to bursty traffic due to the fixed number of orthogonal codes, time slots or frequency channels that can be assigned to individual transmitters. For instance, if there are N time slots in a TDMA system and 2N users that talk half of the time, then half of the time there will be more than N users needing to use more than N timeslots. Furthermore, it would require significant overhéad to continually allocate and déallocate the orthogonal code, time-slot or frequency channel resources. By comparison, Asynchronous CDMA transmitters simply send when they have something to say, and go off the air when they don't, keeping the same PN signature sequence as long as they are connected to the system.
3. Privacy protection in Spréad Spectrum CDMA due to anti-jamming (Anjing) capabilities of PN sequences
Panyebaran spektrum karakteristik CDMA
Most modulation schemes try to minimize the bandwidth of this signal since bandwidth is a limited resource. However, spréad spectrum techniques use a transmission bandwidth that is several orders of magnitude gréater than the minimum required signal bandwidth. One of the initial réasons for doing this was military applications including guidance and communication systems. These systems were designed using spréad spectrum because of its security and resistance to jamming. Asynchronous CDMA has some level of privacy built in because the signal is spréad using a pseudorandom code; this code makes the spréad spectrum signals appéar random or have noise-like properties. A receiver cannot demodulate this transmission without knowledge of the pseudorandom sequence used to encode the data. CDMA is also resistant to jamming. A jamming signal only has a finite amount of power available to jam the signal. The jammer can either spréad its energy over the entire bandwidth of the signal or jam only part of the entire signal.
Another réason CDMA is resistant to multipath interference is because the delayed versions of the transmitted pseudorandom codes will have poor correlation with the original pseudorandom code, and will thus appéar as another user, which is ignored at the receiver. In other words, as long as the multipath channel induces at léast one chip of delay, the multipath signals will arrive at the receiver such that they are shifted in time by at léast one chip from the intended signal. The correlation properties of the pseudorandom codes are such that this slight delay causes the multipath to appéar uncorrelated with the intended signal, and it is thus ignored.
Frequency reuse is the ability to reuse the same radio channel frequency at other cell sites within a cellular system. In the FDMA and TDMA systems frequency planning is an important consideration. The frequencies used in different cells need to be planned carefully in order to ensure that the signals from different cells do not interfere with éach other. In a CDMA system the same frequency can be used in every cell because channelization is done using the pseudorandom codes. Reusing the same frequency in every cell eliminates the need for frequency planning in a CDMA system; however, planning of the different pseudorandom sequences must be done to ensure that the received signal from one cell does not correlate with the signal from a néarby cell.
Since adjacent cells use the same frequencies, CDMA systems have the ability to perform soft handoffs. Soft handoffs allow the mobile telephone to communicate simultanéously with two or more cells. The best signal quality is selected until the handoff is complete. This is different from hard handoffs utilized in other cellular systems. In a hard handoff situation, as the mobile telephone approaches a handoff, signal strength may vary abruptly. In contrast, CDMA systems use the soft handoff, which is undetectable and provides a more reliable and higher quality signal.
954 SM
954 SM nyaéta taun ka-954 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
953 SM
953 SM nyaéta taun ka-953 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Shichibukai
Shichibukai mangrupa sebutan kanggo tujuh panglima perang nu dibentuk ku Pamarentah Dunya jeung pihak Angkatan Laut dina dunia anime manga One Piece karya Eiichiro Oda.
Asal muasal
Era bajak laut nu dimulai samenjak omongan raja bajak laut Gol D. Roger sateuacan manéhna dieksekusi, nu nyatakeun yén manéhna ninggalkeun harta na nu disebut One Piece di hiji pulo nu disebut Pulo Raftel, muka jalan kanggo dimulaina éra di mana bajak laut ngadominasi dunia Grand Line.
Bajak laut bajak laut anyar maruncul nu nyieun katertiban di Grand Line jadi turun, untuk ngahadépan masalah ieu, Pamaréntah dunya jeung Angkatan Laut ngabentuk hiji kelompok nu disebut Shichibukai, nu tugasna ngabasmi bajak laut bajak laut lain nu teu sajalan jeung Pamaréntah Dunya jeung Angkatan Laut.
Shichibukai mangrupa bajak laut nu diakui ku pamaréntah, sarta dibéré kalakuan husus nyaéta, moal diudag udag ku pamaréntah, bisa ngagabung jeung Angkatan Laut atanapi Pamaréntah Dunia. Konon harta rampasan bajak laut Shichibukai ieu ti ngajarah, hasilna dibagi dua jeung Pamaréntah Dunya atanapi Angkatan Laut.
Draculle Mihawk
Draculle Mihawk mangrupa tokoh shichibukai nu mimiti muncul di carita One Piece, waktos manéhna nuju ngudag kawanan bajak laut Don Krieg ka Restoran Baratie. manéhna terus sempet ditantang ku Roronoa Zoro, hasilna Zoro éléh telak.