cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
2016 PV38
Ari 2016 PV38 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Amor, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.401, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 21.6. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO 392488.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Panénjoan, Cicaléngka, Bandung
Panénjoan nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Cicaléngka, Kabupatén Bandung, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Béca
Béca (asalna tina basa Hokkien: be chia anu hartina "karéta kuda") nyaéta moda transportasi tilu roda anu ilahar kapanggih di Indonésia jeung di sawaréh Asia. Béca mangrupa ngaran tutumpakan gilindingna tilu gilinding sepéda jeung majuna diboséh ku jelema. Kapasitas béca nyaéta pikeun ngangkut dua urang panumpang jeung saurang supir.
Béca samacam ieu mimiti aya di urang kira-kira taun 1950, di méh unggal kota ayeuna aya béca, sabab, béca lain baé bisa ngangkut jelema ogé bisa dipaké ngangkut naon baé. Jadi supir béca téh nyaéta salah sahiji cara pikeun meunangkeun napkah anu panggampangna, nu antukna jumlah supir béca di wewengkon anu angka pangangguranana luhur mah baris jadi réa pisan. Béca dilarang di Jakarta kira-kira ahir dasawarsa 1980-an. Alesan resmina mah harita téh nyaéta yén béca nyaéta "éksploitasi manusa ku manusa", tuluy béca diganti ku Bajaj, hélicak.
(8201) 1994 AH2
Ari (8201) 1994 AH2 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Apollo, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.707, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 15.8. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO�389666.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Negeri Besar, Way Kanan
Negeri Besar nyaéta salah sahiji kacamatan di Kabupatén Way Kanan, Propinsi Lampung, Indonésia.
Bantarbarang, Rembang, Purbalingga
Bantarbarang nyaéta salasahiji désa di Kacamatan Rembang, Purbalingga, Propinsi Jawa Tengah, Indonésia.
Basa Konjo
Basa Konjo nyaéta basa wewengkon anu aya di Indonésia. Panyaturna aya di 1 propinsi nyaéta propinsi Sulawesi Kidul, nu dumuk di 1 kabupaten/kota.
2014 WA
Ari 2014 WA mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Apollo, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.538, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 28.2. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO�318738.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Aporosa
• 2
moved to other genera: Antidesma Baccaurea Drypetes Shirakiopsis • 3
Huta Baringin, Siabu, Mandailing Natal
Huta Baringin nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Siabu, Kabupatén Mandailing Natal, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
SMK Permata Mandiri
SMK Permata Mandiri nyaéta Sakola Menengah Kajuruan Swasta anu aya di Kabupatén Sukabumi. Alamat lengkepna di Jalan Pengkolan Kondang Rt 04 / 06, Kalurahan/Désa Tanjung Kacamatan Jampang Kulon, Kabupatén Sukabumi, Jawa Kulon kalawan nomer NPSN 69888446.
Rantau Jaya makmur, Putra Rumbia, Lampung Tengah
Rantau Jaya makmur nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Putra Rumbia, Kabupatén Lampung Tengah, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Rantau Jaya makmur, Putra Rumbia, Lampung Tengah
Karéta api Joglosemarkerto
Karéta api Joglosemarkerto nyaéta karéta api aglomerasi jarak manengah kelas éksekutip jeung ékonomi anu ruteuna ngurilingan Jawa Tengah (Solo Balapan - Yogyakarta - Purwokerto - Semarang). Karéta api ieu diresmikeun di tanggal 1 Désémber 2018 minangka hasil ngahijikeun layanan Karéta api Kamandaka jeung Karéta api Joglokerto.
Pikeun sakali kuriling, ieu karéta butuh waktu kira-kira 11 jam. Karéta ieu maké rangkéan urut karéta api Joglokerto, karéta api Kamandaka, jeung hiji rangkeán karéta api Jaka Tingkir. Ku ayana karéta api Joglosemarkerto, panumpang ti Tegal atawa Semarang bisa langsung ka Yogyakarta atawa Solo tanpa ganti karéta heula di Purwokerto, kitu ogé sabalikna.
Tutumbu luar
Situs resmi PT Kereta Api Indonesia
Seuk Ceukok, Simpang Tiga, Pidie
Seuk Ceukok nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Simpang Tiga, Kabupatén Pidie, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
2015 BA311
Ari 2015 BA311 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Amor, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.331, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 23.5. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO 324295.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Buket Panyang, Nurussalam, Aceh Timur
Buket Panyang nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Nurussalam, Kabupatén Aceh Timur, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
719
Taun ka-719 Maséhi dina Kalénder Grégorian.
(361071) 2006 AO4
Ari 2006 AO4 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Amor, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.585, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 15.4. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO 334885.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Cibogo, Waléd, Cirebon
Cibogo nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Waléd, Kabupatén Cirebon, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
2016 EG86
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Edgar Allan Poe
Edgar Allan Poe nyaéta salah saurang sastrawan, kritikus, éditor, jeung pamingpin Gerakan Romantik di Amerika Serikat. poé loba nulis ngeunaan carita-carita misteri jeung horor. poé dianggap jadi panaratas pikeun kamekaran carita-carita misteri jeung detektif dina jaman kiwari. Salian ti éta, poé ogé kasohor jadi panulis dina genre anu ayeuna kasohor fiksi ilmiah.The Raven (1845) mangrupa salah sahiji sajak anu paling kasohor dina dunya sastra harita.
Kahirupan
Ti leuleutik poé geus jadi yatim piatu lantaran bapana ninggalkeun imah jeung indungna maot nalika umur poé masih tilu taun. Tuluy poé diasuh ku John jeung Frances Allan, bandar roko anu suksés di Richmond, Virginia. poé kungsi jadi mahasiswa di Universitas Virginia, tapi henteu bérés lantaran masalah ékonomi.
Poe ninggalkeun kulawargana pikeun daptar jadi anggota militér Amérika. Lantaran poé gagal dina krir militérna, manéhna milih fokus dina widang nulis karya sastra. poé ninggalkeun kulawrgana pikeun daptar jadi anggota militér Amérika. Lantaran poé gagal dina krir militérna, manéhna milih fokus dina widang nulis karya sastra. Dina taun 1827, poé medalkeun kumpulan sajakna kalawan judul ‘’Tamerlane and Other’’. Sabada medalkeun karya dina wangun sajak, poé ngamimitian nulis dina wangun prosa. poé ogé digawé di sababaraha jurnal sastra salaku kritikus jeung éditor. Gaya nulis poé anu has dipikawanoh ku masarakat ngaliwatan éta jurnal sastra. Sanajan kasohor dina widang karya sastra, poé henteu hirup sacara kalaleuwihi. Sabalikna, kaayaan ékonomi poé dina kaayaan anu goréng lantaran ngan ngandelkeun tina hasil nulis wungkul. Ieu hal nyababkeun poé sering pundah-pindah imah.
2010 DG1
Ari 2010 DG1 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Apollo, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.654, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 24.5. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO�171881.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
2010 CM
Ari 2010 CM mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Amor, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.531, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 18.4. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO 349264.
SMAS PGRI Babakan
SMAS PGRI Babakan nyaéta Sakola Menengah Atas Swasta anu aya di Kabupatén Cirebon. Alamat lengkepna di Jl. Pangeran Sutajaya No. 24B, Kalurahan/Désa Babakan Kacamatan Babakan, Kabupatén Cirebon, Jawa Kulon kalawan nomor NPSN 20244676.
2010 CM
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Perkebunan Perapen, Pematang Jaya, Langkat
Perkebunan Perapen nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Pematang Jaya, Kabupatén Langkat, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Ojég
Ojég (kirata tina kecap basa Sunda "ongkos ngajégang") nyaéta sarana transportasi umum di Indonésia kalawan maké motor atawa sapédah. Disebut informal ku sabab teu diaku ku pamaréntah jeun teu maké idin pikeun ngoprasikeunana. Panumpangna biasana ngan saurang tapi kadang-kadang bisa duaan. Harga ongkosna ditangtukeun ku cara nawar jeung supir ojégna, mun geus paheut hargana tuluy bisa dianteurkeun ka tempat tujuan. Data tinulis nyebutkeun yén ojég geus aya sahanteuna ti taun 1950-an di Subang.
Universitas Bengkulu
Universitas Bengkulu (Unib) nyaéta paguron luhur nagri ti Bengkulu anu diadegkeun dina 24 April 1982 dumasar kana kaputusan Présidén RI Nomer 17 taun 1982 sareng diresmikeun ku Menteri Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia, Prof. Dr. Daud Yusuf. Unib kalebet dina daptar "50 Universitas anu terbaik di Indonésia" ku Direktorat Jenderal Pengajian Tinggi. Kampus Unib perenahna di 4 lokasi anu béda-béda Kandang Limun (Kompleks Kampus Utama), Cimanuk, Air Sebakul, jeung Padang Harapan.
Panton Makmur, Krueng Sabee, Aceh Jaya
Panton Makmur nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Krueng Sabee, Kabupatén Aceh Jaya, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
Talagasari, Banjarwangi, Garut
Talagasari nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Banjarwangi, Kabupatén Garut, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Adat Nikah
Adat nikah urang Sunda di Parahyangan téh nyaéta talari paranti nu geus dilaksanakeun ku kolot baheula dina acara nikahan nu dianggap sakral jeung sakali dina saumur hirup. Dina adat nikah aya sababaraha upacara adat anu sok dilaksanakeun, saperti ngalamar, numbas, seserahan, ngeuyeuk seureuh, ngaras, sawér, huap lingkung, munjungan, buka panto, jeung ngunduh mantu.
Runtuyan Upacara Adat
Dina adat sunda nalika nikahkeun aya sababaraha adat anu dilaksanakeun boh ti saméméh prung nepi ka réngséna dina poé anu geus ditangtukeun nyaéta: Neundeun omong nyaéta prosés di mana ti pihak lalaki neundeun omong atawa talatah anu eusina boga niat jang hahadéan. Neundeun omong bisa dihartikeun ogé méré jangji. Prosés neundeun omong atawa ngalagat biasana teu dibarengan ku upacara anu geus tangtu Ku kituna, teu kaasup kana runtuyan upacara nikah, tapi saukur mangrupa prosés wawanohan antara lalaki jeung awéwé atawa prosés anu ngamimitian ayana upacara nikah Narosan atawa ngalamar nyaéta salah sahiji prosés anu dilakukeun ku pihak lalaki ku cara datang ka kulawarga pihak awéwé bari ménta budak awéwéna jang dijadikeun pamajikan Lamun ditarima, tuluy aya dituluykeun kana tukeur cingcin, tapi aya ogé anu tuluy nikah sabada dibadamikeun di antara dua pihak kulawargana, Nalika narosan ti pihak lalaki biasana méré sajumlahing duit ka pihak awéwé sagédéngeun mawa kadaharan Prosés ieu disebut upacara narosan atawa nanyaan, ku sabab kanyataanana pihak lalaki datang ka pihak awéwé demi maksudna téh pikeun nanya ka kolot awéwé budakna geus aya nu nanyaan atawa teu acan. Sabenerna hal éta mangrupa adat hungkul ti pihak lalaki, sanajan pihak lalaki geus nyaho yén budak awéwé téh masih kénéh léléngohan, can boga kabogoh malah kadang-kadang duanana geus papada wanoh Seureuh euleus mangrupa prosés sabada pihak lalaki nanyaan. Seureuh euleus dilaksanakeun ku pihak awéwé nu datang ka kulawarga lalaki, maksudna téh ngabales kunjungan ti pihak lalaki waktu narosan. Kulawarga pihak awéwé datang ka imah lalaki téh babawaan anu eusina dahareun, sangu sapuratina, jeung kuéh-kuéh séjénna. Seserahan hartina masrahkeun, maksudna masrahkeun calon pangantén lalaki ka pihak kulawarga anu bakal jadi mitohanaNgeuyeuk SeureuhNgeuyeuk atawa ngaheuyeuk hartina ngatur, ngurus, atawa migawé Ngeuyeuk seureuh nyaéta migawé jeung ngatur seureuh anu dicampurkeun jeung barang-barang pangabutuh sapopoé kawas béas, uyah, gula, jeung alat-alat dapur ogé perhiasan
Perkawinan dianggap sah nalika geus ngaliwatan akad nikah, boh nurutkeun agama, hukum jeung masarakat. Akad nikah biasa disebut walimahan Akad nikah nyaéta jangji nikah, sedengkeun walimahan nyaéta salametan atawa syukuran pikeun ngado’akeun pangantén anu karék gé ngadahup diistrénan di hareupeun naib atawa disebut ogé dirapalan
Sungkem nyaéta salam ka jalma anu dianggap dipihormat ku pangantén Dina acara sungkem pangantén salam ka indung bapa ti dua kulawarga jeung sesepuh anu aya Maksudna nyaéta ménta restu ka dua kulwarga dina ngambah kahirupan rumah tangga anu rék dilakonan Nyawér asal kecapna tina kecap awér atawa sawér nu hartina cérét. Nalika nyawér pangantén diuk babarengan pagigir-gigir bari dipayungan nyanghareup ka tukang sawér anu sakali-kali ngalungkeun béas, konéng anu dikeureutan,duit récéh ka pangantén. Duit anu dialungkeun téh diparebutkeun ku panongton, utamana barudak Inti tina nyawér téh nepikeun naséhat ngeunaan kahirupan rumah tangga, kawajiban salaki ka pamajikan jeung sabalikna anu ditepikeun ku tukang sawér Buka pintu hartina mukakeun panto, dina prak-prakanana pangantén awéwé saméméhna asup heula ka jero imah, sedengkeun pangantén lalaki nungguan di hareupeun panto. Sabada pangantén lalaki geus nedunan syarat anu dipénta ku pangantén awéwé, nyanggupan sarta nyebutkeun salam tuluy panto dibukakeun, pangantén lalaki asup dibagéakeun ku pangantén awéwé anu satuluyna duanana diuk babarengan di tempat anu geus disadiakeun Huap lingkung nyaéta silih huapan bari leungeunna ngaléng atawa ngalingkung kana tenggek pasanganana Munjungan hartina datang bari silaturahmi ka jalma-jalma anu dipihormat, utamana ka kolot jeung dulur-dulur anu geus mantuan dina upacara nikah nepi ka acarana lungsur-langsar. Biasana salaki pamajikan munjungan bari méré parcel atawa sangu sapuratina. Ngunduh mantu atawa munduh mantu hartina nyokot atawa narima minantu Upacara ngunduh mantu maksudna upacara anu dilakonan pikeun narima minantu awéwé ku pihak kolot lalaki. Upacara ngunduh mantu temaptna di imah kolot lalaki, biasana dibarengan ku pesta lamun di kulawarga anu kurang mampu, ngunduh mantu ngan saukur narima salaki pamajikan (pangantén) di imah kolot salaki anu disakséni ku kulawarga jeung dulur-dulurna Numbas mangrupa upacara anu dilakonan nalika salaki pamajikan geus laki rabi atawa hahadéan Upacara ieu tujuanana nyaéta pikeun ningalikeun yén maranéhna akur, ogé ningalikeun ka kolot boh ti pihak awéwé boh ti pihak lalaki yén si awéwé saméméhna masih parawan kénéh atawa sabalikna geus teu parawan
2006 SS134
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
1997 MS
Ari 1997 MS mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Apollo, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.728, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 19.1. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO57665.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Karangbawang, Rembang, Purbalingga
Karangbawang nyaéta salasahiji désa di Kacamatan Rembang, Purbalingga, Propinsi Jawa Tengah, Indonésia.
2005 EW169
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Tanjungwangi, Cicaléngka, Bandung
Tanjungwangi nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Cicaléngka, Kabupatén Bandung, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Hadro
Hadro nyaéta salah sahiji kasenian nu ngadumaniskeun budaya Parahiangan jeung budaya Parsi, Arab. Pangaruh Arab katingali tina puisi solawatan nu dijadikeun syair lagu, sedengkeun unsur kasundaanana témbong tina tabeuhan jeung ibing nu dimaénkeunana. Ieu kasenian mekar di Desa Bojong Kecamatan Bungbulang Kabupaten Garut sarta diwanohkeun ku Kyai Haji Sura jeung Haji Achmad Sayuti nu asalna ti Kampung Tanjung Singuru Samarang Kabupatén Garut nalika taun 1917-an. Wangun pintonanana ampir sarua jeung macapatan atawa maca wawacan nu dipirig ku terebang jeung beduk. Ieu kasenian miboga ciri nu tangtu dina gaya jeung laguna. Gaya atawa lagana mangrupa gerakan nu dicokot tina jurus-jurus penca silat nu ngagambarkeun ayana hiji ajén patriotismeu nalika para pajoang narékahan kamerdekaan. Sedengkeun lagu atawa lirikna dicokot tina Sajak Pujangga Islam Syech Jafar Al-Banjanji. Waditra nu biasa dipaké mirig hadro nyaéta rebana, tilingtit, kempring, kompéang, bangsing, tarompét jeung bajidor nu biasa digantungkeun na beuheung. Para pamaénna maké kamprét bodas, calana hideung, totopong (iket) tur maké karémbong beureum nu dibeulitkeun dina dada. Biasana ieu kasenian dipintonkeun dina acara upacara poé-poé gedé atawa acara penting tingkat désa, kacamatan, kabupatén atawa propinsi. Salian ti éta osok dipintonkeun ogé dina acara jatukrami, nyunatan, atawa acara maras (nyukuran buuk orok).
Dominic Howard
Dominic James Howard nyaéta drummer grup musik Muse anu lahir tanggal 7 Désémber1977 di Stockport, kota leutik deukeut Manchester, Inggris. Faktana, Dominic nyaéta personil pangkolotna di Muse, tapi wajahna anu bubudakeun jeung lucu bisa nyamunikeun umurna. Dominic boga seléra humor nu alus, Dominic ogé resep papanggih jeung jalma réa. Saacan jadi dummer, pagawéan Dominic nyaéta asistén di kantin sakola, jeung buruh di Pabrik tékstil (bagian packing).
Dominic mimitina maén drum umur 11 taun, nalika aya konsér musik jazz di Sakolana, ieu minat terus dikembangkeun nepi ka kuliah. Howard kuliah di Teignmouth Community, terus manéhna asup jadi personil grup musik. Grup musikna teu pati kasohor saméméh Matthew Bellamy asup, terus teu lila Chris Wolstenholmes ogé asup. Sabada sababaraha kali ganti ngaran, ahirna ieu grup musik disebut Muse.
Nalika Muse keur naék daun, Howard kudu ngarandapan tragédi nalika tur taun 2004 di Glastonbury, Bapana Dominic Howard maot alatan serangan Jantung. Howard hampir ninggalkeun Muse harita, tapi kalayan dukungan ti personil séjénna, Muse jeung konsérna terus lumangsung.
Howard boga kontrak husus jeung perusahaan drum, Tama, Howard maké produk-produk drum Tama anu boga ciri has drum transparan. Howard ogé boga kabiasaan ngarusak drumna nalika manggung. Simbal anu dipakéna nyaéta mérek Zildjian, Howard ogé maké stik drum séri tanda tangan Zildjian Dennis Chambers.
Pemayung, Batanghari
Pemayung nyaéta salah sahiji kacamatan di Kabupatén Batanghari, Propinsi Jambi, Indonésia.
Sumatra
Pulo Sumatra (diéjah Sumatera) aya di Indonésia, mangrupa pulo kagenep panggedéna di dunya, kalayan lega 443.065,8 km2. Pangeusina kira-kira 28.016.160 jiwa (1980).
Di pulo Sumatra kungsi ngadeg karajaan Samudra (kiwari Acéh). Sajarahna, dina tumandangna ka pulo ieu Ibnu Battuta (cendekiawan Islam asal Maroko) sok ngalafalkeun kecap Samudra jadi Sumatra, antukna ti harita ngaran Sumatra kasohor jadi ngaran pulo ieu.
Saméméh disebut Sumatra, pulo ieu disebut Pulo Andalas.
2014 VP35
Ari 2014 VP35 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Apollo, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.349, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 23.3. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO�336649.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Seuneubok Dalam, Nurussalam, Aceh Timur
Seuneubok Dalam nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Nurussalam, Kabupatén Aceh Timur, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
(8176) 1991 WA
Ari (8176) 1991 WA mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Apollo, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.643, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 16.9. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO�405937.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Basa Kopkaka
Basa Kopkaka nyaéta basa wewengkon anu aya di Indonésia. Panyaturna aya di 1 propinsi nyaéta propinsi Papua, nu dumuk di 1 kabupaten/kota.
Banjar Agung, Tulang Bawang
Banjar Agung nyaéta salah sahiji kacamatan di Kabupatén Tulang Bawang, Propinsi Lampung, Indonésia.
718
Taun ka-718 Maséhi dina Kalénder Grégorian.
Keude Krueng Sabee, Krueng Sabee, Aceh Jaya
Keude Krueng Sabee nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Krueng Sabee, Kabupatén Aceh Jaya, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
Huta Godang Muda, Siabu, Mandailing Natal
Huta Godang Muda nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Siabu, Kabupatén Mandailing Natal, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Cigobang, Waléd, Cirebon
Cigobang nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Waléd, Kabupatén Cirebon, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Pulo Tu, Simpang Tiga, Pidie
Pulo Tu nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Simpang Tiga, Kabupatén Pidie, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
Mestong, Muaro Jambi
Mestong nyaéta salah sahiji kacamatan di Kabupatén Muaro Jambi, Propinsi Jambi, Indonésia.
AKAP
AKAP nyaéta singgetan tina Angkutan Kota Antar Propinsi
717
Taun ka-717 Maséhi dina Kalénder Grégorian.
Limau Mungkur, Pematang Jaya, Langkat
Limau Mungkur nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Pematang Jaya, Kabupatén Langkat, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Gampong Mesjid, Nurussalam, Aceh Timur
Gampong Mesjid nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Nurussalam, Kabupatén Aceh Timur, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
SMAS Cipicung
SMAS Cipicung nyaéta Sakola Menengah Atas Swasta anu aya di Kabupatén Tasikmalaya. Alamat lengkepna di Jl. Cipicung Puspamukti Cigalontang, Kalurahan/Désa Puspamukti Kacamatan Cigalontang, Kabupatén Tasikmalaya, Jawa Kulon kalawan nomor NPSN 20238547.
SMKS Al Madani Jampangkulon
SMKS Al Madani Jampangkulon nyaéta Sakola Menengah Kajuruan Swasta anu aya di Kabupatén Sukabumi. Alamat lengkepna di Jalan Cilubang Rt 004 Rw 002, Kalurahan/Désa Jampang Kulon Kacamatan Jampang Kulon, Kabupatén Sukabumi, Jawa Kulon kalawan nomer NPSN 20254195.
Basa Kopkaka Seredela
Basa Kopkaka Seredela nyaéta basa wewengkon anu aya di Indonésia. Panyaturna aya di 1 propinsi nyaéta propinsi Papua, nu dumuk di 1 kabupaten/kota.
2013 BQ15
Ari 2013 BQ15 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Amor, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.202, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 24.1. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO 250181.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Banjar Margo, Tulang Bawang
Banjar Margo nyaéta salah sahiji kacamatan di Kabupatén Tulang Bawang, Propinsi Lampung, Indonésia.
Gunungwuled, Rembang, Purbalingga
Gunungwuled nyaéta salasahiji désa di Kacamatan Rembang, Purbalingga, Propinsi Jawa Tengah, Indonésia.
SMKS Al Jilani Babakan
SMKS Al Jilani Babakan nyaéta Sakola Menengah Kajuruan Swasta anu aya di Kabupatén Cirebon. Alamat lengkepna di Jl. Pangeran Sutajaya No. 05, Kalurahan/Désa Babakan Gebang Kacamatan Babakan, Kabupatén Cirebon, Jawa Kulon kalawan nomor NPSN 20253929.
AKDP
AKDP nyatéa singgetan tina Antar Kota Antar Propinsi pikeun transportasi umum.
2016 PQ38
Ari 2016 PQ38 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Amor, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.097, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 23.7. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO 384731.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
2012 UU158
Ari 2012 UU158 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Apollo, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.373, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 26.6. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO�244092.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Jurong, Simpang Tiga, Pidie
Jurong nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Simpang Tiga, Kabupatén Pidie, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
Bukit Kemuning, Bukit Kemuning, Lampung Kalér
Bukit Kemuning nyaéta salah sahiji Kalurahan di kacamatan Bukit Kemuning, Kabupatén Lampung Kalér, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Bukit Kemuning, Bukit Kemuning, Lampung Utara
Cigobangwangi, Waléd, Cirebon
Cigobangwangi nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Waléd, Kabupatén Cirebon, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia.
Kabong, Krueng Sabee, Aceh Jaya
Kabong nyaéta salah sahiji Gampong di kacamatan Krueng Sabee, Kabupatén Aceh Jaya, Propinsi Acéh, Indonésia.
Huraba I, Siabu, Mandailing Natal
Huraba I nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Siabu, Kabupatén Mandailing Natal, Propinsi Sumatra Kalér, Indonésia.
Samurai
Mistik jeung kanyataan
Sabagéan gedé samurai (dina jaman Edo) diwengku ku kode etik kahormatan disebut Bushido (武士道), sarta aturan-aturan nu nuturkeun kana kode etik kahormatan eta. Salah sahiji bagéan tina kode etik Bushido nyaéta seppuku (切腹), nu ngidinan motong anggota badan keur malikeun kahormatan samurai. Sanajan kitu, Kode Bushido ditulis dina mangsa-damai sarta teu sakabéhna nembongkeun karakter samurai salaku tangtara. Sabaraha karakter romantis samurai, diajar tradisi Kobudo sarta Budo, nu nembongkeun sisi séjén kahirupan samurai salian ti tangtara.
<!-- Sanajan aya kode Bushido, dina kanyataanna, aya ogé samurai anu teu loyal sarta hianat (saperti, Akechi Mitsuhide), pengecut, wanian, atawa loyal kacida (saperti, Kusunoki Masashige). Samurai ilaharna loyal ka atasanna, who in turn allied themselves with higher lords. These loyalties to the higher lords often shifted; for example, the high lords allied under Toyotomi Hideyoshi (豊臣秀吉) were served by loyal samurai, but the feudal lords under them could shift their support to Tokugawa, taking their samurai with them. There were, however, also notable instances where samurai would be disloyal to their lord or daimyo, when loyalty to the emperor was seen to have supremacy.
Ihwal samurai
Whilst the origins of modern samurai are contentious, it is believed that mounted warriors, archers and foot-soldiers in the sixth century that may have formed a proto-samurai. Following a disastrous military engagement with Tang China and Silla (part of modern Korea), Japan underwent widespread reforms. One of the most important was that of the Taika Reform, issued by Emperor Kōtoku in 646 AD. This edict introduced Chinese cultural practices and administrative techniques throughout the Japanese aristocracy and bureaucracy. As part of the Yōrō Code, and the later Taihō Code, of 702 AD, the population was required to report regularly for census, which was used as a precursor for national conscription. With an understanding of how the population was distributed, Emperor Mommu introduced the law whereby 1 in 3-4 adult males were drafted into the national military. These soldiers were required to supply their own weapons, and in return were exempted from duties and taxes.
In the early Heian period, the late 8th and early 9th centuries, Emperor Kammu (桓武天皇) sought to consolidate and expand his rule in northern Honshu, but the armies he sent to conquer the rebellious Emishi lacked motivation and discipline, and were unable to prevail. Emperor Kammu introduced the title of Seiitaishogun (征夷大将軍) or shogun, and began to rely on the powerful regional clans to conquer the Emishi. Skilled in mounted combat and archery (kyudo, 弓道), these clan warriors became the emperor's preferred tool for putting down rebellions. Although these warriors may have been educated, at this time (7th to 9th century) the Imperial court officials considered them to be little more than barbarians.
Ultimately, Emperor Kammu disbanded his army, and from this time the emperor's power gradually declined. While the emperor was still the ruler, powerful clans around Kyoto (京都) assumed positions as ministers, and their relatives bought positions as magistrates. To amass wealth and repay their debts, magistrates often imposed heavy taxes, resulting in many farmers becoming landless.
As the threat of robbery rose, the clans began recruiting these exiles in the Kanto plains. Because of their intense training in the martial arts, they proved to be effective guards. Small numbers would accompany tax collectors and, merely by their presence, deter thieves and bandits from attacking. They were saburai, armed retainers, yet their advantage of being the sole armed party quickly became apparent. Through protective agreements and political marriages, they accumulated political power, eventually surpassing the traditional aristocracy.
Some clans were originally formed by farmers who had taken up arms to protect themselves from the imperial magistrates sent to govern their lands and collect taxes. These clans formed alliances to protect themselves against more powerful clans, and by the mid-Heian period they had adopted characteristic Japanese armor and weapons, and laid the foundations of Bushido, their ethical code.
After the 11th century, samurai were expected to be cultured and literate, and they lived up to the ancient saying "Bun Bu Ryo Do" (lit. literary arts, military arts, both ways) or "The pen and the sword in accord." An early term for warrior, "Uruwashii", was written with a kanji that combined the characters for literary study ("bun" 文) and military arts ("bu" 武), and is mentioned in the Heike Monogatari (late 12th century). The Heike Monogatari makes reference to the educated poet-swordsman ideal in its mention of Taira no Tadanori's death:
According to William Scott Wilson in his book Ideals of the Samurai: "The warriors in the Heike Monogatari served as models for the educated warriors of later generations, and the ideals depicted by them were not assumed to be beyond reach. Rather, these ideals were vigorously pursued in the upper echelons of warrior society and recommended as the proper form of the Japanese man of arms. With the Heike Monogatari, the image of the Japanese warrior in literature came to its full maturity." Wilson then translates the writings of several warriors who mention the Heike Monogatari as an example for their men to follow.
The Fox and the Hound
The Fox and the Hound nyaéta salah sahiji pilem animasi anu diproduksi ku Walt Disney Productions jeung didistribusikeun ka bioskop ku Buena Vista Distribution pada tanggal 10 Juli 1981 di Amérika Sarikat.
Samurai
Kamakura Bakufu and the rise of samurai
Originally these warriors were merely mercenaries in the employ of the emperor and noble clans (kuge, 公家), but slowly they gathered enough power to usurp the aristocracy and establish the first samurai-dominated government.
As regional clans gathered manpower and resources and struck alliances with each other, they formed a hierarchy centered around a toryo, or chief. This chief was typically a distant relative of the emperor, and a lesser member of one of three noble families (the Fujiwara, Minamoto, or the Taira). Though originally sent to provincial areas for a fixed four year term as a magistrate, the toryo declined to return to the capital when their terms ended, and their sons inherited their positions and continued to lead the clans in putting down rebellions throughout Japan during the middle and later Heian period.
Because of their rising military and economic power, the clans ultimately became a new force in the politics of the court. Their involvement in the Hogen Rebellion in the late Heian period consolidated their power, and finally pitted the rival Minamoto and the Taira clans against each other, in the Heiji Rebellion of 1160. Emerging victorious, Taira no Kiyomori became an imperial advisor, the first warrior to attain such a position, and eventually seized control of the central government, establishing the first samurai-dominated government and relegating the emperor to figurehead status. However, the Taira clan was still very conservative in comparison with its eventual successor, the Minamoto, and instead of expanding or strengthening its military might, the Taira clan had its women marry emperors and attempted to exercise control through the emperor.
The Taira and the Minamoto clashed again in 1180, beginning the Gempei War which ended in 1185. The victorious Minamoto no Yoritomo established the superiority of the samurai over the aristocracy. In 1190 he visited Kyoto and in 1192 became Seii Taishogun, establishing the Kamakura Shogunate or Kamakura Bakufu. Instead of ruling from Kyoto, he set up the Shogunate in Kamakura, near his base of power. "Bakufu" means tent government, taken from the encampments the soldiers would live in, in accordance with the Bakufu's status as a military government.
Over time, powerful samurai clans became warrior nobility (buke), who were only nominally under the court aristocracy. When the samurai began to adopt aristocratic pastimes like calligraphy, poetry and music, some court aristocrats in turn began to adopt samurai customs. In spite of various machinations and brief periods of rule by various emperors, real power was now in the hands of the shogun and the samurai.
Ashikaga Shogunate and the Feudal Period
Various samurai clans struggled for power over the Kamakura and Ashikaga Shogunates.
In 1274, the Yuan Dynasty (Mongol Empire) sent a force of some 40,000 men and 900 ships to invade Japan in northern Kyushu. Japan mustered a mere 10,000 Samurai to meet this threat. The invading army was harassed by major thunderstorms throughout the invasion, which aided the defenders by inflicting heavy casualties. The Yuan army was eventually recalled and the invasion called off. This invasion was noteworthy because the Mongol invaders used small, exploding bombs, which was likely the first appearance of bombs and gun powder in Japan.
The Japanese defenders recognized the possibility of a renewed invasion, and began construction of a great, stone barrier around Hakata Bay in 1276. Completed in 1277, this wall stretched for 20 kilometers around the border of the bay. This would later serve as a strong defensive point against the Mongols. The Mongols attempted to settle matters in a diplomatic way from 1275 to 1279. Each envoy that was sent to Japan was executed, and this time set the stage for one of the most famous engagements in Japanese history.
In 1281, a Yuan army of 140,000 men with 4,400 ships was mustered for a renewed invasion of Japan. Northern Kyushu was defended by a Japanese army of 40,000 men. The Mongol army was still on its ships preparing for the landing operation when a typhoon hit north Kyushu island. The casualties and damage inflicted by the typhoon, followed by the Japanese defense of the Hakata Bay barrier, resulted in the Mongols again recalling their armies.
The thunderstorms of 1274 and the typhoon of 1281 helped the Samurai defenders of Japan repel the Mongol invaders despite being vastly outnumbered. These winds became known as kami-no-kaze, which literally translates as "wind of the gods." This is often given a simplified translation as "divine wind." The kami-no-kaze lent credence to the Japanese belief that their lands were indeed divine and under supernatural protection.
In the 14th century, a blacksmith called Masamune developed a two-layer structure of soft and hard steel for use in swords. This structure gave much improved cutting power and endurance, and the production technique led to Japanese swords (katana) being recognized as some of the most potent hand weapons of pre-industrial East Asia. Many swords made using this technique were exported to the mainland, a few making their way as far as India.
Issues of inheritance caused family infighting as primogeniture became common, in contrast to the division of succession designated by law before the 14th century. To avoid infighting, invasion of neighboring samurai's territories was common and bickering among samurai was a constant problem for the Kamakura and Ashikaga Shogunates.
The Sengoku jidai ("warring-states period") was marked by the loosening of samurai culture with people born into other social strata sometimes making names for themselves as warriors and thus becoming de facto samurai. In this turbulent period, bushido ethics became important factors in controlling and maintaining public order.
Japanese war tactics and technologies improved rapidly in the 15th and 16th century. Use of large numbers of infantry called ashigaru ("light-foot", due to their light armour), formed of humble warriors or ordinary people with Nagayari (a long lance) or (Naginata), was introduced and combined with cavalry in maneuvers. The number of people mobilized in warfare ranged from thousands to hundreds of thousands.
The arquebus, a matchlock gun, was introduced by Lusitanians/Portuguese via a Chinese pirate ship in 1543 and the Japanese succeeded in naturalizing it within a decade. Groups of mercenaries with mass produced arquebuses played a critical role.
By the end of feudal period, several hundred thousand firearms existed in Japan and massive armies numbering over 100,000 clashed in battles. The largest and most powerful army in Europe, the Spanish, had only several thousand firearms and could only assemble 30,000 troops. Ninja also played critical roles in intelligence activity.
In 1592, and again in 1598, Japan invaded Korea with an army of 160,000 samurai in the Seven-Year War, taking great advantage of its mastery of the arquebus and Korea's poorly organized army. Though the samurai had widespread success at first, the navy of the Joseon dynasty led by Admiral Yi Sun Shin and his ingenious Turtle ship (the world's first ironclad ships) eventually repelled Hideyoshi's invasion.
See also: Nanban trade period
Oda, Toyotomi and Tokugawa
Oda Nobunaga was the well-known lord of the Nagoya area (once called Owari Province) and an exceptional example of samurai of the Sengoku Period. He came within a few years of, and laid down the path for his successors to achieve, the reunification of Japan under a new Bakufu (Shogunate).
Importantly, Toyotomi Hideyoshi (see below) and Tokugawa Ieyasu, who founded the Tokugawa Shogunate, were loyal followers of Nobunaga. Hideyoshi was brought up from a nameless peasant to be one of Nobunaga's top generals and Ieyasu had shared his childhood with Nobunaga. Hideyoshi defeated Mitsuhide within a month and was regarded as the rightful successor of Nobunaga by avenging the treachery of Mitsuhide.
These two were gifted with Nobunaga's previous achievements on which build a unified Japan and there was a saying: "The reunification is a rice cake; Oda made it. Hashiba shaped it. At last, only Ieyasu tastes it." (Hashiba is the family name that Toyotomi Hideyoshi used while he was a follower of Nobunaga.)
Toyotomi Hideyoshi, who became a grand minister in 1586, himself the son of a poor peasant family, created a law that the samurai caste became codified as permanent and heritable, and that non-samurai were forbidden to carry weapons, thereby ending the social mobility of Japan up until that point and the dissolution of the Edo Shogunate by the Meiji revolutionaries.
It is important to note that the distinction between samurai and non-samurai was so obscure that during the 16th century, most male adults in any social class (even small farmers) belonged to at least one military organization of their own and served in wars before and during Hideyoshi's rule. It can be said that an "all against all" situation continued for a century.
The authorized samurai families after the 17th century were those that chose to follow Nobunaga, Hideyoshi and Ieyasu. Large battles occurred during the change between regimes, and a number of defeated samurai were destroyed, went ronin or were absorbed into the general populace.
Tokugawa Shogunate
During the Tokugawa era, samurai increasingly became courtiers, bureaucrats, and administrators rather than warriors. With no warfare since the early 17th century, samurai gradually lost their military function during the Tokugawa era (also called the Edo period).
Tiongkok (istilah)
Tiongkok nyaéta kecap anu dipaké sarta geus diadaptasikan ka dina éjahan basa Indonésia pikeun nunjuk ras atawa suku, nagara sarta sagala hiji hal anu patali jeung Républik Rahayat Tiongkok (RRT). Tiongkok asalna ti dialek Hokkien anu ngarujuk ka Zhongguo dina basa Mandarin. Zhongguo sorangan hartina nyaéta nagara tengah.
Samurai
Tokugawa Shogunate
Theoretical obligations between a samurai and his lord (usually a daimyo) increased from the Genpei era to the Edo era. They were strongly emphasized by the teachings of Confucius and Mencius (ca 550 B.C.) which were required reading for the educated samurai class. During the Edo period, after the general end of hostilities, the code of Bushido was formalized. It is important to note that bushido was an ideal, but that it remained uniform from the 13th century to the 19th century - the ideals of Bushido transcended social class, time and geographic location of the warrior class.
Tiongkok (istilah)
Di Indonésia pamakéan kecap "Cina" ku nu nyicingan pituin Indonésia pikeun nunjuk ka ras atawa suku atawa pribadi mindeng dianggap minangka hal anu pohara garihalna (kawas kecap "nigger" pikeun jelema kulit hideung di Amérika), lantaran éta, pamakéannana pikeun nunjuk ras atawa suku atawa pribadi mangrupa hal anu bisa dihartikeun daweung pohara rasial. Asal konotasi ieu, nurutkeun hiji tulisan di KOMPAS [1], nyaéta ti jalma-jalma di Tiongkok Daratan anu nganggap kecap Cina éta diasosiasikeun jeung kecap shina (支那), hiji kecap anu sawajarna dipaké ku urang Jepang pikeun ngécé urang Tionghoa saprak Perang Tiongkok-Jepang Kadua.
Samurai
Tokugawa Shogunate
Bushido still survives in present-day Japanese society, as do many other aspects of the samurai's way of life.
Tiongkok (istilah)
Minangka alternatif, kecap Tionghoa atawa sakapeung China bisa dipaké pikeun nunjuk ka pribadi, suku atawa ras. Pihak Kadubes RRT di Indonésia sorangan leuwih mikaresep kecap "Tiongkok" (atawa sahanteuna "China") batan "Cina".
Samurai
Samurai decline during the Meiji Restoration
By this time, the Way of Death and Desperateness had been eclipsed by a rude awakening in 1853, when Commodore Matthew Perry's massive steamships from the US Navy first imposed broader commerce, American Style, on the once-dominant national policy. Prior to that only a few harbor towns, under strict control from the Shogunate, were able to participate in Western trade, and even then, it was based largely on the idea of playing the Franciscans and Dominicans off against one another (in exchange for the crucial arquebus technology, which in turn was a major contributor to the downfall of the classical samurai).
Délman
Délman nyaéta kandaraan transportasi tradisional nu rodana dua, tilu atawa opat anu teu maké mesin tapi maké kuda minangka panggantina. Variasi alat tranportasi anu maké kuda séjénna nyaéta karéta perang, karéta kéncana jeung karéta kuda. Di Tatar Sunda sorangan ieu kandaraan téh disebut délman, sado atawa kéréték.
Samurai
Samurai decline during the Meiji Restoration
The last showing of the original samurai was in 1867 when samurai from Choshu and Satsuma provinces defeated the Shogunate forces in favor of the rule of the emperor. The two provinces were the lands of the daimyo that submitted to Ieyasu after the Battle of Sekigahara (1600).
Délman
Ngaran ieu kandaraan téh asalna tina ngaran panimuna, nyaéta Charles Théodore Deeleman, saurang litografer jeung insinyur di Hindia Walanda. . Urang Walandana sorangan nyebut ieu kandaraan téh ku ngaran dos-à-dos (tonggong dina tonggong, arti harfiah basa Perancis, nyaéta sarupa anu posisi diuk panumpangna patonggong-tonggong. Éta istilah dos-à-dos téh tuluy ku pangeusi pribumi Batavia mah disingget jadi ‘sado’
Samurai
Samurai decline during the Meiji Restoration
Other sources claim that the last samurai conflict was in 1877, during the Satsuma Rebellion in the Battle of Shiroyama. This conflict had its genesis in the previous uprising to defeat the Tokugawa Shogunate, leading to the Meiji Restoration. The newly formed government instituted radical changes, aimed at reducing the power of the feudal domains, including Satsuma, and the dissolution of samurai status. This lead to the ultimately premature uprising, lead by Takamori Saigo.
Emperor Meiji abolished the samurai's right to be the only armed force in favor of a more modern, western-style, conscripted army. Samurai became Shizoku (士族) who retained some of their salaries, but the right to wear a katana in public was eventually abolished along with the right to cut down commoners who paid them disrespect. The samurai finally came to an end after hundreds of years of enjoyment of their status, their powers, and their ability to shape the government of Japan. However, the rule of the state by the military class was not yet over.
Post Meiji Restoration
In defining how a modern Japan should be, members of the Meiji government decided to follow the footsteps of United Kingdom and Germany, basing the country on the concept of "noblesse oblige" and samurai would not be a political force much like that of Prussia.
With the Meiji reforms in the late 19th century, the samurai class was abolished, and a western-style national army was established. The Imperial Japanese Armies were conscripted, but many samurai volunteered to be soldiers and many advanced to be trained as officers. Much of the Imperial Army officer class was of samurai origin and they were highly motivated, disciplined and exceptionally trained.