cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Mohandas Gandhi
Swaraj and the Salt Satyagraha
The government, represented by Lord Edward Irwin, decided to negotiate with Gandhi. The Gandhi-Irwin Pact was signed in March 1931. In it, the British Government agreed to set all political prisoners free in return for the suspension of the civil disobedience movement. Furthermore, Gandhi was invited to attend the Round Table Conference in London as the sole representative of the Indian National Congress. The conference was a disappointment to Gandhi and the nationalists as it focused on the Indian princes and Indian minorities rather than the transfer of power. Furthermore, Lord Irwin's successor, Lord Willingdon, embarked on a new campaign of repression against the nationalists. Gandhi was again arrested, and the government attempted to destroy his influence by completely isolating him from his followers. This tactic was not successful. In 1932, through the campaigning of the Dalit leader B. R. Ambedkar, the government granted untouchables separate electorates under the new constitution. In protest, Gandhi embarked on a six-day fast in September 1932, successfully forcing the government to adopt a more equitable arrangement via negotiations mediated by the Dalit cricketer turned political leader Palwankar Baloo. This began a new campaign by Gandhi to improve the lives of the untouchables, whom he named Harijans, the children of God. On May 8 1933 Gandhi began a 21-day fast of self-purification to help the Harijan movement. In the summer of 1934, three unsuccessful attempts were made on his life.
When the Congress Party chose to contest elections and accept power under the Federation scheme, Gandhi decided to resign from party membership. He did not at all disagree with the party's move, but felt that if he resigned, his popularity with Indians would cease to stifle the party's membership, that actually varied from communists, socialists, trade unionists, students, religious conservatives, to those with pro-business convictions. Gandhi also did not want to prove a target for Raj propaganda by leading a party that had temporarily accepted political accommodation with the Raj. Gandhi returned to the head in 1936, with the Nehru presidency and the Lucknow session of the Congress. Although Gandhi desired a total focus on the task of winning independence and not speculation about India's future, he did not restrain the Congress from adopting socialism as its goal. Gandhi had a clash with Subhas Bose, who had been elected to the presidency in 1938. Gandhi's main issues with Bose were his lack of commitment to democracy, and lack of faith in non-violence. Bose won his second term despite Gandhi's criticism, but left the Congress when the All-India leaders resigned en masse in protest of his abandonment of principles introduced by Gandhi.
World War II and Quit India
World War II broke out in 1939 when Nazi Germany invaded Poland. Initially, Gandhi had favored offering "non-violent moral support" to the British effort, but other Congress leaders were offended by the unilateral inclusion of India into the war, without consultation of the people's representatives. All Congressmen elected to office resigned en masse. After lengthy deliberations, Gandhi declared that India could not be party to a war ostensibly being fought for democratic freedom, while that freedom was denied in India herself. As the war progressed, Gandhi increased his demands for independence, drafting a resolution calling for the British to Quit India. This was Gandhi's and the Congress Party's most definitive revolt aimed at securing the British exit from Indian shores.
Freedom and partition of India
Gandhi advised the Congress to reject the proposals the British Cabinet Mission offered in 1946, as he was deeply suspicious of the grouping proposed for Muslim-majority states — Gandhi viewed this as a precursor to partition. However, this became one of the few times the Congress broke from Gandhi's advice (not his leadership though), as Nehru and Patel knew that if the Congress did not approve the plan, the control of government would pass to the Muslim League. Between 1946 and 1947, over 5,000 people were killed in violence. Gandhi was vehemently opposed to any plan that partitioned India into two separate countries. Many Muslims in India lived side by side with Hindus and Sikhs, and were in favour of a united India. But Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the leader of the Muslim League, commanded widespread support in West Punjab, Sindh, NWFP and East Bengal. The partition plan was approved by the Congress leadership as the only way to prevent a wide-scale Hindu-Muslim civil war. Congress leaders knew that Gandhi would viscerally oppose partition, and it was impossible for the Congress to go ahead without his agreement, for Gandhi's support in the party and throughout India was strong. Gandhi's closest colleagues had accepted partition as the best way out, and Sardar Patel endeavoured to convince Gandhi that it was the only way to avoid civil war. A devastated Gandhi gave his assent.
On the day of the transfer of power, Gandhi did not celebrate independence with the rest of India, but was alone in Calcutta, mourning the partition and working to end the violence. After India's independence, Gandhi focused on Hindu-Muslim peace and unity. He conducted extensive dialogue with Muslim and Hindu community leaders, working to cool passions in northern India, as well as in Bengal. Despite the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947, he was troubled when the Government decided to deny Pakistan the Rs. 55 crores due as per agreements made by the Partition Council. Leaders like Sardar Patel feared that Pakistan would use the money to bankroll the war against India. Gandhi was also devastated when demands resurged for all Muslims to be deported to Pakistan, and when Muslim and Hindu leaders expressed frustration and an inability to come to terms with one another. He launched his last fast-unto-death in Delhi, asking that all communal violence be ended once and for all, and that the payment of Rs. 55 crores be made to Pakistan. Gandhi feared that instability and insecurity in Pakistan would increase their anger against India, and violence would spread across the borders. He further feared that Hindus and Muslims would renew their enmity and precipitate into an open civil war. After emotional debates with his life-long colleagues, Gandhi refused to budge, and the Government rescinded its policy and made the payment to Pakistan. Hindu, Muslim and Sikh community leaders, including the RSS and Hindu Mahasabha assured him that they would renounce violence and call for peace. Gandhi thus broke his fast by sipping orange juice.
Assassination
On January 30, 1948, on his way to a prayer meeting, Gandhi was shot dead in Birla House, New Delhi, by Nathuram Godse. Godse was a Hindu radical with links to the extremist Hindu Mahasabha, who held Gandhi responsible for weakening India by insisting upon a payment to Pakistan. Godse and his co-conspirator Narayan Apte were later tried and convicted, and on 15 November, 1949, were executed. A prominent revolutionary and Hindu revivalist, the president of the Mahasabha, Vinayak Damodar Savarkar was accused of being the architect of the plot, but was acquitted due to lack of evidence. Gandhi's memorial (or Samādhi) at Rāj Ghāt, New Delhi, bears the epigraph, (Devanagiri: हे ! राम or, Hé Rām), which may be translated as "Oh God". These are widely believed to be Gandhi's last words after he was shot, though the veracity of this statement has been disputed by many. Jawaharlal Nehru addressed the nation through radio:
Truth
Gandhi dedicated his life to the wider purpose of discovering truth, or Satya. He tried to achieve this by learning from his own mistakes and conducting experiments on himself. He named his autobiography The Story of My Experiments with Truth.
Gandhi said that the most important battle to fight was in overcoming his own demons, fears and insecurities. Gandhi summarized his beliefs first when he said "God is Truth," but as typical of Gandhi, he evolved, later to correct himself and state that "Truth is God." The first statement seemed insufficient to Gandhi, as the mistake could be made that Gandhi was using Truth as a description of God, rather than the summative definition of the entire essence of God. Satya (Truth) in Gandhi's philosophy is God. It shares all the characteristics of the Hindu concept of God, or Brahman.
Nonviolence
The concept of nonviolence (ahinsa) and nonresistance has a long history in Indian religious thought and has had many revivals in Hindu, Buddhist, Jain and Christian contexts. Gandhi explains his philosophy and way of life in his autobiography The Story of My Experiments with Truth. He was quoted as saying:
In applying these principles, Gandhi did not balk from taking them to their most logical extremes. In 1940, when invasion of the British Isles by Nazi Germany looked imminent, Gandhi offered the following advice to the British people (Non-Violence in Peace and War):
Even in 1946, by which time Gandhi had learned of The Holocaust, he said to biographer Louis Fisher:
However, Gandhi was aware that this level of nonviolence required incredible faith and courage, which he realized not everyone possessed. He therefore advised that everyone need not keep to nonviolence, especially if it was used as a cover for cowardice:
Vegetarianism
As a young child, Gandhi experimented in meat-eating. This was due partially to his inherent curiosity as well as his rather persuasive peer and friend Sheikh Mehtab. The idea of vegetarianism is deeply engrained in Hindu and Jain traditions in India, and, in his native land of Gujarat, many Hindus were vegetarian. The Gandhi family was no exception. Before leaving for his studies in London, Gandhi made a promise to his mother, Putlibai and his uncle, Becharji Swami that he would abstain from eating meat, taking alcohol, and engaging in promiscuity. He held fast to his promise and gained more than a diet, he gained a basis for his life-long philosophies. As Gandhi grew into adulthood, he became a strict vegetarian. He wrote articles on the subject, some of which were published in the London Vegetarian Society's publication: "The Vegetarian." Gandhi became inspired by many great minds during this period and befriended a chairman of the London Vegetarian Society, Dr. Josiah Oldfield.
Having also read and admired the work of Henry Stephens Salt, the young Mohandas met and often corresponded with the vegetarian campaigner. Gandhi spent much time advocating vegetarianism during and after his time in London. To Gandhi, a vegetarian diet would not only satisfy the requirements of the body, it would also serve an economic purpose as meat was, and still is, generally more expensive than grains, legumes, and fruits. Also, many Indians of the time struggled with low income, thus vegetarianism was seen not only as a spiritual practice but also a practical one. He abstained from eating for long periods, using fasting as a political "weapon." He refused to eat until his death or his demands were met. It was noted in his autobiography that vegetarianism was the beginning of his deep commitment to Brahmacharya; without total control of the palate his success in Bramacharya would have been likely to falter.
Brahmacharya
Gandhi gave up sexual intercourse at the age of 36, becoming totally celibate while still married. This decision was deeply influenced by the philosophy of Brahmacharya—spiritual and practical purity—largely associated with celibacy and asceticism. Gandhi saw brahmacharya as a means of going close to God and as a primary foundation for self realization. In his autobiography he tells of his battle against lustful urges and fits of jealousy with his childhood bride, Kasturba. He felt it his personal obligation to remain celibate so that he could learn to love, rather than lust. For Gandhi brahmacharya meant control of the senses in thought, word and deed.
Simplicity
Gandhi earnestly believed that a person involved in social service should lead a simple life which he thought could lead to Brahmacharya. His simplicity began by renouncing the western lifestyle he was leading in South Africa. He called it "reducing himself to zero", which entailed giving up unnecessary expenditure, embracing a simple lifestyle and washing his own clothes. On one occasion he returned the gifts bestowed to him from the natals for his diligent service to the community.
Ganjar Agung, Metro Kulon, Metro
Ganjar Agung nyaéta salah sahiji Kalurahan di kacamatan Metro Kulon, Kota Metro, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Karangwangi, Plumbon, Cirebon
Karangwangi nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Plumbon, Kabupatén Cirebon, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Mohandas Gandhi
Simplicity
Gandhi spent one day of each week in silence. He believed that abstaining from speaking brought him inner peace. This influence was drawn from the Hindu principles of mouna (silence) and shanti (peace). On such days he communicated with others by writing on paper. For three and a half years, from the age of 37, Gandhi refused to read newspapers, claiming that the tumultuous state of world affairs caused him more confusion than his own inner unrest. Returning to India from South Africa, where he had enjoyed a successful legal practice, he gave up wearing Western-style clothing, which he associated with wealth and success. He dressed to be accepted by the poorest person in India, advocating the use of homespun cloth (khadi). Gandhi and his followers adopted the practice of weaving their own clothes from thread they themselves spun, and encouraged others to do so. While Indian workers were often idle due to unemployment, they had often bought their clothing from industrial manufacturers owned by British interests. It was Gandhi's view that if Indians made their own clothes, it would deal an economic blow to the British establishment in India. Consequently, the spinning wheel was later incorporated into the flag of the Indian National Congress. He would wear a dhoti all his life to show simplicity.
Faith
Gandhi was born a Hindu and practiced Hinduism all his life, deriving most of his principles from Hinduism. As a common Hindu, he believed all religions to be equal, and rejected all efforts to convert him to a different faith. He was an avid theologian and read extensively about all major religions. He had the following to say about Hinduism:
Gandhi believed that at the core of every religion was Truth and Love (compassion, nonviolence and the Golden Rule). He also questioned hypocrisy, malpractices and dogma in all religions and was a tireless social reformer. Some of his comments on various religions are:
Later in his life when he was asked whether he was a Hindu, he replied:
In spite of their deep reverence to each other, Gandhi and Rabindranath Tagore got involved in protracted debates more than once. These debates exemplify the philosophical differences between the two most famous Indians at the time. On January 15 1934, an earthquake hit Bihar and caused extensive damage and loss of life. Gandhi maintained this was because of the sin committed by upper caste Hindus by not letting untouchables in their temples (Gandhi was committed to the cause of improving the fate of untouchables, referring to them as Harijans, people of Krishna). Tagore vehemently opposed Gandhi's stance, maintaining that an earthquake can only be caused by natural forces, not moral reasons, however repugnant the practice of untouchability may be.
Criticism
Throughout his life and after his death, Gandhi has evoked serious criticism. B. R. Ambedkar, the Dalit political leader condemned Gandhi's terming the untouchable community as Harijans, which he found condescending. Ambedkar and his allies also felt Gandhi was undermining Dalit political rights. Muhammad Ali Jinnah and contemporary Pakistanis often condemn Gandhi for undermining Muslim political rights. Vinayak Damodar Savarkar condemned Gandhi for appeasing Muslims politically — Savarkar and his allies blamed Gandhi for thus facilitating the creation of Pakistan and increasing the influence of the Muslim community in politics beyond proportion. Savarkar himself was implicated in the trial following Gandhi's murder, as he was the mentor of the assassin Nathuram Godse and an important Hindu Mahasabha leader. In contemporary times, historians like Ayesha Jalal blame Gandhi and the Congress for being unwilling to share power with Muslims and thus hastening partition. Hindu political activists like Pravin Togadia and Narendra Modi have been known to criticize Gandhi's leadership and actions.
Gandhi has also been criticized by various historians and commentators for his attitudes regarding Hitler and Nazism. Gandhi apparently believed that Hitler's hatred could be transformed by the application of non-violent resistance. Gandhi has come under fire in particular for statements to the effect that the Jews would win God's love if they willingly went to their deaths as martyrs. Some criticism of Gandhi has been challenged in a number of articles.
Gandhi has also been criticized by anti-communists for referring to Vladimir Lenin as a "titan in spirit" and for generally supporting the cause of the Soviet Union.
Legacy
Gandhi never received the Nobel Peace Prize, though he was nominated for it five times between 1937 and 1948. Decades later, however, the Nobel Committee publicly declared its regret for the omission, and admitted to deeply divided nationalistic opinion denying the award to Gandhi. The Prize was not awarded in 1948, the year of Gandhi's death, on the grounds that "there was no suitable living candidate" that year, and when the Dalai Lama was awarded the Prize in 1989, the chairman of the committee said that this was "in part a tribute to the memory of Mahatma Gandhi". After Gandhi's death, Albert Einstein said of Gandhi: "Generations to come will scarcely believe that such a one as this walked the earth in flesh and blood." He also once said," I believe that Gandhi's views were the most enlightened of all the political men in our time. We should strive to do things in his spirit: not to use violence in fighting for our cause, but by non-participation in anything you believe is evil."
Time Magazine named Gandhi as the runner-up to Albert Einstein as "Person of the Century" at the end of 1999, and named The Dalai Lama, Lech Wałęsa, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Cesar Chavez, Aung San Suu Kyi, Benigno Aquino Jr., Desmond Tutu, and Nelson Mandela as Children of Gandhi and his spiritual heirs to the tradition of non-violence. The Government of India awards the annual Mahatma Gandhi Peace Prize to distinguished social workers, world leaders and citizens. Nelson Mandela, the leader of South Africa's struggle to eradicate racial discrimination and segregation, is a prominent non-Indian recipient of this honour. In 1996, the Government of India introduced the Mahatma Gandhi series of currency notes in Rupees 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 denomination.
Mahatma
The word Mahatma, while often mistaken for Gandhi's given name in the West, is taken from the Sanskrit words maha meaning Great and atma meaning Soul. The title "Mahatma" was first accorded to Gandhi on January 21, 1915 by his pioneer supporter Nautamlal Bhagavanji Mehta at the Kamribai School in Jetpur, Gujarat, India (in the erstwhile princely state of Kathiawad). In his autobiography, Gandhi nevertheless explains that he never felt worthy of the honour. According to the manpatra, the name Mahatma was given in response to Gandhi's admirable sacrifice in manifesting justice and truth.
Artistic depictions
The 1998 film Hey Ram, made by Kamal Hasan portrays a would-be assassin of Gandhi and the dilemma faced by the would-be assassins in the turmoil of post-partition India. Gandhi's character is played by veteran actor Naseeruddin Shah. There are several works explorative of different aspects of Gandhi's life and his controversial actions: the play Mahatma vs. Gandhi explores his troubled relationship with his eldest son Harilal Gandhi, and Me Nathuram Godse Boltoy (Marathi: I am Nathuram Godsé speaking) explores the rationale and circumstances in which Gandhi's murder was plotted and carried out. The opera Satyāgraha , composed by Philip Glass (in 1980), with a libretto by himself and Constance De Jong is based on the life of Gandhi.
Across the world
In the United Kingdom, there are several prominent statues of Gandhi, most notably in Tavistock Square, London (near University College London), where he studied law. January 30 is commemorated in the United Kingdom as National Gandhi Remembrance Day. In the United States, there are statues of Gandhi outside the Ferry Building in San Francisco, Union Square Park in New York City, the Martin Luther King, Jr. National Historic Site in Atlanta, the Heritage Park in Skokie (north suburb of Chicago), the hermann park in Houston and near the Indian Embassy in the Dupont Circle neighbourhood of Washington, DC. The city of Pietermaritzburg, South Africa, where Gandhi was ejected in 1893 from a first-class train, now hosts a commemorative statue. The Government of India donated a statue to the city of Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, to signify their support for the future Canadian Museum for Human Rights. There are wax statues of Gandhi at the Madame Tussaud's wax museums in New York and London, and other cities around the world, including Moscow, Paris, Amsterdam, Barcelona, Lisbon, Canberra, Santiago de Chile, Mexico City and Trinidad and Tobago's two cities, Port of Spain and San Fernando.
Notes
<!--
Tumbu Kaluar
Institutions
Sumber
Analysis
-->
Monosodium glutamat
Monosodium glutamat atawa mononatrium glutamat, ogé kasohor ku ngaran sodium glutamat atawa MSG, mangrupa uyah natrium tina asam glutamat nu mangrupa salah sahiji asam amino non-esensial panglobana nu kawangun sacara alami Food and Drug Administration A.S. ngaklarifikasikeun MSG minangka Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS/Sacara Umum Diaku Aman) jeung Uni Eropa minangka zat aditif kadaharan. MSG miboga Kode HS 29224220 jeung Nomor EC E621. Glutamat dina MSG méré rasa umami nu sarua saperti glutamat tina kadaharan lain, sacara kimia duanana téh identik. Produsen makanan industri ngadagangkeun jeung ngagunakeun MSG minangka panguat rasa lantaran zat ieu mampu nyaimbangkeun, ngahijikeun, jeung nyampurnakeun persepsi total rasa lainna. Ngaran dagang keur monosodium glutamat di antarana AJI-NO-MOTO®, Vetsin, jeung Ac'cent.
Kutelengat Sepakat, Puteri Betung, Gayo Lues
Kutelengat Sepakat nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Puteri Betung, Kabupatén Gayo Lues, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
Monosodium glutamat
Sajarah Monosodium Glutamat
Profesor Kikunae Ikeda ngaisolasi asam glutamat minangka bahan rasa anyar dina taun 1908 nu dicokot tina ganggang laut Laminaria japonica, kombu, jeung ekstraksi cai jeung kristalisasi, sarta rasa ieu téh dingaranan rasa umami. Manéhna nalingakeun yén kaldu Jepang katsuobushi jeung kombu miboga rasa nu teu biasa, anu jaman harita mah can bisa digambarkeun sacara ilmiah sarta rasana téh béda lamun dibandingkeun jeung rasa amis, asin, haseum, jeung pait. Keur ngaverifikasi yén glutamat anu diionisasi téh nu nyababkeun rasa umami, profesor Ikeda diajar ngeunaan rupa-rupa sifat rasa uyah glutamat saperti kalsium, kalium, jeung magnesium glutamat. Sakabéh uyah ngahasilkeun rasa umami, ogé aya rasa logam akibat ayana mineral lain dina uyah éta. Di antara uyah-uyah éta, sodium glutamat mangrupa uyah nu panggampangna liyur jeung cai sarta rasana ngeunah tur gampang dikristalkeun. Profesor Ikeda méré ngaran produk ieu monosodium glutamat sarta ngajukeun hak paten keur nyieun MSG. Suzuki sadudulur ngamimitian nyieun produk MSG komersial dina taun 1909 kalawan merek AJI-NO-MOTO®, anu dina basa Jepang hartina intisari rasa, jeung ieu téh mangrupa monosodium glutamat munggaran anu diproduksi di dunya.
Produksi jeung sifat-sifat kimia
ti saprak mimiti didagangkeun ka pasar, MSG diproduksi kalawan tilu cara (1) hidrolisis protein nabati jeung asam hidroklorida pikeun megatkeun ikatan peptida (1909 -1962), (2) sintesis kimia langsung jeunf akrilonitril (1962 – 1973), sarta (3) fermentasi bakteri;métodeuanu digunakeun jaman ayeuna. Mimitina mah, pikeun hidrolisis digunakeun gluten gandum lantaran ngandung leuwih ti 30 g glutamat jeung glutamin dina 100 g protein. Tapi ku nambahanana produksi pikeun nyumponan paménta MSG nu makin nambahan, dipelajarilah proses-proses produksi anyar: sintesis kimia jeung fermentasi. Industri fiber poliakrilik dimimitian di Jepang dina pertengahan 1950-an jeung akrilonitril tuluy diadopsi minangka bahan awal pikeun ngasintesis MSG. Ayeuna, sabagian gedé produksi MSG dunya dilakukeun ku cara fermentasi bakteri kalawan proses anu mirip jeung produksi anggur, cuka, yoghurt, sarta cokelat. Natrium (sodium) ditambahkeun dina tahap netralisasi. Salila fermentasi, bakteri nu kapilih (coryneform bacteria) anu dikultur jeung amonia sarta karbohidrat tina bit gula, gula tiwu, tapioka, atawa molase, ngaluarkeun asam amino ka jero kultur kaldu, tuluy L-glutamat diisolasi. Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co Ltd ngamekarkeun fermentasi industri anu munggaran pikeun nyieun L-glutamat. Kiwari, tingkat hasil konversi jeung tingkat produksi tina gula jadi glutamat tuluy nambahan dina insdustri, hal ieu nyababkeun industri bisa nyumponan paménta MSG. Produk ahir sanggeus filtrasi, konsentrasi, pengasaman, jeung kristalisasi nyaéta glutamat murni, natrium, sarta cai. Wujudna nyaéta serbuk kristal anu warnana bodas sarta heunteu bau, anu di jero larutan kadisosiasi jadi glutamat jeung natrium. Bahan ieu gancang pisan liyur dina cai tapi teu miboga sipat higroskopis sarta henteu liyur dina pelarut organik umum saperti eter. Sacara umum, MSG stabil dina kondisi pemrosesan makanan biasa. Salila prosés masak, MSG henteu terurai, tapi saperti asam amino lainna, parobahan jadi semu kacoklat-coklatan atawa reaksi Maillard bakal kajadian lamun aya gula dina suhu anu luhur pisan.
Pamakéan
MSG murni sorangan teu miboga rasa nu ngeunah lamun henteu dihijikeun jeung bau gurih nu pas. Minangka nu méré cita rasa dina jumlah nu pas, MSG miboga kamampuh pikeun nguatan senyawa aktif rasa lainna, nyaimbangkeun, jeung nyampurnakeun rasa dina hiji masakan. MSG bisa kacampur kalawan hadé lamun aya dina daging, lauk, daging unggas, sayuran, saos, sop, jeung marinade, sarta ngaronjetkeun pangaresep umum kana hiji kadaharan nu tangtu saperti beef consommé (kaldu sapi khas Perancis). Tapi saperti perasa dasar lainna iwal ti sukrosa, MSG bisa nambahan rasa dina porsi anu pas. MSG anu loba teuing bisa ngaruksak rasa kadaharan. Sanajan kadarna téh béda-béda dina unggal jenis kadaharan, saperti dina sayur sop, nilai gurihna téh bisa turun dina kadar leuwih ti 1 g MSG per 100 ml. Komo deui, ku ayana interaksi antara MSG jeung uyah (natrium klorida) sarta bahan umami lainna saperti nukléotida. Kabéhanana kudu aya dina kadar anu optimun sangkan kadaharan jadi ngeunah pisan. Ku ayana sipat-sipat ieu, MSG bisa digunakeun pikeun ngurangan asupan uyah (sodium), anu ngabalukarkeun panyakit hipertensi, panyakit jantung, jeung stroke. Rasa kadaharan rendah-uyah bakal jadi leuwih hadé lamun ditambahan MSG, komo deui lamun uyah dikurangan nepi ka 30%. Kandungan sodium (dina persen massa) dina MSG téh kurang leuwih 3 kali leuwih rendah (12%) tibatan nu aya dina natrium klorida (39%). Uyah glutamat lain geus digunakeun dina sup rendah-garam, tapi kalawan tingkat kelezatan nu leuwih rendah tibatan MSG.
Tumbu Kaluar
Baku Mutu Air Limbah Industri MSG
SMA Islam Terpadu Yalhas
SMA Islam Terpadu Yalhas nyaéta Sakola Menengah Atas Swasta anu aya di Kabupatén Sukabumi. Alamat lengkepna di Kp. Pasir Haur Rt 23 Rw 06, Kalurahan/Désa Bojonggaling Kacamatan Bojong Genténg, Kabupatén Sukabumi, Jawa Kulon kalawan nomer NPSN 69874019.
Laevistrombus canarium
Laevistrombus canarium disebut ogé siput gonggong dina basa Malayu. nyaéta sato grastropoda sarupa kéong anu hirup di dasar laut. Di Indonésia, ieu sato jadi ikon khas kapuloan Bangka-Belitung.
Wangun Awak
Ukuran cangkangna gedé, pola spiral nyungcung sedeng, buleud semu nyungcung, awakna kembung, biwir cangkang luar rubak, sisi biwir cangkang luar semu buleud, kanal siphonal pondok pisan.
Sumebarna
Ieu jenis kéong laut téh asalna ti laut basisir sabudeureun wewengkon Indo-Pasifik jeung sumebar lega ti kiduleun India nepi ka Melanesia, tuluy ka kalér nepi ka Ryuku di Jepang, jeung ka kidul ka Queensland, Australia jeung Kalédonia Baru. Spésiés ieu gastropod téh di semenanjung Malaysia umumna kapanggih di Selat Johor jeung wewengkon séjén saperti Pulau Tinggi jeung Pulau Besar, di wétaneun Johor, jeung Port Dickson jeung Teluk Kemang di Negeri Sembilan. Ieu kéong kapanggih ogé di Teluk Kelabat, Bangka.
Ieu kéong hirup dina leutak keusik di dasar laut, di antara alga jeung jukut laut di semenanjung jeung basisir benua.Ieu sato téh dijadikeun kadaharan poko pikeun komunitas pribumi. Iwal ti éta dipaké ogé keur nyieun karajinan saperti hiasan dékoratif, jeung pakakas ngala laut.
Di Riau, ieu sato diolah jadi kadaharan has. Diolahna ngan ukur digodogkeun, tuluy dicocolkeun kana sambel anu has. Kitu deui di wewengkon Jambi, siput gonggong dijadikeun kaolahan .Di Kabupatén Bangka Utara, daging siput ieu biasana digoréng nepi ka garing sarta ngan saeutik diuyahan.
Di sawatara tempat, ieu kéong téh dicobaan pikeun dipiara di luar habitatna, atawa diternak. Sanajan, nepi ka kiwari kakara aya dina tahap ékspériméntal.
Carita Rahayat (Folklore)
Siput gonggong dicaritakeun dina lalakon "Burung Tang Tut" nyaéta dongéng ti Bangka. Dina éta lalakon, siput gonggong kacaritakeun minangka kadaharan anu beunang ti basisir di deukeur lembur. Di Batam ogé aya lalakon anu di jerona nyaritakeun siput gonggong, minangka sato anu ditéangan pikeun dikumpulkeun dina waktu cai laut surut. Kitu deui di Riau, aya lalakon anu méh sarua nyebut-nyebut siput gonggong.
Huta damai, Panyabungan Utara, Mandailing Natal
Huta damai nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Panyabungan Utara, Kabupatén Mandailing Natal, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Kabupatén Bogor
Kabupatén Bogor (aksara Sunda: ᮊᮘᮥᮕᮒᮦᮔ᮪ ᮘᮧᮌᮧᮁ) mangrupa salah sahiji Kabupatén di Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia. Puseur dayeuhna nyaéta Cibinong. Kabupatén ieu diwatesan ku Kabupatén Tangerang (Banten), Kota Dépok, Kota Bekasi, jeung Kabupatén Bekasi di beulah kalér; Kabupatén Karawang di beulah wétan, Kabupatén Cianjur jeung Kabupatén Sukabumi di beulah kidul, sarta Kabupatén Lebak (Bantén) di beulah kuloneunana. Kabupatén Bogor kawengku ku 40 kacamatan, nu dibagi deui ku désa jeung kalurahan.
Nilik tina wilayahna, Kabupatén ngawengku ogé Kota Bogor nu perenahna di tengah Kabupatén Bogor. Sedengkeun belah kidul aya Kota Dépok nu harita asup kénéh Kabupatén Bogor minangka kota kacamatan. Dina tanggal 15 April 1991 ngaliwatan kaputusan pamaréntah Dépok ditingkatkeun statusna jadi kota administratif, Kota Dépok sacara resmi misah ti Kabupatén Bogor.
Kabupatén Bogor minangka kawasan pangrojong pangwangunan DKI Jakarta.
Sajarah
Kabupatén Bogor nyaéta salah sahiji wilayah nu jadi puseur karajaan pangkolotna di Indonésia. Numutkeun catetan Dinasti Sung di Cina jeung prasasti nu kungsi kapanggih di Tempuran walungan Ciaruteun jeung walungan Cisadané yén dina abad ka-5 di daérah ieu geus aya pamaréntahan. Dinasti Sung nyatét taun 430, 433, 437 jeung 452 Karajaan Holotan ngirimkeun utusan ka Cina. Holotan disebut-sebut minangka Karajaan Hindu nu pangkolotna di Pulo Jawa hususna di Jawa Kulon.
Dina sajarahna, Kabupatén Bogor teu bisa leupas tina sajarah Karajaan Tarumanagara, Karajaan Sunda, Karajaan Pajajaran, Karajaan Galuh atawa Kawali. Kabupatén Bogor disawang salaku puseur pamaréntahan karajaan-karajaan éta. Cikal bakal ngadegna Kabupatén Bogor teu leupas tina tokoh Tanuwijaya nu mangsa harita disebut Kepala Kampung Baru dina dokumén kaping 7 Nopémber 1701. Tanuwijaya ngadegkeun kampung nu dibéré ngaran Parung Angsana (Kampung Baru), Parakan Panjang, Parung Kujang, Panaragan, Bantar Jati, Sempur, Baranang Siang, Parung Banténg jeung Cimahpar kalawan Parung Angsana salaku puseur pamaréntahan.
Taun 1745 salapan kampung éta dihijikeun sarta Kepala Kampungna dibéré gelar Demang ku alpukahna Gubernur Jenderan Baron van Imhoff. Salapan kampung éta dibéré ngaran Regentschap Kampung Baru nu satuluyna disebut Regentschap Buitenzorg. Wilayah ieu jadi wilayah pangirutan disagédéngeun Batavia. Kabuktian taun 1873 dibuka jalur karéta api ti Batavia ka Buitenzorg.
Kaping Milangkala Bogor boh Kabupatén boh Kota nyaéta kaping 3 Juni 1482 nyoko kana diistrénana Sri Baduga Maharaja sarta puncak acara Kuwérabakti atawa acara méré upeti karajaan handap ka Pajajaran.
Asal Kecap
Asal kecap Bogor masih jadi padungdengan ku sabab lobana pamadegan nu béda alesan. Pamadegan kahiji nyaéta ti kecap Buitenzorg. Sedengkeun nu séjén aya nu nyebut ti Bahai nu hartina Sapi nyoko kana patung sapi nu aya di Kebon Raya Bogor. Sedengkeun pamadegan katilu nyaéta Bokor nu hartina mangkok tambaga. Iwal ti éta nu disawang bener nyaéta ti kecap Bogor nyoko kana pagawéan Pabogoran nu hartina nyadap tunggul kawung. Ti dinya Bogor disawang boga harti tunggul kawung.
Harti Lambang Kabupatén Bogor
Lambang Kabupatén Bogor dibagi ku 6 unsur nyaéta:
Babagian Administratif
Kabupatén Bogor kawengku ku 40 Kacamatan, anu kabagi deui ku 411 désa jeung 17 kalurahan. Ngawengku 3.639 RW jeung 14.403 RT. Puser pamaréntahana nyaéta di Cibinong.
Topografi jeung Géografis
Kalawan lega 298.939,30 héktar, Kabupatén Bogor boga topografi jeung géografis nu rupa-rupa. Beulah kalér Kabupatén Bogor mangrupa dataran handap (lembah Walungan Ciliwung jeung Walungan Cisadané), sedengkeun beulah kidulna mangrupa pagunungan, nu puncakna nyaéta: Gunung Halimun (1.764 m), Gunung Salak (2.211 m), sarta Gunung Pangrangro (3.019 m), mangrupa gunung kadua pangluhurna di Jawa Barat sanggeus Gunung Ciremai di Majalengka. Kabupatén Bogor perenahna aya di koordinat 6o18' 6o47'10" LS jeung 106o23'45"-107o13'30" BT nu diwatesan ku: Di Kabupatén Bogor, aya 6 aliran walungan nu disebut Daérah Aliran Sungai (DAS) nyaéta DAS Cidurian, DAS Cimanceuri, DAS Cisadané, DAS Ciliwung, DAS Kali Bekasi jeung DAS Citarum. Walungan di unggal DAS mibanda pungsi jeung peran salaku sumber cai pikeun irigasi, imah tangga jeung industri sarta boga pungsi drainaseu utama wilayah. Disagédéngeun éta, Kabupatén Bogor boga 94 sétu kalawan legana 496,28 Ha sarta 63 séké.
Komposisi digunakeuna lahan di Kabupatén Bogor nyaéta 42.175 Ha (13,30%) pikeun alas lindung, 56.888 Ha (17,94) pikeun lahan baseuh, 47,756 (15,06%) pikeun lahan garing, 24.797 (7,82%) pikeun kawasan pepelakan taunan, 51.529 Ha (16,25%) pikeun alas produksi, 1.681 Ha (0,53%) kawasan pariwisata, 20.326 Ha (6,41%) kawasan padésaan, 52.036 Ha (16,41%) kawasan pakotaan, 14.527 Ha (4,60%) kawasan pamekaran pakotaan sarta 5.327 Ha (1,68%) kawasan pikeun industri.
Strategi Wilayah Pangwangunan di Kabupatén Bogor
Numutkeun stratégi wilayah pangwangunan nu ditetepkeun dina Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah (RTRW) Kabupatén Bogor, Kabupatén Bogor dikelompokeun ku 3 wilayah pangwangunan nyaéta:
Penduduk
Dumasar hasil Éstimasi Penduduk 2013 jumlah pangeusi Kabupatén Bogor nyaéta 5.202.097 nu disebut-sebut minangka Kabupatén pangpadetna di Jawa Kulon. ti jumlah éta 2.659.306 lalaki jeung 2.542.791 awéwé kalawan seks rationa 105. Padetna Kabupatén Bogor taun 2013 nyaéta 20jalma/Ha. Wilayah pangpadetna nyaéta kacamatan Ciomas kalawan 100jalma/Ha jeung wilayah paling saeutik nyaéta kacamatan Tanjungsari kalawan 4jalma/Ha
Agama
Lamun ditilik tina agama nu diaku ku nagara, pangeusi Kabupatén Bogor kawengku ku Islam panglobana kalawan jumlahna 4.206.687 (97,76%), Katholik 25.818 (0,60%), Protéstan 46.472 (1,08%), Hindu 2.155 (0,05), Buddha 14.199 (0,33%), Kong Hu Chu 6.884 (0.16) jeung séjéna 860 jalma (0,02%).
Jalan
Panjang jalan di Kabupatén Bogor nyaéta 1.758,056 km, kawengku ku jalan Nagara 122,836 km (5 jalur), jalan Propinsi 126,809 km (5 jalur) jeung jalan Kabupatén 1.748,915 km (371 jalur). Iwal ti dinya, aya ogé nu teu boga nomor ruas atawa jalan désa. Nepi ka taun 2006, jalan Kabupatén Bogor aya dina kondisi mantep (kondisi hadé nepi ka sedeng) nyaéta 928,2 km atawa 61,61% sedengkeun sésana 578,37 atawa 38,39% kaasup ka jalan rusak.
Jambatan
Jumlah jambatan nu aya di Kabupatén Bogor nyaéta 682 jambatan nu kawengku ku jambatan nagara 25 jambatan, propinsi 98 jambatan, jeung jambatan dina jalan Kabupatén nu boga nomor ruas aya 559 jambatan kalawan total panjang 5.784,4 m. Ti 559 jambatan, 392 jambatan (70,13%) dina kondisi hadé, 132 jambatan (23,61%) dina kondisi sedeng jeung 35 jambatan (6,26%) dina kondisi rusak.
Transportasi
Nepi ka kiwari Kabupatén Bogor boga 87 trayék kalawan 6.797 unit angkutan. Jaringan transportasi darat ngawengku jaringan jalan, jaringan jalur karéta api, terminal jeung stasion. Kabupatén Bogor ogé diliwatan ku jalan tol Jakarta - Bogor - Ciawi nu sakapeung disebut ogé Jagorawi.
Halte 18
Halte 20
Karéta Api (Commuter Line)
Nu kasup ka Stasion nu aya di Kabupatén Bogor nyaéta:
Museum jeung Sirkuit
• Vihara Metta Dharma Cileungsi 16820
Okayama Prefecture
Préféktur Okayama (岡山県) nyaéta salah sahiji préféktur di Jepang aya di Wewengkon Chūgoku di Pulo Honshū. Ibukotana nyaéta Kota Okayama.
Kabupatén Bogor
Museum jeung Sirkuit
• Klenteng Han Tan Kong, madang 16721
• Penembahan Kraton Tanah Jawa,
• mbah Raden Surya Kencana
• mbah Jawa 16820
• mbah mega mendung 16820
• aki Jenggot 16820
• Ibu Ratu
Akun Média Sosial Resmi Pamaréntah Kota Bogor Aya Promosi
Upama niténan salah sahiji akun média sosial resmi Pamaréntah Kota Bogor, mémang bisa dipaké pikeun promosi. Sababaraha kali dina akun Instagram na sababaraha produk lokal sareng merek anu dipidangkeun dina tulisanna parantos ditingalikeun.
Singkup, Cibeureum, Tasikmalaya
Singkup nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Cibeureum, Kota Tasikmalaya, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Pulo Jeumpa, Sakti, Pidie
Pulo Jeumpa nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Sakti, Kabupatén Pidie, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
Pulo Jeumpa, Sakti, Pidie
Elvis Presley
Elvis Aaron Presley, nu akrab digeroan Elvis Presley, lahir 8 Januari 1935 di Tupelo, Mississippi nyaéta saurang penyanyi rock 'n' roll legendaris Amérika Sarikat. Elvis ogé dipikawanoh kalayan "The King" sarta "The King of Rock 'n' Roll". The King nyaéta saurang produser musik sarta aktor. Berkat lagu-laguna anu dipadukeun wirahma rock 'n' roll kalayan lagu-lagu ballad, dunya rock 'n' roll nampa fondasi komérsial anu saterusna bisa dimekarkeun musisi rock 'n' roll penerusna. Dina mangsa kajayaanna, konser-konser Elvis dihadiran penggemarna (lolobana rumaja) dina jumlah anu pohara badag. Gaya, sipat, sarta cara papakaéanna jadi simbol pikeun musik rock 'n' roll sarta loba ditiru penggemarna. Komo 4000 rumaja Inggris ngalalandi Elvis minangka raja trendsetter tata buuk sapanjang jaman.
Mimiti perkenalan Elvis jeung dunya rékaman di mimitian waktu usum panas 1953. Elvis mayar US$3,98 pikeun ngarékam dua buah lagu di pausahaan Sun Studios minangka kado ulang taun pikeun indungna. Pangadeg Sun, Sam Phillips, kabita dina sorana sarta ngarekrut dina bulan Juni 1954 pikeun ngeusian posisi penyanyi ballad anu keur kosong.
Taun 1956 mimiti karir Elvis minangka penyanyi profésional, tanggal 27 Januari Elvis ngarilis single kahijina Héartbréak Hotél, di handap label RCA Victor Records. Tanggal 23 Maret, RCA ngarilis album kahiji Elvis, bertajuk: ELVIS PRESLEY.< Dina taun anu sarua, 16 Nopémber, film kahiji Elvis, LOVE ME TÉNDER, diluncurkeun. Film ieu menuai loba kritik, tapi meunang angka penjualan anu pohara alus, sacara sakabéh Elvis témbong dina 31 judul film. Hasil penjualan album perdana Elvis ngajelegur nyanghareupan ahir 1950-an kalayan hit-hitna, antara séjén All Shook Up, (Let me be your) Teddy Béar sarta I Need Your Love Tonight. Sanajan kitu, loba kritikus henteu terkesan, sajaba ti éta, penampilan Elvis di panggung loba menuai kritik, alatan dianggap minangka pornografi.
Bulan Désémber 1957, Elvis digeroan pikeun milu pancén militer jeung Angkatan Nyekel pakarang AS. Manéhna resmi asup Angkatan Nyekel pakarang dina 24 Maret 1958, saterusna ditugaskeun di Jerman, sarta dilepastugaskeun kalayan hormat dua taun saterusna. Sabalikna ti wajib militer, karir musikna sempet meredup alatan "diganggu" profesi séjénna minangka aktor sarta leungitna lalakon manéhna dina milih jenis lagu anu manéhna maénkeun. Sajaba ti éta, lumangsung kebangkitan musik Britania/Inggris (British Invasion; The Béatles, The Rolling Stones, sarta séjén-séjén). Elvis ngalakonan comeback, anu suksés ngaliwatan penampilan télévisi dina 3 Désémber 1968 dijudulan '68 Comeback Special. Karir musikna balik bersinar sanggeus manéhna meunangkeun kasempetan dina acara kasebut pikeun ulin dina jalur anu manéhna sukai, rock 'n' roll. Dina taun saterusna, Elvis mitembeyan penampilan live anu laris di sagala rupa tempat, dimimitian ti Las Vegas sarta nerus nagara-nagara bagian séjénna di Amérika Sarikat, antara taun 1969 sarta 1977, The King of Rock 'n' Roll témbong dina 1.000 acara anu tiketna kajual béak. Alatan nyandu uubaran dokter kawas ubar saré, kaséhatan sarta penampilanna ngalaman penurunan kira-kira pertengahan 1970-an.< The King témbong pikeun pamungkas kalina dina hiji konser di Market Square Aréna di Indianapolis, Indiana tanggal 26 Juni 1977. Dina 16 Agustus 1977, Elvis kapanggih maot di imahna di Graceland, Memphis alatan serangan jantung. Waktu éta manéhna umurna 42 taun. Cukang lantaran maotna ampir sarua jeung Michael jackson anu maot alatan serangan jantung. Elvis Presley geus euweuh, tapi Raja Rock & Roll ieu tetep “hirup di sapanjang mangsa.”
Pir ABD Besitang, Besitang, Langkat
Pir ABD Besitang nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Besitang, Kabupatén Langkat, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Gunung Agung, Anak Tuha, Lampung Tengah
Gunung Agung nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Anak Tuha, Kabupatén Lampung Tengah, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
SMA IT Ummul Quro
SMA IT Ummul Quro nyaéta Sakola Menengah Atas Swasta anu aya di Kabupatén Tasikmalaya. Alamat lengkepna di Jl. Raya Salopa Gunungtanjung Sukasari, Kalurahan/Désa Kawitan Kacamatan Salopa, Kabupatén Tasikmalaya, Jawa Kulon kalawan nomor NPSN 69952223.
Sendang Agung, Lampung Tengah
Sendang Agung nyaéta salah sahiji kacamatan di Kabupatén Lampung Tengah, Propinsi Lampung, Indonésia.
Patempuran Kambula
Patempuran Kambula lumangsung dina taun 1879 basa wayah perang Inggris-Zulu (perang Anglo-Zulu). Hal ieu lumangrung nalika pasukan tentara Zulu narajang pakémahan tentara Inggris di Kambula, patempuran ieu dimeunangkeun ku Inggris jeung minangka awal ti perang Anglo-Zulu.
Rancakolé, Arjasari, Bandung
Rancakolé nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Arjasari, Kabupatén Bandung, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Lutung Leutik
Lutung Leutik nyaéta novél anu ditulis dina basa Sunda ku Ki Umbara. Ieu buku novél téh dipedalkeun munggaran taun 2008 ku penerbit Kiblat Buku Utama.
2014 WU202
Ari 2014 WU202 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Apollo, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.316, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 26.8. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO�318909.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
781
Taun ka-781 Maséhi dina Kalénder Grégorian.
Serayu Karanganyar, Mrebet, Purbalingga
Serayu Karanganyar nyaéta salasahiji désa di Kacamatan Mrebet, Purbalingga, Propinsi Jawa Tengah, Indonésia.
2015 CM
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Jambur Padang Matinggi, Panyabungan Utara, Mandailing Natal
Jambur Padang Matinggi nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Panyabungan Utara, Kabupatén Mandailing Natal, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Afeling II Bukit, Birem Bayeun, Aceh Timur
Afeling II Bukit nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Birem Bayeun, Kabupatén Aceh Timur, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
Afeling II Bukit, Birem Bayeun, Aceh Timur
Mulyosari, Metro Kulon, Metro
Mulyosari nyaéta salah sahiji Kalurahan di kacamatan Metro Kulon, Kota Metro, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Sekoci, Besitang, Langkat
Sekoci nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Besitang, Kabupatén Langkat, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
780
Taun ka-780 Maséhi dina Kalénder Grégorian.
Bangunrejo, Lampung Tengah
Bangunrejo nyaéta salah sahiji kacamatan di Kabupatén Lampung Tengah, Propinsi Lampung, Indonésia.
Kasugengan Kidul, Plumbon, Cirebon
Kasugengan Kidul nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Plumbon, Kabupatén Cirebon, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Singah Mulo, Puteri Betung, Gayo Lues
Singah Mulo nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Puteri Betung, Kabupatén Gayo Lues, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
Tanjung Harapan, Anak Tuha, Lampung Tengah
Tanjung Harapan nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Anak Tuha, Kabupatén Lampung Tengah, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Aria Jayanegara
Radén Panji Aria Jayanegara (Aksara Sunda Baku: ᮛᮓᮦᮔ᮪ ᮕᮔ᮪ᮏᮤ ᮃᮛᮤᮃ ᮏᮚᮔᮨᮌᮛ) mangrupi Dalem Ciamis atanapi Galuh Imbanagara périodeu 6 Agustus 1636 - 1678 M.
Biografi
Jenenganana téh Mas Bongsar Radén Panji Aria Jayanegara putra Ujang Purba/ Mas Dipati Imbanagara putra Ujang Ngoko/ Adipati Panaékan putra Prabu Galuh Cipta Permana putra Maharaja Cipta Sanghyang (Ujang Meni) putra Prabu Haur Koneng putra Pucuk Umum Galuh Pangauban Pangandaran.
Galuh janten Imbanagara
Kabupaten Galuh gentos nami janten Kabupaten Imbanagara nuju danget Mas Bongsar diangkat janten Bupati Galuh dina kaping 6 Agustus 1636 kalayan Kalungguhan Radén Panji Aria Jayanegara. Sareng nami kabupatén Galuh sakantenan robih janten Imbanagara kanggo ngaajénan jenengan ramana.
Saterasna, puseur dayeuh kabupatén parantos sawatawis kali ngalih. Diantawisna ti Calingcing teras ka Bendanagara (Panyingkiran), dugi ka ahirna mah puseur dayeuh téh kasondong di Barunay (anu perenahna nyondong di antawis Cikoneng sareng Dayeuh Ciamis). Tempat ieu magrupi tempat anu stratégis. Sajabi henteu kakirangan cai, miwah ngagaduhan amparan daratan anu jembar, Barunay ahirna dirobih namina janten Imbanagara. Waktos kapungkur, dumasar kana étangan ti Rd.Rg. Kusumasembada sareng Rd.Rachmat, ngalihna puseur dayeuh ka Imbanagara téh kinten-kinten dina kaping 12 Juni 1642 M. Kaping ieu ahirna dijantenkeun kaping diadegkeunna Kabupaten Ciamis. Sareng ogé Jayanegara parantos nimbalan salami 42 taun. Lumangsungna Imbanagara janten puseur dayeuh kabupatén téh dugi ka taun 1815. Ti taun 1642 dugi 1815 M kabupatén-kabupatén anu sajabina sapertos Kertabumi, Utama, Kawasen, Panjalu sareng Kawali dilebetkeun ka Kabupatén Imbanagara.