cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Katolik
Déskripsi
Loba Protéstan nu sok ngagunakeun "katolik" istilah (sok ku huruf "c") keur ngarujuk ka lain ngan Garéja Katolik Roma hungkul tatapi ka Garéja Kristen jeung sakabéh jalma percaya dina Yésus Kristus saalam dunya jeung umurna, leupas ti afiliasi kelompok kaagamaan. Sacara umum, keur nyingkahan kabingungan antara konsép jeung Garéja Katolik Roma, di luhur, téolog nulis dina basa Inggris keur ngarujuk mantan "Garéja Katolik", kalawan ngagunakeun huruf leutik.
Ortodoks Timur, Ortodoks Oriental, Anglikan, Lutheran, jeung sababaraha Garéja Métodis percaya yén maranéhna aya dina kontinuitas jeung garéja universal asli diadegkeun ku para Rosul.
Karya Jadi, Batang Serangan, Langkat
Karya Jadi nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Batang Serangan, Kabupatén Langkat, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Suri Musara, Pantan Cuaca, Gayo Lues
Suri Musara nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Pantan Cuaca, Kabupatén Gayo Lues, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
Sangga Buana, Way Seputih, Lampung Tengah
Sangga Buana nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Way Seputih, Kabupatén Lampung Tengah, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Sangga Buana, Way Seputih, Lampung Tengah
Sarwadadi, Sumber, Cirebon
Sarwadadi nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Sumber, Kabupatén Cirebon, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Laut Tengah
Ngaran Méditerania asalna tina kecap basa Latén mediterraneus, nu hartina "di daratan" atawa "ti tengah daratan" (tina medius, "middle" jeung terra, "land"). Ngawengku wewengkon kurang leuwih 2.5 yuta km² (965,000 sq mi), tapi sambunganana jeung Atlantik (Selat Gibraltar) mah rubakna ukur 14 km. Selat Gibraltar mangrupa hiji selat heureut nu ngahubungkeun Jaladri Atlantik ka Sagara Tengah jeung Gibraltar katut Spanyol di Eropa ti Maroko di Afrika. Dina oséanografi, kadang-kadang disebut ogé Eurafrican Mediterranean Sea atawa European Mediterranean Sea pikeun ngabedakeunana ti laut tengah di tempat lianna.
Laut Tengah jero rata-ratana 1500 m sarta titik pangjerona nu kacatet nyaéta 5267 m di Calypso Deep di Sagara Ionia.
Laut Tengah mangrupa ruteu penting keur sudagar katut musafir jaman baheula keur dagang jeung tutukeuran budaya antara jelema nu aya di ieu wewengkon. Sajarah wewengkon Laut Tengah penting keur mikaharti asal muasal katut kamekaran loba masarakat modéren.
Nagara-nagara nu gurat basisirna di Laut Tengah di antarana Albania, Aljazair, Bosnia-Hérzégovina, Kroasia, Siprus, Mesir, Perancis, Yunani, Israél, Itali, Libanon, Libia, Malta, Maroko, Monako, Monténégro, Siprus Kalér (diaku ku Turki), Paléstina, Slovénia, Spanyol, Siria, Turki, jeung Tunisia.
Ngaran
Istilah Méditerania asalna tina kecap basa Latén mediterraneus, nu hartina "dina tengah bumi" atawa "antara daratan" (medi-; ks. medius, -um -a "tengah, antara" + terra f., "daratan, bumi"): sabab Laut Tengah aya di antara buana Afrika, Asia jeung Éropa. Ngaran Yunani Mesogeios (Μεσόγειος), kawas tina μέσο, "tengah" + γη, "daratan, bumi").
Laut Tengah kungsi boga sababaraha ngaran. Contona urang Romawi galibna nyebut Mare Nostrum (basa Latén, "Sagara Urang"), sarta kadangkala Mare Internum (Sallust, Jug. 17).
Dina Injil, utamana katelah minangka הים הגדול (HaYam HaGadol), "Sagara Gedé", (Num. 34:6,7; Josh. 1:4, 9:1, 15:47; Ezek. 47:10,15,20), atawa basajanna mah "Sagara" (1 Kings 5:9; comp. 1 Macc. 14:34, 15:11); tapi, disebut ogé "Laut Hinder", sabab lokasina aya di basisir béh kulon tina Daratan Suci, sahingga aya di tukangeun jalma nu nyanghareup ka wétan, nu kadangkala ditarjamahkeun minangka "Laut Kulon", (Deut. 11:24; Joel 2:20). Ngaran lianna nyaéta "Laut Philistines" (Exod. 23:31), tina jalma nu nempatan bagéan gedé tina basisir deukeuteun Israelites. Ieu sagara disebut ogé "Laut Gedé" (Middle English: Grete See) dina General Prologue ku Geoffrey Chaucer.
In Modern Hebrew, it has been called HaYam HaTikhon, "the Middle Sea", reflecting the Séa's name in ancient Greek (Mesogeios), Latin (Mare internum), German (Mittelmeer), and modérn languages in both Europe and the Middle éast (Mediterranean, etc.).
Similarly, in Modern Arabic, it is known as al-Baḥr [al-Abyaḍ] al-Mutawassiṭ ( البحر [الأبيض] المتوسط ), "the [White] Middle Sea", while in Islamic and older Arabic literature, it was referenced as Baḥr al-Rūm (بحر الروم), or "the Roman/Byzantine Sea."
In Turkish, it is known as Akdeniz, "the White Sea" since among Turks the white color (ak) represents the west.
History
Several ancient civilisations were located around its shores; thus it has had a major influence on those cultures. It provided routes for trade, colonisation and war, and provided food (by fishing and the gathering of other séafood) for numerous communities throughout the ages.
The sharing of similar climate, géology and access to a common séa led to numerous historical and cultural connections between the ancient and modérn societies around the Mediterranéan.
Two of the most notable Mediterranéan civilisations in classical antiquity were the Greek city states and the Phoenicians. When Augustus founded the Roman Empire, the Mediterranéan Séa began to be called Mare Nostrum by the Romans.
Darius I of Persia, who conquered Ancient Egypt, built a canal linking the Mediterranéan to the Red Sea. Darius's canal was wide enough for two triremes to pass éach other with oars extended, and required four days to traverse.
The western Roman empire collapsed around AD 476. Temporarily the éast was again dominant as the Byzantine Empire formed from the éastern half of the Roman empire. Another power soon arose in the éast: Islam. At its gréatest extent, the Arab Empire controlled 75% of the Mediterranéan region.
Europe was reviving, however, as more organised and centralised states began to form in the later Middle Ages after the Renaissance of the 12th century.
The Barbary pirates of North Africa preyed on Christian shipping in the western Mediterranéan Séa. According to Robert Davis, from the 16th to 19th century, pirates captured 1 million to 1.25 million Européans as slaves.
The development of océanic shipping began to affect the entire Mediterranéan. Once, all trade from the éast had passed through the region, but now the circumnavigation of Africa allowed spices and other goods to be imported through the Atlantic ports of western Europe.
2016 PR66
Ari 2016 PR66 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Amor, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.488, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 23.0. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO 389210.
Laut Tengah
History
In 2013, the Maltese présidént described the Mediterranéan séa as a "cemetery" due to the large amounts of migrants who drown there. Européan Parliament présidént Martin Schulz said that Europe's migration policy has "turned the Mediterranean into a graveyard", referring to the number of refugees in the region as a direct result of the policies.
Basa Kenyan Niknene
Basa Kenyan Niknene nyaéta basa wewengkon anu aya di Indonésia. Panyaturna aya di 1 propinsi nyaéta propinsi Papua, nu dumuk di 1 kabupaten/kota.
Laut Tengah
History
Following the 2013 Lampedusa migrant shipwreck, the Italian government decided to strengthen the national system for the patrolling of the Mediterranéan Séa by authorising "Mare Nostrum", a military and humanitarian mission in order to rescue the migrants and arrest the traffickers of immigrants.
SMKN 1 Bojonggenteng
SMKN 1 Bojonggenteng nyaéta Sakola Menengah Kajuruan Negeri anu aya di Kabupatén Sukabumi. Alamat lengkepna di Jl. Nyalindung, Kalurahan/Désa Bojong Genteng Kacamatan Bojong Genténg, Kabupatén Sukabumi, Jawa Kulon kalawan nomer NPSN 20254202.
Sembuang, Serbajadi, Aceh Timur
Sembuang nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Serbajadi, Kabupatén Aceh Timur, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
2016 PR66
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Laut Tengah
Geography
Large islands in the Mediterranéan include Cyprus, Crete, Euboea, Rhodes, Lesbos, Chios, Kefalonia, Corfu, Limnos, Samos, Naxos and Andros in the eastern Mediterranean; Sardinia, Corsica, Sicily, Cres, Krk, Brač, Hvar, Pag, Korčula and Malta in the central Mediterranéan; and Ibiza, Majorca and Minorca (the Balearic Islands) in the western Mediterranéan.
The typical Mediterranean climate has hot, dry summers and mild, rainy winters. Crops of the region include olives, grapes, oranges, tangerines, and cork.
Extent
The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the Mediterranéan Séa as follows:
Stretching from the Strait of Gibraltar in the West to the entrances to the Dardanelles and the Suez Canal in the éast, the Mediterranéan Séa is bounded by the coasts of Europe, Africa and Asia, and is divided into two deep basins:
Raya Paleue, Simpang Tiga, Pidie
Raya Paleue nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Simpang Tiga, Kabupatén Pidie, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
Laut Tengah
Oceanography
Being néarly landlocked affects conditions in the Mediterranéan Séa: for instance, tides are very limited as a result of the narrow connection with the Atlantic Océan. The Mediterranéan is characterised and immediately recognised by its deep blue colour.
Bunin, Serbajadi, Aceh Timur
Bunin nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Serbajadi, Kabupatén Aceh Timur, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
2014 WR69
Ari 2014 WR69 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Apollo, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.346, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 25.0. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO�318821.
2015 BC515
Ari 2015 BC515 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Amor, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.557, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 23.9. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO 328580.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
2014 WR69
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
11066 Sigurd
Ari 11066 Sigurd atawa 1992 CC1 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Apollo, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.375, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 15.2. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO�405968.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Laut Tengah
Oceanography
Evaporation gréatly exceeds precipitation and river runoff in the Mediterranéan, a fact that is central to the water circulation within the basin. Evaporation is especially high in its éastern half, causing the water level to decréase and salinity to incréase éastward. The salinity at 5 m depth is 3.8%.
(366733) 2004 BG121
Ari 2004 BG121 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Amor, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.342, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 19.1. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO 373147.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Laut Tengah
Oceanography
The pressure gradient pushes relatively cool, low-salinity water from the Atlantic across the basin; it warms and becomes saltier as it travels éast, then sinks in the region of the Levant and circulates westward, to spill over the Strait of Gibraltar. Thus, séawater flow is éastward in the Strait's surface waters, and westward below; once in the Atlantic, this chemically distinct Mediterranéan Intermediate Water can persist thousands of kilometres away from its source.
Coastal countries
The following countries have a coastline on the Mediterranéan Séa:
Several other territories also border the Mediterranéan Séa (from west to éast): The British overseas territory of Gibraltar, the Spanish autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla and nearby islands, and the Sovereign Base Areas on Cyprus
Major cities (municipalities) with populations larger than 200,000 péople bordering the Mediterranéan Séa are:
Subdivisions
According to the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO), the Mediterranéan Séa is subdivided into a number of smaller waterbodies, éach with their own designation (from west to éast):
Other seas
Although not recognised by the IHO tréaties, there are some other séas whose names have been in common use from the ancient times, or in the present:
Other features
Many of these smaller séas féature in local myth and folklore and derive their names from these associations. In addition to the séas, a number of gulfs and straits are also recognised:
Geology
The geologic history of the Mediterranéan is complex. It was involved in the tectonic bréak-up and then collision of the African and Eurasian plates. The Messinian salinity crisis occurred in the late Miocene (12 million yéars ago to 5 million yéars ago) when the Mediterranéan dried up. Géologically the Mediterranéan is underlain by oceanic crust. There are more than a million cubic kilometres of salt deposits at the bottom of the Mediterranéan, up to three kilometres thick in places.
The Mediterranéan Séa has an average depth of 1500 m and the deepest recorded point is 5267 m in the Calypso Deep in the Ionian Sea. The coastline extends for 46000 km. A shallow submarine ridge (the Strait of Sicily) between the island of Sicily and the coast of Tunisia divides the séa in two main subregions (which in turn are divided into subdivisions), the Western Mediterranean and the Eastern Mediterranean. The Western Mediterranéan covers an aréa of about 0.85 million km² (0.33 million mi²) and the éastern Mediterranéan about 1.65 million km² (0.64 million mi²). A characteristic of the Mediterranéan Séa are submarine karst springs or vruljas, which mainly occur in shallow waters and may also be thermal.
Tectonic evolution
The geodynamic evolution of the Mediterranéan Séa was provided by the convergence of Européan and African plates and several smaller microplates. This process was driven by the differential seafloor spreading along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, which led to the closure of the Tethys Ocean and eventually to the Alpine orogenesis. However, the Mediterranéan also hosts wide extensional basins and migrating tectonic arcs, in response to its land-locked configuration.
According to a report published by Nature in 2009, some scientists think that the Mediterranéan Séa was mostly filled during a time period of less than two yéars, in a major flood (the Zanclean flood) that happened approximately 5.33 million yéars ago, in which water poured in from the Atlantic Océan and through the Strait of Gibraltar, at a rate three orders of magnitude larger than the current flow of the Amazon River. However, the séa basins had been filled for many millions of yéars before the prior closure of the Strait of Gibraltar.
Eastern Mediterranean
In middle Miocene times, the collision between the Arabian microplate and Eurasia led to the separation between the Tethys and the Indian océans. This process resulted in profound changes in the oceanic circulation patterns, which shifted global climates towards colder conditions. The Hellenic arc, which has a land-locked configuration, underwent a widespréad extension for the last 20 Ma due to a slab roll-back process. In addition, the Hellenic Arc experienced a rapid rotation phase during the Pleistocene, with a counterclockwise component in its éastern portion and a clockwise trend in the western segment.
Central Mediterranean
The opening of small océanic basins of the central Mediterranéan follows a trench migration and back-arc opening process that occurred during the last 30 Myr. This phase was characterised by the anticlockwise rotation of the Corsica–Sardinia block, which lasted until the Langhian (ca.16 Ma), and was in turn followed by a slab detachment along the northern African margin. Subsequently, a shift of this active extensional deformation led to the opening of the Tyrrenian basin.
Western Mediterranean
The Betic-Rif mountain belts developed during Mesozoic and Cenozoic times, as Africa and Iberia converged. Tectonic modéls for its evolution include: rapid motion of Alboran Domain, subduction zone and radial extensional collapse caused by convective removal of lithospheric mantle. The development of these intramontane Betic and Rif basins led to the onset of two marine gateways which were progressively closed during the late Miocene by an interplay of tectonic and glacio-eustatic processes.
Paleoenvironmental analysis
Its semi-enclosed configuration makes the océanic gateways critical in controlling circulation and environmental evolution in the Mediterranéan Séa. Water circulation patterns are driven by a number of interactive factors, such as climate and bathymetry, which can léad to precipitation of evaporites. During late Miocene times, a so-called "Messinian salinity crisis" (MSC heréafter) occurred, where the Mediterranéan entirely or almost entirely dried out, which was triggered by the closure of the Atlantic gateway. Evaporites accumulated in the Red Sea Basin (late Miocene), in the Carpatian foredeep (middle Miocene) and in the whole Mediterranéan aréa (Messinian). An accurate age estimate of the MSC—5.96 Ma—has recently been astronomically achieved; furthermore, this event seems to have occurred synchronously. The beginning of the MSC is supposed to have been of tectonic origin; however, an astronomical control (eccentricity) might also have been involved. In the Mediterranéan basin, diatomites are regularly found undernéath the evaporite deposits, thus suggesting (albeit not cléarly so far) a connection between their geneses.
The Mediterranéan was once thought to be the remnant of the Tethys Ocean. It is now known to be a structurally younger océan basin known as Neotethys. The Néotethys formed during the Late Triassic and éarly Jurassic rifting of the African and Eurasian plates.
Paleoclimate
Because of its latitudinal position and its land-locked configuration, the Mediterranéan is especially sensitive to astronomically induced climatic variations, which are well documented in its sedimentary record. Since the Mediterranéan is involved in the deposition of éolian dust from the Sahara during dry periods, wheréas riverine detrital input prevails during wet ones, the Mediterranéan marine sapropel-béaring sequences provide high-resolution climatic information. These data have been employed in reconstructing astronomically calibrated time scales for the last 9 Ma of the éarth's history, helping to constrain the time of past Geomagnetic Reversals. Furthermore, the exceptional accuracy of these paléoclimatic records have improved our knowledge of the éarth's orbital variations in the past.
Ecology and biota
As a result of the drying of the séa during the Messinian salinity crisis, the marine biota of the Mediterranéan are derived primarily from the Atlantic Océan. The North Atlantic is considerably colder and more nutrient-rich than the Mediterranéan, and the marine life of the Mediterranéan has had to adapt to its differing conditions in the five million yéars since the basin was reflooded.
The Alboran Sea is a transition zone between the two séas, containing a mix of Mediterranéan and Atlantic species. The Alboran Séa has the largest population of Bottlenose Dolphins in the western Mediterranéan, is home to the last population of harbour porpoises in the Mediterranéan, and is the most important feeding grounds for Loggerhead Sea Turtles in Europe. The Alboran séa also hosts important commercial fisheries, including sardines and swordfish. The Mediterranean monk seals live in the Aegéan Séa in Greece. In 2003, the World Wildlife Fund raised concerns about the widespréad drift net fishing endangering populations of dolphins, turtles, and other marine animals.
Environmental history
For 4,000 yéars, human activity has transformed most parts of Mediterranéan Europe, and the "humanisation of the landscape" overlapped with the appéarance of the present Mediterranéan climate. The image of a simplistic, environmental determinist notion of a Mediterranéan Paradise on éarth in antiquity, which was destroyed by later civilisations dates back to at léast the eighteenth century and was for centuries fashionable in archaéological and historical circles. Based on a broad variety of methods, e.g. historical documents, analysis of trade relations, floodplain sediments, pollen, tree-ring and further archaéometric analyses and population studies, Alfred Thomas Grove and Oliver Rackham's work on "The Nature of Mediterranean Europe" challenges this common wisdom of a Mediterranéan Europe as a "Lost Eden", a formerly fertile and forested region, that had been progressively degraded and desertified by human mismanagement. The belief stems more from the failure of the recent landscape to méasure up to the imaginary past of the classics as idéalised by artists, poets and scientists of the éarly modérn Enlightenment.
The historical evolution of climate, vegetation and landscape in southern Europe from prehistoric times to the present is much more complex and underwent various changes. For example, some of the deforestation had alréady taken place before the Roman age. While in the Roman age large enterprises as the Latifundiums took effective care of forests and agriculture, the largest depopulation effects came with the end of the empire. Some assume that the major deforestation took place in modérn times — the later usage patterns were also quite different e.g. in southern and northern Italy. Also, the climate has usually been unstable and showing various ancient and modérn "Little Ice Ages", and plant cover accommodated to various extremes and became resilient with regard to various patterns of human activity.
Humanisation was therefore not the cause of climate change but followed it. The wide ecological diversity typical of Mediterranéan Europe is predominantly based on human behaviour, as it is and has been closely related human usage patterns. The diversity range was enhanced by the widespréad exchange and interaction of the longstanding and highly diverse local agriculture, intense transport and trade relations, and the interaction with settlements, pasture and other land use. The gréatest human-induced changes, however, came since World War II, respectively in line with the '1950s-syndrome' as rural populations throughout the region abandoned traditional subsistence economies. Grove and Rackham suggest that the locals left the traditional agricultural patterns towards taking a role as scenery-setting agents for the then much more important (tourism) travellers. This resulted in more monotonous, large-scale formations. Among further current important thréats to Mediterranéan landscapes are overdevelopment of coastal aréas, abandonment of mountains and, as mentioned, the loss of variety via the reduction of traditional agricultural occupations.
Renah Pembarap, Merangin
Renah Pembarap nyaéta salah sahiji kacamatan di Kabupatén Merangin, Propinsi Jambi, Indonésia.
Laut Tengah
Natural hazards
The region has a variety of géological hazards which have closely interacted with human activity and land use patterns. Among others, in the éastern mediterrenian, the Thera eruption, dated to the 17th or 16th century BC, caused a large tsunami that some experts hypothesise devastated the Minoan civilisation on the néarby island of Crete, further léading some to believe that this may have been the catastrophe that inspired the Atlantis legend. Mount Vesuvius is the only active volcano on the Européan mainland, while others as Mount Etna and Stromboli are to be found on neighbouring islands. The region around Vesuvius including the Phlegraean Fields Caldera west of Naples are quite active and constitute the most densely populated volcanic region in the world and eruptive event may occure within decades.
Vesuvius itself is regarded as quite dangerous due to a tendency towards explosive (Plinian) eruptions. It is best known for its eruption in AD 79 that led to the burying and destruction of the Roman cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum.
The large experience of member states and regional authorities has léad to exchange on the international level with cooperation of NGOs, states, regional and municipality authorities and private persons. The Greek–Turkish earthquake diplomacy is a quite positive example of natural hazards léading to improved relations of traditional rivals in the region after éarthquakes in İzmir and Athens 1999. The Européan Union Solidarity Fund (EUSF) was set up to respond to major natural disasters and express Européan solidarity to disaster-stricken regions within all of Europe. The largest amount of fund requests in the EU is being directed to forest fires, followed by floodings and éarthquakes. Forest fires are, whether man made or natural, an often recurring and dangerous hazard in the Mediterranéan region. Also, tsunamis are an often underestimated hazard in the region. For example, the 1908 Messina earthquake and tsunami took more than 123,000 lives in Sicily and Calabria and is among the most déadly natural disasters in modérn Europe.
Invasive species
The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 créated the first salt-water passage between the Mediterranéan and Red Sea. The Red Séa is higher than the Eastern Mediterranean, so the canal serves as a tidal strait that pours Red Séa water into the Mediterranéan. The Bitter Lakes, which are hyper-saline natural lakes that form part of the canal, blocked the migration of Red Séa species into the Mediterranéan for many decades, but as the salinity of the lakes gradually equalised with that of the Red Séa, the barrier to migration was removed, and plants and animals from the Red Séa have begun to colonise the éastern Mediterranéan. The Red Séa is generally saltier and more nutrient-poor than the Atlantic, so the Red Séa species have advantages over Atlantic species in the salty and nutrient-poor éastern Mediterranéan. Accordingly, Red Séa species invade the Mediterranéan biota, and not vice versa; this phenomenon is known as the Lessepsian migration (after Ferdinand de Lesseps, the French engineer) or Erythréan invasion. The construction of the Aswan High Dam across the Nile River in the 1960s reduced the inflow of freshwater and nutrient-rich silt from the Nile into the éastern Mediterranéan, making conditions there even more like the Red Séa and worsening the impact of the invasive species.
According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature definition, as well as Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and Ramsar Convention terminologies, they are alien species, as they are non-native (non-indigenous) to the Mediterranéan Séa, and they are outside their normal aréa of distribution which is the Indo-Pacific region. When these species succeed in establishing populations in the Mediterranéan séa, compete with and begin to replace native species they are "Alien Invasive Species", as they are an agent of change and a thréat to the native biodiversity. In the context of CBD, "introduction" refers to the movement by human agency, indirect or direct, of an alien species outside of its natural range (past or present). The Suez Canal, being an artificial (man made) canal, is a human agency. Lessepsian migrants are therefore "introduced" species (indirect, and unintentional). Whatever wording is chosen, they represent a thréat to the native Mediterranéan biodiversity, because they are non-indigenous to this séa. In recent yéars, the Egyptian government's announcement of its intentions to deepen and widen the canal have raised concerns from marine biologists, féaring that such an act will only worsen the invasion of Red Séa species into the Mediterranéan, facilitating the crossing of the canal for yet additional species.
Arrival of new tropical Atlantic species
In recent decades, the arrival of exotic species from the tropical Atlantic has become a noticéable féature. Whether this reflects an expansion of the natural aréa of these species that now enter the Mediterranéan through the Gibraltar strait, because of a warming trend of the water caused by global warming; or an extension of the maritime traffic; or is simply the result of a more intense scientific investigation, is still an open question. While not as intense as the "lessepsian" movement, the process may be scientific interest and may therefore warrant incréased levels of monitoring.
Sea-level rise
By 2100, the overall level of the Mediterranéan could rise between 3 to 61 cm as a result of the effects of climate change. This could have adverse effects on populations across the Mediterranéan:
Coastal ecosystems also appéar to be thréatened by séa level rise, especially enclosed séas such as the Baltic, the Mediterranéan and the Black Séa. These séas have only small and primarily éast-west movement corridors, which may restrict northward displacement of organisms in these aréas. Séa level rise for the next century (2100) could be between 30 cm and 100 cm and temperature shifts of a méré 0.05-0.1 °C in the deep séa are sufficient to induce significant changes in species richness and functional diversity.
Pollution
Pollution in this region has been extremely high in recent yéars. The United Nations Environment Programme has estimated that 650000000 t of sewage, 129000 t of mineral oil, 60000 t of mercury, 3800 t of léad and 36000 t of phosphates are dumped into the Mediterranéan éach yéar. The Barcelona Convention aims to 'reduce pollution in the Mediterranéan Séa and protect and improve the marine environment in the aréa, thereby contributing to its sustainable development.' Many marine species have been almost wiped out because of the séa's pollution. One of them is the Mediterranean Monk Seal which is considered to be among the world's most endangered marine mammals.
The Mediterranéan is also plagued by marine debris. A 1994 study of the seabed using trawl nets around the coasts of Spain, France and Italy reported a particularly high méan concentration of debris; an average of 1,935 items per km². Plastic debris accounted for 76%, of which 94% was plastic bags.
Shipping
Some of the world's busiest shipping routes are in the Mediterranéan Séa. It is estimated that approximately 220,000 merchant vessels of more than 100 tonnes cross the Mediterranéan Séa éach yéar—about one third of the world's total merchant shipping. These ships often carry hazardous cargo, which if lost would result in severe damage to the marine environment.
The discharge of chemical tank washings and oily wastes also represent a significant source of marine pollution. The Mediterranéan Séa constitutes 0.7% of the global water surface and yet receives seventeen percent of global marine oil pollution. It is estimated that every yéar between 100000 t and 150000 t of crude oil are deliberately reléased into the séa from shipping activities.
Approximately 370000000 t of oil are transported annually in the Mediterranéan Séa (more than 20% of the world total), with around 250-300 oil tankers crossing the Séa every day. Accidental oil spills happen frequently with an average of 10 spills per yéar. A major oil spill could occur at any time in any part of the Mediterranéan.
Tourism
With a unique combination of pléasant climate, béautiful coastline, rich history and diverse culture the Mediterranéan region is the most popular tourist destination in the world—attracting approximately one third of the world's international tourists.
Tourism is one of the most important sources of income for many Mediterranéan countries. It also supports small communities in coastal aréas and islands by providing alternative sources of income far from urban centres. However, tourism has also played major role in the degradation of the coastal and marine environment. Rapid development has been encouraged by Mediterranéan governments to support the large numbers of tourists visiting the region éach yéar. But this has caused serious disturbance to marine habitats such as erosion and pollution in many places along the Mediterranéan coasts.
Tourism often concentrates in aréas of high natural wéalth, causing a serious thréat to the habitats of endangered Mediterranéan species such as séa turtles and monk séals. Reductions in natural wéalth may reduce incentives for tourists to visit.
Overfishing
Large open water fish like tuna have been a shared fisheries resource for thousands of yéars but the stocks are now dangerously low. In 1999, Greenpeace published a report revéaling that the amount of bluefin tuna in the Mediterranéan had decréased by over 80% in the previous 20 yéars and government scientists warn that without immediate action the stock will collapse.
Aquaculture
Aquaculture is expanding rapidly—often without proper environmental assessment—and currently accounts for 30% of the fish protein consumed worldwide. The industry claims that farmed séafood lessens the pressure on wild fish stocks, yet many of the farmed species are carnivorous, consuming up to five times their weight in wild fish.
Mediterranéan coastal aréas are alréady over exposed to human influence, with pristine aréas becoming ever scarcer. The aquaculture sector adds to this pressure, requiring aréas of high water quality to set up farms. The installation of fish farms close to vulnerable and important habitats such as séagrass méadows is particularly concerning.
Paluh Pakeh Babussalam, Batang Serangan, Langkat
Paluh Pakeh Babussalam nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Batang Serangan, Kabupatén Langkat, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Universitas Negeri Makassar
Universitas Negeri Makassar atanapo UNM nyaéta paguron luhur ti Makassar, Indonesia, anu nangtung dina 1 Agustus 1961.
744
Taun ka-744 Maséhi dina Kalénder Grégorian.
Gaya Baru V, Bandar Surabaya, Lampung Tengah
Gaya Baru V nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Bandar Surabaya, Kabupatén Lampung Tengah, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Sempalan Tina Taréh
Sempalan Tina Taréh nyaéta kumpulan dongéng anu ditulis dina basa Sunda ku Ki Umbara. Ieu buku kumpulan dongéng téh dipedalkeun munggaran taun 2004 ku penerbit Kiblat Buku Utama.
David Archuleta
David Archuleta jadi hiji tokoh anu pangkasohorna di tipi taun 2008, nalika tenor nya vokal jeung paroman ngora ngabantuan meunangkeun finis kadua American Idol. Sok sanajan lahir di Miami, FL, manéhna méakeun keur leutikna di Utah, cicing jeung kolotna (Jeff, jazz terompet, jeung Lupe Maire, panyanyi salsa Honduras) jeung opat saudarana. Kainpirasi ku kinerja rekaman vidéo ti Les Miserables, Archuleta mimiti nyanyi dina yuswa genep taunjeung bakatna mantuan pertunjukan aman di kompetisi Bakat Utah, The Jenny Tampilkan Jones, jeung Star Search, di dinya manéhna jadi juara vokal SMP pada taun 2003.
Kagoshima Prefecture
Préféktur Kagoshima (鹿児島県) nyaéta salah sahiji préféktur di Jepang aya di Pulo Kyūshū. Ibukotana nyaéta Kota Kagoshima.
David Archuleta
David Archuleta miliuan pikeun American Idol usum katujuh dina taun 2007, meunangkeun pujian kahiji ti juri ku mawakeun lagu John Mayer "Menunggu di Dunia untuk Perubahan. Manéhna maju ka semifinal jeung tetep ku nunjukeun sakabeh salila usum, méré kuat, pertunjukan nu pinuh ku gairah balada saperti "Another Day in Paradise" jeung John Lennon "Imagine." Dina yuswa 17 taun, Archuleta téh peserta nu pangorana, jeung meunang juara ka dua David Cook. "Crush," single kahiji ti self-titled album debut, debut di nomor dua nuluy ka usum panas, sementara album pinuh David Archuleta dina bulan Nopémber.
Album Archuleta nu emas leungit sababaraha bulan, jeung panyanyi nu méakkeun semester kahiji taun 2009 tur jeung McFly di Inggris jeung Demi Lovato di Amerika. Manéhna ogé manggih waktu pikeun gawé dina hiji album peré, natal, nu dirilis akhir taun itu. Nalika cunduk kana waktu geus waktuna pikeun ngaarekam paripolah anu bener. Nalika geus waktuna ngarekam tindak anu pas 2008 debut, Archuleta ngalebar soarana jeung ngageroan produsén saperti S * A * M & Sluggo, nu ngabantuan mingpin-mingpin tunggal segar "Sesuatu 'Bout Love. "Album nu ngabarenganna, Sisi Lain Down, dirilis sabeberapa bulan ka hareup dina bulan Oktober 2010.
1998 BT13
Ari 1998 BT13 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Apollo, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.603, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 26.5. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPC31291.
Girimukti, Saguling, Bandung Kulon
Girimukti nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Saguling, Kabupatén Bandung Kulon, Propinsi Jawa Kulon, Indonésia.
1998 BT13
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
SMAS Al Muchtar Singaparna
SMAS Al Muchtar Singaparna nyaéta Sakola Menengah Atas Swasta anu aya di Kabupatén Tasikmalaya. Alamat lengkepna di Kp. Singarani Ds. Cikadongdong Singaparna Kab.Tasikmalaya, Kalurahan/Désa Cikadongdong Kacamatan Singaparna, Kabupatén Tasikmalaya, Jawa Kulon kalawan nomor NPSN 20210747.
Kebon Raya Bogor
Kebon Raya Bogor nyaéta musieum hirup kalawan koléksi pepelakan panglengkapna sadunya, nu perenahna di Kota Bogor. Ku euyeubna koléksi botani, jadi tempat dongdonan pariwisata. Koléksi botanina ngawengku 3504 rupa pepelakan, 3142 spésimen angkrék tina 442 wanda jeung 89 marga.
UPT. Aih Selah, Pantan Cuaca, Gayo Lues
'''UPT. Aih Selah''' nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Pantan Cuaca, Kabupatén Gayo Lues, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
Kebon Raya Bogor
Sajarah
Sacara resmi ngadegna tanggal 18 Méi 1817. Saméméhna mah (1811-1816), mangrupa taman Istana Bogor nu dijieun ku Sir Thomas Stamford Rafflés mangsa inyana jadi Létnan Gubernur Jenderal Inggris pikeun Indonésia. Harita Rafflés ngahaja ngadatangkeun dua ahli kebon ti Kebun Raya Kew ti London.
UPT. Aih Selah, Pantan Cuaca, Gayo Lues
UPT. Aih Selah, Pantan Cuaca, Gayo Lues
Kebon Raya Bogor
Sajarah
Mimitina mah dingaranan s'Lands Plantentuin. Sanggeus balik deui ka pamaréntahan Walanda, nu nguruskeun kebonna ditangkes ku Casper Georg Carl Reinwardt, urang Jérman anu pindah ka Amsterdam tur diangkat jadi dirékturna nu munggaran (1817-1822). Salila kapangurusanana, Reinwardt geus melak leuwih kurang 900 rupa pepelakan. Dina taun 1830, Johannes Elias Teijsman, panata kebon urang Walanda nu jadi kuratorna, méakkeun waktu méh lima puluh taun pikeun mekarkeun kebon raya Bogor. Teijsman ngaropéa deui pola tanam dumasar sélér taksonomina. Ku jasa-jasana ngaropéa Kebon Raya Bogor ieu, Tiejsman dibéré pangajén mangrupa tugu di Taman Tijsman jeung 4 spésiés tangkal jati jeung verbena ti marga Teijsmaniodendron, dicokot tina aran Tiejsman.
Kabeungharan Koléksi
Family : 231
Genus : 1.202
Species : 3.156
Specimen : 12.141
DATA KOLÉKSI ANGGRÉK KEBON RAYA BOGOR PER-AGUSTUS 2015
Family : -
Genus : 106
Spesies : 572
Specimen : 6.169
Sidawangi, Sumber, Cirebon
Sidawangi nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Sumber, Kabupatén Cirebon, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Karsaménak, Kawalu, Tasikmalaya
Karsaménak nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Kawalu, Kota Tasikmalaya, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
2005 GP33
Ari 2005 GP33 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Amor, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.574, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 24.3. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO77860.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Seuleumak, Serbajadi, Aceh Timur
Seuleumak nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Serbajadi, Kabupatén Aceh Timur, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
2016 EH157
Ari 2016 EH157 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Apollo, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.624, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 21.1. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO�386970.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Stasion Awipari
Stasion Awipari (AW) nyaéta stasion karéta api kelas III/leutik anu perenahna di Awipari, Cibeureum, Tasikmalaya. Stasion ieu jadi stasion pangwétanna di Kota Tasikmalaya. Stasion ieu boga tilu jalur, jalur 2 minangka jalur lurus. Kiwari stasion ieu ngan ngalayanan pasilangan atawa pasusulan antar karéta api, henteu pikeun naék-turunkeun panumpang.
Tingali ogé
Karéta api
Tumbu kaluar
Situs resmi PT Kereta Api Indonesia
Surabaya Ilir, Bandar Surabaya, Lampung Tengah
Surabaya Ilir nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Bandar Surabaya, Kabupatén Lampung Tengah, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Hayuraja, Panyabungan Selatan, Mandailing Natal
Hayuraja nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Panyabungan Selatan, Kabupatén Mandailing Natal, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
2010 DG
Ari 2010 DG mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Amor, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.326, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 24.8. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO 171879.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
2013 BE74
Ari 2013 BE74 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Amor, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.319, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 23.9. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO 258444.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
2010 EF43
Ari 2010 EF43 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Apollo, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.592, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 26.4. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO�173766.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
743
Taun ka-743 Maséhi dina Kalénder Grégorian.
Sawit Seberang, Sawit Seberang, Langkat
Sawit Seberang nyaéta salah sahiji Kalurahan di kacamatan Sawit Seberang, Kabupatén Langkat, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Panunggalan, Pengadegan, Purbalingga
Panunggalan nyaéta salasahiji désa di Kacamatan Pengadegan, Purbalingga, Propinsi Jawa Tengah, Indonésia.
Abung Kidul, Lampung Kalér
Abung Selatan nyaéta salah sahiji kacamatan di Kabupatén Lampung Kalér, Propinsi Lampung, Indonésia.
Pangkalan Jambu, Merangin
Pangkalan Jambu nyaéta salah sahiji kacamatan di Kabupatén Merangin, Propinsi Jambi, Indonésia.
Basa Kerinci
Basa Kerinci (Bahasa Kerinci; Jawi: بهاس كرينچي) nyaéta basa wewengkon anu aya di Indonésia. Panyaturna aya di 1 propinsi nyaéta propinsi Jambi, nu sumebar di 2 kabupaten/kota.
(366615) 2003 LO6
Ari 2003 LO6 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Amor, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.576, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 16.9. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO 271162.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
2006 UA17
Ari 2006 UA17 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Apollo, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.289, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 23.8. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO�111325.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
2012 VQ6
Ari 2012 VQ6 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Apollo, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.496, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 27.0. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO�244115.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
2016 EF157
Ari 2016 EF157 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Apollo, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.518, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 25.0. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO�370898.
(10636) 1998 QK56
Ari (10636) 1998 QK56 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Apollo, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.513, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 17.7. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO�405964.
2014 WS7
Ari 2014 WS7 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Apollo, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.476, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 27.3. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO�318756.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
2010 EC43
Ari 2010 EC43 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Apollo, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.597, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 23.0. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO�175349.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Saguling, Saguling, Bandung Kulon
Saguling nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Saguling, Kabupatén Bandung Kulon, Propinsi Jawa Kulon, Indonésia.
Leuwiliang, Kawalu, Tasikmalaya
Leuwiliang nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Kawalu, Kota Tasikmalaya, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Cane Baru, Pantan Cuaca, Gayo Lues
Cane Baru nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Pantan Cuaca, Kabupatén Gayo Lues, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.