cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Hindia-Walanda
Hindia-Walanda baheulana nyaéta hiji jajahan Walanda, nu ayeuna disebut Indonesia. Jajahan Walanda ieu mimitina mangrupa wilayah nu dipimilik ku Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie (atawa VOC) nu sababarahana nyaéta Jawa jeung Maluku ogé sababaraha wewengkon séjénna ti mimiti abad ka-17. Sanggeus VOC dibubarkeun dina taun 1798, kabéh wilayah milik VOC ngageser jadi milik pamaréntah Républik Batavia.
Stockholm
Museums
Stockholm is one of the most crowded muséum-towns in the world with some 70 muséums, visited by over 9 million péople per yéar.
Hindia-Walanda
Dina taun 1900 ngan pulo Jawa nu sakabéhna milik Walanda. Tuluy, dina taun-taun sanggeusna kabéh wewengkon séjén di Nusantara ditaklukkeun atawa “dipasifikasi” (didaméykeun). Dina puncakna, taun 1942, Hindia-Walanda mipiboga kabéh wewengkon Indonésia jaman kiwari. Timor Wétan teu kungsi dipimilik ku Walanda. Salain ti éta, dayeuh Malaka, Taiwan, Sri Lanka kungsi dipimilik ku VOC jeung pamaréntah Walanda.
Stockholm
Museums
The most renowned national muséum is the Swedish National Museum of Fine Arts, with Sweden's largest collection of art: 16,000 paintings and 30,000 objects of art handicraft. The collection stems back to the days of Gustav Vasa in the 16th century, and has since been expanded with works by artists such as Rembrandt, and Antoine Watteau, as well as constituting a main part of Sweden's art heritage, manifested in the works of Alexander Roslin, Anders Zorn, Johan Tobias Sergel, Carl Larsson, Carl Fredrik Hill and Ernst Josephson. Most of Stockholm's state-operated muséums have free entrance.
Hindia-Walanda
Dina kaping 17 Agustus 1945, kamerdékaan Indonésia dibéwarakeun. Walanda teu panuju jeung merangan para pajoang kamerdékaan. Tuluy, dina kaping 27 Désémber 1949, kadaulatan Indonésia karék dipanujuan ku Walanda. Papua kulon (ayeuna provinsi Papua jeung Papua Kulon) masih kénéh dicekel ku Walanda nepi ka taun 1961.
Ditarjamahkeun tina.
Stockholm
Museums
Other notable muséums:
Kahirupan peuting
See further: Kahirupan peuting di Stockholm
Outer suburbs
The outer Stockholm suburbs (Förort in Swedish) are places with diverse cultural background. Some aréas in the (somewhat) outer suburbs, including those of Tensta, Jordbro, Fittja, Husby, Rinkeby, Kista, Hagsätra, Rågsved, Södertälje, Huddinge, have high percentages of immigrants or second generation immigrants of Middle Eastern, former Yugoslavian, African nationality or of other immigrant descent (Such as South Asian & Hispanic). Other parts of the outer suburbs, such as Hässelby, Vällingby, Flysta & Hökarängen, as well as some of the suburbs mentioned above, have a majority of ethnic Swedes (Rinkeby is the Stockholm suburb with léast Swedes, but still as many as 10%). Through high influx of immigration a new language has formed from speech in Arabian, Serbo-Croat etc "Rinkeby Swedish" named after the suburb Rinkeby.
Theatres
Among Stockholm's many théatres distinguish the Royal Dramatic Theatre (Dramaten), as one of Europe's most renowned théatres, and the Royal Swedish Opera, inaugurated in 1773. Other notable théatres are the Stockholm City Théatre, the Péoples Opera (Folkoperan), the modérn Théatre of Dance (Moderna dansteatern), the China Théatre, the Göta Lejon Théatre, the Mosebacke Théatre, and the Oscar Théatre.
Media
Stockholm is basically the media center of Sweden. It has four nation wide daily newspapers, is also the central location of the publicly-funded radio (SR) and television (SVT); in addition, all other major television channels have their base in Stockholm (TV4 TV3, TV6 and Kanal 5). All major magazines are also located to Stockholm, as are the largest literature publisher, the Bonnier group.
Olahraga
The most popular spectator sports are football and ice hockey. The three most popular football téams in the Stockholm region are AIK, Hammarby IF and Djurgårdens IF. In ice hockey, Stockholm's highest rated téam is Djurgårdens IF.
Historically, the city was the host of the 1912 Summer Olympics. From those days stem the Stockholms Olympiastadion which has since hosted numerous sports events, notably football and athletics, and is the current home arena of Djurgårdens IF. For the ice hockey téam, the home arena is Stockholm Globe Arena, one of the largest spherical building in the world, but it is also hosting concerts and other events.
Stockholm also hosted all but one of the Nordic Games, a winter multi-sport event that predated the Winter Olympics.
Afulu, Afulu, Nias Kalér
Afulu nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Afulu, Kabupatén Nias Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Stockholm
Olahraga
In addition, there have been a number of "Getaway in Stockholm" Vidéos where multiple high-power vehicles evade police. One of the numerous filmed escapes involved a Porsche 911, where another had a Toyota Supra and a Ford Cosworth evading police.
Angkutan umum
Stockholm has an extensive public transport system. It consists of the Stockholm Metro (Tunnelbanan); three regional/suburban rail systems: commuter rail (pendeltåg), Roslagsbanan, and Saltsjöbanan; three light rail systems: Nockebybanan, Lidingöbanan, and Tvärbanan; and a large amount of bus lines.
All the land-based public transport in Stockholm County, except the airport buses/trains, is organised by Storstockholms Lokaltrafik (SL), with the operation and maintenance of the public transport services delegated to several contractors, such as Connex who operate the metro and regional/suburban railways except for the commuter rail. The archipelago boat traffic is handled by Waxholmsbolaget.
The SL has a common ticket system in the entire Stockholm County, which allows for éasy travel between different modes of transport. The tickets are of two main types, single ticket and travel cards, both allowing for unlimited travel with SL in the entire Stockholm County for the duration of the ticket validity. A single ticket costs 20 SEK (2.17 EUR; 2.75 USD) and is valid for one hour. The duration of the travel card validity depends on the exact type, they are available from 24 hours up to a yéar. A 30-day card costs 600 SEK (65 EUR; 82 USD). Tickets of both types are available with reduced price for persons under 20 and over 65 yéars old.
Ongkos macét
Stockholm city has had a trial period with electronicly collected congestion charges. This trial was between January 3, 2006 and July 31, 2006. The trial period project is called Stockholmsförsöket - The Stockholm trial.
After closing the trials on the 31:st of August 2006, various municipal referendums on the issue were held in September of 2006. The municipality of Stockholm voted in favour of re-introducing the congestion charges, and furthermore to invest the money gained from the congestion charges in public transport. Some of the municipalities sorrounding Stockholm, however, arranged referendums of their own, all of them resulting in opposition to the congestion charges. Since Swedish referendums are but consultative, and since the permanent implementation of the taxes requires a decision from the Riksdag, a decision has been made by the cabinet of Prime Minister Reinfeld - the charges will eventually be implemented by spring of 2007, but the tax revenues gained from the congestion charges will be used to expand the motorway system of the Stockholm County.
During the trial period the following was valid: The City Centre is within the Stockholm congestion tax zone. All the entrances and exists of this aréa have unmanned electronic toll collection stations operating with cameras réading the registration plates, alternatively a transponder. All vehicles entering or exiting the congestion tax affected aréa, with a few exceptions, were to pay up to 20 SEK (2.17 EUR; 2.80 USD) per passage, depending on the time of the day. However, the maximum tax amount per vehicle per day was 60 SEK (6.50 EUR; 8.40 USD).
726 SM
726 SM nyaéta taun ka-726 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Stockholm
Féri
Stockholm has regular ferry lines to Helsinki in Finland (commonly called "Finlandsfärjan"); Tallinn, Estonia; Riga, Latvia; and to the Åland islands. Travelers are no longer able to take a direct ferry to St. Petersburg, Russia as of 1998. One must first ferry to Helsinki and then onto St. Petersburg.
727 SM
727 SM nyaéta taun ka-727 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Botona'ai, Tugala Oyo, Nias Kalér
Botona'ai nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Tugala Oyo, Kabupatén Nias Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Stockholm
Féri
The large Stockholm archipelago is served by the Waxholmsbolaget archipelago boats.
Bandara
Flygbussarna bus lines run to and from central Stockholm from all the airports, and the Arlanda Express airport rail link runs between Arlanda Airport and Stockholm.
Kota kembar
The cities claiming to having been with Stockholm are:
Mazingo, Alasa Talumuzoi, Nias Kalér
Mazingo nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Alasa Talumuzoi, Kabupatén Nias Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Lauru I, Afulu, Nias Kalér
Lauru I nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Afulu, Kabupatén Nias Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Lauru I, Afulu, Nias Utara
729 SM
729 SM nyaéta taun ka-729 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
728 SM
728 SM nyaéta taun ka-728 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
731 SM
731 SM nyaéta taun ka-731 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Harewakhe, Afulu, Nias Kalér
Harewakhe nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Afulu, Kabupatén Nias Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Lauru Fadoro, Afulu, Nias Kalér
Lauru Fadoro nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Afulu, Kabupatén Nias Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Lauru Lahewa, Afulu, Nias Kalér
Lauru Lahewa nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Afulu, Kabupatén Nias Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
25 Pébruari
25 Pébruari nyaéta poé ka-56 dina sataun dina kalénder Gregorian, sésana 309 poé (310 dina taun kabisat).
Tumbu luar
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_25
Akar
Akar nyaéta bagian tutuwuhan pikeun anu awakna geus mangrupa kormus.
Sipat-sipat akar:
Jalan tol Ir. Wiyoto Wiyono
'''Jalan tol Ir. Wiyoto Wiyono''' mangrupa jalan tol nu ayana di wilayah Jakarta, nyambungkeun daérah antara Cawang dugi ka Tanjung Priok. Jalan tol ieu mangrupa jalan layang tol nu posisi jalan na aya di luhureun jalan protokol jakarta (Jalan DI Panjaitan, Jalan Jendral Ahmad Yani, Jalan Yos Sudarso).
Jalan tol ieu dikelola ku PT. Citra Marga Nusaphalapersada. Jalan tol ieu mangrupa bagian ti ruas Jalan tol Cawang - Tanjung Priok - Pluit bareng jeung Jalan tol Pelabuhan.
Akar
Macem akar
Sacara umum, aya dua rupa akar nyaéta:
Ombolata Afulu, Afulu, Nias Kalér
Ombolata Afulu nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Afulu, Kabupatén Nias Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
730 SM
730 SM nyaéta taun ka-730 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Gambir
Gambir nyaéta sarupaning tutuwuhan. Di Indonésia gambir umumna dipaké dina nyeupah. Pamakéan anu leuwih penting nyaéta minangka bahan pawarna. Gambir ogé ngandung katekin (catechin), hiji bahan alami anu boga sipat antioksidan. India ngimpor 68% gambir ti Indonésia, sarta ngagunakeunana jadi bahan campuran nyeupah.
Gambir dihasilkeun ogé ti tumbuhan U. acida.
Gambaran
Tutuwuhan perdu satengah ngarambat kalawan pacabangan nu manjang. Daunna lonjong, manjang, sarta tungtungna mencop, beungeutna teu buluan (leueur), kalawan gagang daun nu pondok. Makuta kembangna boga warna kayas atawa héjo;
Sisobahili, Afulu, Nias Kalér
Sisobahili nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Afulu, Kabupatén Nias Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
732 SM
732 SM nyaéta taun ka-732 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
733 SM
733 SM nyaéta taun ka-733 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
26 Pébruari
26 Pébruari nyaéta poé ka-57 dina sataun dina kalénder Gregorian, sésana 308 poé (309 dina taun kabisat).
Tumbu luar
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_26
Sifaoro'asi, Afulu, Nias Kalér
Sifaoro'asi nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Afulu, Kabupatén Nias Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Sifaoro'asi, Afulu, Nias Utara
Bibit Samad Riyanto
Bibit Samad Riyanto nyaéta Wakil Ketua KPK (Komisi Pangbarantasan Korupsi) nu statusna non aktif. Bareng jeung rekanna Chandra M. Hamzah, Bibit mangrupa salah sahiji tokoh sentral dina pasilisihan antara KPK jeung kapolisian Indonésia anu leuwih terkenal ku istilah "KPK vs POLRI".
Masa janten polisi
Bibit Samad Riyanto mangrupa lulusan Akademi Kapolisian Républik Indonésia lulusan (angkatan) taun 1970. Selama janten polisi, anjeunna kacatet gaduh sabaraha hiji posisi penting nyaéta :
Anjeunna pengsiun ti kapolisian kaping 15 Juli 2000, saatos kenging sabaraha hiji panghargaan nyaéta atya Lencana Kesetiaan, Satya Lencana Dwidya Sista, Bintang Bhayangkara Nararya, Bintang Yudha Dharma Nararya, jeung Bintang Bhayangkara Pratama.
Masa KPK
Dina mangsa taun 2007, Bibit ngiluan seleksi calon pingpinan KPK taun 2007-2011 nganggo bekel visi-misi nyaéta pemberantasan korupsi dina koridor hukum; teu hungkul represif, tapi ogé ngabongkar akar masalah korupsi; urusan ngabarantas korupsi jadi urusan kabéhan; sareng mulihkeun karugian nagara. Ahirna Komisi III DPR memercayakeun hiji posisi pimpinan KPK ka anjeunna. Di KPK, Bibit ngajabat wakil ketua nu ngurus bidang penindakan sarta pangawasan internal sarengn pengaduan masarakat.
Kutipan
"Korupsi sanes kabiasaan, sanes budaya bangsa, sanes ogé "mismanajemen" sapertos nu dianggap sampai ka ayeuna. Tapi korupsi téh kajahatan .(Bibit Samad Riyanto)"
Gas
Gas nyaéta hiji kaayaan barang. Kawas cacai (basa Indonesia: cairan), gas miboga kamampuh pikeun ngocor sarta bisa ngarobah bentuk. Tapi béda jeung cacai, gas anu teu kaampeuh henteu ngeusian hiji rohang anu geus ditangtukeun, sabalikna maranéhanana mekar sarta ngeusian rohang naon baé di tempat maranéhanana cicing.
Logam alkali
Logam alkali hartina dérét unsur nu kaasup Golongan 1 (cara IUPAC) dina tabél periodik: litium (Li), natrium (Na), kalium (K), rubidium (Rb), césium (Cs), jeung fransium (Fr) (tengetkeun yén hidrogén, najan kaasup Golongan 1, jarang pisan némbongkeun paripolah nu sarupa jeung logam-logam alkali). Logam alkali téh hiji conto rimbagan pasipatan dina tabél periodik, anu ti luhur nepi ka handap watekna homolog.
Ciri
Logam alkali kagolongkeun unsur réaktif, nu matak di alam jarang kapanggih dina bentuk dasarna. Pikeun kaperluan di laboratorium, ieu bahan dikeueum dina minyak mineral. Najan kaasup logam, ieu unsur hipu bisa dikeureut, sabab dénsitasna kurang. Kalium jeung rubidium kaasup radioaktif lemah (teu matak bahya), sabab durasi isotop radioaktifna panjang.<!--
The alkali metals are silver-colored (cesium has a golden tinge), soft, low-density metals, which react readily with halogens to form ionic salts, and with water to form strongly alkaline (basic) hydroxides. These elements all have one electron in their outermost shell, so the energetically preferred state of achieving a filled electron shell is to lose one electron to form a singly charged positive ion, or cation.
Hydrogen, with a solitary electron, is usually placed at the top of Group 1 of the periodic table, but it is not considered an alkali metal; rather it exists naturally as a diatomic gas. Removal of its single electron requires considerably more energy than removal of the outer electron for the alkali metals. As in the halogens, only one additional electron is required to fill in the outermost shell of the hydrogen atom, so hydrogen can in some circumstances behave like a halogen, forming the negative hydride ion. Binary compounds of hydride with the alkali metals and some transition metals have been prepared. Under extremely high pressure, such as is found at the core of Jupiter, hydrogen does become metallic and behaves like an alkali metal; see metallic hydrogen.
Alkali metals have the lowest ionization potentials in their respective periods, as removing the single electron from the outermost shell gives them the stable inert gas configuration. But their second ionization potentials are very high, as removing an electron from a species having a noble gas configuration is very difficult.
Alkali metals are famous for their vigorous reactions with water, and these reactions become increasingly violent as one moves down the group. The reaction with water is as follows:
Alkali metal + water → Alkali metal hydroxide + hydrogen gas
With potassium as an example:
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Réaksina dina amonia
Logam alkali dina amonia cair ngahasilkeun leyuran bulao nu paramagnétik. Mun geus ngadeukeutan jenuh, warnana jadi bungur, laju jadi métalik.
ku sabab leyuranana ngandung éléktron bébas, volumna jadi nambahan leuwih ti jumlah volum logam jeung amoniana. Ayana éléktron ogé ngajadikeun ieu leyuran alus salaku réduktor jeung konduktor listrik. Ieu leyuran henteu stabil, sabab biasana robah jadi amida. Ieu réaksi, mun digancangkeun ku ayana katalis (biasana beusi (III) nitrat), dipaké pikeun ngahasilkeun amida natrium:
Amidana bisa diékstrak atawa dirobah jadi azida natrium ku cara ngabulukbukkeun oksida nitrogén kana leyuran amonia:
Pariwara
Pariwara atawa sambung layang nyaéta promosi barang, jasa, pausahaan sarta ideu anu kudu dibayar ku hiji sponsor. Pamasaran nempo pariwara minangka bagian tina stratégi promosi sagemblengna. Komponén séjénna tina promosi kaasup publisitas, hubungan masarakat, penjualan, jeung promosi penjualan.
Logam alkali
Kacondongan
Logam-logam alkali mibanda sababaraha pola mun dipapay ti luhur ka handap - misalna waé éléktronégativitas nurun, réaktivitas naék, sarta nurunna titik lééh jeung golak. Dénsitasna biasana ngaronjat, iwal kalium nu hampang batan natrium.
Faekhuna'a, Afulu, Nias Kalér
Faekhuna'a nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Afulu, Kabupatén Nias Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Logam alkali
Kacondongan
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Tumbu kaluar
Kategori :logam
Cacai
Cacai (basa Indonesia: cairan) nyaéta salah sahiji ti opat kaayaan barang anu volumena tetep dina kaayaan suhu sarta tekenan tetep; sarta, bentukna ditangtukeun ku wadah nu ditempatanana. Cacai ogé neken ka sisi wadahna sarta ogé kana barang anu aya dina cacai kasebut; tekenan ieu disalurkeun ka sakumna arah.
Primata
Primata (L. prima, kahiji) hartina sakabéh anggota ordo nu ilaharna patali jeung lemur, monyét, jeung kera, kaasup manusa. Primata aya di sakuliah dunya, tapi lolobana mah (nu lain manusa) ayana di Amérika Tengah jeung Kidul, Aprika, jeung Asia Kidul.
Ordo primata sacara teu resmi dibagi deui kana tilu golongan utama: prosimian, Monyét Dunya Anyar, jeung monyét sarta kera Dunya Kuna. Prosimian téh spésiés nu awakna ampir sarupa jeung proto-primata awal, misalna lemur Madagaskar jeung kapuloan Komoro nu kakurung ti dunya luar. Monyét Dunya Anyar ngawengku monyét kapucin, howler, jeung monyét bajing nu ukur aya di Amérika. Di saluarkeun manusa, simian, Monyét Dunya Kuna jeung kera mah ngeusi Aprika jeung Asia Kidul & Tengah, najan aya bukti fosil nu nunjukkeun yén spésiés-spésiés éta ogé kungsi aya di Éropah. Kiwari kacatet aya 190–448 spésiés primata hirup, gumantung kana klasipikasi anu dipaké. Di Asia, kacatet aya 119 spésiés, satengahna aya di Indonésia.
Dedegan
Sakabéh primata boga lima ramo (pentadaktili), pola huntu nu sarua, sarta widang awak nu primitip. Ciri pangbéda séjénna nyaéta ayana kuku. Jempol nu nyanghareup ka ramo lianna ogé mangrupa ciri primata, najan aya ogé sato séjén nu boga ciri kieu. <!--Nurutkeun téori épolusi mah, jempol nu nyanghareup, ramo nu panjang tapi kukuna pondok téh hasil tina kabiasaan karuhun muntang kana dahan, and has, in part, allowed some species to develop brachiation as a significant means of transportation. Forward-facing color binocular vision was also useful for the brachiating ancestors of humans, particularly for finding and collecting food, although recent studies suggest it was more useful in courtship. All primates, even those that lack the features typical of other primates (like lorises), share eye orbit characteristics, such as a postorbital bar, that distinguish them from other taxonomic orders.
Old World species (apes and some monkeys) tend to have significant sexual dimorphism. This is characterized most in size difference, with males being up to a bit more than twice as heavy as females. This dimorphism is a result of a polygynous mating system where there is significant pressure to attract and defend multiple mates. New World species form pair bonds, and so these species (including tamarins and marmosets) generally do not show a significant size difference between the sexes.
Habitat
Primates evolved from arboreal animals and many modern species live mostly in trees and hardly ever come to the ground. Other species are partially terrestrial, such as baboons and the Patas Monkey. Only a few species are fully terrestrial, such as the Gelada and Humans. Primates live in a diverse number of forested habitats, including rain forests, mangrove forests, and mountain forests to altitudes of over 3000 m. Although most species are generally shy of water, a few are fine swimmers and are comfortable in swamps and watery areas, including the Proboscis Monkey, De Brazza's Monkey and Allen's Swamp Monkey, which even developed small webbing between its fingers. Some primates, such the Rhesus Macaque and the Hanuman Langur, are hemerophile species and cities and villages have become their typical habitat.
Close relations
The Primate order lies in a tight clustering of related orders (the Euarchontoglires) within the Eutheria, a subclass of Mammalia. Recent molecular genetic research on primates, flying lemurs, and treeshrews has shown that the two species of flying lemur (Dermoptera) are more closely related to the primates than the treeshrews of the order Scandentia, even though the treeshrews were at one time considered primates. These three orders make up the Euarchonta clade. This clade combines with the Glires clade (made up of the Rodentia and Lagomorpha) to form the Euarchontoglires clade. Variously, both Euarchonta and Euarchontoglires are ranked as superorders. Also, some scientists consider Dermoptera a suborder of Primates and call the "true" primates the suborder Euprimates.
Classification
In older classifications, the Primates were divided into two superfamilies: Prosimii and Anthropoidea. The Prosimii included all of the prosimians: all of Strepsirrhini plus the tarsiers. The Anthropoidea contained all of the simians.
In modern, cladistic reckonings, the Primate order is also a true clade. The suborder Strepsirrhini, the "wet-nosed" primates, split off from the primitive primate line about 63 million years ago (mya). The seven strepsirhine families are the four related lemur families and the three remaining families that include the lorises, the Aye-aye, the galagos, and the pottos. Some classification schemes wrap the Lepilemuridae into the Lemuridae and the Galagidae into the Lorisidae, yielding a three-two family split instead of the four-three split as presented here. Other lineages of lower primates inhabited Earth. During the Eocene, most of the northern continents were dominated by two dominant groups, the adapids and the omomyids. The former is considered a member of Strepsirrhini, but it does not have a tooth-comb like modern lemurs. The latter was related closely to tarsiers, monkeys, and apes. Adapids survived until 10 mya; omomyids on the other hand perished 20 million years earlier.
The Aye-aye is difficult to place in Strepsirrhini. Its family, Daubentoniidae, could be a lemuriform primate and its ancestors split from lemur line more recently than the lemurs and lorises split, about 50 mya. Otherwise it is sister to all of the other strepsirrhines, in which case in evolved away from the main strepsirrhine line between 50 and 63 mya. The suborder Haplorrhini, the "dry-nosed" primates, is composed of two sister clades. The prosimian tarsiers in family Tarsiidae (monotypic in its own infraorder Tarsiiformes), represent the most primitive division at about 58 mya. The Simiiformes infraorder contains the two parvorders: the New World monkeys in one, and the Old World monkeys, humans and the other apes in the other. This division happened about 40 mya. However about 30 mya, three groups split from the main haplorrhine lineage. One group stayed in Asia and are closest in kin to the "dawn monkey" Eosimias. The second stayed in Africa, where they developed into the Old World primates. The third rafted to South America to become the New World monkeys. Mysteriously the aboriginal Asian Haplorrhini vanished from record once Africa collided with Eurasia 24 mya. Apes and monkeys spread into Europe and Asia. Close behind came lorises and tarsiers, also African castaways. The first hominid fossils were discovered in Northern Africa and date back 7 mya. Modern humans did not appear until 0.2 mya, eventually becoming the most prevalent primate and mammal on Earth.
The discovery of new species happens at a rate of a few new species each year, and the evaluation of current populations as distinct species is in flux. Colin Groves lists about 350 species of primates in Primate Taxonomy in 2001. The recently published third edition of Mammal Species of the World (2005) lists 376 species. But even MSW3's list falls short of current understanding as its collection cutoff was in 2003, and a number publications since MSW3 push the number of species up to 405. Notable new species not listed in MSW3 include the Bemaraha Woolly Lemur (Avahi cleesei) (named after British actor and lemur enthusiast John Cleese) and the GoldenPalace.com Monkey (whose name was put up for auction).
Primate hybrids
In The Variation Of Animals And Plants Under Domestication Charles Darwin noted: "Several members of the family of Lemurs have produced hybrids in the Zoological Gardens."
Many gibbons are hard to identify based on fur coloration and are identified either by song or genetics. These morphological ambiguities have led to hybrids in zoos. Zoo gibbons usually come from the black market pet trade in Southeast Asia, which transported gibbons across countries all over the region. As a result, perhaps as much as 95% of zoo gibbons are of unknown geographic origin. As most zoos rely on morphological variation or labels that are impossible to verify to assign species and subspecies names, it is unfortunately common for gibbons to be misidentified and housed together. For example, some collections' supposedly pure breeding pairs were actually mixed pairs or hybrids from previous mixed pairs. The hybrid offspring were sent to other gibbon breeders and led to further hybridization in captive gibbons. Within-genus hybrids also occur in wild gibbons where the ranges overlap (Agile Gibbons and Pileated Gibbons x Lar Gibbons, Agile Gibbons x Müller's Bornean Gibbon, Yellow-cheeked Gibbons x Northern White-cheeked Gibbons).
Intergeneric gibbon hybridizations have only occurred in captivity. Silvery Gibbons (Hylobates moloch) and Müller's Bornean Gibbon (H. muelleri) have hybridized with Siamangs (Symphalangus syndactylus) in captivity - a female Siamang produced hybrid "Siabon" offspring on 2 occasions when housed with a male gibbon; only one hybrid survived.
Anubis Baboons and Hamadryas Baboons have hybridized in the wild where their ranges meet. A Rheboon is a captive-bred Rhesus Macaque/Hamadryas Baboon hybrid with a baboon-like body shape and macaque-like tail.
Different macaque species can interbreed. In "The Variation Of Animals And Plants Under Domestication" Charles Darwin wrote: ''A Macacus, according to Flourens, bred in Paris; and more than one species of this genus has produced young in London, especially the Macacus rhesus, which everywhere shows a special capacity to breed under confinement. Hybrids have been produced both in Paris and London from this same genus. The Japanese Macaque (Macaca fuscata) has interbred with the introduced Taiwanese Macacque (M. cyclopis'') when the latter escaped into the wild from private zoos.
Various hybrid monkeys are bred within the pet trade, for example:
Among Old World monkeys, natural hybridization is not uncommon. There numerous field reports of hybrid monkeys and detailed studies of zones where species overlap and hybrids occur.
Among the great apes, Sumatran and Bornean orangutans are considered separate species with anatomical differences, producing sterile or poorly fertile hybrids. Hybrid orangutans are genetically weaker, with lower survival rates than pure animals.
Legal status
Humans are recognized as persons and protected in law by the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights and by all governments, though to varying degrees. Non-human primates are not classified as persons, which means their individual interests have no formal recognition or protection. The status of non-human primates has generated much debate, particularly through the Great Ape Project which argues for their personhood.
Thousands of primates are used every year around the world in scientific experiments because of their psychological and physiological similarity to humans. Chimpanzees, baboons, marmosets, macaques, and green monkeys are most commonly used in these experiments. In the European Union, around 10,000 were used in 2004, with 4,652 experiments conducted on 3,115 non-human primates in the UK alone in 2005. As of 2004, 3,100 non-human primates were living in captivity in the United States, in zoos, circuses, and laboratories, 1,280 of them being used in experiments. European campaign groups such as the BUAV are seeking a ban on all primate use in experiments as part of the European Union's current review of existing law on animal experimentation.
Laughter in primates
Laughter might not be confined or unique to humans, despite Aristotle's observation that "only the human animal laughs". The differences between chimpanzee and human laughter may be the result of adaptations that have evolved to enable human speech. However, some behavioural psychologists argue that self-awareness of one's situation, or the ability to identify with somebody else's predicament, are prerequisites for laughter, so animals are not really laughing in the same way that we do.
Chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans show laughter-like vocalizations in response to physical contact, such as wrestling, play chasing, or tickling. This is documented in wild and captive chimpanzees. Chimpanzee laughter is not readily recognizable to humans as such, because it is generated by alternating inhalations and exhalations that sound more like breathing and panting. The differences between chimpanzee and human laughter may be the result of adaptations that have evolved to enable human speech. There are instances in which non-human primates have been reported to have expressed joy. One study analyzed and recorded sounds made by human babies and bonobos also known as pygmy chimpanzees were tickled. It found although the bonobo’s laugh was a higher frequency, the laugh followed the same spectrographic pattern of human babies to include as similar facial expressions. Humans and chimpanzees share similar ticklish areas of the body such as the armpits and belly. The enjoyment of tickling in chimpanzees does not diminish with age. -->
735 SM
735 SM nyaéta taun ka-735 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
27 Pébruari
27 Pébruari nyaéta poé ka-58 dina sataundina kalénder Gregorian, sésana 307 poé (308 dina taun kabisat).
Pasar Lahewa, Lahewa, Nias Kalér
Pasar Lahewa nyaéta salah sahiji Kalurahan di kacamatan Lahewa, Kabupatén Nias Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Iraono Lase, Lahewa, Nias Kalér
Iraono Lase nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Lahewa, Kabupatén Nias Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
737 SM
737 SM nyaéta taun ka-737 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
734 SM
734 SM nyaéta taun ka-734 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
736 SM
736 SM nyaéta taun ka-736 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Sifaoro'asi, Lahewa, Nias Kalér
Sifaoro'asi nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Lahewa, Kabupatén Nias Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Holi, Lahewa, Nias Kalér
Holi nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Lahewa, Kabupatén Nias Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Hilizukhu, Lahewa, Nias Kalér
Hilizukhu nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Lahewa, Kabupatén Nias Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
738 SM
738 SM nyaéta taun ka-738 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
28 Pébruari
Tumbu luar
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_28
739 SM
739 SM nyaéta taun ka-739 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Hilina'a, Lahewa, Nias Kalér
Hilina'a nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Lahewa, Kabupatén Nias Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Onozalukhu, Lahewa, Nias Kalér
Onozalukhu nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Lahewa, Kabupatén Nias Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
741 SM
741 SM nyaéta taun ka-741 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Sitolubanua, Lahewa, Nias Kalér
Sitolubanua nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Lahewa, Kabupatén Nias Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
740 SM
740 SM nyaéta taun ka-740 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Hiligodu Hoya, Lahewa, Nias Kalér
Hiligodu Hoya nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Lahewa, Kabupatén Nias Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
1 Maret
1 Maret nyaéta poé ka-60 dina sataun (ka--61 dina taun kabisat) dina kalénder Gregorian, sésana 305 poé.
Tumbu luar
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_1
742 SM
742 SM nyaéta taun ka-742 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Hawa
Hawa atawa udara ngarujuk kana campuran gas anu aya dina beungeut Bumi. Hawa Bumi anu garing ngandung 78% nitrogén, 21% oksigén, sarta 1% saab cai, karbon dioksida, sarta gas-gas séjén.
Kagunaan ti ngahasilkeun gas-gas murni sapertos oksigen murni anu dianggo ku medis sareng dianggo ogé ku industri.
Kandungan (unsur sanyawa gas jeung partikel) dina hawa baris obah gumantung kana luhurna hiji patempatan (posisi) ti beungeut taneuh.Kitu ogé massana baris ngurangan nuturkeun luhurna, beuki deukeut jeung lapis troposfir, mangka hawa beuki ipis. Pososo ngaliwatan wates gravitasi bumi, baris hapa tina hawa.
Mangsa mahluk hirup ngambekan, kandungan oksigén ngurangan samentara kandungan karbon dioksida nambahan. Mangsa tutuwuhan ngalakonan sistem fotosintésa, oksigén dileupaskeun ka sabudeureunana.
Di antara gas-gas anu ngawangun hawa nyaéta di antarana:
Fadoro Sitolu Hili, Lahewa, Nias Kalér
Fadoro Sitolu Hili nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Lahewa, Kabupatén Nias Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Hilihati, Lahewa, Nias Kalér
Hilihati nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Lahewa, Kabupatén Nias Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Karbon monoksida
Produksi
Ku penting-pentingna, kiwari geus aya rupa-rupa cara ngahasilkeun karbon monoksida.
Gas produsén dibentuk ku cara ngaduruk karbon dina oksigén dina suhu anu luhur. Dina oven, udara diasupkeun kana tumpukan batu bara. Hasil antarana nu mangrupa CO2 ngimbangan karbon panas leuwihna antukna jadi CO. Réaksi O2 jeung karbon nu ngahasilkeun CO katelahna kasatimbangan Boudouard. Dina suhu leuwih ti 800 °C, CO jadi produk dominan: <!-- Synthesis gas or Water gas is produced via the endothermic reaction of steam and carbon:
CO also is a byproduct of the reduction of metal oxide ores with carbon, shown in a simplified form as follows: Since CO is a gas, the reduction process can be driven by heating, exploiting the positive (favorable) entropy of reaction. The Ellingham diagram shows that CO formation is favored over CO2 in high temperatures.
CO is the anhydride of formic acid. As such it is conveniently produced by the dehydration of formic acid, for example with sulfuric acid. Another laboratory preparation for carbon monoxide entails heating an intimate mixture of powdered zinc metal and calcium carbonate.
Another laborotory method to generate CO is reacting sucrose and sodium hydroxide in a closed system.
Structure
The CO molecule is characterized by a bond length of 0.1128 nm. Formal charge and electronegativity difference cancel each other out. The result is a small dipole moment with its negative end on the carbon atom. The reason for this, despite oxygen's greater electronegativity, is that the highest occupied molecular orbital has an energy much closer to that of carbon's p orbitals, meaning that greater electron density is found near the carbon. In addition, carbon's lower electronegativity creates a much more diffuse electron cloud, enhancing the dipole moment. This is also the reason that almost all chemistry involving carbon monoxide occurs through the carbon atom, and not the oxygen.
The molecule's bond length is consistent with a partial triple bond. The molecule has a small dipole moment and can be represented by three resonance structures:
Industrial uses
Carbon monoxide is a major industrial gas that has many applications in bulk chemicals manufacturing.
High volume aldehydes are produced by the hydroformylation reaction of alkenes, CO, and H2. In one of many applications of this technology, hydroformylation is coupled to the Shell Higher Olefin Process to give precursors to detergents.
Methanol is produced by the hydrogenation of CO. In a related reaction, the hydrogenation of CO is coupled to C-C bond formation, as in the Fischer-Tropsch process where CO is hydrogenated to liquid hydrocarbon fuels. This technology allows coal to be converted to petrol.
In the Monsanto process, carbon monoxide and methanol react in the presence of a homogeneous rhodium catalyst and HI to give acetic acid. This process is responsible for most of the industrial production of acetic acid.
744 SM
744 SM nyaéta taun ka-744 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Karbon monoksida
Industrial uses
Carbon monoxide is a principle component of syngas, which is often used for industrial power. Carbon monoxide(CO) is also used in industrial scale operations for purifying Nickel. It is a precursor for a corrosion process called Mond Process.
Coordination chemistry
Most metals form coordination complexes containing covalently attached carbon monoxide. Only those in lower oxidation states will complex with carbon monoxide ligands. This is because there must be sufficient electron density to facilitate back donation from the metal dxz-orbital, to the π* molecular orbital from CO. The lone pair on the carbon atom in CO, also donates electron density to the dx²−y² on the metal to form a sigma bond. In nickel carbonyl, Ni(CO)4 forms by the direct combination of carbon monoxide and nickel metal at room temperature. For this reason, nickel in any tubing or part must not come into prolonged contact with carbon monoxide (corrosion). Nickel carbonyl decomposes readily back to Ni and CO upon contact with hot surfaces, and this method was once used for the industrial purification of nickel in the Mond process.
Marafala, Lahewa, Nias Kalér
Marafala nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Lahewa, Kabupatén Nias Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Taufiq Kiemas
Muhammad Taufiq Kiemas gelar Datuk Basa Batuah, leuwih dipikawanoh salaku Taufiq Kiemas nyaéta saurang pulitikeus Indonésia. Anjeunna salaku Pupuhu Majelis Permusawaratan Rahayat Indonésia taun 2009–2014, tapi méméh réngsé masa jabatanna, anjeunna maot dina 8 Juni 2013. Taufiq Kiemas ogé minangka salakiPrésidén ka-5 Indonesia, Megawati Soekarnoputri.
Karbon monoksida
Coordination chemistry
In nickel carbonyl and other carbonyls, the electron pair on the carbon interacts with the metal; the carbon monoxide donates the electron pair to the metal. In these situations, carbon monoxide is called the carbonyl ligand. One of the most important metal carbonyls is iron pentacarbonyl, Fe(CO)5:
Many metal-CO complexes are prepared by decarbonylation of organic solvents, not from CO. For instance, iridium trichloride and triphenylphosphine react in boiling methoxyethanol or DMF) to afford IrCl(CO)(PPh<SUB>3</SUB>)<SUB>2</SUB>.
Organic and main group chemistry
In the presence of strong acids and water, carbon monoxide reacts with olefins to form carboxylic acids in a process known as the Koch-Haaf reaction. In the Gattermann-Koch reaction, arenes are converted to benzaldehyde derivatives in the presence of AlCl3 and HCl. Organolithium compounds, e.g. butyl lithium react with CO, but this reaction enjoys little use.
Although CO reacts with carbocations and carbanions, it is relatively unreactive toward organic compounds without the intervention of metal catalysts.
With main group reagents, CO undergoes several noteworthy reactions. Chlorination of CO is the industrial route to the important compound phosgene. With borane CO forms an adduct, H3BCO, which is isoelectronic with the acylium cation [H3CCO]+. CO reacts with sodium to give products resulting from C-C coupling such as Na2C2O2 (sodium acetylenediolate), and potassium to give K2C2O2 (potassium acetylenediolate) and K2C6O6 (potassium rhodizonate).
Carbon monoxide in the atmosphere
Carbon monoxide, though thought of as a pollutant today, has always been present in the atmosphere, chiefly as a product of volcanic activity. It occurs dissolved in molten volcanic rock at high pressures in the earth's mantle. Carbon monoxide contents of volcanic gases vary from less than 0.01% to as much as 2% depending on the volcano. It also occurs naturally in bushfires. Because natural sources of carbon monoxide are so variable from year to year, it is extremely difficult to accurately measure natural emissions of the gas.
Carbon monoxide has an indirect radiative forcing effect by elevating concentrations of methane and tropospheric ozone through chemical reactions with other atmospheric constituents (e.g., the hydroxyl radical, OH.) that would otherwise destroy them. Through natural processes in the atmosphere, it is eventually oxidized to carbon dioxide. Carbon monoxide concentrations are both short-lived in the atmosphere and spatially variable.
Anthropogenic CO from automobile and industrial emissions may contribute to the greenhouse effect and global warming. In urban areas carbon monoxide, along with aldehydes, reacts photochemically to produce peroxy radicals. Peroxy radicals react with nitrogen oxide to increase the ratio of NO2 to NO, which reduces the quantity of NO that is available to react with ozone. Carbon monoxide is also a constituent of tobacco smoke.
Carbon monoxide in the cigarette
Over 4000 chemical compounds are created when a cigarette burns, many of which are toxic and/or carcinogenic. Carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrogen cyanide and ammonia are all present in cigarette smoke.
Role in physiology and food
Carbon monoxide is used in modified atmosphere packaging systems in the US, mainly with fresh meat products such as beef and pork. The CO combines with myoglobin to form carboxymyoglobin, a bright cherry red pigment. Carboxymyoglobin is more stable than the oxygenated form of myoglobin, oxymyoglobin, which can become oxidized to the brown pigment, metmyoglobin. This stable red colour can persist much longer than in normally packaged meat, giving the appearance of freshness. Typical levels of CO used are 0.4% to 0.5%.
The technology was first given generally recognized as safe status by the FDA in 2002 for use as a secondary packaging system. In 2004 the FDA approved CO as primary packaging method, declaring that CO does not mask spoilage odour. Despite this ruling, the technology remains controversial in the US for fears that it is deceptive and masks spoilage.
One reaction in the body produces CO. Carbon monoxide is produced naturally as a breakdown of heme (which is one of hemoglobin moieties), a substrate for the enzyme heme oxygenase. The enzymatic reaction results in breakdown of heme to CO, biliverdin and Fe3+ radical. The endogenously produced CO may have important physiological roles in the body (eg as a neurotransmitter or a blood vessels relaxant). In addition CO regulates inflammatory reactions in a manner that prevents the development of several diseases such as atherosclerosis or severe malaria.
A haeme-based CO-sensor protein, CooA, is known. The scope of its biological role is still unclear, it is apparently part of a signaling pathway in bacteria and archaea, but its occurrence in mammals is not established.
CO is also currently being studied in several research laboratories throughout the world for its anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective properties that can be used therapeutically to prevent the development of a series of pathologic conditions such as ischemia reperfusion injury, transplant rejection, atherosclerosis, sepsis, severe malaria or autoimmunity. There are yet no clinical applications of CO in humans.
History
Carbon monoxide was first prepared by the French chemist de Lassone in 1776 by heating zinc oxide with coke. He mistakenly concluded that the gaseous product was hydrogen as it burned with a blue flame. The gas was identified as a compound containing carbon and oxygen by the English chemist William Cumberland Cruikshank in the year 1800.
The toxic properties of CO were first thoroughly investigated by the French physiologist Claude Bernard around 1846. He poisoned dogs with the gas, and noticed that their blood was more rutilant in all the vessels. 'Rutilant' is a French word, but also has an entry in English dictionaries, meaning ruddy, shimmering, or golden. However, it was translated at the time as crimson, scarlet, and now is famously known as 'cherry pink'.
During World War II, carbon monoxide was used to keep motor vehicles running in parts of the world where gasoline was scarce. External charcoal or wood burners were fitted, and the carbon monoxide produced by gasification was piped to the carburetor. The CO in this case is known as "wood gas". Carbon monoxide was also reportedly used on a small scale during the Holocaust at some Nazi extermination camps, and in the Action T4 "euthanasia" program.
Toxicity
Carbon monoxide is a significantly toxic gas and has no odor or color. It is the most common type of fatal poisoning in many countries. Exposures can lead to significant toxicity of the central nervous system and heart. Following poisoning, long-term sequelae often occur. Carbon monoxide can also have severe effects on the baby of a pregnant woman. Symptoms of mild poisoning include headaches and dizziness at concentrations less than 100 ppm. Concentrations as low as 667 ppm can cause up to 50% of the body's haemoglobin to be converted to carboxy-haemoglobin (HbCO). Carboxy-haemoglobin is quite stable but this change is reversible. Carboxy-haemoglobin is ineffective for delivering oxygen, resulting in some body parts not receiving oxygen needed. As a result, exposures of this level can be life-threatening. In the United States, OSHA limits long-term workplace exposure levels to 50 ppm.