cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Hirohito
Awal pamarentahan
Bagéan awal pamaréntahan Hirohito (antara taun 1926 jeung 1945) nyiapkeun kakuatan militer dina pamaréntahanna, ku cara legal tur extralegal. Tentara Kaisar Jepang tur Angkatan Laut Jepang mibanda kakuatan veto dina kabinet saprak taun 1900, tur antara taun 1921 jeung 1944 nu mana teu kurang ti 64 kajadian gerakan sayap kanan politik. <!-- One notable case was the assassination of moderate Prime Minister Inukai Tsuyoshi in 1932, which marked the end of any real civilian control of the military. This was followed by an attempted military coup in February 1936, mounted by junior Army officers; it was occasioned by a loss of ground by the militarist faction in Diet elections. The coup resulted in the murder of a number of high government and Army officials, and was put down with Hirohito angrily assuming a major role in confronting them.
Still, from the 1930s on, the military clique held almost all political power in Japan, and pursued policies that eventually led Japan to fight the second Sino-Japanese War and World War II.
World War II
During World War II, under Hirohito's leadership, Japan formed alliances with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, forming the Axis Powers. In the immediate aftermath of the war, many believed that Emperor Shōwa was an evil mastermind behind the war, while others claimed that he was simply a powerless figurehead, and that the real power lay with Hideki Tojo.
Many people in China, Taiwan, Korea and Southeast Asia see Hirohito as Asia's Hitler of World War II, and some feel he should have been tried for war crimes. Because of this, many Asians residing in countries that were subject to Japanese invasion retain a hostile attitude towards the Japanese imperial family. The central question is how much real control Hirohito had over the Japanese military during the two wars. The view promoted by both the Japanese Imperial Palace and the American occupation forces immediately after World War II had Hirohito behaving strictly according to protocol, remaining at a distance from the decision-making processes. On the other hand, Herbert Bix has recently produced evidence suggesting that the emperor worked through intermediaries to exercise a great deal of control over the military, and that he may even have been the prime mover of most of the events of the two wars.
On September 4, 1941, the Japanese Cabinet met to consider the war plans prepared by Imperial General Headquarters, and decided that:
The "objectives" to be obtained were clearly defined: a free hand to continue with the conquest of China and Southeast Asia, no increase in US or British military forces in the region, and cooperation by the West "in the acquisition of goods needed by our Empire".
On September 5, Prime Minister Konoe informally submitted a draft of the decision to the Emperor, just one day in advance of the Imperial Conference at which it would be formally implemented. According to the traditional view (again, contradicted by Bix's research), Hirohito was deeply concerned by the decision to place "war preparations first and diplomatic negotiations second" and announced his intention to break with centuries-old protocol and, at the Imperial Conference on the following day, directly question the chiefs of the Army and Navy general staffs — a quite unprecedented action. Konoe quickly persuaded Hirohito to summon them for a private conference instead, at which the Emperor made it plain that a peaceful settlement was to be pursued "up to the last". Chief of Naval General Staff Admiral Osami Nagano, a former Navy Minister and vastly experienced, later told a trusted colleague "I have never seen the Emperor reprimand us in such a manner, his face turning red and raising his voice."
At this point, the sovereign astonished all present by addressing the conference personally, and in breaking the tradition of Imperial silence left his advisors "struck with awe". (Prime Minister Konoe's description of the event.) Emperor Hirohito stressed the need for peaceful resolution of international problems, expressed regret at his ministers' failure to respond to Baron Hara's probings, and recited a poem written by his grandfather, Emperor Meiji which, he said, he had read "over and over again":
Recovering from their shock, the ministers hastened to express their profound wish to explore all possible peaceful avenues. The war preparations continued without the slightest change, however, and within weeks Cabinet would replace the insufficiently belligerent Konoe with the hard line General Hideki Tojo, formally chosen by Hirohito under the Constitution (but whether he was in fact favored by Hirohito remains disputed). On December 8 (December 7 in Hawaii) 1941, in simultaneous attacks, Japanese forces struck at the US Fleet in Pearl Harbor and began the invasion of South-East Asia. From here, there was no turning back.
Whatever his actual involvement leading up to hostilities, with the nation now fully committed to the war, Emperor Hirohito took a keen interest in military progress and sought to boost morale, just as George VI did, for example, in Britain at the same time. To begin with, the news was all good. As the tide of war gradually began to turn (around late 1942 and early 1943), some people argue that the flow of information to the palace gradually began to bear less and less relation to reality, while others suggest that the emperor worked closely with Prime Minister Tojo, continued to be well and accurately briefed by the military, and knew Japan's military position precisely right up to the point of surrender. In the first six months of war, all the major engagements had been victories. Throughout the following years, the sequence of drawn and then decisively lost engagements was also reported to the public as a series of great victories. Only gradually did it become apparent to the people in the home islands that the situation was very grim. U.S. air raids on the cities of Japan starting in 1944 made a mockery of the unending tales of victory. Later that year, with the downfall of Hideki Tojo's government, two other prime ministers were appointed to continue the war effort, Kuniaki Koiso and Kantaro Suzuki - again, with at least the formal approval of Hirohito, but whether he agreed with their policies is still disputed. Both were unsuccessful and Japan was nearing defeat.
Last days of the war
In early 1945, in the wake of the loss of Leyte, the Emperor began a series of individual meetings with senior government officials to consider the progress of the war. All but one advised continuing. The exception was ex-Prime Minister Fumimaro Konoe, who feared a communist revolution even more than defeat and urged a negotiated surrender. According to some accounts, Hirohito apparently took the view that peace was essential, but that the armed forces would have to engineer a conspicuous military victory somewhere in order to provide a stronger bargaining position. With each passing week this became less likely. In April the Soviet Union issued notice that it would not renew its neutrality agreement. Japan's ally Germany surrendered in early May 1945. In June, the cabinet reassessed the war strategy, only to decide more firmly than ever on a fight to the last man. This was officially affirmed at a brief Imperial Council meeting, to which the Emperor listened in stone-faced silence.
The following day, Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal Koichi Kido prepared a draft document which summarised the hopeless military situation and proposed a negotiated settlement. According to some sources, the Emperor privately approved of it and authorised Kido to circulate it discreetly amongst the less hawkish cabinet members; others suggest that the Emperor was indecisive, and that the mixed signals from the palace may have delayed the peace process, costing many tens of thousands of Japanese and Allied lives. By mid-June the cabinet had agreed to approach the Soviet Union to act as a mediator, though not before the bargaining position had been improved by a repulse of the coming Allied invasion of mainland Japan.
Post-war reign
On August 15, 1945, following the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the entry of the Soviet Union into the war against Japan, Hirohito, after more hesitation, abandoned the condition of preserving his own position and finally made the radio broadcast announcing the unconditional surrender of Japan's military forces (known as Gyokuon-hōsō). The broadcast exhorted the Japanese to "accept the unacceptable" in surrender. It was the first time the public had ever heard the Emperor's voice. He was purposely vague, because the Emperor of Japan clearly could not be regarded merely as a human saying "We surrender to the Americans"; he had to be viewed as the godly leader of Japan, so when he said "accept the unacceptable", most people sitting by the radio didn't know what he meant. Even if they had known, there was a clear difference between standard Japanese speech and the emperor's own lexicon. He used in this broadcast, according to historian Richard Storry in A History of Modern Japan, "a form of language familiar only to the well-educated".
There were attempts by numerous leaders, among them President Harry S. Truman, to have Hirohito put on trial for alleged war crimes. U.S. General Douglas MacArthur insisted that Hirohito remain Emperor to keep him as a symbol of the continuity and cohesion of the Japanese people. Hirohito was spared trial and retained the throne, but Hirohito was forced to explicitly reject (in the Ningen-sengen (人間宣言)) the traditional claim that the Emperor of Japan was divine, and a descendant of the Sun Goddess. According to the Japanese constitution of 1889, Hirohito had a divine power over his country, which was derived from the mythology of the Japanese Imperial Family who were said to be the offspring of the creator of Japan, Amaterasu. The imperial title was thus transformed from 'imperial sovereign' to 'constitutional monarch' in 1946. Immediately after Hirohito's repudiation of divinity, he asked the occupation authorities for permission to worship the Sun Goddess. Some have seen this as an implicit reaffirmation of the claim to divine status; others have seen it as simply an expression of Hirohito's personal religious beliefs, with no political or social implications.
<!-- Although Hirohito was forced to reject any claims to his own divine status, his status was deliberately left vague, partly because General MacArthur thought him likely to be a useful tool to get the Japanese to accept the occupation, and partly due to behind-the-scenes maneuverings by Shigeru Yoshida to thwart MacArthur's attempts at casting Hirohito as a European-style monarch. While Hirohito was usually seen as a head of state, there is still a broad dispute about whether he became a mere citizen or something else. Many scholars claim that today's tennō (usually translated Emperor of Japan in English) is not an emperor. See the "Emperor of Japan" article for discussion of the position of Emperor of Japan.
For the rest of his life, Hirohito was an active figure in Japanese life, and performed many of the duties commonly associated with a constitutional head of state. The emperor and his family maintained a strong public presence, often holding public walkabouts, and making public appearances on special events and holidays. He also played an important role in rebuilding Japan's diplomatic image, traveling abroad to meet with many foreign leaders, including numerous American presidents and Queen Elizabeth II. In 1975, Hirohito and his wife were honored guests at Colonial Williamsburg in Virginia, the first such visit by Japanese royalty.
Hirohito was deeply interested in and well-informed about marine biology, and the Imperial Palace contained a laboratory from which Hirohito published several papers in the field. His contributions include the description of several dozen species of jellyfish new to science.
Death
On September 22, 1987, Hirohito underwent surgery on his pancreas after having digestive problems for several months. This was the very first time a Japanese Emperor underwent surgery. The doctors discovered that he had duodenal cancer, but in accordance with Japanese tradition, they did not tell him. Hirohito seemed to be recovering well for several months after his surgery. About a year later, however, on September 19, 1988, he collapsed in his palace, and his health worsened over the next several months as he suffered from continuous internal bleeding. On January 7, 1989, at 6:33 AM, Hirohito died. At 7:55 AM, the grand steward of Japan's Imperial Household Agency, Shoichi Fujimori, officially announced the Emperor's death, and revealed details about his cancer for the first time. Upon his death, he was renamed Emperor Showa (Shōwa Tennō), after the era during which he ruled. His posthumous name was determined on January 13 and formally released on January 31 by Japanese prime minister. (From January 7 until January 31, the formal appellation of Hirohito was "Taigyō Tennō(大行天皇)", which means the former emperor.) On February 24, Emperor Showa's funeral was held, and unlike that of his predecessor, it was not done in a strictly Shinto manner, and a number of world leaders attended it. He is buried in the Imperial mausoleum in Hachioji, alongside other past emperors.
Yasukuni Shrine
Although largely refraining from becoming involved in the politics surrounding Yasukuni Jinja, Hirohito maintained an official boycott of the controversial monument from 1978, when it was revealed to him that wartime Prime Minister Hideki Tojo was being honored there, until the time of his death.
This boycott has been maintained by his son Akihito, who has also refused to worship at Yasukuni since 1978. -->
2010 GJ30
Ari 2010 GJ30 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Amor, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.268, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 24.6. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO 175149.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Pematang Cengal, Tanjung Pura, Langkat
Pematang Cengal nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Tanjung Pura, Kabupatén Langkat, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Ulee Ateung, Julok, Aceh Timur
Ulee Ateung nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Julok, Kabupatén Aceh Timur, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
Tawangsari, Losari, Cirebon
Tawangsari nyaéta salasahiji désa di kacamatan Losari, Kabupatén Cirebon, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Porang, Blangkejeren, Gayo Lues
Porang nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Blangkejeren, Kabupatén Gayo Lues, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
853
Taun ka-853 Maséhi dina Kalénder Grégorian.
Pematang Sawa, Tanggamus
Pematang Sawa nyaéta salah sahiji kacamatan di Kabupatén Tanggamus, Propinsi Lampung, Indonésia.
Féromon
Féromon nyaéta hiji zat kimia anu asalna tina kelenjar endokrin jeung digunakeun ku mahluk hirup pikeun nganyahoankeun sasamana, individu séjén, kelompok, jeung pikeun ngabantu prosés réproduksi. Béda jeung hormon, féromon sumebar ka saluareun awak jeung ngan saukur mangaruhan tur dipikanyaho ku individu séjén anu saspésiés.
Munggaran kapanggih di Jerman
Féromon munggaran tinemu di Jerman, ku Adolph Butenandt, élmuwan nu nimu ogé hormon séks dina manusa nyaéta éstrogen, progéstéron jeung téstostéron. Nalika munggaran kapanggih dina serangga, féromon loba dihubung-hubungkeun jeung fungsi réproduksi gegeremet. Para élmuwan mimitina ningali féromon minangka sasaruannnana 'parfum’ dina alam manusa.
Sajarah Feromon: Jean Henri Fabre
Jean-Henri Fabre dina yuswa 19 taun mitambeyan karir sederhanana minangka guru di Avignon, Perancis. Minangka guru anjeunna miboga minat anu kuat ka alam. Anjeunna betah nyorangan diuk mangjam-jam di tepas tukangeun imahna pikeun nalingakeun kahirupan-kahirupan leutik. Lain ukur émok cabok tanpa maksud, Fabre nyieun catetan jeung éksperimén-éksperiménna sorangan. Minangka otodidak sajati, Fabre ogé ngalatih dirina sangkan bisa ngagambar jeung nyieun ilustrasi keur bukuna sorangan.
Tina hasil panalungtikan jeung ékspérimenna, Fabre ngaluarkeun 10 séri énsiklopedi ngeunaan serangga ‘Souvenirs Entomologiques’ nu dina waktu-waktu saterusna diaku minangka karya klasik dina dunya akademik Perancis. Charles Darwin, John Stuart Mill jeung Louis Pasteur, raksasa-raksasa sains jeung filosofi zaman harita mikareueus Fabre alatan katalitian jeung detil panalungtikannana.
Dina hiji usum semi taun 1870-an, Fabre meakkeun isukna pikeun nalingakeun ngengat ( ‘Great peacock’ bikang nu kaluar tina kapongpongna. Ngarasa sugema kana panalungtikannana, Fabre neundeun ngengat nu karek kaluar tina kapongpongna éta ka jero kandang kawat di méja studina. Jam 9 peuting dina poé harita kénéh, rasa sugema Fabre robah jadi ahéng nalika manggihan losinan ngengat jalu ngumpul ngarubung kandang kawat di méja studina. “Maranéhna datang ti sakuliah arah, bari jeung kuring teu nyaho kumaha maranéhannana manggihan bikangna di méja kuring...” tulis Fabre.
Fabre méakkeun taun-taun satuluyna pikeun nalungtik kumaha ngengat-ngengat jalu bisa manggihan bikangna. Fabre nepi kana kasimpulan yén ngengat bikang ngahasilkeun 'zat kimia’ tinamtu nu bauna narik ngengat-ngengat jalu.
Ku kasimpulan Fabre ieu, dimimitiannana sakabéh lapangan panalungtikan anyar ngeunaan feromon.
Féromon dina kukupu
Nalika kukupu jalu atawa bikang mébérkeun jangjangna, harita ogé féromon sumebar di udara jeung ngondang lawan jenisna pikeun ngadeukeutan sacara seksual.
Feromon dina rinyuh
Keur ngadeteksi jalur nu diliwatannana, individu rinyuh nu aya di hareup ngaluarkeun féromon pananda tapak (trail following pheromone) nu kaluar tina kelenjar sternum (sternal gland di beulah handap, tukangeun abdomen), nu bisa dideteksi ku rinyuh nu aya di tukangeunnana. Sipat kimiawi feromon ieu kacida raket patula-patalina jeung bau dahareunnana sahingga rinyuh mampuh ngadeteksi obyek dahareunnana. <!--
Feromon Dasar Rayap: Pengatur Perkembangan
Di samping feromon penanda jejak, para pakar etologi (perilaku) rayap juga menganggap bahwa pengaturan koloni berada di bawah kendali feromon dasar (primer pheromones). Misalnya, terhambatnya pertumbuhan/ pembentukan neoten disebabkan oleh adanya semacam feromon dasar yang dikeluarkan oleh ratu, yang berfungsi menghambat diferensiasi kelamin.
Segera setelah ratu mati, feromon ini hilang sehingga terbentuk neoten-neoten pengganti ratu. Tetapi kemudian neoten yang telah terbentuk kembali mengeluarkan feromon yang sama sehingga pembentukan neoten yang lebih banyak dapat dihambat.
Feromon dasar juga berperan dalam diferensiasi pembentukan kasta pekerja dan kasta prajurit, yang dikeluarkan oleh kasta reproduktif.
Dilihat dari biologinya, koloni rayap sendiri oleh beberapa pakar dianggap sebagai supra-organisma, yaitu koloni itu sendiri dianggap sebagai makhluk hidup, sedangkan individu-individu rayap dalam koloni hanya merupakan bagian-bagian dari anggota badan supra-organisma itu.
Perbandingan banyaknya neoten, prajurit dan pekerja dalan satu koloni biasanya tidak tetap. Koloni yang sedang bertumbuh subur memiliki pekerja yang sangat banyak dengan jumlah prajurit yang tidak banyak (kurang lebih 2 - 4 persen). Koloni yang mengalami banyak gangguan, misalnya karena terdapat banyak semut di sekitarnya akan membentuk lebih banyak prajurit (7 - 10 persen), karena diperlukan untuk mempertahankan sarang.
Feromon Pada Ngengat
Komunikasi melalui feromon sangat meluas dalam keluarga serangga. Feromon bertindak sebagai alat pemikat seksual antara betina dan jantan. Jenis feromon yang sering dianalisis adalah yang digunakan ngengat sebagai zat untuk melakukan perkawinan. Ngengat gipsi betina dapat mempengaruhi ngengat jantan beberapa kilometer jauhnya dengan memproduksi feromon yang disebut "disparlur". Karena ngengat jantan mampu mengindra beberapa ratus molekul dari betina yang mengeluarkan isyarat dalam hanya satu mililiter udara, disparlur tersebut efektif saat disebarkan di wilayah yang sangat besar sekalipun.
Feromon Pada Semut dan Lebah Madu
Feromon memainkan peran penting dalam komunikasi serangga. Semut menggunakan feromon sebagai penjejak untuk menunjukkan jalan menuju sumber makanan.
Bila lebah madu menyengat, ia tak hanya meninggalkan sengat pada kulit korbannya, tetapi juga meninggalkan zat kimia yang memanggil lebah madu lain untuk menyerang.
Demikian pula, semut pekerja dari berbagai spesies mensekresi feromon sebagai zat tanda bahaya, yang digunakan ketika terancam musuh; feromon disebar di udara dan mengumpulkan pekerja lain. Bila semut-semut ini bertemu musuh, mereka juga memproduksi feromon sehingga isyaratnya bertambah atau berkurang, bergantung pada sifat bahayanya.
Komunikasi Kimiawi
Semua kategori komunikasi yang disebut di atas dapat dikelompokkan dalam judul "Isyarat Kimiawi". Isyarat kimiawi ini memainkan peran terpenting dalam organisasi koloni semut. Semiokemikal adalah nama umum zat kimia yang digunakan semut untuk tujuan menetapkan komunikasi. Pada dasarnya ada dua jenis semiokemikal, yaitu feromon dan alomon.
Alomon dan Feromon
Alomon adalah zat yang digunakan untuk komunikasi antargenus. Namun, seperti yang dijelaskan sebelumnya, feromon adalah isyarat kimiawi yang terutama digunakan dalam genus yang sama dan saat disekresikan oleh seekor semut dapat dicium oleh yang lain.
Zat kimia ini diduga diproduksi dalam kelenjar endokrin. Saat semut menyekresi cairan ini sebagai isyarat, yang lain menangkap pesan lewat bau atau rasa dan menanggapinya.
Penelitian mengenai feromon semut telah menyingkapkan bahwa semua isyarat disekresikan menurut kebutuhan koloni. Selain itu, konsentrasi feromon yang disekresikan semut bervariasi menurut kedaruratan situasi.
Perkembangan Sains Feromon
Seiring dengan berkembangnya sains tentang feromon, dapatlah dimengerti ternyata serangga menghasilkan bermacam-macam zat kimia yang mempengaruhi perilaku serangga sejenis lainnya.
Beberapa spesies lalat, ngengat dan kumbang juga menghasilkan zat kimia tertentu yang dioleskan ke sarang tempat meletakkan telur-telurnya. Zat-zat kimia ini akan mencegah serangga lain untuk menaruh telur di tempat yang sama, jadi mengurangi kompetisi serangga-serangga baru yang nantinya menetas dari telur tadi.
Sampai sekarang, para ilmuwan sudah mengenali lebih dari 1600 feromon yang dipakai oleh berbagai serangga, termasuk serangga-serangga hama. Karena telah teridentifikasi, feromon ini bisa dibuat dalam jumlah besar secara sintetis.Feromon sintetis ini banyak dipakai untuk dijadikan perangkap serangga.
Kecoak dan CIA
Kecoak betina menarik lawan jenisnya dengan cara mengeluarkan periplanon-B. Konon senyawa ini dimanfaatkan CIA untuk menangkap seorang mata-mata. Caranya orang yang dicurigai dikenai periplanon-B dan ditangkap kalau beraksi dengan detektor kecoak jantan. Kecoak jantan dengan sangat tepat akan menemukan orang yang di bajunya dikenai periplanon-B, walau si mata-mata mungkin tidak membaui senyawa ini.
Hamster, Gajah dan Ngengat
Dari penelitian pada hewan-hewan lain, cara kerja yang sama juga ditemukan. Hamster betina, misalnya. Menurut penelitian, hewan ini menggunakan dimetil disulfida untuk menarik hamster jantan mendekat. Tapi yang ternyata mengejutkan adalah gajah dan ngengat mempunyai feromon seks yang sama, yakni Z-7-dodesen-1-il-asetat.Namun walaupun sama, gajah dan ngengat tidak akan saling tertarik karena Z-7-dodesen-1-il-asetat yang dihasilkan ngengat terlalu sedikit untuk di'rasa'kan gajah, begitu juga sebaliknya.
Feromon Pada Manusia
Feromon pada manusia merupakan sinyal kimia yang berada di udara yang tidak bisa dideteksi melalui bau-bauan tapi hanya bisa dirasakan oleh VMO di dalam hidung/indra pencium. Sinyal ini dihasilkan oleh jaringan kulit khusus yang terkonsentrasi di dalam lengan. Sinyal feromon ini diterima oleh VMO dan dijangkau oleh bagian otak bernama hipotalamus. Di sinilah terjadi perubahan hormon yang menghasilkan respons perilaku dan fisiologis.
Feromon Pada Siklus Haid
Pada tahun 1998 McClintock bersama rekannya Kathleen Stern mempublikasikan kembali hasil penelitiannya di jurnal Nature. Kali ini mereka menyatakan ada dua jenis feromon yang secara spesifik berpengaruh pada kesamaan siklus haid.
Siklus menstruasi terdiri atas tiga fase, yakni menses, pra-ovulasi dan luteal alias pasca ovulasi. Salah satu dari feromon dihasilkan oleh perempuan pada fase pra-ovulasi dari siklusnya dan mempercepat ovulasi di fase berikut.
Feromon lain dipancarkan pada saat ovulasi berlangsung. Sinyal ini memiliki efek memperlambat siklus. Hasil akhirnya adalah berupa siklus sejumlah perempuan yang tinggal saling berdekatan.
Jatuh Cinta: Dari Hidung turun kehati
Fenomena feromon sebagai bentuk komunikasi ini lama-lama mulai dicoba diterapkan dalam kehidupan manusia sehari-hari. Terutama sejak ditemukan bahwa feromon juga dihasilkan kelenjar dalam tubuh manusia. Dan yang penting, bisa mempengaruhi hormon-hormon dalam tubuh (terutama otak) manusia lainnya. Contoh paling mudah adalah "bau badan".
Lepas dari jenis bau badan menyengat hingga bikin orang lain menjauh, setiap manusia punya bau yang khas dan menjadi ciri dirinya. Oleh para ahli dianalogikan bahwa bau badan itu seperti sidik jari. Jadi, kita masing-masing punya bau yang unik dan sangat berbeda dengan manusia lainnya. Dengan demikian feromon yang dihasilkan manusia, di masa depan bisa jadi salah satu identitas diri.
Feromon pada manusia ternyata juga berfungsi sebagai daya tarik seksual. Para ahli kimia dari Huddinge University Hospital di Swedia malah mengklaim bahwa feromon juga punya andil dalam menghasilkan perasaan suka, naksir, cinta, bahkan gairah seksual seorang manusia pada manusia lainnya.
Ini mereka buktikan saat melakukan penelitian terhadap reaksi otak 12 pasang pria-wanita sehabis mencium bau senyawa sintetik mirip feromon. Bebauan tersebut langsung bereaksi terhadap hormon estrogen (pada wanita) dan hormon testoteron (pria).
Jadi, ketertarikan manusia pada manusia lain, baik itu berupa hubungan cinta, gairah seksual, maupun dalam memilih teman, juga didasari pada bau feromon yang dihasilkan manusia.
Unsur Kimia Tubuh Lain Ikut Berperan
Seperti yang tertulis di majalah National Geographic Indonesia, edisi Februari 2006, hasil penelitian Helen Fisher dan kawan-kawan, ketika seseorang memandang kekasih hatinya, dopamin akan merangsang bagian ventral tegmental dan caudate nucleus di otak menyala. Dalam dosis yang tepat, dopamin menciptakan kekuatan, kegembiraan, perhatian yang terpusat, serta dorongan yang kuat untuk memberikan imbalan. Itulah sebabnya jatuh cinta dapat membuat makan tak enak, tidur tak nyenyak.
Peneliti-peneliti lain menunjukkan bahwa gangguan kimiawi tubuh memang terbukti ketika seseorang jatuh cinta. Misalnya didapatkan bahwa kadar serotonin orang yang terobsesi dan kekasihnya 40 persen lebih rendah dari kadar serotonin orang normal.
Daptar Pustaka
Pheromone
Banjar Ratu, Way Pangubuan, Lampung Tengah
Banjar Ratu nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Way Pangubuan, Kabupatén Lampung Tengah, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Basa Diuwe
Basa Diuwe nyaéta basa wewengkon anu aya di Indonésia. Panyaturna aya di 1 propinsi nyaéta propinsi Papua, nu dumuk di 1 kabupaten/kota.
Karangsatria, Tambun Utara, Bekasi
Karangsatria nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Tambun Utara, Kabupatén Bekasi, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Campang Raya, Sukabumi, Bandar Lampung
Campang Raya nyaéta salah sahiji Kalurahan di kacamatan Sukabumi, Kota Bandar Lampung, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Naga Timbul, Bonatua Lunasi, Toba Samosir
Naga Timbul nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Bonatua Lunasi, Kabupatén Toba Samosir, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
(385268) 2001 RC12
Ari 2001 RC12 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Amor, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.641, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 15.8. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO 408680.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Feni Fitriyanti
Feni Fitriyanti atanapi anu biasa dikenal ku Feni (ogé katelah Feni JKT48) (salami anggota JKT48) mangrupikeun salah sahiji penyanyi asal Indonesia sareng anggota grup idola JKT48 Generasi ka-3 parantos aya dina Tim J saprak 1 Desember 2016. Feni ngagaduhan sikep 158 cm / 44 kg ieu ogé mangrupikeun sub-unit 4 Gulali.
Kute Lintang, Blangkejeren, Gayo Lues
Kute Lintang nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Blangkejeren, Kabupatén Gayo Lues, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
Kute Lintang, Blangkejeren, Gayo Lues
Bandengan, Mundu, Cirebon
Bandengan nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Mundu, Kabupatén Cirebon, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Kwala Serapuh, Tanjung Pura, Langkat
Kwala Serapuh nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Tanjung Pura, Kabupatén Langkat, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Kampong Barat, Pidie, Pidie
Kampong Barat nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Pidie, Kabupatén Pidie, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
Ulee Blang, Julok, Aceh Timur
Ulee Blang nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Julok, Kabupatén Aceh Timur, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
Sepulsa
Sepulsa hiji pausahaan Indonesian kalibet dina widang pangmayaran online. Platform basis situs web sareng aplikasi nu nyadiakeun jasa pikeun pamayaran teratur tagihan jeung kaperluan sapopoé ieu diwangun dina taun 2015, sarta bisa dipaké ku saréréa pikeun free.
Sajarah
Sepulsa diadegkeun di taun 2015 ku Ananto Wibisono jeung Jefrey Joe. Boh saméméhna digawé di Groupon Indonesia, di mana Jefrey nempatan posisi COO jeung Ananto salaku Kapala tina ETA. Sepulsa geus ngalaman hiji-time turn logo nu dina taun 2017.
Dina taun 2018, Sepulsa dilegakeun bisnis anak ku launching sababaraha bisnis séjén saperti hiji lembaga anu ngamungkinkeun pamaké anak pikeun ngajual jeung ngadistribusikaeun produk Sepulsa.
SMAS Plus Yaspida
SMAS Plus Yaspida nyaéta Sakola Menengah Atas Swasta anu aya di Kabupatén Sukabumi. Alamat lengkepna di Jl.Parungséah No.43 Km.4 Cipetir, Kalurahan/Désa Cipetir Kacamatan Kadudampit, Kabupatén Sukabumi, Jawa Kulon kalawan nomer NPSN 20246335.
2005 PA5
Ari 2005 PA5 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Amor, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.227, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 21.8. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO 393293.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
2006 WE129
Ari 2006 WE129 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Apollo, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.481, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 19.5. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO�369052.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
1999 FP19
Ari 1999 FP19 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Apollo, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.520, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 20.1. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO�117394.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
852
Taun ka-852 Maséhi dina Kalénder Grégorian.
Akon
]]
2014 WD497
Ari 2014 WD497 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Apollo, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.467, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 25.3. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO�319041.
Akon
Aliaune Damala Bouga Time Bongo Puru Nacka Lu Lu Lu Badara Akon Thiam atawa Aliaune Daye Thiam leuwih dipikawanoh Akon nyaéta saurang panyanyi Amérika Sarikat. Akon dumuk tapi cicing di Senegal, Afrika. Nalika umurna tujuh taun, Akon jeung kulawargana pindah ka Union City, New Jersey pikeun cicing di Amérika Sarikat.
Karir
Ngaranna mimiti dipikawanoh taun 2004 sanggeus junun nagrilis single kahijina nu judulan Locked Up ti album Touble. Sedengkeun album kaduana, Konvicted bisa jadi salah sahiji nominator Grammy Award ti single Smack That. Akon boga label sorangan, nyaéta Konvict Muzik jeung Kon. Album Akon Konvicted, dirilis tanggal 12 Desember 2006. Salian ti lagu Smack That, nu mintonkeun rapper Eminem, lagu Konvicted ogé mintonkeun Snoop Dogg, Styles P, jeung T-Pain.
2014 WD497
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Akon
Karir
Akon mindeng duet jeung artis séjén, ayeuna manéhna geus kacatet konser leuwih ti 300 show sarta mibanda 45 lagu Billboard Hot 100. Sajaba ti éta, manéhna geus loba gawé bareng jeung artis kasohor saperti Michael Jackson, R. Kelly, Quincy Jones, Eminem jeung Whitney Houston.
Akon nyaéta artis solo kahiji anu meunang peringkat kahiji jeung kadua sakaligus dina chart Billboard Hot 100 saloba dua kali, sarta geus ngahasilkeun loba hits pikeun artis saperti Lady Gaga, Colby O'Donis jeung Leona Lewis. Lady Gaga jeung T-pain nyaéta dua artis sukses berkat Akon. Akon ogé geus ngarilis hiji lagu anu dijudulan Beautiful di mana manéhna nyanyi jeung Colby O'Donis sarta Kardinal Offishall dina album Freedom anu dirilis taun 2008 jeung lagu Right Now (Na Na Na) dina album anu sarua. Taun 2011 ieu, 13 Nopémber 2011 Akon bakal ngayakeun konserna di Indonésia, tema konserna nyaéta AKON Live in Concert 2011 tempatna di JIEXPO Kemayoran Jakarta,.
Diskografi
1. 2004: Trouble, SRC/Universal.
2. 2006: Konvicted, Konvict Muzik/UpFront/SRC/Universal Motown.
Satriamekar, Tambun Utara, Bekasi
Satriamekar nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Tambun Utara, Kabupatén Bekasi, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Kwala Langkat, Tanjung Pura, Langkat
Kwala Langkat nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Tanjung Pura, Kabupatén Langkat, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Banjar Kertahayu, Way Pangubuan, Lampung Tengah
Banjar Kertahayu nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Way Pangubuan, Kabupatén Lampung Tengah, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Kota Agung Wétan, Tanggamus
Kota Agung Timur nyaéta salah sahiji kacamatan di Kabupatén Tanggamus, Propinsi Lampung, Indonésia.
38086 Beowulf
Ari 38086 Beowulf atawa 1999 JB mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Apollo, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.566, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 17.4. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO�406234.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Puérto Riko
Puérto Riko resmina Pasamakmuran Puérto Riko (Commonwealth of Puerto Rico; "Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico", —harpiahna Nagara Bébas nu Kaasosiasi Puérto Riko), nyaéta hiji téritori nu teu kagabung ti Amérika Sarikat, aya di Karibia beulah kalér-wétan, wétaneun Républik Dominika, sarta kuloneun Kapuloan Virgin Amérika Sarikat sareng Kapuloan Virgin Britania.
Hubungan antawis Puérto Riko jeung Amérika Sarikat jujutanna nepi ka Perang Spanyol-Amérika, di aman Spanyol, dina Traktat Paris 1898, méré pulo ieu ka Amérika Sarikat. Warga Puérto Riko janten warga AS dina 1917, sarta Kongrés Amérika Sarikat ngatur rupa-rupa perkawis kahirupan Puérto Riko. Tapi, masarakat pulo teu kaci milu Pamilu Présidén AS. Saprak 1947, Puérto Riko bisa milih gubernurna sorangan. Basa resmina nyaéta basa Spanyol jeung Inggris, kalwan basa Spanyol jadi basa utami. Status pulitisna ayeuna, kaasup kamungkinan jadi Nagara Bagian atanapi kamerdikaan, diomongkeun luas di Puérto Riko.
Babagian administratif
Salaku wewengkon nu teu kagabung ti Amérika Sarikat, Puérto Riko teu miboga babagian administratif kahiji sakumaha diterangkeun ku Pamaréntah AS, tapi aya 78 munisipalitas (~kotamadya) di tingkat ka-2 nu mana fungsina salaku county. Munisipalitas teras dibagi kana barrio. Unggal munisipalitas miboga mayor jeung badan législatif nu dipilih pikeun jabatan 4 taun.
Iklim
Puérto Riko miboga iklim tropis kalawan suhu rarata minimal 19,4 °C sareng maksimal 29,7 °C. Curah hujan rarata taunan nyaéta 1687mm.
Basa Dobel
Basa Dobel nyaéta basa wewengkon anu aya di Indonésia. Panyaturna aya di 1 propinsi nyaéta propinsi Maluku, nu dumuk di 1 kabupaten/kota.
Nusantara Permai, Sukabumi, Bandar Lampung
Nusantara Permai nyaéta salah sahiji Kalurahan di kacamatan Sukabumi, Kota Bandar Lampung, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Sibadihon, Bonatua Lunasi, Toba Samosir
Sibadihon nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Bonatua Lunasi, Kabupatén Toba Samosir, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Karéta api Fajar jeung Senja Utama Yogya
Karéta api Fajar jeung Senja Utama Yogya (Aksara Sunda Baku:  ; Basa Jawa:, Sepur Senja Utama Ngayogyakarta) nyaéta karéta api kelas éksékutip plus jeung ékonomi prémium plus anu ngalayanan rute Stasion Yogyakarta - Stasion Pasar Senén. Karéta ieu dibéré nganan "Senja Utama Yogya" lantaran indit ti Yogyakarta jeung ti Pasar Senén soré/peuting (senja). Karéta ieu mangrupa kabalikannana ti Karéta api Fajar Utama Yogya anu diberangkatkeun isuk-isuk (pajar). Kiwari, karéta ieu mawa 6 karéta ékonomi prémium plus, 1 karéta makan, 2 karéta éksekutip plus jeung 1 karéta pembangkit. Karéta api Senja Utama Yogya eureun di Stasion Wates, Stasion Kutoarjo, Stasion Kebumén, Stasion Gombong, Stasion Kroya, Stasion Purwokerto, Stasion Bumiayu, Stasion Cirebon Prujakan, jeung Stasion Jatinegara.
Paloh, Pidie, Pidie
Paloh nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Pidie, Kabupatén Pidie, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
Paloh, Pidie, Pidie
2013 EK28
Ari 2013 EK28 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Amor, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.510, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 23.3. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO 265050.
SMKS Riyadul Ulum
SMKS Riyadul Ulum nyaéta Sakola Menengah Kajuruan Swasta anu aya di Kabupatén Tasikmalaya. Alamat lengkepna di Jl.Perkebunan Wangunwati, Kalurahan/Désa Cisempur Kacamatan Cibalong, Kabupatén Tasikmalaya, Jawa Kulon kalawan nomor NPSN 20262722.
2012 XF55
Ari 2012 XF55 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Apollo, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.250, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 22.8. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO�285765.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
(385186) 1994 AW1
Ari 1994 AW1 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Amor, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.076, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 17.7. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO 408680.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
(523824) 2016 RO1
Ari 2016 RO1 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Amor, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.333, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 19.5. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO 405361.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
2015 DD198
Ari 2015 DD198 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Amor, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.409, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 21.1. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO 394144.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
2016 FY12
Ari 2016 FY12 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Apollo, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.592, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 26.1. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO�374663.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Stasion Waruduwur
Stasion Waruduwur (WDW) nyaéta stasion karéta api kelas III/leutik anu perenahna di Désa Kanci, Astanajapura, Cirebon. Sanajan stasion ieu ngaranna Waruduwur, tapi sacara administratip stasiun ieu lain di Désa Waruduwur, Kacamatan Mundu, tapi aya di wétaneun désa éta. Stasion anu aya dina tingkat kaluhuran +3 méter ieu kaasup ka Daérah Operasi III Cirebon sarta aya sapétak di wétaneun Stasion Cirebon Prujakan.
Mimitina stasion ieu boga tilu jalur karéta api kalawan jalur 2 minangka sepur lempeng. Sanggeus proyék jalur ganda lintas kalér Jawa bérés di taun 2013-2014, stasion ieu geus maké wangunan baru anu perenahna 300 m di beulah ngétan-ngidul wangunan nu heubeul. Tata letak jalur di stasion ieu gé dirobah, anu matak kiwari jumlah jalurna nambahan jadi opat kalawan jalur 2 minangka sepur lempeng arah Cirebon–Jakarta jeung jalur 3 minangka sepur lempeng arah Semarang–Surabaya. Kiwari euweuh karéta api anu eureun di dieu, iwal ti mun aya pasusulan antarkaréta api.
Ti stasion ieu aya jalur lori ka Sindanglaut tuluy ka Stasion Pabedilan (Bedilan) anu geus teu aktip ti jaman Jepang.
Insidén
Di tanggal 23 Méi 2015 jam 18.10, KA Bangunkarta jurusan Stasion Surabaya Gubeng beunang kana KA 2502 angkutan pipa gedé jurusan Stasion Alastua di Stasion Waruduwur, nepi ka hiji gerbong pembangkit, dua gerbong panumpang éksekutip, jeung lokomotip CC206 13 23 milik Dipo Lokomotip Purwokerto ngagejlog di wésel, tuluy lokomotipna malang sarta beunang kana KA 2502 anu keur eureun di jalur 4 lantaran gerbong pangtukangna acan ngaliwatan wates bebas (preipal). Pas keur harita, karéta api semén eukeur eureun di jalur 1. Hiji patugas pangawal karéta api barang KA 2502 anu mawa pipa sukuna potong jeung luka nu parah anu matak kudu dirawat di Rumah Sakit Ciremai, Cirebon.
Tumbu kaluar
Ramatloka resmi PT Kereta Api Indonesia
Arus listrik
Arus listrik nyaéta kocoran muatan listrik. Hijian ukuran SI keur arus listrik nyaéta ampere (A), nu sarua jeung aliran sacoulomb muatan listrik per detik.
Définisi
Gedéna arus listrik diséfinisikeun minangka turunan wanci ti muatan listrik:
Resmina ditulis:
Jumlah muatan Q nu ngalir per unit waktu t nyaéta I, singketan tina intensitas arus. <!--
Arus dina kawat logam
In solid conductive metal, with no external forces applied, there exists a random motion of free electrons created by the thermal energy that the electrons gain from the surrounding medium. When an atom loses a free electron, it acquires a net positive charge. The free electron can move amongst these positive ions, while the positive ions can only oscillate about their mean fixed positions. The free electron is therefore the charge carrier in a typical solid conductor. Given an imaginary plane through which the wire passes, the number of electrons moving from one side to the other in any period of time is exactly equal to the number passing in the opposite direction.
When a wire is connected across the two terminals of a DC voltage source such as a battery, the source places an electric field across the conductor. The moment contact is made, the free electrons of the conductor will drift toward the positive terminal under the influence of this field. For every ampere of current, 1 coulomb of electric charge (which consists of about 6.242 × 1018 electrons) drifts every second at the same velocity through the imaginary plane through which the conductor passes.
The current I in amperes can be calculated with the following equation:
where
It follows that:
Kapadetan arus
Current density is a measure of the density of electrical current. It is defined as a vector whose magnitude is the electric current per cross-sectional area. In SI unit, the current density is measured in amperes per square meter.
Kagancangan drift muatan listrik
The mobile charged particles within a conductor move constantly in random directions. In order for a net flow of charge to exist, the particles must also move together with an average drift rate. Electrons are the charge carriers in metals and they follow an erratic path, bouncing from atom to atom, but generally drifting in the direction of the electric field. The speed at which they drift can be calculated from the equation: where Electric currents in solid matter are typically very slow flows. For example, in a copper wire of cross-section 0.5 mm², carrying a current of 5 A, the drift velocity of the electrons is of the order of a millimetre per second. To take a different example, in the near-vacuum inside a cathode ray tube, the electrons travel in near-straight lines ("ballistically") at about a tenth of the speed of light.
However, we know that electrical signals are electromagnetic waves which propagate at very high speed (at the speed of light, as can be deduced from Maxwell's Equations). For example, in AC power lines, the waves of electromagnetic energy propagate rapidly through the space between the wires from a source to a distant load, even though the electrons in the wires only move back and forth over a tiny distance. Although the velocity of the flowing charges is quite low, the associated electromagnetic energy travels at the speed of light. The ratio of the signal velocity through a medium versus the speed of light in a vacuum is called the velocity factor. -->
Hukum Ohm
Hukum Ohm ngira-ngira arus dina résistor (idéal) (atawa alat ohmik séjénna) ku cara ngabagi garga voltase ku résistansi listrikna:
di mana
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