cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Dyah Pitaloka Citraresmi
Lamaran Nikah
Hayam Wuruk, raja Majapahit, meureun ku dasar alesan pulitik, hayang ngajadikeun putri Citraresmi (Pitaloka) salaku pamajikanna. Karajaan Sunda kalawan maharajana Prabu Maharaja Lingga Buana mibanda putri wanoja nyaéta Citraresmi. Majapahit kalawan utusanna Patih Madhu datang ka Karajaan Sunda pikeun ngajodokeun jeung ngalamar Putri Sunda. Dina naskah Pararaton disebutkeun yén: Bhre Prabhu ayun ing putri ring Sundha. Patih Madu ingutus angundangeng wong Sundha. anu hartina Bre Prabu (Hayam Wuruk) hayang ka putri Sunda. Patih Madu diutus ngundang urang Sunda. Kalawan bungah, Maharaja Linggabuana méré restu sarta turut milu ka Majapahit keur dinikahan jeung Hayam Wuruk. Sabab maharaja nyawang ieu mangrupa jalan keur ngaraketkeun duduluran.
Pupusna Sang Putri
Tungtungna, Maharaja Sunda milih perang ngalawan tangtara Majapahit. Rombongan Karajaan Sunda boga niat bela pati ngalakukeun puputan keur ngabéla kahormatan Sunda di Palagan Bubat. Sanajan méré gerakan nu gagah wantéran, rombongan Karajaan Sunda tungtungna pupus ti kepungan tangtara Majapahit. Nepi ka sakabéh rombongan Karajaan Sunda ditumpes kalawan kejem dina kajadian ieu. Sateuacan tempur kalawan wani, Maharaja Sunda panceg nyebutkeun Ahung Awignamastu, najan wadiabala Sunda kurang ti saratus urang! Najan wadiabala Majapait ngalaksa mangpirang-pirang! Montong hariwang! Najan getih ngocor lir walungan di ieu Palagan Bubat, tapi ajén diri kami jeung ajén kabéh sinatria Sunda, moal ngantep nu ngahianat ka nagara jeung rahayatna! Montong ringrang! Hayu cuang sanghareupan!
Tradisi jeung carita lokal nyebutkeun yén dina kasedihan jeung haté nu ancur, Putri nelasan manéh pikeun ngabéla kahormatan jeung ajén kasundaan.
Nurutkeun tradisi, pupusna Dyah Pitaloka, nyieun Hayam Wuruk ngalimba jeung matak nyieun kasedih sakabéh rahayat Karajaan Sunda. Sabab pupusna Sang Putri jeung Raja Sunda dipihormat jeung disawang salaku hiji kawani jeung tindakan mulia keur ngabela kahormatan bangsa jeung nagarana. Sang Maharaja Prabu Linggabuana kacida disanjung jeung dipikahormat ku masarakat Sunda kalawan gelar "Prabu Wangi" (Basa Sunda: Raja nu mibanda ngaran nu seungit) sabab sipatna nu heroik ngabéla kahormatan nagarana ngalawan Majapahit. Tungturunan anjeunna, raja-raja Sunda salajengna, dibéré gelar Siliwangi (ti kecap Silih Wangi dina basa Sunda nu hartina panerus sarta nu nyilih wawangi Prabu Wangi). Kajadian ieu ngaruksak beungkeut duduluran dua karajaan nu balukar mumusuhan nepi ka mangtaun-taun salajengna. Hubungan dua nagara éta moal balik deui saperti baheula. Di keraton Majapahit, Gajah Mada dimusuhan jeung kateupercayaan, sabab kalakuanna nu teu pantes ngalawan kana kapentingan kulawarga Karajaan Majapahit jeung nyieun nyeri Raja Hayam Wuruk.
Tarjamahanna nyaéta: ''Salajengna raja Majapahit Prabu Rajasanagara ngirimkeun utusan ka nagara Sunda keur nepikeun surat. Diwartakeun di jerona kajadian pasunda-bubat jeung Bre Majapahit ngahaturkeun hampura kana sagala kasalahan jeung laku lampah nu geus dilakukeun ku senapati jeung pasukanna. Pupusna Sang Prabu Maharaja éta mugia teu mawa cilaka jeung ngaleungitkeun katingtriman hirup warga Majapahit.''
''Sabab éta raja Majapahit jangji kalawan haté nu junun ka wakil raja Sunda, nyaéta Rakéan Patih Mangkubumi Suradipati jeung sakabéh pangagung karajaan, angkatan perang, kulawarga raja Sunda sarta warga di sakabeh Jawa Barat, yén Majapahit moal ngagempur Nagara Sunda sarta moal aya maksud ngawasaan. Karajaan Sunda dipiharep teu ngalakukeun gempuran walesan ka Majapahit jeung nganggap kajadian (Bubat) éta salaku kajadian nu geus kaliwat. Majapahit hayang silih gawé jeung duduluran jeung Sunda, sewan-sewangan salaku nagara merdika nu teu aya pasalingsingan. Majapahit jangji moal nganyenyeri haté masarakat Nagara Sunda kadua kalina. ''
Carita Putri Dyah Pitaloka jeung Perang Bubat jadi tema nu utama dina Kidung Sunda. Catetan sajarah ngeunaan kajadian Pasunda Bubat disebutkeun dina Pararaton, namung euweuh di naskah Nagarakretagama.
Ailanthus altissima
Di Cinana mah ieu tangkal téh loba dimangpaatkeun pikeun rupa-rupa tujuan. Tingtur kulit kulawu geus dipaké pikeun nyageurkeun panyakit kayaning kabotakan sarta malaria, jeung deuih geus kabukti bisa ngalaunkeun keteg jajantung. Ogé dipaké jang parab hileud sutra Samia cynthia, mangrupa hileud nu ngasilkeun sutra nu leuwih badag batan hileud sutra nu kakoncara Bombyx mori ngan kualitasna kurang hadé. Daunna bisa diékstraksi jadi pawarna konéng sarta kulit kai na bisa dijadikeun ubar reungit alami.
Ieu tangkal mimiti dibawa ti Cina ka Éropa taun 1740-an sarta dibawa ka Philadélphia di Amérika Sarikat taun 1784, jeung geus dipaké di pirang-pirang wewengkon minangka tangkal pangiuh jalan ti abad ka-19. Habitat ieu tangkal biasa hirup di loba patempatan, kayaning gulma tina jujukutan, kamalir cai, parit, wates leuweung, rungkun jukut, pakebonan, kahutanan, daérah pakotaan, imah-imah teu kaurus, patempatan nu teu kaurus, aréa limbah, tungtung jalan sarta sisian jalur rél karéta api utamana di wewengkon nu iklimna sedeng jeung sub-tropis beueus sarta sub-tropis kawas di Australia.
Pedaran
Nalika geus kolot, ieu tangkal jangkungna bisa nepi ka 24,4 méter, ngabentuk watang tunggal atawa nyagak, sarta makuta ovoid anu rélatif muka di unggal watangna. Kulit watang totol-totol cékas jeung kulawu kolot, mibanda galur motif anu boréas sarta tanpa aturan jeung deuih ieu tangkal téh kafragméntasi. Kulit dahan warnana kulawu ngora sarta loba pori-pori hawaan, sedengkeun binih ngora warnana coklat semu konéng nepi ka keun héjo, kawilang tohaga, sarta biasana mah gundul. Daun ieu tangkal piligenti, panjang dahan daunna 30 nepi ka 60 cm, buluan mun anu ngorana mah, dangdaunanna gampang ancur jeung mun di mana-mana ancur ieu daun téh ngaluarkeun bau nu matak melengseng piteugenaheun kana irung, saliwatan mah siga bau kacang. Jumlah lambaran daunna aya 13 nepi ka 41 lambar, tangké pondok, lansét panjang, unggal lambaran daun panjangna 7,5 nepi ka 13 cm, rubak 1,5 nepi ka 5 cm, kaakumulasi kalawan 2 nepi ka 5 huntu di deukeut dadasar jerona. Maléi badag, panjangna 15 nepi ka 25 cm, kembangna ogé loba anu panjangna kira 6 mm, semu héjo atawa konéng semu héjo, kalawan kongkolakna 5 lambar, 5 lambar kongkolak heureut. Kembang jalu mibanda 10 benang sari anu bauna piteugenaheun kana irung. Kembang bikang mibanda 2 nepi ka 5 putik pajauh-jauh nu disakompétkeun ku puhuna.
Sumebaran jeung habitat
Tangkal sawarga kaasup jenis tangkal miimah dua (dioecious), anu mana ieu tangkal téh antara jalu jeung bikang téh séjén tangkal, jeung deuih biasana mah tumuwuh di koloni gegek. Sakumna tangkal anu nganjrek dina sakoloni éta téh boga jenis kelamin anu sarua. Tangkal bikang boga poténsi ngasilkeun leuwih ti 300.000 binih dina sataunna nu ngajadikeun ieu tangkal bikang téh tangkal panyeméi anu produktif. Tangkal-tangkal nu tumuwuh terus sumebar kalawan manjangkeun akarna nepi ka 15 méteran jauhna tina tangkal biang. Tangkal anu kapotong atawa kacacag bisa ngaluarkeun losinan akar anyar. Akar anyar éta salila dua taun mah bisa ngasilkeun binih anyar. Anu ngajadikeun ieu tangkal minangka tangkal invasif nyaéta kamampuhna dina ngasilkeun bahan kimia allelopathic boh dina daunna, akarna, sarta kulit kaina, anu mata ieu zat allelopathic téh bisa ngawates sarta nyegah tumuwuhna pepelakan séjén.
Tangkal sawarga bisa tumuwuh di mana karep, di mana waé tempat anu katojo panonpoé sarta subur taneuhna, deuih bisa tumuwuh di sapaparat walungan sarta di tengahing walunganana. Ieu tangkal loba tumuwuh di kota, pon di pasisian leuweung, sisian jalan, sisian galur karéta api, sarta di leuwing nu muka. Ngan ieu tangkal hésé tumuwuhna mun ditempat nu kaiuhan, misalna leuweung nu katutupan ku tangkal-tangkal baradag, da gancang tumuwuhna sotéh di leuwung anu geus coréncang, minangkana mah ngala untung tina ancurna leuweung, boh ancurna ku sasatoan, ku angin, atawa ku dibukbak.
Kaguna
Unggal bagéan ieu tangkal bisa dimangpaatkeun, sok sanajan nu geus guyub dimangpaatkeun mah nyaéta kulitna, ngan mangkahadé yén ieu bagéan kulitna téh ngandung glikosida nu acan ditungtik sagemblengna. Kulit watang jeung akarna mangrupa antispasmodik, astringén, pait, déprésan jantung, diurétik, émétik, ubat panurun harééng, rubefacient jeung vermifuge. Jajamu pait anu pahang, digunakeun pikeun ngubaran malaria jeung muriang, ogé pikeun ngalaunkeun keteg jajantung sarta nyageurkeun sakalor. Di Cina, kulit kaina mangrupa ubar nu kasohor pikeun ngubaran diséntri jeung masalah usus lianna. Dina hiji uji klinis, 81 ti 82 pasién cageur diséntrina saanggeus dibéré ieu jajamu. Tingtur kulit akar geus ngahasil dipaké dina ngubaran jajantung nu ratug, asma, jeung sakalor.
Tangkal sawarga mangrupa ubar pikeun asma, kanker, diaré, diséntri, disménoréa, disuria, éjakulasi dini, sakalor, érupsi ubar, muriang, gonoré, haematochezia, kaputihan, malaria, metrorrhagia, raheut, spasme, spermatorrhoea, sarta tumor na pinarep. Kulit kai dipanén dina usum semi sarta digaringkeun pikeun dipaké engké. Daun, kulit watang, jeung akar diasupkeun kana ubar pikeun ngubaran bisul, arateul, jeung érupsi ubar. Di Koréa mah kulit akar dipaké pikeun ngubaran batuk, lambung sarta usus. Buahna dipaké pikeun ngubaran ngising getihan sarta diséntri. Ogé geus dipaké pikeun ngubaran panyakit panon. Ékstrak tina ieu tangkal miwatek baktérisida. Ieu tangkal ogé dipaké dina ngubaran homéopati pikeun kanker.
Sri Rejeki, Blambangan Umpu, Way Kanan
Sri Rejeki nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Blambangan Umpu, Kabupatén Way Kanan, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
2015 TD323
Ari 2015 TD323 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Apollo, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.631, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 19.9. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO�357254.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
2001 GS2
Ari 2001 GS2 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Amor, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.382, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 20.3. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO14427.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
2008 EB32
Ari 2008 EB32 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Amor, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.413, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 19.7. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO 208278.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
SMAS PGRI Ciawi
SMAS PGRI Ciawi nyaéta Sakola Menengah Atas Swasta anu aya di Kabupatén Bogor. Alamat lengkepna di Jl. Veteran III Ciawi, Kalurahan/Désa Banjar Wangi Kacamatan Ciawi, Kabupatén Bogor, Jawa Kulon kalawan nomor NPSN 20232392.
Daptar babasan jeung paribasa
Babasan jeung paribasa téh nuduhkeun hiji gambaran nu rupa-rupa ngeunaan kahirupan masarakat Sunda.
Babasan jeung paribasa nu nuduhkeun hubungan papada jalma
Ieu di handap sawatara conto babasan jeung paribasa nu nuduhkeun hubungan papada jalma.
SMP Negeri 39 Bandung
Sajarah
SMPN 39 Bandung diadegkeun dina kaping 14 Juli 1989 (28 Taun) sesuai kaping anu kacantumkeun dina prasasti peresmian. SMPN 39 Bandung diresmikeun ku Kepala Kantor Wilayah Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan (DEPDIKBUD) Propinsi Jawa Barat anu dijabat dina waktos éta, nyaéta Drs. Tating Karnadinata.
Malaysia
Malaysia mangrupa féderasi 13 nagara bagian di Asia Tenggara, nu ngadeg taun 1963.
Nagara ieu ngawengku dua wewengkon géografis nu dipisahkeun ku Laut Cina Kidul:
Salaku nagara Malaysia janten tilas Koloni, seueur institusi Malaysia anu didasar kanu tilas Inggris. Salaku tambihan, sistem Pamaréntah Malaysia kénéh ngarujuk kanu sistem Inggris Westminster system. The Pamingpin nagara nyaétaYang di-Pertuan-agung (Anu sacara harti gampil raja), anu kapilih diantawi sultan sultan nagara bagéan kanggo lima taon, ngadamel anjeunna salaku nagara anu ngajalankeun monarki dua sistem (salian tina Vatican City). Salaku nagara anu ngamalkeun konstitusional Monarki, ceupeungan Eksekutif dijalankeun ku Prime Minister, di mana raja aya salaku simbol nagara. The legislative branch consists of Parliament, which is mostly based on the British Parliament. A judiciary has also been established under the Constitution. The Barisan Nasional (National Front), a coalition of several political parties, has ruled Malaysia since Malaya's independence in 1957.
Initially héavily dependent on agricultural and mining activities, the Malaysian economy has since shifted its focus to manufacturing and tourism as its major sources of income. Despite the shift, Malaysia is one of the top producers of rubber and palm oil. In the 1970s, the government implemented the controversial New Economic Policy (NEP) to address an income disparity between the Malays and Chinese.
Although historically dominated by the Malays, modérn Malaysian society is heterogenéous, with substantial Chinese and Indian minorities. Malaysian politics have been noted for their allegedly communal nature; the three major component parties of the Barisan Nasional éach restrict membership to those of one ethnic group, and the only major violence the country has seen since independence was the May 13 Incident of racial rioting in the wake of an election campaign based on racial issues.
Ngaran Féderasi
Article 1(1) of the Federal Constitution states that "The federation shall be known, in Malay and English, as Malaysia". The name "Federation of Malaysia" therefore has no official sanction.
The name Malaysia was adopted in 1963 when Singapore, Sabah and Sarawak joined the Federation of Malaya to form Malaysia. Prior to 1963, the Federation of Malaya was known as Persekutuan Tanah Melayu in Malay, and the official names were therefore different in the two languages.
Sajarah
Bukti pamatuhan manusa modérn di Malaysia balik deui ka 40.000 taun katukang. [32] D Ujung Melayu, pangeusi kahiji anu dipikir téh Negritos. [33] Padagang jeung padumuk ti India jeung China anjog tina mimiti Maséhi abad kahiji, ngadegkeun palabuhan dagang jeung kota basisir di abad kadua jeung katilu. ayana maranéhanana nyababkeun kuatna pangaruh India jeung Cina dina budaya lokal, jeung rahayat Semenanjung Malaya ngadopsi agama Hindu jeung Budha. prasasti Sanskrit katémbong mimiti abad kaopat atawa kalima. [34] Karajaan Langkasuka jeung kar kira-kira abad kadua di wewengkon kalér Semenanjung Malaya, langgeng nepi ka kira-kira abad 15. [28] Antara abad ka 7 jeung ka 13, loba Ujung Melayu kidul ieu nyorang bagian ti Kakaisaran maritim Sriwijaya. Sanggeus tumiba Srivijaya, Kakaisaran Majapahit ngalaman pangaruh leuwih lolobana Ujung Malaysia jeung Kapuloan Melayu. [35] Islam mimiti nyebar di antara Malayu dina abad 14. [36] Dina mimiti abad ka-15, Sultan Iskandar Shah, raja runaway urut Karajaan Singapura, ngadegkeun Kasultanan Malaka, ilahar dianggap nagri bébas kahiji di wewengkon ujung. [37] Malaka ieu hiji puseur komersial nu penting salila jaman eta, mincut dagang ti sakuliah wewengkon.
<!-- Jajirah Malaya] has long benefited from its central position in the maritime trade routes between [[China and the Middle East. Ptolemy showed it on his early map with a label that translates as "Golden Chersonese", the Straits of Malacca as "Sinus Sabaricus".
The earliest recorded Malay kingdoms grew from coastal city-ports established in the 10th century AD. These include Langkasuka and Lembah Bujang in Kedah, as well as Beruas and Gangga Negara in Perak and Pan Pan in Kelantan. It is thought that originally these were Hindu or Buddhist nations. The first evidence of Islam in the Malay peninsula dates from the 14th century in Terengganu, but according to the Kedah Annals, the 9th Maharaja Derbar Raja (1136-1179 AD) of Sultanate of Kedah converted to Islam and changed his name to Sultan Muzaffar Shah. Since then there have been 27 Sultans who ruled Kedah.
We can still see traces of this in political ideas, social structure, rituals, language, arts and cultural practices. To this day, when a Malay considers anything important, he looks for a Sanskrit word to describe it: It is the Sanskrit pradana mantri (the Malay perdana mentri) here while in another Malay land, it is Penghulu ng Pilipina for its president. The Proton car model names are from Sanskrit whilst the Perodua resorts to Malay names and is a poor and inferior to be bought only because the Proton is beyond one's means.
There are reports of other areas older than Kedah – the ancient kingdom of Ganganegara, around Bruas in Perak, for instance – that pushes Malaysian history even further into antiquity. If that is not enough, a Tamil poem, Pattinapillai, of the second century A.D., describes goods from Kadaram heaped in the broad streets of the Chola capital; a seventh century Sanskrit drama, Kaumudhimahotsva, refers to Kedah as Kataha-nagari. The Agnipurana also mentions a territory known Anda-Kataha with one of its boundaries delineated by a peak, which scholars believe is Gunong Jerai. Stories from the Katasaritasagaram describe the life of elegance of life in Kataha.
All this is revealed after earlier archaeological and historical inquiry. Kota Gelanggi does not, it would appear, reveal more than the details of that long India, Hindu, Buddhist, Chola presence, the fitting of a historical jig-saw of a land that has a rich and enviable history long before the advent of Islam. We have been constrained by a mental block of not wanting to look beyond the Sejarah Melayu for our historical past. Malaysia's first prime minister, and a scion of the Kedah royal family, wanted independent Malaya to be know as Langkasuka, a kingdom that a millennium ago dominated north Malaya and southern Thailand, but he gave up the idea when he discovered that its capital was in Thailand. And the present contretemps between Malaysia and Thailand over the southern Thai Malays is also caught in this cultural time-warp.
In the early 15th century, the Sultanate of Malacca was established under a dynasty founded by Parameswara, a prince from Palembang, who fled from the island Temasek (now Singapore). Parameswara decided to establish his kingdom in Malacca after witnessing an astonishing incident where a white mouse deer kicked one of his hunting dogs. With Malacca as its capital, the sultanate controlled the areas which are now Peninsula Malaysia, southern Thailand (Patani), and the eastern coast of Sumatra. It existed for more than a century, and within that time period Islam spread to most of the Malay Archipelago. Malacca was the foremost trading port at the time in Southeast Asia.
In 1511, Malacca was conquered by Portugal, which established a colony there. The sons of the last sultan of Malacca established two sultanates elsewhere in the peninsula - the Sultanate of Perak to the north, and the Sultanate of Johor (originally a continuation of the old Malacca sultanate) to the south. After the fall of Malacca, three nations struggled for the control of Malacca Strait: the Portuguese (in Malacca), the Sultanate of Johor, and the Sultanate of Aceh. This conflict went on till 1641, when the Dutch (allied to the Sultanate of Johor) gained control of Malacca.
Britain established its first colony in the Malay peninsula in 1786, with the granting of the island of Penang to the British East India Company by the Sultan of Kedah. In 1824, the British took control of Malacca following the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 which divided the Malaya archipelago between Britain and the Netherlands, with Malaya in the British zone. In 1826, Britain established the crown colony of the Straits Settlements, uniting its three possessions in Malaya: Penang, Malacca and Singapore. The Straits Settlements were administered under the East India Company in Calcutta until 1867, when they were transferred to the Colonial Office in London.
During the late 19th century, many Malay states decided to obtain British help in settling their internal conflicts. The commercial importance of tin mining in the Malay states to merchants in the Straits Settlements led to British government intervention in the tin-producing states in the Malay Peninsula. British gunboat diplomacy was employed to bring about a peaceful resolution to civil disturbances caused by Chinese gangsters, and the Pangkor Treaty of 1874 paved the way for the expansion of British influence in Malaya. By the turn of the 20th century the states of Pahang, Selangor, Perak, and Negeri Sembilan, known together as the Federated Malay States (not to be confused with the Federation of Malaya), were under the de facto control of British Residents appointed to advise the Malay rulers. The British were "advisers" by name but in reality they were the puppet masters behind the Malay rulers.
The remaining five states in the peninsula, known as the Unfederated Malay States, while not directly under rule from London, also accepted British advisors around the turn of the 20th century. Of these, the four northern states of Perlis, Kedah, Kelantan and Terengganu had previously under Siamese control.
On the island of Borneo, Sabah was governed as the crown colony of British North Borneo, while Sarawak was acquired from Brunei as the personal kingdom of the Brooke family, who ruled as white rajahs. As part of its history, the Sultanate of Sulu was granted the territory as a prize for helping the Sultan of Brunei against his enemies and from then on that part of Borneo is recognized as part of the Sultan of Sulu's sovereignty. In 1878, Baron Von Overbeck, an Austrian partner representing The British North Borneo Co. and his partner British Alfred Dent, leased the territory known as "Sabah" - roughly translated as "the land beneath the winds". In return the company will provide arms to the Sultan to resist the Spaniards and 5,000 Malaysian ringgits annual rental based on the Mexican dollars value at that time or its equivalent in gold. This lease have been continued until the independence and formation of the Malaysian federation in 1963 together with Singapore, Sarawak and Malaysia. Up to these days, the Malaysians have been continuing the rental payment of 5,300 Malaysian Ringgit - a 300 Ringgit increased from original rent.
Following the Japanese occupation of Malaya (1942-1945) during World War II, popular support for independence grew. Post-war British plans to unite the administration of Malaya under a single crown colony called the Malayan Union foundered on strong opposition from the Malays, who opposed the emasculation of the Malay rulers and the granting of citizenship to the ethnic Chinese. The Malayan Union, established in 1946 and consisting of all the British possessions in Malaya with the exception of Singapore, was dissolved in 1948 and replaced by the Federation of Malaya, which restored the autonomy of the rulers of the Malay states under British protection.
During this time, rebels under the leadership of the Communist Party of Malaya, who were mostly Chinese, launched guerrilla operations designed to force the British out of Malaya. The Malayan Emergency, as it was known, lasted from 1948 to 1960, and involved a long anti-insurgency campaign by Commonwealth troops in Malaya. Against this backdrop, independence for the Federation within the Commonwealth was granted on 31 August 1957 (see Hari Merdeka.
In 1963 the Federation was expanded with the admission of the then-British crown colonies of Singapore, Sabah (British North Borneo) and Sarawak, and renamed Malaysia. The Sultanate of Brunei, though initially expressing interest in joining the Federation, withdrew from the planned merger due to opposition from certain segments of the population as well as arguments over the payment of oil royalties.
The early years of independence were marred by conflict with Indonesia (Konfrontasi) over the formation of Malaysia, Singapore's eventual exit in 1965, and racial strife in the form of racial riots in 1969 (popularly known as the "May 13" riots). The Philippines also made an active claim on Sabah in that period based upon the Sultanate of Brunei's cession of its north-east territories to the Sultanate of Sulu in 1704. The claim is still ongoing.
After the May 13 racial riots of 1969, the controversial New Economic Policy - intended to increase the share of the economic pie owned by the bumiputeras as opposed to other ethnic groups - was launched by Prime Minister Tun Abdul Razak. Malaysia has since maintained a delicate ethno-political balance, with a system of government that has attempted to combine overall economic development with political and economic policies that favour Bumiputras, which includes the majority Malays, but not always the indigenous population.
In the late 1990s, Malaysia was shaken by the Asian financial crisis as well as political unrest caused by the sacking of the deputy prime minister Dato' Seri Anwar Ibrahim. In 2003, Dr Mahathir, Malaysia's longest serving prime minister, retired in favour of his deputy, Abdullah Ahmad Badawi, commonly known as Pak Lah. -->
Pulitik
<!-- Malaysia is a federal constitutional elective monarchy. It is nominally headed by the Paramount Ruler or Yang di-Pertuan Agong, commonly referred to as the King of Malaysia. Yang di-Pertuan Agong are selected for five-year terms from among the nine Sultans of the Malay states; the other four states, which have titular Governors, do not participate in the selection.
The system of government in Malaysia is closely modeled on that of Westminster parliamentary system, a legacy of British colonial rule. In practice however, more power is vested in the executive branch of government than in the legislative, and the judiciary has been weakened by sustained attacks by the government during the Mahathir era. Parliamentary elections are held at least once every five years, with the last general election being in March 2004. Since independence in 1957, Malaysia has been governed by a multi-racial coalition known as the Barisan Nasional (formerly the Alliance).
The bicameral parliament consists of the upper house, the Senate or Dewan Negara (literally the "Chamber of the Nation") and the lower house, the House of Representatives or Dewan Rakyat (literally the "Chamber of the People"). All 69 Senators sit for 6-year terms; 26 are elected by the 13 state assemblies, and 43 are appointed by the king. The 219 members of the House of Representatives are elected from single-member constituencies by universal adult suffrage, for a maximum term of 5 years. Legislative power is divided between federal and state legislatures.
The state governments are led by chief ministers (Menteri Besar or Ketua Menteri, the latter term being used in states without hereditary rulers), selected by the state assemblies (Dewan Undangan Negeri) advising their respective sultans or governors.
The national media are largely controlled by the government and by political parties in the Barisan Nasional/National Front ruling coalition and the opposition has little access to the media. The print media are controlled by the Government through the requirement of obtaining annual publication licences under the Printing and Presses Act. -->
Ékonomi
<!-- The Malay Peninsula and indeed Southeast Asia has been a centre of trade for centuries. Various items such as porcelain and spice were actively traded even before Malacca and Singapore rose to prominence.
In the 17th century, large deposits of tin were found in several Malay states. Later, as the British started to take over as administrators of Malaya, rubber and palm oil trees were introduced for commercial purposes. Over time, Malaya became the world's largest major producer of tin, rubber, and palm oil. These three commodities, along with other raw materials, firmly set Malaysia's economic tempo well into the mid-20th century.
Instead of relying on the local Malays as a source of labour, the British brought in Chinese and Indians to work on the mines and plantations. Although many of them returned to their respective home countries after their agreed tenure ended, some remained in Malaysia and settled permanently.
As Malaya moved towards independence, the government began implementing economic five-year plans, beginning with the First Malayan Five Year Plan in 1955. Upon the establishment of Malaysia, the plans were re-titled and renumbered, beginning with the First Malaysia Plan in 1965.
In 1970s, Malaysia began to imitate the footsteps of the original four Asian Tigers and committed itself to a transition from being reliant on mining and agriculture to an economy that depends more on manufacturing. With Japanese investment, heavy industries flourished and in a matter of years, Malaysian exports became the country's primary growth engine. Malaysia consistently achieved more than 7% GDP growth along with low inflation in the 1980s and the 1990s.
During the same period, the government tried to eradicate poverty with the controversial New Economic Policy (NEP), in the wake of the May 13 Incident of racial rioting in 1969. Its main objective was the elimination of the association of race with economic function, and the first five-year plan to begin implementing the NEP was the Second Malaysia Plan. The success or failure of the NEP is the subject of much debate, although it was officially retired in 1990 and replaced by the National Development Policy (NDP).
The rapid economic boom led to a variety of supply problems, however. Labour shortages soon resulted in an influx of millions of foreign workers, many illegal. Cash-rich PLCs and consortiums of banks eager to benefit from increased and rapid development began large infrastructure projects. This all ended when the Asian Financial Crisis hit in the fall of 1997, delivering massive shock to Malaysia's economy.
As characteristic of other countries affected by the crisis, there was speculative short-selling of the Malaysian currency, the ringgit. Foreign direct investment fell at an alarming rate and, as capital flowed out of the country, the value of the ringgit dropped from MYR 2.50 per USD to, at one point, MYR 4.80 per USD. The Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange's composite index plummeted from approximately 1300 points to nearly merely 400 points in a matter of weeks. After the sacking of finance minister Anwar Ibrahim, a National Economic Action Council was formed to deal with the monetary crisis. Bank Negara imposed capital controls and pegged the Malaysian ringgit at 3.80 to a US dollar. Malaysia refused economic aid packages from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank, however, surprising many analysts.
In March 2005, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) published a paper on the sources and pace of Malaysia's recovery, written by Jomo K.S. of the applied economics department, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur. The paper concluded that the controls imposed by Malaysia's government neither hurt nor helped recovery. The chief factor was an increase in electronics components exports, which was caused by a large increase in the demand for components in the United States, which was caused, in turn, by a fear of the effects of the arrival of the year 2000 (Y2K) upon older computers and other digital devices.
However, the post Y2K slump of 2001 did not affect Malaysia as much as other countries. This may have been clearer evidence that there are other causes and effects that can be more properly attributable for recovery. One possibility is that the currency speculators had run out of finance after failing in their attack on the Hong Kong dollar in August 1998 and after the Russian ruble collapsed. (See George Soros)
Regardless of cause/effect claims, rejuvenation of the economy also coincided with massive government spending and budget deficits in the years that followed the crisis. Later, Malaysia enjoyed faster economic recovery compared to its neighbours. In many ways, however, the country has yet to recover to the levels of the pre-crisis era.
While the pace of development today is not as rapid, it is seen to be more sustainable. And, although the controls and economic housekeeping may not have been the principal reason for recovery, there is no doubt that the banking sector is more resilient to external shocks now. The current account has also settled into a structural surplus providing a cushion to capital flight. Asset prices are now a fraction of their pre-crisis heights.
The fixed exchange rate regime was abandoned in July 2005 in favour of managed floating system within an hour of China's announcing of the same move. In the same week, the ringgit strengthened a percent against various major currencies and was expected to appreciate further. As of December 2005, however, expectations of further appreciation were muted as capital flight exceeded USD 10 billion.
In September 2005, Sir Howard J. Davies, director of the London School of Economics, at a meeting Kuala Lumpur, cautioned Malaysian officials that if they want a flexible capital market, they will have to lift the ban on short-selling put into effect during the crisis. On March 23 2006, Malaysia removed the ban on short selling. -->
Sumber daya alam
<!-- Malaysia is well-endowed with natural resources in areas such as agriculture, forestry as well as minerals. In terms of agriculture, Malaysia is the world's primary exporter of natural rubber and palm oil, which together with saw logs and sawn timber, cocoa, pepper, pineapple and tobacco dominate the growth of the sector. Palm oil is also a major foreign exchange earner.
Regarding forestry resources, it is noted that logging only began to make a substantial contribution to the economy during the nineteenth century. Today an estimated 59 percent of Malaysia remains forested. The rapid expansion of the timber industry, particularly after the 1960s, has brought about a serious erosion problem in the country's forest resources. However, in line with the Government's commitment to protect the environment and the ecological system, forestry resources are being managed on a sustainable basis and accordingly the rate of tree felling has been on the downtrend.
In addition, substantial areas are being silviculturally treated and reforestation of degraded forest land is also being carried out. The Malaysian government provide plans for the enrichment of some 312.30 square kilometres (120.5 sq mi) of land with rattan under natural forest conditions and in rubber plantations as an intercrop. To further enrich forest resources, fast-growing timber species such as meranti tembaga, merawan and sesenduk are also being planted. At the same time, the cultivation of high-value trees like teak and other trees for pulp and paper are also encouraged. Rubber, once the mainstay of the Malaysian economy, has been largely replaced by oil palm as Malaysia's leading agricultural export.
Tin and petroleum are the two main mineral resources that are of major significance in the Malaysian economy. Malaysia was once the world's largest producer of tin until the collapse of the tin market in the early 1980s. In the 19th and 20th Century, tin played a predominant role in the Malaysian economy. It was only in 1972 that petroleum and natural gas took over from tin as the mainstay of the mining sector. Meanwhile, the contribution by tin has declined. Petroleum and natural gas which were discovered in oilfields offshore from Sabah, Sarawak and Terengganu have contributed much to the Malaysian economy particularly in those three states. Other minerals of some importance or significance include copper, gold, bauxite, iron-ore and coal together with industrial minerals like clay, kaolin, silica, limestone, barite, phosphates and dimension stones such as granite as well as marble blocks and slabs. Small quantities of gold are produced.
In 2004, Minister in the Prime Minister's Department, Datuk Mustapa Mohamed, revealed that Malaysia's oil reserves stood at 4.84 billion barrels while natural gas reserves increased to 89 trillion cubic feet (2,500 km³). This was an increase of 7.2 percent.
The government predicts that at current production rates Malaysia will be able to produce oil for 18 years and gas for 35 years. In 2004 Malaysia is ranked 24th in terms of world oil reserves and 13th for gas. 56% of the oil reserves exist in the Peninsula while 19% exist in East Malaysia. The government collects oil royalties of which 5% are passed to the states and the rest retained by the federal government.
Transportasi jeung Komunikasi
<!-- Malaysia has extensive railroads that connect all major cities and town on the peninsular and east Malaysia itself. There is a train service in West Malaysia run by KTM and several LRTs in Kuala Lumpur such as the Ampang Line, Sri Petaling Line (formerly called STAR LRT), Kelana Jaya Line (formerly called PUTRA LRT). The North-South Expressway basically spans from the northern tip of Bukit Kayu Hitam and Johor Baru in the south, which also connects roads into Thailand and Singapore. There are sea ports in Tanjong Kidurong, Kota Kinabalu, Kuching, Pasir Gudang, Penang, Port Kelang, Sandakan and Tawau. There are also world class airports that provide international and domestic destinations.
Roads in the East Malaysia and the eastern coast of West Malaysia are still relatively undeveloped. Those are highly curved roads passing through mountainous regions and many are still unsealed, gravel roads. This has resulted in the continued use of rivers as the main mode of transportation for interior residents.
Malaysia is also the home of the first low-cost carrier in the region, Air Asia. It retains Kuala Lumpur as its hub and maintains flights around Southeast Asia and now China as well.
In December 2004, Energy, Water and Communications Minister Datuk Seri Dr Lim Keng Yaik reported that only 0.85 percent or 218,004 people in Malaysia used broadband services. However these values are based on subscriber number, whilst household percentage can reflect the situation more accurately. This represented an increase from 0.45% in three quarters. He also stated that the government targeted usage of 5% by 2006 and doubling to 10% by 2008. Lim Keng Yaik had urged local telecommunication companies and service provider to open up the last mile and lower prices to benefit the users. One of the largest and most significant telecommunication companies of choice in Malaysia is Telekom Malaysia Berhad (TM), providing products and services from fixed line, mobile to Internet Service Provider. -->
Kaséhatan
The Malaysian healthcare system requires doctors to perform a compulsory 3 years service with public hospitals to ensure the manpower of these hospitals is maintained. Recently foreign doctors have also been encouraged to take up employment here. There is still, however, a compound shortage of medical workforce, especially that of highly trained specialists resulting in certain medical care and treatment only available in large cities. Recent efforts to bring many facilities to other towns have been hampered by lack of expertise to run the available equipment made ready by investments.
There are currently 114 government hospitals and healthcare centres with a total of 28,163 beds. There are also seven special medical institutions (including psychiatric institutions) with a total of 6,292 beds. As for private hospitals, there are 225 of them (including maternity and nursing homes) in Malaysia, and they provide 9,498 beds. The majority are in urban areas and, unlike many of the public hospitals, are equipped with the latest diagnostic and imaging facilities. Private hospitals have not generally been seen as an ideal investment - it has often taken up to 10 years before companies have seen any profits. However, the situation has now changed and companies are now looking into this area again, particularly in view of the increasing interest by foreigners in coming to Malaysia for medical care.
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Pendidikan
Secondary education lasts five years. At the end of the third year or Form Three, students must sit for the 'Penilaian Menengah Rendah' (PMR; Lower Secondary Assessment), to guide them on what subjects to take in the next year. The combination of subjects available to Form 4 students vary from one school to another. In the last year (Form 5), students sit for 'Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia', or SPM (Malaysian Certificate of Education; equivalent to the British Ordinary or 'O' levels, now referred to as GCSEs).
Some Chinese choose to study in Independent High School, where most subjects are taught in Chinese. Independent high school takes 6 years to complete. Instead of sitting for PMR or SPM, student will sit for UEC in Junior Middle 3 (Form 3) and Senior Middle 3 (Form 6). Some independent high schools teach in Malay and Chinese, so that the students can sit for PMR, SPM and UEC.
Students wishing to enter university must complete 2 more years of secondary schooling. They must take up either the school based Form Six and sit for Sijil Tinggi Pelajaran Malaysia', or STPM (Malaysia Higher Certificate of Education; equivalent to the British Advanced or 'A' levels), matriculation (1 year only), or other pre-university courses before they may apply for entry into local universities. Independent High School students can enter some of the universities using their UEC result.
Students can opt to go to private colleges after secondary studies. Most colleges have education links with overseas universities especially in the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia. Malaysian students abroad study mostly in the UK, United States, Australia, Singapore, Japan, Canada and New Zealand.
Until recently, all subjects except foreign languages (English, Mandarin and Tamil) were taught in Bahasa Melayu (Malay). The result was that while many Malaysian students were proficient with the Malay language, they later struggled with English based tertiary education, especially in overseas universities and colleges.
2011 SM120
Ari 2011 SM120 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Amor, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.406, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 22.4. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO 210066.
Malaysia
Pendidikan
In addition to the National Curriculum, Malaysia has many international schools. International schools offer students the opportunity to study the curriculum of another country. These schools mainly cater for the growing expatriate population in the country. International schools include - Australian International School, Malaysia (Australian curriculum), The Alice Smith School (British curriculum), The Garden International School (British curriculum), The International School of Kuala Lumpur (International Baccalaureate and American curriculum), The Japanese School of Kuala Lumpur (Japanese curriculum), Lycée Français de Kuala Lumpur (French curriculum) amongst others. -->
2011 SM120
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Malaysia
Démografi
<!-- Malaysia's population is comprised of many ethnic groups, with the politically dominant Malays making up the majority. By constitutional definition, all Malays are Muslim. About a quarter of the population are Chinese, who have historically played an important role in trade and business. Malaysians of Indian descent comprise about 10% of the population and include Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs, Christians, and Buddhists. About 90% of the Indian community is Tamil but various other groups are represented, including Malayalis, Punjabis and Telugus.
Non-Malay indigenous groups make up more than half of the state of Sarawak's population, constitute about 66% of Sabah's population, and also exist in much smaller numbers on the Peninsula, where they are collectively called Orang Asli. The non-Malay indigenous population is divided into dozens of ethnic groups, but they share some general cultural similarities. Other Malaysians also include those of, inter alia, European, Middle Eastern, Cambodian, and Vietnamese descent. Europeans and Eurasians include British who colonized and settled in Malaysia and some Portuguese, and most of the Middle Easterners are Arabs. A small number of Kampucheans and Vietnamese settled in Malaysia as Vietnam War refugees. Population distribution is uneven, with some 20 million residents concentrated on the Malay Peninsula.
May 13, 1969 saw an incident of civil unrest which was then thought to be largely due to the socio-economic imbalance of the country along racial lines, though in retrospect it may have been more motivated by political firebrands in both governing and opposition parties, as the violence involved only the areas in and around the capital, with much of the country remaining at peace. This incident led to the adoption of the New Economic Policy as a two-pronged approach to address racial and economic inequality and to eradicate poverty in the country.
Due to the rise in labour intensive industries, Malaysia has 10 to 20 percent foreign workers with the uncertainty due in part to the large number of illegal workers; there are a million legal foreign workers and perhaps another million unauthorized foreigners. The state of Sabah alone has nearly 20% of its 2.5 million population listed as illegal foreign workers in the last census. Unauthorized foreigners are subject to RM10,000 fines and two-year prison terms, while Malaysian employers face up to a year in jail and a fine of up to RM50,000 for each illegal worker hired, with those hiring more than five also liable to caning. Caning is a standard punishment for more than 40 crimes in Malaysia, ranging from sexual abuse to drug use. Administered with a thick rattan stick, it splits the skin and leaves scars.
Some 380,000 unauthorized foreigners left during an "amnesty" that began in Fall 2004 and was extended several times. During amnesties, unauthorized foreigners can leave without paying fines for staying illegally in the country. On March 1, 2005, some 300,000 policemen as well as the 560,000-strong Peoples Volunteer Corp began searching for the remaining unauthorized foreigners under Operation Tegas; the volunteers receive RM100 for each foreigner arrested. Source: Migration News, April 2005 Volume 12 Number 2 -->
Kiripik bayem
Kiripik bayem téh kiripik anu dijieun tina daun bayem sarta digoréng maké tipung anu geus disamaraan. Biasana mah rasana asin jeung seungit bawang nu gurih.
Malaysia
Ageman
Malaysians tend to personally respect one another's religious beliefs, with inter-religious problems arising mainly from the political sphere. -->