cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Baktéri
Struktur Sél
Minangka prokariot (organisme tanpa nukleus sél) sakabéh baktéri miboga struktur sél anu sederhana tanpa nukleus sél jeung organél saperti mitokondria jeung kloroplas. <!--Most bacteria are relatively small and possess distinctive cell and colony morphologies (shapes) as described below. The most important bacterial structural characteristic is the cell wall. Bacteria can be divided into two groups (Gram positive and Gram negative) based on differences in cell wall structure as revealed by Gram staining. Gram positive bacteria possess a cell wall containing a thick peptidoglycan (called Murein in older sources) layer and teichoic acids while Gram negative bacteria have an outer, lipopolysaccharide-containing membrane and a thin peptidoglycan layer located in the periplasm (the region between the outer and cytoplasmic membranes). Many bacteria contain other extracellular structures such as flagella and fimbriae which are used for motility (movement), attachment, and conjugation respectively. Some bacteria also contain capsules or slime layers that also facilitate bacterial attachment to surfaces and biofilm formation. Bacteria contain relatively few intracellular structures compared to eukaryotes but do contain a tightly supercoiled chromosome, ribosomes, and several other species-specific structures such as intracellular membranes, nutrient storage structures, gas vesicles, and magnetosomes. Some bacteria are capable of forming endospores which allows them to survive extreme environmental and chemical stresses. This property is restricted to specific Gram positive organisms such as Bacillus and Clostridium.
Métabolisme
Main article: Metabolisme Microbial
In contrast to higher organisms, bacteria exhibit an extremely wide variety of metabolic types. In fact, it is widely accepted that eukaryotic metabolism is largely a derivative of bacterial metabolism with mitochondria having descended from a lineage within the α-Proteobacteria and chloroplasts from the Cyanobacteria by ancient endosymbiotic events. Bacterial metabolism can be divided broadly on the basis of the kind of energy used for growth, electron donors and electron acceptors and by the source of carbon used. Most bacteria are heterotrophic; using organic carbon compounds as both carbon and energy sources. In aerobic organisms, oxygen is used as the terminal electron acceptor. In anaerobic organisms other inorganic compounds, such as nitrate, sulfate or carbon dioxide as terminal electron acceptors leading to the environmentally important processes of denitrification, sulfate reduction and acetogenesis, respectively. Non-respiratory anaerobes use fermentation to generate energy and reducing power, secreting metabolic by-products (such as ethanol in brewing) as waste. Facultative anaerobes can switch between fermentation and different terminal electron acceptors depending on the environmental conditions in which they find themselves. As an alternative to heterotrophy many bacteria are autotrophic, fixing carbon dioxide into cell mass. Energy metabolism of bacteria is either based on phototrophy or chemotrophy, i. e. the use of either light or exergonic chemical reactions for fueling life processes. Lithotrophic bacteria use inorganic electron donors for respiration (chemolthotrophs) or biosynthesis and carbon dioxide fixation (photolithotrophs), opposed by organotrophs which need organic compounds as electron donors for biosynthetic reactions (and mostly as well as carbon sources). Common inorganic electron donors are hydrogen, ammonia (leading to nitrification), iron and several reduced sulfur compounds. In both aerobic phototrophy and chemolithotrophy oxygen is used as a terminal electron acceptor, while under anaerobic conditions inorganic compounds (see above) are used instead. Most photolithotrophic and chemolithotrophic organisms are autotrophic, meaning that they obtain cellular carbon by fixation of carbon dioxide, whereas photoorganotrophic and chemoorganotrophic organisms are heterotrophic. In addition to carbon, some organisms also fix nitrogen gas (nitrogen fixation). This environmentally important trait can be found in bacteria of nearly all the metabolic types listed above but is not universal. The distribution of metabolic traits within a group of organisms has traditionally been used to define their taxonomy, although these traits often do not correspond with genetic techniques (see groups and identification below).
Tuwuh jeung Réproduksi
Sakabéh baktéri baranahan ku cara réproduksi aséksual (binary fission) nu hasilna mangrupa pembagian sél. Two identical clone daughter cells are produced. Some bacteria, while still reproducing asexually, form more complex reproductive structures that facilitate the dispersal of the newly-formed daughter cells. Examples include fruiting body formation by Myxococcus and arial hyphae formation by Streptomyces.
In the laboratory, bacteria are usually grown using two methods, solid and liquid. Solid growth media such as agar plates are used to isolate pure cultures of a bacterial strain. When quantitation of growth or large volumes of cells are required liquid growth media are generally used. Growth in liquid media, with stirring, most often occurs as an even cell suspension making the cultures easier to divide and transfer compared to solid media, although the isolation of individual cells from liquid media is extremely difficult. In both liquid and solid media there exist a finite amount of nutrients, which allows for the study of the bacterial cell cycle. These limitations can be avoided by the use of a chemostat, which maintains a bacterial culture under steady-state conditions by the continuous addition of nutrients and the removal of waste products and cells. Large chemostats are often used for industrial-scale microbial processes.
Most techniques commonly used to grow bacteria are designed to optimise the amount of cells produced, the amount of time needed to produce them, and the cost to produce them. In a bacterium's natural environment nutrients are limited, meaning that bacteria cannot continue to reproduce indefinitely. This constant limitation of nutrients has led the evolution of many different growth strategies in different types of organisms (see R/K selection theory). Some possess the ability to grow extremely rapidly when nutrients become available, such as the formation of algal (and cyanobacterial) blooms that often occur in lakes during the summer. Other organisms have devised more specialized strategies to make them more successful in a harsh environment, such as the production of antibiotics by Streptomyces; often at the expense of a slower growth rate. In a natural environment, many organisms live in communities (e.g. biofilms) which may allow for increased supply of nutrients and protection of environmental stresses. Often these relationships are essential for growth of a particular organism or group of organisms (syntrophy). These evolutionary tactics to overcome nutrient limitation must be accounted for in an industrial/laboratory bacterial growth experiment. For instance bacteria that tend to agglutinate may need more vigorous stirring to break apart any large bacterial masses. The main growth attribute that must be understood for controlled growth is that bacteria have defined growth phases.
A controlled bacterial growth will follow three distinct phases. Nearly all cultures start from taking a relatively old stock of bacteria and diluting them in to fresh media; these cells need to adapt to the nutrient rich environment. The first phase of growth is the lag phase. The lag phase is a period of slow growth. The slow growth is most often attributed the need for cells to adapt to fast growth. The lag phase has high biosynthesis rates; enzymes needed to metabolise a variety of substrates are produced. The second phase of growth is the logarithmic phase (log phase), also known as the exponential phase. The log phase is marked by rapid exponential growth. The rate at which cells grow during this phase is known as the growth rate (k). The time it takes the cells to double during the log phase is known as the generation time (g). During the log phase, nutrients are metabolised at maximum speed until they are all gone. The final phase of growth is the stationary phase. This phase of growth is caused by depleted nutrients. The cells begin to shut down their metabolic activity, as well as break-down their own non-essential proteins. The stationary phase is a transition from rapid growth to dormancy. The cells turn off all none essential functions, such as bacterial conjugation.
Variasi Genetik
Bacteria, as asexual organisms, inherit an identical copy of their parent's genes (i.e. are clonal). All bacteria, however, have the ability to evolve and change their genetic material, either through mutation or genetic recombination. Mutation occurs as a result of errors made during the replication of a gene and is most often gradual. It occurs naturally and as a result of the presence of mutagens. Some bacteria can increase the rate of mutation during DNA replication as a response to stress.
Asexual reproduction does not afford an organism many opportunities to evolve its genome. Certain types of bacteria are also capable of exchanging genetic information through bacterial conjugation. In conjugation, one bacterium transfers genetic material to another through a mating bridge. The genetic material transferred may be either chromosomal or from a plasmid. Conjugation increases the genetic variability of bacterial populations and facilitates the emergences of antibiotic resistance. This is often thought of as a primitive form of sexual reproduction; however, since gametes (n) are not uniting to form a zygote (2n), this cannot be considered sexual reproduction. The ability to transfer DNA is not ubiquitous in the bacterial kingdom, so all bacteria also rely on none transfer methods to diversify their DNA. The most abundant genetic changes in bacterial genomes come from random mutation. One of the most common ways that bacteria undergo genetic recombination is transduction. In the process of transduction, a virus alters the DNA of a bacterium by injecting its own into the cell. The bacteria's chromosome can then be altered by the viral DNA, if it is able to survive the reproduction of the virus. If the genetic material of the virus was corrupted, not allowing the cell to create the virus parts, the bacteria would then most likely survive to reproduce and pass the altered chromosome to a daughter cell. Many bacteria can also take-up exogenous environmental DNA; this method may be a prime method for antibiotic resistance to be passed between different species, even different genera.
Because of their ability to quickly grow and the relative ease with which they can be manipulated, bacteria have historically been the workhorses for the fields of molecular biology, genetics and biochemistry. By making mutations in bacteria and examining the resulting phenotypes, scientists have been able to determine the function of many different genes and enzymes. Lessons learned from bacteria can then be applied to more complex organisms which are often more difficult to study.
Gerakan
Motile bacteria can move about, using flagella, bacterial gliding, or changes of buoyancy. A unique group of bacteria, the spirochaetes, have structures similar to flagella, called axial filaments, between two membranes in the periplasmic space. They have a distinctive helical body that twists about as it moves.
Bacterial flagella are arranged in many different ways. Bacteria can have a single polar flagellum at one end of a cell, clusters of many flagella at one end or flagella scattered all over the cell, as with peritrichous. Many bacteria (such as E.coli) have two distinct modes of movement: forward movement (swimming) and tumbling. The tumbling allows them to reorient and introduces an important element of randomness in their forward movement. (See external links below for link to videos.)
Motile bacteria are attracted or repelled by certain stimuli, behaviors called taxes - for instance, chemotaxis, phototaxis, mechanotaxis, and magnetotaxis. In one peculiar group, the myxobacteria, individual bacteria attract to form swarms and may differentiate to form fruiting bodies. The myxobacteria move only when on solid surfaces, unlike E. coli which is motile in liquid or solid media.
Golongan jeung Idéntifikasi
Historically, bacteria as originally studied by botanists were classified in the same way as plants, that is, mainly by shape. Bacteria come in a variety of different cell morphologies (shapes), including bacillus (rod-shape), coccus (spherical), spirillum (helical), and vibrio (curved bacillus). However, because of their small size bacteria are relatively uniform in shape and therefore classification based on morphology was unsuccessful. The first formal classification scheme was developed following the development of the Gram stain by Hans Christian Gram which separates bacteria based on the structural characteristics of their cell walls. This scheme included: Further developments (essentially) based on this scheme included comparisons of bacteria based on differences in cellular metabolism as determined by a wide variety of specific tests. Bacteria were also classified based on differences in cellular chemical compounds such as fatty acids, pigments, and quinones for example. While these schemes allowed for the differentiation between bacterial strains, it was unclear whether these differences represented variation between distinct species or between strains of the same species. It was not until the utilization of genome-based techniques such as %guanine+cytosine ratio determination, genome-genome hybridization and gene sequencing (in particular the rRNA gene) that microbial taxonomy developed (or at least is developing) into a stable, accurate classification system. It should be noted, however, that due to the existence numerous historical classification schemes and our current poor understanding of microbial diversity, bacterial taxonomy remains a changing and expanding field.
Sopo Sorik, Panyabungan Utara, Mandailing Natal
Sopo Sorik nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Panyabungan Utara, Kabupatén Mandailing Natal, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Kedungsana, Plumbon, Cirebon
Kedungsana nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Plumbon, Kabupatén Cirebon, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Baktéri
Golongan jeung Idéntifikasi
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Benefits and dangers
Bacteria are both harmful and useful to the environment and animals, including humans. The role of bacteria in disease and infection is important. Some bacteria act as pathogens and cause tetanus, typhoid fever, pneumonia, syphilis, cholera, food-borne illness, leprosy, and tuberculosis(TB). Sepsis, a systemic infectious syndrome characterized by shock and massive vasodilation, or localized infection, can be caused by bacteria such as Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, or many gram-negative bacteria. Some bacterial infections can spread throughout the host's body and become systemic. In plants, bacteria cause leaf spot, fireblight, and wilts. The mode of infection includes contact, air, food, water, and insect-borne microorganisms. The hosts infected with the pathogens may be treated with antibiotics, which can be classified as bacteriocidal and bacteriostatic, which at concentrations that can be reached in bodily fluids either kill bacteria or hamper their growth, respectively. Antiseptic measures may be taken to prevent infection by bacteria, for example, by swabbing skin with alcohol prior to piercing the skin with the needle of a syringe. Sterilization of surgical and dental instruments is done to make them sterile or pathogen-free to prevent contamination and infection by bacteria. Sanitizers and disinfectants are used to kill bacteria or other pathogens to prevent contamination and risk of infection.
In soil, microorganisms which reside in the rhizosphere (a zone that includes the root surface and the soil that adheres to the root after gentle shaking) help in the transformation of molecular dinitrogen gas as their source of nitrogen, converting it to nitrogenous compounds in a process known as nitrogen fixation. This serves to provide an easily absorbable form of nitrogen for many plants, which cannot fix nitrogen themselves. Many other bacteria are found as symbionts in humans and other organisms. For example, the presence of the gut flora in the large intestine can help prevent the growth of potentially harmful microbes.
The ability of bacteria to degrade a variety of organic compounds is remarkable. Highly specialized groups of microorganisms play important roles in the mineralization of specific classes of organic compounds. For example, the decomposition of cellulose, which is one of the most abundant constituents of plant tissues, is mainly brought about by aerobic bacteria that belong to the genus Cytophaga. This ability has also been utilized by humans in industry, waste processing, and bioremediation. Bacteria capable of digesting the hydrocarbons in petroleum are often used to clean up oil spills. Some beaches in Prince William Sound were fertilized in an attempt to facilitate the growth of such bacteria after the infamous 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill. These efforts were effective on beaches that were not too thickly covered in oil.
Bacteria, often in combination with yeasts and molds, are used in the preparation of fermented foods such as cheese, pickles, soy sauce, sauerkraut, vinegar, wine, and yogurt. Using biotechnology techniques, bacteria can be bioengineered for the production of therapeutic drugs, such as insulin, or for the bioremediation of toxic wastes.
Friendly bacteria: a common reference to those bacteria that offer some benefit to human hosts, such as Lactobacillus species, which convert milk protein to lactic acid in the gut. The presence of such bacterial colonies also inhibits the growth of potentially pathogenic bacteria. Other bacteria that are helpful inside the body are many strains of E. coli, which is harmless and provides humans with Vitamin K.
Saté Padang
Saté Padang mangrupa sebutan pikeun tilu jenis varian saté di Sumatra Kulon, nyaéta Saté Padang, Saté Padang Panjang jeung Saté Pariaman. Sate Padang ngagunakeun bahan daging sapi, létah, atawa jerohan (jantung, usus, jeung tétélan) kalawan bungbu kuah kacang kintel (kawas bubur) ditambah cabé nu loba sangkan rasana lada pohara.
Saté Padang Panjang dibédakeun ku kuah saténa nu warna konéng sedengkeun saté Pariaman mah kuahna rwarna beureum. Rasa dua jenis ieu saté gé béda. Sedengkan saté Padang mah mibanda rupa-rupa rasa paduan dua jenis varian saté di luhur.
Prosés nyieun
Daging nu seger diabreskeun kana dreum badag nu eusina air jeung dikulub dua kali sangkan beyé maké dreum jeung cai nu béda. Daging disiksikan jeung digaleykeun kana bungbu. Sedengkeun cai beunang ngeulubna dipaké minangka kuah kaldu, bahan pikeun kuah saté. Tuluy ieu kuah kaldu dicampur jeung 19 rupa bungbu samara nu geus dilemeskeun (bawang beureum, bawang bodas, konéng, jahé, jeung séréh) dicampur jeung rupa-rupa cabé. Sakabéh bungbu tuluy dijadikeun hiji jeung diasakan lilana 15 menit. Sama ieu nu nyieun rasa kuah saté jadi rasana nu euyeub.
Ari saténa mah ngan dibeuleum nalika dipesen baé, maké areng tina batok kalapa. Didahar dina kaayaan haneut-haneut, biasana mah ditambah ku kiripik balado has Minang. Sawatara nu ngajual ieu saté nu cukup kasohor ku masarakat Minang atawa parantau di antarana nyaéta Saté Mak Syukur Padang Panjang, Saté Dangung-Dangung, jeung Saté KMS.
SMAS Al Manshuriyah
SMAS Al Manshuriyah nyaéta Sakola Menengah Atas Swasta anu aya di Kabupatén Sukabumi. Alamat lengkepna di Jl. Mohammad Amir Km. 9, Kalurahan/Désa Berekah Kacamatan Bojong Genténg, Kabupatén Sukabumi, Jawa Kulon kalawan nomer NPSN 20247166.
Gunung Raya, Kerinci
Gunung Raya nyaéta salah sahiji kacamatan di Kabupatén Kerinci, Propinsi Jambi, Indonésia.
2015 BV516
Ari 2015 BV516 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Amor, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.576, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 21.0. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO 336711.
Punggur, Lampung Tengah
Punggur nyaéta salah sahiji kacamatan di Kabupatén Lampung Tengah, Propinsi Lampung, Indonésia.
2015 BV516
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
2005 JF46
Ari 2005 JF46 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Amor, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.537, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 19.0. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO87672.
Alue Gadeng SA, Birem Bayeun, Aceh Timur
Alue Gadeng SA nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Birem Bayeun, Kabupatén Aceh Timur, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
2010 EG43
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Naha
Naha (那覇市) nyaéta puseur dayeuh Préféktur Okinawa, Jepang. Di jaman modérn, kota ieu sacara resmi dibentuk tanggal 20 Méi 1921. Saacanna, Kota Naha salila mangabad-abad geus jadi kota anu penting sarta anu pangeusina panglobana di Kapuloan Ryukyu.
Kota Naha perenahna di basisir kulon bagian kidul Pulo Okinawa anu nyanghareup ka Laut Cina Wétan. Sanajan kitu, Naha ngan boga hiji basisir buatan (Basisir Naminoue) ku lantaran basisir digunakeun pikeun Bandar Udara Naha jeung Palabuan Naha.
Naha mangrupa puseur kagiatan ékonomi, atikan, jeung pamaréntahan Kapuloan Okinawa. Salila abad patengahan jeung awal jaman modérn,, Naha mangrupa kota padagangan Karajaan Ryukyu.
Naha mangrupa tujuan wisata anu kasohor di Jepang. Di pasir kuloneun kota, aya Istana Shuri, nyaéta salah sahiji gusuku (sebutan pikeun istana-istana di Kapuloan Ryukyu). Di kaléreun kota anu diwangun deui jadi puseur kota Naha anu anyar, aya toko bébas béa DFS Galleria Okinawa anu lega.
Puseur kota
Puseur kota Naha aya di jalan utama anu ngaranna Kokusai-dōri (国際通り). Di sapanjang jalan ieu aya puseur balanja Palette Kumoji, Kantor Préféktur Okinawa, Balé Kota Naha, jeung réa wangunan bank jeung pausahaan anu gedé. Kokusai-dōri ogé loba ku toko-toko, réstoran, jeung bar. Di tungtung jalan ieu, aya terminal beus utama di Okinawa. Terminal beus ieu bisa diaksés ti stasion-stasion monorél anu dilayanan ku Okinawa Monorail. Salian ti monorél di Naha, Préféktur Okinawa nyaéta hiji-hijina préféktur di Jepang anu teu boga jalur karéta api.
Di deukeut Kokusai-dōri aya Pusat Balanja Heiwa-dōri Shōtengai jeung Pasar Makishi anu dipikawanoh minangka pasar sayur, buah, daging, jeung lauk. Di dinya ogé bisa manggih rumah makan, toko oléh-oléh, jeung toko minuman keras. Teu jauh ti kawasan pasar, aya puseur keramik Tsuboya anu baheulana kungsi jadi puseur produksi keramik Tsuboya-yaki.
Di beulah wétan-kalér Kokusai-dōri aya distrik padagangan anyar anu ngaranna Shintoshin (新都心). Distrik ieu baheulana mangrupa urut padumukan militér Amerika Serikat anu dibalikkeun deui ka Préféktur Okinawa di taun 1987, ngan pangwangunanana kakara dimimitian pas patengahan taun 1990-an. Stasion Omoromachi matali langsung jeung hiji puseur balanja anu méwah. Mal Naha Main Place anu padeukeut dieusian ku toko-toko jeung butik raksukan anu kasohor ti Kulon jeung réstoran. Di Shintoshin ogé aya toko éléktronik Best Denki, Toys R Us, réstoran, jeung bioskop anu antukna kawasan ieu sok dijadikeun tempat ngariung pikeun rumaja. Museum Préféktur Okinawa anu aya di hareupeun Taman Shintoshin dibuka di bulan Nopémber 2007. muséum ieu madukeun sajarah alam jeung seni Kapuloan Ryukyu.
Sajarah
Numutkeun legénda Irosetsuden, ngaran Naha asalna tina kecap Naba, sebutan pikeun batu gedé anu bentukna siga suung anu aya di kota ieu. Batu éta lila-lila ngaleutikan sarta kapendem di jero taneuh sairing jeung parobahan cara ngucapkeun Naba jadi Naha, jeung ngaganti cara nulisna maké aksara kanji.
Salian ti kapanggihna artéfak ti Jaman Batu, di Naha ogé kapanggih tumpukan kulit kerang (kaizuka) ti jaman Jomon, sarta duit logam Cina. Tembikar nu kapanggih ku ahli arkéologi nuduhkeun yén wewengkon anu kiwari disebut Kota Naha téh geus mangrupa pusat padagangan anu ramé di kapuloan Jepang jeung Semenanjung Koréa sahenteuna ti abad ka-11 Maséhi. Sanajan taun diadegkeunna ieu kota minangka kota palabuan teu dipikanyaho pastina, ngan kota Naha kira-kira geus jadi kota pelabuan nu ramé ti saprak ngahijna Karajaan Ryukyu di awal abad ka-15. .
Baheulana, Naha mangrupa kota leutik anu awalna ti kota palabuan di muhara Walungan Kokuba jeung Palabuan Tomari di muhara Walungan Asato. Puseur dayeuh kerajaan baheulana aya di Shuri. Naha ti baréto geus jadi puseur padagangan anu ramé kalawan Asia Wétan jeung Asia Tenggara. Ayeuna, legana kota ieu beuki nambahan sanggeus digabung jeung kota sarta désa di sakurilingna, kaasup urut puseur dayeuh Shuri, jeung kota puseur studi Cina Kumemura.
Batang Merangin, Kerinci
Batang Merangin nyaéta salah sahiji kacamatan di Kabupatén Kerinci, Propinsi Jambi, Indonésia.
Naha
Sajarah
Di abad patengahan, wewengkon kota Naha ngan ngawengku pulo leutik anu ngaranna Ukishima anu aya di muhara Walungan Kokuba jeung Walungan Asato. Pangwangunan Ukishima dimimitian ku raja nu kahiji Karajaan Ryukyu anu ngaranna Shō Hashi (Shang Bazhi). Anakna, Raja Shō Kinpuku ngawangun tanggul nu panjangna 1 km pikeun dijadikeun jalan ti Ukishima ka puseur dayeuh Shuri di daratan Pulo Okinawa. Jalan éta diaranan Chōkōtei (長虹堤). Pangwangunanna dimaksudkeun pikeun nyambut kadatangan utusan ti Dinasti Ming. Sanggeus lalu lintas antara Ukishima jeung Shuri jadi lancar, palabuan beuki mekar tuluy jadi hiji kota.
774
Taun ka-774 Maséhi dina Kalénder Grégorian.
Naha
Sajarah
Salaku wewengkon palabuan utama oikeun padagangan antarbangsa, Naha dibagi jadi distrik wétan jeung distrik kulon anu duanana aya di beulah kidul-kulon Ukishima. Pasar langit terbuka anu ramé baheulana aya di haureupeun Puseur Padagangan Oyamise anu dipiboga ku pamaréntah Karajaan Ryukyu. Babaraha kuil Shinto jeung kuil Buddha ogé diwangun bareng jeung pangwangunan imah pajabat jeung kadutaan. Wangunan Tenshikan mangrupa tempat pikeun para pejabat Cina anu keur namu di Okinawa.
Dua bénténg (Mie Gusuku jeung Yarazamori Gusuku) diwangun pikeun mertahankeun palabuan ti serangan wokou (wakō). HIji pulo leutik anu aya di basisir palabuan dijadikeun Omono Gusuku anu dipaké jadi gudang piekun barang-barang dagangeun. .
Di Pulo Okinawa, aya palabuan Tomari anu jadi palabuan utama padagangan antarpulau di Kapuloan Ryukyu. Pajabat administrasi di Tomari ogé tanggung jawab ngumpulkeun sarta ngurus kapal-kapal ti Kapuloan Amami anu mawa upeti pikeun dibayarkeun ka Karajaan Ryukyu. .
Kume-Ōdōri (久米大通り) nyaéta jalan raya yang meulah Ukishima ti tenggara nepi kulon-kalér, tuluy ngabentuk kota témbok anu ngaranna Kumemura. Kota ieu mangrupa puseur studi sastra Cina klasik di Ryukyu salila mangabad-abad. Kumemura sacara turun tumurun dipercaya minangka kota yang diadengkeun ku 36 kulawarga bangsa Min anu dikirim ka Ryukyu ku Istana Kakaisaran Ming. Katurunan maranéhna jadi wawakil vasal, panarjamah, jeung anu nyieun kapal. Numutkeun sajarawan Uezato Takashi, Kumemura sacara eksklusif ngan dicicingan ku katurunan kulawarga bangsa Min. Nagn ti saprak Naha mekar jadi palabuan laut anu penting dina padagangan internasional, urang Cina séjénna anu utamana ti Fujian jeung wewengkon padagangan sapanjang basisir Cina kidul ogé ngilu cicing di Kumemura. . Di antara paninggalan utama budaya Cina di Kumemura nyaéta kuil Tao Tensonbyō di deukeut tungtung kalér Kume-Ōdōri. Dua kuil anu disebut Tenpigū Luhur jeung Tenpigū Handap muja déwa laut Tao anu ngaranna Tenpi, ngaran séjén: Matsu. Kuil Konfusianisme anu mangrupa hadiah ti Kaisar Kangxi diwangun di Kumemura di taun 1670-an. Salian ti éta di kota ieu aya sakola ajaran Konfusius Meirindō anu diadegkeun di taun 1718. Sanggeus ancur akibat Perang Dunia II, Meirindō, kuil Konghucu, jeung kuil Tenpigū diwangun deui dina urut lokasi Tensonbyō di Kume kalér, anu ayeuna disebut kuil Konfusius Shiseibyō.
Di beulah kulon-kalér Ukishima aya padumukan Wakasamachi (若狭町) anu cenah baheulana diwangun ku nu parindah ti Jepang. Blok padumukan urang Jepang ieu aya di deukeut jalan raya Wakasamachi-Ōdōri anu motong jalan Kume-Ōdōri, sarta ngahubungkeun Wakasamachi jeung Palabuan Tomari di daratan Okinawa. Di Wakasamachi aya sawatara kuil Buddha jeung Shinto, kaasup di antarana Kuil Naminoue, jeung kuil Zen Kōganji, sarta kuil-kuil anu muja Ebisu jeung Jizō. Di Wakasamachi ogé aya pamondokan anu baheulana husus dipaké ku padagang jeung wisatawan ti Kapuloan Tokara.
Nagarawangi, Cihideung, Tasikmalaya
Nagarawangi nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Cihideung, Kota Tasikmalaya, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Naha
Sajarah
Armada ekspedisi Komodor Matthew C. Perry nganjang di Naha pas keur ngalampah ka Tokyo di taun 1853, Naha kungsi babaraha kali dianjangan ku kapal-kapal armada Amerika Serikat lainnya. Lukisan anu dijieun ku seniman resmi anu milu jeung ékspédisi tuluy sumebar kalawan téhnik litografi. Lukisan éta engkéna mangrupa gambaran anu boga ajén nu luhur ngeunaan kaayaan géografi jeung pangeusi Kapuloan Ryukyu di abad ka-19.
Sanggeus Karajaan Ryukyu digantikan ku pamaréntah Domain Ryukyu di taun 1872, Naha dijadikeun puser dayeuh Ryukyu. Tuluy, sanggeus dihapusna Domain Ryukyu di taun 1879, Karajaan Ryukyu runtuh, sarta Okinawa sacara resmi jadi bagian ti Jepang minangka Préféktur Okinawa. Kantor Préféktur Okinawa diadegkeun di Naha di taun 1879 ogé, sarta Naha geus resmi jadi pusat pamaréntahan. Dina kamekaranana, Naha dilegakeun sarta dihijikeun jeung wewengkon urut puseur dayeuh Shuri, Tomari, Kumemura, jeung kota-kota di sakurilingna.
Nalika Perang Dunya II, Naha jadi ruksak parah lantaran Serangan Udara 10 Oktober 1944 jeung Patempuran Okinawa. Istana Shuri ampir ancur kabéh ku kakuatan Marinir, Angkatan Darat, jeung Angkatan Laut Amérika Sarikat di taun 1945. Sanggeus Perang Dunya II, Préféktur Okinawa aya dina kawasa Amérika Sarikat sarta kakara dibalikkeun deui ka Jepang di tanggal 15 Méi 1972.
Préféktur Saga
Préféktur Saga (佐賀県) aya di beulah kulon-kaler di Pulo Kyūshū, Jepang. Kawates ku Laut Jepang jeung Laut Ariake. Beulah kulon préféktur nyaéta wewengkon nu kawentar ngahasilkeun keramik jeung porselen, sabagéan ti Kacamatan Karatsu, Imari, and Arita. Ibukotana nyaéta Kota Saga.
Naha
Géografi
Puseur kota mangrupa dataran anu dikurilingan ku Walungan Kokuba, Situ Manko, jeung Walungan Asato. Walungan Kokuba jeung Asato ngocor ti wétan ka kulon sarta muharana ka Laut Cina Wétan.
Kota Naha leutik pisan mun dibandingkeun puseur dayeuh préféktur nu lian. Legana ngan hanya 38,98 km², tapi mangrupa kota anu pangeusina gegek dibandingkeun kota-kota séjén di Kyushu. Bandar Udara Naha (kaasup pikeun Angkatan Udara Béla Diri Jepang) geus nempatan 8% ti sakabéh legana Naha. Legana kota ieu masih kénéh dikurangan ku tanah nu dipaké ku Angkatan Bersenjata Amérika Sarikat di Jepang jeung Palabuan Naha. Bandar Udara Naha anu perenahna di puseur kota nyababkeun pangwangunan gedong-gedong anu jangkung diwates.
Iklim
Naha miboga iklim subtropis kalawan suhu unggal poé rata-rata 23 °C. Curah hujan per tahun leuwih tii 2.000 mm.
Ékonomi
Panghasilan utama Naha nyaéta tina industri pariwisata, bisnis écéran, rumah makan, jeung pamondokan. Japan Transocean Air jeung Ryukyu Air Commuter nyaéta anak pausahaan Japan Airlines anu boga kantor pusat di Naha.
Atikan
Di Naha aya opat universitas, dua di antarana dikokolakeun ku pamaréntah Préféktur Okinawa, sarta nu lianna nyaéta universitas swasta. Universitas Ryukyu nyaéta hiji-hijina universitas negeri di Préféktur Okinawa. Universitas Ryukyu diadegkeun dina urut lokasi Istana Shuri di tanggal 22 Méi 1950. Saacan réstorasi Istana Shuri lumangsung, Universitas Ryukyu dipindahkeun ka kota Nishihara anu perenahna di wétaneun laut Naha.
Sakola dasar jeung manengah pertama Naha dikokolakeun Déwan Atikan Kota Naha. Sedengkeun sakola menengah atas negeri di Naha diurus ku Déwan Atikan Préféktur Okinawa.
Seni béla diri
Sajarawan seni béla diri ngira-ngira, sahenteuna di abad ka-17 geus aya hiji wangun bela diri leungeun kosong di Okinawa. Seni béla diri ieu disebut ti atawa te (harti harfiah: leungeun) anu mekar jadi tilu aliran lokal karate. Séwang-séwangna némbongkeun ciri has anu unik sarta dibéré ngaran dumasar tempat asalna: Naha-te (leungeun Naha) ti Naha, Shuri-te ti Shuri, sarta Tomari-te ti Palabuan Tomari. Tiluanana mangrupa dasar pikeun Okinawa-te anu mangrupa séké-sélér karaté modérn.
Transportasi
Okinawa Monorail anu kasohor minangka Yui Rail nagngkut panumpang ti Stasion Bandara Naha ka puseur kota Naha, Kokusai-dōri, Shintoshin, nepi ka terminal di Stasion Shuri anu deuekut jeung Istana Shuri.
Kota kembar
Kota-kota ieu boga hubungan kota kembar jeung Naha:
Sendang Baru, Sendang Agung, Lampung Tengah
Sendang Baru nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Sendang Agung, Kabupatén Lampung Tengah, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Sendang Baru, Sendang Agung, Lampung Tengah
Rancamanyar, Balééndah, Bandung
Rancamanyar nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Balééndah, Kabupatén Bandung, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Kejudén, Plumbon, Cirebon
Kejudén nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Plumbon, Kabupatén Cirebon, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Panglima Linting, Dabun Gelang, Gayo Lues
Panglima Linting nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Dabun Gelang, Kabupatén Gayo Lues, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
Basa Kalela
Basa Kalela nyaéta basa wewengkon anu aya di Indonésia. Panyaturna aya di 1 propinsi nyaéta propinsi Nusa Tenggara Wétan, nu dumuk di 1 kabupaten/kota.
Mali Lamkuta, Sakti, Pidie
Mali Lamkuta nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Sakti, Kabupatén Pidie, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
Mali Lamkuta, Sakti, Pidie
Munjung
Munjung nyaéta novél anu ditulis dina basa Sunda ku Moh. Ambri. Ieu buku novél téh dipedalkeun munggaran taun 2008 ku penerbit Kiblat Buku Utama.
Blangtemung, Dabun Gelang, Gayo Lues
Blangtemung nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Dabun Gelang, Kabupatén Gayo Lues, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
2013 CM118
Ari 2013 CM118 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Amor, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.276, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 25.3. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO 258456.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Kapuloan Kayman
Kapuloan Kayman {{{lang-en|Cayman Islands}}) nyaéta hiji tértori peuntas laut Britania nu aya di Laut Karibia beulah kulon. Wewengkon ieu ngawengku 3 pulo (Kayman Gedé, Kayman Brac, jeung Kayman Leutik), aya di kiduleun Kuba jeung kalér-kuloneun Jamaika.
773
Taun ka-773 Maséhi dina Kalénder Grégorian.
R.A.A. Wiranatakusumah V
Raden Adipati Aria Muharam Wiranatakusumah (lahir di Bandung, 28 Nopémber 1888, pupus 22 Januari 1965). Bupati Bandung, Menteri Dalam Negeri nu munggaran di Républik Indonésia, Ketua Déwan Pertimbangan Agung nu munggaran. Leuwih dipikawanoh ku sebutan Dalem Haji.
Babad Salira
Anjeunna téh putra Adipati Kusumahdilaga, bupati Bandung ka-9 (1874-1893) jeung Radén Ayu Sukarsih. Ngaran leutikna mah Aom Muharam. Nalika umur lima taun, ramana ngantunkeun. Anjeunna tuluy dirorok ku ibuna nepi ka umur salapan taun. Nalika dikantun ramana, ditunjuk tiluan pikeun jadi walina, nyaéta R. Martanagara (Bupati Bandung), R. Ardinagara (Jaksa Bandung), dan Suriadiningrat (Camat Cilokotot/Cimahi).
Nalika yuswana salapan taun, Muharam dititipkeun ka kulawarga Adams turta meunang atikan Barat. Sakola formal nu kungsi disuprih nyaéta ELS (1901), laju neruskeun ka OSVIA nepi ka kelas III, saterusna ku pangjurung Dr. Snouck Hurgronje, dina taun 1904 anjeunna pindah ka HBS atawa Gymnasium Willem III di Batavia turta meunang gelar diploma dina taun 1910. Riwayat atikanana sakabéhna di Bandung.
Tejo Agung, Metro Wétan, Metro
Tejo Agung nyaéta salah sahiji Kalurahan di kacamatan Metro Wétan, Kota Metro, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
R.A.A. Wiranatakusumah V
Nasionalismeu Wiranatakusumah
Wiranatakusumah kungsi jadi wali nagara Pasundan. Ieu hal ngabalukarkeun dirina teu meunang pangaku minangka nasionalis. Padahal, déklarasi nagara pasundan téh saéstuna aya dua. Nu Kahiji, nagara Pasundan nu diproklamasikeun ku partéy Rakyat Pasundan (PRP) tanggal 4 Méi 1947, di Alun-alun Bandung. Harita, Radén Mohammad Soeria Kartalegawa jadi présidén, jeung dr. Radén Koestomo jadi kabinetsformateur. Nya ieu nagara pasundan anu ngadéklarasikeun dirina misahkeun ti nagara Républik Indonésia. Sanajan meunang pangrojong Walanda, tétéla umurna henteu panjang.
Kadua, nagara Pasundan nu dibentuk dumasar tilu kali Konférénsi Jawa Barat nyaéta Dina tanggal 12-19 Oktober 1947, 16-20 Désémber 1947, jeung 23 Pébruari-5 Maret 1948. Numutkeun sajarawan Agus Mulyana, dina éta konférénsi téh aya tilu kubu, nyaéta Féderalis nu hayang ngadegkeun nagara di Jawa Barat sarta papisah ti RI, Républiken nu teu mikahayang ngadegkeun nagara di Jawa Barat nu misah ti RI, jeung anu nétral nu nungguan naha mihak Féderalis atawa Républiken.
Sanggeus dua kali deadlock, konférénsi katilu antukna milih Wiranatakusumah nu diusulkeu ku faksi Républiken jadi wali nagara. Anjeunna ngéléhkeun Hilman Djajadiningrat nu diusulkeun ku faksi Féderalis.
Pengalusan, Mrebet, Purbalingga
Pengalusan nyaéta salasahiji désa di Kacamatan Mrebet, Purbalingga, Propinsi Jawa Tengah, Indonésia.
R.A.A. Wiranatakusumah V
Nasionalismeu Wiranatakusumah
Kana nagara Pasundan nu kahiji, Wiranatakusumah katut kulawargana nolak pisan. Samalah ka wartawan Antara yang nu satuluyna dimuat dina Soeloeh Ra`jat, 8 Mei 1947, Wiranatakusumah nétélakeun, ''“Aksi Pasundan itu tidak berdasar atas riwayat sebagai perjuangan untuk kemerdekaan Indonesia…. Rakyat Pasundan di daerah-daerah yang diduduki oleh orang-orang Belanda dipaksa supaya menjadi anggota Partai Rakyat Pasundan. Aksi itu bertentangan dengan demokrasi dan peraturan-peraturan pokok persetujuan Linggarjati. Dipandang dari sudut ekonomi, adalah tak mungkin untuk mendirikan suatu negara Pasundan yang berdiri sendiri.”''
Wiranatakusumah jeung Islam
Kaislaman Wiranatakusumah katangén pisan nalika anjeunna mulih ti Mekkah satutas ibadah haji. Sanggeus mulang ti tanah suci, anjeunna teu weléh maké pakéan saperti urang Arab nalika rék solat Juma'ah. Di lingkungan kadaleman Bandung ogé anjeunna nyieun hiji rohangan anu niru-niru wangunan di Arab. Saban waktu buka puasa atawa saur dina bulan Romadon, Dalem Haji ngagedurkeun meriem kawas di Arab deuih. Sajaba ti éta, anjeunna ogé naratas ide pikeun ngadegkeun masjid raya di Bandung nu dingaranan Quwwatul Islam, samalah kungsi mesen rarancang gambarna ka Sukarno, hanjakal rarancangna téh teu tinekanan.
Saéstuna saméméh munggah haji ogé anjeunna téh geus deukeut jeung para tokoh ulama ti Cianjur nalika anjeunna nyekel kalungguhan minangka Bupati Cianjur, saperti jeung K.H. R. Muhammad Isa Al-Kholidi. Nalika Wiranatakusumah nyekel kalungguhan Bupati Bandung kitu deuih, anjeunna dalit jeung panghulu Bandung nu kawentar, Haji Hasan Mustapa (1852-1930).
Tapi di antara nu disebut di luhur, bukti nu paling nembrak mah ngaliwatan buku-bukuna nu dihasilkeun satutas anjeunna munggah haji, di antarana:
Wiranatakusumah jeung Tembang Sunda Cianjuran
Wiranatakusumah V ogé kacida micintana kana seni Sunda, utamana seni mamaos Cianjuran. Nalika jeneng jadi Bupati Cianjur (1912-1920) Wiranatakusumah V kaasup bupati nu kacida ngaaprésiasina kana seni. . Di Pendopo Cianjur, anjeunna teu weléh magelarkeun pintonan seni degung. Dina mangsa pamaréntahanana, di Cianjur geus nyampak pakakas degung nu dingaranan Pamagersari.
Anjeunna ogé nu nyumebarkeun seni mamaos ka luar padaleman. Padahal saméméhna mah seni mamaos ukur jadi kalangenan di lingkungan padaleman baé. Nu kapapancénan nyumebarkeunna téh nyaéta R. Écé Majid, ahli tembang kahot ti Cianjur. Nya Wiranatakusumah anu mekarkeun seni mamaos cianjuran nepi ka wewengkon Bandung jeung Priangan.
Copélna aya dua kajadian anu nuduhkeun yén anjeunna téh mangrupa bupati anu aprésiasina luhung kana seni. Kahiji, nalika taun 1920 anjeunna ngaboyong waditra degung Pamagersari ka Bandung katut para nayagana. Para gegedén jeung masarakat di lingkungan pendopo réa nu kataji tur hayang bisa maénkeun gamelan degung. Ku kituna, Wiranatakusumah V maréntahkeun nyieun waditra degung anu anyar, nu dingaranan Purbasasaka. Nya degung Purbasasaka éta nu digunakeun jadi musik pangiring dina Film munggaran di Indonésia, Loetoeng Kasaroeng téh.
Harapan Jaya, Sei Lepan, Langkat
Harapan Jaya nyaéta salah sahiji Kalurahan di kacamatan Sei Lepan, Kabupatén Langkat, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
R.A.A. Wiranatakusumah V
Wiranatakusumah jeung Tembang Sunda Cianjuran
Sajaba ti ngaboyong gamelan sapuratina téh, anjeunna ogé ngaboyong R. Écé Majid deuih. Ieu téh mangrupa strategi anjeunna dina raraga mekarkeun seni mamaos di Wilayah Bandung jeung wewengkon Priangan séjénna.
Tutup yuswa
Saacan anjeunna ngantunkeun, anjeunna kungsi ngajabat jadi dosén di Universitas Merdeka. Saméméhna aktif ogé di pulitik ngaliwatan PSII (partéy Syarikat Islam Indonésia) sarta kungsu kapilih jadi anggota Konstituanteu. Anjeunna tutup yuswa kaping 22 Januari taun 1965 dina yuswa 77 taun.
Paya Tampah, Birem Bayeun, Aceh Timur
Paya Tampah nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Birem Bayeun, Kabupatén Aceh Timur, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
Hidrokarbon
Pikeun conto, métana (gas alam) mangrupa hidrokarbon nu diwangun ku hiji atom karbon jeung opat hidrogén: CH4. Étana mangrupa hidrokarbon (leuwih spésifikna, alkana) nu diwangun ku dua atom karbon nu kabeungkeut ku beungkeut tunggal, nu masing-masing ngabeungkeut tilu atom hidrogén: C2H6. Propana diwangun ku tilu atom C (C3H8), jeung saterusna (CnH2·n+2).
Dasarna aya tilu tipe hidrokarbon:
2016 QK10
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Hidrokarbon
Jumlah atom hidrogén na hidrokarbon bisa diitung dumasar jumlah karbonna: Tiap hidrokarbon ieu kudu nedunan aturan 4-hidrogén nu nétélakeun yén sadaya atom karbon kudu ngabeungkeut atom hidrogén saloba-lobana (watesna opat). Catetan: beungkeut tambahan ngaleungitkeun dua atom hidrogén sarta ngan hidrokarbon jenuh nu bias meungkeut opat. Hal ieu alatan posisi opat éléktronna nu unik.
Hidrokarbon nu dihasilkeun tina cairan géologis disebut minyak bumi (petroleum, hartina "minyak batu") atawa minyak mineral, sedengkeun hidrokarbon gas géologis katelahna gas alam. Dua sumber éta penting pisan salaku bahan baku produksi bahan bakar jeung bahan kimia organik, nu diulik dina géologi minyak bumi.
Hidrokarbon mibanda ajén ékonomi nu penting pisan ku sabab dihasilkeun tina bahan bakar fosil (batubara,minyak bumi, gas alam, jsb.) jeung bahan bakar hayati, nu salajengna ngahasilkeun plastik, lilin, pangleyur, jeung minyak. Dina polusi pakotaan, komponén-komponén ieu—bareng jeung NOx jeung cahya srangéngé—nyumbang kana formasi ozon troposfir.
Sendang Retno, Sendang Agung, Lampung Tengah
Sendang Retno nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Sendang Agung, Kabupatén Lampung Tengah, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Sendang Retno, Sendang Agung, Lampung Tengah
Basa Kamang
Basa Kamang nyaéta basa wewengkon anu aya di Indonésia. Panyaturna aya di 1 propinsi nyaéta propinsi Nusa Tenggara Wétan, nu dumuk di 1 kabupaten/kota.
Rerebe, Dabun Gelang, Gayo Lues
Rerebe nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Dabun Gelang, Kabupatén Gayo Lues, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
Pancasila
Pancasila nyaéta lima perkara nu jadi dasar pamaréntah Républik Indonésia. Kecap Pancasila asalna tina basa sansekerta India (kasta brahmana). Tapi numutkeun Muh.Yamin, dina basa sansekerta, miboga dua harti leksikal nyaéta  panca  nu hartina lima jeung syila vokal pondok I nu hartina batu sendi, alas, atawa dadasar. Syiila vokal i panjang anu hartina aturan tingkah polah anu hadé jeung penting.
Kekecapan éta dina basa Indonésia dihartikeun susila anu miboga hubungan jeung moralitas. Ku sabab kitu, sacara etimologi kecap pancasila anu dimaksud nyaéta istilah pancasyila anu vocal I na miboga makna batu anu miboga lima sendi atawa sacara harfiah nyaéta dadasar anu miboga lima unsur. Anapon istilah pancasyiila anu maké huruf Dewanagri I miboga makna lima aturan tingkah polah anu penting.
Tugujaya, Cihideung, Tasikmalaya
Tugujaya nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Cihideung, Kota Tasikmalaya, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Pancasila
Ajén-inajén pancasila sacara intrinsik anu sifatna filosofis jeung dina kahirupan masarakat Indonésia pancasila mangrupa falsafah hirup urang Indonésia. Ajén jeung fungsi falsafah pancasila geus aya saméméh Indonésia merdika. Hal ieu dibuktikeun ku sajarah majapahit 1293. Harita hindu jeung budha hirup babarengan sacara damai dina wengkuan hiji karajaan. Empu prapanca nulis kitab negara kertagama [1365] dina éta kitab kapanggih aya istilah pancasila.
Globalisasi
Dina mangsa modéren kawas kiwari utamana dina beuki ngaronjatna téhnologi dina sagala widang, salahsahiji anu pang onjoyna téhnologi perhubungan jeung télékomunikasi. Tangtuna baris méré pangaruh kuat dina sagala widang kahirupan, naha dina widang spiritual anapon dina widang material. Ayana palsapah pancasila ieu mangrupa hiji bénténg dina ngajaga sagala rupa pangaruh goréng anu datangna tiluar, geusan nanjeurkeun nagara anu adil jeung makmur. Pancasila ogé mangrupa hiji dadasar kuat pikeun ngabendung sagala rupa pangaruh global, sangkan tumuwuh hiji bangsa anu mandiri, makmur dina widang spiritual kitu deui dina widang material.
2012 VK76
Ari 2012 VK76 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Apollo, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.264, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 21.3. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO�260829.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
1998 HH49
Ari 1998 HH49 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Apollo, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.502, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 21.3. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO�8039.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Jidar
Jidar (penggaris; ruler) nyaéta salah sahiji alat anu dina permukaanna aya angka-angka (0, 1, 2, 3, ..). Ieu alat ilahrna dipaké keur ngukur massa, warna, jeung harga. Salain ti éta, jidar bisa dipaké ngagambar jeung ngagarisan sangkan lempeng.