cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Mawar
Industri parfum
Kiwari, kaperluan minyak mawar dunya saloba 70%-80% dipinuhan ku puseur panyaringan mawar di Bulgaria sedengkeun sésana ditedunan ku Iran jeung Jerman. Panyaringan minyak mawar di Bulgaria, Iran, jeung Jerman ngagunakeun mawar damaskus Rosa damascena 'Trigintipetala,' sedengkeun panyaringan di Perancis ngagunakeun jinis Rosa centifolia. Minyak mawar boga warna konéng sepa atawa konéng semu kulawu ogé disebut minyak 'Rose Absolute' pikeun ngabédakeunana jeung minyak mawar anu geus diéncérkan. Panyaringan ngahasilkeun minyak mawar kalawan perbandingan 1/3.000 nepi ka 1/6.000 tina beurat kembang, antukna diperlukeun 2.000 kembang mawar pikeun ngahasilkeun minyak mawar saloba 1 gram.
Minyak mawar diwangun ku geraniol nu ambeuna seungit anu miboga rumus kimia C10H18O kalawan rumus bangun CH3.C[CH3]:CH.CH2.CH2.C[CH3]:CH.CH2OH sarta l-sitronelol; sarta rose camphor (parafin tanpa ambeu).
Tumbu ka luar
{pondok}
Sréngséng Sawah, Jagakarsa, Jakarta Selatan
Sréngséng Sawah nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Jagakarsa, Kota Jakarta Kidul, Propinsi DKI Jakarta, Indonésia.
Pangarengan, Legon Kulon, Subang
Pangarengan nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Legon Kulon, Kabupatén Subang, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Balébandung Jaya, Pabuaran, Subang
Balébandung Jaya nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Pabuaran, Kabupatén Subang, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Hasahatan, Halongonan, Padang Lawas Kalér
Hasahatan nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Halongonan, Kabupatén Padang Lawas Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Sandean Julu, Halongonan, Padang Lawas Kalér
Sandean Julu nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Halongonan, Kabupatén Padang Lawas Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Pagar Gunung, Halongonan, Padang Lawas Kalér
Pagar Gunung nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Halongonan, Kabupatén Padang Lawas Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
37 SM
37 SM nyaéta taun ka-37 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Caracas, Pabuaran, Subang
Caracas nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Pabuaran, Kabupatén Subang, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Cihambulu, Pabuaran, Subang
Cihambulu nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Pabuaran, Kabupatén Subang, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Lénténg Agung, Jagakarsa, Jakarta Kidul
Lénténg Agung nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Jagakarsa, Kota Jakarta Kidul, Propinsi DKI Jakarta, Indonésia.
Tanjung Barat, Jagakarsa, Jakarta Kidul
Tanjung Barat nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Jagakarsa, Kota Jakarta Kidul, Propinsi DKI Jakarta, Indonésia.
Éléktrodinamika
Éléktrodinamika nyaéta élmu anu ngulik listrik anu dinamis atawa anu usik. Kuat arus dina listrik dinamis diukur ku muatan listrik dibagai waktu. Hijian muatan listrik nyaéta coulumb sedengkeun hijian waktu nyaéta detik. Kuat arus dina rangkéan nu nyabang sarua jeung kuat arus anu asup ogé kuat arus anu kaluar. Sedengkeun dina rangkéan sérial, kuat arus tetep sarua di satiap tungtung-tungtung résistor. Sabalikna teganganana béda dina tiap résistor. Dina rangkéan sérial, tegangan pohara gumantung kana résistansi, tapi dina rangkéan nyabang, tegangan henteu mangaruhan résistansi. Kabéh fénoména éta geus disingkabkeun ku hukum kirchoff anu unina: "jumlah kuat arus listrik anu asup sarua jeung jumlah kuat arus listrik anu kaluar". Dumasar kana hukum ohm, bisa dicindekkeun yén cara ngukur tegangan listrik nyaéta kuat arus × résistansi. Résistansi boga ajén nu sarua alatan tegangan sabanding jeung kuat arus. Tegangan mibanda hijian volt(V) sarta kuat arus boga hijia ampere (A) sedengkeun résistansi boga hijian ohm.
Karanghégar, Pabuaran, Subang
Karanghégar nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Pabuaran, Kabupatén Subang, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Antartika
<div style="float: right; margin: 0 0 1em 2em; width: 25em; text-align: right; font-size: 0.86em; line-height: normal;"> <div style="border: 1px solid #ccd2d9; background: #f0f6fa; text-align: left; padding: 0.5em 1em; text-align: center;"> Antartika Antartika nyaéta buana pangkidulna di Bumi, nu ngampar di Kutub Kidul. Perenahna dina beulahan bumi beulah kidul, ampir sakabéhnadi kiduleun Antarctic Circle, dilingkung ku Samudra Kidul. Kalayan lega 14.4 yuta km² (5.4 yuta sq mi), mangrupa buana panggedéna kalima sanggeus Asia, Afrika, Amerika Kaler, jeung Amerika Kidul. 98% Antartika katutupan ku es, nu rata-rata kandelna pangsaeutikna 1.6 kilométer (1.0 mi).
Ilaharna, Antartika mangrupa buana pangtiisna, panggaringna tur panglobaanginna, sarta boga rata-rata pangluhurna ti sakabéh buana. Alatan presipitasina saeutik, kajaba di basisir, jero-jeroan buana ieu sacara tehnis mangrupa gurun panglegana di dunya. Euweuh panyicingan manusa nu maneuh tur taya ogé bukti yén kungsi kacicingan ku manusa ti jaman prasajarahna mula. Nu aya ukur tutuwuhan katut sasatoan nu bisa cocog jeung kaayaan alam nu tiis, kaasup pinguin, anjing laut (fur seals), lumut, lichen, jeung sababaraha rupa ganggang.
Ngaran Antarktika mangrupa versi romanisasi tina kecap campuran basa Yunani Αntarktiké (Aνταρκτική), nu hartina "Sabrangeun Arktik". Sanajan mite jeung spekulasi ngeunaan Terra Australis ("Southern Land") date back to antiquity, the first confirmed sighting of the continent is commonly accepted to have occurred in 1820 by the Russian expedition of Mikhail Lazarev and Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen. However, the continent remained largely neglected for the rest of the 19th century because of its hostile environment, lack of resources, and isolation.
The Antarctic Treaty was signed in 1959 by twelve countries; to date, forty-five countries have signed the tréaty. The tréaty prohibits military activities and mineral mining, supports scientific reséarch, and protects the continent's ecozone. Ongoing experiments are conducted by more than 4,000 scientists of many nationalities and with different reséarch interests.
Sajarah
<!--
Pangarambangan, Halongonan, Padang Lawas Kalér
Pangarambangan nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Halongonan, Kabupatén Padang Lawas Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Antartika
Sajarah
Belief in the existence of a Terra Australis—a vast continent in the far south of the globe to "balance" the northern lands of Europe, Asia and north Africa—had existed since the times of Ptolemy (1st century AD), who suggested the idea to preserve the symmetry of all known landmasses in the world. Depictions of a large southern landmass were common in maps such as the early 16th century Turkish Piri Reis map. Even in the late 17th century, after explorers had found that South America and Australia were not part of the fabled "Antarctica", geographers believed that the continent was much larger than its actual size.
European maps continued to show this hypothetical land until Captain James Cook's ships, HMS Resolution and Adventure, crossed the Antarctic Circle on January 17, 1773, in December 1773 and again in January 1774. Cook in fact came within about 75 mi of the Antarctic coast before retreating in the face of field ice in January 1773. The first confirmed sighting of Antarctica can be narrowed down to the crews of ships captained by three individuals. According to various organizations (the National Science Foundation, NASA, the University of California, San Diego, and other sources ), ships captained by three men sighted Antarctica in 1820: Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen (a captain in the Russian Imperial Navy), Edward Bransfield (a captain in the Royal Navy), and Nathaniel Palmer (an American sealer out of Stonington, Connecticut). Von Bellingshausen saw Antarctica on January 27, 1820, three days before Bransfield sighted land, and ten months before Palmer did so in November 1820. On that day the two-ship expedition led by Von Bellingshausen and Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev reached a point within 32 kilometers (20 mi) of the Antarctic mainland and saw ice fields there. The first documented landing on mainland Antarctica was by the American sealer John Davis in Western Antarctica on February 7, 1821, although some historians dispute this claim.
39 SM
39 SM nyaéta taun ka-39 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Antartika
Sajarah
In December 1839, as part of the United States Exploring Expedition of 1838–42 conducted by the United States Navy (sometimes called the "Ex. Ex.", or "the Wilkes Expedition"), an expedition sailed from Sydney, Australia, into the Antarctic Ocean, as it was then known, and reported the discovery "of an Antarctic continent west of the Balleny Islands". That part of Antarctica was later named "Wilkes Land", a name it maintains to this day.
In 1841, explorer James Clark Ross passed through what is now known as the Ross Sea and discovered Ross Island (both of which were named for him). He sailed along a huge wall of ice that was later named the Ross Ice Shelf (also named for him). Mount Erebus and Mount Terror are named after two ships from his expedition: HMS Erebus and Terror. Mercator Cooper landed in Eastern Antarctica on January 26, 1853. During an expedition led by Ernest Shackleton in 1907, parties led by T. W. Edgeworth David became the first to climb Mount Erebus and to reach the South Magnetic Pole. Douglas Mawson, who assumed the leadership of the Magnetic Pole party on their perilous return, went on to lead several expeditions until retiring in 1931. In addition, Shackleton himself and three other members of his expedition made several firsts in December 1908 – February 1909: they were the first humans to traverse the Ross Ice Shelf, the first to traverse the Transantarctic Mountain Range (via the Beardmore Glacier), and the first to set foot on the South Polar Plateau. On December 14, 1911, an expedition led by Norwegian polar explorer Roald Amundsen from the ship Fram became the first to reach the geographic South Pole, using a route from the Bay of Whales and up the Axel Heiberg Glacier. One month later, the ill-fated Scott Expedition reached the pole.
Geograpi
<!--
Centered asymmetrically around the South Pole and largely south of the Antarctic Circle, Antarctica is the southernmost continent and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean; alternatively, it may be considered to be surrounded by the southern Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans, or by the southern waters of the World Ocean. It covers more than 14 million km² (5.4 million sq mi), making it the fifth-largest continent, about 1.3 times larger than Europe. The coastline measures 17,968 kilometers (11,160 mi) and is mostly characterized by ice formations, as the following table shows:
Antarctica is divided in two by the Transantarctic Mountains close to the neck between the Ross Sea and the Weddell Sea. The portion west of the Weddell Sea and east of the Ross Sea is called Western Antarctica and the remainder Eastern Antarctica, because they roughly correspond to the Western and Eastern Hemispheres relative to the Greenwich meridian.
About 98% of Antarctica is covered by the Antarctic ice sheet, a sheet of ice averaging at least 1.6 kilometers (1.0 mi) thick. The continent has about 90% of the world's ice (and thereby about 70% of the world's fresh water). If all of this ice were melted, sea levels would rise about 60 meters (200 ft). In most of the interior of the continent, precipitation is very low, down to 20 mm per year; in a few "blue ice" areas precipitation is lower than mass loss by sublimation and so the local mass balance is negative. In the dry valleys the same effect occurs over a rock base, leading to a desiccated landscape.
Western Antarctica is covered by the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. The sheet has been of recent concern because of the real, if small, possibility of its collapse. If the sheet were to break down, ocean levels would rise by several meters in a relatively geologically short period of time, perhaps a matter of centuries. Several Antarctic ice streams, which account for about 10% of the ice sheet, flow to one of the many Antarctic ice shelves.
Vinson Massif, the highest peak in Antarctica at 4,892 meters (16,050 ft), is located in the Ellsworth Mountains. Although Antarctica is home to many volcanoes, only Mount Erebus is known to be active. Located on Ross Island, Erebus is the southernmost active volcano. There is another famous volcano called Deception Island, which is famous for its giant eruption in 1970. Minor eruptions are frequent and lava flow has been observed in recent years. Other dormant volcanoes may potentially be active. In 2004, an underwater volcano was found in the Antarctic Peninsula by American and Canadian researchers. Recent evidence shows this unnamed volcano may be active.
Antarctica is home to more than 70 lakes that lie thousands of meters under the surface of the continental ice sheet. Lake Vostok, discovered beneath Russia's Vostok Station in 1996, is the largest of these subglacial lakes. It is believed that the lake has been sealed off for 500,000 to one million years. There is some evidence, in the form of ice cores drilled to about 400 m above the water line, that Vostok's waters may contain microbial life. The sealed, frozen surface of the lake shares similarities with Jupiter's moon Europa. If life is discovered in Lake Vostok, this would strengthen the argument for the possibility of life on Europa. On February 7, 2008, a NASA team embarked on a mission to Lake Untersee, searching for extremophiles in its highly-alkaline waters. If found, these resilient creatures could further bolster the argument for extraterrestrial life in extremely cold, methane-rich environments. -->
Géologi
<!--
Sajarah géologis jeung paléontologi
Leuwih ti 170 yuta taun ka tukang, Antartika mangrupa bagéan tina superbuana Gondwana. Ku lumangsungna waktu, Gondwana sacara gradual peupeus tur misah tepikeun ka ayana Antartika sakumaha nu dipikanyaho ku urang kiwari téh kawangun kurang leuwih 25 taun ka tukang.
Jaman Paléozoik (540–250 mya)
During the Cambrian period, Gondwana had a mild climate. West Antarctica was partially in the northern hemisphere, and during this period large amounts of sandstones, limestones and shales were deposited. East Antarctica was at the equator, where sea floor invertebrates and trilobites flourished in the tropical seas. By the start of the Devonian period (416 mya), Gondwana was in more southern latitudes and the climate was cooler, though fossils of land plants are known from this time. Sand and silts were laid down in what is now the Ellsworth, Horlick and Pensacola Mountains. Glaciation began at the end of the Devonian period (360 mya), as Gondwana became centered around the South Pole and the climate cooled, though flora remained. During the Permian period, the plant life became dominated by fern-like plants such as Glossopteris, which grew in swamps. Over time these swamps became deposits of coal in the Transantarctic Mountains. Towards the end of the Permian period, continued warming led to a dry, hot climate over much of Gondwana.
Napa Lancat, Halongonan, Padang Lawas Kalér
Napa Lancat nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Halongonan, Kabupatén Padang Lawas Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Antartika
Peupeusna Gondwana (160–23 mya)
The cooling of Antarctica occurred stepwise by the continental spread changing the oceanic currents from longitudinal equator-to-pole temperature-equalizing currents to latitudinal currents that preserved and accentuated latitude temperature differences.
Africa separated from Antarctica around 160 mya, followed by the Indian subcontinent, in the early Cretaceous (about 125 mya). About 65 mya, Antarctica (then connected to Australia) still had a tropical to subtropical climate, complete with a marsupial fauna. About 40 mya Australia-New Guinea separated from Antarctica, so that latitudinal current could isolate Antarctica from Australia, and so the first ice began to appear. Around 23 mya, the Drake Passage opened between Antarctica and South America, which resulted in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. The ice spread, replacing the forests that then covered the continent. Since about 15 mya, the continent has been mostly covered with ice, with the Antarctic ice cap reaching its present extension around 6 mya.
Geologi Antartika kiwari
The geological study of Antarctica has been greatly hindered by the fact that nearly all of the continent is permanently covered with a thick layer of ice. However, new techniques such as remote sensing, ground-penetrating radar and satellite imagery have begun to reveal the structures beneath the ice.
Geologically, West Antarctica closely resembles the Andes mountain range of South America. The Antarctic Peninsula was formed by uplift and metamorphism of sea bed sediments during the late Paleozoic and the early Mesozoic eras. This sediment uplift was accompanied by igneous intrusions and volcanism. The most common rocks in West Antarctica are andesite and rhyolite volcanics formed during the Jurassic period. There is also evidence of volcanic activity, even after the ice sheet had formed, in Marie Byrd Land and Alexander Island. The only anomalous area of West Antarctica is the Ellsworth Mountains region, where the stratigraphy is more similar to the eastern part of the continent.
The main mineral resource known on the continent is coal. It was first recorded near the Beardmore Glacier by Frank Wild on the Nimrod Expedition, and now low-grade coal is known across many parts of the Transantarctic Mountains. The Prince Charles Mountains contain significant deposits of iron ore. The most valuable resources of Antarctica lie offshore, namely the oil and natural gas fields found in the Ross Sea in 1973. Exploitation of all mineral resources is banned until 2048 by the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty.
Iklim
Antarctica is the coldest place on Earth. At the 3-kilometer (2 mi)-high Vostok Station in Antarctica, scientists recorded the world's lowest temperature: −89 °C (−129 °F). For comparison, this is 11 degrees colder than sublimating dry ice. Antarctica is a frozen desert with little precipitation; the South Pole itself receives less than 10 centimeters (4 in) per year, on average. Temperatures reach a minimum of between −80 °C and −90 °C (−112 °F and −130 °F) in the interior in winter and reach a maximum of between 5 °C and 15 °C (41 °F and 59 °F) near the coast in summer. Sunburn is often a health issue as the snow surface reflects almost all of the ultraviolet light falling on it. Eastern Antarctica is colder than its western counterpart because of its higher elevation. Weather fronts rarely penetrate far into the continent, leaving the center cold and dry. Despite the lack of precipitation over the central portion of the continent, ice there lasts for extended time periods. Heavy snowfalls are not uncommon on the coastal portion of the continent, where snowfalls of up to 1.22 meters (48 in) in 48 hours have been recorded. At the edge of the continent, strong katabatic winds off the polar plateau often blow at storm force. In the interior, however, wind speeds are typically moderate. During summer, more solar radiation reaches the surface during clear days at the South Pole than at the equator because of the 24 hours of sunlight each day at the Pole.
Antarctica is colder than the Arctic for two reasons. First, much of the continent is more than 3 kilometers (2 mi) above sea level, and temperature decreases with elevation. Second, the Arctic Ocean covers the north polar zone: the ocean's relative warmth is transferred through the icepack and prevents temperatures in the Arctic regions from reaching the extremes typical of the land surface of Antarctica.
Given the latitude, long periods of constant darkness or constant sunlight create climates unfamiliar to human beings in much of the rest of the world. The aurora australis, commonly known as the southern lights, is a glow observed in the night sky near the South Pole. Another unique spectacle is diamond dust, a ground-level cloud composed of tiny ice crystals. It generally forms under otherwise clear or nearly clear skies, so people sometimes also refer to it as clear-sky precipitation. A sun dog, a frequent atmospheric optical phenomenon, is a bright "spot" beside the true sun.
Populasi
Antarctica has no permanent residents, but a number of governments maintain permanent research stations throughout the continent. The number of people conducting and supporting scientific research and other work on the continent and its nearby islands varies from about 4,000 in summer to about 1,000 in winter. Many of the stations are staffed year-round.
The first semi-permanent inhabitants of regions near Antarctica (areas situated south of the Antarctic Convergence) were British and American sealers who used to spend a year or more on South Georgia, from 1786 onward. During the whaling era, which lasted until 1966, the population of that island varied from over 1,000 in the summer (over 2,000 in some years) to some 200 in the winter. Most of the whalers were Norwegian, with an increasing proportion of Britons. The settlements included Grytviken, Leith Harbour, King Edward Point, Stromness, Husvik, Prince Olav Harbour, Ocean Harbour and Godthul. Managers and other senior officers of the whaling stations often lived together with their families. Among them was the founder of Grytviken, Captain Carl Anton Larsen, a prominent Norwegian whaler and explorer who, along with his family, adopted British citizenship in 1910.
The first child born in the southern polar region was Norwegian girl Solveig Gunbjörg Jacobsen, born in Grytviken on 8 October 1913, and her birth was registered by the resident British Magistrate of South Georgia. She was a daughter of Fridthjof Jacobsen, the assistant manager of the whaling station, and of Klara Olette Jacobsen. Jacobsen arrived on the island in 1904 to become the manager of Grytviken, serving from 1914 to 1921; two of his children were born on the island.
Flora and fauna
<!--
Flora
The climate of Antarctica does not allow extensive vegetation. A combination of freezing temperatures, poor soil quality, lack of moisture, and lack of sunlight inhibit the flourishing of plants. As a result, plant life is limited to mostly mosses and liverworts. The autotrophic community is made up of mostly protists. The flora of the continent largely consists of lichens, bryophytes, algae, and fungi. Growth generally occurs in the summer, and only for a few weeks at most.
41 SM
41 SM nyaéta taun ka-41 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Antartika
Flora
There are more than 200 species of lichens and about 50 species of bryophytes, such as mosses. Seven hundred species of algae exist, most of which are phytoplankton. Multicolored snow algae and diatoms are especially abundant in the coastal regions during the summer. There are two species of flowering plants found in the Antarctic Peninsula: Deschampsia antarctica (Antarctic hair grass) and Colobanthus quitensis (Antarctic pearlwort).
Fauna
Land fauna is nearly completely invertebrate. Invertebrate life includes microscopic mites, lice, nematodes, tardigrades, rotifers, krill and springtails. The flightless midge Belgica antarctica, just 12 mm in size, is the largest purely terrestrial animal in Antarctica. The Snow Petrel is one of only three birds that breed exclusively in Antarctica. They have been seen at the South Pole.
Due to the extreme cold, the body fluids of tiny mites and midges in Antarctica contain glycerol, an antifreeze liquid that protects them from solidifying when temperatures plummet to as low as −34 °C (−30 °F).
A variety of marine animals exist and rely, directly or indirectly, on the phytoplankton. Antarctic sea life includes penguins, blue whales, orcas and fur seals. The Emperor penguin is the only penguin that breeds during the winter in Antarctica, while the Adélie Penguin breeds farther south than any other penguin. The Rockhopper penguin has distinctive feathers around the eyes, giving the appearance of elaborate eyelashes. King penguins, Chinstrap penguins, and Gentoo Penguins also breed in the Antarctic.
The Antarctic fur seal was very heavily hunted in the 18th and 19th centuries for its pelt by sealers from the United States and the United Kingdom. The Weddell Seal, a "true seal", is named after Sir James Weddell, commander of British sealing expeditions in the Weddell Sea. Antarctic krill, which congregates in large schools, is the keystone species of the ecosystem of the Southern Ocean, and is an important food organism for whales, seals, leopard seals, fur seals, squid, icefish, penguins, albatrosses and many other birds.
The passing of the Antarctic Conservation Act in the U.S. brought several restrictions to U.S. activity on the continent. The introduction of alien plants or animals can bring a criminal penalty, as can the extraction of any indigenous species. The overfishing of krill, which plays a large role in the Antarctic ecosystem, led officials to enact regulations on fishing. The Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR), a treaty that came into force in 1980, requires that regulations managing all Southern Ocean fisheries consider potential effects on the entire Antarctic ecosystem. Despite these new acts, unregulated and illegal fishing, particularly of Patagonian toothfish (marketed as Chilean Sea Bass in the U.S.), remains a serious problem. The illegal fishing of toothfish has been increasing, with estimates of 32,000 tonnes (35,300 short tons) in 2000. -->
Pulitik
Antarctica has no government and belongs to no country. Various countries claim areas of it, but while some have mutually recognized each other's claims, no other countries recognize such claims. The area between 90° W and 150° W is the only part of Antarctica not claimed by any country as of yet.
Since 1959, new claims on Antarctica have been suspended and the continent is considered politically neutral. Its status is regulated by the 1959 Antarctic Treaty and other related agreements, collectively called the Antarctic Treaty System. For the purposes of the Treaty System, Antarctica is defined as all land and ice shelves south of 60° S. The treaty was signed by twelve countries, including the Soviet Union (and later Russia), the United Kingdom, Argentina, and the United States. It set aside Antarctica as a scientific preserve, established freedom of scientific investigation, environmental protection, and banned military activity on that continent. This was the first arms control agreement established during the Cold War.
In 1983, the Antarctic Treaty Parties began negotiations on a convention to regulate mining in Antarctica. A coalition of international organisations launched a public pressure campaign to prevent any minerals development in the region, led largely by Greenpeace International which established its own scientific station – World Park Base - in the Ross Sea region and conducted annual expeditions to document environmental impacts from human activities on the continent. In 1988, the Convention on the Regulation of Antarctic Mineral Resources (CRAMRA) was adopted. The following year, however, Australia and France announced that they would not ratify the convention, rendering it dead for all intents and purposes. Instead, they proposed that a comprehensive regime to protect the Antarctic environment be negotiated in its place. As other countries followed suit, the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (the ‘Madrid Protocol’) was negotiated and on January 14, 1998 it entered into force. The Madrid Protocol bans all mining activities in Antarctica, designating the continent as a ‘natural reserve devoted to peace and science’.
The Antarctic Treaty prohibits any military activity in Antarctica, such as the establishment of military bases and fortifications, the carrying out of military manoeuvers, or the testing of any type of weapon. Military personnel or equipment are permitted only for scientific research or for other peaceful purposes. The only documented land military manoeuvre was Operation NINETY, undertaken by the Argentine military.
The United States military issues the Antarctica Service Medal to military members or civilians who perform research duty in Antarctica. The medal includes a "wintered over" bar issued to those who remain on the continent for two complete six-month seasons.
Antarctic territories
The Argentine, British and Chilean claims all overlap. Australia has the greatest claim of Antarctic territory.
Countries interested in participating in a future territorial division of Antarctica
This group of countries participating as members of advisory Antarctica Treaty, have an interest in the territorial Antarctic continent but Antarctica provisions of the Treaty itself can not make their claims while the period of validity..
Similarly Russia and the United States, original signatories of the Treaty reserved their right to claim at any time if other countries enforce their own.
Germany also maintained a claim to Antarctica, known as New Swabia, between 1939 and 1945. It was situated from to, overlapping Norway's claim. The claim was abandoned after the fall of Nazi Germany in 1945.
Karangmukti, Pabuaran, Subang
Karangmukti nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Pabuaran, Kabupatén Subang, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Antartika
Ekonomi
Although coal, hydrocarbons, iron ore, platinum, copper, chromium, nickel, gold and other minerals have been found, they have not been in large enough quantities to exploit. The 1991 Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty also restricts a struggle for resources. In 1998, a compromise agreement was reached to place an indefinite ban on mining, to be reviewed in 2048, further limiting economic development and exploitation. The primary agricultural activity is the capture and offshore trading of fish. Antarctic fisheries in 2000–01 reported landing 112,934 tonnes.
Kadawung, Pabuaran, Subang
Kadawung nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Pabuaran, Kabupatén Subang, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
38 SM
38 SM nyaéta taun ka-38 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
42 SM
42 SM nyaéta taun ka-42 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Antartika
Ekonomi
Small-scale "expedition tourism" has existed since 1957 and is currently subject to Antarctic Treaty and Environmental Protocol provisions, but in effect self-regulated by the International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators (IAATO). Not all vessels associated with Antarctic tourism are members of IAATO, but IAATO members account for 95% of the tourist activity. Travel is largely by small or medium ship, focusing on specific scenic locations with accessible concentrations of iconic wildlife. A total of 37,506 tourists visited during the 2006–07 Austral summer with nearly all of them coming from commercial ships. The number is predicted to increase to over 80,000 by 2010. There has been some recent concern over the potential adverse environmental and ecosystem effects caused by the influx of visitors. A call for stricter regulations for ships and a tourism quota have been made by some environmentalists and scientists. The primary response by Antarctic Treaty Parties has been to develop, through their Committee for Environmental Protection and in partnership with IAATO, "site use guidelines" setting landing limits and closed or restricted zones on the more frequently visited sites. Antarctic sight seeing flights (which did not land) operated out of Australia and New Zealand until the fatal crash of Air New Zealand Flight 901 in 1979 on Mount Erebus, which killed all 257 aboard. Qantas resumed commercial overflights to Antarctica from Australia in the mid-1990s. -->
Riset
<!--
Gandaria Utara, Kebayoran Baru, Jakarta Selatan
Gandaria Utara nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Kebayoran Baru, Kota Jakarta Kidul, Propinsi DKI Jakarta, Indonésia.
Antartika
Riset
Each year, scientists from 27 different nations conduct experiments not reproducible in any other place in the world. In the summer more than 4,000 scientists operate research stations; this number decreases to nearly 1,000 in the winter. McMurdo Station is capable of housing more than 1,000 scientists, visitors, and tourists.
Researchers include biologists, geologists, oceanographers, physicists, astronomers, glaciologists, and meteorologists. Geologists tend to study plate tectonics, meteorites from outer space, and resources from the breakup of the supercontinent Gondwanaland. Glaciologists in Antarctica are concerned with the study of the history and dynamics of floating ice, seasonal snow, glaciers, and ice sheets. Biologists, in addition to examining the wildlife, are interested in how harsh temperatures and the presence of people affect adaptation and survival strategies in a wide variety of organisms. Medical physicians have made discoveries concerning the spreading of viruses and the body's response to extreme seasonal temperatures. Astrophysicists at Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station study the celestial dome and cosmic microwave background radiation. Many astronomical observations are better made from the interior of Antarctica than from most surface locations because of the high elevation, which results in a thin atmosphere, and low temperature, which minimizes the amount of water vapour in the atmosphere, thus allowing for a view of space clearer than anywhere else on Earth. Antarctic ice serves as both the shield and the detection medium for the largest neutrino telescope in the world, built 2 kilometers below Amundsen-Scott station.
Since the 1970s, an important focus of study has been the ozone layer in the atmosphere above Antarctica. In 1985, three British Scientists working on data they had gathered at Halley Station on the Brunt Ice Shelf discovered the existence of a hole in this layer. In 1998, NASA satellite data showed that the Antarctic ozone hole was the largest on record, covering 27 million km² (10 million sq mi). It was eventually determined that the destruction of the ozone was caused by chlorofluorocarbons emitted by human products. With the ban of CFCs in the Montreal Protocol of 1989, it is believed that the ozone hole will close up over the next fifty years.
Princess Elisabeth Polar Science Station
On September 6, 2007, Belgian-based International Polar Foundation unveiled the Princess Elisabeth station, the world's first zero-emissions polar science station in Antarctica to research climate change. Costing $16.3 million, the prefabricated station, which is part of International Polar Year will be shipped to the South Pole from Belgium by the end of 2008 to monitor the health of the polar regions. Belgian polar explorer Alain Hubert has stated: "This base will be the first of its kind to produce zero emissions, making it a unique model of how energy should be used in the Antarctic." Johan Berte is the leader of the station design team and manager of the project which will conduct research in climatology, glaciology and microbiology.
Meteorit
This large collection of meteorites allows a better understanding of the abundance of meteorite types in the solar system and how meteorites relate to asteroids and comets. New types of meteorites and rare meteorites have been found. Among these are pieces blasted off the Moon, and probably Mars, by impacts. These specimens, particularly ALH84001 discovered by ANSMET, are at the center of the controversy about possible evidence of microbial life on Mars. Because meteorites in space absorb and record cosmic radiation, the time elapsed since the meteorite hit the Earth can be determined from laboratory studies. The elapsed time since fall, or terrestrial residence age, of a meteorite represents more information that might be useful in environmental studies of Antarctic ice sheets.
In 2006, a team of researchers from Ohio State University used gravity measurements by NASA's GRACE satellites to discover the 300 mi-wide Wilkes Land crater, which probably formed about 250 million years ago.
Erupsi vulkanik
On January, 2008, the British Antarctic Survey (Bas) scientists led by Hugh Corr and David Vaughan, reported (in the journal Nature Geoscience) that 2,200 years ago, a volcano erupted under Antarctica ice sheet (based on airborne survey with radar images). The biggest eruption in the last 10,000 years, the volcanic ash was found deposited on the ice surface under the Hudson Mountains, close to Pine Island Glacier. -->
Pangaruh nyongkabna jagat
<!--
A bridge made of ice based on the Leonardo da Vinci draft plans for a bridge over the Golden Horn in Istanbul was built in Antarctica in 2007. This project was a plea to the world to stop the causes of global warming in the hope that the "Leonardo Bridge" in Antarctica remains standing forever. (A similar ice bridge had been constructed in the garden of United Nations on 15 December 2007 for the purpose of demonstrating global warming. That bridge melted fully on Christmas Day 2007.)
On February 28 through March 8, 2008, about 570 square kilometers of ice from the Wilkins Ice Shelf in Western Antarctica suddenly collapsed, putting the remaining 15,000 square kilometers of the ice shelf at risk. The ice is being held back by a "thread" of ice about 6 km wide. -->
Cipeté Utara, Kebayoran Baru, Jakarta Selatan
Cipeté Utara nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Kebayoran Baru, Kota Jakarta Kidul, Propinsi DKI Jakarta, Indonésia.
Karakteristik filter sistem liniér
Sistem liniér mintonkeun fitur jeung sifat nu jauh leuwih saderhana batan sistem nonliniér. Sistem liniér loba kapanggih dina widang kontrol otomatik, pamrosésan sinyal, jeung telekomunikasi. Contona, médium rambatan pikeun sistem komunikasi nirkabel mindeng bisa digambarkeun (dimodélkeun) ku sistem liniér.
salah sahiji sifat tikudrat sistem liniér nyaéta karakteristik filterna
Spéktrum frékuénsi
Réspon frékuénsi H(\omega) mangrupa karakteristik tina sistem LTI. Réspon frékuénsi kasebut ilaharna mangrupa kuantitas kompléks, nyaéta:
Dina hal sistem LTI kalawan réspon impuls h(t), H(\omega) ngagambarkeun simétri konjugat, nyaéta:
nu hartina:
Amplitudo mangrupa fungsi frékuénsi ganjil, sedengkeun fase  mangrupa fungsi frékuénsi jeung kep (bs Indonésia genap).
Upamana baé:
Jadi:
Perlu dicatet yén spéktrum amplitudo sinyal kaluaran kapanggih ku cara ngalikeun spéktrum amplitudo sinyal asupan jeung amplitudo réspon frékuénsi. Spéktrum fase sinyal kaluaran mangrupa pajumlahan antara spéktrum fase sinyal asupan jeung fase réspon frékuénsi. Jadi, hiji sistem LTI lumaku sabagé hiji filter pikeun sinyal asupan. Kecap filter di dieu dipaké pikeun ngagambarkeun yén sistem mobanda sarupaning sifat pipilih frékuénsi.
Transmisi tanpa distorsi
Pikeun transmisi tanpa distorsi anu ngaliwatan hiji sistem, urang merlukeun yén bentuk sinyal asupan kudu persis dihasilkeun dina kaluaran sistem kasebut. Lantaran kitu, lamun x(t) mangrupa sinyal asupan mangka kaluaran anu diperlukeun téh:
di mana t_d téh waktu tunda sarta K nyaéta konstanta gain. Ku cara nerapkeun transformasi Fourier kana kadua ruas persamaan di luhur, urang bakal meunangkeun:
Réspon frékuénsi atawa fungsi transfer sistem:
Jadi amplitudo H(\omega) kudu konstan dina sakabéh frékuénsi, sarta fase H(\omega) kudu liniér nurutkeun frékuénsi. Hal ieu bisa digambarkeun kawas kieu:
Distorsi amplitudo jeung distorsi fase
Lamun spéktrum amplitudo |H(\omega)| sistem henteu konstan dina pita frékuénsi tinangtu mangka komponén-komponén frékuénsi sinyal input ditransmisikeun dibarengan sajumlah gain atawa atenuasi. Éfék ieu disebut distorsi amplitudo.
Lamun spéktrum fase henteu liniér nurutkeun frékuénsi mangka sinyal kaluaran miboga bentuk gelombang nu béda jeung sinyal asupan lantaran ayana waktu tunda nu béda-béda pikeun tiap komponén frékuénsi sinyal asupan mangsa ngaliwatan sistem kasebut. Bentuk distorsi saperti kieu disebut distorsi fase.
Jatna Supriatna
Jatna Supriatna (Banjar, 7 Séptémber 1951), ahli biologi konservasi, kapilih pikeun nampa Habibie Award 2008 widang élmu dasar.
Melawai, Kebayoran Baru, Jakarta Selatan
Melawai nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Kebayoran Baru, Kota Jakarta Kidul, Propinsi DKI Jakarta, Indonésia.
Gunung, Kebayoran Baru, Jakarta Selatan
Gunung nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Kebayoran Baru, Kota Jakarta Kidul, Propinsi DKI Jakarta, Indonésia.
43 SM
43 SM nyaéta taun ka-43 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
High-pass filter
High pass filter (LPF) idéal nyaéta filter nu mibanda fungsi transfer atawa réspon frékuénsi:
HHPF
Amplitudo jeung fase HHPF(\omega) digambarkeun saperti di handap ieu:
Kramat Pela, Kebayoran Baru, Jakarta Selatan
Kramat Pela nyaéta salasahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Kebayoran Baru, Kota Jakarta Kidul, Propinsi DKI Jakarta, Indonésia.
Bandpass filter
HBPF
Amplitudo jeung fase HBPF(\omega) digambarkeun saperti di handap ieu:
Salamjaya, Pabuaran, Subang
Salamjaya nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Pabuaran, Kabupatén Subang, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Bargot Topong Jae, Halongonan, Padang Lawas Kalér
Bargot Topong Jae nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Halongonan, Kabupatén Padang Lawas Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Ujung Padang, Halongonan, Padang Lawas Kalér
Ujung Padang nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Halongonan, Kabupatén Padang Lawas Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Bargot Topong Julu, Halongonan, Padang Lawas Kalér
Bargot Topong Julu nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Halongonan, Kabupatén Padang Lawas Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Pringkasap, Pabuaran, Subang
Pringkasap nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Pabuaran, Kabupatén Subang, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
44 SM
44 SM nyaéta taun ka-44 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Ar-Rasyid
Ar-Rasyid bisa ngarah ka:
Petogogan, Kebayoran Baru, Jakarta Selatan
Petogogan nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Kebayoran Baru, Kota Jakarta Kidul, Propinsi DKI Jakarta, Indonésia.
45 SM
45 SM nyaéta taun ka-45 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Pabuaran, Pabuaran, Subang
Pabuaran nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Pabuaran, Kabupatén Subang, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Siringki Jae, Halongonan, Padang Lawas Kalér
Siringki Jae nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Halongonan, Kabupatén Padang Lawas Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Hutanopan, Halongonan, Padang Lawas Kalér
Hutanopan nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Halongonan, Kabupatén Padang Lawas Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
46 SM
46 SM nyaéta taun ka-46 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Rawa Barat, Kebayoran Baru, Jakarta Selatan
Rawa Barat nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Kebayoran Baru, Kota Jakarta Kidul, Propinsi DKI Jakarta, Indonésia.
Sipenggeng, Halongonan, Padang Lawas Kalér
Sipenggeng nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Halongonan, Kabupatén Padang Lawas Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Saba, Halongonan, Padang Lawas Kalér
Saba nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Halongonan, Kabupatén Padang Lawas Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Al-Ahsa
Al-Ahsa (atanapi Al-Hasa) bisa ngarah ka:
Siluman, Pabuaran, Subang
Siluman http://www.desasiluman.co.cc nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Pabuaran, Kabupatén Subang, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
47 SM
47 SM nyaéta taun ka-47 Saméméh Maséhi dina Kalénder Gregorian.
Gambarsari, Pagadén, Subang
Gambarsari nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Pagadén, Kabupatén Subang, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Balingbing, Pagadén, Subang
Balingbing nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Pagadén, Kabupatén Subang, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Sigala Gala, Halongonan, Padang Lawas Kalér
Sigala Gala nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Halongonan, Kabupatén Padang Lawas Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Sitabola, Halongonan, Padang Lawas Kalér
Sitabola nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Halongonan, Kabupatén Padang Lawas Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Riyadh
Riyadh (الرياض dialihaksarakeun Ar Riyāḍ ) nyaéta ibu kota jeung kota panggedéna di Saudi Arabia. Riyadh ogé nyaéta ibu kota ti Propinsi Riyadh, sarta kaasup kana wewengkon baheula Najd jeung Al-Yamama. Kota ieu aya di bagian tengah Semenanjung Arab dina hiji plato nu gedé, sarta miboga populasi kira-kira 5.254.560 jiwa. Kota ieu dibagi kana 15 distrik kota (~kacamatan), di handapeun Kotamadya Riyadh nu diluluguan ku Walikota Riyadh, sarta Otoritas Pamekaran Riyadh, nu diluluguan ku Gubernur Propinsi Riyadh. Riyadh miboga universitas putri nu panggedéna sadunya, Universitas Putri Nora binti Abdurrahman. .
Bandar Udara
Bandar Udara Internasional Raja Khalid (IATA: RUH), mangrupa bandar udara utama Riyadh, aya kirang langkung 35 kilométer kaléreun puseur kota.
Jalan
Riyadh miboga sistem jalan modéren. Jalan Lingkar Wétan ngahubungkeun bagian kidul jeung kalér Riyadh, samentara Jalan Lingkar Kalér ngahubungkeun bagian wétan jeung kulon. Jalan Raja Fahd ngaliwatan puseur kota ti kalér ka kidul, sajajar jeung Jalan Lingkar Wétan. Jalan Makkah, ngaliwatan puseur kota ti wétan ka kulon.
Karéta
Badan Karéta Api Saudi Arabia ngoperasikeun 2 rupa jalur nu béda pikeun karéta panumpang jeung karéta barang antara Riyadh jeung Dammam liwat Hofuf, jeung Haradh.
Angkutan umum
PT Saudi Arabian Public Transport (SAPTCO), jaringan beus nasional, ngoperasikeun angkutan panumpang ka sababaraha kota jeung nagara tatangga.
Hiji rancangan jaringan métro kalawan 6 jalur enggeus disatujuan.
Pulo, Kebayoran Baru, Jakarta Selatan
Pulo nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Kebayoran Baru, Kota Jakarta Kidul, Propinsi DKI Jakarta, Indonésia.
Éskrim
És krim, éskrim, atawa krim és (Ing. ice créam nu asalna tina iced créam) nyaéta katuangan beku nu dijieun tina produk susu, nyaéta susu jeung krim, dicampur bungbu jeung pangamis. Ieu campuran ditiiskeun sabari digalokeun maké mixer lalaunan ngarah henteu ngahasilkeun kristal és badag. Di AS, éskrim nu katelah "Philadelphia style" dijieun tina krim, gula, jeung bungbu rasa (bungbuahan). Nu séjénna, éskrim "Prancis", dijieun maké endog.
Cidadap, Pagadén, Subang
Cidadap nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Pagadén, Kabupatén Subang, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Éskrim
<!--Frozen custard, frozen yogurt, sorbet, gelato, and other similar products are sometimes informally called ice cream, but governments generally regulate the commercial use of these terms based on quantities of ingredients. American federal labeling standards require ice cream to contain a minimum of 10% milk fat (about 7 grams (g) of fat per 1/2 cup [120 mL] serving) and 20% total milk solids by weight.
Az Zalzalah
Surat Az zalzalah (basa Arab:الزلزلة) nyaéta surat ke-99 dina Al Qur'an. Surat ieu diwangun ku 8 ayat sarta kaasup kana surat Madaniyah. Surat ieu diturunkeun sanggeus surah An Nisa. Ngaran Az zalzalah dicokot tina kecap Zilzaal anu hartina 'eundeur' sarta aya dina ayat kahiji surat ieu.