cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Ranginang
Cara ngadamel rangginang
Kanggo ngadamel rangginang, béas ketan diseupan sareng dibungbuan. Saparantosna cekap asakna (teu kenging asak teuing), ketan nu tos pagalo sareng bungbu teras dicitak, didaraykeun dina nyiru, ayakan atanapi rupi-rupi anyaman anu tiasa dipaké kanggo moe. Lajeng rangginang dipoé dugikeun ka garing. Saparantosna garing, rangginang atah digoréng.
Kanari
Pamangpaatan
Sawatara spésiés miboga siki anu bisa didahar, ogé dipikawanoh minangka kacang kanari. Canarium indicum sarta Canarium ovatum nyaéta jinis-jinis anu kawentar sikina di Indonésia sarta Filipina. Spésiés Canarium luzonicum kawentar alatan ngahasilkeun resin elemi.
Canarium odontophyllum kawentar ku buahna anu rasana jiga buah alpuket. Buahna bisa didahar sanggeus dikeueum dina cai haneut. Buah spésiés ieu ngandung protéin, karbohidrat, sarta lemak antukna cocog dijadikeun bahan kadaharan. Jinis ieu diwanohkeun ayana di Kalimantan nepi ka Australia. Buah tuwuhan ieu ogé mindeng jadi bahan kadaharan lemur di Madagaskar.
Abad ka-3 SM
Abad ka-3 SM nyaéta abad Saméméh Maséhi nu lumangsung antara taun 201 SM tepi ka 300 SM, atawa ti dasawarsa 200-an SM tepi ka 290-an SM dina kalénder Gregorian.
Abad ka-7 SM
Abad ka-7 SM nyaéta abad Saméméh Maséhi nu lumangsung antara taun 601 SM tepi ka 700 SM, atawa ti dasawarsa 600-an SM tepi ka 690-an SM dina kalénder Gregorian.
Abad ka-10 SM
Abad ka-10 SM nyaéta abad Saméméh Maséhi nu lumangsung antara taun 901 SM tepi ka 1000 SM, atawa ti dasawarsa 900-an SM tepi ka 990-an SM dina kalénder Gregorian.
Abad ka-4 SM
Abad ka-4 SM nyaéta abad Saméméh Maséhi nu lumangsung antara taun 301 SM tepi ka 400 SM, atawa ti dasawarsa 300-an SM tepi ka 390-an SM dina kalénder Gregorian.
Ahmad Héryawan
Ahmad Héryawan (éjahan asli: Ahmad Heryawan, ) nyaéta saurang pulitikus Indonésia sarta gubernur propinsi Jawa Kulon nu ayeuna keur ngajabat. Taun 2008, Ahmad Héryawan kapilih jadi Gubernur Jawa Kulon pikeun période 2008-2013 babarengan jeung wawakilna Dédé Yusuf.
Biografi
Ahmad Héryawan babar di Sukabumi 19 Juni 1966. Atikan ti tingkat SD nepi ka SMA dianggeuskeun di Sukabumi, sedengkeun tingkat sarjana di Fakultas Saréat LIPIA Jakarta taun1992.Ahmad heryawan lahir di sukanumi,Jawa Kulon tanggal19 juni taun 1966.
Taun 2008, Ahmad Héryawan kapilih jadi Gubernur Jawa Kulon pikeun période 2008-2013 minangka calon ti Partai Keadilan Sejahtera (PKS) babarengan jeung wawakilna Dédé Yusuf, urut aktor sarta anggota DPR ti PAN.
Seureuh
Sirih dipikawanoh dina unggal basa kalawan ngaran anu has, nyaéta: suro (Jawa), sireh (Melayu), bido (Ternate), base (Bali), jeung amo (Ambon).
Gambaran
Tuwuhan ngareuy (ngarambat) ieu bisa ngahontal jangkung 15 méter. Tangkal seureuh boga warna coklat semu héjo, bentukna buleud, ngandung buku sarta mangrupa tempat kaluarna akar. Daunna anu tunggal bentukna jiga jantung, boga tungtung nu seukeut, tumuwuh selang-seling, gagangan, sarta ngaluarkeun ambeu anu seungit lamun dirames. Panjangna kira-kira 5 - 8 cm sarta rubak 2 – 5 cm. Bentuk buahna buleud sarta boga warna héjo semu kulawu. Akarna tunggang, buleud sarta boga warna coklat semu konéng.
Ahmad Héryawan
Pilkada Jawa Kulon 2008
Milangkala ngahadép ka acara pemilihan kepala daerah (gubernur) kanggo propinsi Jawa Kulon nu bade dilangsungkeun taun 2008, Partey Kéadilan Sejahtera ngusahakeun tiasa koalisi sareng sabaraha hiji partey nu aya di DPRD Jawa Kulon, nu tujuanna supaya tiasa nyandak salah sahiji kader ti parteyna janten Wakil Gubernur di pilkada taun 2008.
Abad ka-1
Abad ka-1 nyaéta abad nu lumangsung antara taun 1 tepi ka 100 Maséhi, atawa ti dasawarsa 0-an tepi ka 90-an dina kalénder Gregorian.
Abad ka-1 SM - Abad ka-1 - Abad ka-2
Daftar tahun-tahun dina abad ke-1 Masehi:
Ahmad Héryawan
Pilkada Jawa Kulon 2008
Hasil itungan pilkada gubernur Jawa Kulon ieu, méré kejutan yén pasangan Ahmad-Dede nu tadina underdog tiba tiba mimpin perolehan pilkada ku 40% leuwih sora ngéléhkeun pasangan Agum-Nu'man di posisi kadua jeung Danny-Iwan di posisi terakhir.
Seureuh
Seureuh nyaéta ngaran sabangsaning tuwuhan areuy, daun sarta buahna didahar ku jelema ku cara digayem babarengan jeung gambir, jambé sarta kapur. Seureuh dipaké minangka pepelakan ubar (fitofarmaka); kacida pentingna dina kahirupan sarta sagala rupa upacara adat bangsa Indonésia.
Abad ka-2 SM
Abad ka-2 SM nyaéta abad Saméméh Maséhi nu lumangsung antara taun 101 SM tepi ka 200 SM, atawa ti dasawarsa 100-an SM tepi ka 190-an SM dina kalénder Gregorian.
Ahmad Héryawan
Pilkada Jawa Kulon 2008
ku lantaran partey-partey nu rencana diajak koalisi ku PKS, ngusung calon masing masing, nyaéta Partey Golkar nu koalisi jeung Partey Demokrat ngusung pasangan gubernur incumbent Danny Setiawan jeung Iwan Ridwan Sulandjana, teras PDIP nu koalisi jeung PPP ngusung pasangan Agum Gumelar jeung wakil gubernur incumbent Nu'man Abdul Hakim, maka PKS pun akhirnya ngawanikeun manéh ngusung calonna sorangan janten gubernur, calonna nyaéta Ahmad Heryawan nu keur ngajabat janten Wakil Ketua DPRD DKI Jakarta, di mana kanggo posisi wakil gubernur, PKS ngajak PAN koalisi terus nempatkeun artis Dede Yusuf atawa Yusuf Macan Effendie janten calon wakil gubernur.
Seureuh
Kandungan sarta mangpaat
Minyak atsiri tina daun seureuh ngandung betiephenol, seskuiterpen, sari, diatase, gula sarta zat samak jeung chavicol anu mibanda daya maéhan jaram, antioksidasi sarta fungisida, anti jamur. Seureuh boga hasiat ngaleungitkeun ambeu awak anu diakibatkeun ku baktéri sarta jamur. Daun seureuh ogé boga sipat nahan perdarahan, nyageurkeun tatu dina kulit, sarta gangguan peujit. Sajaba ti éta, ogé boga sipat ngariutkeun, ngaluarkeun reuhak, ngéncérkeun ciduh, hemostatik, sarta ngeureunkeun getih nu ngocor.
Wawadi
Nyapék seureuh geus dikaitkeun jeung panyakit kanker sungut sarta genggerong squamous cell carcinoma.
Abad ka-5 SM
Abad ka-5 SM nyaéta abad Saméméh Maséhi nu lumangsung antara taun 401 SM tepi ka 500 SM, atawa ti dasawarsa 400-an SM tepi ka 490-an SM dina kalénder Gregorian.
Ahmad Héryawan
Pilkada Jawa Kulon 2008
Hasil ieu nganteurkeun Ahmad Héryawan janten gubernur Jawa Kulon nu katilubelas ngagentos pa Danny Setiawan.
Seureuh
Katerangan
Biasana pikeun ubar mimisan, dipaké 2 lambar daun seger Piper betle, dikumbah, digulung saterusna diasupkeun kana liang irung.
Tanzania
Tanzania, ngaran resmina Uni Républik Tanzania (Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania), nyaéta nagara di Afrika Wétan, diwatesan ku Kenya jeung Uganda di kaler, Rwanda, Burundi jeung Républik Démokratik Kongo di kulon, jeung Zambia, Malawi sarta Mozambik di kidul. Di beulah wetan wawatesan jeung Samudra India.
Sawo manila
Sawo manila (Manilkara zapota) nyaéta tutuwuhan nu buahan sarta umurna panjang. Tangkal sarta buahna dipikawanoh ogé kalayan ngaran-ngaran kawas sawo (basa Indonésia, basa Sunda, basa Jawa), sauh atawa sauh manila, atawa ciku (basa Malayu).
Ngaran-ngaran séjénna nyaéta: chico (Filipina), ciku (Malaysia), chikoo atawa sapota (India), sofeda (Bangladés), xa pô chê atawa hồng xiêm (Viétnam), rata-mi (Sri Lanka), lamoot (ละมุด) di Thailand, Laos sarta Kamboja, níspero (Vénézuela), sugardilly (Kapuloan Bahama), naseberry (India Kulon), sapote (Nikaragua), sapoti (Brazil), sapotillier (basa Perancis) sarta sapodilla (basa Inggris).
Tanzania
Dina taun 1996, kantor pamaréntahna pindah ti Dar és Salaam ka Dodoma, nu antukna Dodoma jadi ibu kota pulitis Tanzania. Dar és Salaam tetep jadi kota perdagangan penting.
Sawo manila
Gambaran
Kembang sawo mangrupa kembang tunggal nu perenahna dina kélék daun deukeut tungtung régang, gagangan 1–2 cm, mindeng ngagantung, diaméter kembang nepi ka 1,5 cm, sisi luarna buluan semu coklat, jumlahna 6. Kongkolak biasana kasusun ku dua bunderan; makutana ngawangun loncéng, bodas, babagi nepi ka satengah panjang silinder.
Tangkal anu badag sarta leubeut, bisa tumuwuh nepi ka saluhur 30-40 m. Kalayan dahan nu pondok, tangkal sawo manila boga kulit nu teuas nu warnana kulawu semu hideung nepi ka coklat kolot. Sakumna bagian tangkal ngandung lateks, nyaéta geutah warna bodas susu anu kentel.
Daun sawo mangrupa daun tunggal, perenahna sulang-seling, mindeng ngumpul dina tungtung régang. Heulayan daun boga sisi nu rata, saeutik buluan, héjo kolot hérang, wangunna bundar-endog jorong nepi ka rada “lanset”, 1,5-7 x 3,5-15 cm, puhu sarta tungtungna ngawangun baji, gagangan 1-3,5 cm, tulang daun utama nonjol dina sisi palebah handap.
PAmangpaatan
Sawo manila mangrupa buah anu pohara populer di Asia Tenggara. Wewengkon ieu téh produsén sarta sakaligus konsumén utama buah ieu di dunya. Sawo dipikaresep utamana alatan rasana anu amis sarta daging buahna anu hipu.
Ekologi sarta pemanenan
Sawo bisa kembangan sarta buahan sapanjang taun, tapi ilaharna aya hiji atawa dua usum mangsa ieu tangkal buahan réa pisan. Di Thailand, usum puncakna buahan nyaéta antara bulan Séptémber nepi ka Désémber, sedengkeun di Filipina antara Désémber – Pébruari.
PAmangpaatan
Kulit kaina ngahasilkeun tanin, anu sacara tradisional dipaké pamayang jadi bahan panyelup layar sarta pakakas pancing. Sawatara bagian tangkal sawo ogé dipaké jadi bahan ubar tradisional pikeun nungkulan diaré (tanin), panas tiris (tanin jeung siki), sarta bahan wedak pikeun nyageurkeun awak satutas ngalahirkeun (kembang).
Ekologi sarta pemanenan
Buah anu anyar dipetik éta teuas kénéh, sarta perlu ditunda 3-7 poé sangkan jadi asak sarta beyé, antukna ngeunah didaharna. Buah anu dijualbeulikeun biasana asak dina lalampahanana ka pasar. Lamun disimpen dina suhu tiis bisa manjangkeun waktu simpen buah sawo.
Asal-usul sarta sumebarna
Tutuwuhan ieu dianggap asalna ti wewengkon Guatemala, Méksiko sarta India Kulon. Para pangjajah bangsa Spanyol mawa sawo ti Méksiko ka Filipina, sarta jigana ti dinya sumebar ka Asia Tenggara.
Ekologi sarta pemanenan
Di India, buah sawo baris asak dina umur kira-kira 29 minggu. Buah ieu biasana dipanén kalawan ati-ati tina gagangna, disimpen luhureun taneuh atawa dikeueum cai sangkan geutahna béak kaluar, tuluy dikumbah sarta digosokan kulitna pikeun miceun sisit-sisit di bagian luarna.
PAmangpaatan
Kai sawo boga kualitas nu alus, kagolongkeun kai nu teuas sarta beurat, kalawan tékstur lemes sarta pola warna anu narik ati. Kai ieu utamana dipikaresep pikeun dijadikeun bahan parabot sarta ukir-ukiran, kaasup pikeun nyieun patung, alatan sipatna anu gampang dipigawé sarta gampang dipelitur jeung hasilna anu alus. Kai sawo mibanda daya tahan anu alus, tahan ku serangan hama sarta sarangga.
Asal-usul sarta sumebarna
Kiwari sawo manila geus dipelak di réa wewengkon tropis di dunya. Koleksi plasma nutfah sawo manila aya di Los Banos (Filipina), Queensland (Australia), India, Kuba, Brazil, Kosta Rika, Florida sarta Hawaii (Amérika Sarikat) sarta sawatara nagara séjénna.
Ekologi sarta pemanenan
Sawo manila réa dipelak di wewengkon padataran handap, sanajan bisa tumuwuh kalawan alus nepi ka padataran nu jangkungna kira-kira 2500 m luhur beungeut laut lbl. Tangkal sawo tahan nyanghareupan halodo, salinitas anu rada luhur, sarta tiupan angin nu tarik. Taneuh anu pangcocogna pikeun sawo nyaéta taneuh lempung nu keusikan anu subur sarta boga tata cai nu alus.
PAmangpaatan
Lolobana buah sawo manila didahar dina kaayaan seger (tanpa diasakan). Tapi sawo bisa ogé dikokolakeun jadi serbat (sherbet), dicampurkeun kana és krim, atawa dijadikeun selé. Sari buah sawo bisa dikentelkeun jadi sirop, atawa dipeuyeum jadi anggur atawa cuka.
Geutah tangkal sawo disadap di Amérika, dikentelkeun jadi chicle anu mangrupa bahan peremén karét alami. Geutah ieu ogé dikokolakeun jadi rupa-rupa bahan baku industri minangka gaganti geutah perca sarta bahan panambal huntu.
Bali (pakéan jero)
Bali mangrupa hiji pausahaan pakéan jero nu operasi di Amérika Sarikat.
Bali ngamimitian usaha taun 1927 jeung Sara Stein minangka Fay-Miss. Taun 1935 pausahaan ieu ngarobah ngarana jadi Bali Brassiere Company. Bali ngahiji jeung Hanes Corporation taun 1969. Hanes tuluy ngajual ka Consolidated Foods Company nu markasna di Chicago, nu jadi Sara Lee Corporation taun 1985. Taun 2006 Sara Lee misahkeun pausahaan pakéanana ka HanesBrands Inc.. HanesBrands boga mérek pakéan liana, kaasup: Hanes (mérek panggedéna), Champion (mérek panggedéna kadua), Playtex (mérek panggedéna katilu), Just My Size, Barely There, Wonderbra, L’eggs, C9 by Champion, Duofold, Beefy-T, Outer Banks, Sol y Oro, Rinbros, Zorba jeung Ritmo.
Kala Sunda
Kala Sunda nyaéta pananggalan nu geus aya di Tatar Sunda ti jaman baheula kenéh, kurang leuwih ti jaman Aki Tirem di Karajaan Salakanagara. Taunna dingaranan Caka Sunda.
Panalungtikan
Kala Sunda salila mangabad-abad kakubur ku jaman. Panalungtikan deui ngeunaan Kala Sunda ieu kakara diayakeun deui ku Abah Ali kalayan rojongan ti Yayasan Candra Sangkala, nu sabenerna mah Abah Ali téh seja nyieun kalénder ieu ti taun 1983 mula, tapi ku lantaran loba halangan jeung harungan, kakara bisa medal tanggal 18 Januari 2005 di pendopo bumi dines Walikota Bandung, Jalan Dalem Kaum, maké upacara adat Sunda anu tartib. poé ieu marengan tanggal 1 Suklapaksa (parocaang) bulan Kartika taun 1941 Caka Sunda.
Taun dina Kala Sunda
Dina nangtukeun taun, aya dua wangun taun nyaéta Kala Saka anu dumasar kana Surya atawa panonpoe, jeung Kala Caka anu dumasar kana Candra (bulan). Masing-masing taun wanoh kana taun pondok (Surya 365 poe, Candra 354 poe) jeung taun panjang (Surya 366 poe, Candra 355 poe). Kala Surya Saka Sunda (Taun Surya) aturannana, tilu taun pondok, kaopatna panjang. Tapi unggal taun nu béak dibagi 128, bakal dijadikeun taun pondok. Dina taun Hijriah mah taun pondok téh sok disebut Taun Kabisat. Ahir taun Surya nyaéta nalika panonpoe aya di titik pangkidulna.
Kala Candra Caka Sunda (taun Candra) aturannana yén dina sawindu (8 taun), taun ka-2, ka-5, jeung ka-8 nyaéta taun panjang, sesana taun pondok. Unggal taun ka-120 dijadikeun taun pondok. Unggal taun nu béak dibagi 2.400 dijadikeun taun panjang
Saka Sunda
Bulan-bulan dina Saka Sunda nyaéta:
Caka Sunda
Cirina Caka Sunda nyaéta maké Suklapaksa (paro caang bulan) jeung Kresnapaksa (paro poek bulan). Taun Caka Sunda wanoh kana 12 bulan, nyaéta:
Poé dina Kala Sunda
Poé-poé dina Kala Sunda kabagi jadi dua nyaéta: Sapta Wara
Gabungannana disebut panca wuku = 7x5 =35 poe
Saptawara
Saptawara nyaéta etangan nu jumlahna tujuh poé (Saminggon) dina pananggalan kalénder Sunda
Minangka ugeran anu dipaké pikeun gerakan ( Solah ) Bumi sareng Bulan
Bénten sareng Panca wara anu mangrupa gerakan Bulan sareng Bumi
Vanuatu
Vanuatu (IPA: ), ngaran resmina Républik Vanuatu, mangrupa nagara pulo nu aya di Samudra Pasifik kidul. Kapuloan ieu perenahna 1,750 km (1090 mil) di wétaneun Australia béh kalér, 500 km (310 mil) wétan kaléreun Kalédonia Anyar, kuloneun Fiji jeung kiduleun Kapuloan Solomon.
Sajarah
lolobana kapuloan Vanuatu geus dicicingan salila ratusan taun kalayan bukti arkéologis pangkolotna aya tanggal 1300 SM.
Vanuatu baheulana munggaran dicicingan ku urang Mélanésia. Urang Éropa mimiti nyicingan wewengkon ieu ahir abad ka-18 nu juntrungannana dina taun 1906 Britania jeung Perancis sacara resmi ngaku nagara ieu, nu sacara babarengan diatur minangka Hébride Anyar ngaliwatan kondominium Briania-Perancis. Gerakan kamerdikaan mucunghul taun 1970-an, nu ahirna Républik Vanuatu ngadeg taun 1980.
Kala Sunda
Kala Sunda jeung Taun Maséhi
Taun 52 Saka, Aki Tirem kacaturkeun masrahkeun karajaan ka putrana, Nyi Putri Rarasati nu ditikah ku Dewa Warman ti India. Karajaanna nu disebut Salaka Nagara. Taun harita pamianganana ngitung kala teh, ti mangsa Aki Tirem masrahkeun karajaan ka putrana, ditetepkeun jadi taun Hiji Sunda. saméméhna, Aki Tirem téh ngasta kaprabon Sunda anu nurutkeun taksiran Abah Ali mah di wilayah Pandeglang ayeuna. Hartina, carita Salaka Nagara jaman Aki Tirem, ninggang dina abad kadua ( 122 Masehi).
Vanuatu
Babagian administratif
Ti taun 1994, Vanuatu kabagi jadi genep propinsi:
Pangatikan
Di Port Vila, sarta dua puseur lianna, mangrupa tempat Universitas Pasifik Kidul, institusi pangatikan nu dipiboga ku dua belas nagara-nagara Pasifik. Kampus Vanuatu ukur mangrupa sakola hukum di universitas ieu.
Euis Komariah
Euis Komariah nyaéta salah saurang panembang Cianjuran jeung juru kawih degung. Lahir di Majalaya, Jawa Kulon, 9 September 1949. Tilar dunya tanggal 11 Agustus 2011, di kuburkeunna di Désa Wangi Sagara, Majalaya.
Sajumlah pasanggiri tembang Sunda kungsi diiluan. Dina ampir saban pasanggiri anu diiluan, pamajikan koréografer Sunda nu kawentar, Gugum Gumbira, ieu sok jadi jawara. Tapi anu pangnapelna dina haté manéhna mah nyaéta pasanggiri anu diayakeun ku Damas dina taun 1962, mangsa éta manéhna karék umur 13 taun. Dina kategori tembang Sunda cianjuran ieu manéhna jadi pinunjul kadua. Mémang, waktu éta Euis kakara mimiti miluan pasanggiri, sumawona tembang Cianjuran tacan lila diteuleuman. Pasanggiri Damas dua taun saterusna, 1964, rada istiméwa pikeun menéhna, alatan sakaligus miluan leuwih ti hiji katégori. Di dieu manéhna hasil meunangkeun sababaraha piala. Taun 1977 nyaéta taun pamungkas pikeun Euis miluan pasanggiri.
Minangka guru mamaos, Euis dipikawanoh tulatén nungtun murid-muridna dina ngawasa téknik vokal. Sawatara pangajén widang kasenian ditarima ku Euis. Dina taun 1988 manéhna dibawa ku Nano S. ngirilingan dayeuh-dayeuh di Jepang.
Euis Komariah tilar dunya di Rumah Sakit Santosa Bandung di tanggal 11 Agustus 2011 kira-kira jam 02.15 ku lantaran gering.
Karesepna kana tembang Sunda geus dimimitian saprak manéhna leutik. Malahan mah dina umur 9 taun manéhna téh geus pinter nembangkeun tembang-tembang Sunda. Kelas 4 SD, manéhna geus naék panggung jadi juru kawih. Euis nuluykeun sakolana ka SMP V Bandung (1962), satuluyna ka SMA Pasundan. Taun 1977, anjeunna pindah sakola jeung ka Sekolah Konservatori Karawitan (KOKAR) Sunda di Bandung. Di ieu tempat, Euis neuleuman atikan karawitan sacara formal.
Bakat Euis dipulas munggaran ku ku Ansorudin, pangaping pakumpulan seni Sunda di kampungna, Cipeujeun, Pacét, Majalaya. Di dieu, Euis diajar sagala rupa seni Sunda, hususna kawih. Bakat sarta karesepna ieu terus diasah waktu manéhna di SMP. ”Waktu éta manéhna ngamimitian siaran di RRI, hususna siaran Angkatan Bersenjata di mana nu ngajentréngkeun kacapina téh mang Ebar, sarta nu niup sulinga mang Engkos. Saprak wawuh jeung mang Ebar, euis mimiti mikawanoh sarta bisa nembangkeun tembang Sunda Cianjuran.
Kapulaga
Kapulaga atawa kapol (Amomum cardamomum) nyaéta hiji tutuwuhan anu asalna tina kulawarga Zingiberaceaea. Salila ieu dipikawanoh minangka samara pikeun asakan sarta ogé leuwih réa dipaké pikeun campuran jajamu. Di sawatara wewengkon kapulaga dipikawanoh kalawan ngaran kapol, palago, karkolaka, sarta nu séjén-séjénna.
Di mancanagara, ngaran pikeun kapulaga ti antarana nyaéta pai thou kou (basa Tionghoa). Urang Yunani ngaranan buah ieu téh cardamomom anu saterusna dilaténkan ku urang Romawi jadi cardamomum. Dina basa Inggris kapulaga disebut cardamom. Sedengkeun dina basa Thai ieu disebut krava, elaichi dina basa Hindi, sarta elakkaai dina basa Tamil.
Bentuk fisik
Kapulaga mimitina memang hirup liar, tapi kiwari kapulaga dibudidayakeun minangka pepelakan samara. Tuwuhan nu tangkalna baseuh ieu mibanda palapah daun anu ngabuntel tangkalna. PErenah daunna sulang-seling. Kembangna kasusun ku turuyan anu kaluar tina beutina. Buahna ngawangun buleudan endog, buluan, sarta boga warna konéng kulawu. Buahna ngariung dina turuy leutik sarta pondok. Lamun asak, buahna baris peupeus sarta beulah dumasar rohang-rohangna. Dina jerona aya siki anu ngawangun buleud endog manjang.
Buah
Buah lonjong sapanjang 1 cm anu eusi tilu éta dipetik lamun geus lintuh, mundel eusina, satengah asak. Warna héjona geus robah jadi héjo ngora. Tadina héjo kolot. Sabot robah warna éta pisan ambeuna seungit pisan.
Kapulaga buahan dina umur 3 taun. Buah kapulaga mecenghul tina tangkal burung (palsu) deukeut taneuh, sarta ngareuy babarengan jeung turuyna anu panjangna 1 m, kana taneuh sakurilingna. Sangkan henteu kotor kacéprétan taneuh lamun hujan, patani nu bogana nyelapkeun lambaran plastik minangka dasar di handapeun turuy éta buah.
Suluh fosil
Suluh fosil (fossil fuels) atawa suluh mineral nyaéta suluh nu asalna tina fosil: hidrokarbon nu aya dina lapisan luhur kulit Bumi. Jenisna aya rupa-rupa, ti nu volatil pisan nu nisbah karbon:hidrogénna handap samodél métana, pétroleum nu cair, nepi ka nu nonvolatil nu diwangun ku ampir sagemblengna karbon samodél areng antrasit. Métana bisa kapanggih di pertambangan hidrokarbon sacara misah, ngahiji jeung minyak, atawa dina bentuk métana klatrat. Sacara umum masarakat yakin yén ieu suluh téh dibentuk tina fosil tutuwuhan jeung sasatoan nu terus-terusan kapanasan jeung kateken di jero kulit Bumi salila ratusan juta taun. Nu ieu katelahna téori biogenik. Ieu jenis suluh munggaran diwanohkeun ku Mikhail Lomonosov taun 1757. Lian ti kayakinan umum, aya ogé nu percaya yén hidrokarbon nu leuwih volatil, utamana gas alam, dibentuk ku prosés abiogénik, nu hartina teu dihasilkeun tina mahluk hirup.
Kapulaga
Buah
Buah anu geus garing jadi kérod, guguratan, eusina 4 - 7 siki leutik nu warnana coklat semu beureum. Rasana rada lada kawas jahé, tapi ambeuna henteu.
Suluh fosil
Durukan suluh fosil ngahasilkeun kira 21,3 milyar ton (= 21,3 gigaton) karbon dioksida per taun, padahal prosés alam ukur bisa nyerep satengahna, antukna jumlah karbon dioksida atmosfir nambahan 10,65 milyar ton per taunna (saton karbon atmosfir sarua jeung 44/12 atawa 3,7 ton karbon dioksida). Karbon dioksida téh salah sahiji gas rumah kaca nu ngabalukarkeun jagat nyongkab. <!--
Importance
Fossil fuels are of great importance because they can be burned (oxidized to carbon dioxide and water), producing significant amounts of energy. The use of coal as a fuel predates recorded history. Semi-solid hydrocarbons from seeps were also burned in ancient times, but these materials were mostly used for waterproofing and embalming. Commercial exploitation of petroleum, largely as a replacement for oils from animal sources (notably whale oil) for use in oil lamps began in the nineteenth century. Natural gas, once flared-off as an un-needed byproduct of petroleum production, is now considered a very valuable resource. Heavy crude oil, which is very much more viscous than conventional crude oil, and tar sands, where bitumen is found mixed with sand and clay, are becoming more important as sources of fossil fuel. Oil shale and similar materials are sedimentary rocks containing kerogen, a complex mixture of high-molecular weight organic compounds which yields synthetic crude oil when heated (pyrolyzed), have not yet been exploited commercially. Prior to the latter half of the eighteenth century, windmills or watermills provided the energy needed for industry such as milling flour, sawing wood or pumping water, and burning wood or peat provided domestic heat. The wide-scale use of fossil fuels, coal at first and petroleum later, to fire steam engines, enabled the Industrial Revolution. At the same time, gas lights using natural gas or coal gas were coming into wide use. The invention of the internal combustion engine and its use in automobiles and trucks greatly increased the demand for gasoline and diesel oil, both made from fossil fuels. Other forms of transportation, railways and aircraft also required fossil fuels. The other major use for fossil fuels is in generating electricity.
Origin
According to the biogenic theory, petroleum is formed from the preserved remains of prehistoric zooplankton and algae which have settled to the sea (or lake) bottom in large quantities under anoxic conditions. Over geological time, this organic matter, mixed with mud, is buried under heavy layers of sediment. The resulting high levels of heat and pressure cause the organic matter to chemically change during diagenesis, first into a waxy material known as kerogen which is found in various oil shales around the world, and then with more heat into liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons in a process known as catagenesis.
Environmental effects
According to Environment Canada: "The electricity sector is unique among industrial sectors in its very large contribution to emissions associated with nearly all air issues. Electricity generation produces a large share of Canadian nitrogen oxides and sulphur dioxide emissions, which contribute to smog and acid rain and the formation of fine particulate matter. It is the largest uncontrolled industrial source of mercury emissions in Canada. Fossil fuel-fired electric power plants also emit carbon dioxide, which may contribute to climate change. In addition, the sector has significant impacts on water and habitat and species. In particular, hydro dams and transmission lines have significant effects on water and biodiversity."
Nu tumali
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Environmental effects
Fossil fuels also contain radioactive materials, mainly uranium and thorium, that are released into the atmosphere. In 2000, about 12,000 metric tons of thorium and 5,000 metric tons of uranium were released worldwide from burning coal. It is estimated that during 1982, US coal burning released 155 times as much radioactivity into the atmosphere as the Three Mile Island incident. However, this radioactivity from coal burning is minuscule at each source and has not shown to have any adverse effect on human physiology.
In the United States, more than 90% of greenhouse gas emissions come from the combustion of fossil fuels. Combustion of fossil fuels also produces other air pollutants, such as nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, volatile organic compounds and heavy metals.
Levels and flows
Flows (daily production) during 2002 (7.9 is a ratio to convert tonnes of oil equivalent to barrels of oil equivalent)
Kapulaga
Budidaya
Dina perdagangan saterusna ditawarkeun ogé variétas kapulaga séjén ti pagunungan Mysore (India) anu buah lonjongna leuwih buleud, sarta leuwih dipikaresep alatan leuwih ngeunah. Béda jeung kapulaga Malabar anu turuy kembangna ngarayap, turuy kembang kapulaga Mysore mah tumuwuh ajeg. Ti Srilangka ditawarkeun ''Elettaria cadamomum var. major minangka Ceylon cardamom''. Buahna leuwih rubak sarta gepéng batan kapulaga Malabar, ''E. cardamomum var. minor''. Ti Thailand, saterusna ogé ditawarkeun Siamese cardamom anu masih sawanda jeung kapulaga Indonésia, Amomum cardamomum.
Karbon dioksida
Karbon dioksida (rumus kimia: ) nyaéta sanyawa kimia nu diwangun ku dua atom oksigén nu kabeungkeut kovalén ku hiji atom karbon. Dina kaayaan baku, ieu sanyawaan aya dina wujud gas. Di atmosfir, kadarna kira-kira 383 ppm dumasar eusi. Karbon dioksida téh kaasup salah sahiji gas rumah kaca, ku sabab nembuskeun cahya katempo tapi nyerep infrabeureum.
Kapulaga
Budidaya
Kapulaga mimitina kapanggih tumuwuh alamiah di wewengkon Pagunungan Malabar, basisir kulon India. Alatan laku di pasar-pasar di dunya, saterusna réa dipelak di Srilangka, Thailand, sarta Guatemala. Di Indonésia kapulaga mimiti dibudidayakan saprak 1986.
Suluh fosil
Environmental effects
In economic terms, pollution from fossil fuels is regarded as a negative externality. Taxation is considered one way to make societal costs explicit, in order to 'internalize' the cost of pollution. This aims to make fossil fuels more expensive, thereby reducing their use and the amount of pollution associated with them, along with raising the funds necessary to counteract these factors. Although European nations impose some pollution taxes, they also give billions of subsidies to the fossil fuel industry, offsetting the taxes.
Karbon dioksida
Karbon dioksida teu boga wujud cair dina tekanan handapeun 5,1 atm, tapi padet dina suhu kurang ti -78 °C. Dina bentuk padetna, karbon dioksida ilahar disebut dry ice (és garing).
Suluh fosil
Importance
Fossil fuels are also the main source of raw materials for the petrochemical industry.
Karbon dioksida
téh oksida asam: leyuranana ngarobah kertas litmus tina bulao jadi kayas.
Mangpaat
Leavening agents produce carbon dioxide to cause dough to rise. Baker's yeast produces carbon dioxide by fermentation of sugars within the dough, while chemical leaveners such as baking powder and baking soda release carbon dioxide when heated or if exposed to acids.
Karbon dioksida dipaké di industri pangan, industri oli, jeung industri kimia. Industri milih ieu gas ku sabab murah jeung teu kaduruk.<!-- Life jackets often contain canisters of pressured carbon dioxide for quick inflation. Aluminum capsules are also sold as supplies of compressed gas for airguns, paintball markers, for inflating bicycle tires, and for making seltzer. Rapid vaporization of liquid carbon dioxide is used for blasting in coal mines. High concentrations of carbon dioxide can also be used to kill pests, such as the Common Clothes Moth.
Carbon dioxide can also be combined with limonene oxide from orange peels or other epoxides to create polymers and plastics.
Carbon dioxide is the most commonly used compressed gas for pneumatic systems in portable pressure tools and combat robots.
By the end of 2007, the global car industry is expected to decide on the next-generation refrigerant in car air conditioning. is one discussed option.(see The Cool War) -->
In the chemical industry, carbon dioxide is used for the production of urea, carbonates and bicarbonates, and sodium salicylate.
Suluh fosil
Levels and flows
Levels (reserves) (EIA oil, gas, coal estimates, EIA oil, gas estimates)
Origin
Comparative figures:
Karbon dioksida
Karbon dioksida dihasilkeun ku sato, tutuwuhan, fungi, jeung mikroorganismeu dina prosés réspirasi sarta dipaké ku tutuwuhan dina fotosintésis pikeun ngahasilkeun gula. Ku kituna, ieu sanyawa téh kaasup komponén utama daur karbon. Lian ti prosés kimia séjénna, karbon dioksida ogé dihasilkeun tina durukan suluh fosil atawa matéri tutuwuhan. Karbon dioksida anorganik dikaluarkeun ku gunung berapi jeung prosés géotermal sarupaning cipanas.Karbon dioksida aya oge dina gas alam. Salah sahiji teknik na disebut CO2 Removal from Natural Gas Technology nganggo molecular sieve.
Kapulaga
Buah
Di India, buah anu geus digaringkeun, dipeting nurutkeun ukuran sarta warnana. Anu geus konéng jarami geulis, dibungkus minangka buah siap jual; sedengkeun anu tacan, dipucetkan tiheula ku saab walirang. Pangjagaan kualitas ieu pisan anu ngajadikeun India pangékspor kapulaga anu dipikaresep.
Karbon dioksida
Bentuk padet karbon dioksida lianna bisa kabentuk dina kaayaan husus, bentukna amorf kawas kaca, disebut karbonia amorf ( nu geus dipanaskeun ditiiskeun dina tekanan 40–48 GPa atawa kira 400.000 atm. Papanggihan ieu kabuktian ku téori yén karbon dioksida bisa aya dina bentuk gelas sarupa jeung famili unsurna, sarupaning silikon (gelas silika) jeung germanium, ngan karbonia mah teu stabil dina kaayaan biasa.
Suluh fosil
Environmental effects
Burning coal also generates large amounts of bottom ash and fly ash. These materials are used in a wide variety of applications, utilizing, for example, about 40% of the US production.
Kapulaga
Bentuk fisik
Tuwuhan kapulaga kagolongkeun kana tuwuhan ubar (herba) sarta tumuwuh ngawangun rungkun, dedeganana kawas tuwuhan jahé, sarta bisa ngahontal jangkung 2-3 méter sarta tumuwuh di leuweung-leuweung anu leubeut kénéh. Kapulaga hirup subur di padataharan nu luhurna 200-1.000 méter luhureun beungeut laut (lbl).
Suluh fosil
Environmental effects
Harvesting, processing, and distributing fossil fuels can also create environmental concerns. Coal mining methods, particularly mountaintop removal and strip mining, have negative environmental impacts, and offshore oil drilling poses a hazard to aquatic organisms. Oil refineries also have negative environmental impacts, including air and water pollution. Transportation of coal requires the use of diesel-powered locomotives, while crude oil is typically transported by tanker ships, each of which requires the combustion of additional fossil fuels.
Karbon dioksida
Mangpaat
Carbon dioxide has begun to attract attention in the pharmaceutical and other chemical processing industries as a less toxic alternative to more traditional solvents such as organochlorides. It's used by some dry cleaners for this reason. (See green chemistry.)
A common type of industrial gas laser is the carbon dioxide laser.
Carbon dioxide is used in enhanced oil recovery where it is injected into or adjacent to producing oil wells, usually under supercritical conditions. It acts as both a pressurizing agent and, when dissolved into the underground crude oil, significantly reduces its viscosity, enabling the oil to flow more rapidly through the earth to the removal well. In mature oil fields, extensive pipe networks are used to carry the carbon dioxide to the injection points.
Salam
Salam nyaéta ngaran tuwuhan nu ngahasilkeun daun nu dijadikeun samara dina asakan Indonesia. Tuwuhan ieu ogé dipikawanoh kalawan ngaran-ngaran séjén kawas ubar serai, meselangan (Sumatera), samak, kelat samak, serah (Malaysia), sarta manting (basa Jawa). Dina basa Inggris ieu tuwuhan dipikawanoh salaku Indonesian bay-leaf atawa Indonesian laurel, sedengkeun ngaran ilmiahna nyaéta Syzygium polyanthum.
Suluh fosil
Levels and flows
Levels of primary energy sources are the reserves in the ground. Flows are production. The most important part of primary energy sources are the carbon based fossil energy sources. Oil, coal, and gas stood for 79.6% of primary energy production during 2002 (in million tonnes of oil equivalent (mtoe)) (34.9+23.5+21.2).
Salam
Pamakéan
Daun salam dipaké utamana minangka bungbu panyeungit asakan di sajumlah nagara di Asia Tenggara, boh pikeun asakan daging, lauk, sayur, boh ogé sangu. Daun salam dicampurkeun dina kaayaan gembleng, garing atawa ogé seger, sarta milu diasakan nepi ka kadaharan kasebut asak. Samara ieu méré ambeu anu mandiri tapi henteu nyegak. Di pasar sarta di dapur, salam mindeng dipasangkeun jeung laja.
Gambaran botanis
Daun salam bentukna tunggal sarta perenahna pahareup-hareup, kalawan gagang nepi ka 12 mm.
Pamakéan
Daun salam garing ngandung kira-kira 0,17% minyak astiri, jeung ngandung komponén penting eugénol katut métil kavikol (methyl chavicol). Peresan étanol tina daun némbongkeun éfék antijamur sarta antibaktéri, sedengkeun peresan métanolna mangrupa anticacing, hususna dina nématoda kai pineus Bursaphelenchus xylophilus.
Suluh fosil
Levels and flows
The above discussion emphasizes worldwide energy balance. It is also valuable to understand the ratio of reserves to annual consumption (R/C) by region or country. For example, energy policy of the United Kingdom recognizes that Europe's R/C value is 3.0, very low by world standards, and exposes that region to energy vulnerability. Specific alternatives to fossil fuels are a subject of intense debate worldwide.
Salam
Ékologi jeung budidaya
Salam kembangan sarta buahan ampir dina waktu sapanjang taun. Tangkal ieu gampang dipelak ku cara melak siki atawa cangkokan.
Suluh fosil
Environmental effects
Many in America believe that a move away from an economy that is solely dependent on fossil fuels will allow a more even-handed approach to foreign policy. Former CIA Director James Woolsey recently outlined the national security arguments in favor of moving away from fossil fuels. Video of Woolsey speech
Levels and flows
Years of production left in the ground with the most optimistic reserve estimates (Oil & Gas Journal, World Oil)
Tumbu kaluar
Hoghag
Limits and alternatives
The principle of supply and demand suggests that as hydrocarbon supplies diminish, prices will rise. Therefore higher prices will lead to increased alternative, renewable energy supplies as previously uneconomic sources become sufficiently economical to exploit. Artificial gasolines and other renewable energy sources currently require more expensive production and processing technologies than conventional petroleum reserves, but may become economically viable in the near future. See Energy development. Different alternative sources of energy include alcohols, hydrogen, nuclear, hydroelectric, solar, wind, and geothermal.
Environmental effects
An example of such regulation in the USA is the "EPA is implementing policies to reduce airborne mercury emissions. Under regulations issued in 2005, coal-fired power plants will need to reduce their emissions by 70 percent by 2018." .
Combustion of fossil fuels generates sulfuric, carbonic, and nitric acids, which fall to Earth as acid rain, impacting both natural areas and the built environment. Monuments and sculptures made from marble and limestone are particularly vulnerable, as the acids dissolve calcium carbonate.
Karbon dioksida
Mangpaat
It has been proposed that carbon dioxide from power generation be bubbled into ponds to grow algae that could then be converted into biodiesel fuel. In medicine, up to 5% carbon dioxide is added to pure oxygen for stimulation of breathing after apnea and to stabilize the balance in blood.
Salam
Ékologi jeung budidaya
Salam sumebar di Asia Tenggara, mimiti ti Burma, Indocina, Thailand, Semenanjung Malaya, Sumatera, Kalimantan sarta Jawa. Tangkal ieu kapanggih tumuwuh liar di leuweung-leuweung, mimiti ti sisi basisir nepi ka padataran nu jangkungna 1.000 m luhureun beungeut laut (lbl) di pulo Jawa, 1.200 m (di Sabah) sarta 1.300 m lpl (di Thailand). Sajaba ti éta, salam dipelak di kebon atawa pakarangan sarta lahan-lahan tatanén lianna, utamana pikeun dicokot daunna. Daun salam liar ampir teu kungsi dipaké dina asakan, sajaba alatan ambeuna rada béda sarta kurang seungit, salam liar ogé ngabalukarkeun rasa nu rada pait.
Pamakéan
Kai tangkal salam boga warna coklat jingga semu beureum sarta boga kualitas sedeng. Kai tangkal salam bisa dipaké jadia bahan wangunan sarta parabot rumah tangga. Kulit tangkalna ngandung tanin, mindeng dimangpaatkeun minangka obat (pikeun ngawarnaan sarta ngawetkeun) kecrik, bahan anyaman tina awi sarta nu séjén-séjénna. Kulit tangkal sarta daun salam ilahar dipaké minangka bahan ubar tradisional pikeun nyageurkeun nyeri beuteung. Buah salam ogé didahar ku jelema, sanajan ngan barudak anu mikaresepna.
Gambaran botanis
Tangkal salam ukuranana sedeng, ngahontal jangkung 30 m. Kulit tangkalna boga warna coklat kulawu, bareulah atawa sisitan.
Suluh fosil
Levels and flows
Note that this calculation assumes that the product could be produced at a constant level for that number of years and that all of the reserves could be recovered. In reality, consumption of all three resources has been increasing. While this suggests that the resource will be used up more quickly, in reality, the production curve is much more akin to a bell curve. At some point in time, the production of each resource within an area, country, or globally will reach a maximum value, after which, the production will decline until it reaches a point where is no longer economically feasible or physically possible to produce. See Hubbert peak theory for detail on this decline curve with regard to petroleum.
Karbon dioksida
Mangpaat
Plants require carbon dioxide to conduct photosynthesis, and greenhouses may enrich their atmospheres with additional to boost plant growth, since its low present-day atmosphere concentration is just above the "suffocation" level for green plants. A photosynthesis-related drop in carbon dioxide concentration in a greenhouse compartment can kill green plants. At high concentrations, carbon dioxide is toxic to animal life, so raising the concentration to 10,000 ppm (1%) for several hours can eliminate pests such as whiteflies and spider mites in a greenhouse.
Suluh fosil
Environmental effects
Environmental regulation uses a variety of approaches to limit these emissions, such as command-and-control (which mandates the amount of pollution or the technology used), economic incentives, or voluntary programs.
Karbon dioksida
Karbon dioksida cair ukur bisa kabentuk dina kaayaan tekanan leuwih ti 5,1 atm; titik tripel karbon dioksida kira 518 kPa dina suhu -56,6 °C (tempo diagram), sedengkeun titik kritisna 7,38 MPa dina suhu 31,1 °C.
Salam
Gambaran botanis
Kembang salam mangrupa ranggeuyan nu ngandung réa pucuk kembang, 2–8 cm, mecenghul di handapeun daun atawa sakapeung dina kélék dahan. Kembangna laleutik, ambeuna seungit; kongkolakna kawas mangkok, panjangna kira-kira 4 mm; makutana laleupas, warnana bodas, 2,5-3,5 mm; benang sari jumlahna réa, leuwih kurang 3 mm, ngumpul dina 4 jumplukan, gancang murudul; piringan tengah rada pasagi, warnana jingga semu koneng (warna) koneng. Buah salam bentukan buleud, panjangna 12 mm, boga mahkota, boga warna beureum nepi ka wungu semu hideung lamun asak.
Karbon dioksida
Mangpaat
Carbon dioxide extinguishes flames, and some fire extinguishers, especially those designed for electrical fires, contain liquid carbon dioxide under pressure. Carbon dioxide also finds use as an atmosphere for welding, although in the welding arc, it reacts to oxidize most metals. Use in the automotive industry is common despite significant evidence that welds made in carbon dioxide are brittler than those made in more inert atmospheres, and that such weld joints deteriorate over time because of the formation of carbonic acid. It is used as a welding gas primarily because it is much less expensive than more inert gases such as argon or helium.
Suluh fosil
Suluh fosil mangrupa sumberdaya alam nu teu bisa dipulihkeun, sabab prosésna merlukeun waktu jutaan taun. Parebut suluh fosil ngabalukarkeun konflik régional jeung global, sedengkeun produksi jeung makéna ngadatangkeun masalah lingkungan. Ku kituna, kiwari masarakat geus nyobaan ngagunakeunénérgi nu bisa dipulihkeun.
Laja
Laja atawa laos (Alpinia galanga) nyaéta tuwuhan beubeutian anu populér dijadikeun samara dina talari asakan sarta ubar-ubaran tradisional Indonésia atawa wewengkon Asia Tenggara séjénna. Bagian anu dimangpaatkeun tina laja nyaéta beutina anu boga ambeu anu mandiri.
Daun
Daun tunggal warna héjo, tangkaina pendék nyusun. daun di sabeulah handap jeung luhur biasana leuwih leutik daripada anu di tengah. bentuk daun lansét manjang jeung tungtungna nyungcung, pangkal mintul sarta sisi daun rata. Bentuk daun nyirip, panjang daun antara 20-60 cm, jeung lébarna 4-15 cm. palapah daun kira-kira 15-30 cm, aya alur warna héjo.
Buah
Buahna mangrupa buah buni, bentuk buleud, teuas. Lamun keur ngora warna héjo konéng, geus kolot robah jadi hideung kacoklatan, diaméter kurang leuwih 1 cm. aya ogé anu buahna warna beurum.
Akar
Rimpang gedé bari kandel, aya dagingan, bentuk silindris, diameter antara 2-4 cm, jeung nyabang. luarna warna coklat rada kabeureuman atawa konéng kahéjoan pias, boga sisit-sisit warna bodas atawa kabeureuman, teuas hérang, Sedengkeun jerona warna bodas. daging rimpang nu geus kolot aya serat kasaran. Lamun digaringkeun, rimpang robah jadi rada kahéjoan, jeung seratna jadi teuas bari liat.
Pamangfaatan
Bagian laja anu loba dimangfaatkeun jeung boga loba nilai ékonomina nyaéta bagian rimpangna. Rimpang laja bisa dipanén nalika umur antara 4 nepi ka 7 bulan. Dina dunya industri, rimpang laja dijual dina bentuk simplisia. Sakumna cara nyieun simplisia dina jenis rempah-rempah lian, rimpang laja dibersihan jeung dipotongan sarta digaringkeun henteu maké panas panon poé langsung. Hal ieu pikeun nyegah ngurangan kandungan minyak asiri tina rimpang laja. Simplisia rimpang laja ieu dina dunya industri dipikawanoh salaku Galanga Rhizome. Salian umum dipaké dina dunya kulinér, sababaraha mangfaat laja anu liana nyaéta :
Batang
Batangna tegak, nyusun ku palapah-palapah daun anu ngahiji ngabentuk batang semu, warna héjo rada kabodas-bodasan. Batang ngora kaluat salaku sirung tina pangkal batang kolot.
Kembang
Mangrupa kembang majemuk bentuk lonceng, seungit, warna bodas kahéjoan atawa bodas kakonéngan. ukuran kumpulan kembang kurang leuwih 10-30 cm x 5-7 cm. Jumlah kembang bagian handap tandan leuwih loba ti batan luhurna. panjang biwir kembang 2,5 cm, warna bodas aya garis nyéngkong warna beureum ngora dina ungal sisi. Mahkota kembang anu masih nguncup, dina bagian tungtungna warna bodas, sedengkeun pangkalna warna héjo.
Karbon dioksida
Mangpaat
Liquid carbon dioxide (industry nomenclature R744 / R-744) was used as a refrigerant prior to the discovery of R-12 and is likely to enjoy a renaissance due to environmental concerns. Its physical properties are highly favorable for cooling, refrigeration, and heating purposes, having a high volumetric cooling capacity. Due to its operation at pressures of up to 130 bars, systems require highly resistant components that have been already developed to serial production in many sectors. In car air conditioning, in more than 90% of all driving conditions, R744 operates more efficiently than systems using R-134a. Its environmental advantages (GWP of 1, non-ozone depleting, non-toxic, non-flammable) could make it the future working fluid to replace current HFCs in cars, supermarkets, hot water heat pumps, among others. Some applications: Coca-Cola has fielded -based beverage coolers and the US Army is interested in refrigeration and heating technology.
Pakistan
Pakistan (اسلامی جمہوریۂ پاکستان), ngaran resmina Républik Islam Pakistan nyaéta nagara républik di Asia Kidul, nu mangrupa tempat papanggihna wewengkon Asia Kidul jeung Asia Tengah sarta Wétan Tengah. Nagara ieu mibanda 1,046 kilométer gari basisir sapanjang Sagara Arabia di béh kidul, diwawatesan ku Afganistan jeung Iran di béh kulon, India di béh wétan sarta Tiongkok jauh di béh wétan kaléreunana.
Pakistan mangrupa nagara pangpadetna kagenep di dunya sarta mangrupa nagara mayoritas Islam nu kadua pangpadetna. Wewengkonna mangrupa bagéan India Britania samemeh dibagi-bagi sarta mibanda sajarah pakampungan jeung peradaban nu panjang salila Peradaban Léngkob Indus. lolobana tina wewengkon nu aya kiwari beunang ku Pérsia jeung Yunani dina Milénium ka-1 SM sarta diatur ku maranéhannana salila sawatara abad. Keur sesa sajarahna, wewengkon ieu mangrupa bagéan tina karajaan India nu lega atawa di sahadapeun pupuhu lokal atawa regional. Nu datang jeung ngawasana satuluyna aya urang Arab, Afganistan, Turki, Baloch jeung Mongol. Wewengkon ieu asup kana India Britania dina abad ka-19. Tii saprak merdika, nagara ieu geus ngalaman dua périodeu tumuwuhna militer jeung ekonomi nu penting, sarta périodeu nu henteu stabil, ku ayana kaluarna Pakistan Wétan (kiwari Bangladésh).
Tempo ogé
Wétan Tengah nu Agung
Jambé
Jambé; Areca catechii nyaéta sarupaning tuwuhan palem anu tumuwuh di wewengkon Pasifik, Asia sarta Afrika bagian wétan. Jambé ogé mangrupa ngaran buah nu dihasilkeunana anu dijualbeulikeun ku jelema. Rupa-rupa ngaran ieu tuwuhan dumasar wewengkonna ti antarana nyaéta pineung (Acéh), pining (basa Batak Toba), penang (basa Madura), pinang (basa Indonésia jeung Malayu), jambé (basa Sunda jeung Jawa), bua, ua, wua, pua, fua, hua (rupa-rupa basa di Nusa Tenggara jeung Maluku), banda (Bali), rapo (Makassar), hena (Ternate), sarta sagala rupa sebutan séjénna.
Dina basa Inggris ieu tuwuhan dipikawanoh minangka Betel palm atawa Betel nut tree, sarta ngaran ilmiahna nyaéta Areca catechu.
Gabaran
Kembang mecenghul sahandapeun daun, panjangna leuwih kurang 75 cm, kalawan gagang nu pondok nyabang rangkep, sumbu tungtung nepi ka panjang 35 cm, kalawan 1 kembang bikang dina puhu, di luhurna réa kembang jalu nu kasusun dina 2 jajar anu nanceb dina alur. Kembang jalu panjangna 4 mm, warnana bodas konéng; benang sari jumlahna 6. Kembang bikang panjangna leuwih kurang 1,5 cm, warnana héjo.
Palapah daun ngawangun silinder kalawan panjang 80 cm, gagang daun pondok; heulayan daun panjangna nepi ka 80 cm, anak daun 85 x 5 cm, jeung tungtungna soéh sarta rérégéan.
Tangkal lempeng, bisa ngahontal jangkung 25 m kalawan diaméter leuwih kurang 15 cm, sanajan aya ogé anu leuwih badag.