cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Karajaan Sumedang Larang
Ratu Pucuk Umun sarta Pangeran Santri
Dina panengah abad ka-16, Ratu Pucuk Umun, saurang wanoja turunan raja-raja Sumedang kuna anu mangrupa saurang Sunda muslimah; nikah ka Pangeran Santri (1505 M-1579 M) anu boga gelar Ki Gédéng Sumedang sarta maréntah Sumedang Larang bari nyebarkeun ajaran Islam di wewengkon éta. Pangéran Santri nyaéta incu ti Syekh Maulana Abdurahman (Sunan Panjunan) sarta buyut ti Syekh Datuk Kahfi, saurang ajéngan turunan Arab Hadramaut anu asalna ti Mekkah sarta nyebarkeun ageman Islam di sagala rupa penjuru wewengkon di Karajaan Sunda. Nikahna Pangeran Santri jeung Ratu Pucuk Umun ieu ngababarkeun Prabu Geusan Ulun atawa dipikawanoh minangka Prabu Angkawijaya.
Prabu Geusan Ulun
Prabu Geusan Ulun (1580-1608 M) dinobatkeun pikeun ngagantikeun kakawasaan bapana, Pangéran Santri. Anjeunna netepkeun Kutamaya minangka ibukota karajaan Sumedang Larang, anu tempatna di bagian kulon dayeuh. Wewengkon kakawasaanana ngawengku Kuningan, Bandung, Garut, Tasikmalaya, Sukabumi (Parahiangan) kajaba Galuh (Ciamis). Karajaan Sumedang dina mangsa Prabu Geusan Ulun ngalaman kamajuan anu pesat dina widang sosial, budaya, ageman, militer sarta pulitik pamaréntahan. Sanggeus wafat dina taun1608, putera kandungna, Pangéran Rangga Gempol Kusumadinata atawa anu dipikawanoh kalawan Raden Aria Suradiwangsa ngagantikeun kapamingpinan bapana.
Dipati Rangga Gempol
Dina waktu Rangga Gempol nyekel kapamingpinan, dina taun1620 M Sumedang Larang dijadikeunana wewengkon kakawasaan Karajaan Mataram di sahandapeun Sultan Agung, sarta statusna minangka 'karajaan' dirobah jadi 'kabupatén'. Hal ieu dipigawé ku manéhna minangka usaha ngajadikeun wewengkon Sumedang minangka wewengkon pertahanan Mataram tina serangan Karajaan Banten sarta Walanda, anu keur ngalaman konflik jeung Mataram. Sultan Agung saterusna mikeun paréntah ka Rangga Gempol reujeung pasukanana pikeun mingpin serangan ka Sampang, Madura. Sedengkeun pamaréntahan pikeun samentara dibikeun ka adina, Dipati Rangga gedé.
Dipati Rangga Gede
Nalika satengah kakuatan militer kabupatén Sumedang Larang diinditkeun ka Madura nurutkeun titah Sultan Agung, datang pasukan Karajan Banten pikeun nyerang. Alatan Rangga gedé henteu sanggup nahan serangan pasukan Banten, manéhna ahirna kabur. Kaéléh ieu nyababkeun ambekna Sultan Agung ku kituna manéhna nahan Dipati Rangga Gedé, sarta pamaréntahan saterusna dibikeun ka Dipati Ukur.
Dipati Ukur
Sakali deui, Dipati Ukur diparentah ku Sultan Agung pikeun babarengan jeung pasukan Mataram narajang sarta ngarebut pertahanan Walanda di Batavia (Jakarta) anu dina ahirna gagal. Kaéléh pasukan Dipati Ukur ieu henteu dilaporkeun geura-giru ka Sultan Agung, diiberkeun yén manéhna kabur tina pertanggungjawabanana sarta ahirna katangkep dina panyumputanana dumasar kana beja mata-mata Sultan Agung anu ngawasa di wewengkon Parahiangan.
Babagean Wewengkon Karajaan
Sanggeus béak mangsa hukumanana, Dipati Rangga Gedé dibéré kakawasaan pikeun balik deui maréntah di Sumedang. Sedengkeun wewengkon Parahiangan di luar Sumedang sarta Galuh (Ciamis), ku Mataram dibagi jadi tilu bagian:
(162566) 2000 RJ34
Ari 2000 RJ34 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Amor, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.574, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 15.7. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO 401369.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Sumanda, Pugung, Tanggamus
Sumanda nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Pugung, Kabupatén Tanggamus, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Sinar Jaya Paya Ringkel, Bandar, Bener Meriah
Sinar Jaya Paya Ringkel nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Bandar, Kabupatén Bener Meriah, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
Sitio-tio, Samosir
Sitio-tio nyaéta salah sahiji kacamatan di Kabupatén Samosir, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
2002 TR67
Ari 2002 TR67 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Amor, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.342, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 22.7. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO62414.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
(444584) 2006 UK
Ari 2006 UK mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Apollo, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.539, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 20.2. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO�382632.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Pelawan, Pelawan, Sarolangun
Pelawan nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Pelawan, Kabupatén Sarolangun, Propinsi Jambi, Indonésia.
Ully Sigar Rusady
Ully Sigar Rusady (gumelar di Garut, Jawa Kulon 4 Januari 1952) nyaéta mangrupa musisi sakaligus akitivis lingkungan hidup Indonesia. Tembang nu diciptakeun ku manéhna loba ngabahas tentang isu lingkungan, sampe manéhna pernah meunang pangajén Kalpataru dina kategori ais pangampih lingkungan.
SMAS Asisi Jakarta
SMAS Asisi Jakarta nyaéta Sakola Menengah Atas Swasta anu aya di Kota Jakarta Selatan. Alamat lengkepna di Jl. Haji Ramli Rt. 005/03, Kalurahan/Désa Menteng Dalam Kacamatan Tebet, Jakarta Selatan, DKI Jakarta, kalawan nomor NPSN 20107278.
Umay Martakusuma
Riwayat Atikan
Sabada tamat HIS, nuluykeun sakolana ka HIK di Bandung, laju ka HKS di Purworejo. Taun 1920 diangkat jadi guru tuluy jadi pupuhu HIS di Cilegon (1925-1931). Dipindahkeun jadi pupuhu HIS Gresik (1931-1933), sanggeus éta ka Bandung, Cimahi, tuluy Cicaléngka. Nalika tentara Jepang datang, manéhna keur ngajar di Baros, Cimahi. Wanci revolusi, manéhna jadi sukarélawan di BPKKP (Badan Pengurus Keluarga Korban Perang) di Bandung, tuluy di Garut jadi pupuhu BPKKP. Balik deui ka Bandung ti pangungsian, manéhna diangkat jadi Kepala Kebudayaan Negara Pasundan (1948-1950). Nalika RIS dibubarkeun tuluy Indonésia geus teu jadi negara kesatuan deui (17 Agustus 1950), manéhna diangkat salaku Kepala Jawatan Kebudayaan Kementrian PP & K Provinsi Jawa Barat nepi ka pangsiun.
Lalampahan Karir
Karesepna kana seni tumuwuh nalika ditempatkeun di Cilegon, sabab aya tradisi ngalaksanakeun samen (kenaikan kelas) unggal ahir taun pangajaran. Manéhna nulis jeung nyutradaraan lakon (tunil) basa sunda, diantarana Nyi Sangkana, Héru Gandrung, Komala Gilang Kusuma, Ratu Budi Astuti, jeung Lutung Kasarung. Manéhna diajar ngalukis ka salasahiji guru Walanda nalika sakola kénéh di HIK Bandung (1913) jeung masih kénéh ngalukis nepi ka kolot. Pas dipindahkeun ngajar ka Bandung (1933), manéhna aktif dina riungan “Tirtayasa” (Tirtajasa) nu diadegkeun ku urang Banten, nyaéta Tb. Ahmad Zuhra (Achmad Zoechra), pupuhuna, riungan “Tirtayasa” ngayakeun latihan tari sunda keur budak-budak nu ngurus atawa anggotana, kalayan guruna nyaéta Komara Tisnawijaya (Tisnawidjaja), nu ngibing Ibing Keurseus. Sabab ieu tari dianggapna kurang cocog diajarkeun ka barudak leutik, Umay ménta guru tari Jawa pikeun ngajarkeun tari Jawa. tapi saenyana geus henteu murni Jawa, komo deui iringan gamelanna nyaéta gamelan sunda.
Umay kahayangna mah néangan tari péntas sunda, sabab nepi ka mangsa harita, tari sunda nu kawas kitu téh acan aya. Éta kagiatan lumangsung sababaraha taun. Taun 1935, Umay ngadegkeun pakumpulan “Sekar Pakuan”. Umay nu jadi pupuhuna, kagiatanna nu ceuyah suksés numuwuhkeun minat urang sunda, utamana nu cicing di wewengkon Bandung. Kagiatanna eureun kusabab éta pakumpulan dibubarkeun ku tentara Jepang (1942). Pamaréntah tentara Jepang ngawangun Keimin Bunka Shidoso. Babarengan jeung seniman séjén nu aktif dina “Sekar Pakuan”, Umay dititah asup ka éta organisasi, diangkat jadi Kepala Bagian Propaganda, sedengkeun bagéan kabudayaan dipingpin ku R. Puradiredja jeung girang serat R. Kartadibrata. Dina waktu éta, Umay ngajak Cécé Somantri nu geus dipikawanoh saprak manéhna ngadegkeun “Sekar Pakuan” pikeun jadi guru tari. Pakéan tari jieunan Umay nu jadi cikal bakal pakéan tari sunda satuluyna.
Gawébareng Umay jeung Cécé lumangsung nepi ka Umay pangsiun salaku Kepala Jawatan Kebudayaan Jawa Barat (1958) jeung sanggeus mikeun sumbangan anu kalintang pentingna pikeun kamekaran seni tari sunda. Nalika mangsa revolusi, Umay jeung sawatara seniman Bandung liana ngungsi, sawaréh ka Garut. Di ditu, Umay, R.Barnas Prawiradiningrat, Cécé Somantri, S.M Thahér, jrrd, ngadegkeun Badan Kesenian Jawa Barat (BKDB). Umay nu jadi pupuhuna. Kagiatanna nyaéta ngalumangsungkeun latihan tari sunda ku Cécé Somantri. Dina acara panutupan Konferensi Pamongpraja sa-Indonésia di Garut (1947), midangkeun sandiwara Nyi Sangkana jeung tari-tarian ku BKDB. Presiden Soekarno nu nyaksian éta pidangan ngarasa kalintang bungahna jeung saprak harita dina sababaraha acara konférénsi atawa mun aya tamu-tamu penting, pakumpulan nu dikokolakeun ku Umay diilukeun.
Sabada Perjanjian Renville ditawis (1948), Umay katut pengungsi liana balik deui ka Bandung. Nu ngurus BKDB satuluyna ngadegkeun Badan Kesenian Indonesia (BKI) bulan Mei 1948. Nalika mingpin BKI, Umay némbongkeun kaparigelanana salaku manajer nu suksés ngahirupkeun kagiatan kasenian dina sawatara widang di Bandung. Harita, manéhna sorangan keur ngajabat jadi Kepala Jawatan Kebudayaan Negara Pasundan. Sanggeus diakuna kadaulatan (1950), manéhna diangkat jadi Kepala Jawatan Kebudayaan Jawa Barat, Umay nyerahkeun kapamingpinan BKI ka R. Barnas Prawiradiningrat, sedengkeun manéhna salaku penasihat. Tapi manéhna méré kasempetan keur BKI pikeun ngalaksanakeun kagiatanana di kantor Jawatan Kebudayaan. Umay gé mingpin majalah Budaya nu terbit dina édisi basa Sunda jeung Indonésia. Umay pangsiun taun 1958, BKIna dibubarkeun. Saprak harita, Umay mundur tina kagiatan sandiwara jeung tari. Sanajan pengurus jeung anggota BKI masih loba nu aya di Jawatan Kebudayaan (salaku pagawé), tapi mun euweuh Umay, jigana maranéhna leungiteun puntangan.
Urang Mapuche
Urang Mapuche éta mangrupa jalma pribumi anu paling loba di Chili, anu salian ti cicing di daérah tengah jeung kiduleun Chili, ogé aya di daérah beulah kulon kidul-kulon Argentina.
2012 FB14
Ari 2012 FB14 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Amor, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.494, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 27.0. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO 226098.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Sukaramai, Kerajaan, Pakpak Bharat
Sukaramai nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Kerajaan, Kabupatén Pakpak Bharat, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Pacikrak
Pacikrak (Prinia familiaris)  disebut ogé ciblek nyaéta manuk nu asalna tina kulawarga Cisticolidae (sawaréh buku masih ngagolongkeun ieu manuk kana kulawarga Sylviidae). Dina basa Inggris ieu manuk disebutna bar-winged Prinia, duméh aya gurat bodas dina unggal jangjangna.
Pangawakan
Pamatukna mencos tur seukeut, beulah luhurna semu hideung, beulah handapna mah semu konéng. Cékérna leutik tur ranggoas kelirna semu hideung aya ogé nu semu coklat.
Tempat hirup jeung kabiasaan
Pacikrak kaasup manuk nu tanginas tur récét disada, loba kapanggih hirup ditempat-tempat nu negrak kayaning taman, buruan, sisi sawah, leuweung, kapanggih ogé hirup di leuweung babakoan, kebonentéh, jeung sajabana. Dina sabubuhan paling loba opat siki mangsa hiber kawas paudag-udang, nyiar hakaneun dina rungkun-rungkun nua aya kituna téh teu eureun récét disarada ''cwuit-cwuit-cwuit.. ciblek-ciblek-ciblek-ciblek.. !'' barijeung buntutna bentik kaluhur.
Pacikrak loba kapanggih hirup tur matuh di pulo Sumatra, Jawa jeung Bali. Pacikrak nu kapanggih hirup di pulo Sumatra hirup ti mimiti daérah nu perenahna 900 m dpl, sedangkan di Jawa jeung Bali ilaharna kapanggih ti daérah nu perenahna 1.500 m dpl.
Kalumangsungan hirup
Saméméh taun 1990-an, ieu manuk masihkénéh loba kapanggih hirup bébas kalayan henteu mibanda niléy ékonomi, sarua jeung manuk goléjra atawa manuk piit. Malahan jumlahna ogé kawilang loba, sagigireun henteu ogoan dina mangsa baranahan ieu manuk ogé teu pati kaganggu hirup pagilinggisik jeung manusa, nu matak ieu manuk gancang baranahan.
Kiwari ieu manuk mibanda niléy ékonomi nu henteu saeutik, hanjakal kahirupan mimiti kaganggu lantaran loba nu moro. Aya nu diposong, dileugeut, dipitapak, malahan diboro peuting-peuting maké batré mangsa ieu manuk keur mondok disayangna, jeung sajabana. Ieu ngabalukarkeun populasina ngorotan kalawan gancang. Malahan mah di daérah pasisian Jakarta jeung Bogor, kawas geus hésé nempo ieu manuk hirup liar kalawan bébas.
Pacikrak beunang néwak mah gampang paéh alatan sawan (stres), komo deui manuk nu ditewakna geus déwasa. Katurug nginguna tacan mibanda pangalaman atawa henteu rapékan, ieu manuk gancang pisan paéhna. Pacikran nu dikandangan ilaharna diparaban kroto, sireum kararanggé, hileud Hongkong, jeung pélét (voer).
Bédana pacikrak jalu jeung bikang, salah sahijina tina pangawakan. Pacikrak jalu leuwih gedé pangawakanna batan nu bikang, sarta bacéona leuwih ramé. Buntutna ogé leuwih panjang sarta kelir bulu jang-jangna leuwih poék.
Ditempo tina pamatukna ogé bisa dibedakeun:
Paribasa
Pacikrak ngalawan merak, hartina rahayat leutik ngalawan anu gedéé kakawasaana.
Tumpok Aceh, Tanah Luas, Aceh Utara
Tumpok Aceh nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Tanah Luas, Kabupatén Aceh Utara, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
Papatong
Papatong téh insékta nu asup kana ordo Odonata, subordo Epiprocta, jeung, dina jihat husus, infraordo Anisoptera. Cirina nyaéta panon majemuk nu gedé, dua pasang jangjang ngalangkang, sarta tungtung awak nu panjang.
Kadaharan papatong ilaharna mah reungit, laleur, nyiruan, kukupu, sarta sarupaning insékta leutik lianna. Lingkungan hirup papatong biasana di sabudeureun situ, pasawahan, pokona mah deukeut ka cai, sabab larvana, nu katelah "kini-kini" téa, hirup na cai. Papatong mah tara ganggu, nyoco atawa nyeureud manusa; malah mah, papatong téh gedé pisan ajénna salaku pamangsa nu mantuan ngontrol populasi insékta nu bahya samodél reungit.
Daur hirup
Daur hirup papatong, ti endog nepi ka paéhna nalika geus kolot, rupa-rupa, ti genep bulan nepi ka genep-tujuh taun. Papatong bikang napelkeun endogna dina atawa deukeut cai, misalna dina dangdaunnan/jukut cai. Anu lila mah mangsa jadi kini-kini, dina jero cai, ngarénghap maké insang, sarta ngahakan invertebrata atawa vertebrata lian kayaning lauk leutik jeung buyur. Nalika geus sawawa dina ujud papatong, spésiés nu gedé mah bisa hirup nepi ka opat bulan.
Catetan rékor
Papatong jaman baheula mah ukuranana leuwih badag batan papatong kiwari. Nu pangbadagna, kapanggih salaku fosil, nyaéta Protodonata nu ngaranna Meganeura monyi ti mangsa Permia, nu bébér jangjangna nepi ka 70–75 cm; bandingkeun jeung papatong jaman kiwari, nu pangbadagna ukur 19 cm, nyaéta papatong éndemik kapuloan Hawaii: Anax strenuus. Spésiés pangleutikna nu kungsi kacatet nyaéta papatong libellulid, Nannophya pygmaea ti Asia wétan, nu bébér jangjangna ukur 20 mm.
Papatong mangrupa insékta panggancangna, bisa nepi ka 60 mph. Papatong Common Green Darner, (Anax junius), mangrupa salah sahiji papatong pangbadagna tur panggancangna, bisa hiber nepi ka 85 km/jam (53 mph).
Tetempoan
Téténjoan papatong mah hadé pisan, ku ayana struktur panon nu ahéng: 30.000 fasét nu masing-masing mangrupa organ pangrasa cahya nu misah (ommatidia), nu ngahasilkeun panénjo ampir 360°.
Kamuflase
Anyaran ieu kapanggih yén papatong bisa metakeun ilusi optik, nu disebut "kamuflase gerak" (motion camouflage), pikeun ngadodoho insékta séjén nu asup ka jajahanana. Nalika nyerang mangsana, papatong bisa metakeun gerak nu justru kawas nu teu usik, kitu cenah ceuk para panalungtik.
Papatong Purba (Anisozygoptera)
Sacara konvénsional, Anisoptera subordona aya gigireun "papatong purba" (Anisozygoptera, dua spésiés hirup kénéh, nu lianna mah geus lastari), tapi anyaran ieu aya katangtuan yén Anisozygoptera téh ngabentuk susunan parafilétik salaku dulur primitif Anisoptera. Ku kituna, Anisoptera diturunkeun kana infraordo, jadi subordo anyar Epiprocta (papatong sacara umum).
Papatong vs. papatong jarum
Papatong jarum (Subordo Zygoptera) di urang mah sok disaruakeun jeung papatong biasa, padahal béda: papatong jarum mah mun keur eunteup jangjangna tara mébér, béda jeung papatong nu salawasna mébér. Ogé panonna, papatong jarum mah misah, sedengkeun papatong mah ampir paadek. Duanana kaasup Odonata, nu mibanda daur hirup nu sarupa.
Sukamulya, Ciamis, Ciamis
Sukamulya nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Ciamis, Kabupatén Ciamis, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
2016 FN13
Ari 2016 FN13 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Amor, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.268, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 27.2. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO 374665.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Cot Seulamat, Samatiga, Aceh Barat
Cot Seulamat nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Samatiga, Kabupatén Aceh Barat, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
Sipoldas, Panei, Simalungun
Sipoldas nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Panei, Kabupatén Simalungun, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Trafo
Trafo nyaéta hiji alat listrik nu kagunaannana pikeun mindahkeun énérgi listrik ti hiji sirkuit ka sirkuit séjénna ngaliwatan gulungan-gulungan kawat anu babarengan diinduksi ku hiji médan magnét. Hiji trafo diwangun ku hiji inti (biasana tina beusi silikon) sarta dua gulungan tambaga atawa leuwih nu dibeulitkeun kana inti. Arus bulak-balik dina salah sahiji gulungan ngabangkitkeun;ngawangun médan magnét nu robah-robah dina jero intina, nu mana ahirna ngainduksi (ngarangsang ngabangkitkeun) tegangan dina gulungan liana. Trafo dipaké keur naékkeun atawa nurunkeun tegangan atawa arus listrik, keur ngarobah impedansi, sarta keur nyadiakeun isolasi listrik hiji rangkéan jeung rangkéan nu séjén.
Sawangan
Trafo nyaéta salah sahiji parabot listrik nu pangbasajana. Rarancang dasarna tacan kungsi ganti leuwih ti saratus taun, sok sanajan kitu rarancang katut bahan trafona mah terus dibebenah ogé. Trafo kacida pentingna pikeun transmisi daya, nu ngajadikeun praktisna transmisi jarak jauh. Ieu kauntungan téh teu leupas tina prinsip dina dipilihna daya arus bulak-balik nalika "Perang Arus" dina ahir 1880-an. Trafo frékuénsi sora (harita disebut repeating coils) Dimangpaatkeun ku juru taluntik mangsa keur mitembeyan ngamekarkeun tehnologi telepon, ka dieunakeun trafo téh teu pati dimangpaatkeun alatan geus loba pakakas éléktronik séjéna nu mibanda kagunaan saru sarta leuwih hadé. .
Ditempo tina ukuranna trafo dijieun dumasar kabutuhan, aya trafo nu kacida leutik nepikeun kabisa di sumputkeun di jero mikropon. Nepika trafo nu ukuran gedé naker pikeun ngahubungkeun listrik hiji nagara, nu mibanda kamampuan nepika gigawatt. Tapi, trafo mangrupa hiji bagian tina hiji sistim anu ngajalankeun éta kabéh.
Analogi
Trafo bisa diibaratkeun kawas "géarbox" roda dua anu sederhana pikeun ngagambarkeun tegangan jeung arus listrik. Gulungan primér diumpamakeun jeung tempat asupna sarta gulungan skundér diumpamakeun tempat kaluarna. Dina ieu gambaran, arus téh sarua jeung gancangna muter éta roda ari tegangan tayalian gedéna tanaga anu dipaké pikeun muterkeun éta roda. Dina hiji "géarbox" tanaga mékanis téh (torsi/kakuatan muter dikalikeun jeung gancangna puteran) hasilna konstan (angger) saruan dina tanaga listrik ogé (Tegangan dikalikeun jeung arus) oge hasilan konstan.
Rasio roda gigi ibaratna jeung rasio stép-up atawa stép-down transformator. Transformator stép-up lumaku sacara analog contona ngalaunana roda gigi (anu mana tanaga mékanik dipindahkeun/ditransfer tina roda gigi anu leutik nyaéta nu muterna gancang kana roda gigi gedé anu muterna laun): didieu aya kaayaan nukeurkeun arus (gancangna muter) sedengkeun voltase sarua jeung (torsi), ku ayana ieu kajadian ngatransfer daya tina gulungan primér ka gulungan sekundér anu mibanda leuwih loba leuwih loba jumlah gulunganna. Transformator stép-down digambarkeun sacara analog kujalan pindahna roda gigi (di mana tanaga mékanik ditransfer tina roda gigi gedé ka roda gigi leutik): ieu nukeurkeun tegangan (torsi) pikeun arus (gancangna muter), kujalan ngatransfer daya tina gulungan primer ka gulungan sekundér. Gulungan mibanda puteran anu leuwih saeutik.
Silih ngainduksi
Trafo basajan ilaharna diwangun ku dua konduktor listrik disebut gulungan primér jeung gulungan sekundér. Énergi dihijikeun antara gulungan ku fluks magnét anu béda-béda waktos anu ngalangkungan (tumbu) boh gulungan primér sareng gulungan sekundér. Dimana arus dina coil robah atawa pareum, tegangan anu ngainduksi dina coil tatangga. Pangaruh ieu, disebut mutual induktansi, ieu mangrupa conto induksi éléktromagnétik.
Analisis dasar
If a time-varying voltage {v_P}\, is applied to the primary winding of N_P\, turns, a current will flow in it producing a magnetomotive force (MMF). Just as an electromotive force (EMF) drives current around an electric circuit, so MMF tries to drive magnetic flux through a magnetic circuit. The primary MMF produces a varying magnetic flux \Phi_P\, in the core, and, with an open circuit secondary winding, induces a back electromotive force (EMF) in opposition to {v_P}\,. In accordance with Faraday's law of induction, the voltage induced across the primary winding is proportional to the rate of change of flux:
where
Saying that the primary and secondary windings are perfectly coupled is equivalent to saying that. Substituting and solving for the voltages shows that:
Hence in an idéal transformer, the ratio of the primary and secondary voltages is equal to the ratio of the number of turns in their windings, or alternatively, the voltage per turn is the same for both windings. The ratio of the currents in the primary and secondary circuits is inversely proportional to the turns ratio. This léads to the most common use of the transformer: to convert electrical energy at one voltage to energy at a different voltage by méans of windings with different numbers of turns. In a practical transformer, the higher-voltage winding will have more turns, of smaller conductor cross-section, than the lower-voltage windings.
The EMF in the secondary winding, if connected to an electrical circuit, will cause current to flow in the secondary circuit. The MMF produced by current in the secondary opposes the MMF of the primary and so tends to cancel the flux in the core. Since the reduced flux reduces the EMF induced in the primary winding, incréased current flows in the primary circuit. The resulting incréase in MMF due to the primary current offsets the effect of the opposing secondary MMF. In this way, the electrical energy fed into the primary winding is delivered to the secondary winding. Also because of this, the flux density will always stay the same as long as the primary voltage is stéady.
For example, suppose a power of 50 watts is supplied to a resistive load from a transformer with a turns ratio of 25:2.
Analisis trafo bulak-balik
This tréats the windings as a pair of mutually coupled coils with both primary and secondary windings passing currents. In an ideal transformer the primary MMF must equal the secondary MMF, and since these are in opposite directions, they oppose so that there is no overall resultant flux in the core. That this is so can be seen by réalising that any unopposed primary emf would créate a large primary current and therefore a large flux in the core due to the primary winding. However, this large flux would necessarily cause a large current to flow in the secondary circuit and this current must créate an opposing flux that effectively cancels the initiating primary flux. In a non-idéal transformer, the resultant flux in the core is that needed to magnetise the core. This is called the magnetising flux.
Arus saarah
Transformers should not be driven with DC nor, generally, have any DC component present at the input. Relatively small amounts of direct current can cause core saturation and thus prevent proper operation. Also, since a DC voltage source would not give a time-varying flux in the core, no induced counter-EMF would be generated and so current flow into the transformer would be limited only by the series resistance of the windings. In this situation, the transformer would héat until the transformer either réaches thermal equilibrium or is destroyed. This principle is actually exploited when large power transformers must be dried (have condensation and other water removed from their windings) — they are simply héated using DC.
For the same réason, transformers should generally not have DC components present in their output windings. A notable violation of this rule occurs with half-wave rectifiers, where the transformer winding must also carry the DC load current; these circuits are usually used in low-power applications because of this. Full-wave rectifiers, by comparison, do not require direct current to flow through the transformer and so are capable of much higher power levels.
Persamaan emf unifersal
If the flux in the core is sinusoidal, the relationship for either winding between its number of turns, voltage, magnetic flux density and core cross-sectional aréa is given by the universal emf equation (from Faraday's law):
where Other consistent systems of units can be used with the appropriate conversions in the equation.
Panimuan
Those credited with the invention of the transformer include:
Many others have patents on transformers.
Lambang sirkuit
Standard symbols
Karugian
An idéal transformer would have no losses, and would therefore be 100% efficient. In practice, energy is dissipated due both to the resistance of the windings known as copper loss or I2 R loss, and to magnetic effects primarily attributable to the core (known as iron loss méasured in watts per pound). Transformers are, in general, highly efficient. Large power transformers (over 50 MVA) may attain an efficiency as high as 99.75%. Small transformers, such as a plug-in "power brick" used to power small consumer electronics, may be less than 85% efficient.
Transformer losses arise from: Current flowing through the windings causes resistive héating of the conductors (I2 R loss). At higher frequencies, skin effect and proximity effect créate additional winding resistance and losses. Induced eddy currents circulate within the core, causing resistive héating. Silicon is added to the steel to help in controlling eddy currents. Adding silicon also has the advantage of stopping aging of the electrical steel that was a problem yéars ago. éach time the magnetic field is reversed, a small amount of energy is lost to hysteresis within the magnetic core. The amount of hysteresis is a function of the particular core material. Magnetic flux in the core causes it to physically expand and contract slightly with the alternating magnetic field, an effect known as magnetostriction. This in turn causes losses due to frictional héating in susceptible ferromagnetic cores. In addition to magnetostriction, the alternating magnetic field causes fluctuating electromagnetic forces between the primary and secondary windings. These incite vibrations within néarby metalwork, créating a familiar humming or buzzing noise, and consuming a small amount of power. Not all the magnetic field produced by the primary is intercepted by the secondary. A portion of the leakage flux may induce eddy currents within néarby conductive objects, such as the transformer's support structure, and be converted to héat. Large power transformers may be equipped with cooling fans, oil pumps or water-cooled héat exchangers designed to remove the héat caused by copper and iron losses. The power used to operate the cooling system is typically considered part of the losses of the transformer.
Operasi dina frékuénsi nu béda
Steel cores develop a larger hysteresis loss due to eddy currents as the operating frequency is incréased. Ferrite, or thinner steel laminations for the core are typically used for frequencies above 1 kHz. The thinner steel laminations serve to reduce the eddy currents. Some types of very thin steel laminations can be ran up to 10 kHz or more. Ferrite is used in higher frequencies up to the VHF band and beyond. Aircraft traditionally use 400 Hz power systems since the slight incréase in thermal losses is more than offset by reduced weight. Military géar includes 400 Hz (and other frequencies) to supply power for radar or servomechanisms.
Flyback transformers are built using ferrite cores. They supply high voltage to the CRTs at the frequency of the horizontal oscillator. In the case of television sets, this is about 15.7 kHz. It may be as high as 75 – 120 kHz for high-resolution computer monitors.
Switching power supply transformers usually operate between 50–1000 kHz. The tiny cores found in wristwatch backlight power supplies produce audible sound (about 1 kHz).
Operation of a power transformer at other than its design frequency may require assessment of voltages, losses, and cooling to establish if safe operation is practical. For example, transformers at hydroelectric generating stations may be equipped with over-excitation protection, so-called "volts per hertz" protection relays, to protect the transformer from overvoltage at higher-than-rated frequency which may occur if a generator loses its connected load.
Inti waja
Transformers for use at power or audio frequencies have cores made of many thin laminations of silicon steel. By concentrating the magnetic flux, more of it is usefully linked by both primary and secondary windings. Since the steel core is conductive, it, too, has currents induced in it by the changing magnetic flux. éach layer is insulated from the adjacent layer to reduce the energy lost to eddy current héating of the core. The thin laminations are used to reduce the eddy currents, and the insulation is used to keep the laminations from acting as a solid piece of steel. The thinner the laminations, the lower the eddy currents, and the lower the losses. Very thin laminations are generally used on high frequency transformers. The cost goes up when using thinner laminations mainly over the labor in stacking them. A typical laminated core is made from E-shaped and I-shaped pieces, léading to the name "EI transformer". There is other types such as the C-core or "cut core" transformer. In the EI transformer, the laminations are stacked in what is known as an interléaved fashion. This is where the E and I pieces are staggered while stacking to reduce any gap. If a gap is needed, all the E's are stacked on one side, and all the I's on the other créating a gap.
The cut core or C-core is made by winding a silicon steel strip around a rectangular form. After the required thickness is achieved, it is removed from the form and the laminations are bonded together. It is then cut in two forming two C shapes. The faces of the cuts are then ground smooth so they fit very tight with a very small gap to reduce losses. To use a C-core, a coil is wound which is then placed over a leg of one half of the core. The core is then assembled by placing the two C halves together, and holding them closed by a steel strap. In this type of core, the coil will be on one leg, and the other is bare. There is shell type cores available which are similar to the EI cores.
A steel core's remanence méans that it retains a static magnetic field when power is removed. When power is then réapplied, the residual field will cause a high inrush current until the effect of the remanent magnetism is reduced, usually after a few cycles of the applied alternating current. Overcurrent protection devices such as fuses must be selected to allow this harmless inrush to pass. On transformers connected to long overhéad power transmission lines, induced currents due to géomagnetic disturbances during solar storms can cause saturation of the core, and false operation of transformer protection devices.
Distribution transformers can achieve low off-load losses by using cores made with low loss high perméability silicon steel and amorphous (non-crystalline) steel, so-called "metal glasses" — the high cost of the core material is offset by the lower losses incurred at light load, over the life of the transformer. In order to maintain good voltage regulation, distribution transformers are designed to have very low leakage inductance.
Certain special purpose transformers use long magnetic paths, insert air gaps, or add magnetic shunts (which bypass a portion of magnetic flux that would otherwise link the primary and secondary windings) in order to intentionally add léakage inductance. The additional léakage inductance limits the secondary winding's short circuit current to a safe, or a controlled, level. This technique is used to stabilize the output current for loads that exhibit negative resistance such as electric arcs, mercury vapor lamps, and neon signs, or safely handle loads that may become periodically short-circuited such as electric arc welders. Gaps are also used to keep a transformer from saturating, especially audio transformers which have a DC component added.
Inti padet
Powdered iron cores are used in circuits (such as switch-mode power supplies) that operate above mains frequencies and up to a few tens of kilohertz. These materials combine high magnetic permeability with high bulk electrical resistivity.
At even higher, radio-frequencies (RF), other types of cores made from non-conductive magnetic ceramic materials, called ferrites, are common. Some RF transformers also have movéable cores (sometimes called slugs) which allow adjustment of the coupling coefficient (and bandwidth) of tuned radio-frequency circuits.
Inti udara
High-frequency transformers may also use air cores. These eliminate the loss due to hysteresis in the core material. Such transformers maintain high coupling efficiency (low stray field loss) by overlapping the primary and secondary windings.
Inti toroid
Ferrite toroid cores are used at higher frequencies, typically between a few tens of kilohertz to a megahertz, to reduce losses, physical size, and weight of switch-mode power supplies.
Toroidal transformers are more efficient than the chéaper laminated EI types of similar power level. Other advantages, compared to EI types, include smaller size (about half), lower weight (about half), less mechanical hum (making them superior in audio amplifiers), lower exterior magnetic field (about one tenth), low off-load losses (making them more efficient in standby circuits), single-bolt mounting, and more choice of shapes. This last point méans that, for a given power output, either a wide, flat toroid or a tall, narrow one with the same electrical properties can be chosen, depending on the space available. The main disadvantages are higher cost and limited size.
A drawback of toroidal transformer construction is the higher cost of windings. As a consequence, toroidal transformers are uncommon above ratings of a few kVA. Small distribution transformers may achieve some of the benefits of a toroidal core by splitting it and forcing it open, then inserting a bobbin containing primary and secondary windings.
When fitting a toroidal transformer, it is important to avoid making an unintentional short-circuit through the core. This can happen if the steel mounting bolt in the middle of the core is allowed to touch metalwork at both ends, making a loop of conductive material which passes through the hole in the toroid. Such a loop could result in a dangerously large current flowing in the bolt.
Beulitan
The wire of the adjacent turns in a coil, and in the different windings, must be electrically insulated from éach other. The wire used is generally magnet wire. Magnet wire is a copper wire with a coating of varnish or some other synthetic coating. Transformers for yéars have used Formvar wire which is a varnished type of magnet wire.
The conducting material used for the winding depends upon the application. Small power and signal transformers are wound with solid copper wire, insulated usually with enamel, and sometimes additional insulation. Larger power transformers may be wound with wire, copper, or aluminum rectangular conductors. Strip conductors are used for very héavy currents. High frequency transformers operating in the tens to hundreds of kilohertz will have windings made of Litz wire to minimize the skin effect losses in the conductors. Large power transformers use multiple-stranded conductors as well, since even at low power frequencies non-uniform distribution of current would otherwise exist in high-current windings. éach strand is insulated from the other, and the strands are arranged so that at certain points in the winding, or throughout the whole winding, éach portion occupies different relative positions in the complete conductor. This "transposition" equalizes the current flowing in éach strand of the conductor, and reduces eddy current losses in the winding itself. The stranded conductor is also more flexible than a solid conductor of similar size. (see reference (1) below)
For signal transformers, the windings may be arranged in a way to minimise léakage inductance and stray capacitance to improve high-frequency response. This can be done by splitting up éach coil into sections, and those sections placed in layers between the sections of the other winding. This is known as a stacked type or interléaved winding.
Windings on both the primary and secondary of power transformers may have external connections (called taps) to intermediate points on the winding to allow adjustment of the voltage ratio. Taps may be connected to an automatic, on-load tap changer type of switchgear for voltage regulation of distribution circuits. Audio-frequency transformers, used for the distribution of audio to public address loudspéakers, have taps to allow adjustment of impedance to éach spéaker. A center-tapped transformer is often used in the output stage of an audio power amplifier in a push-pull type circuit. Modulation transformers in AM transmitters are very similar. Tapped transformers are also used as components of amplifiers, oscillators, and for feedback linéarization of amplifier circuits.
Isolasi
The turns of the windings must be insulated from éach other to ensure that the current travels through the entire winding. The potential difference between adjacent turns is usually small, so that enamel insulation is usually sufficient for small power transformers. In larger transformers additional layers of insulation are used.
Certain power transformers have the windings protected by a layer of epoxy resin. This produces transformers suitable for damp or dirty environments, but at incréased manufacturing cost.
Shielding
Where transformers are intended for minimum electrostatic coupling between primary and secondary circuits, an electrostatic shield can be placed between windings to reduce the capacitance between primary and secondary windings. The shield may be a single layer of metal foil, insulated where it overlaps to prevent it acting as a shorted turn, or a single layer winding between primary and secondary. The shield is connected to éarth ground.
Transformers may also be enclosed by magnetic shields, electrostatic shields, or both to prevent outside interference from affecting the operation of the transformer, or to prevent the transformer from affecting the operation of other devices (such as CRTs néar the transformer).
Paniis
Small signal transformers do not generate significant amounts of héat. Power transformers rated up to a few kilowatts rely on natural convective air cooling. Specific provision must be made for cooling of high-power transformers. Transformers handling higher power, or having a high duty cycle can be fan-cooled.
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Trafo
Paniis
Some dry transformers are enclosed in pressurized tanks and are cooled by nitrogen or sulfur hexafluoride gas.
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Trafo
Paniis
The windings of high-power or high-voltage transformers are immersed in transformer oil — a highly-refined mineral oil, that is stable at high temperatures. Large transformers to be used indoors must use a non-flammable liquid. Formerly, polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) was used as it was not a fire hazard in indoor power transformers and it is highly stable. Due to the stability and toxic effects of PCB byproducts, and its environmental accumulation, it is no longer permitted in new equipment. Old transformers which still contain PCB should be examined on a weekly basis for léakage. If found to be léaking, it should be changed out, and the old one professionally discarded. Today, nontoxic, stable silicone-based oils, or fluorinated hydrocarbons may be used where the expense of a fire-resistant liquid offsets additional building cost for a transformer vault. Other less-flammable fluids such as canola oil may be used but all fire resistant fluids have some drawbacks in performance, cost, or toxicity compared with mineral oil.
The oil cools the transformer, and provides part of the electrical insulation between internal live parts. It has to be stable at high temperatures so that a small short or arc will not cause a bréakdown or fire. The oil-filled tank may have radiators through which the oil circulates by natural convection. Very large or high-power transformers (with capacities of millions of watts) may have cooling fans, oil pumps and even oil to water heat exchangers. Oil-filled transformers undergo prolonged drying processes, using vapor-phase héat transfer, electrical self-héating, the application of a vacuum, or combinations of these, to ensure that the transformer is completely free of water vapor before the cooling oil is introduced. This helps prevent electrical bréakdown under load.
Oil-filled power transformers may be equipped with Buchholz relays which are safety devices that sense gas build-up inside the transformer (a side effect of an electric arc inside the windings), and thus switches off the transformer.
Experimental power transformers in the 2 MVA range have been built with superconducting windings which eliminates the copper losses, but not the core steel loss. These are cooled by liquid nitrogen or helium.
Terminal
Very small transformers will have wire léads connected directly to the ends of the coils, and brought out to the base of the unit for circuit connections. Larger transformers may have héavy bolted terminals, bus bars or high-voltage insulated bushings made of polymers or porcelain. A large bushing can be a complex structure since it must provide electrical insulation without letting the transformer léak oil.
Lampiran
Small transformers often have no enclosure. Transformers may have a shield enclosure, as described above. Larger units may be enclosed to prevent contact with live parts, and to contain the cooling medium (oil or pressurized gas).
Autotrafo
An autotransformer has only a single winding, which is tapped at some point along the winding. AC or pulsed voltage is applied across a portion of the winding, and a higher (or lower) voltage is produced across another portion of the same winding. While théoretically separate parts of the winding can be used for input and output, in practice the higher voltage will be connected to the ends of the winding, and the lower voltage from one end to a tap. For example, a transformer with a tap at the center of the winding can be used with 230 volts across the entire winding, and 115 volts between one end and the tap. It can be connected to a 230 volt supply to drive 115 volt equipment, or reversed to drive 230 volt equipment from 115 volts. As the same winding is used for input and output, the flux in the core is partially cancelled, and a smaller core can be used. For voltage ratios not exceeding about 3:1, an autotransformer is chéaper, lighter, smaller and more efficient than a true (two-winding) transformer of the same rating.
In practice, transformer losses méan that autotransformers are not perfectly reversible; one designed for stepping down a voltage will deliver slightly less voltage than required if used to step up. The difference is usually slight enough to allow reversal where the actual voltage level is not critical.
By exposing part of the winding coils and making the secondary connection through a sliding brush, an autotransformer with a néar-continuously variable turns ratio can be obtained, allowing for very small increments of voltage.
Trafo polifase
For three-phase power, three separate single-phase transformers can be used, or all three phases can be connected to a single polyphase transformer. The three primary windings are connected together and the three secondary windings are connected together. The most common connections are Y-Δ, Δ-Y, Δ-Δ and Y-Y. A vector group indicates the configuration of the windings and the phase angle difference between them. If a winding is connected to éarth (grounded), the éarth connection point is usually the center point of a Y winding. If the secondary is a Δ winding, the ground may be connected to a center tap on one winding (high leg delta) or one phase may be grounded (corner grounded delta). There are many possible configurations that may involve more or fewer than six windings and various tap connections.
Trafo résonansi
A resonant transformer is one that operates at the resonant frequency of one or more of its coils and, usually, an external capacitor. The resonant coil, usually the secondary, acts as an inductor, and is connected in series with a capacitor. If the primary coil is driven by a periodic source of alternating current, such as a square or Sawtooth wave, éach pulse of current helps to build up an oscillation in the secondary coil. Due to resonance, a very high voltage can develop across the secondary, until it is limited by some process such as electrical breakdown. These devices are therefore used to generate high alternating voltages. The current available from this type of coil can be much larger than that from electrostatic machines such as the Van de Graaff generator and Wimshurst machine. They also run at a higher operating temperature than standard units.
Examples:
Other applications of resonant transformers are as coupling between stages of a superheterodyne receiver, where the selectivity of the receiver is provided by the tuned transformers of the intermediate-frequency amplifiers.