cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Libanon
Until the Lebanese Civil War (1975-1990), the country enjoyed relative calm and prosperity, driven by the tourism, agriculture, and banking sectors of the economy. It is considered the banking capital of the Arab world and was widely known as the "Switzerland of Western Asia" due to its financial power. Lebanon also attracted large numbers of tourists, to the point that the capital Beirut became widely referred to as the "Paris of Western Asia."
Immediately following the end of the war, there were extensive efforts to revive the economy and rebuild national infrastructure. By éarly 2006, a considerable degree of stability had been achieved throughout much of the country, Beirut's reconstruction was almost complete, and an incréasing number of foreign tourists were pouring into Lebanon's resorts. The 2006 war between Israel and Hezbollah brought mounting civilian and military casualties, extensive damage to civilian infrastructure, and massive population displacement from July 12, 2006 until a céasefire went into effect on August 14, 2006.
1128
Taun ka-1128 Maséhi dina Kalénder Grégorian.
2015 HA117
Ari 2015 HA117 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Amor, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.348, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 27.2. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO 337124.
1128
Tumbu luar
1120'erne
2015 HA117
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Gajah
Elephantidae (bangsa gajah) téh kulawarga pachyderm, hiji-hijina sésa kulawarga dina ordo Proboscidea. Elephantidae ngawengku tilu spésiés nu hirup kénéh: Gajah Sabana Aprika (African Bush Elephant) jeung Gajah Leuweung Aprika (African Forest Elephant) (nu duanana katelah Gajah Aprika) sarta Gajah Asia (tadina katelah Gajah India). Spésiés lianna geus lastari dina panungtung yuga és, nu anggeus kira 10.000 taun ka tukang.
Gajah téh mamalia, sarta mangrupa sato darat pangbadagna nu aya kénéh. Mangsa reuneuh gajah lilana 22 bulan, panglilana ti antara sato darat. Ménél (anak gajah) nu kakara borojol beuratna rata-rata 120 kg, bisa hirup nepi ka 70 taun. Gajah pangbadagna nu kungsi kacatet/karékam kungsi kapanggih di Angola taun 1974, gajah jalu nu beuratna 12 ton. Nu pangleutikna, kira saukuran anak sapi atawa babi badag, kapanggih salaku fosil ti pulo Crete, nu hirup kira 5000-3000 MM.
Katambaru Becawan, Lawe Bulan, Aceh Tenggara
Katambaru Becawan nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Lawe Bulan, Kabupatén Aceh Tenggara, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
Gajah
Papanggihan di Cina nunjukkeun yén gajah téh ogé jadi mangsa manusa purba. <!--
Katambaru Becawan, Lawe Bulan, Aceh Tenggara
Katambaru Becawan, Lawe Bulan, Aceh Tenggara
Gajah
African Elephant
African elephants are distinguished from Asians in several ways. The most noticeable difference is the ears. Africans' ears are much larger and are shaped like the continent of their origin. The African elephant is typically larger than the Asian and has a concave back. Both males and females have external tusks and are usually less hairy than their Asian cousins.
Until the late 20th century, scientists recognized one species of African elephants, Loxodonta africana, and two subspecies, or races, within the species. Recent DNA analysis has led scientists to reclassify the two races as distinct species.
Today, Loxodonta africana refers specifically to the Savanna Elephant, the largest of all the elephants. In fact, it is the largest land animal in the world, standing up to 13 feet (4 meters) at the shoulder and weighing approximately 15,400 pounds (7,000 kilograms). The average male stands about 3m high at the shoulder and weighs about 5500kg - 6000 kg, female being much smaller. Most often, Savanna Elephants are found in open grasslands, marshes, and lakeshores. They range over most of Africa south of the Sahara Desert.
The other, less numerous species is the Forest Elephant, recently reclassified as Loxodonta cyclotis. Compared with the Savanna Elephant, its ears are usually smaller and rounder, and its tusks are also thinner and straighter. The Forest Elephant can weigh up to 10,000 lb (4,500 kg) and stand about 10 feet (3 m) tall. Much less is known about these animals than their savanna cousins because environmental and political obstacles make them very difficult to study. Normally they inhabit the dense African rainforests of central and western Africa, though occasionally they do inhabit the edges of forests and overlap territories with bush elephants.
Asian Elephant
Today scientists estimate the world population of Asian elephants, or Elephas maximus, to be approximately 40,000, less than one-tenth the number of African elephants. Perhaps the Asian elephants' decline has been less noticeable because it has been more gradual. The causes of this decline are much the same as that of the African.
Another subspecies, the mainland Asian elephant (Elephas maximus indicus) makes up the bulk of the Asian elephant population. Numbering approximately 36,000, these elephants are lighter gray in colour, with depigmentation only on the ears and trunk. Large males will ordinarily weigh only about 11,000 pounds but are as tall as the Sri Lankan. The mainland Asian can be found in 11 Asian countries, from India to Indonesia. It prefers forested areas and transitional zones, between forests and grasslands, where greater food variety is available.
Daya Asri, Tumijajar, Tulang Bawang Kulon
Daya Asri nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Tumijajar, Kabupatén Tulang Bawang Kulon, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
SMKS Ypui
SMKS Ypui nyaéta Sakola Menengah Kajuruan Swasta anu aya di Kabupatén Bogor. Alamat lengkepna di Jl H. Mawi, Kalurahan/Désa Waru Kacamatan Parung, Kabupatén Bogor, Jawa Kulon kalawan nomor NPSN 20268527.
Gajah
Asian Elephant
The smallest of all the elephants is the Sumatran Asian elephant (Elephas maximus sumatranus). Population estimates for this group range from 33,000 to 53,000 individuals. It is very light gray and has less depigmentation than the other Asians, with pink spots only on the ears. Mature Sumatrans will usually only measure about 10 feet at the shoulder and weigh less than 9,000 pounds. An enormous animal nonetheless, it is considerably smaller than its other Asian (and African) cousins and exists only on the island of Sumatra, usually in forested regions and partially wooded habitats.
Elephant Calves
Elephant social life, in many ways, revolves around breeding and raising of the calves. A female will usually be ready to breed around the age of thirteen, at which time she will seek out the most fit male to mate with. (The word fitness, in an evolutionary sense, means the animal best suited to survive in its environment and pass on its genes.) Females want to breed with the bigger, stronger, and, most importantly, older males. In this way, they are assuring that their offspring will have the best possible chance of survival. After a twenty-two-month pregnancy, the mother will give birth to a calf that will weigh about 250 lb and stand over 2½ feet tall. Elephants have a very long childhood. They are born with fewer survival instincts than many other animals. Instead, they must rely on their elders to teach them the things they need to know. The ability to pass on information and knowledge to their young has always been a major asset in the elephant's struggle to survive. Today, however, the pressures humans have put on the wild elephant populations, from poaching to habitat destruction, mean that the elderly often die at a younger age, leaving fewer teachers for the young. All members of the tightly knit female group participate in the care and protection of the young. Since everyone in the herd is related, there is never a shortage of baby-sitters. In fact, a new calf is usually the center of attention for all herd members. All the adults and most of the other young will gather around the newborn, touching and caressing it with their trunks. The baby is born nearly blind and at first relies, almost completely, on its trunk to discover the world around it.
Allomothers
After the initial excitement dies down, the mother will usually select several full-time baby-sitters, or "allomothers", from her group. According to Cynthia Moss, a well-known researcher, these allomothers will help in all aspects of raising the calf. They walk with the young as the herd travels, helping the calves along if they fall or get stuck in the mud. The more allomothers a baby has, the more free time its mother has to feed herself. Providing a calf with nutritious milk means the mother has to eat more nutritious food herself. So, the more allomothers, the better the calf's chances of survival.
Trunk
The proboscis, or trunk, is perhaps the elephant's most distinctive feature. It is a fusion of the nose and upper lip, elongated and specialized to become the elephant's most important and versatile appendage. The trunk is basically used to manipulate objects. To facilitate this, African elephants are equipped with two fingerlike projections at the tip of their trunk, while Asians have only one. According to biologists, the elephant's trunk is said to have over forty thousand individual muscles in it, making it sensitive enough to pick up a single blade of grass, yet strong enough to rip the branches off a tree. Most herbivores (plant eaters, like the elephant) are adapted with teeth for cutting and tearing off plant materials. However, except for the very young or infirm, elephants always use their trunks to tear up their food and then place it in their mouth. They will graze on grass or reach up into trees to grasp leaves, fruit, or entire branches. If the desired food item is too high up, the elephant will wrap its trunk around the tree or branch and shake its food loose or sometimes simply knock the tree down altogether. The trunk is also used for drinking. Elephants suck water up into the trunk (up to fifteen quarts [14.2 liters] at a time) and then blow it into their mouth. Elephants also inhale water to spray on their body during bathing. On top of this watery coating, the animal will then spray dirt and mud, which act as a protective sunscreen. This appendage also plays a key role in many social interactions. Familiar elephants will greet each other by entwining their trunks, much like a handshake. They also use them while play-wrestling, caressing during courtship, and for dominance displays - a raised trunk can be a warning or threat, while a lowered trunk can be a sign of submission. Elephants can defend themselves very well by flailing their trunk at unwanted intruders or by grasping and flinging them. An elephant also relies on its trunk for its highly developed sense of smell. Raising the trunk up in the air and swiveling it from side to side, like a periscope, it can determine the location of friends, enemies, and food sources.
Tusks
The tusks of an elephant are upper incisors that are continuously growing. An adult male's tusks will grow about seven inches a year. Tusks are indispensable to an elephant. They are used primarily to dig for water, salt, and roots; to debark trees, in order to get at the tasty pulp inside; and to move downed trees and branches when clearing a path. In addition, they are used for marking trees to establish territory and occasionally as weapons. Like humans who are typically right- or left-handed, elephants are usually right- or left-tusked. The dominant tusk, called the master tusk, is generally shorter and more rounded at the tip from wear. Both male and female African elephants have large, impressive tusks that can reach over ten feet in length and weigh over two hundred pounds. In the Asian species, only the males have large tusks. Female Asians have tusks which are very small or absent altogether. Asian males can have tusks as long as the much larger Africans, but they are usually much slimmer and lighter (the heaviest recorded is only 86 pounds). The tusk of both species is mostly made of calcium and phosphate. As a piece of living tissue, it is relatively soft (compared with other minerals such as rock), and the tusk, also known as ivory, is strongly favoured by artisans for its carvability. The desire for elephant ivory has been one of the major factors in the dramatic decline of the world's elephant population.
Teeth
Tusks in the lower jaw are also second incisors. These grew out large in Dinotherium and some mastodons, but in modern elephants they disappear early without erupting.
Skin
Another name for an elephant is pachyderm, which means "thick skin". An elephant's skin is extremely tough around most parts of its body and measures about 2.5 cm (1 in) thick. However, the skin around the mouth and inside of the ear is paper thin. Normally, the skin of an Asian is covered with more hair than its African counterpart. This is most noticeable in the young. Asian calves are usually covered with a thick coat of brownish red fuzz. As they get older, this hair darkens and becomes more sparse, but it will always remain on their heads and tails.
The species of elephants are typically grayish in colour, but the Africans very often appear brown or reddish from wallowing in mud holes of coloured soil. Wallowing is actually a very important behaviour in elephant society. Not only is it important for socialization, but the mud acts as a sunscreen, protecting their skin from harsh ultraviolet radiation. Though tough, an elephant's skin is very sensitive. Without regular mud baths to protect it from burning, as well as from insect bites and moisture loss, an elephant's skin would suffer serious damage. After bathing, the elephant will usually use its trunk to blow dirt on its body to help dry and bake on its new protective coat. As elephants are limited to smaller and smaller areas, there is less water available, and local herds will often come too close over the right to use these limited resources.
Wallowing also aids the skin in regulating body temperatures. Elephants spend every day fighting an uphill battle to stay cool. They have a very difficult time releasing heat through the skin because, in proportion to their body size, they have very little of it. The ratio of an elephant's mass to the surface area of its skin is many times that of a human. Elephants have even been observed lifting up their legs to expose the soles of their feet, presumably in an effort to expose more skin to the air. Since wild elephants live in very hot climates, they must have other means of getting rid of excess heat.
Ears
The large flapping ears of an elephant are also very important for temperature regulation. Elephant ears are made of a very thin layer of skin stretched over cartilage and a rich network of blood vessels. On hot days, elephants will flap their ears constantly, creating a slight breeze. This breeze cools the surface blood vessels, and then the cooler blood gets circulated to the rest of the animal's body. The hot blood entering the ears can be cooled as much as ten degrees Fahrenheit before returning to the body. Differences in the ear sizes of African and Asian elephants can be explained, in part, by their geographical distribution. Africans originated and stayed near the equator, where it is warmer. Therefore, they have bigger ears. Asians live farther north, in slightly cooler climates, and thus have smaller ears.
Walking at a normal pace an elephant covers about 2 to 4 miles an hour (3 to 6 km/h) but they can reach 24 miles an hour (40 km/h) at full speed.
Evolution
Although the fossil evidence is uncertain, some scientists believe there is genetic evidence that the elephant family shares distant ancestry with the Sirenians (sea cows) and the hyraxes. In the distant past, members of the hyrax family grew to large sizes, and it seems likely that the common ancestor of all three modern families was some kind of amphibious hyracoid. One theory suggests that these animals spent most of their time under water, using their trunks like snorkels for breathing. Modern elephants have retained this ability and are known to swim in that manner for up to 6 hours and 50 km.
In the past, there was a much wider variety of elephant genera, including the mammoths, stegodons and deinotheria.
Varieties
It has long been known that the African and Asian elephants are separate species. African elephants tend to be larger than the Asian species (up to 4 m high and 7500 kg) and have bigger ears. Male and female African elephants have long tusks, while male and female Asian Elephants have shorter tusks, with tusks in females being almost non-existent. African elephants have a dipped back, smooth forehead and two "fingers" at the tip of their trunks, as compared with the Asian species which have an arched back, two humps on the forehead and have only one "finger" at the tip of their trunks.
There are two populations of African elephants, Savannah and Forest, and recent genetic studies have led to a reclassification of these as separate species, the forest population now being called Loxodonta cyclotis, and the Savannah (or Bush) population termed Loxodonta africana. This reclassification has important implications for conservation, because it means where there were thought to be two small populations of a single endangered species, there may in fact be two separate species, each of which is even more severely endangered. There's also a potential danger in that if the forest elephant isn't explicitly listed as an endangered species, poachers and smugglers might thus be able to evade the law forbidding trade in endangered animals and their body parts.
The Forest elephant and the Savannah elephant can hybridise successfully, though their preference for different terrains reduces the opportunities to hybridise. Many captive African elephants are probably generic African elephants as the recognition of separate species has occurred relatively recently.
Although hybrids between different animal genera are usually impossible, in 1978 at Chester Zoo, an Asian elephant cow gave birth to a hybrid calf sired by an African elephant bull (the old terms are used here as this pre-dates current classifications). The pair had mated several times, but pregnancy was believed to be impossible. "Motty", the resulting hybrid male calf, had an African elephant's cheek, ears (large with pointed lobes) and legs (longer and slimmer), but the toenail numbers, (5 front, 4 hind) and the single trunk finger of an Asian elephant. The wrinkled trunk was like an African elephant. The forehead was sloping with one dome and two smaller domes behind it. The body was African in type, but had an Asian-type centre hump and an African-type rear hump. Sadly the calf died of infection 12 days later. It is preserved as a mounted specimen at the British Natural History Museum, London. There are unconfirmed rumours of three other hybrid elephants born in zoos or circuses, all are said to have been deformed and did not survive.
Diet
Elephants are herbivores, spending 16 hours a day collecting plant food. Their diet is at least 50% grasses, supplemented with leaves, twigs, bark, roots, and small amounts of fruits, seeds and flowers. Because elephants only digest 40% of what they eat, they have to make up for their digestive system's lack of efficiency in volume. An adult elephant can consume 300 to 600 pounds (140 to 270 kg) of food a day. 60% of that food leaves the elephant's body undigested.
Social behavior
The social circle of the female elephant does not end with the small family unit. In addition to encountering the local males that live on the fringes of one or more groups, the female's life also involves interaction with other families, clans, and subpopulations. Most immediate family groups range from five to fifteen adults, as well as a number of immature males and females. When a group gets too big, a few of the elder daughters will break off and form their own small group. They remain very aware of which local herds are relatives and which are not.
Usefulness to the environment
Elephants' foraging activities help to maintain the areas in which they live:-
Threat of extinction
The threat to the African elephant presented by the ivory trade is unique to the species. Another threat to elephant's survival in general is the ongoing cultivation of their habitats with increasing risk of conflicts of interest with human cohabitants. Lacking the massive tusks of its African cousins, the Asian elephant's demise can be attributed mostly to loss of its habitat.
As larger patches of forest disappear, the ecosystem is affected in profound ways. The trees are responsible for anchoring soil and absorbing water runoff. Floods and massive erosion are common results of deforestation. Elephants need massive tracts of land because, much like the slash-and-burn farmers, they are used to crashing through the forest, tearing down trees and shrubs for food and then cycling back later on, when the area has regrown. As forests are reduced to small pockets, elephants become part of the problem, quickly destroying all the vegetation in an area, eliminating all their resources.
Larger, long-lived, slow-breeding animals, like the elephant, are more susceptible to overhunting than other animals. They cannot hide, and it takes many years for an elephant to grow and reproduce. An elephant needs an average of three hundred pounds of vegetation a day to survive. As large predators are hunted, the local small grazer populations (the elephant's food competitors) find themselves on the rise. The increased number of herbivores ravage the local trees, shrubs, and grasses.
National Parks
Africa's first official reserve eventually became one of the world's most famous and successful national parks. Kruger National Park in South Africa first became a reserve against great opposition in 1898 (then Sabi Reserve). It was deproclaimed and reproclaimed several times before it was renamed and granted national park status in 1926. It was to be the first of many.
Of course, there were many problems in establishing these reserves. For example, elephants range through a wide tract of land with little regard for national borders. however, when most parks were created, the boundaries were drawn at the human-made borders of individual countries. Once a fence was erected, many animals found themselves cut off from their winter feeding grounds or spring breeding areas. Some animals died as a result, while some, like the elephants, just trampled through the fences. This did little to belie their image as a crop-raiding pest. The more often an elephant wandered off its reserve, the more trouble it got into, and the more chance it had of being shot by an angry farmer. When confined to small territories, elephants can inflict an enormous amount of damage to the local landscapes. Today there are still many problems associated with these parks and reserves, but there is now little question as to whether or not they are necessary. As scientists learn more about nature and the environment, it becomes very clear that these parks may be the elephant's last hope against the rapidly changing world around them.
Harvest from the Wild
The harvest of elephants, both legal and illegal, has had some unexpected consequences on elephant anatomy as well. African ivory hunters, by killing only tusked elephants, have given a much larger chance of mating to elephants with small tusks or no tusks at all. The propagation of the absent-tusk gene has resulted in the birth of large numbers of tuskless elephants, now approaching 30% in some populations (compare with a rate of about 1% in 1930). Tusklessness, once a very rare genetic abnormality, has become a widespread hereditary trait.  It is possible, if unlikely, that continued selection pressure could bring about a complete absence of tusks in African elephants, a development normally requiring thousands of years of evolution. The effect of tuskless elephants on the environment, and on the elephants themselves, could be dramatic. Elephants use their tusks to root around in the ground for necessary minerals, tear apart vegetation, and spar with one another for mating rights. Without tusks, elephant behavior could change dramatically.
Domestication and use
Elephants have been working animals used in various capacities by humans. Seals found in the Indus Valley suggest that the elephant was first domesticated in ancient India. However, elephants have never been truly domesticated: the male elephant in his periodic condition of musth is dangerous and difficult to control. Therefore elephants used by humans have typically been female, war elephants being an exception, however: as female elephants in battle will run from a male, only males could be used in war. It is generally more economical to capture wild young elephants and tame them than breeding them in captivity (see also elephant "crushing").
War elephants were used by armies in the Indian sub-continent, and later by the Persian empire. This use was adopted by Hellenistic armies after Alexander the Great experienced their worth against king Poros, notably in the Ptolemaic and Seleucid diadoch empires. The Carthaginian general Hannibal took elephants across the Alps when he was fighting the Romans, but brought too few elephants to be of much military use, although his horse cavalry was quite successful; he probably used a now-extinct third African (sub)species, the North African (Forest) elephant, smaller than its two southern cousins, and presumably easier to domesticate. A large elephant in full charge could cause tremendous damage to infantry, and cavalry horses would be afraid of them (see Battle of Hydaspes).
Throughout Siam, India, and most of South Asia elephants were used in the military for heavy labor, especially for uprooting trees and moving logs, and were also commonly used as executioners to crush the condemned underfoot.
Elephants have also been used as mounts for safari-type hunting, especially Indian shikar (mainly on tigers), and as ceremonial mounts for royal and religious occasions, whilst Asian elephants have been used for transport and entertainment, and are common to circuses around the world.
African elephants have long been reputed to not be domesticable, but some entrepreneurs have succeeded by bringing Asian mahouts from Sri Lanka to Africa. In Botswana, Uttum Corea has been working with African elephants and has several young tame elephants near Gaborone. African elephants are more temperamental than Asian elephants, but are easier to train. Because of their more sensitive temperaments, they require different training methods than Asian elephants and must be trained from infancy hence Corea worked with orphaned elephants. African elephants are now being used for (photo) safaris. Corea's elephants are also used to entertain tourists and haul logs.
It should be noted that elephants cannot jump.
The Elephant Trap
Another more effective method is practiced in the Indian Subcontinent which is far less physical and brutal, and more psychological. It is called the "elephant trap". The following is taken from a newsletter. "From when an elephant is a baby they tie him for certain periods with a rope to a tree. The young elephant tries his hardest to escape, he pulls and wriggles and jumps and crawls yet the rope just tightens and to the tree it remains tied. Learning that, the elephant doesn’t try to escape and accepts his confinement. A couple of years pass and the elephant is now an adult weighing several tons. Yet the trainer continues to tie the elephant to the tree with the same rope he’s always used, for the simple reason that the elephant has the concept in his mind that the rope is stronger than him. Abiding to this conditioning the elephant is trapped for life. To break free all the elephant has to do is erase that limiting thought for in fact he is free to go."
Pop culture
A common adage is that "Elephants never forget", and later scientific evidence seems to support they have good memories.
Musth
Adult male elephants naturally enter the periodic state called "musth" (Hindi for madness), sometimes spelt "must" in English. It is characterised by very excited and/or aggressive behavior and a thick, tar-like liquid secretion that discharges through the temporal ducts from the temporal glands on the sides of the head. "Musth" is linked to sexual arousal or establishing dominance but this relationship is far from clear. A "Musth" elephant, wild or domesticated, is extremely dangerous to humans. Domesticated elephants in India are traditionally tied to a tree and denied food and water for several days. After that the musth passes. In zoos musth is often the cause of fatal accidents to elephant keepers. Zoos keeping adult male elephants need extremely strong and secure enclosures, which greatly complicates the attempts to breed elephants in zoos.
Jurong Mesjid, Kembang Tanjong, Pidie
Jurong Mesjid nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Kembang Tanjong, Kabupatén Pidie, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
Gajah
Musth
Musth is accompanied by a significant rise in reproductive hormones - testosterone levels in an elephant in musth can be as much as 60 times greater than in the same elephant at other times. However, whether this hormonal surge is the sole cause of musth, or merely a contributing factor is unknown: scientific investigation of musth is greatly hindered by the fact that even the most otherwise placid of elephants may actively try to kill any and all humans. Similarly, the tar-like secretion remains largely uncharacterised, due to the extreme difficulties of collecting a sample for analysis.
Although it has often been speculated that musth is linked to rut, this is unlikely, because the female elephant's estrus cycle is not seasonally-linked. Furthermore, bulls in musth have often been known to attack female elephants, regardless of whether or not the females are in heat.
Mahouts are often able to greatly shorten the duration of their elephants' musth: this is accomplished by tying the bull to two extremely strong trees, and keeping him on a starvation diet until the musth ends, typically after 5 to 7 days. It should be noted that, as mahouts work with Asian elephants, this technique has not been tried on African elephants.
The word "musth" is from the Urdu mast, which is from a Persian root meaning 'intoxicated'.
Ghaida Farisya
Ghaida Farisya (ガイダ・ファリシャ) (baheulana dikenal salaku  'Ghaida JKT48'  (salami anggota JKT48)) nyaéta tilas anggota generasi munggaran JKT48 anu asalna ti Bandung.
Tunjungmuli, Karangmoncol, Purbalingga
Tunjungmuli nyaéta salasahiji désa di Kacamatan Karangmoncol, Purbalingga, Propinsi Jawa Tengah, Indonésia.
Gajah
Musth
The Channel 5 British television program "The Dark Side of Elephants" (8pm 20 March 2006) stated that during musth:-
External links:-
Other causes
At least a few elephants have been suspected to be drunk during their attacks. In December 1998, a herd of elephants overran a village in India. Although locals reported that nearby elephants had recently been observed drinking beer which rendered them "unpredictable", officials considered it the least likely explanation for the attack. An attack on another Indian village occurred in October 1999, and again locals believed the reason was drunkenness, but the theory was not widely accepted. Purportedly drunk elephants raided yet another Indian village again on December 2002.
Rogue elephant
Rogue elephant is a term for a lone, violently aggressive wild elephant, separated from the rest of the herd. It is a direct translation of the Sinhala term hora aliya. Its introduction to English has been attributed by the Oxford English Dictionary to Sir James Emerson Tennant, but this usage may have been pre-dated by William Sirr.
The term has since also been applied to human beings or institutions behaving in the same manner as such an elephant. The Republican Party symbol of an elephant has been played upon to label it a rogue elephant; the same label has been applied, for the same reasons, to George W Bush and Dick Cheney. e.g.: Francis Boyle, 'The Rogue Elephant', Counterpunch, 22 July 2002
The term 'rogue' has been used in the same sense as in 'rogue elephant' in other contexts, ever since Geoffrey Household's novel Rogue Male was published in 1939; especially since it was made into a film starring Peter O'Toole, John Standing, Alastair Sim and Harold Pinter in 1976. For example, 'Rogue state'.
Paloh Pupu, Peulimbang, Bireuen
Paloh Pupu nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Peulimbang, Kabupatén Bireuen, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
2016 TF55
Ari 2016 TF55 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Amor, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.498, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 22.0. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO 389530.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
(431776) 2008 JQ24
Ari 2008 JQ24 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Amor, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.431, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 17.9. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO 346149.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
2015 BJ510
Ari 2015 BJ510 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Apollo, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.564, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 23.4. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO�324298.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
2016 JS5
Ari 2016 JS5 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Apollo, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.627, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 30.7. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO�378516.
Big Bang
Dina kosmologi fisik, Big Bang (Beledug Rongkah) mangrupa salah sahiji téori élmu pangaweruh anu ngécéskeun mekarna sarta wangun munggaran jagat raya. Téori ieu nganyatakeun yén jagat raya ieu kabentuk ku hiji bitu rongkah anu lumangsung kira-kira 13.700 juta taun ka tukang. Bitu ieu ngutahkeun materi dina jumlah nu pohara réa ka sagala juru jagat raya. Materi-materi ieu anu saterusna ngeusian jagat raya kiwari dina wangun béntang, planét, kebul kosmik, asteroid/météor, énergi, sarta partikel séjénna di jagat raya ieu.
Para élmuwan ogé percaya yén Big Bang ngawangun sistem surya mandala. Ideu séntral tina téori ieu téh nyaéta téori rélativitas umum bisa digabungkeun jeung hasil pangimeutan dina skala badag dina usikna hiji galaksi ti galaksi lianna, sarta norah yén hiji waktu jagat raya baris balik kana kaayaan munggaran atawa terus mekar. Balukar tina Téori Big Bang nyaéta dina mangsa ka tukang alam samesta boga suhu anu jauh leuwih panas sarta karapetan anu leuwih gedé.
Big-bang sarta jagat raya anu mekar
Dina taun 1929 Astronom Amérika Sarikat, Edwin Hubble ngalakukeun observasi (pangimeutan) sarta nempo galaksi anu jauh jeung usik sok ngajauhan urang kalawan laju anu gancang. Manéhna ogé nempo yén jarak antara galaksi-galaksi nambahan saban waktu. Timuan Hubble ieu némbongkeun yén jagat raya urang samasakali henteu statis (tetep) kawas anu dipercaya saacanna, tapi usik jeung mekar. Hal ieu ngabalukarkeun hiji torahan yén jagat raya dimimitian ku hiji bitu nu pohara rongkah dina hiji waktu dina mangsa baheula anu dingaranan Bitu Rongkah (Big Bang).
Dina waktu harita, jagat raya mibanda ukuran enol, sarta aya dina karapetan jeung panas nu taya hinggana; saterusna bitu jeung mekar kalayan laju anu henteu laun teuing (nu bisa ngabalukarkeun ngariut), atawa gancang teuing (nu ngajadikeun rohang kosong). Sarta sageus éta, kurang leuwih jutaan taun saterusna, jagat raya terus mekar tanpa kajadian-kajadian séjén naon ogé. Jagat raya kabéhna baris terus mekar sarta niisan.
JAgat raya mekar kalawan laju 5%-10% pér sarébu juta taun. Jagat raya baris mekar terus, tapi kalawan laju anu beuki laun, jeung beuki laun, sanajan henteu bener-bener ngahontal enol. Sanajan upamana jagat raya kontraksi, ieu moal lumangsung sahenteuna pikeun sawatara milyar taun ka hareup.
Sagala rupa énergi anu aya di jagat raya ieu lamun disusud nyaéta asalna tina énergi Big Bang, nyaéta énergi dina waktu panyiptaan. Jumlah total sakumna énergi di alam samesta ieu téh pas enol.
2010 PU66
Ari 2010 PU66 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Apollo, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.390, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 22.1. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO�187177.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Munjul, Astanajapura, Cirebon
Munjul nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Astanajapura, Kabupatén Cirebon, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
(523818) 2010 SH13
Ari 2010 SH13 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Amor, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.137, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 21.2. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO 322233.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Purwo Harjo, Rimbo Bujang, Tebo
Purwo Harjo nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Rimbo Bujang, Kabupatén Tebo, Propinsi Jambi, Indonésia.
Kentara, Lae Parira, Dairi
Kentara nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Lae Parira, Kabupatén Dairi, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Langensari, Langensari, Banjar
Langensari nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Langensari, Kota Banjar, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Minggir, Sléman
Minggir nyaéta salah sahiji kacamatan di Kabupatén Sléman, Propinsi Daérah Istiméwa Yogyakarta, Indonésia.
Canggung, Raja Basa, Lampung Kidul
Canggung nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Raja Basa, Kabupatén Lampung Kidul, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Murni Jaya, Tumijajar, Tulang Bawang Kulon
Murni Jaya nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Tumijajar, Kabupatén Tulang Bawang Kulon, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
2013 CE82
Ari 2013 CE82 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Apollo, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.576, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 24.6. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO�258453.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Lawe Kinge, Lawe Bulan, Aceh Tenggara
Lawe Kinge nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Lawe Bulan, Kabupatén Aceh Tenggara, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
Karéta api ékonomi
Karéta api ékonomi (K3) nyaéta kelas karéta api panghandapna di Indonésia. Karéta api ékonomi aya anu disubsidi ku pamaréntah (PSO), aya ogé anu henteu disubsidi (non-PSO). Fasilitas anu aya nyaéta toilet di unggal gerbong, AC Split 6 unit per gerbong, jeung aya karéta makan. Kapasitas per gerbongna nyaéta 80 atawa 106 tempat diuk. Kabéh gerbong geus maké AC.
Tumbu kaluar
Situs Resmi PT Kereta Api Indonesia
Hidayat Nur Wahid
Dr. Haji Muhammad Hidayat Nur Wahid, M.A. (lahir di Klatén, Jawa Tengah, 8 April 1960) nyaéta Pupuhu MPR RI dina périodeu 2004-2009 sarta Présiden Partai Keadilan Sejahtera ti 21 Mei 2000 nepi ka 11 Oktober 2004. Hidayat nyaéta saurang pamingpin anu basajan di tengah limpahan fasilitas nu wajar nu datiramana mangsa masih kénéh mingpin di MPR.
Atikan
Lulus ti SDN Kebondalem Kidul I, Prambanan Klaten dina 1972, Hidayat Nur Wahid diasupkeun ku bapana ka Pasantrén Walisongo, Ngabar, Ponorogo. Sanggeus sataun anjeunna dipindahkeun ka Pondok Modern Darussalam Gontor, Ponorogo sarta lulus dina taun 1978. Di Gontor ieu anjeunna mulai ngukir préstasi. Anjeunna sok réngking kahiji atawa kadua waé. Teu ukur di préstasi akademik, di kagiatan ékstra atawa intrakulikulér ogé anjeunna kalibet aktif. Lulus ti pasantrén, sadarajat jeung SMA, Hidayat Nur Wahid anu sabenerna hayang asup ka Fakultas Kedokteran di Universitas Gajah Mada (UGM) ahirna daftar ka Institut Agama Islam Negeri (IAIN) Sunan Kalijogo, Yogyakarta sarta ditarima kalayan nyokot jurusan Fakultas Syari'ah. Di kampus ieu kungsi ngiluan Training Himpunan Mahasiswa Islami (HMI). Sataun saterusna, nyaéta dina 1979, kalayan panguasaan élamu basa Arab sarta hapalan Al-Quran, Hidayat Nur Wahid ditarima di Universitas Islam Madinah, Arab Saudi kalayan program béasiswa. Alatan éta ogé anjeunna ngalepaskeun kuliahna di IAIN Sunan Kalijogo pikeun nuluykeun kuliah di Universiitas Islam Madinah, perenahna di Fakultas Dakwah sarta Ushuluddin Jurusan Aqidah nu dibéréskeun dina 1983. Saterusna nyokot program doktoral anu dibéréskeun dina 1992.
Berpulitik Praktis
Katertarikan Hidayat Nur Wahid dina pulitik praktis dimimitian sabot pamaréntah ngaluarkeun sistem multipartéy. Dina waktu éta, Hidayat Nur Wahid jadi salah saurang pangadeg Partéi Kaadilan (PK) dina 20 Juli 1998. Dina waktu éta anjeunna nyekel kalungguhan salaku Pupuhu Majelis Pertimbangan Partéi nepi ka taun 2000. Waktu jadi Présidenn Partéi Kéadilan, Hidayat Nur Wahid, ditunjuk jadi Menteri Kehutanan, anjeunna dipercaya nyekel tampuk kapamingpinan di Partéi Kéadilan. Kitu ogé sabot Partéi Kéadilan, alatan henteu minuhan wates miimun electoral treshold dina pemilu 1998, robah ngaran jadi Partai Keadilan Sejahtera dina 2003, Hidayat Nur Wahid dipercaya minangka Présidén Partéi, sebutan pikeun lulugu PKS, nepi ka 2004. Waktu éta, anjeunna ngalaan kalungguhan kasebut alatan kapilih jadi Pupuhu MPR RI période 2004-3009 (babarengan AM Fatwa, M. Aksa Mahmud, sarta Mooeyati Soedibyo anu dicalonkeun sacara pakét ku fraksi PKS, PAN, Kebangkitan Bangsa,Démokrat, Persatuan Pembangunan sarta Bintang Pelopor Démokrasi)
Sinarikhi, Hiliduho, Nias
Sinarikhi nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Hiliduho, Kabupatén Nias, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
1127
Taun ka-1127 Maséhi dina Kalénder Grégorian.
Tumbu luar
1120'erne
Lae Parira, Lae Parira, Dairi
Lae Parira nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Lae Parira, Kabupatén Dairi, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Tegal Arum, Rimbo Bujang, Tebo
Tegal Arum nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Rimbo Bujang, Kabupatén Tebo, Propinsi Jambi, Indonésia.
Kramat, Karangmoncol, Purbalingga
Kramat nyaéta salasahiji désa di Kacamatan Karangmoncol, Purbalingga, Propinsi Jawa Tengah, Indonésia.
Cugung, Raja Basa, Lampung Kidul
Cugung nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Raja Basa, Kabupatén Lampung Kidul, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Mlati, Sléman
Mlati nyaéta salah sahiji kacamatan di Kabupatén Sléman, Propinsi Daérah Istiméwa Yogyakarta, Indonésia.
Seunebok Teungoh, Peulimbang, Bireuen
Seunebok Teungoh nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Peulimbang, Kabupatén Bireuen, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
Seunebok Teungoh, Peulimbang, Bireuen
SMKS Bistek
SMKS Bistek nyaéta Sakola Menengah Kajuruan Swasta anu aya di Kabupatén Bogor. Alamat lengkepna di Jl Raya Parung Gunung Sindur, Kalurahan/Désa Cibinong Kacamatan Gunung Sindur, Kabupatén Bogor, Jawa Kulon kalawan nomor NPSN 69753993.
Mesin Film
Mesin Film (Inggris ; Blown Film Machine) nyaéta salah sahiji cara anu paling ilahar dipaké dina nyieun lambaran plastik atawa disebut ogé ekstrusi (tubular film), ieu prosés dimimitian ku ekstrusi/merejelkeu plastik anu geus dilééh keun dina barrel saméméhna ngaliwatan lolongkrang anu ipis pisan tina hiji alat anu disebut die (wujudna buleud). Plastik anu lééh kaluar jiga selang/pipa, tuluy waé ieu plastik téh ditiup makékakuata angin anu kawilang gedé nepikeun ka ieu selang téh mekar (orientasi) ngawujud jadi balon/tube ku alatan mekar ieu plastik jadi ngalegaan  jeug ngipisan, dinamangsa ditiup ieu selang plastik anu geus ipis jadi (tube) tuluy waé ditarik ka luhur ngarah tiis, di luhur ieu aya dua pasang roll anu baris nilepkeun ieu tube plastik ngarana (Collapsing Bubble) tuluy di tarik deui ka handap pikeun di golongan engkena ngagulung jadi roll plastik.
Aya sababaraha kaunggulan tina ieu cara nyieun lambaran plastik, di antarana :
Plastik Film/sheet plastik : Nyaéta bahan polimér anu ipis pisan dipaké dina sababaraha widang kabutuhan, bungkus, kantong plastik, fotograpi, rékaman vidéo, kontruksi wangunan, jeung séjén-séjéna. membran plastik, nyaéta panghalang an anu dijieun tina plastik ipis, dipaké dina aréa anu béda, pikeun nahan eusina, atawa panghalang dina daérah husus anu dicitak.
Pamangpaatan
Hasil tina Plastik lambaran anu ditiup bisa dimangpaatkeun dina wujud tube/tabung/solobong (upamana kantong plastik jeung karung) atawa tabung/tube plastik di belah heula ngajadikeun plastik lalambaran. Industri pamungkus/packaging anu paling loba ngamangpaatkeun ieu hasil produksi (Contona shrink film (plastik anu méotan/murengked di mana keuna panas, rupa-rupa kantong, wawadahan, jeung loba pisan anu séjéna),  Bungkus barang dagangan  (Contona bungkus kadaharan anu beku, Bungkus barang kiriman,Plastik Ségel jeung loba deui anu séjéna ), Plastik anu dilaminasi/dirapetkeun jeung bahan séjén (dirapet jeung almaniem, kertas, biasana dipaké mungkus kopi, sabun jeung anu séjéna ), Plastik Barrier/panghalang/bates  (dijieun upamana tina bahan  poliamida jeung  EVOH gunana pikeun nahan babauan jeung oksigen dipaké umumna dina bungkus kadaharan, daging atawa keju), dipaké mungkus pikeun pakakas medis, dipaké ogé dina tatanén (green house, mulsa, film silase, silase stretch film)
Muktisari, Langensari, Banjar
Muktisari nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Langensari, Kota Banjar, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Jatirasa, Jatiasih, Bekasi
Jatirasa nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Jatiasih, Kota Bekasi, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Sidamulya, Astanajapura, Cirebon
Sidamulya nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Astanajapura, Kabupatén Cirebon, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.